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This book was reviewed in 1939 by Ernest R. Hilgard. Skinner looks at science behavior and how the analysis of behavior produces data which can be studied, rather than acquiring data through a conceptual or neural process. In the book, behavior is classified either as respondent or operant behavior, where respondent be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Behavior_of_Organisms |
The International Brain Research Organization (IBRO) is the global federation of neuroscience organizations that aims to promote and support neuroscience around the world through training, teaching, collaborative research, advocacy and outreach. More than 90 international, national and regional scientific organisations... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Brain_Research_Organization |
IBRO was founded in 1961 in response to the growing demand from neuroscientists around the world for the creation of a central organization that would cut across world boundaries and improve communication and collaboration among brain researchers.The origin of IBRO can be traced back to a meeting of electroencephalogra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Brain_Research_Organization |
In collaboration with neuroscience societies around the world, IBRO holds international congresses once every four years. IBRO World Congresses: Lausanne, Switzerland (1982) Budapest, Hungary (1987) Montréal, Canada (1991) Kyoto, Japan (1995) Jerusalem, Israel (1999) Prague, Czech Republic (2003) Melbourne, Australia (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Brain_Research_Organization |
IBRO Presidents: Hans-Lukas Teuber (1969-1971) Alfred Eugène Fessard (1971-1974) Walle Nauta (1974-1980) Masao Ito (1980-1984) Dominick P. Purpura (1984-1999) Torsten Wiesel (1999-2005) Albert Aguayo (2005-2008) Carlos Belmonte (2008-2014) Pierre Magistretti (2014-2020) Tracy Bale (2020-present) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Brain_Research_Organization |
Carlos Chagas Herbert Jasper Ivan Solomonovich Beritashvili John Eccles Henri Gastaut Willem Storm van Leeuwen Klaus Unna Joaquín Luco Valenzuela Viktor Hamburger Liliana Lubińska Walter A. Rosenblith Theodore Holmes Bullock Walle Nauta Robert Naquet Derek Richter Torsten Wiesel | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Brain_Research_Organization |
The classification of the Japonic languages and their external relations is unclear. Linguists traditionally consider the Japonic languages to belong to an independent family; indeed, until the classification of Ryukyuan as separate languages within a Japonic family rather than as dialects of Japanese, Japanese was con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
The currently most supported view is that the Japonic languages (sometimes also "Japanic") are their own primary language family, consisting of Japanese and the Ryukyuan languages. The Hachijō language is sometimes classified as a third branch of the Japonic language family, but it is otherwise seen to be a very diverg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Similarly, Whitman (2012) suggests that Japonic is not related to Korean but that Japonic was present on the Korean peninsula during the Mumun pottery period (Yayoi people). According to him, Japonic arrived in the Korean peninsula around 1500 BC and was brought to the Japanese archipelago by the Yayoi at around 950 BC... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Koreanic arrived later from Manchuria to the Korean peninsula at around 300 BC and coexisted with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and a later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families.Most linguists today see the Jap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
According to him, the middle Korean word psʌr (rice) is loaned from Peninsular Japonic *wasar.Juha Janhunen (2003) proposed that the Japonic languages originated on the coast of the Shandong Peninsula, and that they originally had similar typological characteristics to the Sinitic languages before they acquired Altaic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
There is disagreement over the protohistorical or historical period during which this expansion occurs, ranging from the Korean Bronze Age period to the Three Kingdoms of Korea period. As there is disagreement among experts when the expansion of Koreanic languages started, there is room for interpretation on the proto-... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Japanese and Korean languages also share some typological similarities, such as an agglutinative morphology, a subject–object–verb (SOV) normal word order, important systems of honorifics (however, the two languages' systems of honorifics are different in form and usage; see Japanese honorifics and Korean honorifics), ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Substantial arguments in favor of a Japanese–Korean relationship were presented by Samuel Martin, a leading specialist in Japanese and Korean, in 1966 and in subsequent publications (e.g. Martin 1990). Linguists who advocate this position include John Whitman (1985) and Barbara E. Riley (2004), and Sergei Starostin wit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
A Japanese–Korean connection does not necessarily exclude a Japanese–Koguryo or an Altaic relationship. The two languages are thought to not share any cognates (other than loanwords), for their vocabularies do not phonetically resemble each other. However, a recent 2016 paper proposing a common lineage between Korean a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Martine Robbeets and Remco Bouckaert from the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History used in 2018 for the first time a Bayesian phylogenetic inference analysis about "Transeurasian". Their study resulted in a "high probability" for a "Koreano-Japonic" group, but has not gained acceptance among mainstream... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
This theory has been criticized for serious methodological flaws, such as rejecting mainstream reconstructions of Chinese and Japanese, for less accepted alternatives. Other critics, like Alexander Vovin and Toh Soo Hee, argued that the connections between Japanese and Goguryeo are due to earlier Japonic languages that... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Both had influence on each other and a later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families, making them more similar. Thus Whitman sees a possible relation between Japonic and Koreanic as unlikely.The idea of a Japanese–Korean relationship overlaps the extended form of the Altaic hypothesis (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
The Japanese–Koguryoic proposal dates back to Shinmura Izuru's (1916) observation that the attested Goguryeo numerals—3, 5, 7, and 10—are very similar to Japanese. The hypothesis proposes that Japanese is a relative of the extinct languages spoken by the Buyeo-Goguryeo cultures of Korea, southern Manchuria, and Liaodon... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
The Altaic language family is a theoretical group composed of, at its core, languages categorized as Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic. G.J. Ramstedt's Einführung in die altaische Sprachwissenschaft ('Introduction to Altaic Linguistics') in 1952–1957 included Korean in Altaic. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Roy Andrew Miller's Japanese and the Other Altaic Languages (1971) included Japanese in Altaic as well. The most important recent work that favored the expanded Altaic family (i.e. that Korean and Japanese could both be included under the Altaic language family) is An Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages (3 ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
The Altaic proposal has largely been rejected (in both its core form of Turkic, Mongolic, and Tungusic as well as its expanded form that includes Korean and/or Japanese). The best-known critiques are those by Gerard Clauson (1956) and Gerhard Doerfer (1963, 1988). Current critics include Stefan Georg and Alexander Vovi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
According to Robbeets (2017) Japanese and Korean originated as a hybrid language around the region of Liaoning in China, incorporating an Austronesian-like language and Altaic (trans-Eurasian) elements. She suggests that proto-Japanese had an additional influence from Austronesian on the Japanese archipelago. She lists... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Several linguists have proposed that the Japonic languages are genetically related to the Austronesian languages. Some linguists think it is more plausible that Japanese was instead influenced by Austronesian languages, perhaps by an Austronesian substratum. Those who propose the latter scenario suggest that the Austro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
The linguist Ann Kumar (2009) believes that some Austronesians migrated to early Japan, possibly an elite group from Java, and created the "Japanese-hierarchical society", and identifies 82 plausible cognates between Austronesian and Japanese. The morphology of Proto-Japanese shows similarities with several languages i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
He proposes that Kra-Dai and Japanese form a genetic mainland group while Austronesian is the insular group.Vovin (2014) says that there is typological evidence that Proto-Japonic may have been a monosyllabic, SVO syntax and isolating language; which are features that the Kra-Dai languages also exhibit. He notes that B... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
In a discussion of ten reconstructed Proto-Japanese agricultural terms, Vovin (1998) proposes an Austroasiatic origin for three of these terms: *(z/h)ina-Ci 'rice (plant)' koma-Ci '(hulled) rice' pwo 'ear of grain'According to him early Japanese assimilated Austroasiatic tribes and adopted some vocabulary about rice cu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Another theory was raised by the Japanese linguist Īno Mutsumi (1994). According to him, Japanese is closely related to the Sino-Tibetan languages, especially to the Lolo-Burmese languages of southern China and Southeast-Asia. Because of similar grammar rules (SOV word order, syntax), similar non-loan basic vocabulary ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
The "Proto-Asian hypothesis" (Larish 2006) argues for a relation between languages of Southeast and East Asia. Japanese is grouped together with Korean as one group of the descendants of Proto-Asian. The proposal further includes the Austric languages, Kra-Dai, Hmong-Mien and Sino-Tibetan | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
A more rarely encountered hypothesis is that Japanese (and Korean) are related to the Dravidian languages. The possibility that Japanese might be related to Dravidian was raised by Robert Caldwell (cf. Caldwell 1875:413) and more recently by Susumu Shiba, Akira Fujiwara, and Susumu Ōno (n.d., 2000). The Japanese profes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
The Japanese linguist Kanehira Joji believes that the Japanese language is related to the Uralic languages. He based his hypothesis on some similar basic words, similar morphology and phonology. According to him early Japanese got influenced from Chinese, Austronesian and Ainu. He refers his theory to the "dual-structu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
The Japanese linguist Tatsumine Katayama (2004) found many similar basic words between Ainu and Japanese. Because of a great amount of similar vocabulary, phonology, similar grammar, and geographical and cultural connections, he and Takeshi Umehara suggested that Japanese was closely related to the Ainu languages, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Aston, William George (1879). "A comparative study of the Japanese and Korean languages". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Britain and Ireland. New Series. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
11: 317–364. doi:10.1017/s0035869x00017305. S2CID 161676140. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Beckwith, Christopher I. 2004. Koguryo: The Language of Japan's Continental Relatives: An Introduction to the Historical-Comparative Study of the Japanese-Koguryoic Languages. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Leiden: Brill. Beckwith, Christopher I (2005). "The ethnolinguistic history of the early Korean peninsula region: Japanese-Koguryŏic and other languages in the Koguryŏ, Paekche, and Silla kingdoms" (PDF). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies. 2 (2): 34–64. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-02-26. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Beckwith, Christopher I (2006). "Methodological observations on some recent studies of the early ethnolinguistic history of Korea and vicinity". Altai Hakpo. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
16: 199–234. Benedict, Paul K. 1990. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Japanese/Austro-Tai. Ann Arbor: Karoma. Caldwell, Robert. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
1875. A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South-Indian Family of Languages, second edition. London: Trübner. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Georg, Stefan, Peter A. Michalove, Alexis Manaster Ramer, and Paul J. Sidwell. 1999. "Telling general linguists about Altaic." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Journal of Linguistics 35, 65-98. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Greenberg, Joseph H. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
2000–2002. Indo-European and Its Closest Relatives: The Eurasiatic Language Family, 2 volumes. Stanford: Stanford University Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Greenberg, Joseph H. 2005. Genetic Linguistics: Essays on Theory and Method, edited by William Croft. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Oxford: Oxford University Press. Kanazawa, Shōsaburō. 1910. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
The Common Origin of the Japanese and Korean Languages. Tokyo: Sanseidō. Lewin, Bruno (1976). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
"Japanese and Korean: The Problems and History of a Linguistic Comparison". Journal of Japanese Studies. 2 (2): 389–412. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
doi:10.2307/132059. JSTOR 132059. Martin, Samuel E (1966). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
"Lexical evidence relating Korean to Japanese". Language. 12 (2): 185–251. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
doi:10.2307/411687. JSTOR 411687. Matsumoto, Katsumi. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
1975. "Kodai nihongoboin soshikikõ: naiteki saiken no kokoromi". Bulletin of the Faculty of Law and Letters (Kanazawa University) 22.83–152. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Martin, Samuel E. 1990. "Morphological clues to the relationships of Japanese and Korean." | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
In Linguistic Change and Reconstruction Methodology, edited by Philip Baldi. Berlin:de Gruyter. Miller, Roy Andrew. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
1971. Japanese and the Other Altaic Languages. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Miller, Roy Andrew. 1967. The Japanese language. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Murayama, Shichiro (1976). "The Malayo-Polynesian Component in the Japanese Language". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Journal of Japanese Studies. 2 (2): 413–436. doi:10.2307/132060. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
JSTOR 132060. Ōno, Susumu. n.d. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
"The genealogy of the Japanese language: Tamil and Japanese." Ōno, Susumu. 2000. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
日本語の形成. 岩波書店. ISBN 4-00-001758-6. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Poppe, Nicholas. 1965. Introduction to Altaic Linguistics. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. Riley, Barbara E. 2003. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Aspects of the Genetic Relationship of the Korean and Japanese Languages. PhD thesis, University of Hawaii. Shibatani, Masayoshi. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
1990. The languages of Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge UP. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Starostin, Sergei A. 1991. Altajskaja problema i proisxoždenie japonskogo jazyka, 'The Altaic Problem and the Origin of the Japanese Language'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Moscow: Nauka. Starostin, Sergei A., Anna V. Dybo, and Oleg A. Mudrak. 2003. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages, 3 volumes. Leiden: Brill. (Also: database version.) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Trombetti, Alfredo. 1922–1923. Elementi di glottologia, 2 volumes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
Bologna: Nicola Zanichelli. Vovin, Alexander. 2003. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
日本語系統論の現在：これからどこへ 'The genetic relationship of the Japanese language: Where do we go from here?'. In 日本語系統論の現在 'Perspectives on the Origins of the Japanese Language', edited by Alexander Vovin and Toshiki Osada. Kyoto: International Center for Japanese Studies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
ISSN 1346-6585. Whitman, John Bradford. 1985. The Phonological Basis for the Comparison of Japanese and Korean. PhD thesis, Harvard University. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages |
The International Federation of Building and Wood Workers (IFBWW) was a global union federation of trade unions in the building, building materials, wood, forestry and allied industries. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers |
The federation was established in 1934 by a merger of the International Federation of Building Workers and International Federation of Wood Workers. The International Secretariat of Stone Masons and the International Secretariat of Painters and Allied Trades later joined the organisation. As of 2005, it had 287 member ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers |
The IFBWW was based in Geneva and had a network of regional offices. The organisation worked closely with the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC) and the other global union federations, and had Special Consultative Status at the Economic and Social Committee of the United Nations. The IFBWW held a congress e... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers |
The congress established priorities and strategy for the organisation, and elected the Executive Committee. which met immediately before and after the congress, and at the midpoint of the congress period. As supreme governing body during the intercongress period, it was responsible for all policies and operations of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers |
As of 2005, the following unions were affiliated to the federation: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers |
1934: Jaap van Achterbergh 1948: Jan Leliveld 1951: Arne Hagen 1966: John Löfblad 1989: Ulf Asp 2001: Anita Normark | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers |
1934: Richard Coppock 1960: Dore Smets 1966: James H. Mills 1969: Bram Buijs 1985: Konrad Carl 1993: Bruno Köbele 1997: Roel De Vries | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Federation_of_Building_and_Wood_Workers |
Mariano Pardo de Figueroa of Medina (18 November 1828 – 11 December 1918), who used the nom-de-plume Dr. Thebussem (or Thebussen), was a Spanish nobleman and philatelist who was one of the "Fathers of Philately" entered on the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists in 1921. He was elected an Ordinary Member of The Philatel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Pardo_de_Figueroa |
Hopefully is an adverb which means "in a hopeful manner" or, when used as a disjunct, "it is hoped". Its use as a disjunct has prompted controversy among advocates of linguistic purism or linguistic prescription. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopefully |
Merriam-Webster says the disjunct sense of hopefully dates to the early 18th century and had been in fairly widespread use since at least the 1930s. Objection to this sense of the word only became widespread in the 1960s. A 1969 survey by The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language of editors and writers f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopefully |
Before 2012, the AP Stylebook proscribed the use of "hopefully" as a disjunct.The controversy over its use is similar to those surrounding words or phrases such as "begging the question", "bemused", "nauseous", "who" vs. "whom" and the loss of the distinction between "disinterested" and "uninterested." The use of "hope... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopefully |
Peter Heinrich Schwartze (born 23 May 1931, in Bad Salzuflen) is a German neurophysiologist, systems scientist and cyberneticist well known in the ex-German Democratic Republic. Schwartze graduated the medical university in Leipzig, Germany, in 1957 and specialized in neurophysiology. He studied and worked at the unive... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Schwartze |
Schwartze studied the vestibular apparatus, the air-righting reflex and related spinal reflexes for over 30 years. He published hundreds of scientific reports (mostly in German journals) and a number of scientific and text books on issues of brain development, vestibulo-ocular reflexes and cybernetics.) He served as vi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Schwartze |
Polyorchidism is the incidence of more than two testicles. It is a very rare congenital disorder, with fewer than 200 cases reported in medical literature and six cases (two horses, two dogs and two cats) in veterinary literature.Polyorchidism is generally diagnosed via an ultrasound examination of the testicles. Howev... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyorchidism |
The most common form is triorchidism, or tritestes, where three testicles are present. The condition is usually asymptomatic. A man who has polyorchidism is known as a polyorchid. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyorchidism |
Polyorchidism occurs in two primary forms: Type A and Type B. Type A: The supernumerary testicle is connected to a vas deferens. These testicles are usually reproductively functional. Type A is further subdivided into: Type A1: Complete duplication of the testicle, epididymis and vas deferens. Type A2: The supernumerar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyorchidism |
Type A3: The supernumerary testicle shares the epididymis and the vas deferens of the other testicles. Type B: The supernumerary testicle is not connected to a vas deferens and is therefore not reproductively functional. Type B is further subdivided into: Type B1: The supernumerary testicle has its own epididymis but i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyorchidism |
An older system of classification structures polyorchidism into similar types, but with no subdivision between connected and disconnected testicles: Type 1: The supernumerary testicle lacks an epididymis and vas deferens and has no connection to the other testicles. Type 2: The supernumerary testicle shares the epididy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyorchidism |
Most cases of polyorchidism are asymptomatic, and are discovered incidentally, in the course of treating another condition. In the majority of cases, the supernumerary testicle is found in the scrotum.However, polyorchidism can occur in conjunction with cryptorchidism, where the supernumerary testicle is undescended or... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyorchidism |
Because polyorchidism is very uncommon, there is no standard treatment for the condition. Prior to advances in ultrasound technology, it was common practice to remove the supernumerary testicle. Several cases have been described where routine follow-up examinations conducted over a period of years showed that the super... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyorchidism |
The OODA loop (observe, orient, decide, act) was developed by military strategist and United States Air Force Colonel John Boyd. He applied the concept to the combat operations process, often at the operational level during military campaigns. It is often applied to understand commercial operations and learning process... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OODA_loop |
It is especially applicable to cyber security and cyberwarfare.The OODA loop has become an important concept in litigation, business, law enforcement, management education, and military strategy. According to Boyd, decision-making occurs in a recurring cycle of "observe, orient, decide, act". An entity (whether an indi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OODA_loop |
Languaculture means that a language includes elements such as grammar and vocabulary, past knowledge, local and cultural information, habits, and behaviors. The American anthropologist Michael Agar created the term. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languaculture |
Agar used the term "languaculture" for the first time in his book Language Shock: Understanding the Culture of Conversation. Languaculture is a supposed improvement on the word "linguaculture" coined by the American linguistic anthropologist Paul Friedrich. Agar explains the change by stating that "language" is a more ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languaculture |
When Agar talks about languaculture, he defines it as the necessary tie between language and culture. He underlines that languages and cultures are always closely related and it is not possible to distinguish languages from cultures. Therefore, you cannot know a language if you don't also know the culture expressed by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languaculture |
The learning of target languaculture is driven by "rich points," when people realize that culture is different from their own and when they face some behaviors they do not understand. Rich points are those surprises, those departures from an outsider's expectations that signal a difference between source languaculture ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languaculture |
People can ignore the rich point and hope the next part makes sense. People can perceive it as evidence that the person who produced it lacks something. Or people can wonder why they do not understand and if maybe some other languaculture comes into play. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languaculture |
Therefore, rich points belong to daily life and not only to language. Agar highlights that the term rich has the positive connotations of thickness, wealth, and abundance. The most significant rich point is the incomprehension due to huge differences between source and target languaculture. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languaculture |
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