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During motor activity, serotonin released in synapses that contact motor neurons promotes muscle contraction. During high level of motor activity, the amount of serotonin released increases and a spillover occurs. Serotonin binds to extrasynaptic receptors located on the axonal initial segment of motor neurons with the result that nerve impulse initiation and thereby muscle contraction are inhibited.Muscle strength testing can be used to determine the presence of a neuromuscular disease, but cannot determine its cause. Additional testing, such as electromyography, can provide diagnostic information, but information gained from muscle strength testing alone is not enough to diagnose most neuromuscular disorders. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatigue |
The robosquirrel project stems directly from Owings' long-term research on the interactions of ground squirrels and rattlesnakes together with his assessment/management view of communication. Robosquirrel was developed to test implication of the assessment/management approach by developing robotic squirrels that could allow researchers to precisely control what affordances (e.g. tail wagging and tail heating) are presented to rattlesnakes for assessment and how these affordances can manage rattlesnake behavior. The development of robosquirrel has received extensive coverage in both science and popular media, but it also created controversy when Senator Tom Coburn highlighted it in his Wastebook 2012 as a scientific research project that wastes United States federal tax dollars. The researchers involved have responded to these issues. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_H._Owings |
"Analytic propositions are thought to be true in virtue of their meaning alone, while a posteriori propositions are thought to be true in virtue of their meaning and of certain facts about the world. According to the analytic explanation of the a priori, all a priori knowledge is analytic; so a priori knowledge need not require a special faculty of pure intuition, since it can be accounted for simply by one's ability to understand the meaning of the proposition in question. More simply, proponents of this explanation claimed to have reduced a dubious metaphysical faculty of pure reason to a legitimate linguistic notion of analyticity. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_posteriori |
The Eastern Agricultural Complex of the United States is one of about 10 places in the world where humans independently domesticated wild plants and initiated agriculture. The Riverton Site is one of the best known and earliest sites of extensive cultivation in the eastern U.S. By 1800 BCE, Native Americans were cultivating several different native plants at Riverton for food and containers. The cultivated plants were bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), marshelder (Iva annua var. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverton_Site |
The development of Leprosy is caused by infection with either Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis, two closely related bacteria. Roughly 200,000 new cases of infection are reported each year, and 80% of new cases are reported in Brazil, India, and Indonesia. M. leprae infection localizes within the skin macrophages and Schwann cells found in peripheral nerve tissue. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycobacterial_disease |
Direct equiangular hendecagons, <11>, <11/2>, <11/3>, <11/4>, and <11/5> have 147 3/11°, 114 6/11°, 81 9/11°, 49 1/11°, and 16 4/11° internal angles respectively. 147° internal angles from an equiangular hendecagon, <11> 114° internal angles from an equiangular hendecagram, <11/2> 81° internal angles from an equiangular hendecagram, <11/3> 49° internal angles from an equiangular hendecagram, <11/4> 16° internal angles from an equiangular hendecagram, <11/5> | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equiangular_polygon |
To provide implementations of hypothesis tests that are more efficient than exact tests such as permutation tests (which are often impossible to compute) while being more accurate than critical values for asymptotic distributions. To provide a random sample from the posterior distribution in Bayesian inference. This sample then approximates and summarizes all the essential features of the posterior. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_Simulation |
The complicated expression given above can be represented as the product of four separate factors: k H k D = S × M M I × E X C × Z P E {\displaystyle {\frac {k_{{\ce {H}}}}{k_{{\ce {D}}}}}=\mathbf {S} \times \mathbf {MMI} \times \mathbf {EXC} \times \mathbf {ZPE} } .For the special case of deuterium isotope effects, we will argue that the first three terms can be treated as equal to or well approximated by unity. The first factor S (containing the σX) is the ratio of the symmetry numbers for the various species. This will be a rational number (a ratio of integers) that depends on the number of molecular and bond rotations leading to the permutation of identical atoms or groups in the reactants and the transition state. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_isotope_effect |
Other important observational tools include radiological imaging such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). These imaging techniques are extremely sensitive and can image tiny molecular concentrations on the order of 10−10 M such as found with extrastriatal D1 receptor for dopamine. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuropsychopharmacology |
Basso blocks are a stacking variant of conventional apple boxes. Their design gives the same elevation ability of Apples, but takes 66% less storage space. A full set of Basso Blocks is equivalent to twelve 1/2 Apples. A set of 1/2 Basso Blocks is equivalent to twenty-four 1/4 Apples.Elephant blocks are a three legged stable update to Basso Blocks that allow 1" elevation increments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_box |
The orientation of face determines the focus with which the face negotiator will direct her or his attention and energy of the conflict messages. Because of different concerns, caused by different underlying cultural values, face negotiators may orient towards self-face (one's own image), other face (the other conflict party's image) or mutual face (both parties' image and/or the image of the relationship).For example, in individualist cultures, such as the United States, Germany, and Great Britain, there is great value on personal rights, freedoms and the "do it yourself" attitude. Individualists cultures are seen as promoting independence for individuals In collectivist cultures such as Japan, Saudi Arabia, and Colombia, more value is placed on "we" vs. "I". The needs of the group outweigh the needs of the individual, making independence or individualism viewed as selfish. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face_negotiation_theory |
Modern astronomers have discovered the faint remnant of this explosion and determined that it was only 7,100 light-years from the Earth.Supernova SN 1054 was another widely observed event, with astronomers recording the star's appearance in 1054 CE. It may also have been recorded, along with other supernovae, by the Ancestral Puebloans in present day New Mexico as a four pointed star shaped petroglyph. This explosion appeared in the constellation of Taurus, where it produced the Crab Nebula remnant. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_supernova_observation |
The Wasserwerfer 10000 (WaWe 10, literally "Water Launcher 10000") is a water cannon used for riot control developed by Rosenbauer on the Mercedes-Benz Actros chassis for the Federal Police (Bundespolizei) and Bereitschaftspolizei in Germany. Named for its 10,000 litres (2,600 US gal) water capacity, it is the successor to the Wasserwerfer 9000. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasserwerfer_10000 |
Most people have a strong intuition that some animals, such as cats and dogs, are conscious, while others, such as insects, are not; but the sources of this intuition are not obvious, and are often based on personal interactions with pets and other animals they have observed. Philosophers who consider subjective experience the essence of consciousness also generally believe, as a correlate, that the existence and nature of animal consciousness can never rigorously be known. Thomas Nagel spelled out this point of view in an influential essay titled What Is it Like to Be a Bat?. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness |
In 1854, British mathematician George Boole published a landmark paper detailing an algebraic system of logic that would become known as Boolean algebra. His logical calculus was to become instrumental in the design of digital electronic circuitry.In 1937, Claude Shannon produced his master's thesis at MIT that implemented Boolean algebra and binary arithmetic using electronic relays and switches for the first time in history. Entitled A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits, Shannon's thesis essentially founded practical digital circuit design.In November 1937, George Stibitz, then working at Bell Labs, completed a relay-based computer he dubbed the "Model K" (for "Kitchen", where he had assembled it), which calculated using binary addition. Bell Labs authorized a full research program in late 1938 with Stibitz at the helm. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_system_(numeral) |
Steam locomotives usually do not have condensers so the feedwater is not recycled and water consumption is high. The use of deionized water would be prohibitively expensive so other types of water treatment are used. Chemicals employed typically include sodium carbonate, sodium bisulfite, tannin, phosphate and an anti-foaming agent.Treatment systems have included: Alfloc, developed by British Railways and Imperial Chemical Industries Traitement Integral Armand (TIA), developed by Louis Armand Porta Treatment, developed by Livio Dante Porta | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_feedwater |
Even in a subcritical assembly such as a shut-down reactor core, any stray neutron that happens to be present in the core (for example from spontaneous fission of the fuel, from radioactive decay of fission products, or from a neutron source) will trigger an exponentially decaying chain reaction. Although the chain reaction is not self-sustaining, it acts as a multiplier that increases the equilibrium number of neutrons in the core. This subcritical multiplication effect can be used in two ways: as a probe of how close a core is to criticality, and as a way to generate fission power without the risks associated with a critical mass. If k {\displaystyle k} is the neutron multiplication factor of a subcritical core and S 0 {\displaystyle S_{0}} is the number of neutrons coming per generation in the reactor from an external source, then at the instant when the neutron source is switched on, number of neutrons in the core will be S 0 {\displaystyle S_{0}} . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor_physics |
In Mari, the equivalent deities of Išar and Mešar are found. An Ugaritic reference to a god named Ṣaduq has also been found, a possible forerunner of Sydyk.It has also been conjectured that a related deity named or titled "Tzedek" (i.e. "righteousness") was worshipped in pre-Israelite Jerusalem as the names of two kings of the city, Melchizedek and Adonizedek contain the element tzedek. According to one such hypothesis, "Tzedek" was an epithet of the god El (אל). However the mainstream understanding of these names (meaning "My King is Righteousness" and "My Lord is Righteousness" respectively) is that they refer to the concept of righteousness and not to a god. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydyk |
ESP-3 has two grapple fixtures to aid deployment. ESP-3 was the first major station element to be installed completely by robotics, using only the shuttle and station's robotic arms, an external berthing camera system (BCS) and a Photovoltaic Radiator Grapple Fixture (PVRGF). Astronauts robotically installed the platform onto the station's P3 truss segment during the STS-118 mission's seventh day.On January 12, 2010, the station's robotic arm was used again to move ESP-3 from the P3 truss segment UCCAS-1 site. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_Stowage_Platform |
The Lieber Code included the humane treatment of civilian populations in areas of conflict, and also forbade the execution of POWs. At the same time, the involvement during the Crimean War of a number of such individuals as Florence Nightingale and Henry Dunant, a Genevese businessman who had worked with wounded soldiers at the Battle of Solferino, led to more systematic efforts to prevent the suffering of war victims. Dunant wrote a book, which he titled A Memory of Solferino, in which he described the horrors he had witnessed. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_Law |
Delton Chen names the economic growth pattern that will result from these activities as optimal growth. By giving the carbon currency a predictable rising floor price, the carbon currency will attract investment demand from institutional investors and households. Furthermore, projects that are effective at mitigating carbon will report higher revenue and higher profits, and as such the carbon currency can act as an index for the profitability and effectiveness of low-carbon investments. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Carbon_Reward |
In the episode "Love, Lionel", he has a huge crush on Wanda and had trouble revealing his feelings to her, as she and her other friends already know him for his cracking of jokes and where Nancy tries to help him get over his fear and come clean. Sean (voiced by George Yionoulis) is Lionel's cousin who's autistic. He loves trains and is really educated about them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fancy_Nancy_(TV_series) |
Their hibernacula are located in holes in large trees with varying levels of insulation. However, the range of insulation levels is relatively narrow, as there are often small numbers of suitably large trees. There can be hibernacula differences even within a species. In Columbian ground squirrels, hibernacula size is proportional to the weight of the individual occupying it, with adults having deeper hibernacula than juveniles, unlike black bears. Most juveniles choose to hibernate within 20 meters of their mother's burrow; those that don't have higher mortality rates. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernaculum_(zoology) |
One of the most prominent and influential studies to date regarding leadership in a globalized world is the Hofstede dimensions of culture. The study reveals similarities as well as differences across cultures and emphasizes the need to be open-minded to understand the differences in other cultures. Hofstede utilizes six dimensions of culture to compare cultures to give leaders an understanding of how to adjust their leadership styles accordingly. These dimensions include individualism/collectivism, feminine/masculine, power distance, uncertainty avoidance, long-term/short-term orientation, and indulgence/restraint. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cultural_leadership |
Modern numismatics is the study of the coins of the mid-17th century onward, the period of machine-struck coins. Their study serves more the need of collectors than historians, and it is more often successfully pursued by amateur aficionados than by professional scholars. The focus of modern numismatics frequently lies in the research of production and use of money in historical contexts using mint or other records in order to determine the relative rarity of the coins they study. Varieties, mint-made errors, the results of progressive die wear, mintage figures, and even the sociopolitical context of coin mintings are also matters of interest. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numismatics |
Human germline engineering is a widely debated topic, and in more than 40 countries, it is formally outlawed. While there is no current legislation explicitly prohibiting germline engineering in the United States, the Consolidated Appropriation Act of 2016 bans the use of US FDA funds to engage in research regarding human germline modification. In April 2015, a research team published an experiment in which they used CRISPR to edit a gene that is associated with blood disease in non-living human embryos. This experiment was unsuccessful, but gene editing tools are used in labs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_germline_engineering |
In the United States Pacific coast, they have been found from southern California north to the southernmost tip of Alaska. The largest populations of green sea turtles within the United States coastline are in the Hawaiian Islands and Florida. Globally, the largest populations of sea turtles are in the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, and the Caribbean Sea. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_sea_turtle |
Object resurrection occurs via the following process. First, an object becomes garbage when it is no longer reachable from the program, and may be collected (destroyed and deallocated). Then, during object destruction, before the garbage collector deallocates the object, a finalizer method may be run, which may in turn make that object or another garbage object (reachable from the object with a finalizer) reachable again by creating references to it, as a finalizer may contain arbitrary code. If this happens, the referenced object – which is not necessarily the finalized object – is no longer garbage, and cannot be deallocated, as otherwise the references to it would become dangling references and cause errors when used, generally program crash or unpredictable behavior. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_resurrection |
There was no direct link between social classes across generations, but in each generation educational attainment was a predictor of social class, which is consistent with other studies. Also, participant's childhood ability moderately predicted their educational and social class attainment (.31 and .38). Participant's educational attainment was strongly linked with the odds of moving downward or upward on the social class ladder. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_mobility |
A key source of equal incident intensity to the fill, overlapping the even fill, will create a 2:1 reflected ratio (1 key + 1 fill over 1 fill) = 2:1. The same two equal incident strength sources placed on opposite side of a face will work to cancel each other out creating overall dimensionally flat appearance with dark unfilled voids in low areas neither light reach. Part of the learning curve with lighting is experimenting with various highlight:shadow reflected ratios and fill positions, comparing them to baselines and reactions to what is seen by eye, and in doing that learning how to trigger the same reactions in the mind of the viewer. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fill_light |
Church conversions, where large under-used religious buildings have been transformed into other uses, are nothing new. The impressive Lincoln College Library in Oxford (formerly the city's baroque church of All Saints), the spacious OAP's Day Centre contained within the shell of York's Church of St Sampson, and the world-famous music performance space at St John's, Smith Square in Westminster, are all English exemplars which pre-date the reordering movement. In 1977, London's Victoria and Albert Museum mounted a major exhibition entitled 'Change or Decay', curated by its then Director Sir Roy Strong. Its central theme was that Britain had too many places of worship and that, because of their architectural significance, many needed to be saved from closure and demolition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_reordering |
Wankel Diesel engine describes the idea of using the Diesel principle in a Wankel rotary engine. Several attempts to build such an engine have been made by different engineers and manufacturers in the 1960s and 1970s. Due to technical problems and the general disadvantages of the Wankel design, the Wankel Diesel engine never left the prototype stage, and designing a Wankel Diesel engine capable of running under its own power is thus considered unfeasible. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wankel_Diesel_engine |
At that time, the Eveready and Energizer batteries held 52 percent market share. The company under Ralston lost market share to rival Duracell. In 1992, it bought the British Ever Ready Electrical Company (manufacturer of Gold Seal and Silver Seal batteries) from Hanson Trust, bringing its former subsidiary back under common ownership. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eveready_Battery |
Nu Fornacis, Latinized from ν Fornacis, is a single, variable star in the southern constellation of Fornax. It is blue-white in hue and faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude that fluctuates around 4.69. This body is located approximately 370 light years distant from the Sun based on parallax, and is drifting further away with a radial velocity of +18.5 km/s. It is a candidate member of the Pisces-Eridanus stellar stream, which suggests an age of 120 million years or less.This object is an Ap star with a stellar classification of B9.5IIIspSi matching a late B-type giant star. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_Fornacis |
After reaching agreements with SACEM, the site subsequently relaunched as Deezer, which reached seven million users by the end of 2009.By the early-2010's, online streaming had begun to displace radio airplay as a significant factor in the commercial success of music. Spotify officially launched in the United States in 2011, and in March 2012, Billboard added streaming services to the formula of its Hot 100 chart. Later that year, Psy's K-pop song "Gangnam Style" became a major international hit, driven primarily by the popularity of its music video—which later became the first YouTube video to reach one billion views.After Spotify's launch, competing services began to emerge in the North American market, including Beats Music—which was backed by headphone maker Beats Electronics, Microsoft Groove Music Pass (formerly Xbox Music), Amazon Music Unlimited, and Google Play Music All-Access (a branch of a service also offering downloads and a music locker). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_music_streaming |
The north gateway, which was 3 metres wide, had been blocked at some stage. A cobbled road 5 metres wide ran through the centre of the milecastle.A section of a Roman milestone was found on the west side of the milecastle in the 1962 excavations. It is inscribed with the letters "MP". The milestone is in Carlisle Museum. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milecastle_64 |
Experimental variations such as the slit width (effective bandwidth) of the spectrophotometer will also alter the spectrum. To apply UV/Vis spectroscopy to analysis, these variables must be controlled or accounted for in order to identify the substances present.The method is most often used in a quantitative way to determine concentrations of an absorbing species in solution, using the Beer–Lambert law: A = log 10 ( I 0 / I ) = ε c L {\displaystyle A=\log _{10}(I_{0}/I)=\varepsilon cL} ,where A is the measured absorbance (formally dimensionless but generally reported in Absorbance Units (AU)), I 0 {\displaystyle I_{0}} is the intensity of the incident light at a given wavelength, I {\displaystyle I} is the transmitted intensity, L the path length through the sample, and c the concentration of the absorbing species. For each species and wavelength, ε is a constant known as the molar absorptivity or extinction coefficient. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_max |
Transitional cell carcinoma is commonly multifocal, more than one tumor occurring at the time of diagnosis. Transitional cell carcinoma can metastasize, or spread to other parts of the body via the surrounding tissues, the lymph system, and the bloodstream. It can spread to the tissues and fat surrounding the kidney, the fat surrounding the ureter, or, more progressively, lymph nodes and other organs, including bone. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transitional_epithelium |
In many situations the sample fraction may be varied by stratum and data will have to be weighted to correctly represent the population. Thus for example, a simple random sample of individuals in the United Kingdom might not include some in remote Scottish islands who would be inordinately expensive to sample. A cheaper method would be to use a stratified sample with urban and rural strata. The rural sample could be under-represented in the sample, but weighted up appropriately in the analysis to compensate. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_Theory |
The body of another woman (known as Borremose III or Borremose Woman) was recovered in 1948, approximately 400 metres (1,300 ft) south from Borremose man. Her approximate age range at the time of death was 20–35 years old. Borremose Woman was found lying face down, the body wrapped in a woolen garment. The scalp and hair on one side of the head had been separated; however, this was believed to be damage caused by the shovels of the peat diggers, not a cause of her death. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borremose_bodies |
In giving evidence, Huxley states "Well, as I was saying, Owen and me is in the same trade; and we both cuts up monkeys, and I finds something in the brains of them. Hallo! says I, here's a hippocampus. No, there ain't says Owen. Look here says I. I can't see it he says and he sets to werriting and haggling about it, and goes and tells everybody, as what I finds ain't there, and what he finds is". | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Hippocampus_Question |
Before the advent of telescopic photography, eight moons of Saturn were discovered by direct observation using optical telescopes. Saturn's largest moon, Titan, was discovered in 1655 by Christiaan Huygens using a 57-millimeter (2.2 in) objective lens on a refracting telescope of his own design. Tethys, Dione, Rhea and Iapetus (the "Sidera Lodoicea") were discovered between 1671 and 1684 by Giovanni Domenico Cassini. Mimas and Enceladus were discovered in 1789 by William Herschel. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moons_of_Saturn |
The probe was powered instead by a radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG). The spacecraft was originally named Odysseus, because of its lengthy and indirect trajectory to study the solar poles. It was renamed Ulysses, the Latin translation of "Odysseus", at ESA's request in honor not only of Homer's mythological hero but also of Dante's character in the Inferno. Ulysses was originally scheduled for launch in May 1986 aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger on STS-61-F. Due to the 28 January 1986 loss of Challenger, the launch of Ulysses was delayed until 6 October 1990 aboard Discovery (mission STS-41). | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(spacecraft) |
This reaction shows the oxidation of phenol by iron and peroxide. This combination of iron, which comes from iron oxide in the sediment, and the peroxide, commonly released by animals and plants into the environment, is known as the Fenton Reagent. This reagent is used to oxidize phenol groups by the use of a radical hydroxide group produced from the peroxide in the p-benzoquinone. This product of phenol's oxidation is now leached into the environment while other products include iron(II) and water. P-benzoquinone is listed as being a very toxic, acute environmental hazard. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creosote |
Exhaled gas must be passed through a carbon dioxide scrubber where the carbon dioxide is absorbed before the gas is made available to be breathed again. In rebreathers the scrubber is a part of the breathing loop. Color indicating dye was removed from US Navy fleet use in 1996 when it was suspected of releasing chemicals into the circuit. In larger environments, such as recompression chambers or submarines, a fan is used to maintain the flow of gas through the scrubbing canister. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soda_lime |
Overall the quality of evidence available was found to be low, and the authors were unable to recommend one method of caries removal over the other. There was no evidence of a difference between the marginal integrity or durability of the restorations placed. However, there was some evidence that the laser-produced less pain and required less anaesthesia than the drill. The authors concluded that more research is required. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_laser |
As she gazes out at the city beyond, she soon finds that the sharp minute hand has begun to dig into her neck. Slowly, the minute hand decapitates her. At one point, pressure against her neck causes her eye to fall and roll down into the gutter and then to the street below. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Predicament |
The rides generally have wheels mounted on the base and the rest of the ride is then dismantled and folded up to allow for over the road transport. Food stands are usually tow-behind trailers, although there are still some booths that require complete take down and packing. Some large carnival operators use the railroad to transport their equipment from one location to another. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travelling_funfair |
By the time he was undertaking technical school studies in metallurgy and assaying, Morris had developed a small garden and nursery, and contributed to the cost of his fees by selling plants (pepper trees) that he had grown. Morris took up work with the Central Mine in Broken Hill, eventually becoming chief assayer for the company.Albert Morris and Ellen Margaret Sayce (1887-1957) were married on 13 April 1909. Margaret (Morris) was a dressmaker, and developed extensive interests and skills in art, botany, conservation and journalism. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Morris |
The Mediterranean gull (Ichthyaetus melanocephalus) is a small gull. The scientific name is from Ancient Greek. The genus Ichthyaetus is from ikhthus, "fish", and aetos, "eagle", and the specific melanocephalus is from melas, "black", and -kephalos "-headed".This gull breeds almost entirely in the Western Palearctic, mainly in the south east, especially around the Black Sea, and in central Turkey. There are colonies elsewhere in southern Europe, and this species has undergone a dramatic range expansion in recent decades. As is the case with many gulls, it has traditionally been placed in the genus Larus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_gull |
Anergy may be taken advantage of for therapeutic uses. The immune response to grafting of transplanted organs and tissues could be minimized without weakening the entire immune system— a side effect of immunosuppressive drugs like cyclosporine. Anergy may also be used to induce activated lymphocytes to become unresponsive with autoimmune diseases like diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. Likewise, preventing anergy in response to a tumoral growth may help in anti-tumor responses. It might also be used for immunotherapeutic treatment of allergies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonal_anergy |
Blindsnakes of the family Typhlopidae are known to consume Myrmecia broods, although smaller blindsnakes avoid them since they are vulnerable to their stings. Predatory invertebrates such as assassin bugs and redback spiders prey on jack jumpers and other Myrmecia ants. Thorny devils and echidnas, particularly the short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) hunt jack jumper ants, eating their larvae and eggs. Nymphs of the assassin bug species Ptilocnemus lemur lure these ants by trying to make the ant sting them. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_jumper_ant |
The original model served as a general guideline, and did not explore or account for several aspects of diamond cut: Because every facet has the potential to change a light ray's plane of travel, every facet must be considered in any complete calculation of light paths. Just as a two-dimensional slice of a diamond provides incomplete information about the three-dimensional nature of light behavior inside a diamond, this two-dimensional slice also provides incomplete information about light behavior outside the diamond. A diamond's panorama is three-dimensional. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_cut |
Marx calls the constant part of the capital outlay "constant" because according to his labour theory of value, constant capital inputs - once produced, purchased, withdrawn from the market and used to create new products - do not by themselves add new value to output, or increase in value in the production process. Instead, the value of equipment and materials being used in production is conserved and transferred to the new product by living labor. For example, if a machine that is used to make cars costs $1 million and it is used to make 10,000 cars before it is worn out and replaced, then each car would have $100 worth of that machine in it (constant capital involves both fixed costs and unit costs).It is true that the ruling market prices for constant capital inputs could change after they have been bought for use in production, but normally this cannot affect those inputs (having been withdrawn from the market for use in production), only the market valuation of the outputs created from those inputs. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_capital |
For example, if a company sold a machine worth $10,000 for $15,000, it can start recording profit only when the buyer pays more than $10,000. In other words, for each dollar collected greater than $10,000 goes towards your anticipated gross profit of $5,000. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue_recognition |
The dough for white dumplings is made of first boiled and then mashed potatoes (moderately cooled, but still warm), potato flour and a little bit of salt. The ratio of potatoes and flour is about 3:1 or 4:1. In some recipes, a whole egg may be added to the dough (this helps shaping if the mashed potatoes cooled too much and the shaping becomes problematic). There are two methods of forming the dumplings. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silesian_dumplings |
Spiroketals were obtained from precursor ketone diols, and were therefore formed thermally in acid. Similar to Isobe's synthesis, the Forsyth synthesis sought to reduce the number of steps, and to increase potential for designing analogues late in the synthesis. To do this, Forsyth et al. designed the synthesis to allow for structural changes and installation of important functional groups before large pieces were joined. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okadaic_acid |
Although, due to the humid climate of Central America, relatively few Maya paintings have survived to the present day integrally, important remnants have been found in nearly all major court residences. This is especially the case in substructures, hidden under later architectural additions. Mural paintings may show more or less repetitive motifs, such as the subtly varied flower symbols on walls of House E of the Palenque Palace; scenes of daily life, as in one of the buildings surrounding the central square of Calakmul and in a palace of Chilonche; or ritual scenes involving deities, as in the Post-Classic temple murals of Yucatán's and Belize's east coast (Tancah, Tulum, Santa Rita). The latter murals betray a strong influence of the so-called 'Mixteca-Puebla style' once widely spread across Mesoamerica. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Maya_art |
The members of 2 ω {\displaystyle 2^{\omega }} can be identified with binary decimal expansions, but since the decimal expansions . d 1 d 2 … d n 0111 … {\displaystyle .d_{1}d_{2}\ldots d_{n}0111\ldots } and . d 1 d 2 … d n 10 {\displaystyle .d_{1}d_{2}\ldots d_{n}10} denote the same real number, the interval {\displaystyle } can only be bijectively (and homeomorphically under the subset topology) identified with the subset of 2 ω {\displaystyle 2^{\omega }} not ending in all 1's. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncomputable_real_number |
Flavor is described as slightly acidic. The vines are said to be indeterminate but compact, and disease resistant. While the concentration of anthocyanins is still very low compared to other fruits like blueberries, the pigments do improve the resistance of the fruits to the fungus Botrytis cinerea. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_tomato |
It was also of silver, nielloed, surmounted by "a globe of pure gold weighing 118 pounds, and golden lilies weighing 4 pounds , and above these a golden cross with precious and rare stones, which cross weighed 80 pounds of gold". The roof had eight panels rising to the globe and cross.The Early Medieval Eastern Orthodox church "directed that the eucharist be celebrated at an altar with a ciborium, from which hung the vessel in which the consecrated host was kept", the vessel sometimes being in the form of a dove. Early depictions of the Last Supper in Christian art, showing the Communion of the Apostles, show them queueing to receive the bread and wine from Christ, who stands under or beside a ciborium, presumably reflecting contemporary liturgical practice. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar_curtain |
The preparatory attentional and memory (PAM) theory proposes two types of processes involved in successful prospective memory performance. The first component of this theory involves a monitoring process that begins when a person constructs an intention that is then maintained until it is performed. This monitoring component involves a capacity-consuming process, similar to those used when maintaining attention, because there is a need for the intention to be stored and maintained in memory. The second component involves the use of elements of retrospective memory processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospective_memory |
People are notoriously susceptible to forming inaccurate judgments based on biases and limited information. Evolutionary theories propose that negative affective states tend to increase skepticism and decrease reliance on preexisting knowledge. Consequently, judgmental accuracy is improved in areas such as impression formation, reducing fundamental attribution error, stereotyping, and gullibility. While sadness is normally associated with the hippocampus, it does not produce the same side effects that would be associated with feelings of pleasure or excitement. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_affectivity |
made the standard of "clear and present danger" based on Mill's idea. In the majority opinion, Holmes writes: The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. Holmes suggested that falsely shouting out "Fire!" | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill |
The book received a number of accolades, including the National Book Critics Circle Award, the American Book Award, and was also a finalist for the Eisner Award for Best Reality-Based Work. 2018: In Fab4 Mania, Carol Tyler referenced her personal writings from 1965 for a first-hand account of seeing the Beatles in person in Chicago at age 13. 2019: Actor and activist George Takei published They Called Us Enemy, an autobiographical graphic novel co-written with Justin Eisinger and Steven Scott and illustrated by Harmony Becker. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiographical_comics |
Climbers have also free soloed multi-pitch routes. Multi-pitch climbing is more complex and riskier than single-pitch climbing as the climbers will remain exposed on the route (e.g. a rock climbing route, an ice climbing, or a mixed climbing route) for longer, and it will often involve the use of hanging belays, long abseils, and the creation of belay anchors. Rescues from multi-pitch climbs are far more serious, and climbers will use additional protection to avoid this. Multi-pitch climbing requires greater communication between the climbers, and advanced climbers can use the riskier simul climbing to move faster. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-pitch_climbing |
Bīne's 1931 painting Dievs, Māra, Laima, depicting three gods from Latvian mythology, remains one of the most prominent examples of Dievturi iconography. A book about Bīne by the art historian Agita Gritāne was published in 2020. The same year, an exhibition of his works was held in Kuldīga to commemorate the 125th anniversary of his birth. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jēkabs_Bīne |
Portable sawmills are sawmills small enough to be moved easily and set up in the field. They have existed for over 100 years but grew in popularity in the United States starting in the 1970s, when the 1973 oil crisis and the back-to-the-land movement had led to renewed interest in small woodlots and in self-sufficiency. Their popularity has grown exponentially since 1982, when the portable bandsaw mill was first commercialized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_sawmill |
When jarring without a compounder or accelerator you rely only on pipe stretch to lift the drill collars upwards after the jar releases to create the upwards impact in the jar. This accelerated upward movement will often be reduced by the friction of the working string along the sides of the well bore, reducing the speed of upwards movement of the drill collars which impact into the jar. At shallow depths jar impact is not achieved because of lack of pipe stretch in the working string. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_string |
Seniors (women ages 20 and up) wrestle in seven weight classes ranging from 44 to 72 kg (97–159 lb). Wrestlers after weigh-in may only wrestle in their own weight class. Wrestlers in the senior age category may wrestle up a weight class except for the heavyweight division (which starts at a weight more than 96 kg (212 lb) for the men and more than 67 kg (148 lb) for the women). Different nations may have different weight classes and different age categories for their levels of freestyle competition. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling |
A bridge, Norddalsbron, was built along the Ofoten Line, extra long for military reasons, to be able to cut the line in case of war. In 1940, during the war, the bridge was blown up. However, because of lack of explosives, the demolition was not well done, and the bridge could be repaired by the Germans. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofoten_Line |
Dishes similar to tandoori chicken may have existed during the Harappan civilization. According to archaeologist and vice-chancellor of Deccan College Professor Vasant Shinde, the earliest evidence for a dish similar to tandoori chicken can be found in Harappan civilization and dates back to 3000 BCE. His team has found ancient ovens at Harappan sites which are similar to the tandoors so popular in the Punjab. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_tandoor |
According to the questionnaire results, “All peer educators responded positively and the majority of students respondents positively evaluated. Although some students preferred to seek health information online, approximately one-quarter of the student respondents would contact peer educators”. Ultimately, peer education has a greater acceptance in Western-societies and would require “cultural adaptation for greater effectiveness in China” and other Eastern-societies. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_education |
When Mugulu hears from his sons that Kintu had been brought to heaven, he begins setting up the first of many tasks he wants Kintu to accomplish. Kintu quickly completes his first task of eating an overabundance of food and impresses Mugulu. Mugulu then creates a second task for Kintu to accomplish and tells him if he does so, that he will have his cow back and will take Nambi's hand in marriage. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambi_(mythology) |
To make a throw, the competitor starts in a circle of 2.5 m (8 ft 2+1⁄4 in) diameter, which is recessed in a concrete pad by 20 millimetres (0.79 in). The thrower typically takes an initial stance facing away from the direction of the throw. They then spin anticlockwise (for right-handers) 1+1⁄2 times while staying within the circle to build momentum before releasing the discus. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discus_throw |
It can be shown to be correct for certain classes of functions if the right-hand side operator is properly defined.One may, alternatively, attempt to invert the Weierstrass transform in a slightly different way: given the analytic function F ( x ) = ∑ n = 0 ∞ a n x n , {\displaystyle F(x)=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }a_{n}x^{n}~,} apply W−1 to obtain f ( x ) = W − 1 = ∑ n = 0 ∞ a n W − 1 = ∑ n = 0 ∞ a n H n ( x / 2 ) {\displaystyle f(x)=W^{-1}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }a_{n}W^{-1}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }a_{n}H_{n}(x/2)} once more using a fundamental property of the (physicists') Hermite polynomials Hn. Again, this formula for f(x) is at best formal, since one didn't check whether the final series converges. But if, for instance, f ∈ L2(R), then knowledge of all the derivatives of F at x = 0 suffices to yield the coefficients an; and to thus reconstruct f as a series of Hermite polynomials. A third method of inverting the Weierstrass transform exploits its connection to the Laplace transform mentioned above, and the well-known inversion formula for the Laplace transform. The result is stated below for distributions. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weierstrass_transform |
Figure 1 shows a basic structure of GluN1/GluN2 subunits that forms the binding site for memantine, Mg2+ and ketamine. Mg2+ blocks the NMDA receptor channel in a voltage-dependent manner. The channels are also highly permeable to Ca2+. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NMDA_channel |
Many companies started building very large facilities, called internet data centers (IDCs), which provide enhanced capabilities, such as crossover backup: "If a Bell Atlantic line is cut, we can transfer them to ... to minimize the time of outage. "The term cloud data centers (CDCs) has been used. Data centers typically cost a lot to build and maintain. Increasingly, the division of these terms has almost disappeared and they are being integrated into the term data center. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_availability |
Radiofluorination is the process by which a radioactive isotope of fluorine is attached to a molecule and is preferably performed by nucleophilic substitution using nitro or halogens as leaving groups. Fluorine-18 is the most common isotope used for this procedure. This is due to its 97% positron emission and relatively long 109.8 min half-life. The half-life allows for a long enough time to be incorporated into the molecule and be used without causing exceedingly harmful effects. This process has many applications especially with the use of positron emission tomography (PET) as the aforementioned low positron energy is able to yield a high resolution in PET imaging. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiofluorination |
Now assume that the output buffers of all these channels are also filled with packets that need to be transmitted to the next channel. If these four channels form a cycle, it is impossible to transmit packets any further because the output buffers and input buffers of all channels are already full. This is known as cyclic acquisition of channels and this results in a deadlock. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_restriction_routing |
Pinning games are also games of contrary movement. However, no hitting is allowed. Instead, the attacking player may pin a blot by moving a piece onto the same point. The blot is not removed from the board, but is trapped and not permitted to move until the covering man is moved off. Plakoto is an example of a pinning game. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tables_games |
When a blind is imperfect, its success is judged on a spectrum with no blind (or complete failure of blinding) on one end, perfect blinding on the other, and poor or good blinding between. Thus, the common view of studies as blinded or unblinded is an example of a false dichotomy.Success of blinding is assessed by questioning study participants about information that has been masked to them (e.g. did the participant receive the drug or placebo?). In a perfectly blinded experiment, the responses should be consistent with no knowledge of the masked information. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_blinding |
Technically, there are twice more combinations of letters involved in a hetero-ambigram than in a homo-ambigram. For example, the 180° rotational ambigram "yeah" contains only two pairs of letters: y/h and e/a, whereas the heterogram "yeah / good" contains four: y/d, e/o, a/o, and h/g. A single word ambigram cannot be hetero-, but a multiple words ambigram can be homo- type if the letters overlapse, like in "upsidedown" written attached, for example. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambigram |
Collegiate (NCAA Division I FBS, formerly Division I-A): Five games have gone to seven overtimes, and one game has gone to nine overtimes. On 3 November 2001, the Arkansas Razorbacks beat the Ole Miss Rebels 58–56; the game had been tied 17–all at end of regulation. On 1 November 2003, Arkansas beat the Kentucky Wildcats 71–63; the score was tied 24–all at end of regulation. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudden_death_extra_time |
When the African National Congress (ANC) came to power in 1994, the new government's priorities included redressing apartheid's legacy of economic exclusion. Under apartheid, legislation and practice had restricted the access of non-Whites to job opportunities, capital, business and property ownership, and other forms of economic advancement, leaving vast racial inequalities in wealth and income. The new Constitution, finalised in 1996, emphasised protections against unfair discrimination and against disadvantage arising from the same. This was complemented by a 1997 Green Paper on Public Procurement Reform, which called for affirmative action measures in government procurement processes. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_economic_empowerment |
Let a sample of size n of the simultaneously distributed variables A {\displaystyle A} and B {\displaystyle B} for i = 1 , … , r ; j = 1 , … , k {\displaystyle i=1,\ldots ,r;j=1,\ldots ,k} be given by the frequencies n i j = {\displaystyle n_{ij}=} number of times the values ( A i , B j ) {\displaystyle (A_{i},B_{j})} were observed.The chi-squared statistic then is: χ 2 = ∑ i , j ( n i j − n i . n . j n ) 2 n i . n . | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cramér's_V_(statistics) |
There are also brushed or brushless electric motors - brushless motors are more powerful, long lasting and efficient, but also much more expensive than brushed motors. Nitro powered models use glow plug engines, small internal combustion engines fueled by a special mixture of nitromethane, methanol, and oil (in most cases a blend of castor oil and synthetic oil). These are referred to as "nitro" RC cars. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-controlled_car |
A phoropter or refractor is an ophthalmic testing device. It is commonly used by eye care professionals during an eye examination, and contains different lenses used for refraction of the eye during sight testing, to measure an individual's refractive error and determine their eyeglass prescription. It also is used to measure the patients' phorias and ductions, which are characteristics of binocularity. Typically, the patient sits behind the phoropter, and looks through it at an eye chart placed at optical infinity (20 feet or 6 metres), then at near (16 inches or 40 centimetres) for individuals needing reading glasses. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoropter |
Main goals for new GUI toolkit were: Font sensitivity: Possible for the font to be set in every application. Changeable window sizes: Windows have a sizing gadget which allows users to change the window size until it suits their needs Flexibility: Elements can be changed by the user regarding their own personal tastes. Controlling by keyboard: Widgets can be controlled by the keyboard as well as by the mouse. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_User_Interface |
The SRP protocol has been revised several times, and is currently at revision 6a. The SRP protocol creates a large private key shared between the two parties in a manner similar to Diffie–Hellman key exchange based on the client side having the user password and the server side having a cryptographic verifier derived from the password. The shared public key is derived from two random numbers, one generated by the client, and the other generated by the server, which are unique to the login attempt. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Remote_Password_protocol |
119 is an emergency telephone number in some countries A number to report youth at risk in France 119 is the emergency number in Afghanistan that belongs to police and interior ministry. The South Korean emergency call number The Chinese fire station call number 119 is the number for the UK's NHS Test and Trace service (created in response to the COVID-19 pandemic) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/119_(number) |
Willys introduced the model CJ-2A in 1945, the first full-production four-wheel-drive vehicle for sale in the general marketplace. Due to the ubiquitous World War II Jeep's success, its rugged utilitarianism set the pattern for many four-wheel-drive vehicles to come. Hot on its heels, Dodge also started production of the civilian 4WD Power Wagon trucks, for the 1946 model year. Both the Willys and the Dodge were developed directly from their WW II predecessors. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-wheel_drive |
The correspondence theory of truth states that truth consists in correspondence with reality. Or in the words of Thomas Aquinas: "A judgment is said to be true when it conforms to the external reality". Truthmaker theory is closely related to correspondence theory; some authors see it as a modern version of correspondence theory. The similarity between the two can be seen in the following example definitions: Correspondence theory: David's belief that the sky is blue is true if and only if this belief stands in a correspondence-relation to the fact that the sky is blue. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truthmaker_theory |
Folksonomies are a trade-off between traditional centralized classification and no classification at all, and have several advantages: Tagging is easy to understand and do, even without training and previous knowledge in classification or indexing The vocabulary in a folksonomy directly reflects the user's vocabulary Folksonomies are flexible, in the sense that the user can add or remove tags Tags consist of both popular content and long-tail content, enabling users to browse and discover new content even in narrow topics Tags reflect the user's conceptual model without cultural, social, or political bias Enable the creation of communities, in the sense that users who apply the same tag have a common interest Folksonomies are multi-dimensional, in the sense that users can assign any number and combination of tags to express a conceptThere are several disadvantages with the use of tags and folksonomies as well, and some of the advantages (see above) can lead to problems. For example, the simplicity in tagging can result in poorly applied tags. Further, while controlled vocabularies are exclusionary by nature, tags are often ambiguous and overly personalized. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folksonomy |
The hypothalamus is considered to be the central control for reproduction due to its role in hormone regulation. Hence, factors that determine when a seasonal breeder will be ready for mating affect this tissue. This is achieved specifically through changes in the production of the hormone GnRH. GnRH in turn transits to the pituitary where it promotes the secretion of the gonadotropins LH and FSH, both pituitary hormones critical for reproductive function and behavior, into the bloodstream. Changes in gonadotropin secretion initiate the end of anestrus in females. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_breeder |
After elucidating the study of the commutative algebra case, von Neumann embarked in 1936, with the partial collaboration of Murray, on the noncommutative case, the general study of factors classification of von Neumann algebras. The six major papers in which he developed that theory between 1936 and 1940 "rank among the masterpieces of analysis in the twentieth century". The nearly 500 pages that the papers span collect many foundational results and started several programs in operator algebra theory that mathematicians worked on for decades afterwards. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann |
Melodies are played in unison on both pipes, often with one pipe tuned slightly higher than the other to produce acoustic beats.The Yemeni instrument is called a mizmār. It is attached to the player's mouth using a muzzle.In Italy, the Sicilian zampogna bagpipe, also called a ciaramedda, is additionally referred to as a "doppio clarinetto" (double clarinet), because of its two equal length single reed chanters. A version of this instrument is also played in the Province of Reggio Calabria. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_clarinet |
Ignorance of standard testing procedures, and the stress created by this unfamiliarity, can negatively impact resulting scores, thereby skewing test results simply through a lack of experience with the testing protocols. While initial test data about the benefits of lifelong learning programs point toward benefits in reducing the risk of dementia, full compliance would seem to be an unrealistic goal, with individuals with lower levels of education likely to be less motivated to participate. While studies have shown that many factors influence the likelihood of adults entering lifelong learning programs, such as gender, race, and initial educational levels, it has also been established that lifelong learning programs provide the opportunity for health benefits regardless of a person’s level of formal education. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_learning |
S. megalanthus is commonly known as "yellow dragon fruit", "yellow pitahaya", "kirin fruit", or "yellow pitaya". This name leads at times to confusion, as unrelated cultivars of other dragonfruit species can also have yellow skinned fruit. One example of a yellow dragonfruit cultivar not related to S. megalanthus is 'Australian Gold'. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selenicereus_megalanthus |
Koshiro's first composing job was with Nihon Falcom in 1986 at the age of 18. Falcom used compositions from the PC-8801 demo tape he had sent them in their Dragon Slayer action role-playing game Xanadu Scenario II, for its opening theme and several dungeon levels. He also wrote the opening song in Romancia that same year. His compositions for these early games were influenced by arcade game music and Japanese bands such as The Alfee. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuzo_Koshiro |
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