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Gas valves are commonly used in conjunction with gas-fired appliances for regulating gas flow and/or gas pressure at limits established by the manufacturer or by industry standard. In many cases, such devices can include pressure regulators to, for example, establish and/or maintain a gas pressure to help prevent over-combustion or fuel-rich combustion within the appliance, and/or to prevent combustion when the supply of gas is insufficient to permit proper operation of the appliance. Examples of gas-fired appliances that may employ such gas valves can include, but are not limited to, water heaters, furnaces, fireplace inserts, gas stoves, gas clothes dryers, gas grills, or any other such device where gas control is desired. Typically, such appliances utilize fuels such as natural gas or liquid propane as the primary fuel source, although other liquid and/or gas fuel sources may be provided depending on the type of appliance to be controlled.
In a gas-fired appliance, a combustion chamber and air plenum are typically provided along with a gas valve. A burner element, fuel manifold tube, ignition source, thermocouple, and/or pilot tube can also be provided as part of the burner system. During operation, when a heat demand is present, metered fuel is typically introduced via the gas valve through the fuel manifold tube and burner element and into the combustion chamber. The fuel is ignited by a pilot flame or other ignition source, causing fuel combustion at the burner element. In some cases, air may be drawn into the air plenum, sometimes under the assistance of an air blower, causing the air to mix with the fuel to support the combustion within the combustion chamber. The products of the combusted air-fuel mixture are typically fed through a flue or heat exchanger tube in the gas-fired appliance to heat by convection and conduction.
In some cases, the gas valve may include a pressure regulator to regulate the flow of gas at a pressure. In many cases, the pressure regulator references the pressure of the combustion chamber to help maintain and/or achieve a desired combustion level in the combustion chamber. Typically, a hose can be coupled to the pressure regulator and the combustion chamber or burner box to fluidly connect the pressure regulator and the reference pressure within the combustion chamber. It has been found, however, that in some cases, the hose may become blocked by condensate build-up or other particulate matter. Also, in some cases, the hose may become kinked or otherwise obstructed. In either case, the blockage may cause the pressure in the pressure regulator to increase or decrease resulting in over-combustion or under-combustion in the combustion chamber.
In some gas-fired systems, a separate fitting including a bleed orifice may be coupled between the pressure regulator and the hose to provide a reference pressure such as atmosphere if the hose becomes blocked. This additional fitting can, however, be removed from the system or not installed properly during installation. Also, the bleed orifice in the fitting may become blocked with grease or other material during handling. |
Shipments of a handful of major dog food brands are being frozen as samples have tested positive for a drug commonly used to euthanize animals. The J.M. Smucker Co., most well-known for its jams and jellies marketed under the Smucker’s label, is also the owner several dog food brands including Kibbles ‘n Bits, Gravy Train, Ol’ Roy, and Skippy. Wet canned versions of those brands are now being pulled from stores.
WJLA in Washington, DC, investigated claims from a pet owner who said her dogs became violently ill after she fed them a can of Evanger’s dog food. A vet wasn’t able to save one of the animals, and the owner was steadfast in her claims that the food is what killed the canine. Subsequent tests revealed the presence of the drug pentobarbital, a common euthanasia drug, in the animal’s system.
WJLA then teamed up with a food testing lab and launched a months-long testing process of various brands of dog food. After testing and confirming the results of dozens of samples, they discovered the presence of pentobarbital in over half of the cans of wet canned Gravy Train dog food. The brand is part of Big Heart Brands, owned by The J.M. Smucker Co., which is now recalling Gravy Train as well as several of its other dog food brands.
As WJLA notes, Big Heart Brands is also responsible for Meow Mix, Milk Bone, Kibbles’n Bits, 9 Lives, Natural Balance, Pup-Peroni, Gravy Train, Nature’s Recipe, Canine Carry Outs, Milo’s Kitchen, Alley Cat, Jerky Treats, Meaty Bone, Pounce and Snausages. That’s millions and millions of animals relying on a single company to keep its food safe. That trust appears to have been misplaced.
The company says it believes the food was contaminated due to a specific ingredient from one of its suppliers, but hasn’t gone into great detail. The amount of the drug found in the tested food would not necessarily be enough to cause harm to an animal, but its mere presence is more than enough to warrant a full investigation. The FDA is investigating the contamination but hasn’t released a statement on its findings. |
I[ntroduction]{.smallcaps} {#sec1-1}
==========================
Breast cancer is the most site-specific cancer in women.\[[@ref1]\] For patients who present late, radical mastectomy does not offer any advantage in terms of survival or cure. It only increases morbidity and decreases quality of life (because of "mutilation"). For patients who present early, modified radical mastectomy is the treatment of choice.\[[@ref2]\] The main goals of cancer diagnosis and treatment are (i) to cure or considerably prolong the life of patients and (ii) to ensure the best possible quality of life to the survivors. Nowadays, the most commonly used form of energy in modified radical mastectomy for raising flaps is monopolar diathermy. It is used to destroy tissue using conduction from a metal probe heated by electric current.\[[@ref3][@ref4]\] The ultrasonic surgical instrumentation was introduced into clinical practice nearly a decade ago in an effort to minimize the risks of traditional electrosurgical technologies, local peripheral energy damage, and potentially devastating complications associated with monopolar energy.\[[@ref5]\] The harmonic scalpel denatures protein by ultrasonic vibration at a frequency of 55,500 Hz with a vibratory excursion of 50--100 μm.\[[@ref6]\]
In a study by Galatius *et al*.,\[[@ref7]\] no significant difference was found in terms of operative time, intraoperative bleeding, and wound complications using both techniques.
In contrast, the study by Sanguinetti *et al*.\[[@ref8]\] showed the benefits of the use of ultrasonic scissors compared to electrocautery. As literature is unclear about the best modality of raising the flaps in modified radical mastectomy, the main objective of this study was to evaluate the advantage of the harmonic scalpel in modified radical mastectomy in comparison with the traditional use of electrocautery (diathermy) for intraoperative and postoperative outcomes.
S[ubjects and]{.smallcaps} M[ethods]{.smallcaps} {#sec1-2}
================================================
Data source {#sec2-1}
-----------
Fifty female patients with confirmed diagnosis of breast carcinoma and planned for modified radical mastectomy were taken up for surgery.
Inclusion criteria {#sec2-2}
------------------
Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC)/biopsy-proven operable breast carcinoma (primary or postneoadjuvant chemotherapy) female patients of all age groups, undergoing modified radical mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissectionTumor size \>4 cmPatient who was not a candidate for breast conservation surgery (multicenter or diffuse tumor, tumor size \>4 cm, large tumor in a small breast, patient preference)Positive margins after breast conservation surgery.
Exclusion criteria {#sec2-3}
------------------
Patients who did not give informed consentPatients who were unfit for general anesthesiaPatients with inoperable advanced breast malignancies.
A detailed history of the patient was taken and a complete clinical examination of the patients was carried out. The clinical information such as age of the patient, age of menarche, age of menopause, parity of the patient, presence of any comorbidity such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension, size of the tumor, and presence of lymph nodes was recorded.
All the patients underwent routine investigations, liver function tests, chest X-ray, and ultrasound of the abdomen. Diagnosis was confirmed by FNAC or trucut biopsy or incisional biopsy.
Informed consent was obtained from all the patients before surgery. Preanesthetic and medical fitness was assesed. Patients were enrolled into two groups by random selection; the first group (Group A) included 25 females who underwent modified radical mastectomy using harmonic scalpel (Ethicon Endo-Surgery, Inc., NJ, USA) and the second group (Group B) consisted of 25 females who underwent modified radical mastectomy using conventional electrocautery (unipolar cautery) by the same team of surgeons having an experience of at least 6 months of using both the harmonic scalpel and diathermy. It was done to rule out any learning curve if involved, in the use of harmonic scalpel as compared to cautery.
Operative procedure {#sec2-4}
-------------------
The operative procedure was conducted under general anesthesia. The time of starting of the surgery was noted. After the patient had been cleaned and draped, a skin incision was made with a conventional scalpel.
In Group A, the harmonic scalpel was used to raise skin flaps and carry out dissection of the breast tissue defined by the pectoralis major muscle below the clavicle superiorly, margin of the sternum medially, inframammary fold overlying the rectus abdominis inferiorly, and serratus anterior muscle to the latissimus dorsi muscle laterally. The instrument was also used to perform axillary dissection. Clavipectoral fascia was incised. The axillary vein was exposed. Only vessels larger than 5 mm in diameter were ligated with suture tie. A plane of dissection was created along the inferior border of the axillary vein, and all the fat, lymph nodes, and blood vessels were dissected off the axillary vein towards the breast. All axillary vein tributaries and artery branches directed towards the breast and pectoralis major muscle were ligated by the device. The thoracodorsal vessels and nerve and the long thoracic, subscapular nerves were identified and preserved.
In Group B, the whole procedure was performed using diathermy for both cutting (pure mode) and coagulation (fulguration mode), except for ligation of blood vessels bigger than 5 mm or when deemed necessary. The 2-0 silk sutures were used for vessel ligation. Two closed suction drains were placed: one in the axilla and the other on the chest wall. The skin was approximated using staples or sutures. Antiseptic dressing was done.
Operating time, considered as the time elapsed between the first incision and the last suture stitch (measured in minutes), was noted. Intraoperative blood loss was estimated by calculating the amount of blood in the suction apparatus. Daily drainage was recorded (in ml). The drains were removed when the drainage amount was \<30 ml/24 h. The drain on the chest wall was removed earlier than the one in the axilla. The duration of the drain (in days) was noted. The patients were given a stat dose of injection diclofenac sodium 75 mg through intramuscular route immediate postoperatively, followed by tablet diclofenac orally afterwards. Postoperative pain intensity was measured in every patient with a visual analog scale (VAS) by the end of the first 24 h. The patient marked a vertical line on a horizontal line marked "0" on the left side and "10" on the extreme right. Zero (0) indicated no pain and 10 indicated extreme pain.
The wound was inspected on day 2 of the postsurgery. Postoperative complications, which included seroma, hematoma, wound infection, flap necrosis, and upper limb lymphedema, were evaluated during the hospital stay and at follow-up. The patients were encouraged to ambulate early and begin arm stretches.
In the study, all patients with seroma formation settled down by multiple aspirations, with pressure bandage or open drainage within 1 month.
The patients with flap necrosis and wound infections were treated with antiseptic dressings, systemic and local antibiotics, and debridement. Wounds were later closed by secondary suturing. The patients with wound infection were treated with antibiotics according to culture and sensitivity reports and with sterilized daily dressing. As hematoma usually occurs as a result of improper hemostasis, it was avoided by fixation of flaps and suction drainage. The duration of hospital stay after surgery was noted. [Figure 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"} illustrates the consort flow diagram of the patients who participated. The follow-up of the patient was carried out till 1 month postsurgery.
{#F1}
A comparison was carried out between the two groups considering operative time, intraoperative blood loss, drain volume, drain duration, and incidence of postoperative complications such as seroma, hematoma, wound infection, flap necrosis, pain, upper limb lymphedema, length of hospital stay, and cost of the equipment used. All the data were recorded and analyzed statistically. An unpaired two-tailed Student\'s *t*-test was used to compare two arithmetic means. *χ*^2^-test was used to compare two proportions or percentages. *P* \< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
R[esults]{.smallcaps} {#sec1-3}
=====================
In this study as cited in [Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}, maximum number of patients (62%) were in the age group of 40--59 years. On the basis of these statistics, it can be said that women of the middle age group are at a higher risk of developing breast cancer. In the present study, the mean age of the patients in harmonic scalpel group was 50.36 ± 11.04 years and electrocautery group was 52 ± 11.19 years, which was in concordance with some of the studies\[[@ref9][@ref10]\] as mentioned in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}.
######
Age distribution among the breast carcinoma patients
######
Age at diagnosis (in years)
Four percent of the patients were recorded with diabetes mellitus both in harmonic scalpel and electrocautery group. Incidence of hypertension in harmonic scalpel group was 12% and electrocautery group was 16% \[[Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"}\].
######
Patients with comorbidities
The mean operative time was significantly longer in the group in which harmonic scalpel was used compared to that in which electrocautery was used \[[Table 4](#T4){ref-type="table"}\]. The smaller amount of drainage content and intraoperative blood loss in the group operated with the ultrasound harmonic scalpel was statistically significant. There was no significant difference regarding drain duration. There was no significant difference regarding seroma, hematoma, wound infection, pain intensity measured (on VAS), and lymphedema between the groups \[[Table 5](#T5){ref-type="table"}\]. Although the incidence of flap necrosis was less in harmonic scalpel group than in electrocautery group, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. Postoperative flap complications resulted in prolonged hospital stay. The cost of the cautery pencil was almost negligible (Rs. 150) as compared to the harmonic ace (Rs. 30,000 approximately).
######
Patient record
######
Postoperative wound complications
D[iscussion]{.smallcaps} {#sec1-4}
========================
Safety, efficiency, complications, recurrences, cost, and acceptance from the patients are the factors determining the success of a surgical procedure. Acceptance from the patients is determined by postoperative pain, length of hospital stay, and recovery rate as well as complications.\[[@ref11]\] Hence, our experience regarding the use of harmonic scalpel versus the traditional use of electrocautery (diathermy) in modified radical mastectomy for intraoperative and postoperative outcomes has been discussed taking into account the various parameters.
In this study, the mean age of the patients who underwent modified radical mastectomy was 51.18 years, which was in concordance with some of the earlier studies.\[[@ref9][@ref10]\] Our study showed the higher incidence of breast carcinoma in middle-aged group. Siddiqui *et al*.\[[@ref12]\] and Baloch and Iqbal\[[@ref13]\] also found the disease to be most common in middle-aged patients (40--59 years). This can be explained by the fact that breast cancer is a heterogeneous malignancy; its age-specific incidence profile rises exponentially until menopause and increases more slowly thereafter.\[[@ref14]\]
The mean operative time in our study was significantly longer using harmonic scalpel (140.4 vs. 99.8 min, *P* \< 0.001). Our results were in contrast to the study conducted by Kiyingi *et al*.\[[@ref15]\] and Huang *et al*.,\[[@ref16]\] which showed no statistically significant difference. Our results were also similar to the study conducted by Rohaizak *et al*.\[[@ref17]\] and Khan *et al*.\[[@ref18]\] Rohaizak *et al*.\[[@ref17]\] said that this could be explained by the lack of experience in using the ultracision. Böhm *et al*.\[[@ref19]\] conducted similar study that exposed the surgeon to the technique for 5 months before the study and managed to show no significant difference in operating time between ultrasonic surgery and conventional device. Our study showed longer operative time using harmonic scalpel inspite of prior training.
We infer that the harmonic scalpel takes slightly longer than cautery to divide the tissue as it cuts and coagulates at the same time. This calls for patience and avoidance of undue traction on the surgical specimen, which is almost instinctive reaction to the slower rate of cutting.\[[@ref20]\]
Our study revealed that the use of the harmonic scalpel significantly reduces intraoperative blood loss (426.00 ± 76.54 vs. 502 ± 104.56, *P* = 0.005). This is in agreement with most of the studies, for example, by Deo and Shukla,\[[@ref9]\] Kozomara *et al*.,\[[@ref21]\] Khan *et al*.,\[[@ref18]\] and Huang *et al*.\[[@ref16]\] The harmonic scalpel provides a better hemostasis with less lateral thermal injury; thus, undesirable injury is avoided when it is used, resulting in lesser intraoperative blood loss.\[[@ref22]\]
Drains are placed to help check complications such as hematoma, seroma, and flap necrosis as a result of sequelae to seroma. Electrocoagulation causes sloppy lymphostasis and hemostasis and increases morbidity by severing and thermically injuring lymph pathways as well as by forming hematoma.\[[@ref23]\] The harmonic scalpel, on the other hand, generates ultrasonic energy, which causes a breakage of hydrogen bonds and formation of denatured protein coagulum, thus sealing off the vessels and lymphatics and resulting in decreased blood loss and lymphatic drainage.\[[@ref9]\] Moreover, the inflammatory reaction in the operative field is reduced, less lymphatic tissues are injured, and less oozing surface is produced in the operative field.\[[@ref22]\] All these factors contributed in reducing the postoperative drainage volume in our study.
A statistically insignificant difference was found in relation to drain volume, which is contradictory to results by Deo and Shukla,\[[@ref9]\] who showed significant lowering of drain days in harmonic scalpel group. Studies by Khan *et al*.\[[@ref18]\] and Huang *et al*.\[[@ref16]\] also showed significant difference in drainage volume. The drain volume curve was steeper in case of electrocautery group compared to harmonic scalpel group.
Our study showed that the harmonic scalpel decreases the rate of occurrence of seroma than electrocautery (12% in harmonic scalpel group vs. 16% in electrocautery group); however, the difference was statistically insignificant. Porter *et al*.\[[@ref23]\] found that the use of electrocautery was significantly associated with increased seroma formation in a randomized controlled trial. As the difference in drain volume was significant among the two groups, the study showed comparable results in relation to seroma formation, which might have been prevented due to the placement of drains in every single case. Thus, it can be concluded that harmonic scalpel can effectively occlude lymphatic channels.
In our study, 4% of patients were reported with hematoma in both harmonic scalpel and electrocautery groups. The difference between the two groups was statistically insignificant (*P* = 1.000). However, intraoperative blood loss was significantly less in case of harmonic scalpel group, proving its effective hemostasis.
This study showed statistically insignificant value in terms of incidence of wound infection between the groups. Similar results have been shown in studies by Kozomara *et al*.,\[[@ref21]\] Ribeiro *et al*.,\[[@ref24]\] and Rohaizak *et al*.\[[@ref17]\] Infection was more common in patients who developed seroma, hematoma, or flap necrosis.
Flap necrosis either develops as sequelae to continued abnormal vascularity or develops primarily.\[[@ref25]\] The seroma may become infected and cause flap necrosis.\[[@ref26]\] Very thin flaps tend to develop necrosis; therefore, one should try to raise the flap with an approximately 0.5 cm thick layer of subcutaneous tissue. In our study, flap necrosis was found in 8% patients in harmonic scalpel group and 28% patients in electrocautery group; however, the *P* value between the groups was 0.066, which was not statistically significant. Hence, from this, we can infer that the ultracision causes lesser thermal tissue injury, leading to lesser chances of flap necrosis. However, in a study by Huang *et al*.,\[[@ref16]\] a significant difference was observed in terms of wound complications between the two groups.
At 24 h, VAS score of Group A was compared with that of Group B. The value was not statistically significant and was similar to that shown in the study by Kozomara *et al*.\[[@ref21]\] In a study by Khater,\[[@ref10]\] *P* \< 0.001 (highly significant) indicated statistically significant lower pain in the harmonic group. This was due to the minimal lateral thermal damage observed with harmonic scalpel in comparison with electrocautery, resulting in less irritation to pain nerve endings.\[[@ref10]\] This contradiction in results can be because pain estimation is subjective and varies from patient to patient.
The hospital stay was counted from the 1^st^ postoperative day. In this study, the length of hospital stay was not reduced as most of our patients were discharged after the first cycle of adjuvant chemotherapy, probably the 10^th^ or 11^th^ postoperative day as per our unit protocol. Hence, the length of hospital stay could not be compared effectively in our study.
The difference in the incidence of lymphedema between the two groups was not statistically significant (*P* = 0.552). However, these results should be carefully evaluated as lymphedema takes longer time to develop after surgery. One limitation of our study is its shorter period of follow-up, so we cannot comment on the frequency of lymphedema in both the groups.
C[onclusion]{.smallcaps} {#sec1-5}
========================
Ultracision in comparison to electrocautery is somewhat but not fully advantageous and miraculous. No doubt it causes effective hemostasis and lymphostasis, but its use in modified radical mastectomy is still not cost effective and so, not recommended to be used in countries where cost is a major concern.
Financial support and sponsorship {#sec2-5}
---------------------------------
Nil.
Conflicts of interest {#sec2-6}
---------------------
There are no conflicts of interest.
|
"Zen Practice at 50"
I think we must establish an American way of Zen life. … To have our own way of life means to encourage people to have a more spiritual and adequate way of life as human beings. And I think one day you will have your own practice in America.
Shunryu Suzuki, from the Epilogue in Zen Mind, Beginner’s Mind
San Francisco Zen Center and the Center for Buddhist Studies at the University of California, Berkeley invite you to “Zen Practice at 50,” a symposium on Zen practice, 50 years after Suzuki Roshi’s arrival in America.
Friday, August 28,
9:00 am – 4:30 pm:
San Francisco Zen Center
300 Page Street, San Francisco
Saturday, August 29,
9:00 am – 4:30 pm:
University of California, Berkeley
Lipman Room, Barrows Hall
May 23, 2009 marked the fiftieth anniversary of Shunryu Suzuki Roshi’s arrival in America. It is a time to appreciate this singular, momentous historic event that offers a springboard for a broader look at Zen practice in America over the past fifty years, its current place in American life, and its vision for the future.
As part of this ongoing dialogue, San Francisco Zen Center is co-hosting, with the Center for Buddhist Studies at the University of California, Berkeley, “Zen Practice at Fifty,” a two-day symposium on Friday, August 28 and Saturday, August 29. The symposium will be a mix of scholars and Zen teachers, including Hoitsu Suzuki, Norman Fischer, Edward Brown, Carl Bielefeldt, Grace Schireson, Robert Sharf, Richard Jaffe, and Wendy Adamek, who will create a forum for a lively exchange of ideas.
The first day, at the San Francisco Zen Center, will begin with a brief biographical and historical presentation on Shunryu Suzuki, including the cultural context of his Japanese background and his choices of how to offer Zen practice to Americans. The day will continue with considerations of what was happening in the 1960s in San Francisco, what people perceived Suzuki offered, and what they received from him.
The second day, at the University of California, Berkeley, builds on the first, examining the current state of Zen practice in America. This will include a consideration of what has been transmitted from Asia, what has changed, what has possibly been misunderstood, and how and what may have been lost in the transmission of Zen to America. Also addressed will be the effect of Zen on American culture, the challenges facing Zen teachers and practitioners, the sustainability of Zen practice as a movement, and the most helpful and effective ways to offer and teach the dharma.
Registration:
The symposium is open on a first come, first served basis. (Day 1 is fully subscribed.) You can register for all or part of the event by email at events@sfzc.org
Donation:
The symposium is offered without charge. However, donations are gratefully accepted and will help ensure the continuation of Suzuki Roshi’s “beginner’s mind” practice in the world.
Sponsors:
We're seeking sponsors for this event. If you're interested in supporting Zen Center is this way, please contact Scott McDougall at (415) 354-0354 or email at scottmcdougall@sfzc.org
Day 1: Friday, August 28, 2009 - Full
San Francisco Zen Center - City Center
300 Page Street, San Francisco
Session 1
9:00 am – noon
Shunryu Suzuki as a Japanese Zen missionary – The context of Suzuki’s background: Soto Zen in post-Meiji and post-war Japan; the Soto Zen mission; his intention and decision to become a missionary in America; and his way of offering zazen and practice to American men and women. Also noted will be other Zen lineages arriving in America in the 1960s through teachers such as Maezumi, Kennet, Katagiri, Kapleau, and Kobun Chino.
Session 2
1:30 – 4:30 pm
The American reception – San Francisco in the 1960s: What people were seeking and what they received from Suzuki and other Zen teachers; the influence and fading of beat Zen and square Zen; how women were included; what was gained and/or lost in transmitting the practice and understanding of Zen from Japan to America. |
Q:
Getting the first URL of an image search result with google image API in PHP
did you know a php script (a class will be nice) who get the url of the first image result of a google api image search? Thanks
Example.
<?php echo(geturl("searchterm")) ?>
A:
I have found a solution to get the first image from Google Image result using Simple HTML DOM as Sarfraz told.
Kindly check the below code. Currently it is working fine for me.
$search_keyword=str_replace(' ','+',$search_keyword);
$newhtml =file_get_html("https://www.google.com/search?q=".$search_keyword."&tbm=isch");
$result_image_source = $newhtml->find('img', 0)->src;
echo '<img src="'.$result_image_source.'">';
A:
You should be able do that easily with Simple HTML DOM.
Note: See the examples on their site for more information.
A HTML DOM parser written in PHP5+ let you manipulate HTML in a very easy way!
Find tags on an HTML page with selectors just like jQuery.
|
/**
* @file Text sprite class
* @author Icemic Jia <bingfeng.web@gmail.com>
* @copyright 2015-2016 Icemic Jia
* @link https://www.avgjs.org
* @license Apache License 2.0
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
const PIXI = require('pixi.js');
/**
* Class representing a TextSprite. <br>
* default font style is `normal 24px sans-serif`
* @extends PIXI.Text
* @param {string} text The string that you would like the text to display
* @param {object} style The style parameters, see http://pixijs.download/v4.2.3/docs/PIXI.TextStyle.html
*/
class TextSprite extends PIXI.Text {
constructor(text = '', style = {}) {
super(text, {
fontFamily: 'sans-serif',
fontSize: 24,
fill: 0xffffff,
...style,
});
this.zorder = 0;
}
}
module.exports = TextSprite;
|
I don't think you're going to get a satisfying answer here. The real answer is that, yes, marriage is consideration and exchanging sex for marriage is prostitution, according to the definition provided. However, custom and tradition have carved out certain exceptions which society tolerates because society prefers it that way. Law - especially common law - isn't a formal mathematical proof where you can point at a line that's out of place and invalidate the whole thing. It's more like a high school English essay, with lots of notes scrawled in the margins. With coffee stains.http://law.stackexchange.com/questions/6816/whats-the-limitation-of-sexual-consi...
Basically if we uses straightforward definition and treat legal terms like math terms then yes demanding marriage before sex is prostitution.
However laws are not math.
Why? Because the true purpose of the law, something that can more consistently predict where the law would side, is often politically incorrect.
This is why laws against prostitution are absurd. Anything you do to induce someone to mate with you could be considered payment.
I discovered a long time ago that sex is only fun for me with people who want to have sex with me. If I have to "induce" them into it, it's not as good (for me) as masturbation.Barbarian humans (and animals) usually feel differently about it.
I don't think you're going to get a satisfying answer here. The real answer is that, yes, marriage is consideration and exchanging sex for marriage is prostitution, according to the definition provided. However, custom and tradition have carved out certain exceptions which society tolerates because society prefers it that way. Law - especially common law - isn't a formal mathematical proof where you can point at a line that's out of place and invalidate the whole thing. It's more like a high school English essay, with lots of notes scrawled in the margins. With coffee stains.http://law.stackexchange.com/questions/6816/whats-the-limitation-of-sexual-consi...
Basically if we uses straightforward definition and treat legal terms like math terms then yes demanding marriage before sex is prostitution.
However laws are not math.
Why? Because the true purpose of the law, something that can more consistently predict where the law would side, is often politically incorrect.
Is that Indonesian Law and an Indonesian lawyer? Somehow I imagined Indonesian Law was different. You use U.S. Common Law in Indonesia?
I discovered a long time ago that sex is only fun for me with people who want to have sex with me. If I have to "induce" them into it, it's not as good (for me) as masturbation.Barbarian humans (and animals) usually feel differently about it.
Do females just come up to you and ask you if you want to mate? Anything beyond this, even a completely natural amount of congeniality, could be considered paying the female. Females like it when you are nice to them. In a way, if they mate with you because of it, you paid them to mate.
This is just how courtship works. And yes, we are animals. One animal might display his good genes or showcase his ability to care for young by bringing the female food. He usually trades the service of helping to rear young for the right to mate. This has been the deal since there was a deal. Now we say there can't be any deal. There is some bloody reason to pick one male over any other, and the male capitalises on it. But we only call them prostitutes when they exchange actual goods. Not even services. It seems to me we're being obtuse, but maybe I'm just being cynical.
Do you also think friendship is some sort of commercial transaction, where one party pays for "friendship" and the other party sells "friendship"?
Both parties fulfill a need, and are better off with the transaction than without. Each one provides what can be said to be services to the other.
If there's a difference I think it rests on being voluntary in an entirely higher sense than a mere transaction. Not only does each party get something it wants, but it is also willing to give its part regardless of the other giving it anything. This is where unconditional comes from. It's a greater feeling of security than you can achieve elsewhere. If both parties desire that feeling, they will both give unconditional love. |
Deutsche Schule Genf
Deutsche Schule Genf (DSG; ) is a German international school in Vernier, Switzerland, in the Geneva metropolitan area. It serves levels Kindergarten through Sekundarstufe II (Oberstufe).
Accreditation
DSG's (upper) secondary education (Middle and High School) is not approved as a Mittelschule/Collège/Liceo by the Swiss Federal State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI).
References
External links
Deutsche Schule Genf
Deutsche Schule Genf
Category:International schools in Switzerland
Category:Vernier, Switzerland
Geneva
Category:Buildings and structures in the canton of Geneva
Category:Schools in Geneva |
I like your key boards and own two of the 82-key ten key less keyboards. I have an old green one and one of the newer blue ones. I would like to get a more tactile switch in a ten-key less board. A blue or clear would be idea. Why are these only available on the larger keyboards. Does no one else value space? |
Newcastle City Council has closed three boarding houses run by former councillor Aaron Buman after discovering unauthorised works it said had created fire “death traps”. The council issued orders on Wednesday on a heritage-listed property in Bourke Street, Carrington, and boarding houses on two adjoining properties at Waratah Street, Mayfield. Residents will have to leave the properties within 14 days. Mr Buman, whom the council did not identify in its media briefings, vehemently rejected the term “death trap” and said the council had not given him enough time to address the issues it had raised. The council estimated that more than 60 men were living in the boarding houses, which it said were registered to house only 32 people. Mr Buman said a total of about 100 residents aged from 16 to 82 were living on the properties. Council chief executive officer Jeremy Bath said the council’s fire-safety engineer had identified an “extreme” fire risk at the boarding houses. “We appreciate the gravity of the action we have taken,” he said. “The men living in these homes are often those who are only able to live in the community because of the availability of cheap accommodation. “But, unfortunately, the owner of the properties has shown complete disregard for the safety of the men.” Mr Buman, whose sometimes controversial time as a councillor included adding an illegal deck to his inner-city cafe and cutting down a tree for a ratepayer who was being ‘‘mucked around by the council’’, said it was “outrageous” to suggest his buildings were a fire hazard. “One of the things I don’t cut corners on is fire. Not at all,” he said. “I’m floored. Some of the stuff they’re saying is quite trivial. I don’t understand why I couldn’t be given 30 days to comply. Most of it’s just painting. “I’m just very disappointed. I am the leading provider of accommodation for homeless men in the Hunter and Central Coast in terms of numbers.” A council spokesperson said the Carrington property and one of the Mayfield premises were registered with NSW Fair Trading to accommodate 16 residents each. The other Mayfield property has not registered with Fair Trading and would require development approval to operate as a boarding house. Council staff had inspected 16 boarding houses since June and all had been found to have minor compliance issues. “In each case we have been able to work with the owners to make the properties compliant,” the spokesperson said. “Unfortunately, in the case of the properties at Mayfield and Carrington, the owner has not proved as cooperative.” Mr Bath said the range of fire-safety issues at the properties was extensive. “Due to unauthorised construction of more than 30 sole-occupancy units, these properties have inadequate fire-safety provisions, and it’s unacceptable to allow them to continue operating knowing the risks. “Quite frankly, these properties are a death trap should they catch fire. While we don’t want to shut the two boarding houses down, their owner has left us with absolutely no choice.” Mr Bath said the council was working with housing providers to find the men new accommodation. Mr Buman said some of his residents had lived in the boarding houses for more than three years. “I’m in panic mode. I have 33 tenants who have schizophrenia and seven with bipolar, and it’s blasted all over the f---ing news,” he said. “I’ve got blokes on the edge. They’ve got nowhere to go. Housing can’t deal with 100 tenants. “I’ve urged them to give me 30 days to get my engineers and compare apples with apples, and I will comply. I’ve got a process to go through, and I hope a bit of commonsense here plays out.” Mr Buman said his insurance company inspected his properties every year and a private fire inspector reviewed them twice a year. He said his council approval to run the boarding houses did not stipulate how many residents or rooms should be in the properties and it was “great” the council was formalising these issues in boarding houses across the city. He was “really proud” of the service he offered to men who had nowhere else to live. “I cannot morally put 100 blokes on the street. It is their home. It’s not a place where you just come and stay for a few days; it is a house.” Mr Buman lodged a development application last year to formalise approvals for an expanded boarding house he owns at Adamstown. “That’s what every boarding house operator in Newcastle is now doing, formalising their boarding houses to council records to bring them up to speed to where they should be, and that’s a really good outcome. “The negative to that, of course, is that they’re not going to catch all the dodgy ones that I know are around town.” Under the Boarding Houses Act 2012, councils are responsible for approving new boarding houses and enforcing building, safety and accommodation standards in existing boarding houses.
Newcastle City Council shuts down ‘death trap’ boarding houses over fire safety
Newcastle City Council has closed three boarding houses run by former councillor Aaron Buman after discovering unauthorised works it said had created fire “death traps”.
The council issued orders on Wednesday on a heritage-listed property in Bourke Street, Carrington, and boarding houses on two adjoining properties at Waratah Street, Mayfield. Residents will have to leave the properties within 14 days.
Mr Buman, whom the council did not identify in its media briefings, vehemently rejected the term “death trap” and said the council had not given him enough time to address the issues it had raised.
The council estimated that more than 60 men were living in the boarding houses, which it said were registered to house only 32 people.
Mr Buman said a total of about 100 residents aged from 16 to 82 were living on the properties.
Council chief executive officer Jeremy Bath said the council’s fire-safety engineer had identified an “extreme” fire risk at the boarding houses.
“We appreciate the gravity of the action we have taken,” he said. “The men living in these homes are often those who are only able to live in the community because of the availability of cheap accommodation.
“But, unfortunately, the owner of the properties has shown complete disregard for the safety of the men.”
Mr Buman, whose sometimes controversial time as a councillor included adding an illegal deck to his inner-city cafe and cutting down a tree for a ratepayer who was being ‘‘mucked around by the council’’, said it was “outrageous” to suggest his buildings were a fire hazard.
Former councillor Aaron Buman.
“One of the things I don’t cut corners on is fire. Not at all,” he said.
“I’m floored. Some of the stuff they’re saying is quite trivial. I don’t understand why I couldn’t be given 30 days to comply. Most of it’s just painting.
“I’m just very disappointed. I am the leading provider of accommodation for homeless men in the Hunter and Central Coast in terms of numbers.”
A council spokesperson said the Carrington property and one of the Mayfield premises were registered with NSW Fair Trading to accommodate 16 residents each.
The other Mayfield property has not registered with Fair Trading and would require development approval to operate as a boarding house.
Council staff had inspected 16 boarding houses since June and all had been found to have minor compliance issues.
“In each case we have been able to work with the owners to make the properties compliant,” the spokesperson said.
“Unfortunately, in the case of the properties at Mayfield and Carrington, the owner has not proved as cooperative.”
Mr Bath said the range of fire-safety issues at the properties was extensive.
“Due to unauthorised construction of more than 30 sole-occupancy units, these properties have inadequate fire-safety provisions, and it’s unacceptable to allow them to continue operating knowing the risks.
“Quite frankly, these properties are a death trap should they catch fire. While we don’t want to shut the two boarding houses down, their owner has left us with absolutely no choice.”
Mr Bath said the council was working with housing providers to find the men new accommodation.
One of the boarding houses in Mayfield.
Mr Buman said some of his residents had lived in the boarding houses for more than three years.
“I’m in panic mode. I have 33 tenants who have schizophrenia and seven with bipolar, and it’s blasted all over the f---ing news,” he said.
“I’ve urged them to give me 30 days to get my engineers and compare apples with apples, and I will comply. I’ve got a process to go through, and I hope a bit of commonsense here plays out.”
Mr Buman said his insurance company inspected his properties every year and a private fire inspector reviewed them twice a year.
He said his council approval to run the boarding houses did not stipulate how many residents or rooms should be in the properties and it was “great” the council was formalising these issues in boarding houses across the city.
He was “really proud” of the service he offered to men who had nowhere else to live.
“I cannot morally put 100 blokes on the street. It is their home. It’s not a place where you just come and stay for a few days; it is a house.”
Mr Buman lodged a development application last year to formalise approvals for an expanded boarding house he owns at Adamstown.
“That’s what every boarding house operator in Newcastle is now doing, formalising their boarding houses to council records to bring them up to speed to where they should be, and that’s a really good outcome.
“The negative to that, of course, is that they’re not going to catch all the dodgy ones that I know are around town.”
Under the Boarding Houses Act 2012, councils are responsible for approving new boarding houses and enforcing building, safety and accommodation standards in existing boarding houses. |
Risks of delivery during the 20th to the 36th week of gestation.
Using routinely collected maternity discharge data from 250,000 women in Scotland, we examined the risks of late spontaneous abortion and preterm delivery during the period 20 up to 36 weeks of gestation. Gestational age is treated as a fetal survival time and the risks of delivery associated with a history of spontaneous abortion, induced abortion and perinatal death are examined in a survival model controlling for several demographic and socioeconomic variables. The main objective of the study is to identify factors which are associated with high relative hazard of delivery early in the period, but with decreasing relative hazard of delivery as pregnancy progresses. The factor most clearly associated with converging hazards is a history of two or more spontaneous abortions, and this may reflect the tendency to repeat pregnancy outcome. |
Selective antiviral activity of the antibiotic 2'-amino-2'-deoxyribofuranosyl adenine.
The effect of new anti-mycoplasmal antibiotic, 2'-amino-2-deoxy-9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl adenine (2-AA) on virus multiplication was investigated. The 2-AA inhibited only the multiplication of measles virus among the viruses tested; i.e., herpes simplex virus, BK virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, measles virus and Echo virus. At a concentration of 5 micrograms/ml of 2-AA, the inhibition of measles virus replication was complete, i.e., no infectious virus nor viral antigen detected. In contrast, 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl adenine (50 micrograms/ml) was active to herpes simplex virus and BK virus, and was inactive to measles virus, vesicular stomatitis virus and Echo virus. Results described herein may suggest that 2-AA affects the late function (perhaps the translation step) of the replication of measles virus. |
Top Archives -
Our sun is really huge some 1 391 400 km in diameter, but 4 billion years from now, it will be even larger, 150 times its current size; though compared to the biggest stars in the universe even this will be small.Read More
What is our favourite quote? Here is a collection of 10 amazing quotes that I often revisit whenever I need to rekindle my own creative spirit (with amazing space images as background)… So, enjoy!Read More
The world is undeniably a beautiful and amazing place… filled with a bunch of bizarre, hilarious, and downright interesting facts. Here’s our favorite list of science fun facts that you should know.Read More
We have a lot of wacky weather here on Earth, giving us crazy things like thundersnow and firenados. But it turns out we are very lucky, because things get way weirder and wilder on other planets.Read More
More than 2000 planets have been found beyond our solar system and many of them are remarkable strange and unique, planets that are more like science fiction worlds, confounding our best scientists through their existence. So, here’s our top list of the most bizarre newfound exoplanets we’d detected over the recent years.Read More
Theres no denying that Space is incredible. It’s a massive and mysterious thing that the world is still trying to understand! With so many people wondering about the final frontier, there are gonna be a few myths that popup. I’m here to debunk some of space myths and give you some far out info in the process! Let’s do this.Read More
Here on Earth, we take gravity so for granted that it took an apple falling from a tree to trigger Isaac Newton’s theory of gravitation. But gravity, which draws objects together in proportion to their mass, is about much more than fallen fruit. Read on for some of the strangest facts about this universal force.Read More
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator. It first started up on 10 September 2008, and remains the latest addition to CERN’s accelerator complex. Here’s some interesting facts about Large Hadron Collider (LHC).Read More
Welcome to CosmosUp. Within this site are a lot of free scientific pages about astronomy. CosmosUp is a personal Website dedicated to share the splendors of the universe. Your guide to the world and the space beyond. |
It’s a topic so hot in Wisconsin, no one involved with it can talk about it. A wide-ranging investigation, a special prosecutor, and the cloak of secrecy.
The Milwaukee Journal Sentinel reported this week that a former federal prosecutor had been appointed to lead a “John Doe investigation” into state-level issues in Wisconsin, including the 2011 and 2012 recall elections. And this John Doe investigation reportedly grew out of an earlier John Doe probe, which closed in March after snaring six former aides and associates of Gov. Scott Walker (R).
But hang on a second. What exactly is a John Doe investigation? For those outside Wisconsin, the term may be unfamiliar, and with good reason. Wisconsin may be the only state that uses them.
David Schultz, who teaches criminal law at the University of Wisconsin Law School, spoke to TPM on Wednesday, and explained how John Doe investigations work and why they’re used.
“The most common description of them is, it’s just like a grand jury except no jury,” Schultz said. “It’s a secret proceeding [in which] you can require people to give testimony and, as I say, therefore obtain information that you might not be able to get with just voluntary cooperation.”
According to Schultz, grand juries are rarely used in Wisconsin, in large part because “this more compact, accessible John Doe procedure is available.”
John Doe proceedings seek to determine if there is a basis to charge a criminal offense. But unlike a grand jury, there is no panel of jurors in a John Doe investigation. There is just a judge. And although district attorneys do not need to clear much of a bar to request a John Doe proceeding, Schultz said that, in practice, judges expect some basis to justify the proceeding.
“Although [John Doe proceedings] are not unheard of or unusual, they’re used seldom enough that I expect that a judge is going to require some significant showing, to make sure that this isn’t just a fishing expedition of some sort,” Schultz said. “And there has to be some basis before this procedure is started up.”
In practice, John Doe proceedings will also commonly offer immunity to people in exchange for testimony.
“In order to get the evidence, you give immunity to some people, ostensibly to move higher up the ladder, I suppose,” Schultz said.
And while John Doe proceedings do not need to be secret, they almost always are.
“Each person involved, if it is a secret proceeding, is told that it’s secret, and ordered not to talk about it,” Schultz said. “By involved, I mean someone who has been called to testify as part of the proceeding.”
That fact helps explain the response Walker gave on Monday to questions about the newly revealed investigation. While he called the overall matter a “sidebar issue,” he also alluded to secrecy rules as a reason he wouldn’t say whether he, his attorneys, or any of his staff members have been contacted in the ongoing John Doe investigation.
“You know the circumstances of that, I’m not going to get pulled into that one way or the other,” Walker told reporter, according to video of the event put online by the WisconsinEye Network. “Because if somebody was, and they said they were, they’d be in violation of that. If they weren’t, they’d be speculating on something that they’re not involved in. So either way, it doesn’t make sense to be involved in that.”
According to the Journal Sentinel, the current investigation opened in February 2012, involves multiple Wisconsin counties, and is looking at a number of issues, including the recall races, a current legislative leader, and the 2012 gubernatorial recall contest between Walker and Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett. Francis Schmitz, a former assistant U.S. attorney, has reportedly been appointed as a special prosecutor to lead the probe.
The previous John Doe investigation, which closed in March, uncovered misdeeds including illegal campaign contributions, illegal campaign activity, and embezzlement of veterans’ funds from Walker’s time as Milwaukee County executive, according to The Wisconsin State Journal. All told, six people plead to charges ranging from stealing tens of thousands of dollars from a veterans event to doing campaign work while on the county clock, according to the Journal Sentinel. |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an energy treatment instrument that generates treatment energy from electric energy so as to perform treatment using the generated treatment energy.
2. Description of the Related Art
Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 2006-68537 discloses an energy treatment instrument in which electric energy from a battery is converted into electric energy that generates ultrasonic vibration in a driving circuit that is a treatment energy generator, and the electric energy converted in the driving circuit is supplied to an ultrasonic transducer to thereby generate ultrasonic vibration. In this energy treatment instrument, ultrasonic vibration generated in the ultrasonic transducer is transmitted as treatment energy to an end effector, and the end effector performs treatment using the ultrasonic vibration. Furthermore, in the energy treatment instrument, an electric power generator to convert a rotational movement of a rotary handle into electric energy is provided, and the electric energy generated in the electric power generator is stored in a battery. |
RFE: Conference Listings
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Dates:
September 11-13, 2006
Description:
2006 IMHE General Conference
Location:
Paris, France
Subject:
The Conference will focus on the challenges of managing issues involving ethics and values in higher education.Sub-themes:- Values, ethics and governance in institutional dealings with its external environment- Values, ethics and internal management- Values, ethics and research- Values, ethics and teaching- Values, ethics and society[gem?_?? den Informationen des Anbieters - according to site editor's information] |
Park Tool
Deluxe Home Mechanic Repair Stand w/105-5D Clamp
Park's Deluxe Home Mechanic Repair Stand is an awesome portable stand that's as useful while traveling as it is at home. This versatile stand features Park's shop-quality Micro-Adjust Clamp that handles round and aero seatposts and frames f
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Park's Deluxe Home Mechanic Repair Stand is an awesome portable stand that's as useful while traveling as it is at home. This versatile stand features Park's shop-quality Micro-Adjust Clamp that handles round and aero seatposts and frames from 7/8-inch to 3-inches in diameter and clamps securely with its quick-release cam and handle that fine-tunes the tension. The clamp also has protective rubber jaws and built-in slots for cables. Plus its jaws are only 2.7 inches tall so they easily fit in narrow areas, like on seatposts that aren't raised much. The Deluxe Stand also boasts a stable base and the top telescopes for putting the bicycle right where you need it to get your work done efficiently. Plus, you can also rotate bicycles 360 degrees and the stand folds for easy carrying and storage. |
Progress with anti-tumor necrosis factor therapeutics for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.
Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy is a valid, effective and increasingly used option in inflammatory bowel disease management. Nevertheless, further knowledge and therapeutic indications regarding these drugs are still evolving. Anti-TNF therapy may be essential to achieve recently proposed end points, namely mucosal healing, prevention of bowel damage and prevention of patient's disability. Anti-TNF drugs are also suggested to be more effective in early disease, particularly in early Crohn's disease. Moreover, its efficacy for prevention of postoperative recurrence in Crohn's disease is still debated. Costs and adverse effects, the relevance of drug monitoring and the possibility of anti-TNF therapy withdrawal in selected patients are still debated issues. This review aimed to describe and discuss the most relevant data about the progress with anti-TNF therapy for the management of inflammatory bowel disease. |
Property & Neighborhood Info
Courtesy Of Gordon E Gardner , RE/MAX Real Estate
Country Residential in Rural Lac Ste. Anne County
Lake Isle 1.27 acre lot with a 14x70 3 bedroom mobile home and bunkhouse for extra sleeping. Just a short distance to the lake, fishing, boating, sledding or just fun at the beach. Here is your chance to have all that and more. |
Wavepacket Dispersion and how this links to particle behaviour
I'm trying to get my head round modelling particles in free space in quantum mechanics. I appreciate that we can "build" wavepackets by superposing many plane waves with different k-numbers (i.e. with different frequencies & momentums & energies I think). The greater the number of phase waves making up the packet, the greater the localisation too giving a narrower packet.
I wonder if anyone could clarify some issues regarding dispersion of this packet please. I understand that the phase velocities will vary for each component wave and this spread causes dispersion, whilst the envelope of the packet travels at the group velocity,
v_g = d\omega / dk
My questions arise in terms of relating this to the original particle of mass m and travelling at velocity v, so momentum, p = mv.
1) Is the average k-number, k_av of the component waves in the packet related to the particle's momentum by p= h-bar * k_av? So therefore, is it right to say that the particle's momentum doesn't affect the rate of dispersion.
2) We can relate particle energy to momentum by E = (p^2) / 2m and the planar wave energy is given by E = (h-bar * k)^2 / 2m. How do we relate wavepacket energy to the particle energy and will this affect dispersion?
2) We can relate particle energy to momentum by E = (p^2) / 2m and the planar wave energy is given by E = (h-bar * k)^2 / 2m. How do we relate wavepacket energy to the particle energy and will this affect dispersion?
Energy too is not well-defined. The equation <E> = hbar²<k>²/2m holds again only for average values.
If you have a free particle, its momentum wavefunction f(k) will not change in time. The expectation of momentum will be [itex]\langle p \rangle=\int (\hbar k) f(k)f^*(k)dk[/itex]. The expectation of energy will be [itex]\langle E \rangle= \int \frac{(\hbar k)^2}{2m}f(k)f^*(k)dk[/itex], so you can see that [itex]\langle E \rangle=\frac{\langle p^2 \rangle}{2m}[/itex], not [itex]\frac{\langle p \rangle^2}{2m}[/itex].
The uncertainty in momentum will be [itex]\Delta^2 p=\langle p^2 \rangle-\langle p\rangle^2[/itex] so that [itex]\langle E\rangle=\frac{\langle p\rangle^2+\Delta^2p}{2m}[/itex]. The expectation of the energy will be larger than the square of the expected momentum divided by 2m.
Ok, thanks. I see how energy and momentum are not well defined. Therefore, could we say that the dispersion of a wavepacket is only determined by it's width and not by the particle's momentum and energy?
Since if a wavepacket has greater average energy (using the definitions you've given above) then the average wavenumber is greater but the spread of k-number is unaffected assuming the packet width is the same?
I'm not sure what you mean by the dispersion of the wave packet. I will assume you mean the rate at which the position wave function increases its width or uncertainty. The width of the positional wave packet, lets call it g(x,t), increases in time, while the width of the momentum wave packet f(k) does not. The rate of increase of the width of g(x,t) is due to the width of f(k). Its not determined by the width of g(x,t). You can see this even in classical physics. If you are not too sure of the momentum, and you calculate the position of a particle over time, the spread in its position as time goes by will increase. The spread in its position is not what causes that spread to increase in time.
Thanks Rap. I think I see now, so the spreading of the wavefunction g(x,t) with time is due to the spectral distribution f(k) only. Therefore, this is completely independent of the particle's properties for which the wavepacket is modelling, since we arbitrarily choose f(k) and generally choose a Gaussian spectrum?
Also, a linked but slightly divergent query I wonder if anyone could shed any light on please... with regard to Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle I've seen both \Delta(x) \Delta(p) >= h-bar and \Delta(x) \Delta(p) >= h-bar/2 & in cases when makes estimates for confinement energies in atoms, it seems common just to use \Delta(x) \Delta(p) EQUALS h-bar. Is there a reason for the inclusion of the factor of 2 in some cases but not others?
h-bar/2 is correct. hbar alone is not. I think if you have a confined particle with an exact energy, then the equality is good. But in the case of a free particle, the momentum wave function has a fixed width, while the position wave function's width increases in time, and then the equality does not hold. For bound particles which have been localized inside the boundaries, their g(x,t) will spread also, and the equality will not hold.
Just one final question - is it right to say that the particle's properties (velocity, momentum etc) are completely independent of the wavepacket shape and the rate at which its width increases since we arbitrarily choose f(k) (often to be Gaussian)?
No. It is not correct to speak about a particle as if it had an "actual" position or momentum, because eventually you will come up with logical contradictions and inconsistencies. This is the "hidden variable" attempt to interpret QM and it doesn't work. The wave function tells you what the probabilities are that you will get a particular result if you make a particular measurement, and that's it. The properties of the particle are completely described by the wave function. The particle does not "have" a momentum, it has an expected value of momentum, and that is completely determined by the wave function. It has an uncertainty in momentum, which is also completely determined by the wave function. Critics of this way of looking at things call it the "shut up and calculate" approach. It's not really, it's the "shut up with the dumb interpretations and come up with a better logically consistent interpretation, and when you do, let us know, and until then, calculate"
Just one final question - is it right to say that the particle's properties (velocity, momentum etc) are completely independent of the wavepacket shape and the rate at which its width increases since we arbitrarily choose f(k) (often to be Gaussian)?
What do you mean when you say that we choose f(k) arbitrarily? If I have a particle in an unknown wavepacket state, I can measure f(k) by performing reapeated momentum measurements at identically prepared particles. |
MYCN Amplification in Neuroblastoma: a Paradigm for the Clinical Use of an Oncogene.
Increase of the dosage of cellular oncogenes by DNA amplification is a frequent genetic alteration of cancer cells. The presence of amplified cellular oncogenes is usually signalled by conspicuous chromosomal abnormalities, "double minutes" (DMs) or "homogeneously staining chromsomal regions" (HSRs). Some human cancers carry a specific amplified oncogene at high incidence. In neuroblastomas the amplification of MYCN has been found associated with aggressively growing cancers and is an indicator for poor prognosis. MYCN amplification is of predictive value for identifying neuroblastoma patiens that require specific therapeutic regimens and for identifying patients that will not benefit from chemotherapy. |
Q:
How to make new cells in ipython notebook markdown by default?
Currently, whenever you create a new cell in an iPython notebook, it defaults to a opening up a cell for Python code. I can then change it to markdown by hitting the keyboard shortcut ctrl m m
Is there any method or any setting I can tweak so that new cells default to being in "markdown mode"?
I did find this question which appears to ask the same thing, but it was erroneously flagged as a duplicate and wasn't answered.
A:
I was just reading the IPython notebook js code, and found the insert_cell_below method at https://github.com/ipython/ipython/blob/master/IPython/html/static/notebook/js/notebook.js#L849 .
If you want to do this programatically, it would simply be a case of doing something like:
from IPython.display import display, Javascript
def markdown_below():
display(Javascript("""
IPython.notebook.insert_cell_below('markdown')
"""));
markdown_below()
This would be fairly early to turn into a button on the toolbar in a similar way to the gist button in https://github.com/minrk/ipython_extensions.
HTH
|
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NEW YORK--(BUSINESS WIRE)--Sermo, the largest global healthcare polling company and social platform for physicians, has released Week 4 data from its Real Time Barometer study of 5,500 physicians in 30 countries revealing the emergence of treatment patterns and efficacy perceptions. To date, Sermo has conducted studies with over 20,000 physicians over 4 weeks and has published unrestricted access to the results of its studies on sermo.com.
*Results represent subjective opinions of COVID-19 treating physicians using various treatments and not the results of clinical trials.
Key Findings:
In Week 4, Sermo explores perceptions of physicians who were high vs. moderate vs. low treaters of COVID-19 patients, as well as physicians practicing in different settings (hospital (excluding ICU), non-hospital, and ICU). The total number of physician respondents for Wave 4 was 5,500.
COVID-19 “Supertreaters”
In this Wave, we explore the perceptions of highly experienced COVID-19 treaters, which we call “Supertreaters,” and define as physicians who treat 20+ COVID-19 patients in a particular setting: hospital, non-hospital, or ICU. Of the total number of respondents (5,500), 26% were COVID-19 treaters (n=1,444) and of those, 30% of treaters (n=430) were “COVID Supertreaters.”
Remdesivir Users
In total, 15% of all COVID-19 treaters (218 physicians) have used Remdesivir in this study. Of those Remdesivir users, 40% (88 physicians) were “COVID Supertreaters.”
The top three drugs that are used are still Azithromycin, Hydroxychloroquine, and Bronchodilators. The percent of physicians having used Hydroxychloroquine, Remdesivir, High-Dose Steroids, Anti-HIV drugs, Plasma and Tocilizumab were higher in hospital vs. non-hospital settings, while Vitamin C was more used in a non-hospital setting.
Share of COVID Treating Physicians Who’ve Used Medication Within Setting
Non-Hospital (n=636)
Hospital (n=1,045)
ICU (n=532)
Overall (n=1,444)
Azithromycin
60%
70%
61%
68%
Hydroxychloroquine
40%
66%
67%
61%
Bronchodilators
41%
42%
42%
48%
High-dose Steroids
13%
29%
35%
30%
Anti-HIV drugs
12%
32%
32%
30%
Vitamin C
28%
21%
23%
26%
Drugs to treat flu
22%
25%
20%
25%
Tocilizumab
6%
19%
27%
19%
Vitamin D
17%
12%
11%
16%
Zinc
17%
11%
14%
15%
Remdesivir
6%
16%
21%
15%
Plasma
6%
10%
16%
12%
Perceived Efficacy
Plasma is perceived to be most effective vs. any other treatment. Of physicians who have prescribed Remdesivir, the percent who perceive it as effective is similar across settings ~30%. Perceived efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine for all treaters is 30% and varies widely by setting (from 38% outside of hospital down to 24% in the ICU). Supertreaters rate Hydroxychloroquine slightly lower (28%), and among Supertreaters in the ICU, perceived efficacy is 19%. Though Hydroxychloroquine usage appears to be lower in non-hospital vs. hospital settings, perceived efficacy is higher in non-hospital settings. This may suggest Hydroxychloroquine is more efficacious in milder cases.
Tocilizumab bears attention, as it appears to be emerging as a relatively effective treatment option among physicians in hospital settings (52% rate it as very/extremely effective, though it lags with a 27% rating within ICU.)
Overall Perceived Efficacy of All Treatments by Setting
(Efficacy: % of physicians who rate the drug very or extremely effective; chart reflects all treaters who have used drug in respective setting)
As expected, safety for vitamins, minerals, Azithromycin and Bronchodilators is perceived to be high. Plasma had the highest safety profile among the more novel or advanced treatments for COVID-19 (Remdesivir, drugs to treat flu, Anti-HIV drugs, Hydroxychloroquine, Tocilizumab).
Overall Perceived Safety of All Treatments by Setting
(Efficacy: % of physicians who rated the drug very or extremely safe; chart reflects all treaters who have used drug in respective setting)
“Plasma (human antibodies from recovered COVID-19 patients) is compelling because plasma antibodies were the treatment of choice for bacterial pneumonia before the introduction of Penicillin. The question is availability and scalability. In the past, we have scaled up antibodies by producing them in sheep and horses, so it would be interesting to look into monoclonal antibodies. Personally, I use antimalarials with azithromycin, high-dose steroids and vitamin C, sometimes an IL-6, and I also use melatonin and zinc. Lastly, we are using treatments that work on multiple fronts, and we may want to look into the efficacy of these combinations vs. just single drugs. We also suspect different efficacy of different drugs for different patient types,” said Mark Rumbak, M.D., Professor of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care at the University of South Florida and Sermo member.
“Until we have access to randomized clinical trials with a placebo arm, observational studies of physicians are an effective way to gather and share critical insights,” said Peter Kirk, CEO of Sermo. “Sermo represents the voices of physicians, which is why we are highly focused on sharing our real-time learnings as effectively as possible to better support those on the front lines.”
Methodology
A sample size of 250 point estimates have a precision of a +/- 6% at a 94% confidence level. Where sample sizes are smaller, N sizes are noted. Thirty countries included in the study are the United States, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, France, Spain, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, Turkey, Poland, Russia, Finland, Ireland, Switzerland, Austria, Denmark, Norway, Greece, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Australia, China, India, and Israel. No incentive was offered to respondents. Full methodology. |
Q:
Ignore brackets in string literal
Using balancing groups, it is easy to match brackets. Example, using s*\{(?:[^{}]|(?<counter>\{)|(?<-counter>\}))+(?(counter)(?!))\}, you correctly check the parentheses in this example:
{
{
"correct";
}
}
One issue I have is that this code doesn't work if there is a string with a parentheses inside, i.e.
{
{
"wrong}";
}
}
Checking that the quotes are matched isn't difficult, but I fail to see how to adapt that into the original regex. How would I make it so that the balancing group ignores brackets inside string literals?
A:
Brief
Regex is not the best tool to use for what you're trying to do, however, that doesn't mean it's impossible.
Code
See regex in use here
s*\{(?:"(?:(?<!\\)\\(?:\\{2})*"|[^"])*"|[^{}]|(?<counter>\{)|(?<-counter>\}))+(?(counter)(?!))\}
Note: I simply prepended "(?:(?<!\\)\\(?:\\{2})*"|[^"])*"| to your pattern, so I'll only explain that portion.
A shorter method (thanks to PhiLho's answer on regex for a quoted string with escaping quotes) is as follows.
See regex in use here
s*\{(?:"(?:[^"\\]|\\.)*"|[^{}]|(?<counter>\{)|(?<-counter>\}))+(?(counter)(?!))\}
Explanation
I used the same idea as the regex I recently answered another question with and applied it to yours. It allows for escaped double quotes as well as your open/closing curly braces.
" Match this literally
(?:(?<!\\)\\(?:\\{2})*"|[^"])* Match either of the following any number of times
(?<!\\)\\(?:\\{2})*" Match the following
(?<!\\) Negative lookbehind ensuring what precedes is not a literal backslash \
\\ Match a literal backslash
(?:\\{2})* Match two literal backslashes any number of times (2,4,6,8, etc.)
" Match this literally
[^"] Match any character except " literally
" Match this literally
Note: (?<!\\)\\(?:\\{2})*" ensures it properly matches escaped double quotes ". This basically says: Match any odd number of backslashes preceding a double quote character " such that \", \\\", \\\\\", etc. are valid, and \\", \\\\", \\\\\\" are invalid escaped double quotes " (and thus a string termination)
|
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Some tech-inspired jewelry can be cool. When it’s recycled parts that help save the planet and look great, it’s flat out sexy. To the untrained eye, it appears like jewelry. However to the jaundiced eye of a digital warrior, you will get a nod of understanding for your wisdom in all geeky things. Even code junkies wear jewelry and move away from the computer and into the outdoors from time to time. Gadget freaks and eco-geeks can all get behind this type of geekdom and flaunt it with a flair. Here are 42 fantastic fusions of tech meshing with art in geek jewelry.
Do-It-Yourself Geek Earrings
Does she have a Mac? Then she might like power button earrings from an Apple computer. How about a pair of dangling earrings like the 3″ 1 Meg SIMM’s? Spice up her black outfit with these 8 pin black cyber bug earrings that are repurposed from microcontrollers. Ladies, you don’t need a guy to get you these. Do it yourself, literally, recycle your scrap parts into jewelry. Who wouldn’t like shiny and sexy? Such is the case with the chandelier gold plated double quad interconnect pins. All these earrings are sharp.
Eco-Geek Earrings
Sharp thinkers and those close to a graveyard of discarded electronic parts combine their love of tech with their love for the planet by creating amazing wearable art. In the upper left, two identity circuit boards, electronic DNA identifiers, have been recreated into cute dangle earrings. For something a bit louder, then a person could wear the silver hard drive head propulsion armatures in the upper right. Going out somewhere treacherous but want to go in style? The bottom left dangle earrings are both rare as well as designed for the hostile environment of outer space. The dangle earrings on the bottom right are historic and repurposed into fashion, but were once used in a Circa 1950 missile guidance system.
Hardware Hacked into High Geek Fashion
Does vintage jewelry appeal to you? On the upper left, these read-write hard drive heads have been recreated as a fashion statement. On the upper right, these RAM earrings are available with or without the sticker. Do you prefer Intel on the inside? How about on the outside by wearing these Intel watchdog chip earring on the middle left. Do you want to give him a jolt? The red dangle earrings came from a 5000 volt pulse charge laser power supply capacitor. It’s quite the mouthful, but they look hot. For music lovers who are also geeks, then perhaps you might like the read-write head from a CD drive like in the bottom left. If you like to keep your security tight with read-only rights, then the shiny gold earrings on the bottom right were recycled EPROM from Signetics military aerospace.
Vintage Geeky Jewelry
For people who like to wear pin jewelry or bracelets, this stunning collection should appeal to even the non-geeky. What makes them so special is that they are straight up geek. On the upper left, this chip montage includes various processors, EPROMs, RAM, and D to A converters from 7400 series chips. Yet on the upper right, this bracelet was repurposed from memory and might help make the time that you wear it more memorable. On the lower left, this vintage pin was recycled from a rare main processor. Do you love your cell phone? Then the middle bottom pin might be the thing for you. It was made from the first “brick” portable cell phones and had a previous life as a Motorola transmit/receive amplifier. If you prefer your jewelry as unique are you are, then the bottom right pin is a one of a kind collage of geeky guts.
Tech and Art Combined
Necklaces, most folks like them. These geeky fashion statements range from everyday to special night out wear. On the upper left, the red 80186 chip has 7 gold plated launch pins as well as a Bakelite gaming disk. The upper middle jewelry was recycled from an early model Apple 6800 processor. On the upper right, this technomontage series necklace combines both analogue and digital chips into a fantastic piece of jewelry. If it has to be Mac or nothing, then the bottom left necklace is all Apple. In the bottom middle, if you weren’t a geek then you might not realize this copper and embossed necklace came from a computer. The bottom right necklace is sure to be a conversation starter, which may benefit a geek since we tend to not be our strongest with face-to-face people skills. It is a vintage original and functional dosimeter that was used to read radiation exposure and measures 1 to 100 röntgen.
Splashy and Flashy Geek Necklaces
Can old tech be turned into splashy and flashy? Without a doubt, the gold plated necklace on the top left is a stunner. In fact, all of the above geeky fashion statements are but examples of eclectic fusion in art and technology. ArtEco caters to the eco-geek with their wearable art made from recycled materials. Both the geek movement as well as the eco-geek culture is sliding closer to mainstream, yet there would be many non-techies who will admire your fashion accessories. Don’t expect them to understand your jewelry has been repurposed from what makes us tick and makes us slick.
Geektastic Jewelry
If cracking open that computer case and tinkering with hardware is no big deal to you, then the gold plated screws and wingnuts might be just the ticket. Or you might select RAM or any other previously used piece of electronics to create your own eco-geek jewelry style. Unix much? Whatever operating system you are into can be reflected in your sense of style like the F2 and F4 necklace above. Seems like it is starting off right with the 69 blue resistors that have been recreated into this 15″ choker necklace. They are even RoHS compliant. It’s almost like it’s contagious; this eco-geek fashion so entertains us that we might make that next great geeky piece of jewelry. Recall that before you toss out electronic drum chokes or old pieces off your keyboard.
Geekdom: Wedding Rings
Rings, that’s right…wedding rings made from recycled male and female plugs. The creating artist might be trying to communicate a geek-coded message to future customers with the names of her creations. Getting married, why not consider Screwed (middle) or Jacked (top)? If it makes your head spin, then maybe the 8-Prong serial plug rings are more your style? We geeks sure do have a good sense of humor. So go forth and have fun creating your own geeky jewelry. |
Q:
Internet Explorer 7 css/html float bug
The problem is a footer on a web page that seem to not follow the correct flow like it does in FireFox. The problem feels like it is an Internet Explorer related bug, because the layout will "magically" snap into place when i move the mouse over the link "Legg til i handlelisten". On pages where the "description" part of the page is longer then the left column, the footer displays correctly. From what I can gather the bug is only active in IE8 when its running in "IE8 Compatibility Mode" or "IE7 mode". I am not able to recreate the bug when running IE6.
I was wondering if anyone is able to find a solution to this bug, maybe some CSS property I can set or a tag that needs modification.
These two images show the error and what its supposed to look like:
http://tinyurl.com/layout-error
http://tinyurl.com/layout-fixed
The page referred to is here: http://tinyurl.com/yb9h34d
Edit: Clear: both; doesnt seem to do anything to solve the problem.
A:
Yes... it looks like a float-caused problem.
Try adding this line into your HTML, just before the footer:
<div style="clear: both;"></div>
I think it is expecting an item that clears the floats.
|
Pages
Saturday, January 19, 2013
Harry is wrong. Anonymity makes blogging better.
Harry Maryles says he disagrees with my posts over the last few days, in which I argue in favor of as much online anonymity as possible. In what follows I explain why he is wrong:
Note: I don't mean any disrespect in referring to Harry Maryles by his first name. We've known each other for a very long time, and I consider him a colleague who often takes the same side as I do on important issues. Also, I am not a very formal guy. Don't make a big deal out of it.
Dovbear - who himself chooses to be anonymous - is a good example of why he shouldn’t be. His writing is sometimes very nasty.
This is an exaggeration. I happen to think Avi Shafran and Yaakov Menken are far more nasty than I am, and they use their real names! If you doubt this, see any of their posts on heterodox rabbis. They are always full of lies and snide remarks.
A luxury he affords himself because of that anonymity.
Untrue.
And even if it was true, how would Harry know? I'm anonymous, remember? So what possible basis does he have for claiming that the way I behave on my blog is substantively different from the way I behave in public? He has no idea, and because he has no idea, he should say nothing. Making a groundless guess about someone is a breach of good manners, and let's not ignore that he committed this small act of nastiness even though he is using his real name. So much for the theory that real names enhance civility.
While I may agree or disagree with him, I find it very distasteful when he writes that way - and that occasionally it crosses the line of respecting human dignity.
That's fine. You're entitled to make that statement, and if you were to make it on my comment thread I wouldn't delete it. However, you have no good reason to think its produced by my anonymity. For all you know, what you see on the blog is the real me. And besides: plenty of our blogging colleagues use their real names, and they are nasty, too. So much for the theory that real names enhance civility.
I would be willing to bet that this is why he guards his identity so religiously. He does not want people to think of him the way they do about “Dovbear”.
You would lose that bet.
I am anonymous because I don't want my wife and kids to have to put up with any of the unfriendly, unfair, vicious people who have crossed my blogging path. The world is full of jerks, and I am entitled to privacy. If it costs me credibility, so be it. That's my choice, and I am entitled to make it.
In a very self-serving way
Questioning my motives is also a breach of good manners. I find it distasteful. (for real) And yet - let's note again - the fact that we all know your name hasn't stopped you from behaving towards me in an uncivil way. (I don't mean the criticism. I mean the baseless guesses about my motives. Its not good etiquette.)
he thus tries to actually make an argument for anonymity as a better way of communicating ideas. Anonymity - he says - forces respondents to consider the argument rather than focus on the identity.
This is true. It is a better way to discuss ideas, for the reasons I gave.
Moreover, it makes the blogging better. The comment threads are more lively and more fun, and we are able to discuss anything we like in any manner we like without having to endure tzitzis checks at shul and school.
The people who oppose anonymity, generally, are the people who would like to be conducting those tzitzis checks. A lesser man than me would pause here to speculate about Harry's motives, but I won't go there.
That would be true if it were not accompanied by the insults that frequently come with anonymous comments.
Most of my comment writers are anonymous, and insults are very rare - and certainly not frequent.
In fact, after nearly nine years of reading thousands of my own comment threads and probably close to one million comments, most of which were left by anonymous people, I can safely say that Harry's premise is false: Insults DO NOT frequently come with anonymous comments. (Readers: Do you agree with me?)
And again, even if Harry was right, it would still be true that anonymity forces respondents to consider the argument rather than focus on the identity. Harry hasn't offered any counterargument. He merely introduced a (false) fact that did nothing to defeat my claim.
He makes note of the fact that Rabbi Menken actually misused the knowledge he thought he had gained googling a commenter who used his real name. Rather than focusing on the content of his message he focused on the individual and used it to discredit him rather than respond to comment. But googling that name prodcuced information about someone else with that name.
Correct. This actually happened. And now that it has happened, why would anyone see any profit in using his real name on Cross Currents if he was after an honest exchange of ideas? Harry doesn't answer this question either. Also, one of Menken's colleagues on Cross Currents has been known to call commenters and bloggers on the phone and yell at them when they say things he doesn't like. Real bullying stuff. Who in their right mind would want to be exposed to such madness? Who would want their kids and spouses to have to deal with it? Its so much saner, so much simpler and so much safer to just use a pseudonym.
Dovbear is right about that. Rabbi Menken was wrong. But that does not diminish his point about lowering the level of discourse when the comments are made anonymously
Perhaps it doesn't diminish your point, but (sorry to keep pointing this out) you still haven't gone to the trouble of proving your point. Do you have any data, or even an anecdote, that suggests anonymity lowers the level of discourse? Sure, Avi Shafran (who has his own self serving reason to oppose online anonymity) constantly says its true, but he's never bothered to prove it either. Anyway, I have seen more comment threads and comments than the both of you combined, and I say it isn't so. The level of discourse isn't lowered when people are anonymous. Its enhanced. People are free to say what they like, and because no one is using a real name, no one can get hurt.
And can I make another point that Harry hasn't grasped? You never know if someone is using his real name on a comment thread. Just because I might write a comment using the name Yaakov Shwartz is no proof that I really am Yaakov Shwartz and besides, with so many Yaakov Shwartzs in the world, why should using my real name make me worry about how I come across on a blog thread? If someone complains to me about it in person, I can always say the comment was left by a different Yaakov Shwartz. So what have we gained?
I believe Dovbear is wrong in the argument he makes favoring anonymity. He says that anonymity forces you to respond to content instead of focusing on the individual. That is a specious argument.
Ok, you think its "specious". Are you going to tell us why?
If you have something to say it doesn’t make any difference if you know the identity of the commenter or not. If you want to attack a commenter with vile insults instead of responding to their content - you can do that without knowing their identity too.
I guess not. Sigh.
So to sum up the reasons why Harry is wrong:
(1) Using your real name doesn't guarantee civility. Plenty of online jerks use their real names. It has not made them more civil.
(2) Gaining credibility through the use of your name is a lazy short cut. Better to win it through the strength of your arguments.
(3) There's no such thing as a "real name" on a comment board. You can never know if the person using the name Yaakov Shwartz on a comment board uses that names in real life, as well.
The Bottom Line
The people who wish to end online anonymity are also the people who think Kolko got a raw deal and would like to stone kofrim in Times Square. They're the people who Google your name so they can cover it with mud or so they can call you up on the phone and harangue you into silence They hate anonymity but not because they value civility but because they value orthodoxy and anonymous blogging threatens it. Rather then muster solid counter arguments, these people want to know the names of the unorthodox bloggers so that they can be made to suffer for their ideas. This is what's at stake - this is the real thinking behind the anti-anonymity push -- and Harry Maryles should be ashamed of himself for giving them cover.
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If it relates to Jews, Judaism, holidays, Midrash,Torah, halacha or anything similar, I probably have a post on it. And if I have a post on it, I probably have a good comment thread with great reader-provided information, too.
Try a search and see for yourself. If you can't find what you're looking for ask me.
Quotes
רֹאשׁ דְּבָרְךָ אֱמֶת קוֹרֵא מֵרֹאשׁ דּוֹר וָדוֹר עַם דּוֹרֶשְׁךָ דְּרֹשׁ
Your chief word is "truth"; You've called it out since the beginning. In each generation people interpret You [for themselves] and find [their own] meaning.
You shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you odd. -Flannery O'Connor
“When in the afterglow of religious insight I can see a way that is good for all humans as it is for me—I will know it is His way.” - R. Abraham Joshua Heschel
I don't accept at all the quite popular argument that the press is responsible for the monarchy's recent troubles. The monarchy's responsible for the monarchy's recent troubles. To blame the press is the old thing of blaming the messenger for the message. -Anthony Holden
Said behind my back
"...he's trying to show that there are other facets to Orthodox Judaism. That we don't all think one way and vote one way. And he's occasionally entertaining when he's not being mean-spirited" [PsychoToddler]"
"He's witty. He's funny. He appreciates the ridiculous in life, and has no qualms about telling you when he thinks that you're being a moron" [Cara]
" I'm pretty sure [DovBear] is a really great guy who just wants to be able to ask questions and talk about things without the fear of someone claiming he's off the derech or on his way there." [Chaviva] |
Tuesday, December 1, 2009
When would the Food Runners volunteer arrive and what would he or she bring? The end of the month loomed large with subsistence checks stretched to their limits if not completely spent. Food was in short supply all around at the Union Hotel, a property of the Tenderloin Housing Clinic, a group that manages low income housing properties that are part of the Mayor's Care Not Cash program. The Food Runners delivery on the day before Thanksgiving came as a welcome relief.
Rick pushed together the tables in the lobby, Dorothy watched through the front window and Pietra posted the sign up sheet in anticipation. Rick, Dorothy and Pietra comprise the tenant committee appointed to receive and organize Food Runners donations. "I developed a sign up system," reports Pietra pointing to a sheet of paper in her hand filled with names and corresponding room numbers. "It keep things fair and avoids fights. On the days we're expecting a Food Runners delivery, I post a sign up sheet in the lobby at 6:30AM. When the food arrives and is ready for distribution, tenants line up in the order that they signed up. Of course, there are some shut-ins in the building, so I always knock on their doors before the sign up sheet is finalized to see if they need food that day. The system has been working out great. It's really helped create community and cooperation in the building. Sometimes tenants even pool their food and enjoy meals together."
Food Runners volunteer Bill W. pulled up to the curb at 2:30PM, his white Saab riding low from the weight of the load in the trunk. "The food's here," Dorothy announced as Bill stepped out of his car accompanied by his 9 year old son , Ryan, who'd come along to help "bring food to the people." You're never too young to be a Food Runner!
Rick, Dorothy and Pietra met Bill curbside as he popped open the trunk to reveal a bounty of sandwiches, deli salads, rolls and other goodies from Suisse Italia Cafe and Max's Market. The trunk was stuffed to capacity as was the back seat. Both Max's and Suisse Italia normally donate on Fridays, but due to the holiday, both had called for a Wednesday pick up instead. Donations on the day before Thanksgiving are typically bounteous since agencies that plan to be closed over the long weekend need to clear their refrigerators. What great good luck for Food Runners' recipients.
Pietra, Rick and Dorothy's eyes grew large when that saw the amount and the quality of the food. Together with Bill and his son, they began shuttling the food to the hotel lobby. From under his skateboarders knit cap, a shy smile crept across Ryan's face as he placed bags on the tables to Pietra's repeated "thank yous."
"Food Runners has made such a difference for our building," Rick remarked with a grateful sigh as he looked through the bags.
"Food Runners makes it possible for fixed incomes to last a little longer," echoed Pietra. " Sometimes having enough food keeps people from doing things they shouldn't."
"Food Runners also provides a chance for people to eat more nutritious types of food than they might buy at the corner store," Rick offered. " I've even seen people expand their palettes because of Food Runners. I worked in the food business for many years and I 'm always encouraging my fellow tenants to try things that come in the donations that they may have never seen before. Even I expanded my palette when I discovered harissa which was used in some of the wraps we got one Saturday. I'm hooked!"
Life in San Francisco's low income residence hotels is not easy. The rooms are small, the clientele can be rough and corner stores with their sky high mark-ups often the only places within walking distance to buy food. With Food Runners dropping off healthy, nutritious food, life becomes just a little easier, one delivery at a time.
Food Runners picked up and delivered 117,470 pounds of food in the month of November. Volunteers performed 864 runs and the truck did 217. Please welcome November's 10 new donors including the The Box SF and St. Ignatius College Prep among others. Many thanks to sustainable food consultant and sometimes caterer Gabriel Cole for his fabulous donation following an art event at Terra Gallery & Events. Many thanks as well to Noe Valley Bakery for their great pie donation (60 pies!) that went to Martin DePorres the night before Thanksgiving. The day after Thanksgiving, Buffalo Whole Foods on Castro Street donated 25 fresh turkeys that also went to Martin DePorres who froze them to be used for their Christmas feast.
Holiday lights twinkle and champagne glasses tinkle. Holiday season has arrived. The dinners! The parties! The family feasts! If you suspect edible, nutritious food is being thrown away at get-togethers you are attending, tell the restaurant, the caterer, the office manager, your family and your friends about Food Runners. People can't wait to help. Sometimes they just need someone like you to tell them how.
Happy Holidays!
Nancy
Thursday, October 1, 2009
The evening felt special right from the moment I miraculously found a parking space a mere block from my destination. The fog that threatened to shroud the entire city in its cold, damp blanket couldn't quite push past the hills surrounding the Castro. A circle of clear, darkening sky hovered above the bustling neighborhood. A crescent moon smiled down from the middle of the circle. A bright star twinkled next to the moon. Magic was in the air.
For months I'd heard about how wonderful the Castro Street Farmers Market pick up was. Last Wednesday, I went to see for myself. Food Runners volunteer Ora S. and her husband Dan H., a truly renaissance couple who'd done the run often, arrived right on schedule. They parked their trusty, dusty but not quite rusty 1982Volvo station wagon on the corner of Beaver and 16th. They stepped out of the car bubbling with excitement. The Castro Farmers Market was their favorite food run.
"What's first?" I asked. Dan showed me where to get a cart. "There's always a ton of food," he said. "The farmers here are so generous. It's just fantastic." "Sometimes we bring our son along," Ora chimed in. "Once the car was so full that Dan and Nathaniel had to walk home!"
We wheeled the cart past a table overflowing with fat, ripe heirloom tomatoes in many shapes and colors. Perfect produce fanned across the tables at every booth. "Wait a second," Dan said stopping in his tracks when Vidal of Bautista Ranch waved him over. "I forgot the books," Dan fretted. With that, he ducked back into the Volvo returning with a stack of children's tomes that he'd authored. "I hope your kids like these," Dan remarked as he signed the volumes. Vidal thanked Dan before piling several boxes of succulent plums on the cart. "We've loved getting to know all the vendors," Ora elucidated. "It just makes the job more fun. They are such an interesting and diverse group and they care so much about giving back."
As we strolled past table after table of amazing organic fruits and vegetables, farmer after farmer stacked donations onto the cart. We made numerous trips back to the Volvo. Happy Boy Farms donated beans and broccoli. Far West Fungi donated tender mushrooms of several exotic varieties. Saleem at East and West Gourmet gave tubs of delicious hummus as well as bolanis and more. "I'll bring those writings I promised you next week," Dan told Saleem shaking his hand. "Saleem is Afghani and we've been exchanging philosphy," Dan explained.
After we'd made the rounds of all the vendors, we returned to the Volvo to load up. We stuffed every nook and cranny except Dan and Ora's seats. Ora tried to close the back hatch, but it wouldn't latch. "Dan," she implored. "I need your muscle." Dan placed his shoe on one of the boxes and gave it several healthy shoves. The hatch closed at last.
I followed Dan and Ora to the Father Alfred Center in SOMA for the delivery. The Father Alfred Center is a live-in drug and alcohol rehabilitation program providing a "safe and supportive environment in an urban residential setting." The clients were waiting for us with smiles and had the Volvo unloaded in minutes.
In an email to me a few weeks previous to my tagging along, Ora summed up the Castro Market run like this: "The vendors were amazingly generous. The wagon was packed to the gills with the most gorgeous peaches, beans, breads, cheeses, tomatoes, eggplant, flats of strawberries, kale and on and on. The delivery was very easy. Totally life affirming." Totally life affirming. Ah, the beauty of Food Runners!
Food Runners picked up and delivered 114, 320 pounds of food during the month of September. Volunteers performed 846 runs and the truck did 222. Please welcome September's new donors Town School for Boys, Foods by Jude, and the Divisadero Farmer's Market. Many, many thanks to Tante's Special Events and Catering for all their great donations following a slew of September's outdoor events and festivals such as Opera in the Park, Tour de Fat, Now and Zen, Folsom Street Fair and more. Thanks as well to Green Mary who encourages food vendors at street fairs and other local outdoor events to donate their excess food to Food Runners. Look for Green Mary and her crew the next time you attend such an event. They will be by the dumpsters sorting the compost from the recycling from the garbage in an effort to alleviate waste.
Holiday season is almost here and that means parties. Parties here, parties there, parties everywhere. Want to give your hostess a truly unique and inspired gift? Tell her about Food Runners and give her a beautifully wrapped box with a card inside displaying Food Runners phone number, 415-929-1866. You'll be giving her the opportunity to do something meaningful when the party's over. And if you're the host, give yourself the same gift. Either way, your holiday spirit will soar.
Thursday, September 3, 2009
They speak softly in melodious French accents. They wear long flowing habits, the kind rarely seen anymore except in movies or medieval paintings. Heavy crucifixes dangle from their slender necks. They are tireless. They are devoted. They are Sister Marie Madeleine and Sister Marie Isabelle of the Catholic religious order, Fraternite Notre Dame. Together, these petite, shy young women operate a fantastic soup kitchen at 54 Turk Street near Market, one of the roughest and most downtrodden areas of the Tenderloin. The Order's mission is "to provide help to the least ones and to the poor." The Sisters are doing just that week after week in amazing fashion.
The day that Food Runners founder Mary Risley and I met the Sisters, they bowed their swaddled heads while ushering us into the tiny, cheerful, apple-green dining room fronted by long windows with pointelle lace curtains spilling from ceiling to floor. Sister Marie Madeleine offered us juice and homemade cookies before giving us a tour of the freezer, the reach-in and the spotless, stainless steel kitchen. The Sisters cook and serve an astounding two to three hundred meals per day every Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday. They gather the food and prepare the meals predominantly themselves aided only by a few volunteers like "Uncle Dickie" an older gent from the immediate neighborhood who enjoys doing something that matters.
Mary's and my motive for stopping by that day was to find out how Food Runners could help. Three hundred meals, three times a week adds up to a lot of slicing, dicing, simmering, boiling, stirring, pot-watching, menu planning, organizing and cleaning up to say nothing of the masses amounts of food required to feed so many people in need.
"Are you getting enough food?" Mary asked.
"Oh, non," Sister Marie Madeleine replied in her accented English shaking her head and looking at the floor. "What kind of food do you need most?" Mary inquired as she nibbled a buttery flower shaped cookie. "Chicken," answered Sister Marie Madeleine without missing a beat. "We can use fruit too and milk. And vegetables" she continued.
Mary turned to me. "Can you get the Food Runners truck here Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday mornings?" I nodded. "We can deliver chicken on the last few Mondays left of the meat program you set up in March," I offered. "And we sometimes get chicken from Trader Joe's. I can send that when we get it. I can send produce on Tuesdays," I said rifling through the daily donation lists in my head. "What about the Satruday Farmer's Market?" queried Mary. "Couldn't Keith add Fraternite to his other deliveries? Is anyone here on Saturday afternoons, Sister?" "Oui... I mean, yes," blushed Sister Marie Madeleine. "But only after 3:30." "That should work," I chimed. "I'll give Keith a call."
"Do you need sweets, Sister?" Mary asked.
"Yes, sweets would be nice," Sister Marie Madeliene replied. "I think the people would enjoy sweets." "I know just the thing," I piped up excitedly. "One of the volunteers picks up from Kara's Cupcakes and Miette Cakes every Monday. It's usually a good amount too. I'll have her start bringing it here."
As we wrapped up and sorted out logistics, Mary asked Sister Marie Madeleine how the kitchen got started. "Our founder saw a need in San Francisco and he sent us here to fill the need," came the answer. Food Runners saw a need too and is proud to be sending food to Fraternite Notre Dame four days a week in support of their extraordinary work feeding the hungry of our community. Good is as good does and delivering to the Sisters is all good.
Food Runners picked up and delivered 117,450 pounds of food during the month of August. Volunteers performed 843 runs and the truck did 191. Food Runners welcomed four new donors in August including San Francisco Zoo's Taste of the Wild Catering. Many thanks this month to Events Etc. Catering for their fabulous donation of over 1,000 pounds of top o' the line gourmet barbecue left over when only 900 of the expected 1,500 guests showed up for a corporate picnic. Other caterers who called Food Runners with considerable donations in August included Paula Le Duc Fine Catering, Melon's Catering, Knight's Catering, Taste Catering and Living Room Events. Event attendance may be down, but that just means more food for Food Runners!
Do you have school age kids or grandchildren? September is Back to School time and that means the advent of school fundraisers. Have you ever been to a school fund raiser that didn't have too much food? Tell your child's school Events Committee about Food Runners. A simple phone call to 415-929-1866 will make a smiling Food Runners volunteer appear at the end of the big soiree to whisk away the leftovers and deliver them to a San Francisco shelter or food program in need. Good for you. Good for your school. Good for your community.
Thursday, August 13, 2009
Esther prepares the fruit salad.Ann concocts the savory salad.Pearl boils the eggs; 50-60 of them at a time. Casey lays out the bread.Sheila, Phil and Myron share the head chef duties on rotating Saturdays, planning the menus, choosing the recipes and directing the cooks. Joan, who buys the weekly supplies of plates, cups and utensils (all compostable, thank you) has the most celebrated job of the morning: starting the coffee.All the while, as she has done for the past fifteen years, sweet, petite, silver-haired Lisa directs the entire operation, darting from station to station speaking in her Belgian accented Dutch with her eyes all a-twinkle like a merry leprechaun.
This is the bustling scene you will find on any given Saturday as an all volunteer crew prepares the Saturday Meal at All Saint’s Episcopal Church on Waller in the Haight.For more than 20 years, All Saints has served the local community's poor and homeless population by providing a free, hot, nourishing meal served every Saturday morning at 10:30. They serve an average of 200 meals each week. The majority of the food for the Saturday Meal is delivered by Food Runners.
At around nine o’clock every Saturday morning, immediately after loading up hundreds of pounds of donated food from Trader Joe’s on Masonic, the Food Runners truck, rumbles up beside the pretty, shingled church with the smart white trim.Food Runners weekend driver, Edgar, greets Lisa and the Chef o’ Week with a smile. Edgar loves delivering to All Saints. Lisa and the Chef follow Edgar to the truck to choose what they need from what’s on board, always being careful to take only what they will use, leaving the rest to be delivered to other organizations.A church volunteer loads everything onto a blue cart and wheels it inside where the items get divided into what can be used that morning and, as in the case of meat that can’t be prepared in time for that day’s offering, items to be frozen and used the following week.
The line to partake of the meal begins forming as early as 8:30AM.Just as the Food Runners truck pulls away, a Food Runners volunteer arrives with a load of individual sized loaves of soft, fresh bread donated by the Academy of Science’s The Moss Room.Doors for the meal close at 11:30.The bread from The Moss Room along with bananas (there are always lots of bananas) and individually packaged salads from Trader Joe’s are distributed to folks who arrive late and/or those in need of a little something extra beyond the meal to take home.
When asked if he has a culinary training background, volunteer Chef Myron just smiles and says, “No.I just love to cook and doing this makes me feel so good.”His brown rice and chicken dish is legendary.At the end of the meal, Joan washes all the kitchen towels, aprons and other linens used. It’s a big job. Lisa, the self-dubbed “recycling queen”, makes sure that the trash goes into the proper bins before she checks the freezers so she can start planning for next week’s meal. Lisa is a force of nature, full of passion for her weekly mission. “Food Runners is such a blessing for us,” she gushes.“We could never do what we do without Food Runners. Especially in these hard economic times. And Edgar, he’s an angel. So polite and caring.”
All Saints’ Episcopal Church is aptly named.All the folks who contribute to the Saturday Meal Program whether they be church volunteers, Food Runners volunteers or Food Runners donors, are all saints indeed.
Food Runners picked up 117, 025 pounds of food in the month of June.Volunteers performed 870 runs and the truck did 203. Please welcome July’s 10 new donors including The Box Lunch Company who donated 1,600 pounds of frozen, sliced turkey on their first donation.Also welcome the delicious and nutritious donations from the Ferry Building Market Place’s newest market being held on Thursday afternoons.Last week’s nectarine donation was juicy and copious!Speaking of farmer’s market’s, the Wednesday evening Castro Street Farmer’s Market is now donating enough fresh produce to necessitate sending two Food Runners volunteers in two cars in order to fit in all the donations.Way to go farmers!
Do you know of a business that’s throwing away food?Help them be green and community focused.Tell them about Food Runners.Think how wonderful they will feel knowing that a Food Runners volunteer delivered their excess food to a program like the All Saints’ Episcopal Saturday Meal Program. |
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* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
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* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* software distributed under the License is distributed on an
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
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* under the License.
*/
package org.netbeans.modules.docker.ui.wizard;
import java.io.File;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.text.MessageFormat;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
import javax.swing.JComponent;
import org.netbeans.modules.docker.api.DockerInstance;
import org.netbeans.modules.docker.api.DockerSupport;
import org.openide.DialogDisplayer;
import org.openide.WizardDescriptor;
import org.openide.util.NbBundle;
import org.openide.util.Utilities;
/**
*
* @author Petr Hejl
*/
public class AddDockerInstanceWizard {
public static final String DISPLAY_NAME_PROPERTY = "displayName";
public static final String SOCKET_SELECTED_PROPERTY = "socketSelected";
public static final String SOCKET_PROPERTY = "socket";
public static final String URL_PROPERTY = "url";
public static final String CERTIFICATE_PATH_PROPERTY = "certPath";
public static final String DEFAULT_CA_FILE = "ca.pem";
public static final String DEFAULT_CERT_FILE = "cert.pem";
public static final String DEFAULT_KEY_FILE = "key.pem";
private static final Logger LOGGER = Logger.getLogger(AddDockerInstanceWizard.class.getName());
@NbBundle.Messages("LBL_AddDockerInstance=Add Docker Instance")
public DockerInstance show() {
List<WizardDescriptor.Panel<WizardDescriptor>> panels = new ArrayList<>();
panels.add(new DockerConnectionPanel());
String[] steps = new String[panels.size()];
for (int i = 0; i < panels.size(); i++) {
JComponent c = (JComponent) panels.get(i).getComponent();
// Default step name to component name of panel.
steps[i] = c.getName();
c.putClientProperty(WizardDescriptor.PROP_CONTENT_SELECTED_INDEX, i);
c.putClientProperty(WizardDescriptor.PROP_CONTENT_DATA, steps);
c.putClientProperty(WizardDescriptor.PROP_AUTO_WIZARD_STYLE, true);
c.putClientProperty(WizardDescriptor.PROP_CONTENT_DISPLAYED, true);
c.putClientProperty(WizardDescriptor.PROP_CONTENT_NUMBERED, true);
}
WizardDescriptor wiz = new WizardDescriptor(new WizardDescriptor.ArrayIterator<>(panels));
// {0} will be replaced by WizardDesriptor.Panel.getComponent().getName()
wiz.setTitleFormat(new MessageFormat("{0}"));
wiz.setTitle(Bundle.LBL_AddDockerInstance());
if (DialogDisplayer.getDefault().notify(wiz) == WizardDescriptor.FINISH_OPTION) {
Boolean socketSelected = (Boolean) wiz.getProperty(SOCKET_SELECTED_PROPERTY);
if (socketSelected) {
File file = (File) wiz.getProperty(SOCKET_PROPERTY);
try {
DockerInstance instance = DockerInstance.getInstance(
Utilities.toURI(file).toURL().toString(),
(String) wiz.getProperty(DISPLAY_NAME_PROPERTY),
null, null, null);
return DockerSupport.getDefault().addInstance(instance);
} catch (MalformedURLException ex) {
LOGGER.log(Level.WARNING, null, ex);
}
} else {
File caFile = null;
File certFile = null;
File keyFile = null;
String strCertPath = (String) wiz.getProperty(CERTIFICATE_PATH_PROPERTY);
if (strCertPath != null) {
File file = new File(strCertPath);
caFile = new File(file, DEFAULT_CA_FILE);
certFile = new File(file, DEFAULT_CERT_FILE);
keyFile = new File(file, DEFAULT_KEY_FILE);
}
DockerInstance instance = DockerInstance.getInstance(
(String) wiz.getProperty(URL_PROPERTY),
(String) wiz.getProperty(DISPLAY_NAME_PROPERTY),
caFile, certFile, keyFile);
return DockerSupport.getDefault().addInstance(instance);
}
}
return null;
}
}
|
<?php
/**
* Magento
*
* NOTICE OF LICENSE
*
* This source file is subject to the Academic Free License (AFL 3.0)
* that is bundled with this package in the file LICENSE_AFL.txt.
* It is also available through the world-wide-web at this URL:
* http://opensource.org/licenses/afl-3.0.php
* If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to
* obtain it through the world-wide-web, please send an email
* to license@magento.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
*
* DISCLAIMER
*
* Do not edit or add to this file if you wish to upgrade Magento to newer
* versions in the future. If you wish to customize Magento for your
* needs please refer to http://www.magento.com for more information.
*
* @category design
* @package default_default
* @copyright Copyright (c) 2006-2020 Magento, Inc. (http://www.magento.com)
* @license http://opensource.org/licenses/afl-3.0.php Academic Free License (AFL 3.0)
*/
?>
<?php if( sizeof($this->getTotals()) > 0 ): ?>
<div class="box">
<div class="entry-edit">
<table border="0" cellspacing="0" width="100%">
<tr>
<?php foreach( $this->getTotals() as $_total ): ?>
<td class="a-center">
<div <?php if ($_total['grand']): ?>class="grand-total"<?php endif; ?>>
<?php echo $_total['label'] ?><br />
<?php echo $_total['value'] ?>
</div>
</td>
<?php endforeach; ?>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
</div>
<?php endif; ?>
|
package org.docx4j.com.microsoft.schemas.office.drawing.x2016.ink;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlEnum;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlEnumValue;
import javax.xml.bind.annotation.XmlType;
/**
* <p>Java class for ST_ExtendedBrushPropertyName.
*
* <p>The following schema fragment specifies the expected content contained within this class.
* <p>
* <pre>
* <simpleType name="ST_ExtendedBrushPropertyName">
* <restriction base="{http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema}string">
* <enumeration value="inkEffects"/>
* <enumeration value="anchorX"/>
* <enumeration value="anchorY"/>
* <enumeration value="scaleFactor"/>
* </restriction>
* </simpleType>
* </pre>
*
*/
@XmlType(name = "ST_ExtendedBrushPropertyName", namespace = "http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/drawing/2016/ink")
@XmlEnum
public enum STExtendedBrushPropertyName {
@XmlEnumValue("inkEffects")
INK_EFFECTS("inkEffects"),
@XmlEnumValue("anchorX")
ANCHOR_X("anchorX"),
@XmlEnumValue("anchorY")
ANCHOR_Y("anchorY"),
@XmlEnumValue("scaleFactor")
SCALE_FACTOR("scaleFactor");
private final String value;
STExtendedBrushPropertyName(String v) {
value = v;
}
public String value() {
return value;
}
public static STExtendedBrushPropertyName fromValue(String v) {
for (STExtendedBrushPropertyName c: STExtendedBrushPropertyName.values()) {
if (c.value.equals(v)) {
return c;
}
}
throw new IllegalArgumentException(v);
}
}
|
Q:
Bootstrap table | Make responsive for small resolution
I found when I open my table on phone or tablet the "Table" created with bootstrap is not responsive.
Maybe I did something wrong, but I really don't understand...
Can somebody help me with this problem?
<div class="well">
<table class="table table-hover table-bordered" id="results">
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Užívateľ</th>
<th>Dátum</th>
<th>Účel</th>
<th>Cena €</th>
<th>Poznámka</th>
<th>Financovanie</th>
<th><div class="row"><span class="span1 text-center">Doklad</span></div></th>
<th width="36px"></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr title="Posledná úprava: 3.8.2013 18:05"></tr>
<td>Viktor Bako</td>
<td>3.8.2013</td>
<td>Šeky</td>
<td>100.00</td>
<td><div class="row"><span class="span4"></span></div></td>
<td><div class="row"><span class="btn-danger spanNas text-center">Neuhradené</span></div></td>
<td><div class="row"><span class="span1 text-center"><span class='text-danger'>Nie</span></span></div></td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr title="Posledná úprava: 3.8.2013 17:15">
<td>Peter Jaržembovský</td>
<td>3.8.2013</td>
<td>Šeky</td>
<td>25.00</td>
<td><div class="row"><span class="span4"></span></div></td>
<td><div class="row"><span class="btn-info spanNas text-center">Firemné</span></div></td>
<td><div class="row"><span class="span1 text-center"><span class='text-danger'>Nie<span></span></div></td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr title="Posledná úprava: 3.8.2013 13:08">
<td>Karol Hotár Hotar</td>
<td>3.8.2013</td>
<td>Šeky</td>
<td>28.99</td>
<td><div class="row"><span class="span4"></span></div></td>
<td><div class="row"><span class="btn-info spanNas text-center">Firemné</span></div></td>
<td><div class="row"><span class="span1 text-center"><span class='text-danger'>Nie<span></span></div></td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr title="Posledná úprava: 3.8.2013 07:52">
<td>Karol Hotár Hotar</td>
<td>3.8.2013</td>
<td>Šeky</td>
<td>28.99</td>
<td><div class="row"><span class="span4">Paušál</span></div></td>
<td><div class="row"><span class="btn-info spanNas text-center">Firemné</span></div></td>
<td><div class="row"><span class="span1 text-center"><span class='text-success'>Áno<span></span></div></td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr title="Posledná úprava: 2.8.2013 23:54">
<td>Viktor Bako</td>
<td>2.8.2013</td>
<td>Stravné</td>
<td>4.10</td>
<td><div class="row"><span class="span4">obed</span></div></td>
<td><div class="row"><span class="btn-info spanNas text-center">Firemné</span></div></td>
<td><div class="row"><span class="span1 text-center"><span class='text-success'>Áno<span></span></div></td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
<tr title="Posledná úprava: 3.8.2013 14:32">
<td>Peter Jaržembovský</td>
<td>1.8.2013</td>
<td>Šeky</td>
<td>35.00</td>
<td><div class="row"><span class="span4">je to v poriadku parada</span></div></td>
<td><div class="row"><span class="btn-success spanNas text-center">Uhradené</span></div></td>
<td><div class="row"><span class="span1 text-center"><span class='text-success'>Áno<span></span></div></td>
<td>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></div><div class="row"><div class="well label-warning span4">Spolu: 222.08 €</div></div>
A:
Is this close to what you are after?
Live view
Edit view
If it is, firstly double check you have the correct path to Bootstrap CSS. Also you have some validation errors which might cause problems on some devices. For example at lines 17 & 18 you had
<tr title="Posledná úprava: 3.8.2013 18:05"></tr>
<td> ...
which didn't look good
It looks to me like your table needs a little over 600px to display properly. If you need better results on small screens one option would be to use a jQuery responsive table plugin, here's one to get you started.
Good luck!
|
Chemical-free water processing provides a popular alternative to environmentally undesirable chemical based treating. Conventional non-chemical techniques typically focus on ways of directly affecting constituents suspended in the water. By directly affecting the constituents, such as particles or other forms of contaminants, the colloidal relationships between respective particles may be altered. This often causes an overall coagulation, agglomeration or other condition allowing for the straightforward separation of the constituents from the water.
One form of direct particle manipulation is disclosed by Miller in U.S. Pat. No. 4,279,743. Commonly referred to as an air sparged hydrocyclone, the disclosed device typically utilizes a combination of centrifugal force and air sparging to remove hydrophobic particles from a fluid stream. The stream is fed under pressure into a cylindrical chamber having a porous wall. The inlet into the chamber is configured to direct the fluid stream into a generally spiral path along the wall. The angular momentum of the fluid generates a radially directed centrifugal force related to the fluid velocity and the radius of the circular path. The porous wall is contained within a gas plenum having gas pressurized to permeate the porous wall and overcome the centrifugal force acting on the fluid.
In operation, the unit receives and discharges the rapidly circulating solution while the air permeates through the porous wall. Air bubbles that emit from the wall are sheared into the fluid stream from the fluid flow. Micro-bubbles formed from the shearing attract the hydrophobic particles and float them toward the cylinder as a froth in a vortex. The centrally located froth vortex is then captured and exited from the cylinder.
Another form of direct particle manipulation is disclosed by Duczmal in U.S. Pat. No. 5,224,604. The treatment unit is similar in most respects to the Miller device by incorporating an air sparged hydrocyclone, but additionally employs a cylindrical permanent magnet disposed centrally around the cylinder. The magnet generates a static magnetic field directed radially inwardly towards the fluid stream and having a static magnetic flux sufficient to attract or repulse relatively large ferromagnetic and non-ferromagnetic particles, respectively, during the centrifugal separating operation.
While direct particle manipulation schemes work well for their particular applications, they tend to be particle specific. As a result, the mechanical and magnetic forces required to directly affect the particles must often be tailored to one form of particle treatment. Moreover, in the case of Duczmal, the permanent magnet is of a design suitable for generating only static magnetic fields that directly affect only relatively large particles. Unfortunately, static magnetic fields have been shown to offer only small performance enhancements as a complement to the normal operation of the air sparged hydrocyclone.
In an effort to solve the problems involved in water treatments that directly affect suspended constituents, the inventors have disclosed a unique treatment device and method in U.S. Pat. No. 5,606,723, and pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/695,039, filed Aug. 9, 1996, and entitled "System For Delivering Electromagnetic Energy into a Solution", both of which are assigned to the assignee of the present invention. The treatment apparatus and method directly affects the water structure at the intermolecular level in a deliberate and controlled manner. This causes an indirect manipulation of the suspended constituents as the molecular water structure varies.
One problem commonly shared by conventional direct particle manipulation techniques and water structure modification methods involves the inability to successfully integrate more than one mode of treatment in a single environment. Multiple treatment modes are often necessary when the water suspends several forms of constituents, requiring more than one technology to efficiently treat the water. Conventionally, however, applying multiple treatment modes involves separately treating individual batches of water with individual treatment units acting non-cohesively in separate environments.
What is needed and heretofore unavailable is a multi-modal system and method having the capability of monitoring and controlling water treatment with technologies that directly and indirectly affect constituents in a single environment. The system and method of the present invention satisfy these needs. |
Cordyline minutiflora
Cordyline minutiflora is a plant species native to Irian Jaya on the island of New Guinea in eastern Indonesia. Type specimen was collected there in 1912 at an elevation of approximately 210 m (700 feet).
Cordyline minutiflora has linear, acuminate leaves up to 20 cm (8 inches) long and 1 cm (0.4 inches) wide. Flowers are borne in a panicle up to 15 cm (6 inches) long; each flower is small, no more than 2 mm (0.08 inches) long on a pedicel 1 mm (0.04 inches) long.
References
minutiflora
Category:Lomandroideae
Category:Flora of New Guinea |
What Should We Do with $10,000 Gift from Grandpa?
Question
I am an avid reader of Moolanomy…I read it every morning at work. I love reading personal stories about people with personal finance questions, and now I have one myself!
I am 23 years old and getting married in June 2009. We are mostly paying for the wedding ourselves, and have been saving up. We’d also like to buy a house around April 2009. A background on us, we collectively have around $35,000 in student loan debt, no credit debt, no car loan debt. We are pretty frugal. Our incomes will collectively be around $72,000 by the time we get married.
We’re in a pretty good situation, but we’re still trying our best to save enough money for a wedding, honeymoon and a house – all around the same time. I just received a generous check (windfall) from my grandfather for $10,000 to be used for whatever I want. My question is, at my age, would it be smart to put this toward a down payment and build some equity in a house? Or put it toward the wedding? Or should we try to pay down some of our student loan debt? I have been putting money into my employer-sponsored 401k…should I throw some that way? There are so many options, and this is a very unexpected windfall. So what would you do?
Answer
Answer from Pinyo
First, thank you for being an avid reader — it’s a great feeling to know that someone is finding my articles useful. I think you are doing terrific for a 23 years old — no bad debt and already contributing to your 401k. Now, let’s look at your situation more closely and I will just list out some points that you may want to consider as you make your decision:
Income – You mention that your combined income will be $72,000. I believe that you should never count on income you do not have yet. Therefore, it’s better to formulate your plan based on what you currently have.
Windfall – Just because you received a windfall doesn’t mean you have to use it. Since you only have student loans, you could save the $10,000 in an interest bearing account as an emergency fund.
House – Slow it down. You are going through several major life changes and there’s no need to rush. You just finished your school, getting married, and thinking about buying a house. Many things can change during these few years and you may want to consider holding off on the house until things are sorted out. For example, one of you could land a better job that’s in a different region, you may have a kid and school district becomes a more important factor, etc.
401k – I think it’s great that you are starting early and I’d encourage you to contribute enough to take full advantage of your employer’s matching contributions. There’s no need to “max it out” yet while you still have your student loans and trying to save up for a house.
Student Loans – The answer will depends on what you are paying in interest. Many people believe that we will be looking at 7-10% rate of return for the stock market over the next few years. If your interest rate is significant lower, then it may be worthwhile to pay the minimum and use the difference to achieve your other financial goals.
Wedding – First, congratulation! Regarding this, you’ll have to sit down with your other half and decide what’s more important: (1) wedding, (2) to be debt free, or (3) to save up for the house. Remember that you can have a frugal wedding that’s as memorable as an extravagant one. For instance my friends, used their money to buy a house and had their wedding in the backyard. I thought it was a lovely and memorable wedding. And the house was the best wedding gift they received for their effort.
Please remember that these are just ideas to help you get started in your decision making process. Whatever you decide, I think you are already in a terrific financial position…congratulation. Now, here are what other bloggers have to say:
Because your financial life appears to be in decent order, I believe this situation is all about your own priorities. There are three possible expenses: wedding, house, student loans. If you want nice wedding/honeymoon and don’t think you’ll be able to save enough, then you put all or part of the money towards that. If you feel passionate about debt-repayment and would really like to see that gone, then put it towards that.
But since it appears that you’re already saving for the wedding and I assume you already had a debt-repayment plan of some sort, I’d suggest putting the money towards a down-payment fund. If your down-payment is high enough, you shouldn’t have to worry about private mortgage insurance, which will save you money. And you’ll be that much closer to owning your house.
As far as buying the house, I would hold off until after the wedding. I’ve known several weddings called off at the last minute (some rescheduled, some not) and believe it’s the wisest step to hold off on major joint purchases until afterward.
Congrats on the upcoming wedding, no debt (except the loans), and the nice windfall. You’re definitely on your way, and a step ahead by reading Moolanomy everyday.
If I were you I would first consider the interest rate on YOUR student loan debt. If it’s above 6% I would strongly encourage you to use it towards that debt. If it’s below that (more likely) then I would use the money towards your portion of the wedding expenses, paying just the minimums on your student loans. The left over amount I would put in the 401K.
I would not buy a house with someone prior to getting married, nor would I pay their debts off. I would wait on the house and her debt till you get married. Then, rent for a while and save up money for a down payment. That’s the proper order of things here in my opinion. It will feel more rewarding that way too.
I would say wait to buy the house, weddings are a lot of stress and work and you are better off just doing one thing at a time so you can enjoy it. Get married next year and then start looking for a house when you recover from that. The year I got married we had fixed up and sold my old house, moved into my wife’s house, got married, and bought another house all in the space of a few months which was very difficult and not very enjoyable (and very unnecessary).
As for the finances, I would make sure you take advantage of any company match in the 401(k). After that, rather than making any big financial decisions with so many unknowns ahead (cost of wedding, house etc) – maybe just put the $10,000 into a high interest savings account until after the wedding.
Well, if you think about it, money is all the same. If you put the inheritance into one thing, that’ll give you more cash each month to put towards something else and all your goals will be closer.
So, for that reason, I’d put the windfall into whichever thing you want to finish first. Although it’s a good idea to fund your 401(k) for example, that’s such an ongoing thing that I don’t think you’ll feel the benefit as much. Similarly, unless your student loan interest rate is high (in which case you should probably be putting it ahead of your other goals) I wouldn’t bother with that.
That leaves you with three remaining goals: wedding, honeymoon or house. If you can stick to your original budgets then this windfall will allow you to have all three funded sooner than expected. If you think you’d find that difficult (e.g. putting the money towards your wedding meaning that you’d upgrade the wedding) then it would be most sensible to use the windfall towards a house deposit. If that wouldn’t be the case I’d put it towards whichever you wanted to fund first – probably the wedding since you’re saving for that already – and put the money you’re saving every month towards your other goals.
Don’t forget to spend about $100 of the money on some completely frivolous purchase. Windfalls are meant to be fun.
A wedding, a house and a honeymoon all within a few months? That sounds like a lot to deal with so quickly! Personally I would put off buying a house. You don’t NEED to buy a house right away, and my opinion is that it is a common mistake a lot of young couples make, to just jump into a house that they can’t afford as soon as they get married. Adding a mortgage debt to the financial equation right away can be stressful. There is no shame in renting, and renting at an affordable price will allow you to do some work on saving a nice big down payment for a house (so that you can avoid paying private mortgage insurance) as well as paying down a chunk of that student loan debt. It sounds like you’ve got a nice income to start out, so working on that shouldn’t be a huge problem.
I would put the money down towards your wedding and honeymoon expenses, and hopefully you’ll be able to save enough to not have to worry about carrying wedding debt into your new life together as well. Good luck and God bless!
Making a decision with $10,000 is probably too much stress right now considering what is going on in your life. You don’t HAVE to decide right now. Since this truly IS a “windfall,” I would recommend putting it into a CD that will mature 6 months AFTER your wedding. That will give you time to sort out your priorities and get some really good financial advice. There should be NO PRESSURE on you right now to “do” something with this money. Sometimes we put pressure on ourselves! Don’t. Slow down. Think. Don’t act without thoroughly thinking through what all your options are. Making a wise decision now has the potential to improve your life for years to come, but don’t allow others or yourself to put undue pressure on you to make a decision today.
First off, congratulations on your wedding and for taking an interest in your finances at such a young age. You are both in a very good financial position right now and are well ahead of many of your peers. That said, your financial decisions in the next few months will have a lasting affect on how your next few years will turn out.
I would hold off on buying a house right away. You will be right in the middle of planning your wedding and honeymoon during the time you hope to purchase a house. A less stressful route would be to space these events out if possible. Consider going on your honeymoon a couple months after your wedding if possible. That way you have time to settle into a routine and don’t have the added stress of preparing for the honeymoon while preparing for the wedding. This may also allow you go on your honeymoon out of season to save money and avoid crowds.
As for the $10k, I think it is best to sit on it awhile before spending it. As you approach your wedding, you will have a better idea of what your wedding and honeymoon expenses will be. Getting married and setting up a household can be an expensive endeavor, and it’s best to start off with as little debt as possible.
As for the house, there really is no rush. When you are young you typically have more flexibility in where and how you live and aren’t tied down to one location. One of you may decide to change careers which could involve a move, or you may have children and need a larger home. Until you know exactly what your needs will be, it’s probably best to wait before buying a home.
About the Author
The following is a question submitted by our reader. You can see all questions submitted here, and submit your question here.
Please remember that our answers are opinions and should not be considered professional advice and we assume no responsibility of any kind. Please consult a financial expert as needed.
Leave Your Comment (11 Comments)
Well done to the newlyweds and the great advice everyone is giving them. It may be an occupational hazard but I read his question and all the great advice, and was a bit turned that nobody mentioned anything about the tax side of it all.
No the wedding isn’t a write off.
Making a contribution to an IRA is a tax deduction.
Paying the interest on his school loans, a tax deduction.
Having a mortgage a tax deduction along with the property tax and a few other “homeowner stuff” that comes along with buying a house.
The windfall, not being claimed as income. Very cool.
I’d say your reader has his ducks lined up pretty good. The best advice given and would be mine as well, prioritize what is most important to you. Get as much information as you can from all angles then proceed. Mean while put the windfall into a savings account with a huge interest rate.
Do you know how much the wedding is likely to cost? In England it’s customary to have a sit-down meal with wine for around 70 people and an after party with food and cash bar. A wedding like that plus simple trimmings is going to set someone back around £10k.
If you had a basic idea of how much the wedding was likely to be, and added that onto your debt load, then you’ll see your total target figure. That might give you a better handle on what’s possible.
Personally, I’d hold back on funding a wedding until I was out of debt, and just move in together, but I have no issues with living together before being married.
I agree on waiting to buy the house. You never know what could go wrong and cost you tons of money right before/after the wedding. If it were me, I would put the money straight into a high interest savings account as an emergency fund since it was money that I didn’t have to start with … so you won’t miss it really if you stash it for a rainy day.
First of all I would like to congratulate you on your wedding as well. It sounds like you really work together. Most partners have different spending habits.
I am in sort of the same situation, just getting out of college and looking at getting rid of loans, paying for a place to live, and possibly looking to get married soon. I want to save for these things, though. I am looking at popping the question in the next year or two, but I have no clue how I will pay for the wedding (I don’t have a house like you mentioned). My income is significantly less than what their combined income is and I am looking to get rid of some of my debt first. Would you suggest saving for the wedding or saving for down the road. I’m also in a tough situation because I’m looking at getting my MBA so I might be taking out more debt.
Looking back, I think I would have thrown in a dash of Ron (if I’d known what he was going to write). After all, there’s no big rush in applying it. The wedding/honeymoon/house aren’t for almost a year.
For what it’s worth, I’m with the “wait to buy the house” crowd. Not only is it a huge task, it’s insanely time-consuming, very stressful, and very expensive. Enjoy being newlyweds, enjoy the less stressful apartment life for awhile, and relax. Take a nice vacation with a couple grand of the money, and put the rest in an emergency fund. That way, you can be more aggressive about tackling your debt – you won’t be trying to pay down debt AND put cash away.
I’ll second everyone that said that you need to slow it down and put the house thing on the back burner. New couples don’t need to be buying houses until they are married for a while. Trust me you only think you know what you want. Rent for a while and find out together what is important to you in a house.
If I was going to prioritize your money, I would probably make sure I had the wedding covered so you don’t rack up any new debt there. Then I would dump the rest on the student loan regardless of the interest rate.
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/**
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* software distributed under the License is distributed on an
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
package org.apache.cxf.ws.rm.policy;
import org.apache.cxf.Bus;
import org.apache.cxf.common.injection.NoJSR250Annotations;
import org.apache.cxf.ws.policy.AssertionBuilderLoader;
import org.apache.cxf.ws.policy.AssertionBuilderRegistry;
import org.apache.cxf.ws.policy.PolicyInterceptorProviderLoader;
import org.apache.cxf.ws.policy.PolicyInterceptorProviderRegistry;
/**
* Policy loader for WS-I RSP assertion. This provides the hooks for Neethi to handle the assertion.
*/
@NoJSR250Annotations
public final class RSPPolicyLoader implements PolicyInterceptorProviderLoader, AssertionBuilderLoader {
Bus bus;
public RSPPolicyLoader(Bus b) {
bus = b;
registerBuilders();
try {
registerProviders();
} catch (Throwable t) {
// We'll ignore this as the policy framework will then not find the providers and error out at
// that point. If nothing uses WS-I RSP no warnings/errors will display
}
}
public void registerBuilders() {
AssertionBuilderRegistry reg = bus.getExtension(AssertionBuilderRegistry.class);
if (reg == null) {
return;
}
reg.registerBuilder(new RSPAssertionBuilder());
}
public void registerProviders() {
//interceptor provider for the policy
PolicyInterceptorProviderRegistry reg = bus.getExtension(PolicyInterceptorProviderRegistry.class);
if (reg == null) {
return;
}
reg.register(new RMPolicyInterceptorProvider(bus));
}
} |
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Features:Heavy-Duty 6-leg 22" diameter spider leg base with low center of gravity for superior
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London Miss Saigon Filmed for Cinema Broadcast
The Broadway-bound revival of the Vietnam-set musical is heading to theatres this fall.
The West End return of Miss Saigon ended its run February 27, with plans afoot for productions around the world, including a 2017 Broadway return. It is expected that the production will play Broadway’s Imperial Theatre, where the current revival of Les Misérables will end its run September 4.
During the curtain call of the February 27 final performance, producer Cameron Mackintosh took the stage to thank the cast and the show’s writers, Claude-Michel Schönberg and Alain Boublil.
Mackintosh also revealed that the 25th anniversary gala performance of Miss Saigon, which took place September 24, 2015, was filmed with the intent to screen the musical in cinemas next fall. Talks are still underway for a full-fledged film adaptation of the epic story.
The gala performance was released as a live cast album last year.
Crossing the Atlantic with the production will be the two London stars, Eva Noblezada, a 19-year-old from North Carolina as Kim, and Jon Briones as the Engineer. They will make their Broadway debuts in the revival.
Those roles were created in the 1989 London production and the 1991 Broadway production by Lea Salonga and Jonathan Pryce, both of whom won Tony Awards for their performances.
|
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abstract: 'The torsional elasticity of semiflexible polymers like DNA is of biological significance. A mathematical treatment of this problem was begun by Fuller using the relation between link, twist and writhe, but progress has been hindered by the non-local nature of the writhe. This stands in the way of an analytic statistical mechanical treatment, which takes into account thermal fluctuations, in computing the partition function. In this paper we use the well known analogy with the dynamics of tops to show that when subjected to stretch and twist, the polymer configurations which dominate the partition function admit a local writhe formulation in the spirit of Fuller and thus provide an underlying justification for the use of Fuller’s “local writhe expression” which leads to considerable mathematical simplification in solving theoretical models of DNA and elucidating their predictions. Our result facilitates comparison of the theoretical models with single molecule micromanipulation experiments and computer simulations.'
author:
- Joseph Samuel
- Supurna Sinha
title: Tops and Writhing DNA
---
Introduction {#intro}
============
DNA, which carries the genetic code of living organisms is a semiflexible polymer. The elastic properties of DNA are relevant to a number of biological processes[@wang]. Twist rigidity plays an important role in packaging metres of DNA efficiently in the tiny volume of the cell nucleus, just a few microns across. This involves DNA-histone association which makes use of supercoiling in an essential way. The process of DNA transcription can generate and be regulated by supercoiling[@strick].
To understand such effects, there have been single molecule experiments[@strick] which pull and twist DNA molecules to probe their elastic properties. However, the interpretation of these experiments has been hindered by a lack of understanding of the geometry of writhe, the twisting of a DNA backbone. The writhe of a DNA polymer configuration, viewed as a space curve, is a nonlocal quantity which has subtle geometric and topological properties. The nonlocality of the writhe makes it cumbersome to use in analytical or computational work [@markotwist; @volo; @maggs; @roseu; @swig; @berpri; @canturck]. This paper is devoted to understanding the writhe for configurations which dominate the partition function: those close to the minima of the energy functional. More precisely, we show that for the stable solutions of the Euler-Lagrange equations (local minima of the energy) the writhe can be expressed as a local integral. This result can be used to develop an analytical approach to the computation of the partition function.
The most popular theoretical model for describing semiflexible polymers is the worm-like-chain (WLC)[@marko]. The WLC is the “ harmonic oscillator” in the field of semiflexible polymers: it is a simple model which deftly captures much of the physics. Given the importance of semiflexible polymers to biology, from lipids to cytoskeletons to DNA, the WLC deserves to be much better understood than it presently is. Two extreme situations are relatively well understood. If the polymer is highly stretched and nearly straight, one can use perturbation theory about the straight line to calculate its elastic properties[@nelson; @sinha; @freesinha; @samsupabhi; @abhi]. Treatments also exist [@volo] in the opposite extreme when the polymer is wrung so hard that it buckles and forms plectonemic structures[@kamien], which are stabilised by the finite thickness of the polymer. The transitional regime where the polymer is neither straight[@sinha; @nelson] nor plectonemic[@kamien] is the subject of this paper. Perturbation theory about the straight line is not applicable and the simplifications that arise from the energy dominated plectonemic regime do not obtain. We address this regime by finding the minima of the energy functional in the partition function. These minima come in two families- the straight line family and the “writhing" family, which deviates considerably from the straight line. We study these configurations which dominate the partition function in the transitional regime. We show that these curves admit a local writhe formulation. This leads to a considerable simplification of the theory.
The paper is organized as follows. Sec $II$ presents a recapitulation of the geometrical notion of writhe of a simple space curve and how it can be applied to understand DNA elasticity. Sec $III$ deals with the mechanics of semiflexible polymers using the classical mechanics of a top[@kirchoff]. We prove our main result here: the polymer configurations which dominate the partition function admit a local writhe formulation. Brief remarks regarding perturbations about the saddle point and stability are made in Sec $IV$. We end with some concluding remarks in Sec. $V$.
Geometry {#sec:1}
========
In this section we deal with the essential geometric notions that determine the twist elastic properties of linear molecules like DNA. This section is a recapitulation of some material that has been presented earlier [@samsupabhi] and is being summarised here for the reader’s convenience. The experiments of Strick [*et al*]{} [@strick] are done on an open segment of DNA which is attached to a glass slide at one end and a magnetic bead on the other. The bead is pulled to stretch the molecule and turned to “wind it up” and induce supercoiling. For mathematical convenience, we close the open segment of DNA by a reference ribbon (a ribbon is a framed space curve) in a manner described in [@samsupabhi] (see Figs. 4 and 5 of Ref[@fuller] and references therein). The fixed reference loop (called the passive part) is held fixed and our discussion concerns only the active part of the curve. (It is also possible to choose the reference ribbon as coming in from infinity along the ${\hat z}$ direction and going off to infinity along the ${\hat z}$ direction. The precise choice of reference does not matter.)
The basis of the analysis of DNA supercoiling is the celebrated relation [@calugeranu; @white; @fuller1; @fuller]: $$Lk=Tw+Wr
\label{LktwWr}$$ which relates the applied link (the number of times the bead is turned in the experiment) to the twist (the twisting of the polymer about its tangent vector) and the writhe (the bending of the tangent vector). The problem neatly splits [@fuller; @samsupabhi] into two parts: a relatively straightforward (local) description of the twist elasticity, and the somewhat harder (nonlocal) treatment of the writhe.
The writhe is a non-local quantity defined on closed simple curves: Let the arc length parameter $s$ range over the entire length $L_0$ of the closed ribbon (real ribbon $+$ reference ribbon) and let us consider the curve ${\vec x}(s)$ to be a periodic function of $s$ with period $L_0$. Let ${\vec
R}(s,\sigma)={\vec x}(s+\sigma)-{\vec x}(s)$. We write ${\hat t}(s)=\frac{d {\vec x}}{ds}$ for the unit tangent vector to the curve. Since the curve ${\vec x}(s)$ is simple, ${\vec R}(s,\sigma)$ is non-vanishing for $\sigma\neq 0,L_0$ and the unit vector ${\hat R}(s,\sigma)$ is well-defined. It is easily checked that as $\sigma \rightarrow \{0,L_0\},$ ${\hat R} \rightarrow\{{\hat t},{-\hat
t}\}$ respectively. The Călugăreanu-White writhe is given by[@dennis; @calugeranu; @white; @fuller1; @fuller] $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal W}_{CW}= \frac{1} {4\pi}\oint_{0}^{L_{0}}ds\int_{0+}^{L_{0}-}d\sigma
[\frac{d{\hat{R} (s,\sigma)}}{ds}
\times \frac{d{\hat{R}(s,\sigma)}}{d\sigma}]\cdot{\hat{R}.}
\label{writhe}
\end{aligned}$$ The non-locality of ${\cal W}_{CW}$ makes it difficult to handle analytically. However, the key point to note is that [*variations*]{} in ${\cal W}_{CW}$ are [*local*]{} [@fuller; @fuller1]. Let ${ {\cal C}}(\alpha)$ be a family of polymer configurations parametrised by $\alpha$ of simple closed curves with writhe ${\cal W}_{CW}(\alpha)$. Taking the ${\alpha}$ derivative of Eq. (\[writhe\]) (which now depends parametrically on $\alpha$) we find that the resulting terms can be rearranged to give $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{d{\cal W}_{CW}}{d\alpha} = \frac{1} {2\pi}\oint_{0}^{L_{0}}
ds [\frac{d{\hat{t} }}{ds}
\times \frac{ d{\hat{t}}}{d{\alpha}}]\cdot{\hat{t},}
\label{dwrithe}\end{aligned}$$ which clearly has the interpretation of the rate at which ${\hat t}(s, \alpha)$ sweeps out a solid angle in the space of directions. Note that Eq.(\[dwrithe\]) which gives the [*change*]{} in [*writhe*]{} is a [*single*]{} integral [@bouchiat; @fain] and therefore a [*local, additive*]{} quantity. This can be expressed as a sum of the changes in the active parts of the curve and therefore, since the passive part is unchanged in the variation, the change in writhe is entirely due to the active part $0\le s\le L$, where $L$ is the contour length of the active part of the polymer. Eq. (\[dwrithe\]) can be rewritten as: $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{d{\cal W}_{CW}}{d\alpha} = \frac{1} {2\pi}
\frac{d{\Omega}({\alpha})}{d\alpha}=\frac{1} {2\pi}\int_{0}^{L}
ds [{\hat{t}}
\times \frac{d{\hat{t} }}{ds}]\cdot\frac{ d{\hat{t}}}{d{\alpha}}
\label{dtwrithe}\end{aligned}$$ where $\Omega$ is the solid angle enclosed by the oriented curve {${\hat t}(s)|0\leq s \leq L$} on the unit sphere of tangent directions as $s$ goes from $0$ to $L$ [@kamien]. Note that $\Omega$ is only defined modulo $4\pi$: for a solid angle $\Omega$ to the left of the oriented curve ${\hat t}(s)$ is equivalent to a solid angle $(4\pi-\Omega)$ to the right. $d\Omega/d\alpha$ is, however, well defined and local. Integrating Eq. (\[dtwrithe\]) we arrive at[@fuller; @fuller1]: $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal W}_{CW}({\alpha}) = \frac{1} {2\pi}
{\Omega} -1 +2n
\label{twrithe}\end{aligned}$$ where $n$ is an arbitrary integer. The constant of integration is fixed by noting that the writhe of a simple planar curve vanishes (Eq.\[writhe\]).
There [*is*]{} a quantity one can construct from the writhe which is well defined on [*all*]{} curves (not just simple ones) $$w({ {\cal C}})=exp[i\pi{\cal W}_{CW}({ {\cal C}})]
= -exp[{i\Omega}/2]$$ is a complex number of modulus unity which we call the [*wreathe*]{}. When a curve is passed through itself, ${\cal W}_{CW}$ jumps by $2$, but the wreathe is unchanged. We can therefore smoothly extend $w$ to all closed curves [*including non-simple curves*]{}. Unlike the writhe, the wreathe $w$ is a local quantity. The wreathe can be exploited to define a new quantity, the Fuller “writhe” [@fuller; @fuller1] for a class of curves. (Readers familiar with the geometric phase in quantum mechanics [@Berry:1984jv; @shapere; @js; @samsup] will recognise the relation between the wreathe, the Fuller writhe, the Berry phase and the Pancharatnam connection.) Let us fix a direction (say $-{\hat z}$, which we call “south”) and define “south avoiding” curves to be those for which the tangent vector never points south [^1]. The Fuller “writhe” is defined for south avoiding curves. Let us define the “wreathe angular velocity” ${\cal A}_{\alpha} =
-iw^{-1}{\frac{dw}{d\alpha}}=1/2d\Omega/d\alpha$ on the family of curves ${\cal C}_{\alpha}$ parametrised by $\alpha$. Let us choose a fiducial curve ${{\cal C}_*}$, of length $L$, whose tangent vector is identically north pointing. We take this as a standard for the “active part” of the curve, the “passive part”, of course being held fixed in the discussion. Observe that all south avoiding curves are deformable to the fiducial curve ${{\cal C}_*}$. One simply deforms the tangent vector ${\hat t}(s)$ along the unique shorter geodesic connecting ${\hat t}(s)$ to the north pole. We now define the “Fuller writhe” as $${\cal W}_F=1/\pi \int_{{\cal C}_*}^{ {\cal C}} d\alpha {\cal
A}_\alpha-1.$$ Writing the unit tangent vector as ${\hat t}=(\sin{\theta}\cos{\phi},
\sin{\theta}\sin{\phi},\cos{\theta})$, $\int_0^{1}{d{\alpha} \frac{d\Omega}{d\alpha}}$ can be written as $\int{ds\frac{d{\phi}}{ds}(1-\cos{\theta})}$ for all curves for which the tangent vector never points towards the south pole of the sphere of tangent directions. We can therefore write [@bouchiat; @fain] a local writhe formula on such curves which we call “south avoiding curves”: $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal W}_{F} = {\frac{1}{2\pi}}\int{ ds {(1- \cos{\theta})
{\frac{d{\phi}}{ds}}}} -1.
\label{sangle}\end{aligned}$$ While (Eq. \[sangle\]) is expressed in local co-ordinates on the sphere, it has a clear geometric meaning: $2\pi(1+{\cal W}_F)$ is equal to the solid angle swept out by the unique shorter geodesic connecting the tangent vector ${\hat t}$ to the north pole. This definition is explicitly [*not*]{} rotationally invariant, since it uses a fixed fiducial curve ${{\cal C}_*}$ and singles out a preferred direction.
To summarise, ${\cal W}_{CW}$ is defined on all self-avoiding curves, ${\cal W}_F$ on all south avoiding curves. When a curve passes through itself, ${\cal W}_{CW}$ jumps by two and when the tangent vector to a curve swings through the south pole, ${\cal W}_F$ jumps by two units. The writhe is a real number which has [*both*]{} geometric and topological information. The topological part is the integer part of $\frac{{\cal W}_{CW}}{2}$ and the geometric part is the fractional part of $\frac{{\cal W}_{CW}}{2}$. The geometric part is completely captured by wreathe but the topology is lost since wreathe is insensitive to changes in writhe by $2$ units. From the definitions it is clear that on a family of curves ${\cal C}_{\alpha}$ parametrised by $\alpha$, $$-i{\frac{{w}^{-1}}{\pi}}{\frac{dw}{d\alpha}}=
\frac{d{\cal W}_{CW}}{d\alpha}=
\frac
{d{\cal W}_{F}}{d\alpha}
\label{change}$$ So, continuous changes in writhe are the same whether measured by ${\cal
W}_{CW},{\cal W}_F$ or $w$. We have adjusted the reference ribbon and the definition of Fuller writhe so that these two notions of writhe ${\cal W}_{CW}$ and ${\cal W}_F$ agree on the reference curve. Note that $w$ is well-defined on [*all*]{} curves. For a closed circuit of curves $\{{\cal
C}_{\alpha},(0\le\alpha\le1),{\cal C}_0={\cal C}_1\}$, we have the “closed circuit theorem” [@samsupabhi]: In a closed circuit of curves, the total number of south crossings and self crossings (both counted with sign) are the same. This follows easily by integrating (Eq. \[change\]) along a closed circuit.
This definition of “Fuller writhe” is motivated by a Theorem of Fuller[@fuller; @fuller1], which uses a reference curve and states precise conditions (which are frequently misunderstood[@neukirch]) under which the writhe difference between the two curves can be written as a local integral. Under deformations of the reference curve which are [*both south avoiding and self avoiding*]{} (we follow [@neukirch] in calling these “good deformations”), Eq. (\[change\]) implies that the equality ${\cal
W}_{CW}={\cal W}_F$ is maintained. These deformations are the ones which satisfy the conditions of Fuller’s theorem \[Eq. 6.4 in Ref. [@fuller]\]. We refer to curves which can be reached from the reference curve by “good deformations” as “good curves”.
To avoid misunderstanding, we remark that the “Fuller writhe” is a distinct quantity from ${\cal W}_{CW}$ and is [*not*]{} equal to the Călugăreanu-White writhe. This is obvious since the first is local, while the second is not. Strictly speaking Fuller only defines a local writhe on “good curves”, where it is equal to the CW writhe. We find it convenient[@samsupabhi] to extend Fuller’s defintion to all south avoiding curves and not just “good curves”. On “good curves”, the two notions of writhe agree and we have ${\cal
W}_F$ [*equal to*]{} ${\cal W}_{CW}$, but the two quantities are different in general. The main claim of [@samsupabhi] is that “good curves” dominate the partition function in a region of the parameter space. We will substantiate this claim in the next section by identifying the dominant configurations that contribute to the partition function in a saddle point approximation and showing that they are “good curves”.
In the high force region[@sinha; @nelson] this point is obvious since the polymer fluctuates about the straight line configuration which is a good curve. The content of the following section is that even at lower forces (or at large torques, close to buckling) when the polymer is far from straight, the minima of the energy are “good curves”. The analysis involves a combination of mechanics, geometry and topology.
Mechanics {#sec:2}
=========
Semiflexible biopolymers like DNA are subject to thermal fluctuations in a cellular environment. Therefore the natural theoretical framework for studying the elastic properties of such systems is statistical mechanics, which involves a competition between energy and entropy. In the experiment, one controls the force $F$ on the bead and the link $Lk$, the number of times the bead is turned. This brings up the theoretical problem of computing the partition function $Z(F, Lk)$, the number of configurations (counted with Boltzmann weight) of the ribbon which have a given link (the link distribution). We know that the link distribution is a convolution of the writhe distribution and the twist distribution[@bouchiat; @sinha]. The latter is a simple Gaussian integral, which is easily computed. The real problem is to compute the writhe distribution of an inextensible curve. By simple transformations [@samsupabhi] the problem of determining the link distribution of an inextensible ribbon can be reduced to computing the writhe distribution of a space curve. The partition function to be computed is $$Z(F,W) = \sum_{\it {\cal C}}{exp[-{\cal E}({\cal
C})/k_BT]\delta({\cal W}_{CW}-W)}
\label{partfnwlrc}$$ where $F$ is the force, ${\cal E}({\cal C})$ the energy (defined below in eq.(\[energy\])) and ${\cal W}_{CW}$ is the writhe. The sum is over all allowed configurations of the polymer[@samsupabhi]. We expect the sum to be dominated by configurations which minimise the energy functional. Configurations near the minimum will also contribute due to thermal fluctuations. We first do a purely classical elastic analysis taking only the energy into account, while ignoring the entropy[@fuller1; @love; @maddockspnas; @fain]. This allows us to draw on physical intuition derived from the elasticity of beams, cables, telephone cords and ribbons and paves the way for a fuller treatment which incorporates thermal fluctuations around the classical solutions. We analyze the classical elasticity of a torsionally constrained stretched semiflexible polymer.
The problem can be reduced to minimizing the energy (we use a dot for the $s$ derivative, it reinforces the analogy [@kirchoff] with the dynamics of tops) $${\cal E}[\hat{t}(s)] = \frac{1}{2} \int_0^L \dot{\hat t}.\dot{\hat t} ds
- \int_{0}^{L} \vec{F}.\hat{t} ds
\label{energy}$$ of a space curve $\vec{x}(s)$ whose tangent vector is $\hat{t}(s) =
\frac{d\vec{x}}{ds}$, subject to a writhe constraint $${\cal W}_{CW}=W
\label{writheconstraint}$$ where, ${\cal W}_{CW}$, the Călugăreanu-White writhe has been defined earlier. The tangent vector $\hat{t}(s)$ is varied subject to the boundary conditions $\hat{t}(0) = \hat{t}(L) = \hat{z}$ fixing the tangent vector to the curve at both ends. As mentioned clearly in [@nelson; @sinha; @samsupabhi], the full problem involving the link distribution (with finite twist elasticity) can be reduced to computing the writhe distribution, which is essentially the limit of infinite twist rigidity ($C\rightarrow\infty$).
Using the method of Lagrange multipliers we arrive at $$\begin{aligned}
\delta {\cal E}({\cal C}) = 2 \pi \tau\delta {\cal W}_{CW}
\label{vary}\end{aligned}$$ where $2\pi\tau$ is a Lagrange multiplier. $\tau$ can be physically interpreted as a torque. The variation in the energy $\delta{\cal E}$ is given by $$\begin{aligned}
\delta {\cal E} = - \int_{0}^{L} (\ddot{\hat t} + \vec{F}) \cdot
\delta{\hat t}
\label{varya}\end{aligned}$$ The variation of ${\cal W}_{CW}$ (as explained earlier (\[dtwrithe\])) is a local quantity $$\begin{aligned}
\delta {\cal W}_{CW} = \frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{0}^{L} [{\hat t} \times
\dot{\hat t}]\cdot \delta{\hat t} ds
\label{d2writhe}\end{aligned}$$ and the Euler-Lagrange (E-L) equations are $$\begin{aligned}
-\ddot{\hat t} -
{\vec F}=\tau({\hat t}\times{\dot{\hat t}})- \gamma{\hat t},
\label{eqnofmot} \end{aligned}$$ where the term $\gamma{\hat t}$ arises since $\delta{\hat t}\cdot{\hat
t} = 0$. Note that the E-L equations are local differential equations rather than the nonlocal integral equations that one may have expected from the variation of a non local quantity ${\cal W}_{CW}$. Thus, the [*variations*]{} of writhe ${\cal W}$ are [*local*]{}. As we will see, this is the [*key idea*]{} that allows us to prove that “good curves” dominate the partition function.
The [*statics*]{} of a twisted beam (or cable or DNA) is formally similar to the [*dynamics*]{} of a heavy symmetrical top, a fact that has been well known since Kirchoff[@kirchoff]. The analogy is useful for integrating the Euler-Lagrange equations. We use quotes for the analogous top quantities. The “kinetic energy” is given by $T=\frac{1}{2}{\dot{\hat t}} \cdot \dot{\hat t}$ and the “potential energy” is $V={\vec F}\cdot {\hat t}$. The total “energy” $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal H} = T + V =\frac{1}{2}
(\dot{\theta}^2+\sin^{2}\theta\dot{\phi}^2)+F\cos\theta
\label{hamex}\end{aligned}$$ is a “constant of the motion” as is the $z$ component of the “angular momentum” $$\begin{aligned}
J_{z}=({\hat t} \times\dot{\hat t})_z-\tau{\hat t}_{z} =
\sin^{2}\theta\dot{\phi}
- \tau\cos\theta,
\label{zang}\end{aligned}$$ where we have introduced the usual polar coordinates on the space of tangent vectors ${\hat
t}=(\sin{\theta}\cos{\phi},\sin{\theta}\sin{\phi},\cos{\theta})$. Using these “constants of the motion” we reduce the problem to quadratures as described in [@goldstein]. The basic equations are $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{\dot\theta^{2}}{2} = {\cal H} - F \cos\theta -
\frac{(J_{z} + \tau\cos\theta)^{2}}{2\sin^{2}\theta}
\label{hamex1}\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
\dot{\phi} = \frac{J_{z} + \tau\cos\theta}{\sin^{2}\theta}.
\label{phidot}\end{aligned}$$ Setting $u = \cos\theta$, we find that $$\begin{aligned}
{\dot u}^2= f(u)
\label{solu}\end{aligned}$$ where $f(u)$ is a cubic polynomial in $u$. Our boundary conditions imply that $\theta = 0$ is a point on the solution. Since ${\dot \theta}^{2}$ has to be finite at $\theta = 0$, we have $J_{z} = -\tau$. The form of $f(u)$ simplifies to $$f(u)=(1-u)[2({\cal H}-Fu)(1 + u) - \tau^{2} (1-u)].
\label{fofu}$$ (\[phidot\]) can be rewritten as $$\begin{aligned}
\dot{\phi} = \frac{-\tau}{1+u}.
\label{phidotnew}\end{aligned}$$ From (\[hamex1\]) we also find that ${\cal H}\ge F$, else ${\dot \theta}^{2}$ would have to be negative at $\theta=0$. We see that $f'(u)|_{u=1}=-4({\cal H}-F)\le 0 $ at $u=1$. At $u=-1$, $f(-1)=-4\tau^2\le0$ and so $f(u)$ has one physical root at $u=1$ and the other at $u_0$ between $-1$ and $1$: $-1\le u_0\le1$. The third root $u_1$ is generally (except for $u_1=\pm1$) outside the physical range and $u_1>1$ for positive force and $u_1<-1$ for negative force. Since $f(u_0)=0$, we find from (\[fofu\]) the useful relation $$\tau^2=\frac{2({\cal H}-Fu_0)(1+u_0)}{1-u_0}
\label{useful}$$ The “motion” is confined between the turning points $1$ and $u_0$: $u_0\le u\le1$. We write $u_0=\cos{\theta_0}$, where $\theta_0$ is the turning point for $\theta$. Just as in the top problem, we find that the solution $u(s)$ is periodic with a period given by $$P = 2\int^{1}_{u_{0}}
\frac{du}{\sqrt{f(u)}}.
\label{period}$$ Because of the boundary conditions, we have $L=nP$, where $L$ is the length of the polymer and $n$ is an integer. $L$ and $n$ fix the integration constant ${\cal H}$. We will see in the next section that solutions with $n>1$ are not minima of the energy. We therefore restrict ourselves to $n=1$. Our interest is solely in stable solutions, that is local minima of the energy.
General solutions to these equations can be found in terms of elliptic functions but a pedestrian approach gives more immediate insight. The simplest solution is the straight line $u(s)=1$ for all $s$, which solves the E-L equations (\[eqnofmot\]) for all $F,\tau$ with $F={\cal
H}$ for any $L$. However, the straight line cannot accommodate writhe and we have to look at the “writhing family” of solutions parametrised by $F,\tau$. These start from $u(0)=1$ at $s=0$, and have a turning point at $s=s_0$ ($u(s_0)=u_0$) and return to $u=1$ at $P=2s_0=L$. These solutions can be explicitly written down in terms of elliptic functions and vary continuously with $\tau$ in the allowed range $|\tau|<\sqrt{4F}$. Integrating (Eqs. \[hamex1\],\[phidotnew\]) gives $(u(s),\phi(s))$ which gives us the solution to the E-L equations ${\hat t}(s)$.
From the “top” point of view, ${\hat t}(s)$ [*is*]{} the solution. However, in polymer physics, ${\hat t}(s)$ is only a convenient way of describing the polymer configuration ${\vec x}(s)$, which is given by $${\vec x}(s)=\int_0^{s} ds' {\hat t}(s')
\label{xofs}$$ The use of ${\hat t}(s)$ rather than ${\vec x}(s)$, in the variational problem (Eq. \[energy\]) leads to a considerable simplification, since the equations of motion are second order rather than fourth order. However, there is a price to be paid. After solving for the “tantrix” ${\hat t}(s)$ (plotted in a special case in Fig. 1), we still have to integrate (Eq. \[xofs\]) to produce the actual polymer configuration ${\vec x}(s)$, (Fig. 2) in real space.
{height="8.7cm" width="8.7cm"}
{height="7.0cm" width="3cm"}
In the polymer context it is meaningful to ask: does this configuration intersect itself? Such a question is not significant for tops. Nevertheless, as we will see, the motion of a heavy symmetrical top helps us answer this question.
We prove the main result of this paper: all stable solutions of the E-L equations are “good curves”in the sense of the last section. For the straight line family, the result is obviously true since the straight line [*is*]{} the reference curve. The effort here is showing that all stable members of the writhing family $\hat{t}(s)$ parametrised by $(F, \tau)$ are “good curves”. To do this we prove that the writhing family is nowhere self intersecting or south pointing for $-1< u_0\leq 1$. Since $u_0 = 1 $ is the straight line ${\hat t}(s)={\hat z}$, which we take as the reference curve, this proves that the writhing family can be deformed (via a deformation of the parameter $u_0$) to the reference curve by “good” deformations and the result follows. Below, we explicitly exclude the case $u_0=-1$, which will be treated separately in the next section.
It is evident that the writhing family is nowhere south pointing for $-1< u_0\leq 1$ since the turning point $\theta_{0} < \pi$ and the tangent vector ${\hat t}(s)$ never points to the south pole. To prove that the writhing family is nowhere self intersecting requires considerably more work. The proof consists of finding a direction ${\vec V}$ along which the tangent vector ${\hat t}$ to the polymer has positive component. This implies that the polymer never bends back to intersect itself. The proof uses the E-L equations in an essential way but does not rely on the explicit form of the solution.
We first orient our axes by rotating about the $z$ axis so that $\phi(s_0)=0$ and the tangent vector ${\hat t}(s)=(\sin{\theta(s)}\cos{\phi(s)},
\sin{\theta(s)}\sin{\phi(s)},\cos{\theta(s)})$ lies in the $x-z$ plane at the turning point. Consider for each $u_0=\cos{\theta_0}$ the constant ($s$ independent) unit vector $\vec{V} = (-\cos\theta_{0}, 0,\sin\theta_{0})$. and the function $$g(s) = {\hat t}(s)\cdot \vec{V}.$$ Note that the function $g(s)$ is symmetric[^2] about $s=s_{0}$ within the period $0\le s\le 2s_0=P=L$. We show that a) either $g(s)$ vanishes identically or b) $g(s)>0$ for all $s\ne s_0$. We need only consider the range $ s_{0}\le s < 2s_{0}$, so that $\theta(s)>0,u(s)<1$. $g(2s_0)$ is fixed by boundary conditions to be $\sin{\theta_0}\ge0$. The positivity of $g(s)$ immediately implies our central result (see below): The polymer configurations under stretch and torque are such that the tangent vectors to the polymer all lie in one hemisphere of the sphere of tangent directions.
The proof proceeds in several steps.\
[*Step 1:*]{} $g(s)$ vanishes at the turning point $s_0$ and has a local minimum at $s_0$ if it does not vanish identically.\
Proof: Remembering that ${\dot \theta}=0$ at the turning point, we find $${\hat t}(s_0)=(\sin{\theta_0},0,\cos{\theta_0})
\label{tform1}$$ and $${\dot{\hat t}}(s_0)=(0,\sin{\theta_0}{\dot \phi},0)
\label{tform2}$$ from which follows $$\begin{aligned}
g(s_0)={\hat t}(s_0).{\vec V}=0\\
{\dot g}(s_0)={\dot {\hat t}}(s_0).{\vec V}=0
\label{gform} \end{aligned}$$ So $s_0$ is a stationary point of $g(s)$. To show that $g(s)$ has a local minimum, we compute ${\ddot g(s)}$ using the E-L equations (\[eqnofmot\]) and (\[phidotnew\],\[tform1\],\[tform2\]) to find $${\ddot g(s_0)}=\sin{\theta_0}(\frac{\tau^2}{1+u_0}-F)
\label{gddot}$$ Substituting for $\tau^2$ (\[useful\]) and simplifying gives $${\ddot g(s_0)}=\frac{\sin{\theta_0}}{1-u_0}(2{\cal H}-F(1+u_0))\ge0
\label{gddot2}$$ since ${\cal H}\ge F$. The equality occurs only if $\sin{\theta_0}$ vanishes ($u_0=\pm1$) in which case $g(s)$ vanishes identically. $u_0=1$ describes a straight line segment, which is the reference curve and therefore a “good curve”. $u_0=-1$ has been excluded from consideration. Below we will exclude both cases ($u_0=\pm1$) in which $g(s)$ vanishes identically. This proves that $s_0$ is a local [*minimum*]{} of $g(s)$ for ($u_0\ne\pm1$).
[*Step2:*]{} At stationary points of $g(s)$, $$g(s) u(s) >0
\label{sign}$$ for $s\ne s_0$.
[*Proof of Step 2:*]{} Since $\dot{g}(s)=\dot{\hat{t}}.{\vec V}=0$ at a stationary point, $\dot{\hat{t}}$ is orthogonal to both ${\vec V}$ and $\hat t$ and can be written. $\dot{\hat{t}}=A {\vec V}\times {\hat t}$ for some nonzero $A$. “Angular momentum” and “energy” conservation give us $$\begin{aligned}
\dot{\hat t}. \dot{\hat t} = 2({\cal H}-Fu)
\label{encons}\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
({\hat t} \times \dot{\hat t})_{z} = -\tau (1-u),
\label{Jcons} \end{aligned}$$ which can be rewritten as $$\begin{aligned}
|A|^{2} (1 -g^2) =2({\cal H}-Fu)
\label{encons2}\end{aligned}$$ and $$\begin{aligned}
A(\sin\theta_{0} - gu ) = -\tau (1-u)
\label{Jcons2}\end{aligned}$$ In Eq.(\[encons2\]) both sides are positive since $u<1$. Squaring (\[Jcons2\]) and eliminating $|A|^{2}$ and $\tau^2$ between (\[useful\],\[encons2\],\[Jcons2\]), we find that at a stationary point of $g(s)$, $g(s)$ and $u(s)$ satisfy $$(\sin\theta_{0} -gu)^{2} < \frac{({\cal H}-Fu_0)(1+u_0)}{(1-u_0)} X(u)
\label{iforget}$$ where $X(u)=(1-u)^2/({\cal H}-Fu)$ is a strictly decreasing function of $u$ in the range of interest. From $X(u)<X(u_0)$ for $u>u_0$ it follows that $$(\sin\theta_{0} -gu)^{2} <(\sin\theta_{0})^{2}
\label{uforget}$$ which implies (\[sign\]).
[*Step3:*]{} $s_0$ is a global minimum of $g(s)$: $g(s)>0$ for $s\ne s_0$.
Proof: note that since $s_0$ is a local minimum of $g(s)$ (from Step 1), as $s$ increases from $s_{0}$, $g(s)$ [*increases*]{} from 0 (since $s=s_{0}$ is a [*minimum*]{}). If there are no more stationary points $g(s)$ remains positive and we are through. If the next stationary point occurs at $s_1>s_0$, $\dot{g}(s)|_{s=s_{1}}=0$ we have $g(s_{1}) > 0$. It follows from Step 2 that $u(s_{1}) > 0$. Since $u(s)$ is a monotonic function of $s$ in the range $(s_0\le s<
2s_0)$, we have $u(s) > 0$ for $s > s_{1}$ in this range. All minima of $g(s)$ for $s > s_1$, therefore have $g(s) > 0$ (again using Step 2). It follows that $g(s) > 0$ for all $s$ (except the one point $s_{0}$, where $g(s_{0})=0)$. From the symmetry of $g(s)$ it follows that $g(s)$ is positive everywhere except at the turning point ($s_0$, where it vanishes).
This immediately implies our main result since if any of the minimum energy configurations intersect themselves, $\vec{x}(s_{1}) = \vec{x}(s_{2})$ for $s_{2} > s_{1}$, we have $$\int^{s_{2}}_{s_{1}} {\hat t}(s)\cdot ds = 0$$ contracting this equation with $\vec{V}$ gives us $$\int^{s_{2}}_{s_{1}} g(s) ds= 0$$ which is a contradiction since $g(s) > 0$ for all $s\neq s_{0}$. We have thus proved that the writhing family does not intersect itself for $-1< u_0\leq 1$. Since $u_0$ can be continuously deformed to $1$ along the writhing family, we conclude that the family consists of “good curves” which admit a local writhe formulation. We now consider variations around the solutions of the E-L equations to test for stability.
Fluctuations around the saddle point
====================================
In a saddle point approximation to the partition function the dominant thermodynamic contributions are expected to arise from the global minimum of the energy. We can also expect contributions from local minima due to “metastable” states, when the time scale of the experiment is not large enough to find the true minimum. All minima, local and global will satisfy the E-L equations and so will be among the solutions described in the last section. However, not all solutions to the E-L equations are minima of the energy. There are some configurations which, if perturbed, will go to nearby states of lower energy and decay. These configurations do not contribute significantly to the partition function. To weed these out we need to consider the stability of solutions by perturbing the classical solutions to see if there are neighboring lower energy configurations. (We do not concern ourselves here with zero modes arising from symmetry breaking. They contribute an innocuous multiplicative constant to the partition function.)
For example, we note that solutions with $L=nP$ and $n>1$ are unstable. This is seen by explicitly constructing neighboring configurations of lower energy. Suppose $n > 1$ and consider the configuration {$u_{\rm old}(s),\varphi_{\rm old}(s)$} which solves the Euler Lagrange equations. Construct a new configuration $$\left.\begin{array}{cc} u_{\rm new}(s) &= u_{\rm old}(s) \\ \varphi_{\rm
new}
(s) &= \varphi_{\rm old}(s)
\end{array}\right\}{\rm for}\; s \leq P
\label{newconfig}$$ $$\left.\begin{array}{cc} u_{\rm new}(s) &= u_{\rm old}(s) \\
\varphi_{\rm new}(s) &= \varphi_{\rm old}(s) + \alpha
\end{array}\right.\;\;{\rm for}\; s \geq P$$ where $\alpha$ may be an arbitrarily small real number. The new configuration
1. satisfies the boundary conditions,
2. has the same energy as the old one (since the energy is a local integral),
3. has the same writhe as the old one (since changes of writhe are local integrals),
4. is [*not*]{} a solution to the ${\cal E}L$ equations at $s=P$ (because of the break in the curve at this point).
It follows that there are neighboring configurations with lower energy than the old configuration and the same writhe. We conclude that the solutions with $n>1$ are not local minima of the energy. A similar remark applies to the straight line family if the torque exceeds a critical torque $\tau_c$ given by $(\tau_c/2)^2=F+(\frac{\pi}{L})^2$, the classical condition for torsional buckling of a rod. This can be directly seen by perturbing the straight line. For $\tau>\tau_c$ there are [*no*]{} stable solutions of the Euler Lagrange equations and the polymer must double back on itself and enter the plectonemic regime.
We now turn to a discussion of the exceptional member of the writhing family $(u_0=-1)$ characterised by $\tau=0$. Note that as $\tau$ ranges from $-\tau_c$ to $\tau_c$, the writhing family goes in a closed circuit from the straight line to the straight line. The closed circuit has one south crossing (at $\tau=0$ or equivalently $u_0=-1$). From the “closed circuit theorem” [@samsupabhi], it follows that the circuit must also have one self crossing. Since none of the other members of the writhing family have self intersections, it follows that self crossing must occur at $\tau=0$. Thus the closed circuit has one self crossing and one south crossing, both occuring at the same value of the parameter $\tau=0$. The writhing family curve $\tau=0$ does not belong to the configuration space of either self avoiding or south avoiding models and both ${\cal
W}_{CW}$ and ${\cal W}_F$ are ill defined. One can expand the configuration space to allow all curves and use a formulation in which energy is minimised for fixed [*wreathe*]{}. It can then be shown by an argument very similar to that given above (\[newconfig\]) that the curve is unstable. By rotating the second half of the curve by a small angle $\alpha$ relative to the first, keeping the energy and wreathe the same, we can produce neighboring curves which are not solutions of the E-L equations and can therefore be perturbed to lower their energy.
The writhing family curves in the regime $0<|\tau|<\tau_c$, include stable solutions, and we can take into account thermal fluctuations in a Gaussian approximation about the local minimum of energy. Since any stable curve of the writhing family is at a finite distance and energy from south and self intersection, we can expect small fluctuations around the original curve to be “ good curves”. Large fluctuations may lead to “bad curves”, but their contributions to the partition function will be exponentially suppressed by the Boltzmann weight, as made clear by the example of [@comment], and not affect the [*statistical*]{} predictions of the model. Thus the writhing family can be used as a base for a clean discussion of thermal fluctuations without getting embroiled in the topological subtleties of writhe. Such a treatment goes far beyond perturbation theory around a straight line since the writhing family is far from straight.
To summarize, our analysis shows that there is a range of force and torque relevant to single molecule experiments for which the polymer configuration curves are “good” curves.
Conclusion
==========
In this paper we present a classical mechanical approach to biopolymer elasticity based on well known analogies between twisted polymers and tops. Our main result is that the dominant configurations in the partition function are “good curves” in a topological sense. This result permits a local formulation of the writhe and a non perturbative attack on the problem of twist elasticity by incorporating thermal fluctuations around the writhing family. Such an approach is expected to work well in the energy dominated regime, when the polymer is twisted and stretched. In this paper, we have restricted ourselves to the mathematical and conceptual issues regarding the use of writhe. Our main result is useful in further developing the theory[@papb]. Applying these ideas to the WLC leads to detailed predictions about the statistical mechanical behaviour of twisted stretched polymers. These will be described elsewhere.
The experiments of Strick et al [@strick] have been theoretically analysed by Nelson [@nelson] and Bouchiat and Mezard [@bouchiat]. The analysis of Nelson is perturbative about the high force limit (see also [@sinha]) and not controversial. However, Bouchiat and Mezard [@bouchiat] ventured into the non-perturbative regime of low forces. By using a local writhe formula they were able to achieve agreement with experiments. However, this step is open to criticism[@maggs]. In fact, the “derivation” [@bouchiat] of a “local writhe formula” is flawed since it is based on the wrong assumption that the Euler angles are continuous. In [@samsupabhi], it was suggested that in an approximation, the success of Bouchiat and Mezard’s model could be due to the fact that the partition function was dominated by “good curves”. The present work establishes unambiguously that this is indeed the case. In [@comment] we have argued that, in the high Link regime, just as a self-avoiding polymer winds around itself forming plectonemes, forming “australonemes”. The energies of these two configurations are similar, although the configurations are not. As a result we find that $$Z_{F}({\vec r},Lk)\approx Z_{CW}({\vec r},Lk)
\label{approx}$$ i.e. the partition functions based on local and non-local formulations of writhe are approximately equal to each other for a wider range of parameters than one may have naively expected. The parameter space consists of $(F,\tau,L)$ and the energy dominated regime includes short polymers ($L$ of the order of persistence length), stretched polymers($F$ somewhat greater than $\tau^2/4$) and wrung (or plectonemic) polymers ($\tau^2/4$ somewhat greater than $F$).
We expect this work to be of interest to researchers in this interdisciplinary field of biopolymer elasticity. More work is necessary to investigate the transition from the energy dominated regime to the entropy dominated regime. Analytic methods, numerical experiments and real experiments, all have a role to play in this endeavour. Our mathematical analysis of this problem relies on insights gained by Fuller [@fuller; @fuller1] and uses them to understand the entropic elasticity of twisted polymers.
It is a pleasure to thank Abhishek Dhar, A. Jayakumar, Anupam Kundu and Sanjib Sabhapandit for their comments on our manuscript.
[10]{} \[1\][[\#1]{}]{} urlstyle \[1\][DOI \#1]{}
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[^1]: The sphere of tangent directions has perfect rotational symmetry. The choice of the south direction $-\hat{z}$ is motivated by the fact that in a real experiment one applies force and torque in a specific direction which we choose to be along $+\hat{z}$.
[^2]: This follows since $\theta(s)$ is an even function of $s-s_0$ and $\phi(s)$ is an odd function of $s-s_0$. (see eq.(\[phidotnew\])). Briefly, the orbit is symmetric about its turning point $s_0$.
|
Dexamethasone alone does not prevent postoperative nausea and vomiting in women undergoing dilatation and curettage: a comparison with droperidol and saline.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prophylactic effect of dexamethasone on postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) in women undergoing dilatation and curettage. Droperidol and saline were served as control. One hundred and sixty women (n = 40 in each group) undergoing dilatation and curettage under intravenous anesthesia were enrolled in this randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Immediately before the induction of anesthesia, group 1 patients received i.v. dexamethasone 8 mg; group 2 patients received i.v. droperidol 1.25 mg; group 3 patients received i.v. droperidol 1.25 mg and dexamethasone 8 mg, and group 4 received i.v. saline. We found that dexamethasone alone did not reduce the incidence of PONV in a 24 h postoperative period. Droperidol was effective for this purpose with incidence of PONV of 25% (P < 0.05). A combination of droperidol and dexamethasone was also effective and was the most effective regimen during the postoperative period of 2-24 h. We conclude that dexamethasone (8 mg) alone does not prevent PONV in women undergoing dilatation and curettage. Droperidol is effective. Dexamethasone enhances the antiemetic effect of droperidol. |
Q:
FluentWait function cannot be used in function of Java Class
This maybe a basic question but I am not quite familiar with Java and Selenium Webdriver. I don't know why Eclipse shows Error to change 'Function' as 'Remove type arguments' by Eclipse. I want to use fluentwait as function in my class. Or what is the right way to use it?
public class Process()
{
public void Start()
{
//function call
WebElement index = fluentWait(By.xpath("xxx"), driver);
}
//function method
public WebElement fluentWait(final By locator, WebDriver driver) {
Wait<WebDriver> wait = new FluentWait<WebDriver>(driver)
.withTimeout(30, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
.pollingEvery(5, TimeUnit.SECONDS)
.ignoring(NoSuchElementException.class);
WebElement foo = wait.until(new Function<WebDriver, WebElement>() {
public WebElement apply(WebDriver driver) {
return driver.findElement(locator);
}
});
return foo;
};
}
A:
Looks like you've failed to import com.google.common.base.Function.
|
The Internet is unnervingly quiet today. In response to the Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) in the House of Representatives and the Protect IP Act (PIPA) in the Senate, some of the most popular sites on the web have gone dark today – demonstrating the danger (and the potential unchecked power) of these two bills.
The Internet was abuzz ... but the Champagne wasn't getting popped yet. After digging into the details, it was revealed that SOPA being "shelved" just meant that it is being temporarily put to sleep. Judiciary Committee Chairman Lamar Smith stood explained:
"To enact legislation that protects consumers, businesses and jobs from foreign thieves who steal America's intellectual property, we will continue to bring together industry representatives and Members to find ways to combat online piracy.
Due to the Republican and Democratic retreats taking place over the next two weeks, markup of the Stop Online Piracy Act is expected to resume in February."
I only mention this because it's important not to forget that SOPA isn't dead, and it's still very dangerous. If you visit sites like reddit, Wikipedia, Mozilla and Boing Boing today (January 18, 2012), you experience the potential impact of the legislation.
The Internet's outrage against SOPA has brought about real change in our nation's capital: The House is reconsidering the bill, and they'll hopefully dismiss it. With our collective momentum, we need to look at the PROTECT IP Act (PIPA, or Senate Bill 968) – a similar bill with similarly harmful implications that's been sneaking around in SOPA's shadow.
As it is defined today, PIPA has a stated goal of providing the US Government and copyright holders an additional arsenal of tools to aide in taking down 'rogue websites dedicated to infringing or counterfeit goods.' The Senate bill details that an "information location tool shall take technically feasible and reasonable measures, as expeditiously as possible, to remove or disable access to the Internet site associated with the domain name set forth in the order." In addition, it must delete all hyperlinks to the offending "Internet site."
Our opposition to PIPA is nearly identical to our opposition to SOPA. Both require a form of essentially breaking a core aspect of how the Internet functions – whether that breakage happens in DNS (as detailed in my last blog post) or in the required rearchitecture of the way any site that accepts user-generated content has to respond to PIPA-related complaints.
PIPA is scheduled for Senate vote on January 24, 2012. It is important that you voice your opinion with your government representatives and let them know about your opposition to both SOPA and PIPA. We want to help you get started down that path. Find your local representatives' contact information:
Last week, I explained SoftLayer's stance against SOPA and mentioned that SOPA would essentially require service providers like SoftLayer to "break the Internet" in response to reports of "infringing sites." The technical readers in our audience probably acknowledged the point and moved on, but our non-technical readers (and some representatives in Congress) might have gotten a little confused by the references to DNS, domains and IP addresses.
Given how pervasive the Internet is in our daily lives, you shouldn't need to be "a techie" to understand the basics of what makes the Internet work ... And given the significance of the SOPA legislation, you should understand where the bill would "break" the process. Let's take a high level look at how the Internet works, and from there, we can contrast how it would work if SOPA were to pass.
The Internet: How Sites Are Delivered
You access a device connected in some way to the Internet. This device can be a cell phone, a computer or even a refrigerator. You are connected to the Internet through an Internet Service Provider (ISP) which recognizes that you will be accessing various sites and services hosted remotely. Your ISP manages a network connected to the other networks around the globe ("inter" "network" ... "Internet").
You enter a domain name or click a URL (for this example, we'll use http://www.softlayer.com since we're biased to that site).
Your ISP will see that you want to access "www.softlayer.com" and will immediately try to find someone/something that knows what "www.softlayer.com" means ... This search is known as an NS (name server) lookup. In this case, it will find that "www.softlayer.com" is associated with several name servers.
The first of these four name servers to respond with additional information about "softlayer.com" will be used. Domains are typically required to be associated with two or three name servers to ensure if one is unreachable, requests for that domain name can be processed by another.
The name server has Domain Name System (DNS) information that maps "www.softlayer.com" to an Internet Protocol (IP) address. When a domain name is purchased and provisioned, the owner will associate that domain name with an authoritative DNS name server, and a DNS record will be created with that name server linking the domain to a specific IP address. Think of DNS as a phone book that translates a name into a phone number for you.
When the IP address you reach sees that you requested "www.softlayer.com," it will find the files/content associated with that request. Multiple domains can be hosted on the same IP address, just as multiple people can live at the same street address and answer the phone. Each IP address only exists in a single place at a given time. (There are some complex network tricks that can negate that statement, but in the interest of simplicity, we'll ignore them.)
When the requested content is located (and generated by other servers if necessary), it is returned to your browser. Depending on what content you are accessing, the response from the server can be very simple or very complex. In some cases, the request will return a single HTML document. In other cases, the content you access may require additional information from other servers (database servers, storage servers, etc.) before the request can be completely fulfilled. In this case, we get HTML code in return.
Your browser takes that code and translates the formatting and content to be displayed on your screen. Often, formatting and styling of pages will be generated from a Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) referenced in the HTML code. The purpose of the style sheet is to streamline a given page's code and consolidate the formatting to be used and referenced by multiple pages of a given website.
The HTML code will reference sources for media that may be hosted on other servers, so the browser will perform the necessary additional requests to get all of the media the website is trying to show. In this case, the most noticeable image that will get pulled is the SoftLayer logo from this location: http://static2.softlayer.com/images/layout/logo.jpg
When the HTML is rendered and the media is loaded, your browser will probably note that it is "Done," and you will have successfully navigated to SoftLayer's homepage.
If SOPA were to pass, the process would look like this:
The Internet: Post-SOPA
You access a device connected in some way to the Internet.
You enter a domain name or click a URL (for this example, we'll use http://www.softlayer.com since we're biased to that site).
*The Change*
Before your ISP runs an NS lookup, it would have to determine whether the site you're trying to access has been reported as an "infringing site." If http://www.softlayer.com was reported (either legitimately or illegitimately) as an infringing site, your ISP would not process your request, and you'd proceed to an error page. If your ISP can't find any reference to the domain an infringing site, it would start looking for the name server to deliver the IP address.
SOPA would also enforce filtering from all authoritative DNS provider. If an ISP sends a request for an infringing site to the name server for that site, the provider of that name server would be forced to prevent the IP address from being returned.
One additional method of screening domains would happen at the level of the operator of the domain's gTLD. gTLDs (generic top-level domains) are the ".____" at the end of the domain (.com, .net, .biz, etc.). Each gTLD is managed by a large registry organization, and a gTLD's operator would be required to prevent an infringing site's domain from functioning properly.
If the gTLD registry operator, your ISP and the domain's authoritative name server provider agree that the site you're accessing has not been reported as an infringing site, the process would resume the pre-SOPA process.
The proponents of SOPA are basically saying, "It's difficult for us to keep up with and shut down all of the instances of counterfeiting and copyright infringement online, but it would be much easier to target the larger sites/providers 'enabling' users to access that (possible) infringement." Right now, the DMCA process requires a formal copyright complaint to be filed for every instance of infringement, and the providers who are hosting the content on their network are responsible for having that content removed. That's what our abuse team does full-time. It's a relatively complex process, but it's a process that guarantees us the ability to investigate claims for legitimacy and to hear from our customers (who hear from their customers) in response to the claims.
SOPA does not allow for due process to investigate concerns. If a site is reported to be an infringing site, service providers have to do everything in their power to prevent users from getting there.
SoftLayer manages more than 100,000 servers in thirteen data centers around the world. We have more than 23,000 customers, and those customers are responsible for millions of websites (which get billions of pageviews every month). We're one of the largest hosting providers in the world, and we want to talk a little about the Stop Online Piracy Act (H.R. 3261 or "SOPA").
Many in our industry have already commented (and in some cases, "changed their minds") on SOPA and its equally evil twin, the PROTECT IP Act ("PIPA") in the Senate, but we wanted to share our perspective on the legislation. Even with these Dudley-Do-Right, Goody-Two-Shoes titles and their ambitious goals, SoftLayer opposes these bills in their current forms because they expose innocent and law-abiding hosting companies to uncertain liabilities.
Because this legislation has gotten quite a bit of attention in the past few months, you're probably already familiar with it, but if you haven't paid much attention, we can give you a quick summary: As you can read in the name of the bill, SOPA is being proposed to "Stop Online Piracy." SOPA is under consideration by the House Judiciary Committee, and its intent is to provide additional enforcement tools to combat foreign 'rogue' websites that are dedicated to copyright infringement or counterfeiting. That's a great goal, and SoftLayer does not oppose the intent of the Act ... As you saw from Kevin Hazard's blog post a few weeks ago, we have a team of people working all the time to track down and immediately address any violations of our terms of service (including copyright infringement), so we wholeheartedly agree that copyright infringement and counterfeiting are bad.
The way SOPA tries to address the problem is where we disagree with the bill, so let's talk about the most pertinent part of the bill for a service provider like SoftLayer. If SOPA were to pass, when a case of infringement is reported, we would have to "take such measures as [we determine] to be the least burdensome, technically feasible, and reasonable means designed to prevent access by [our] subscribers located within the United States to the foreign infringing site that is subject to the order."
What that means: We would be forced to turn off our customers' access to a small piece of the Internet.
How are we to do that? Well the "least burdensome, technically feasible, and reasonable means designed to prevent access" are not made clear, but most of the discussions about the bill have focused on changing the way the Doman Name System (DNS) resolves to an "infringing site." We'd be more or less ordered to break DNS ... DNS was designed to simply, accurately and quickly match a domain name with the IP address that domain's owner provides, and if SOPA were to pass, we'd have to tell DNS to behave correctly for every site EXCEPT the reported infringing sites. Again, that's not spelled out in the legislation, so it's like being given a job by someone who has no idea how to do the job nor whether the job is even possible to successfully complete.
And that's all assuming that the order to suspend access to an "infringing site" is legitimate. Many of the organizations that oppose SOPA have explained possible scenarios where orders could be filed under the guise of preventing copyright infringement. A competing site/business could claim:
"the operator of the site operates the site with the object of promoting, or has promoted, its use to carry out acts that constitute a violation of section 501 or 1201 of title 17, United States Code, as shown by clear expression or other affirmative steps taken to foster such violation."
In another scenario, a copyright holder could pull the trigger on an order simply at the thought that a user could infringe on a copyright on/via the "infringing site."
When the United States House of Representatives reconvenes after its winter recess, we will be watching intently with hopes that the Internet's response to the bill has effectively derailed it in its current form. As SoftLayer General Council Suzy Fulton mentioned in her post about Texas House Bill 1841, we've been working with an industry group called TechAmerica which submitted a letter to Congress about SOPA and many of the issues that could negatively affect our industry. Additionally, we've gotten involved with SaveHosting.org to speak out against laws that can hurt our customers.
As discussions continue about SOPA, we'll look for opportunities to share more of our insight with you here on our blog. Please let us know your thoughts about the legislation below.
Social unrest can affect our ability to serve our customers. In Egypt, the government recently cut off nearly all access to the Internet, so customers trying to access our servers from Egyptian IP space have been largely unsuccessful. How unsuccessful?
I gathered all the netblocks assigned to Egypt (currently around 5.8 million unique IPv4 IP addresses), and I queried our customer portal access logs and API for records of those IPs. We saw a massive drop on 1/28/2011. This coincides with reports on most major news networks that Egypt’s Internet access had been crippled. Prior to the January 28, the traffic was fairly typical.
Then this happened:
Between January 28 and February 2, about 0.2% of the traffic we normally see from Egypt reached our network. That means 99.8% of traffic was stifled by the network shutdowns.
As the Wall Street Journal reported yesterday, the Egyptian government restored Internet service, and our logs clearly corroborate that report.
Let’s say you worked for years to become a world class athlete. As a kid, you were in the gym while other athletes were at the movies. You were in the weight room on Saturday nights when no one else was there. You shunned pizza and soda in favor of grilled fish and fresh fruit. By the time Letterman hit the evening airwaves, you were well into restorative sleep. You were out the door for your morning runs while other athletes snoozed. As a result of all this, now you perform at an elite level and are very successful at your sport. Suddenly, you find that there are people who have a vested interest in helping you maximize your athletic potential. Your coaches, your managers, and companies who pay you to endorse their products all want to see you do your best. Why? Because doing your best helps them be more successful.
So, they provide you with all the things you need to maximize your potential. You get the best training gear and training regimens. You get the best nutrition. You get the right amount of rest. All these things help you maximize your potential. Thus the relationship is a nice symbiotic cycle – the more success you experience, the more success your coaches, managers, and endorsement companies experience. Win-win. Makes sense, right?
So, imagine the silliness if your coaches, managers, etc., made the decision that because you were so fortunate in your success that you had to “give back” almost half your resources to train the athletes who loafed, stayed out late, partied and gorged on pizza. Because you’re such a hard-working and smart athlete, you don’t need all those resources to participate adequately in your sport, they rationalize. Consequently, you don’t hit your potential, your coaches and managers don’t distinguish themselves, and endorsing companies don’t call you. You then feel that you’ve been punished for your hard work and success.
Sadly, much of our government policy falls under this flawed logic. The IRS just released their latest income tax stats for the year 2007. For that year the top 1% of earners paid 40.4% of all income taxes collected. We all know that right now we’re coming out of a recession and we really folks to invest in businesses and hire people to get the economy moving. So how do the 2007 numbers compare to, say, the 1980’s? During the ‘80’s, we managed to shake off the “stagflation” of the ‘70’s and get the economy rolling again. It was during this time that many technology juggernaut companies were spawned – Microsoft being a good example. So, how much of the income taxes in the ‘80’s were paid by the top 1% of earners? The average for the 10 years from 1980-1989 was 22.2%.
Let’s do some quick math. $1.116 trillion in income taxes was collected in 2007. Of that, $455.3 billion was paid by the top 1% of earners. If they paid 22.2% as in the ‘80’s, they would have paid $247.8 billion in taxes, and right now we’d have $207.5 billion MORE dollars invested in our economy. That would be quite a stimulus package! Our current policy punishes success and chokes off fuel from our economic engines while we’re trying to climb out of a worse recession than we had in the ‘70’s. Not smart.
Some may think that this would simply mean that our government deficit would be $207.5 billion higher. This is not the case at all. These folks that make up that top 1% didn’t get there by being lazy or not putting their money to work. I know some folks in that group, and they WANT to put their money to work! I know one gentleman who had to be told some legal docs for a deal could not be prepared over the weekend because Christmas was on that weekend. These folks are like the world class athlete I mentioned above – by and large they’re disciplined and hard-working. Their money will build new businesses and create more jobs, and the government will collect far more revenue from this new economic activity than it would give up in collections from these top 1% folks. Think about it – how many of us have ever been hired by a “poor” person? Instead of punishing economic success, we should encourage it!
Bottom line, if government policy were to make sense, it would encourage these folks to maximize their economic potential and find the correct balance of revenue to collect and yet still promote economic growth. What would we prefer? That the government collects 50% of $1 trillion or 30% of $2 trillion? Hint: 30% of $2 trillion is a WAY better deal.
At SoftLayer, we think very differently about things. We simply do not punish our customers for succeeding. We empower them to be more successful – why? Because if our customers succeed, we succeed. We get this.
Can we prove this? Perhaps a look at how customers vote with their feet is an indicator. For the past few months, SoftLayer has seen the lowest percentage of customers terminating business with us in our history. If we punished our customers for their success, they would go elsewhere. |
Q:
When should I use Popen() and when should I use call()?
Caveat: new to Python.
Wanting to hear from professionals who actually use it:
What are the main differences between subprocess.Popen() and subprocess.call() and when is it best to use each one?
Unless you want to read why I was thinking about this question or what to center your answer around, you may stop reading now.
I was inspired to ask this question because I am working through an issue in a script where I started using subprocess.Popen(), eventually called a system pause, and then wanted to delete the .exe that created the system pause, but I noticed with Popen(), the commands all seemed to run together (the delete on the .exe gets executed before the exe is closed..), though I tried adding communicate().
Here is fake code for what I'm describing above:
subprocess.Popen(r'type pause.exe > c:\worker.exe', shell=True).communicate()
subprocess.Popen(r'c:\worker.exe', shell=True).communicate()
subprocess.Popen(r'del c:\worker.exe', shell=True).communicate()
A:
subprocess.call(*popenargs, **kwargs)
Run command with arguments. Wait for
command to complete, then return the
returncode attribute.
If you create a Popen object, you must call the sp.wait() yourself.
If you use call, that's done for you.
|
package com.onesignal;
import android.support.annotation.NonNull;
import android.support.annotation.Nullable;
class OSLogWrapper implements OSLogger {
public void verbose(@NonNull String message) {
OneSignal.Log(OneSignal.LOG_LEVEL.VERBOSE, message);
}
public void debug(@NonNull String message) {
OneSignal.Log(OneSignal.LOG_LEVEL.DEBUG, message);
}
public void warning(@NonNull String message) {
OneSignal.Log(OneSignal.LOG_LEVEL.WARN, message);
}
public void error(@NonNull String message, @Nullable Throwable throwable) {
OneSignal.Log(OneSignal.LOG_LEVEL.ERROR, message, throwable);
}
}
|
/*
* Copyright (c) 2000-2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All rights reserved.
*
* @APPLE_OSREFERENCE_LICENSE_HEADER_START@
*
* This file contains Original Code and/or Modifications of Original Code
* as defined in and that are subject to the Apple Public Source License
* Version 2.0 (the 'License'). You may not use this file except in
* compliance with the License. The rights granted to you under the License
* may not be used to create, or enable the creation or redistribution of,
* unlawful or unlicensed copies of an Apple operating system, or to
* circumvent, violate, or enable the circumvention or violation of, any
* terms of an Apple operating system software license agreement.
*
* Please obtain a copy of the License at
* http://www.opensource.apple.com/apsl/ and read it before using this file.
*
* The Original Code and all software distributed under the License are
* distributed on an 'AS IS' basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
* EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AND APPLE HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL SUCH WARRANTIES,
* INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, QUIET ENJOYMENT OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
* Please see the License for the specific language governing rights and
* limitations under the License.
*
* @APPLE_OSREFERENCE_LICENSE_HEADER_END@
*/
/*
* Copyright (c) 1998 Apple Computer, Inc. All rights reserved.
*
* File: vfs/vfs_support.h
*
* Prototypes for the default vfs routines. A VFS plugin can use these
* functions in case it does not want to implement all. These functions
* take care of releasing locks and free up memory that they are
* supposed to.
*
* HISTORY
* 18-Aug-1998 Umesh Vaishampayan (umeshv@apple.com)
* Created.
*/
#ifndef _VFS_VFS_SUPPORT_H_
#define _VFS_VFS_SUPPORT_H_
#include <sys/cdefs.h>
#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/kernel.h>
#include <sys/file.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <sys/proc.h>
#include <sys/conf.h>
#include <sys/mount.h>
#include <sys/vnode.h>
#include <sys/vnode_if.h>
#include <sys/malloc.h>
#include <sys/dirent.h>
__BEGIN_DECLS
extern int nop_create(struct vnop_create_args *ap);
extern int err_create(struct vnop_create_args *ap);
extern int nop_whiteout(struct vnop_whiteout_args *ap);
extern int err_whiteout(struct vnop_whiteout_args *ap);
extern int nop_mknod(struct vnop_mknod_args *ap);
extern int err_mknod(struct vnop_mknod_args *ap);
extern int nop_open(struct vnop_open_args *ap);
extern int err_open(struct vnop_open_args *ap);
extern int nop_close(struct vnop_close_args *ap);
extern int err_close(struct vnop_close_args *ap);
extern int nop_access(struct vnop_access_args *ap);
extern int err_access(struct vnop_access_args *ap);
extern int nop_getattr(struct vnop_getattr_args *ap);
extern int err_getattr(struct vnop_getattr_args *ap);
extern int nop_setattr(struct vnop_setattr_args *ap);
extern int err_setattr(struct vnop_setattr_args *ap);
extern int nop_read(struct vnop_read_args *ap);
extern int err_read(struct vnop_read_args *ap);
extern int nop_write(struct vnop_write_args *ap);
extern int err_write(struct vnop_write_args *ap);
extern int nop_ioctl(struct vnop_ioctl_args *ap);
extern int err_ioctl(struct vnop_ioctl_args *ap);
extern int nop_select(struct vnop_select_args *ap);
extern int err_select(struct vnop_select_args *ap);
extern int nop_exchange(struct vnop_exchange_args *ap);
extern int err_exchange(struct vnop_exchange_args *ap);
extern int nop_revoke(struct vnop_revoke_args *ap);
extern int err_revoke(struct vnop_revoke_args *ap);
extern int nop_mmap(struct vnop_mmap_args *ap);
extern int err_mmap(struct vnop_mmap_args *ap);
extern int nop_fsync(struct vnop_fsync_args *ap);
extern int err_fsync(struct vnop_fsync_args *ap);
extern int nop_remove(struct vnop_remove_args *ap);
extern int err_remove(struct vnop_remove_args *ap);
extern int nop_link(struct vnop_link_args *ap);
extern int err_link(struct vnop_link_args *ap);
extern int nop_rename(struct vnop_rename_args *ap);
extern int err_rename(struct vnop_rename_args *ap);
extern int nop_mkdir(struct vnop_mkdir_args *ap);
extern int err_mkdir(struct vnop_mkdir_args *ap);
extern int nop_rmdir(struct vnop_rmdir_args *ap);
extern int err_rmdir(struct vnop_rmdir_args *ap);
extern int nop_symlink(struct vnop_symlink_args *ap);
extern int err_symlink(struct vnop_symlink_args *ap);
extern int nop_readdir(struct vnop_readdir_args *ap);
extern int err_readdir(struct vnop_readdir_args *ap);
extern int nop_readdirattr(struct vnop_readdirattr_args *ap);
extern int err_readdirattr(struct vnop_readdirattr_args *ap);
extern int nop_readlink(struct vnop_readlink_args *ap);
extern int err_readlink(struct vnop_readlink_args *ap);
extern int nop_inactive(struct vnop_inactive_args *ap);
extern int err_inactive(struct vnop_inactive_args *ap);
extern int nop_reclaim(struct vnop_reclaim_args *ap);
extern int err_reclaim(struct vnop_reclaim_args *ap);
extern int nop_strategy(struct vnop_strategy_args *ap);
extern int err_strategy(struct vnop_strategy_args *ap);
extern int nop_pathconf(struct vnop_pathconf_args *ap);
extern int err_pathconf(struct vnop_pathconf_args *ap);
extern int nop_advlock(struct vnop_advlock_args *ap);
extern int err_advlock(struct vnop_advlock_args *ap);
extern int nop_allocate(struct vnop_allocate_args *ap);
extern int err_allocate(struct vnop_allocate_args *ap);
extern int nop_bwrite(struct vnop_bwrite_args *ap);
extern int err_bwrite(struct vnop_bwrite_args *ap);
extern int nop_pagein(struct vnop_pagein_args *ap);
extern int err_pagein(struct vnop_pagein_args *ap);
extern int nop_pageout(struct vnop_pageout_args *ap);
extern int err_pageout(struct vnop_pageout_args *ap);
extern int nop_searchfs(struct vnop_searchfs_args *ap);
extern int err_searchfs(struct vnop_searchfs_args *ap);
extern int nop_copyfile(struct vnop_copyfile_args *ap);
extern int err_copyfile(struct vnop_copyfile_args *ap);
extern int nop_blktooff(struct vnop_blktooff_args *ap);
extern int err_blktooff(struct vnop_blktooff_args *ap);
extern int nop_offtoblk(struct vnop_offtoblk_args *ap);
extern int err_offtoblk(struct vnop_offtoblk_args *ap);
extern int nop_blockmap(struct vnop_blockmap_args *ap);
extern int err_blockmap(struct vnop_blockmap_args *ap);
__END_DECLS
#endif /* _VFS_VFS_SUPPORT_H_ */
|
We believe in Nutrition.We believe in Fitness.We believe in Mental Strength.
We are Truth N Health.
The annual flu season extravaganza is quickly approaching, making its debut around October (when weather starts to change) through the end of March. Well, it is not such a celebration, as a Panamanian fanfare to the drug store, doctor’s office and party at home in bed. Attitudes regarding ways to defend against the highly disliked but anticipated flu ranges from homeopathic techniques of natural herbs, vitamin D and Nettie pot nasal cleaning to the very omniscient flu shot now available in almost every drug store, many grocery stores and surprisingly, not at your local Starbucks. Though the way to fend against flus is a very controversial matter, I will simply list statistics and facts so people can decide for themselves the right avenues to take this up coming season.
What is Influenza/Flu
(HealthCentral.com) The flu is a contagious respiratory disease caused by an influenza virus. In the U.S., flu outbreaks typically occur in winter months.
Flu/ Influenza Symptoms
Symptoms include fever, chills, sore muscles, and cough.
CNN Health reports that, “each year between 3,000 and 49,000 people in the United States and approximately 500,000 worldwide die from the flu and its complications.” Most of those who die are the elderly, young children, or people with compromised immune systems.
(The numbers reported by the CDC on death toll caused by influenza-estimated 35,000 is deemed by Mercola.com, as “grossly inaccurate, as it includes not just influenza death cases, but also other respiratory, circulatory, cardiac and pulmonary deaths that potentially might have been associated with influenza.”
British Medical Journal (2005) “Only a few hundred people die each year from Influenza.”
“The seasonal flu vaccines reduce the risk of illness in those vaccinated by about 60%.”-CDC
“There were only between 600 and 750 influenza deaths recorded annually between 1995 and 1997. The most influenza deaths recorded in a single year since 1979 was about 2,900 deaths and that was in 2009, the H1N1 swine flu pandemic year! Yet CDC policymakers, along with drug company and medical trade association lobbyists have continuously been using inflated influenza hospitalization and mortality estimates to justify expanding the influenza vaccine market.”(Mercola.com)
Each and every year, when influenza epidemic is worst than the year before, new strands of protection is produced and manufactured for the masses.
Flu vaccine only protected 47 percent of people who had the vaccinations last year. This statistic fared even worse with seniors over 65 years of age (NBCNews)
According to the CDC and American Medical Association, Greatest Risk Category:
Children under 2 years old, adults over 65, pregnant women and American Indians are at a greater risk of suffering from flu complications. People with medical conditions like asthma, lung disease, heart disease and people with weakened immune systems are also at risk.
Mother Nature Network highlights that most common flu shots are made with formaldehyde, a key carcinogenic ingredient. “Another ingredient in the flu shot, thimerosal, contains mercury, which is known to impair neurological and immune systems. There are detergents, antibiotics, chemicals and allergens like polysorbate-80 that causes infertility.”
The CDC claims, that at least in the case of thimerosal, “There is no evidence of harm caused by the small amounts of thimerosal in flu vaccine.”
The CDC says that it takes about two weeks for antibodies to develop in your body and provide protection against the virus.
Types of Flu Vaccines
Currently, there are four types of flu vaccines on the market:
A standard flu shot
A high-dose flu shot for those 65 and older
An intradermal-administered shot for those who are needle-phobic
A nasal spray
Contrary to what many people believe, the first three vaccines listed above do not contain the live flu virus.
Side Effects of the Flu Shot (CDC)
Some children and adolescents aged 2 to 17 have reported the following side effects after receiving the live version of the flu vaccine:
Runny nose
Nasal congestion
Cough
Headache and muscle aches
Abdominal pain
Occasional vomiting
Diarrhea
Fever
Wheezing
In addition, some adults aged 18 to 49 have reported the following side effects after receiving the live version of the vaccine:
Runny nose
Nasal congestion
Cough
Chills
Tiredness/weakness
Sore throat
Headache
How Vaccines Are Determined
CDC has to guess which strain of influenza will be dominant in a particular year and it may not always guess correctly.
“[The CDC] only choose three to five strains of influenza A out of 250-plus strains, and they take only two or three influenza B strains out of 75-100 that are out there at any one time. If they don’t guess the right one, you’re going to get sick. You’re putting your faith in the CDC’s ability to guess the one that might be a pandemic.”
Determine your route to wellness and protection against the flu and flu season.
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About Me
Nancy Lin DeGregori, Ph.D.
Dr. Nancy Lin DeGregori is the founder and CEO of truthNhealth.com (operating through Truth N Health, LLC) and has spent the last fourteen years studying nutrition and wellness for babies, children, adults, and seniors. She is the author of the book, An Etiological Theory of Chronic Disease: The Paradigm Shift of Modern Medicine, and is a holistic nutrition, health coach, and fitness consultant. |
<?php
namespace ProcessMaker\BusinessModel;
class TimerEvent
{
private $arrayFieldDefinition = array(
"TMREVN_UID" => array("type" => "string", "required" => false, "empty" => false, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventUid"),
"EVN_UID" => array("type" => "string", "required" => true, "empty" => false, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "eventUid"),
"TMREVN_OPTION" => array("type" => "string", "required" => true, "empty" => false, "defaultValues" => array("HOURLY", "DAILY", "MONTHLY", "EVERY", "ONE-DATE-TIME", "WAIT-FOR", "WAIT-UNTIL-SPECIFIED-DATE-TIME"), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventOption"),
"TMREVN_START_DATE" => array("type" => "date", "required" => false, "empty" => true, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventStartDate"),
"TMREVN_END_DATE" => array("type" => "date", "required" => false, "empty" => true, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventEndDate"),
"TMREVN_DAY" => array("type" => "string", "required" => false, "empty" => true, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventDay"),
"TMREVN_HOUR" => array("type" => "string", "required" => false, "empty" => true, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventHour"),
"TMREVN_MINUTE" => array("type" => "string", "required" => false, "empty" => true, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventMinute"),
"TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA" => array("type" => "string", "required" => false, "empty" => true, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventConfigurationData"),
"TMREVN_NEXT_RUN_DATE" => array("type" => "datetime", "required" => false, "empty" => true, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventNextRunDate"),
"TMREVN_STATUS" => array("type" => "string", "required" => false, "empty" => false, "defaultValues" => array("ACTIVE", "INACTIVE", "PROCESSED"), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventStatus")
);
private $formatFieldNameInUppercase = true;
private $arrayFieldNameForException = array(
"projectUid" => "PRJ_UID"
);
/**
* Constructor of the class
*
* return void
*/
public function __construct()
{
try {
foreach ($this->arrayFieldDefinition as $key => $value) {
$this->arrayFieldNameForException[$value["fieldNameAux"]] = $key;
}
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Set the format of the fields name (uppercase, lowercase)
*
* @param bool $flag Value that set the format
*
* return void
*/
public function setFormatFieldNameInUppercase($flag)
{
try {
$this->formatFieldNameInUppercase = $flag;
$this->setArrayFieldNameForException($this->arrayFieldNameForException);
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Set exception messages for fields
*
* @param array $arrayData Data with the fields
*
* return void
*/
public function setArrayFieldNameForException(array $arrayData)
{
try {
foreach ($arrayData as $key => $value) {
$this->arrayFieldNameForException[$key] = $this->getFieldNameByFormatFieldName($value);
}
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Get the name of the field according to the format
*
* @param string $fieldName Field name
*
* return string Return the field name according the format
*/
public function getFieldNameByFormatFieldName($fieldName)
{
try {
return ($this->formatFieldNameInUppercase)? strtoupper($fieldName) : strtolower($fieldName);
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Get year, month, day, hour, minute and second by datetime
*
* @param string $datetime Datetime (yyyy-mm-dd hh:ii:ss)
*
* return array Return data
*/
public function getYearMonthDayHourMinuteSecondByDatetime($datetime)
{
try {
$arrayData = array();
if (preg_match("/^([1-9]\d{3})\-(0[1-9]|1[0-2])\-(0[1-9]|[12][0-9]|3[01])(?:\s([0-1]\d|2[0-3])\:([0-5]\d)\:([0-5]\d))?$/", $datetime, $arrayMatch)) {
$arrayData[] = $arrayMatch[1]; //Year
$arrayData[] = $arrayMatch[2]; //Month
$arrayData[] = $arrayMatch[3]; //Day
$arrayData[] = (isset($arrayMatch[4]))? $arrayMatch[4] : "00"; //Hour
$arrayData[] = (isset($arrayMatch[5]))? $arrayMatch[5] : "00"; //Minute
$arrayData[] = (isset($arrayMatch[6]))? $arrayMatch[6] : "00"; //Second
}
//Return
return $arrayData;
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Get valid Next Run Date
*
* @param array $arrayTimerEventData Timer-Event data
* @param string $datetime Datetime
* @param bool $flagIncludeDatetime Flag
*
* return string Return the valid Next Run Date
*/
public function getValidNextRunDateByDataAndDatetime(array $arrayTimerEventData, $datetime, $flagIncludeDatetime = true)
{
try {
$nextRunDate = $datetime;
//Get Next Run Date
list($year, $month, $day, $hour, $minute, $second) = $this->getYearMonthDayHourMinuteSecondByDatetime($datetime);
$arrayMonthsShort = array("Jan", "Feb", "Mar", "Apr", "May", "Jun", "Jul", "Aug", "Sep", "Oct", "Nov", "Dec");
$arrayWeekdays = array("Monday", "Tuesday", "Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday", "Saturday", "Sunday");
switch ($arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_OPTION"]) {
case "HOURLY":
$hhmmss = "$hour:" . $arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_MINUTE"] . ":00";
$nextRunDate = "$year-$month-$day $hhmmss";
if (!$flagIncludeDatetime) {
$nextRunDate = date("Y-m-d H:i:s", strtotime("$nextRunDate +1 hour"));
}
break;
case "DAILY":
$hhmmss = $arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_HOUR"] . ":" . $arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_MINUTE"] . ":00";
$arrayWeekdaysData = $arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA"];
if (!empty($arrayWeekdaysData)) {
sort($arrayWeekdaysData);
$weekday = (int)(date("w", strtotime($datetime)));
$weekday = ($weekday == 0)? 7 : $weekday;
$firstWeekday = $arrayWeekdaysData[0];
$nextWeekday = $firstWeekday;
$typeStatement = "this";
$flag = false;
foreach ($arrayWeekdaysData as $value) {
$d = $value;
if (($flagIncludeDatetime && $d >= $weekday) || (!$flagIncludeDatetime && $d > $weekday)) {
$nextWeekday = $d;
$flag = true;
break;
}
}
if (!$flag) {
$typeStatement = "next";
}
$nextRunDate = date("Y-m-d", strtotime("$year-$month-$day $typeStatement " . $arrayWeekdays[$nextWeekday - 1])) . " $hhmmss";
} else {
$nextRunDate = "$year-$month-$day $hhmmss";
if (!$flagIncludeDatetime) {
$nextRunDate = date("Y-m-d", strtotime("$nextRunDate +1 day")) . " $hhmmss";
}
}
break;
case "MONTHLY":
$hhmmss = $arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_HOUR"] . ":" . $arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_MINUTE"] . ":00";
$arrayMonthsData = $arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA"];
if (!empty($arrayMonthsData)) {
sort($arrayMonthsData);
$firstMonth = $arrayMonthsData[0];
$nextMonth = $firstMonth;
$flag = false;
foreach ($arrayMonthsData as $value) {
$m = $value;
if (($flagIncludeDatetime && $m >= $month) || (!$flagIncludeDatetime && $m > $month)) {
$nextMonth = $m;
$flag = true;
break;
}
}
if (!$flag) {
$year++;
}
if (checkdate((int)($nextMonth), (int)($arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_DAY"]), (int)($year))) {
$nextRunDate = "$year-$nextMonth-" . $arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_DAY"] . " $hhmmss";
} else {
$nextRunDate = date("Y-m-d", strtotime("last day of " . $arrayMonthsShort[((int)($nextMonth)) - 1] . " $year")) . " $hhmmss";
}
} else {
if (checkdate((int)($month), (int)($arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_DAY"]), (int)($year))) {
$nextRunDate = "$year-$month-" . $arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_DAY"] . " $hhmmss";
} else {
$nextRunDate = date("Y-m-d", strtotime("last day of " . $arrayMonthsShort[((int)($month)) - 1] . " $year")) . " $hhmmss";
}
if (!$flagIncludeDatetime) {
list($yearAux, $monthAux) = $this->getYearMonthDayHourMinuteSecondByDatetime(date("Y-m-d", strtotime("$year-$month-01 next month")));
if (checkdate((int)($monthAux), (int)($arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_DAY"]), (int)($yearAux))) {
$nextRunDate = "$yearAux-$monthAux-" . $arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_DAY"] . " $hhmmss";
} else {
$nextRunDate = date("Y-m-d", strtotime("last day of " . $arrayMonthsShort[((int)($monthAux)) - 1] . " $yearAux")) . " $hhmmss";
}
}
}
break;
case "EVERY":
if ($arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_HOUR"] . "" != "") {
$nextRunDate = date("Y-m-d H:i:s", strtotime("$nextRunDate +" . ((int)($arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_HOUR"])) . " hours"));
}
if ($arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_MINUTE"] . "" != "") {
$nextRunDate = date("Y-m-d H:i:s", strtotime("$nextRunDate +" . ((int)($arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_MINUTE"])) . " minutes"));
}
break;
}
//Return
return date("Y-m-d H:i:s", strtotime($nextRunDate));
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Get Next Run Date
*
* @param array $arrayTimerEventData Timer-Event data
* @param string $datetime Datetime
* @param bool $flagIncludeDatetime Flag
*
* return string Return the Next Run Date
*/
public function getNextRunDateByDataAndDatetime(array $arrayTimerEventData, $datetime, $flagIncludeDatetime = true)
{
try {
$nextRunDate = $datetime;
//Get Next Run Date
if (!is_array($arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA"])) {
$arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA"] = unserialize($arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA"]);
}
$timeDatetime = strtotime($datetime);
$flagNextRunDate = true;
switch ($arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_OPTION"]) {
case "HOURLY":
case "DAILY":
case "MONTHLY":
//case "EVERY":
$nextRunDate = $this->getValidNextRunDateByDataAndDatetime($arrayTimerEventData, $arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_START_DATE"] . " 00:00:00", $flagIncludeDatetime);
$timeNextRunDate = strtotime($nextRunDate);
if ($timeNextRunDate > $timeDatetime) {
$flagNextRunDate = false;
}
break;
}
if ($flagNextRunDate) {
switch ($arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_OPTION"]) {
case "HOURLY":
case "DAILY":
case "MONTHLY":
case "EVERY":
$nextRunDate = $this->getValidNextRunDateByDataAndDatetime($arrayTimerEventData, $datetime, $flagIncludeDatetime);
$timeNextRunDate = strtotime($nextRunDate);
if ($timeNextRunDate < $timeDatetime) {
$nextRunDate = $this->getValidNextRunDateByDataAndDatetime($arrayTimerEventData, $datetime, false);
}
break;
}
}
//Return
return $nextRunDate;
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Unset fields
*
* @param array $arrayData Data with the fields
*
* return array Return data with the fields
*/
public function unsetFields(array $arrayData)
{
try {
unset($arrayData["TMREVN_UID"]);
unset($arrayData["PRJ_UID"]);
unset($arrayData["TMREVN_LAST_RUN_DATE"]);
unset($arrayData["TMREVN_LAST_EXECUTION_DATE"]);
//Return
return $arrayData;
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Verify if exists the Timer-Event
*
* @param string $timerEventUid Unique id of Timer-Event
*
* return bool Return true if exists the Timer-Event, false otherwise
*/
public function exists($timerEventUid)
{
try {
$obj = \TimerEventPeer::retrieveByPK($timerEventUid);
return (!is_null($obj))? true : false;
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Verify if exists the Event of a Timer-Event
*
* @param string $projectUid Unique id of Project
* @param string $eventUid Unique id of Event
* @param string $timerEventUidToExclude Unique id of Timer-Event to exclude
*
* return bool Return true if exists the Event of a Timer-Event, false otherwise
*/
public function existsEvent($projectUid, $eventUid, $timerEventUidToExclude = "")
{
try {
$criteria = new \Criteria("workflow");
$criteria->addSelectColumn(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_UID);
$criteria->add(\TimerEventPeer::PRJ_UID, $projectUid, \Criteria::EQUAL);
if ($timerEventUidToExclude != "") {
$criteria->add(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_UID, $timerEventUidToExclude, \Criteria::NOT_EQUAL);
}
$criteria->add(\TimerEventPeer::EVN_UID, $eventUid, \Criteria::EQUAL);
$rsCriteria = \TimerEventPeer::doSelectRS($criteria);
return ($rsCriteria->next())? true : false;
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Verify if does not exists the Timer-Event
*
* @param string $timerEventUid Unique id of Timer-Event
* @param string $fieldNameForException Field name for the exception
*
* return void Throw exception if does not exists the Timer-Event
*/
public function throwExceptionIfNotExistsTimerEvent($timerEventUid, $fieldNameForException)
{
try {
if (!$this->exists($timerEventUid)) {
throw new \Exception(\G::LoadTranslation("ID_TIMER_EVENT_DOES_NOT_EXIST", array($fieldNameForException, $timerEventUid)));
}
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Verify if is registered the Event
*
* @param string $projectUid Unique id of Project
* @param string $eventUid Unique id of Event
* @param string $fieldNameForException Field name for the exception
* @param string $timerEventUidToExclude Unique id of Timer-Event to exclude
*
* return void Throw exception if is registered the Event
*/
public function throwExceptionIfEventIsRegistered($projectUid, $eventUid, $fieldNameForException, $timerEventUidToExclude = "")
{
try {
if ($this->existsEvent($projectUid, $eventUid, $timerEventUidToExclude)) {
throw new \Exception(\G::LoadTranslation("ID_TIMER_EVENT_ALREADY_REGISTERED", array($fieldNameForException, $eventUid)));
}
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Validate the data if they are invalid (INSERT and UPDATE)
*
* @param string $timerEventUid Unique id of Timer-Event
* @param string $projectUid Unique id of Project
* @param array $arrayData Data
*
* return void Throw exception if data has an invalid value
*/
public function throwExceptionIfDataIsInvalid($timerEventUid, $projectUid, array $arrayData)
{
try {
//Set variables
$arrayTimerEventData = ($timerEventUid == "")? array() : $this->getTimerEvent($timerEventUid, true);
$flagInsert = ($timerEventUid == "")? true : false;
$arrayFinalData = array_merge($arrayTimerEventData, $arrayData);
//Verify data - Field definition
$process = new \ProcessMaker\BusinessModel\Process();
$process->throwExceptionIfDataNotMetFieldDefinition($arrayData, $this->arrayFieldDefinition, $this->arrayFieldNameForException, $flagInsert);
//Verify data
if (isset($arrayData["EVN_UID"])) {
$arrayEventType = array("START", "INTERMEDIATE");
$arrayEventMarker = array("TIMER");
$bpmnEvent = \BpmnEventPeer::retrieveByPK($arrayData["EVN_UID"]);
if (is_null($bpmnEvent)) {
throw new \Exception(\G::LoadTranslation("ID_EVENT_NOT_EXIST", array($this->arrayFieldNameForException["eventUid"], $arrayData["EVN_UID"])));
}
if (!in_array($bpmnEvent->getEvnType(), $arrayEventType) || !in_array($bpmnEvent->getEvnMarker(), $arrayEventMarker)) {
throw new \Exception(\G::LoadTranslation("ID_EVENT_NOT_IS_TIMER_EVENT", array($this->arrayFieldNameForException["eventUid"], $arrayData["EVN_UID"])));
}
if ($bpmnEvent->getPrjUid() != $projectUid) {
throw new \Exception(\G::LoadTranslation("ID_EVENT_EVENT_NOT_BELONG_TO_PROJECT", array($this->arrayFieldNameForException["eventUid"], $arrayData["EVN_UID"], $this->arrayFieldNameForException["projectUid"], $projectUid)));
}
$this->throwExceptionIfEventIsRegistered($projectUid, $arrayData["EVN_UID"], $this->arrayFieldNameForException["eventUid"], $timerEventUid);
}
//Verify data - Field definition
$arrayFieldDefinition = array();
$bpmnEvent = \BpmnEventPeer::retrieveByPK($arrayFinalData["EVN_UID"]);
switch ($bpmnEvent->getEvnType()) {
case "START":
$arrayFieldDefinition = array(
"TMREVN_OPTION" => array("type" => "string", "required" => true, "empty" => false, "defaultValues" => array("HOURLY", "DAILY", "MONTHLY", "EVERY", "ONE-DATE-TIME"), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventOption")
);
break;
case "INTERMEDIATE":
$arrayFieldDefinition = array(
"TMREVN_OPTION" => array("type" => "string", "required" => true, "empty" => false, "defaultValues" => array("WAIT-FOR", "WAIT-UNTIL-SPECIFIED-DATE-TIME"), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventOption")
);
break;
}
if (!empty($arrayFieldDefinition)) {
$process->throwExceptionIfDataNotMetFieldDefinition($arrayFinalData, $arrayFieldDefinition, $this->arrayFieldNameForException, $flagInsert);
}
$arrayFieldDefinition = array();
$arrayValidateData = array(
"TMREVN_DAY" => array("/^(?:0[1-9]|[12][0-9]|3[01])$/", $this->arrayFieldNameForException["timerEventDay"]),
"TMREVN_HOUR" => array("/^(?:[0-1]\d|2[0-3])$/", $this->arrayFieldNameForException["timerEventHour"]),
"TMREVN_MINUTE" => array("/^(?:[0-5]\d)$/", $this->arrayFieldNameForException["timerEventMinute"])
);
switch ($arrayFinalData["TMREVN_OPTION"]) {
case "HOURLY":
$arrayFieldDefinition = array(
"TMREVN_START_DATE" => array("type" => "date", "required" => true, "empty" => false, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventStartDate"),
"TMREVN_END_DATE" => array("type" => "date", "required" => false, "empty" => true, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventEndDate"),
"TMREVN_MINUTE" => array("type" => "string", "required" => true, "empty" => false, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventMinute")
);
break;
case "DAILY":
$arrayFieldDefinition = array(
"TMREVN_START_DATE" => array("type" => "date", "required" => true, "empty" => false, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventStartDate"),
"TMREVN_END_DATE" => array("type" => "date", "required" => false, "empty" => true, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventEndDate"),
"TMREVN_HOUR" => array("type" => "string", "required" => true, "empty" => false, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventHour"),
"TMREVN_MINUTE" => array("type" => "string", "required" => true, "empty" => false, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventMinute"),
"TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA" => array("type" => "array", "required" => false, "empty" => true, "defaultValues" => array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventConfigurationData")
);
break;
case "MONTHLY":
$arrayFieldDefinition = array(
"TMREVN_START_DATE" => array("type" => "date", "required" => true, "empty" => false, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventStartDate"),
"TMREVN_END_DATE" => array("type" => "date", "required" => false, "empty" => true, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventEndDate"),
"TMREVN_DAY" => array("type" => "string", "required" => true, "empty" => false, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventDay"),
"TMREVN_HOUR" => array("type" => "string", "required" => true, "empty" => false, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventHour"),
"TMREVN_MINUTE" => array("type" => "string", "required" => true, "empty" => false, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventMinute"),
"TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA" => array("type" => "array", "required" => false, "empty" => true, "defaultValues" => array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventConfigurationData")
);
break;
case "EVERY":
$arrayFieldDefinition = array(
"TMREVN_HOUR" => array("type" => "string", "required" => true, "empty" => false, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventHour"),
"TMREVN_MINUTE" => array("type" => "string", "required" => true, "empty" => false, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventMinute")
);
$arrayValidateData["TMREVN_HOUR"][0] = "/^(?:0?\d|[1-9]\d*)$/";
$arrayValidateData["TMREVN_MINUTE"][0] = "/^(?:0?\d|[1-9]\d*)$/";
break;
case "ONE-DATE-TIME":
$arrayFieldDefinition = array(
"TMREVN_NEXT_RUN_DATE" => array("type" => "datetime", "required" => true, "empty" => false, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventNextRunDate")
);
break;
case "WAIT-FOR":
//TMREVN_DAY
//TMREVN_HOUR
//TMREVN_MINUTE
$arrayValidateData["TMREVN_DAY"][0] = "/^(?:0?\d|[1-9]\d*)$/";
$arrayValidateData["TMREVN_HOUR"][0] = "/^(?:0?\d|[1-9]\d*)$/";
$arrayValidateData["TMREVN_MINUTE"][0] = "/^(?:0?\d|[1-9]\d*)$/";
break;
case "WAIT-UNTIL-SPECIFIED-DATE-TIME":
$arrayFieldDefinition = array(
"TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA" => array("type" => "string", "required" => true, "empty" => false, "defaultValues" => array(), "fieldNameAux" => "timerEventConfigurationData")
);
break;
}
if (!empty($arrayFieldDefinition)) {
$process->throwExceptionIfDataNotMetFieldDefinition($arrayFinalData, $arrayFieldDefinition, $this->arrayFieldNameForException, $flagInsert);
}
foreach ($arrayValidateData as $key => $value) {
if (isset($arrayData[$key]) && !preg_match($value[0], $arrayData[$key])) {
throw new \Exception(\G::LoadTranslation("ID_INVALID_VALUE", array($value[1])));
}
}
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Create Timer-Event for a Project
*
* @param string $projectUid Unique id of Project
* @param array $arrayData Data
*
* return array Return data of the new Timer-Event created
*/
public function create($projectUid, array $arrayData)
{
try {
//Verify data
$process = new \ProcessMaker\BusinessModel\Process();
$validator = new \ProcessMaker\BusinessModel\Validator();
$validator->throwExceptionIfDataIsNotArray($arrayData, "\$arrayData");
$validator->throwExceptionIfDataIsEmpty($arrayData, "\$arrayData");
//Set data
$arrayData = array_change_key_case($arrayData, CASE_UPPER);
//Verify data
$process->throwExceptionIfNotExistsProcess($projectUid, $this->arrayFieldNameForException["projectUid"]);
$this->throwExceptionIfDataIsInvalid("", $projectUid, $arrayData);
//Create
$cnn = \Propel::getConnection("workflow");
$arrayData = $this->unsetFields($arrayData);
try {
$timerEvent = new \TimerEvent();
$bpmnEvent = \BpmnEventPeer::retrieveByPK($arrayData["EVN_UID"]);
$timerEventUid = \ProcessMaker\Util\Common::generateUID();
$arrayData["TMREVN_START_DATE"] = (isset($arrayData["TMREVN_START_DATE"]) && $arrayData["TMREVN_START_DATE"] . "" != "")? $arrayData["TMREVN_START_DATE"] : null;
$arrayData["TMREVN_END_DATE"] = (isset($arrayData["TMREVN_END_DATE"]) && $arrayData["TMREVN_END_DATE"] . "" != "")? $arrayData["TMREVN_END_DATE"] : null;
$arrayData["TMREVN_NEXT_RUN_DATE"] = (isset($arrayData["TMREVN_NEXT_RUN_DATE"]) && $arrayData["TMREVN_NEXT_RUN_DATE"] . "" != "")? $arrayData["TMREVN_NEXT_RUN_DATE"] : null;
$arrayData["TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA"] = serialize((isset($arrayData["TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA"]))? $arrayData["TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA"] : "");
$timerEvent->fromArray($arrayData, \BasePeer::TYPE_FIELDNAME);
$timerEvent->setTmrevnUid($timerEventUid);
$timerEvent->setPrjUid($projectUid);
if ($bpmnEvent->getEvnType() == "START") {
switch ($arrayData["TMREVN_OPTION"]) {
case "HOURLY":
case "DAILY":
case "MONTHLY":
case "EVERY":
$timerEvent->setTmrevnNextRunDate($this->getNextRunDateByDataAndDatetime($arrayData, date("Y-m-d H:i:s")));
break;
}
}
if ($timerEvent->validate()) {
$cnn->begin();
$result = $timerEvent->save();
$cnn->commit();
//Return
return $this->getTimerEvent($timerEventUid);
} else {
$msg = "";
foreach ($timerEvent->getValidationFailures() as $validationFailure) {
$msg = $msg . (($msg != "")? "\n" : "") . $validationFailure->getMessage();
}
throw new \Exception(\G::LoadTranslation("ID_RECORD_CANNOT_BE_CREATED") . (($msg != "")? "\n" . $msg : ""));
}
} catch (\Exception $e) {
$cnn->rollback();
throw $e;
}
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Single create Timer-Event
*
* @param string $projectUid Unique id of Project
* @param array $arrayData Data
*
* return string Return unique id of Timer-Event
*/
public function singleCreate($projectUid, array $arrayData)
{
try {
$cnn = \Propel::getConnection("workflow");
try {
$timerEvent = new \TimerEvent();
$timerEventUid = \ProcessMaker\Util\Common::generateUID();
$timerEvent->fromArray($arrayData, \BasePeer::TYPE_FIELDNAME);
$timerEvent->setTmrevnUid($timerEventUid);
$timerEvent->setPrjUid($projectUid);
if ($timerEvent->validate()) {
$cnn->begin();
$result = $timerEvent->save();
$cnn->commit();
//Return
return $timerEventUid;
} else {
$msg = "";
foreach ($timerEvent->getValidationFailures() as $validationFailure) {
$msg = $msg . (($msg != "")? "\n" : "") . $validationFailure->getMessage();
}
throw new \Exception(\G::LoadTranslation("ID_RECORD_CANNOT_BE_CREATED") . (($msg != "")? "\n" . $msg : ""));
}
} catch (\Exception $e) {
$cnn->rollback();
throw $e;
}
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Update Timer-Event
*
* @param string $timerEventUid Unique id of Timer-Event
* @param array $arrayData Data
*
* return int Return the number of rows affected by this update
*/
public function update($timerEventUid, array $arrayData)
{
try {
//Verify data
$process = new \ProcessMaker\BusinessModel\Process();
$validator = new \ProcessMaker\BusinessModel\Validator();
$validator->throwExceptionIfDataIsNotArray($arrayData, "\$arrayData");
$validator->throwExceptionIfDataIsEmpty($arrayData, "\$arrayData");
//Set data
$arrayData = array_change_key_case($arrayData, CASE_UPPER);
//Set variables
$arrayTimerEventData = $this->getTimerEvent($timerEventUid, true);
$arrayFinalData = array_merge($arrayTimerEventData, $arrayData);
//Verify data
$this->throwExceptionIfNotExistsTimerEvent($timerEventUid, $this->arrayFieldNameForException["timerEventUid"]);
$this->throwExceptionIfDataIsInvalid($timerEventUid, $arrayTimerEventData["PRJ_UID"], $arrayData);
//Update
$cnn = \Propel::getConnection("workflow");
$arrayData = $this->unsetFields($arrayData);
try {
$timerEvent = \TimerEventPeer::retrieveByPK($timerEventUid);
$bpmnEvent = \BpmnEventPeer::retrieveByPK($arrayFinalData["EVN_UID"]);
if (isset($arrayData["TMREVN_START_DATE"])) {
$arrayData["TMREVN_START_DATE"] = ($arrayData["TMREVN_START_DATE"] . "" != "")? $arrayData["TMREVN_START_DATE"] : null;
}
if (isset($arrayData["TMREVN_END_DATE"])) {
$arrayData["TMREVN_END_DATE"] = ($arrayData["TMREVN_END_DATE"] . "" != "")? $arrayData["TMREVN_END_DATE"] : null;
}
if (isset($arrayData["TMREVN_NEXT_RUN_DATE"])) {
$arrayData["TMREVN_NEXT_RUN_DATE"] = ($arrayData["TMREVN_NEXT_RUN_DATE"] . "" != "")? $arrayData["TMREVN_NEXT_RUN_DATE"] : null;
}
if (isset($arrayData["TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA"])) {
$arrayData["TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA"] = serialize($arrayData["TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA"]);
}
$oldValues = $timerEvent->toArray();
$timerEvent->fromArray($arrayData, \BasePeer::TYPE_FIELDNAME);
$nowValues = $timerEvent->toArray();
//If the timer event undergoes any editing, the value of the 'TMREVN_STATUS'
//field must be changed to 'ACTIVE', otherwise the 'ONE-DATE-TIME'
//option will prevent execution.
if (!($oldValues == $nowValues)) {
$timerEvent->setTmrevnStatus("ACTIVE");
}
if ($bpmnEvent->getEvnType() == "START") {
switch ($arrayFinalData["TMREVN_OPTION"]) {
case "HOURLY":
case "DAILY":
case "MONTHLY":
case "EVERY":
$flagUpdateNextRunDate = false;
$arrayFieldsToCheck = array();
switch ($arrayFinalData["TMREVN_OPTION"]) {
case "HOURLY":
$arrayFieldsToCheck = array("TMREVN_START_DATE", "TMREVN_END_DATE", "TMREVN_MINUTE");
break;
case "DAILY":
$arrayFieldsToCheck = array("TMREVN_START_DATE", "TMREVN_END_DATE", "TMREVN_HOUR", "TMREVN_MINUTE", "TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA");
break;
case "MONTHLY":
$arrayFieldsToCheck = array("TMREVN_START_DATE", "TMREVN_END_DATE", "TMREVN_DAY", "TMREVN_HOUR", "TMREVN_MINUTE", "TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA");
break;
case "EVERY":
$arrayFieldsToCheck = array("TMREVN_HOUR", "TMREVN_MINUTE");
break;
}
foreach ($arrayFieldsToCheck as $value) {
if (isset($arrayData[$value])) {
if ($value == "TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA") {
$arrayAux = unserialize($arrayData[$value]);
$array1 = array_diff($arrayAux, $arrayTimerEventData[$value]);
$array2 = array_diff($arrayTimerEventData[$value], $arrayAux);
$flagUpdateNextRunDate = !empty($array1) || !empty($array2);
} else {
$flagUpdateNextRunDate = $arrayData[$value] != $arrayTimerEventData[$value];
}
if ($flagUpdateNextRunDate) {
break;
}
}
}
if ($flagUpdateNextRunDate) {
$timerEvent->setTmrevnNextRunDate($this->getNextRunDateByDataAndDatetime($arrayFinalData, date("Y-m-d H:i:s")));
}
break;
}
}
if ($timerEvent->validate()) {
$cnn->begin();
$result = $timerEvent->save();
$cnn->commit();
//Return
return $result;
} else {
$msg = "";
foreach ($timerEvent->getValidationFailures() as $validationFailure) {
$msg = $msg . (($msg != "")? "\n" : "") . $validationFailure->getMessage();
}
throw new \Exception(\G::LoadTranslation("ID_REGISTRY_CANNOT_BE_UPDATED") . (($msg != "")? "\n" . $msg : ""));
}
} catch (\Exception $e) {
$cnn->rollback();
throw $e;
}
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Single update Timer-Event
*
* @param string $timerEventUid Unique id of Timer-Event
* @param array $arrayData Data
*
* return int Return integer
*/
public function singleUpdate($timerEventUid, array $arrayData)
{
try {
$cnn = \Propel::getConnection("workflow");
try {
$timerEvent = \TimerEventPeer::retrieveByPK($timerEventUid);
$timerEvent->fromArray($arrayData, \BasePeer::TYPE_FIELDNAME);
if ($timerEvent->validate()) {
$cnn->begin();
$result = $timerEvent->save();
$cnn->commit();
//Return
return $result;
} else {
$msg = "";
foreach ($timerEvent->getValidationFailures() as $validationFailure) {
$msg = $msg . (($msg != "")? "\n" : "") . $validationFailure->getMessage();
}
throw new \Exception(\G::LoadTranslation("ID_REGISTRY_CANNOT_BE_UPDATED") . (($msg != "")? "\n" . $msg : ""));
}
} catch (\Exception $e) {
$cnn->rollback();
throw $e;
}
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Delete Timer-Event
*
* @param string $timerEventUid Unique id of Timer-Event
*
* return void
*/
public function delete($timerEventUid)
{
try {
//Verify data
$this->throwExceptionIfNotExistsTimerEvent($timerEventUid, $this->arrayFieldNameForException["timerEventUid"]);
//Delete
$criteria = new \Criteria("workflow");
$criteria->add(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_UID, $timerEventUid, \Criteria::EQUAL);
$result = \TimerEventPeer::doDelete($criteria);
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Delete Timer-Event
*
* @param array $arrayCondition Conditions
*
* return void
*/
public function deleteWhere(array $arrayCondition)
{
try {
//Delete
$criteria = new \Criteria("workflow");
foreach ($arrayCondition as $key => $value) {
if (is_array($value)) {
$criteria->add($key, $value[0], $value[1]);
} else {
$criteria->add($key, $value, \Criteria::EQUAL);
}
}
$result = \TimerEventPeer::doDelete($criteria);
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Get criteria for Timer-Event
*
* return object
*/
public function getTimerEventCriteria()
{
try {
$criteria = new \Criteria("workflow");
$criteria->addSelectColumn(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_UID);
$criteria->addSelectColumn(\TimerEventPeer::PRJ_UID);
$criteria->addSelectColumn(\TimerEventPeer::EVN_UID);
$criteria->addSelectColumn(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_OPTION);
$criteria->addSelectColumn(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_START_DATE);
$criteria->addSelectColumn(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_END_DATE);
$criteria->addSelectColumn(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_DAY);
$criteria->addSelectColumn(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_HOUR);
$criteria->addSelectColumn(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_MINUTE);
$criteria->addSelectColumn(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA);
$criteria->addSelectColumn(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_NEXT_RUN_DATE);
$criteria->addSelectColumn(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_LAST_RUN_DATE);
$criteria->addSelectColumn(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_LAST_EXECUTION_DATE);
$criteria->addSelectColumn(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_STATUS);
return $criteria;
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Get data of a Timer-Event from a record
*
* @param array $record Record
*
* return array Return an array with data Timer-Event
*/
public function getTimerEventDataFromRecord(array $record)
{
try {
return array(
$this->getFieldNameByFormatFieldName("TMREVN_UID") => $record["TMREVN_UID"],
$this->getFieldNameByFormatFieldName("EVN_UID") => $record["EVN_UID"],
$this->getFieldNameByFormatFieldName("TMREVN_OPTION") => $record["TMREVN_OPTION"],
$this->getFieldNameByFormatFieldName("TMREVN_START_DATE") => $record["TMREVN_START_DATE"] . "",
$this->getFieldNameByFormatFieldName("TMREVN_END_DATE") => $record["TMREVN_END_DATE"] . "",
$this->getFieldNameByFormatFieldName("TMREVN_DAY") => $record["TMREVN_DAY"],
$this->getFieldNameByFormatFieldName("TMREVN_HOUR") => $record["TMREVN_HOUR"],
$this->getFieldNameByFormatFieldName("TMREVN_MINUTE") => $record["TMREVN_MINUTE"],
$this->getFieldNameByFormatFieldName("TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA") => $record["TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA"],
$this->getFieldNameByFormatFieldName("TMREVN_NEXT_RUN_DATE") => $record["TMREVN_NEXT_RUN_DATE"] . "",
$this->getFieldNameByFormatFieldName("TMREVN_LAST_RUN_DATE") => $record["TMREVN_LAST_RUN_DATE"] . "",
$this->getFieldNameByFormatFieldName("TMREVN_LAST_EXECUTION_DATE") => $record["TMREVN_LAST_EXECUTION_DATE"] . "",
$this->getFieldNameByFormatFieldName("TMREVN_STATUS") => $record["TMREVN_STATUS"]
);
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Get all Timer-Events
*
* @param string $projectUid Unique id of Project
*
* return array Return an array with all Timer-Events
*/
public function getTimerEvents($projectUid)
{
try {
$arrayTimerEvent = array();
//Verify data
$process = new \ProcessMaker\BusinessModel\Process();
$process->throwExceptionIfNotExistsProcess($projectUid, $this->arrayFieldNameForException["projectUid"]);
//Get data
$criteria = $this->getTimerEventCriteria();
$criteria->add(\TimerEventPeer::PRJ_UID, $projectUid, \Criteria::EQUAL);
$rsCriteria = \TimerEventPeer::doSelectRS($criteria);
$rsCriteria->setFetchmode(\ResultSet::FETCHMODE_ASSOC);
while ($rsCriteria->next()) {
$row = $rsCriteria->getRow();
$row["TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA"] = unserialize($row["TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA"]);
$arrayTimerEvent[] = $this->getTimerEventDataFromRecord($row);
}
//Return
return $arrayTimerEvent;
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Get data of a Timer-Event
*
* @param string $timerEventUid Unique id of Timer-Event
* @param bool $flagGetRecord Value that set the getting
*
* return array Return an array with data of a Timer-Event
*/
public function getTimerEvent($timerEventUid, $flagGetRecord = false)
{
try {
//Verify data
$this->throwExceptionIfNotExistsTimerEvent($timerEventUid, $this->arrayFieldNameForException["timerEventUid"]);
//Get data
$criteria = $this->getTimerEventCriteria();
$criteria->add(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_UID, $timerEventUid, \Criteria::EQUAL);
$rsCriteria = \TimerEventPeer::doSelectRS($criteria);
$rsCriteria->setFetchmode(\ResultSet::FETCHMODE_ASSOC);
$result = $rsCriteria->next();
$row = $rsCriteria->getRow();
$row["TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA"] = unserialize($row["TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA"]);
//Return
return (!$flagGetRecord)? $this->getTimerEventDataFromRecord($row) : $row;
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Get data of a Timer-Event by unique id of Event
*
* @param string $projectUid Unique id of Project
* @param string $eventUid Unique id of Event
* @param bool $flagGetRecord Value that set the getting
*
* return array Return an array with data of a Timer-Event by unique id of Event
*/
public function getTimerEventByEvent($projectUid, $eventUid, $flagGetRecord = false)
{
try {
//Verify data
$process = new \ProcessMaker\BusinessModel\Process();
$bpmnEvent = \BpmnEventPeer::retrieveByPK($eventUid);
$process->throwExceptionIfNotExistsProcess($projectUid, $this->arrayFieldNameForException["projectUid"]);
if (is_null($bpmnEvent)) {
throw new \Exception(\G::LoadTranslation("ID_EVENT_NOT_EXIST", array($this->arrayFieldNameForException["eventUid"], $eventUid)));
}
if ($bpmnEvent->getPrjUid() != $projectUid) {
throw new \Exception(\G::LoadTranslation("ID_EVENT_EVENT_NOT_BELONG_TO_PROJECT", array($this->arrayFieldNameForException["eventUid"], $eventUid, $this->arrayFieldNameForException["projectUid"], $projectUid)));
}
//Get data
if (!$this->existsEvent($projectUid, $eventUid)) {
//Return
return array();
}
$criteria = $this->getTimerEventCriteria();
$criteria->add(\TimerEventPeer::PRJ_UID, $projectUid, \Criteria::EQUAL);
$criteria->add(\TimerEventPeer::EVN_UID, $eventUid, \Criteria::EQUAL);
$rsCriteria = \TimerEventPeer::doSelectRS($criteria);
$rsCriteria->setFetchmode(\ResultSet::FETCHMODE_ASSOC);
$result = $rsCriteria->next();
$row = $rsCriteria->getRow();
$row["TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA"] = unserialize($row["TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA"]);
//Return
return (!$flagGetRecord)? $this->getTimerEventDataFromRecord($row) : $row;
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Log
*
* @param string $action Action
* @param string $value Value
*
* return void
*/
private function log($action, $value = "", $status = "action")
{
try {
$workspace = (!empty(config("system.workspace")))? config("system.workspace") : "Undefined Workspace";
$ipClient = \G::getIpAddress();
$actionTimer = "timereventcron: ";
\G::log("|". $workspace ."|". $actionTimer . $action ."|". $status . "|" . $value , PATH_DATA, "timerevent.log");
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* The Syslog register the information in Monolog Class
*
* @param int $level DEBUG=100 INFO=200 NOTICE=250 WARNING=300 ERROR=400 CRITICAL=500
* @param string $message
* @param string $ipClient for Context information
* @param string $action for Context information
* @param string $timeZone for Context information
* @param string $workspace for Context information
* @param string $usrUid for Context information
* @param string $proUid for Context information
* @param string $tasUid for Context information
* @param string $appUid for Context information
* @param string $delIndex for Context information
* @param string $stepUid for Context information
* @param string $triUid for Context information
* @param string $outDocUid for Context information
* @param string $inpDocUid for Context information
* @param string $url for Context information
*
* return void
*/
private function syslog(
$level,
$message,
$action='',
$aContext = array()
)
{
try {
\Bootstrap::registerMonolog('TimerEventCron', $level, $message, $aContext, config("system.workspace"), 'processmaker.log');
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
/**
* Start/Continue case by Timer-Event
*
* @param string $datetime Datetime (yyyy-mm-dd hh:ii:ss)
* @param bool $frontEnd Flag to represent the terminal front-end
* @throws \Exception
*
* @see workflow/engine/bin/cron_single.php
* @link https://wiki.processmaker.com/3.3/Actions_by_Email
* @link https://wiki.processmaker.com/3.2/Executing_cron.php
*/
public function startContinueCaseByTimerEvent($datetime, $frontEnd = false)
{
try {
//Set variables
$ws = new \WsBase();
$case = new \Cases();
$common = new \ProcessMaker\Util\Common();
$sysSys = (!empty(config("system.workspace")))? config("system.workspace") : "Undefined";
$common->setFrontEnd($frontEnd);
list($year, $month, $day, $hour, $minute) = $this->getYearMonthDayHourMinuteSecondByDatetime($datetime);
$date = "$year-$month-$day";
$dateIni = "$year-$month-$day 00:00:00";
$dateEnd = "$year-$month-$day 23:59:59";
//Start Timer-Event (start new case) ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
$common->frontEndShow("START");
$this->log("START-NEW-CASES", "Start new cases");
$aInfo = array(
'ip' => \G::getIpAddress()
,'action' => 'START-NEW-CASES'
,'timeZone' => $datetime
,'workspace'=> $sysSys
);
$this->syslog(
200
,'Start new cases'
,'START-NEW-CASES'
,$aInfo
);
//Query
$criteria = $this->getTimerEventCriteria();
$criteria->addSelectColumn(\BpmnEventPeer::EVN_NAME);
$criteria->addSelectColumn(\ElementTaskRelationPeer::TAS_UID);
$arrayCondition = array();
$arrayCondition[] = array(\TimerEventPeer::PRJ_UID, \ProcessPeer::PRO_UID, \Criteria::EQUAL);
$criteria->addJoinMC($arrayCondition, \Criteria::INNER_JOIN);
$criteria->add(\ProcessPeer::PRO_STATUS, "ACTIVE", \Criteria::EQUAL);
$arrayCondition = array();
$arrayCondition[] = array(\TimerEventPeer::PRJ_UID, \ElementTaskRelationPeer::PRJ_UID, \Criteria::EQUAL);
$arrayCondition[] = array(\TimerEventPeer::EVN_UID, \ElementTaskRelationPeer::ELEMENT_UID, \Criteria::EQUAL);
$criteria->addJoinMC($arrayCondition, \Criteria::INNER_JOIN);
$criteria->add(\ElementTaskRelationPeer::ELEMENT_TYPE, "bpmnEvent", \Criteria::EQUAL);
$arrayCondition = array();
$arrayCondition[] = array(\ElementTaskRelationPeer::PRJ_UID, \TaskPeer::PRO_UID, \Criteria::EQUAL);
$arrayCondition[] = array(\ElementTaskRelationPeer::TAS_UID, \TaskPeer::TAS_UID, \Criteria::EQUAL);
$criteria->addJoinMC($arrayCondition, \Criteria::INNER_JOIN);
$criteria->add(\TaskPeer::TAS_TYPE, "START-TIMER-EVENT", \Criteria::EQUAL);
$arrayCondition = array();
$arrayCondition[] = array(\TimerEventPeer::PRJ_UID, \BpmnEventPeer::PRJ_UID, \Criteria::EQUAL);
$arrayCondition[] = array(\TimerEventPeer::EVN_UID, \BpmnEventPeer::EVN_UID, \Criteria::EQUAL);
$criteria->addJoinMC($arrayCondition, \Criteria::INNER_JOIN);
$criteria->add(\BpmnEventPeer::EVN_TYPE, "START", \Criteria::EQUAL);
$criteria->add(\BpmnEventPeer::EVN_MARKER, "TIMER", \Criteria::EQUAL);
$criteria->add(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_OPTION, array("HOURLY", "DAILY", "MONTHLY", "EVERY", "ONE-DATE-TIME"), \Criteria::IN);
$criteria->add(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_STATUS, "ACTIVE", \Criteria::EQUAL);
$criteria->add(
$criteria->getNewCriterion(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_NEXT_RUN_DATE, $dateIni, \Criteria::GREATER_EQUAL)->addAnd(
$criteria->getNewCriterion(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_NEXT_RUN_DATE, $dateEnd, \Criteria::LESS_EQUAL))->addOr(
$criteria->getNewCriterion(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_NEXT_RUN_DATE, $dateIni, \Criteria::LESS_THAN))
);
$criteria->add(
$criteria->getNewCriterion(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_END_DATE, $date, \Criteria::GREATER_EQUAL)->addOr(
$criteria->getNewCriterion(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_END_DATE, null, \Criteria::EQUAL))
);
$rsCriteria = \TimerEventPeer::doSelectRS($criteria);
$rsCriteria->setFetchmode(\ResultSet::FETCHMODE_ASSOC);
$flagRecord = false;
while ($rsCriteria->next()) {
$row = $rsCriteria->getRow();
$row["TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA"] = unserialize($row["TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA"]);
//Set variables
$arrayTimerEventData = $row;
$bpmnEventName = $row["EVN_NAME"];
$taskUid = $row["TAS_UID"];
//Create the new case
$timerEventNextRunDate = $arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_NEXT_RUN_DATE"];
$timerEventNextRunDateNew = "";
$flagCase = false;
if (strtotime($timerEventNextRunDate) < strtotime($dateIni)) {
$timerEventNextRunDateNew = $this->getNextRunDateByDataAndDatetime($arrayTimerEventData, $datetime); //Generate new date for old TMREVN_NEXT_RUN_DATE
$flagCase = true; //Create the old case
} else {
list( , , , $hourCase, $minuteCase) = $this->getYearMonthDayHourMinuteSecondByDatetime($timerEventNextRunDate);
if ((int)($hour . $minute) <= (int)($hourCase . $minuteCase)) {
$flagCase = $hourCase == $hour && $minuteCase == $minute;
} else {
$timerEventNextRunDateNew = $this->getNextRunDateByDataAndDatetime($arrayTimerEventData, $datetime); //Generate new date for old TMREVN_NEXT_RUN_DATE
$flagCase = true; //Create the old case
}
}
if ($flagCase) {
//Update Timer-Event
$arrayData = [];
switch ($arrayTimerEventData['TMREVN_OPTION']) {
case 'HOURLY':
case 'DAILY':
case 'MONTHLY':
case 'EVERY':
if ($timerEventNextRunDateNew == '') {
$timerEventNextRunDateNew = $this->getNextRunDateByDataAndDatetime(
$arrayTimerEventData, $timerEventNextRunDate, false
);
}
if ($arrayTimerEventData['TMREVN_OPTION'] != 'EVERY' &&
$arrayTimerEventData['TMREVN_END_DATE'] . '' != '' &&
strtotime($timerEventNextRunDateNew) > strtotime($arrayTimerEventData['TMREVN_END_DATE'] . ' 23:59:59')
) {
$arrayData['TMREVN_STATUS'] = 'PROCESSED';
} else {
$arrayData['TMREVN_NEXT_RUN_DATE'] = $timerEventNextRunDateNew;
}
break;
case 'ONE-DATE-TIME':
$arrayData['TMREVN_STATUS'] = 'PROCESSED';
break;
}
$arrayData['TMREVN_LAST_RUN_DATE'] = $timerEventNextRunDate;
$arrayData['TMREVN_LAST_EXECUTION_DATE'] = date('Y-m-d H:i:s');
$result = $this->singleUpdate($arrayTimerEventData['TMREVN_UID'], $arrayData);
//Show info in terminal
if ($flagRecord) {
$common->frontEndShow("TEXT", "");
}
if ($bpmnEventName != "") {
$common->frontEndShow("TEXT", "> Name Timer-Event: $bpmnEventName");
}
$common->frontEndShow("TEXT", "> Creating the new case...");
//Start new case
$result = $ws->newCase($arrayTimerEventData["PRJ_UID"], "", $taskUid, array());
$arrayResult = \G::json_decode(\G::json_encode($result), true);
if ($arrayResult["status_code"] == 0) {
$applicationUid = $arrayResult["caseId"];
$applicationNumber = $arrayResult["caseNumber"];
$common->frontEndShow("TEXT", " - OK case #$applicationNumber was created");
$common->frontEndShow("TEXT", "> Routing the case #$applicationNumber...");
$this->log("CREATED-NEW-CASE", "Case #$applicationNumber created, APP_UID: $applicationUid");
$aInfo = array(
'ip' => \G::getIpAddress()
,'action' => 'CREATED-NEW-CASE'
,'timeZone' => $datetime
,'workspace'=> $sysSys
,'proUid' => $arrayTimerEventData["PRJ_UID"]
,'tasUid' => $taskUid
,'appUid' => $applicationUid
,'appNumber'=> $applicationNumber
,'evnUid' => $row['EVN_UID']
,'evnName' => $row['EVN_NAME']
);
$this->syslog(
200
,"Case #$applicationNumber created"
,'CREATED-NEW-CASE'
,$aInfo
);
//Derivate new case
$result = $ws->derivateCase("", $applicationUid, 1);
$arrayResult = \G::json_decode(\G::json_encode($result), true);
if ($arrayResult["status_code"] == 0) {
$common->frontEndShow("TEXT", " - OK");
$this->log("ROUTED-NEW-CASE", "Case #$applicationNumber routed, APP_UID: $applicationUid");
$aInfo = array(
'ip' => \G::getIpAddress()
,'action' => 'ROUTED-NEW-CASE'
,'timeZone' => $datetime
,'workspace'=> $sysSys
,'proUid' => $arrayTimerEventData["PRJ_UID"]
,'tasUid' => $taskUid
,'appUid' => $applicationUid
,'appNumber'=> $applicationNumber
,'delIndex' => '1'
,'evnUid' => $row['EVN_UID']
,'evnName' => $row['EVN_NAME']
);
$this->syslog(
200
,"Case #$applicationNumber routed"
,'ROUTED-NEW-CASE'
,$aInfo
);
} else {
$common->frontEndShow("TEXT", " - Failed: " . $arrayResult["message"]);
$this->log("ROUTED-NEW-CASE", $arrayResult["message"] . ", Case: #$applicationNumber, APP_UID: $applicationUid, PRO_UID: " . $arrayTimerEventData["PRJ_UID"], "Failed");
$aInfo = array(
'ip' => \G::getIpAddress()
,'action' => 'ROUTED-NEW-CASE'
,'timeZone' => $datetime
,'workspace'=> $sysSys
,'proUid' => $arrayTimerEventData["PRJ_UID"]
,'tasUid' => $taskUid
,'appUid' => $applicationUid
,'appNumber'=> $applicationNumber
,'delIndex' => '1'
,'evnUid' => $row['EVN_UID']
,'evnName' => $row['EVN_NAME']
);
$this->syslog(
500
,"Failed case #$applicationNumber. " . $arrayResult["message"]
,'ROUTED-NEW-CASE'
,$aInfo
);
}
} else {
$common->frontEndShow("TEXT", " - Failed: " . $arrayResult["message"]);
$this->log("CREATED-NEW-CASE", $arrayResult["message"] . ", PRO_UID: " . $arrayTimerEventData["PRJ_UID"], "Failed");
$aInfo = array(
'ip' => \G::getIpAddress()
,'action' => 'ROUTED-NEW-CASE'
,'timeZone' => $datetime
,'workspace'=> $sysSys
,'proUid' => $arrayTimerEventData["PRJ_UID"]
,'tasUid' => $taskUid
,'evnUid' => $row['EVN_UID']
,'evnName' => $row['EVN_NAME']
);
$this->syslog(
500
,"Failed case #$applicationNumber. " . $arrayResult["message"]
,'CREATED-NEW-CASE'
,$aInfo
);
}
$flagRecord = true;
}
}
if (!$flagRecord) {
$common->frontEndShow("TEXT", "Not exists any record to start a new case, on date \"$datetime (UTC +00:00)\"");
$action = "NO-RECORDS";
$this->log($action, "Not exists any record to start a new case");
$aInfo = array(
'ip' => \G::getIpAddress()
,'action' => $action
,'TimeZone' => $datetime
,'workspace'=> $sysSys
);
$this->syslog(
200
,'Not exists any record to start a new case'
,'NO-RECORDS'
,$aInfo
);
}
$common->frontEndShow("END");
//Intermediate Catch Timer-Event (continue the case) ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////
$action = "START-CONTINUE-CASES";
$this->log($action, "Start continue the cases");
$aInfo = array(
'ip' => \G::getIpAddress()
,'action' => $action
,'TimeZone' => $datetime
,'workspace'=> $sysSys
);
$this->syslog(
200
,'Start continue the cases'
,'START-CONTINUE-CASES'
,$aInfo
);
//Query
$criteriaMain = $this->getTimerEventCriteria();
$criteriaMain->addSelectColumn(\AppDelegationPeer::APP_UID);
$criteriaMain->addSelectColumn(\AppDelegationPeer::DEL_INDEX);
$criteriaMain->addSelectColumn(\AppDelegationPeer::DEL_DELEGATE_DATE);
$criteriaMain->addSelectColumn(\BpmnEventPeer::EVN_NAME);
$arrayCondition = array();
$arrayCondition[] = array(\AppDelegationPeer::PRO_UID, \ProcessPeer::PRO_UID, \Criteria::EQUAL);
$criteriaMain->addJoinMC($arrayCondition, \Criteria::INNER_JOIN);
$criteriaMain->add(\ProcessPeer::PRO_STATUS, "ACTIVE", \Criteria::EQUAL);
$arrayCondition = array();
$arrayCondition[] = array(\AppDelegationPeer::APP_UID, \ApplicationPeer::APP_UID, \Criteria::EQUAL);
$criteriaMain->addJoinMC($arrayCondition, \Criteria::INNER_JOIN);
$criteriaMain->add(\ApplicationPeer::APP_STATUS, "DRAFT", \Criteria::NOT_EQUAL);
$arrayCondition = array();
$arrayCondition[] = array(\AppDelegationPeer::PRO_UID, \TaskPeer::PRO_UID, \Criteria::EQUAL);
$arrayCondition[] = array(\AppDelegationPeer::TAS_UID, \TaskPeer::TAS_UID, \Criteria::EQUAL);
$criteriaMain->addJoinMC($arrayCondition, \Criteria::INNER_JOIN);
$criteriaMain->add(\TaskPeer::TAS_TYPE, "INTERMEDIATE-CATCH-TIMER-EVENT", \Criteria::EQUAL);
$arrayCondition = array();
$arrayCondition[] = array(\TaskPeer::PRO_UID, \ElementTaskRelationPeer::PRJ_UID, \Criteria::EQUAL);
$arrayCondition[] = array(\TaskPeer::TAS_UID, \ElementTaskRelationPeer::TAS_UID, \Criteria::EQUAL);
$criteriaMain->addJoinMC($arrayCondition, \Criteria::INNER_JOIN);
$criteriaMain->add(\ElementTaskRelationPeer::ELEMENT_TYPE, "bpmnEvent", \Criteria::EQUAL);
$arrayCondition = array();
$arrayCondition[] = array(\ElementTaskRelationPeer::PRJ_UID, \TimerEventPeer::PRJ_UID, \Criteria::EQUAL);
$arrayCondition[] = array(\ElementTaskRelationPeer::ELEMENT_UID, \TimerEventPeer::EVN_UID, \Criteria::EQUAL);
$criteriaMain->addJoinMC($arrayCondition, \Criteria::INNER_JOIN);
$arrayCondition = array();
$arrayCondition[] = array(\TimerEventPeer::PRJ_UID, \BpmnEventPeer::PRJ_UID, \Criteria::EQUAL);
$arrayCondition[] = array(\TimerEventPeer::EVN_UID, \BpmnEventPeer::EVN_UID, \Criteria::EQUAL);
$criteriaMain->addJoinMC($arrayCondition, \Criteria::INNER_JOIN);
$criteriaMain->add(\BpmnEventPeer::EVN_TYPE, "INTERMEDIATE", \Criteria::EQUAL);
$criteriaMain->add(\BpmnEventPeer::EVN_MARKER, "TIMER", \Criteria::EQUAL);
$criteriaMain->add(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_OPTION, array("WAIT-FOR", "WAIT-UNTIL-SPECIFIED-DATE-TIME"), \Criteria::IN);
$criteriaMain->add(\TimerEventPeer::TMREVN_STATUS, "ACTIVE", \Criteria::EQUAL);
$criteriaMain->add(\AppDelegationPeer::DEL_THREAD_STATUS, "OPEN", \Criteria::EQUAL);
$criteriaMain->add(\AppDelegationPeer::DEL_FINISH_DATE, null, \Criteria::ISNULL);
//Number records total
$criteriaCount = clone $criteriaMain;
$criteriaCount->clearSelectColumns();
$criteriaCount->addSelectColumn("COUNT(" . \AppDelegationPeer::APP_UID . ") AS NUM_REC");
$rsCriteriaCount = \AppDelegationPeer::doSelectRS($criteriaCount);
$rsCriteriaCount->setFetchmode(\ResultSet::FETCHMODE_ASSOC);
$result = $rsCriteriaCount->next();
$row = $rsCriteriaCount->getRow();
$numRecTotal = $row["NUM_REC"];
//Query
$total = $numRecTotal;
$counter = 0;
$start = 0;
$limit = 1000;
$flagRecord = false;
do {
$flagNextRecord = false;
$criteria = clone $criteriaMain;
$criteria->setOffset($start);
$criteria->setLimit($limit);
$rsCriteria = \AppDelegationPeer::doSelectRS($criteria);
$rsCriteria->setFetchmode(\ResultSet::FETCHMODE_ASSOC);
while ($rsCriteria->next()) {
if ($counter + 1 > $total) {
$flagNextRecord = false;
break;
}
$row = $rsCriteria->getRow();
$row["TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA"] = unserialize($row["TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA"]);
//Set variables
$arrayTimerEventData = $row;
$arrayApplicationData = $case->loadCase($row["APP_UID"]);
$applicationUid = $row["APP_UID"];
$applicationNumber = $arrayApplicationData["APP_NUMBER"];
$delIndex = $row["DEL_INDEX"];
$delDelegateDate = $row["DEL_DELEGATE_DATE"];
$bpmnEventName = $row["EVN_NAME"];
$taskUid = !empty($arrayApplicationData['APP_DATA']) && !empty($arrayApplicationData['APP_DATA']['TASK']) ?
$arrayApplicationData['APP_DATA']['TASK'] : '';
//Continue the case
$continueCaseDate = $delDelegateDate;
switch ($arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_OPTION"]) {
case "WAIT-FOR":
if ($arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_DAY"] . "" != "") {
$continueCaseDate = date("Y-m-d H:i:s", strtotime("$continueCaseDate +" . ((int)($arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_DAY"])) . " days"));
}
if ($arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_HOUR"] . "" != "") {
$continueCaseDate = date("Y-m-d H:i:s", strtotime("$continueCaseDate +" . ((int)($arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_HOUR"])) . " hours"));
}
if ($arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_MINUTE"] . "" != "") {
$continueCaseDate = date("Y-m-d H:i:s", strtotime("$continueCaseDate +" . ((int)($arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_MINUTE"])) . " minutes"));
}
break;
case "WAIT-UNTIL-SPECIFIED-DATE-TIME":
$continueCaseDate = \G::replaceDataField($arrayTimerEventData["TMREVN_CONFIGURATION_DATA"], $arrayApplicationData["APP_DATA"]);
break;
}
$arrayContinueCaseDateData = $this->getYearMonthDayHourMinuteSecondByDatetime($continueCaseDate);
if (!empty($arrayContinueCaseDateData)) {
$flagCase = false;
if (strtotime($continueCaseDate) < strtotime($dateIni)) {
$flagCase = true; //Continue the old case
} else {
$yearCase = $arrayContinueCaseDateData[0];
$monthCase = $arrayContinueCaseDateData[1];
$dayCase = $arrayContinueCaseDateData[2];
$hourCase = $arrayContinueCaseDateData[3];
$minuteCase = $arrayContinueCaseDateData[4];
if ("$yearCase-$monthCase-$dayCase" == "$year-$month-$day") {
if ((int)($hour . $minute) <= (int)($hourCase . $minuteCase)) {
$flagCase = $hourCase == $hour && $minuteCase == $minute;
} else {
$flagCase = true; //Continue the old case
}
}
}
if ($flagCase) {
//Show info in terminal
if ($flagRecord) {
$common->frontEndShow("TEXT", "");
}
if ($bpmnEventName != "") {
$common->frontEndShow("TEXT", "> Name Timer-Event: $bpmnEventName");
}
$common->frontEndShow("TEXT", "> Continue the case #$applicationNumber");
$common->frontEndShow("TEXT", "> Routing the case #$applicationNumber...");
//Continue the case
//Derivate case
$result = $ws->derivateCase("", $applicationUid, $delIndex);
$arrayResult = \G::json_decode(\G::json_encode($result), true);
if ($arrayResult["status_code"] == 0) {
$common->frontEndShow("TEXT", " - OK");
$this->log("CONTINUED-CASE", "Case #$applicationNumber continued, APP_UID: $applicationUid");
$aInfo = array(
'ip' => \G::getIpAddress()
,'action' => 'CONTINUED-CASE'
,'timeZone' => $datetime
,'workspace'=> $sysSys
,'proUid' => $arrayTimerEventData["PRJ_UID"]
,'tasUid' => $taskUid
,'appUid' => $applicationUid
,'appNumber'=> $applicationNumber
,'evnUid' => $row['EVN_UID']
,'evnName' => $row['EVN_NAME']
);
$this->syslog(
200
,"Case #$applicationNumber continued"
,'CONTINUED-CASE'
,$aInfo
);
} else {
$common->frontEndShow("TEXT", " - Failed: " . $arrayResult["message"]);
$this->log("CONTINUED-CASE", $arrayResult["message"] . ", Case: #$applicationNumber, APP_UID: $applicationUid, PRO_UID: " . $arrayTimerEventData["PRJ_UID"], "Failed");
$aInfo = array(
'ip' => \G::getIpAddress()
,'action' => 'CONTINUED-CASE'
,'timeZone' => $datetime
,'workspace'=> $sysSys
,'proUid' => $arrayTimerEventData["PRJ_UID"]
,'tasUid' => $taskUid
,'appUid' => $applicationUid
,'appNumber'=> $applicationNumber
,'evnUid' => $row['EVN_UID']
,'evnName' => $row['EVN_NAME']
);
$this->syslog(
500
,"Failed case #$applicationUid. " . $arrayResult["message"]
,'CONTINUED-CASE'
,$aInfo
);
}
$flagRecord = true;
}
} else {
$this->log("INVALID-CONTINUE-DATE", "Continue date: $continueCaseDate, Case: #$applicationNumber, APP_UID: $applicationUid, PRO_UID: " . $arrayTimerEventData["PRJ_UID"]);
$aInfo = array(
'ip' => \G::getIpAddress()
,'action' => 'INVALID-CONTINUE-DATE'
,'timeZone' => $datetime
,'workspace'=> $sysSys
,'proUid' => $arrayTimerEventData["PRJ_UID"]
,'tasUid' => $taskUid
,'appUid' => $applicationUid
,'appNumber'=> $applicationNumber
,'evnUid' => $row['EVN_UID']
,'evnName' => $row['EVN_NAME']
);
$this->syslog(
200
,'Continue date '. $continueCaseDate
,'INVALID-CONTINUE-DATE'
,$aInfo
);
}
$counter++;
$flagNextRecord = true;
}
$start = $start + $limit;
} while ($flagNextRecord);
if (!$flagRecord) {
$common->frontEndShow("TEXT", "No existing records to continue a case, on date \"$datetime (UTC +00:00)\"");
$this->log("NO-RECORDS", "No existing records to continue a case");
$aInfo = array(
'ip' => \G::getIpAddress()
,'action' => $action
,'TimeZone' => $datetime
,'workspace'=> $sysSys
);
$this->syslog(
200
,'No existing records to continue a case'
,'NO-RECORDS'
,$aInfo
);
}
$common->frontEndShow("END");
} catch (\Exception $e) {
throw $e;
}
}
}
|
Q:
Skip validation if required
I have form with around 40 tabs and on each tab each input field gets compared with some limits. On clicking the next button I validate each tab and on error I don't let the user go to the next tab. Sometimes I need to let the user bypass the validation even with errors. I managed to get it working but the confirm dialog shows twice.
if (!error){
//do abc
}else {
confirm('Continue?');
if (confirm('Continue?') == true) {
//do abc
}
else return false;
}
A:
You seem to be calling the confirm function twice. I'm assuming this will fix it:
if (!error){
//do abc
}else {
var confirmed = confirm('Continue?');
if (confirmed) {
//do abc
}
else return false;
}
|
Q:
Registering a new Command Line Option in RYU App
I need to be able to read in a path file from my simple_switch.py application.I have added the following code to my simple_switch.py in python.
LOG = logging.getLogger(__name__)
CONF = cfg.CONF
CONF.register_cli_opts([
cfg.StrOpt('path-file', default='test.txt',
help='path-file')
])
I attempt to start the application as follows.
bin/ryu-manager --observe-links --path-file test.txt ryu/app/simple_switch.py
However I get the following error.
usage: ryu-manager [-h] [--app-lists APP_LISTS] [--ca-certs CA_CERTS]
[--config-dir DIR] [--config-file PATH]
[--ctl-cert CTL_CERT] [--ctl-privkey CTL_PRIVKEY]
[--default-log-level DEFAULT_LOG_LEVEL] [--explicit-drop]
[--install-lldp-flow] [--log-config-file LOG_CONFIG_FILE]
[--log-dir LOG_DIR] [--log-file LOG_FILE]
[--log-file-mode LOG_FILE_MODE]
[--neutron-admin-auth-url NEUTRON_ADMIN_AUTH_URL]
[--neutron-admin-password NEUTRON_ADMIN_PASSWORD]
[--neutron-admin-tenant-name NEUTRON_ADMIN_TENANT_NAME]
[--neutron-admin-username NEUTRON_ADMIN_USERNAME]
[--neutron-auth-strategy NEUTRON_AUTH_STRATEGY]
[--neutron-controller-addr NEUTRON_CONTROLLER_ADDR]
[--neutron-url NEUTRON_URL]
[--neutron-url-timeout NEUTRON_URL_TIMEOUT]
[--noexplicit-drop] [--noinstall-lldp-flow]
[--noobserve-links] [--nouse-stderr] [--nouse-syslog]
[--noverbose] [--observe-links]
[--ofp-listen-host OFP_LISTEN_HOST]
[--ofp-ssl-listen-port OFP_SSL_LISTEN_PORT]
[--ofp-tcp-listen-port OFP_TCP_LISTEN_PORT] [--use-stderr]
[--use-syslog] [--verbose] [--version]
[--wsapi-host WSAPI_HOST] [--wsapi-port WSAPI_PORT]
[--test-switch-dir TEST-SWITCH_DIR]
[--test-switch-target TEST-SWITCH_TARGET]
[--test-switch-tester TEST-SWITCH_TESTER]
[app [app ...]]
ryu-manager: error: unrecognized arguments: --path-file
It does look like I need to register a new command line option somewhere before I can use it.Can some-one point out to me how to do that? Also can someone explain how to access the file(text.txt) inside the program?
A:
You're on the right track, however the CONF entry that you are creating actually needs to be loaded before your app is loaded, otherwise ryu-manager has no way of knowing it exists!
The file you are looking for is flags.py, under the ryu directory of the source tree (or under the root installation directory).
This is how the ryu/tests/switch/tester.py Ryu app defines it's own arguments, so you might use that as your reference:
CONF.register_cli_opts([
# tests/switch/tester
cfg.StrOpt('target', default='0000000000000001', help='target sw dp-id'),
cfg.StrOpt('tester', default='0000000000000002', help='tester sw dp-id'),
cfg.StrOpt('dir', default='ryu/tests/switch/of13',
help='test files directory')
], group='test-switch')
Following this format, the CONF.register_cli_opts takes an array of config types exactly as you have done it (see ryu/cfg.py for the different types available).
You'll notice that when you run the ryu-manager help, i.e.
ryu-manager --help
the list that comes up is sorted by application (e.g. the group of arguments under 'test-switch options'). For that reason, you will want to specify a group name for your set of commands.
Now let us say that you used the group name 'my-app' and have an argument named 'path-file' in that group, the command line argument will be --my-app-path-file (this can get a little long), while you can access it in your application like this:
from ryu import cfg
CONF = cfg.CONF
path_file = CONF['my-app']['path_file']
Note the use of dash versus the use of underscores.
Cheers!
|
/**
* This header is generated by class-dump-z 0.1-11o.
* class-dump-z is Copyright (C) 2009 by KennyTM~, licensed under GPLv3.
*/
#import "UIPushButton.h"
@interface UITableCellDisclosureView : UIPushButton {
}
-(BOOL)_alwaysHandleScrollerMouseEvent;
@end
|
Q:
getting last column last cell value
i create JTable in that table value are retrieve from data base
(Except fifth column) in fifth column .i enter value through keyboard
in fifth column but when getting value again from jtable at that time
i am not getting last entered value in fifth column please suggest
something
my method code bellow
public class TableDataDelete implements ActionListener
{
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ee) {
int b = table.getRowCount();
System.out.println("row count" + b);
for (int i = 0; i <b; i++) {
try
{
String str = (String) table.getModel().getValueAt(i, 3);
String str1 = (String) table.getModel().getValueAt(i, 5);
if (!(str1 == null)) {
((DefaultTableModel)table.getModel()).removeRow(i);
table.repaint();
System.out.println("remove row no is"+i);
}
}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
{
System.out.println("array index out of bound exception"+e);
}
}
}
}
working code when i enter value of five cells it can get only first four cell from the column cant getting last entered cell value
A:
You should use this code to stop cell editing to get last value
if(table.getCellEditor() != null){
table.getCellEditor().stopCellEditing();
}
|
Arizona Senator Apologizes for Son's Homophobic Tweets
Arizona’s junior U.S. senator, Jeff Flake, is apologizing for homophobic, racist, and anti-Semitic language his teenage son Tanner used on social media.
BuzzFeed yesterday broke the story about Tanner Flake’s bigoted language, reporting that the youth “used Twitter to threaten the ‘faggot’ who stole his bike that he ‘will find you, and … will beat the crap out of you,’ joked about an acquaintance stealing one-liners because he’s Jewish, and went by the name ‘n1ggerkiller’ in an online game.”
These and other offensive tweets were culled from January and February; Tanner’s Twitter account has since been locked, BuzzFeed reports. The site also notes that Tanner posted screen shots from the online game Fun Run with his racially charged character name, and that his comments on YouTube are full of homophobic and racial slurs, including the f and n words as well as calling Mexicans “scum,” plus boasts about his father being in Congress.
“I’m very disappointed in my teenage son’s words, and I sincerely apologize for the insensitivity,” Jeff Flake said in a statement to BuzzFeed. “This language is unacceptable, anywhere. Needless to say, I’ve already spoken with him about this, he has apologized, and I apologize as well.”
Flake, a conservative Republican, is in his first term in the Senate, having been elected in November to succeed Jon Kyl, who retired. Before that he had been in the House of Representatives since 2001, racking up a less than gay-friendly record. For his three most recent terms in the House, the Human Rights Campaign’s Congressional Scorecard, which rates members on their votes on LGBT issues, gave him scores of 0, 20, and 10. |
AbstractBackground: We aimed to explore relations between symptomatic remission and functionality evaluation in schizophrenia patients treated with paliperidone extended-release (ER), as seen in a normal day-to-day practice, using flexible dosing regimens of paliperidone ER. We explored symptomatic remission rate in patients treated with flexibly dosed paliperidone ER by 8 items of Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and change of Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scale. Method: This was a 12-week multicenter, open-label, prospective clinical study conducted in in-patient and outpatient populations. Flexible dosing in the range 3-12 mg/day was used throughout the study. All subjects attended clinic visits on weeks 0, 4, 8, and 12 as usual clinical practice for the 12-week observation period. Data were summarized with respect to demographic and baseline characteristics, efficacy measurement with PANSS scale, PSP, and social functioning score, and safety observations. Descriptive statistics were performed to identify the retention rate at each visit as well as the symptomatic remission rate. Summary statistics of average doses the subjects received were based on all subjects participating in the study. Results: A total of 480 patients were enrolled. Among them, 426 patients (88.8%) had evaluation at week 4 and 350 (72.9%) completed the 12-week evaluation. Patients with at least moderate severity of schizophrenia were evaluated as “mild” or better on PANSS scale by all 8 items after 12 weeks of treatment with paliperidone ER. There was significant improvement in patients’ functionality as measured by PSP improvement and score changes. Concerning the other efficacy parameters, PANSS total scale, PSP total scale, and social functioning total scale at the end of study all indicated statistically significant improvement by comparison with baseline. The safety profile also demonstrated that paliperidone ER was well-tolerated without clinically significant changes after treatment administration. Conclusions: Although the short-term nature of this study may limit the potential for assessing improvements in function, it is noteworthy that in the present short-term study significant improvements in patient personal and social functioning with paliperidone ER treatment were observed, as assessed by PSP scale. Trial Registration: Clinical Trials. PAL-TWN-MA3
Background Schizophrenia is a severe form of mental illness affecting about 24 million people worldwide (7 per 1000 adult population), mostly in the age group 15-35 years. Although the incidence is low (3/10,000), the prevalence is high due to chronicity [1]. Deficits in social functioning can be observed throughout the course of * Correspondence: yeh.yuchi@gmail.com 8 Department of Psychiatry, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
schizophrenia: in the early stages, during acute exacerbations, and over long-term maintenance treatment. The early course of schizophrenia typically includes a prodromal phase characterized by nonspecific symptoms and behaviors, a formal onset/deteriorative stage with active psychosis, cognitive impairment, negative symptoms, and social deficits, and a period of several years following the initial episode that often includes repeated episodes of psychosis with a progressive increase in residual symptoms and functional decline. There is general
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Roots and Radicals
Roots and Radicals introduces students to rational exponents and helps with studying how to simplify and otherwise manipulate expressions with radicals and roots using their properties and rules. Students will learn through practice problems like those found in their homework how to rationalize, combine, expand radicals. Topics include: |
Baddies who control young women with Heroin etc
Surely, this crime deserves a separate and harsher punishment than is currently the case. The problem is, the nature of the crime, the vulnerable women are often compliant and complicit in the crime - for obvious addiction reasons.
Its not like a normal drug dealer who sells somebody 20 worth of gear and disappears. Call them Pimps, or call them other nasty names.
what are your thoughts ? liberal permissive society of grown adults ? not the nanny State. Or its the job of the State to protect the vulnerable. You decide. |
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What to Know
Giving Tuesday, which raised $300 million last year, could be even bigger in 2018
Although the new tax laws sharply reduced the tax benefits of charitable giving, you can still make the most of your contributions
Doing good is its own reward. Reaping the tax benefits is a nice perk.
Charitable donations generally kick into high gear on "Giving Tuesday," a single day specifically focused on charity in the shopping-heavy week after Thanksgiving.
#GivingTuesday raised $300 million last year, according to GivingTuesday.org – although it remains to be seen whether this year will surpass that, in light of changes to the federal tax code under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act passed last December.
The new tax laws, among other things, eliminate or sharply reduce the benefits of charitable giving for many would-be donors.
Even though the deduction for donations is unchanged, you still need to itemize to claim it, and that's a much higher bar with the nearly doubled standard deduction.
Under the new law, an individual will need total itemized deductions to exceed $12,000, the new standard deduction for individual taxpayers, up from $6,350. Married couples would need deductions exceeding $24,000, up from $12,700.
As a result, fewer people will itemize this year, which means many won't reap the tax benefits of their charitable contributions. That could put a damper on some people's charitable inclinations this holiday season.
"There are certain people who don't always care about the tax benefit; they're going to give anyway," said Bryan Havighurst, head of the wealth planning team at Fifth Third Private Bank. But there are also those that "will give more if there's a tax benefit," he added.
Still, even with the new tax legislation, 2018 has the potential to exceed last year's record levels of giving, according to Kim Laughton, president of Schwab Charitable.
"The charitable deduction was one of the few deductions that was not capped or eliminated like many other deductions," she said. "It's a relative bright spot for tax planning."
In fact, 49 percent of U.S. donors plan to donate more money to charity in 2018 than they did in 2017 and only 10 percent said they plan to give less this year, according to a separate report by online fundraising software company Classy, which polled 1,000 adults in November.
Of course, you don't have to reap the benefits to give back but if you do want to maximize the impact of your charitable contributions while complying with the new tax laws, the National Association of Enrolled Agents offers a few tax tips to help:
Bundle your donations. One way to surpass the new, higher standard deduction is to save money over time and donate every two or three years instead of every year.
For example, instead of giving $5,000 to charity annually, accelerate the gift by giving $10,000 every two years. This way, you may get your itemized deductions over the limit one year and take the standard deduction the next.
Make a qualified charitable distribution from an IRA in lieu of taking a required minimum distribution. Retirees age 70½ or older might also consider transferring money from their IRA to a qualifying charity.
Such qualified charitable distributions can be a tax-efficient way of meeting your required minimum distribution — and you don't need to itemize your deductions to benefit.
Using a qualified charitable distribution lets you reduce your taxable income by the amount donated, up to 50 percent of your adjusted gross income, according to the National Association of Enrolled Agents.
Donate appreciated stock instead of cash. Another wise tax move would be to avoid the capital gains tax on investments by donating stocks or other appreciated assets, such as artwork and antiques, which have grown in value.
High-income earners in particular could consider a noncash donation specifically because of the tax advantages. Although after the market run-up earlier this year, even those who have small holdings could benefit by donating appreciated investments before the end of the year, Laughton said.
Cover the basics. Finally, check out the IRS guidelines before giving and make sure the organizations to which you donate are tax-exempt. The organization you're giving to should be able to provide information and documentation to confirm it's a registered 501(c)(3) or use the tax-exempt organization search tool available on the IRS website. |
Kevin Weekes faced his toughest assignment last night since becoming the Devils' new No. 1 goalie, but can he also play Sunday night against the Edmonton Oilers?
Or would back-to-back starts be too much for Weekes?
"I'm going to monitor it after the game tonight," Devils coach Brent Sutter said before Saturday night's game against the Detroit Red Wings at Joe Louis Arena. "I'll see what type of game it is here tonight and then we'll point at that point in time." |
1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to an electrical power device, and more particularly to an electrical power device of a fitness equipment.
2. Description of Related Art
Health concept is an important issue to modern people. It requires not only diet controlling but also exercising to make people healthy. Therefore, fitness equipments such as treadmills, weightlifting machines and rowing machines are popular apparatuses that enable people to train their own bodies in their city life. Besides, environmental awareness is also an important issue to modern people. Resources recycling and energy regenerating are the major concepts to protect the earth. Although it is not a new idea to recycle the energy generated by people, especially when exercising, yet there is no suitable mechanism to achieve it. |
PEB
The Process Environment Block (PEB) is a process’s user-mode representation.
It has the highest-level knowledge of a process in kernel mode and the lowest-level
in user mode. The PEB is created by the kernel but is
mostly operated on from user mode. If a (system) process has no user-mode footprint,
it has no PEB. If only in principle, if anything about
a process is shared with kernel mode but can be properly managed in user mode without
needing a transition to kernel mode, it goes in the PEB.
If anything about a process might usefully be shared between user-mode modules,
then it’s at least a candidate for going in the PEB
for easy access. Very much more in principle than in practice, data may go into
the PEB for sharing between processes more easily than
by any formal inter-process communication.
Access
User-mode code can easily find its own process’s PEB,
albeit only by using undocumented or semi-documented behaviour. While a thread executes
in user mode, its fs or gs
register, for 32-bit and 64-bit code respectively, is loaded with a selector for
a segment whose base address is that of the thread’s TEB. That structure’s ProcessEnvironmentBlock
member holds the address of the current process’s PEB.
In NTDLL version 5.1 and higher, this simple work is available more neatly as an
exported function, named RtlGetCurrentPeb, but it
too is undocumented. Its implementation is something very like
The difference scarcely matters at run time but has forensic significance because
use of the latter in a high-level module, e.g., for MSHTML.DLL from Internet Explorer
6, not only shows that the programmers had undocumented knowledge of the
PEB and TEB but also suggests
they had access to otherwise private headers (if not to use them in their build,
then at least to reproduce from them).
Other Processes
User-mode code can less easily access the PEB of
any process for which it has a handle and sufficient access rights. The gatekeeper
is the NtQueryInformationProcess function. This is
exported by NTDLL in all known Windows versions. Its ProcessBasicInformation
case fills a PROCESS_BASIC_INFORMATION structure whose
member named PebBaseAddress is, unsurprisingly, the
address of the queried process’s PEB. Of course, the
address thus obtained is not directly usable. It is meaningful in the queried process’s
address space. Even just to read that process’s PEB
then requires such functions as ReadProcessMemory
and the corresponding permission. To do much with what’s read may require synchronisation
with or defence against changes being made by the queried process’s own threads—and
writing to the queried process’s PEB
certainly requires such synchronisation. In consequence, safe use of another process’s
PEB is beyond many programers who attempt it, e.g.,
for malware and more notably for some of what gets foisted onto consumers as anti-malware
or merely recommended to them as supposedly helpful system tools.
Documentation Status
In an ideal world, the PEB might be opaque outside
the kernel and a few low-level user-mode modules such as NTDLL and KERNEL32. But,
as noted in remarks above about forsensic signfiicance, various high-level modules
supplied with Windows over the years have used a few members of the
PEB, and this eventually had to be disclosed. A new
header, named WINTERNL.H, for previously internal APIs was added to the Software
Development Kit (SDK) apparently in 2002, and remains to this day. It originally
presented a modified PEB that has just the
BeingDebugged and SessionId
members, plus padding that gets these members to the same offsets as in the true
structure. More members have been included in this modified
PEB over the years: Ldr,
ProcessParameters and PostProcessInitRoutine
in the SDK for Windows 7; and AtlThunkSListPtr and
AtlThunkSListPtr32 in the SDK for Windows 8. Notwithstanding
the header’s warnings, it seems unlikely that Microsoft will change the
PEB in any way that moves any of these members.
Layout
Indeed, the PEB is highly stable across Windows versions.
When members fall out of use the space they occupied tends to be left in place,
often to be reused eventually, but without shifting other members. Many members
that are useful—to know about not just when debugging but also when studying malware—have
kept their positions through all the known history. The PEB
has grown mostly by adding new members at its end. The following sizes are known
(with caveats that follow the table):
Version
Size (x86)
Size (x64)
3.10 to 3.50
0x70
3.51
0x98
4.0
0x0150
5.0
0x01E8
5.1
0x0210
5.2
0x0230
0x0358
6.0
0x0238
0x0368
6.1
0x0248
0x0380
6.2 to 10.0
0x0250
0x0388
These sizes, and the offsets, types and names in the tables that follow, are
from Microsoft’s symbol files for the kernel starting with Windows 2000 SP3 and
for NTDLL starting with Windows XP, but are something of a guess for earlier versions
since the symbol files for these do not contain type information for the
PEB. What’s known of Microsoft’s names and types for
earlier versions is instead inferred from what use NTOSKRNL and various low-level
user-mode modules such as NTDLL are seen to make of the PEB.
Exhaustively tracking down all such use would be difficult, if not impossible, even
with source code.
There is in addition the difficulty that my holdings of the earliest versions
are incomplete. Not only do I miss some service packs before Windows NT 4.0 SP3
but in the only copy I have obtained of any service pack of Windows NT 3.50 several
DLLs, including NTDLL.DLL, are actually version 3.10.
Original (More or Less)
The very first member is arguably too much overlooked, given that so many programmers
with backgrounds in Unix seem to think that assessment of Windows as an operating
system begins and ends with whether Windows truly can fork
a process.
No use is known of the other bytes at the start in version 3.10. They are here
thought to have been unlabelled alignment space until whichever of versions 3.50
and 3.51 defined the next two booleans. The (documented) KERNEL32 function
IsDebuggerPresent does nothing more than read
BeingDebugged from the current
PEB. Whether the byte at offset 0x03 was labelled explicitly as spare concurrently
with definition of the two at offsets 0x01 and 0x02 is not certain but is at least
plausible. It anyway never was used as a boolean but started getting used as bit
fields in the build of version 5.2 that first put the CPU’s support for large pages
to use as an efficiency for executable images. The individual bits are presented
separately, description being complicated because Windows 8.1 deleted one of them
(IsLegacyProcess) and thus changed the masks for accessing
the others.
Of the original PEB members,
Ldr and ProcessParameters are arguably the most
used by Microsoft’s higher-level modules and Microsoft eventually included them
in the reduced PEB that’s published in WINTERN.H for
all the world to know about. The ProcessHeap can’t be
far behind, however: the ancient (documented) KERNEL32 function
GetProcessHeap has always done nothing more than read
ProcessHeap from the current PEB,
but very many Microsoft programs and DLLs instead read ProcessHeap
by themselves (as if GetProcessHeap in inlined for
their use).
At the other extreme, the SubSystemData is about
as obscure as anything gets in Windows programming for ordinary purposes. As its
name suggests, it is intended for subsystems that don’t have enough of Microsoft’s
attention to justify defining their own members in the PEB
itself. A subsystem, such as supported by PSXDLL.DLL, can point
SubSystemData at its own collection of per-process data.
Offset (x86)
Offset (x64)
Definition
Versions
0x1C
0x38
PVOID FastPebLock;
3.10 to 5.0
RTL_CRITICAL_SECTION *FastPebLock;
5.1 and higher
0x20
0x40
PVOID FastPebLockRoutine;
3.10 to 5.1
PVOID SparePtr1;
early 5.2 only
PVOID AtlThunkSListPtr;
late 5.2 and higher
0x24
0x48
PVOID FastPebUnlockRoutine;
3.10 to 5.1
PVOID SparePtr2;
5.2 only
PVOID IFEOKey;
6.0 and higher
In early versions, NTDLL supports its exported (undocumented)
RtlAcquirePebLock and RtlReleasePebLock
functions by storing in the PEB the addresses not just
of a FastPebLock variable in the NTDLL data but of
two routines for acquiring and releasing whatever is the lock. Though it does happen
that the lock is a critical section and the routines are just the expected
RtlEnterCriticalSection and
RtlLeaveCriticalSection, not until version 5.1 is the lock’s nature formalised
in the PEB and not until version 5.2 does NTDLL stop
saving the routines’ addresses in the PEB.
You might wonder why they ever were saved in the PEB.
After all, the RtlAcquirePebLock and
RtlReleasePebLock functions ought to suffice for Microsoft’s
user-mode code that’s outside NTDLL and wants to synchronise its access to the
PEB with access by other threads in the same process.
What fascinates me, and prompts this digression, is that the only use I know of
FastPebLock from outside NTDLL is in
kernel mode. Moreover, it also uses the long-gone
FastPebLockRoutine and FastPebUnlockRoutine
members. Go back far enough and this is done by linking the exact same implementations
of the RtlAcquirePebLock and
RtlReleasePebLock functions into both NTDLL and the
kernel—yes, with the kernel finding the PEB from the
TEB, in turn found from the fs
register as described above. Version 5.1 re-implemented so that the kernel instead
progresses through structures that have no user-mode susceptibility, thus from the
fs register to the KPCR to the
KTHREAD to
the EPROCESS
for its pointer to the PEB. If this change was motivated
by thoughts of security, it was worse than pointless because the kernel does not
just follow the FastPebLockRoutine and
FastPebUnlockRoutine pointers in the
PEB but calls through
them to execute (what is hoped to be) NTDLL code at its user-mode address. Do not
miss that whatever is there gets executed with ring 0 privilege.
This trick that is plainly too clever for anyone’s good had extensive use in
the very earliest versions. Among the reasons the kernel would access the
PEB in ways that needed synchronisation with access
by other threads (most likely in user mode) were such things as the kernel allocating
from and freeing to the process heap. Even as late as version 5.1, this execution
of user-mode code with kernel-mode prvilege was still being done for the exported
(and documented) function RtlQueryRegistryValues to
expand environment variables whose names are found between percent signs in registry
data that has the REG_EXPAND_SZ type.
In those versions that have it, the EnvironmentUpdateCount
is incremented when an attempt to set the current directory gets as far as NTDLL’s
RtlSetCurrentDirectory_U function. What this has to
do with any sort of environment is not known. Windows Vista anyway replaced this
counter with a set of flags.
What KernelCallbackTable points to is an array of
function pointers to support the exported (undocumented)
KiUserCallbackDispatcher function. This is one of the relatively few functions
that NTDLL exports not to be imported by other user-mode modules but to be found
by the kernel. The function is called by the kernel when a driver, typically WIN32K.SYS,
calls the kernel export KeUserModeCallback. Of course,
the NTDLL function is not actually called by the kernel. It instead becomes the
target address for the kernel’s exit from ring 0 to ring 3. Still,
KiUserCallbackDispatcher perceives that it has been
called and that among its arguments is an index into the KernelCallbackTable.
This selects where further to dispatch the execution deeper into user mode. Getting
back to kernel mode with the appearance of returning from a call to user mode is
important enough to have a dedicated interrupt number, 0x2B.
The array of function pointers that is the KernelCallbackTable
is set into place by USER32.DLL during its initialisation, but not until after USER32
connects to the CSRSS server. Starting with version 6.0, if the process is a so-called
protected process, the KernelCallbackTable pointer is
first put to double duty as the UserSharedInfoPtr. Just
while connecting, it becomes a side-channel for receiving a
SHAREDINFO structure directly from WIN32K.SYS.
For neither EnvironmentUpdateCount nor
KernelCallbackTable is any earlier use yet known. Earlier
use of KernelCallbackTable would have to be very different
since the kernel has no KeUserModeCallback function
before version 3.51. It therefore seems more than merely plausible that the explicit
reservation of two dwords immediately after these members, as known from symbol
files for late service packs of Windows 2000, started as four.
Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 got into some sort of tussle about using the
last of the previously reserved dwords. The ExecuteOptions
certainly are used in the early releases of both. These two bits do not, however,
have the same meaning as later flags for the Data Execution Prevention (DEP) that
came with the late builds of these versions. They are concerned instead with checking
for stack overflow.
Offset (x86)
Offset (x64)
Definition
Versions
0x38
0x68
PEB_FREE_BLOCK *FreeList;
3.10 to early 6.0
ULONG SparePebPtr0;
late 6.0 only
PVOID ApiSetMap;
6.1 and higher
The PEB_FREE_BLOCK is simply a pointer to the
Next of its type, presumably to make a single-linked
list, and a 32-bit unsigned Size. The suggestion is
of caching freed memory, but although FreeList is defined
in symbol files, no use is known of it in any version. The
ApiSetMap that replaces it is the process’s pointer to the kernel’s representation
of the API Set Schema of redirections
that NTDLL is to apply when loading DLLs. What the kernel points
ApiSetMap to is a read-only mapping into the process’s
address space. Pointing ApiSetMap elsewhere would seem
to be not just possible but attractive, whether for mischief or for the supposedly
well-intentioned intrusiveness of security tools as an alternative to hooking API
functions by such techniques as patching code.
All the remaining members that are shown for version 3.10 and higher certainly
were in use from the beginning.
Offset (x86)
Offset (x64)
Definition
Versions
0x3C
0x70
ULONG TlsExpansionCounter;
all
0x40
0x78
PVOID TlsBitmap;
all
0x44
0x80
ULONG TlsBitmapBits [2];
all
0x4C
0x88
PVOID ReadOnlySharedMemoryBase;
all
0x50
0x90
PVOID ReadOnlySharedMemoryHeap;
3.10 to 5.2
PVOID HotpatchInformation;
6.0 and higher
0x54
0x98
PVOID *ReadOnlyStaticServerData;
all
0x58
0xA0
PVOID AnsiCodePageData;
all
0x5C
0xA8
PVOID OemCodePageData;
all
0x60
0xB0
PVOID UnicodeCaseTableData;
all
0x64
0xB8
ULONG NumberOfProcessors;
3.51 and higher
0x68
0xBC
ULONG NtGlobalFlag;
3.51 and higher
0x68 (3.10 to 3.50);
0x70
0xC0
LARGE_INTEGER CriticalSectionTimeout;
all
See that version 3.51 didn’t just append new members but instead inserted two,
such that CriticalSectionTimeout becomes the first known
case of any PEB member shifting between versions.
Appended for Windows NT 3.51
Offset (x86)
Offset (x64)
Definition
Versions
0x78
0xC8
ULONG_PTR HeapSegmentReserve;
3.51 and higher
0x7C
0xD0
ULONG_PTR HeapSegmentCommit;
3.51 and higher
0x80
0xD8
ULONG_PTR HeapDeCommitTotalFreeThreshold;
3.51 and higher
0x84
0xE0
ULONG_PTR HeapDeCommitFreeBlockThreshold;
3.51 and higher
0x88
0xE8
ULONG NumberOfHeaps;
3.51 and higher
0x8C
0xEC
ULONG MaximumNumberOfHeaps;
3.51 and higher
0x90
0xF0
PVOID *ProcessHeaps;
3.51 and higher
0x94
0xF8
PVOID GdiSharedHandleTable;
3.51 and higher
Appended for Windows NT 4.0
Offset (x86)
Offset (x64)
Definition
Versions
0x98
0x0100
PVOID ProcessStarterHelper;
4.0 and higher
0x9C
0x0108
ULONG GdiDCAttributeList;
4.0 and higher
0xA0
0x0110
PVOID LoaderLock;
4.0 to 5.1
RTL_CRITICAL_SECTION *LoaderLock;
5.2 and higher
0xA4
0x0118
ULONG OSMajorVersion;
4.0 and higher
0xA8
0x011C
ULONG OSMinorVersion;
4.0 and higher
0xAC
0x0120
USHORT OSBuildNumber;
4.0 and higher
0xAE
0x0122
USHORT OSCSDVersion;
4.0 and higher
0xB0
0x0124
ULONG OSPlatformId;
4.0 and higher
0xB4
0x0128
ULONG ImageSubsystem;
4.0 and higher
0xB8
0x012C
ULONG ImageSubsystemMajorVersion;
4.0 and higher
0xBC
0x0130
ULONG ImageSubsystemMinorVersion;
4.0 and higher
0xC0
0x0138
KAFFINITY ImageProcessAffinityMask;
4.0 to early 6.0
KAFFINITY ActiveProcessAffinityMask;
late 6.0 and higher
0xC4
0x0140
ULONG GdiHandleBuffer [0x22];
4.0 and higher (x86)
ULONG GdiHandleBuffer [0x3C];
4.0 and higher (x64)
0x014C
0x0230
VOID (*PostProcessInitRoutine) (VOID);
4.0 and higher
Appended for Windows 2000
Offset (x86)
Offset (x64)
Definition
Versions
0x0150
0x0238
PVOID TlsExpansionBitmap;
5.0 and higher
0x0154
0x0240
ULONG TlsExpansionBitmapBits [0x20];
5.0 and higher
0x01D4
0x02C0
ULONG SessionId;
5.0 and higher
The SessionId is one of the two
PEB members that Microsoft documented when required
to disclose use of internal APIs by so-called middleware.
Insertion of the next three members for Windows XP produces the last known case
of members whose offset varies between versions. Don’t miss the irony that this
was done in the name of application compatibility. |
placement from hybaaagahamgbba. What is prob of sequence gm?
1/105
Two letters picked without replacement from nsnnsxn. What is prob of sequence nn?
2/7
Two letters picked without replacement from xwdvhtv. Give prob of sequence wd.
1/42
Two letters picked without replacement from riztjjth. What is prob of sequence rj?
1/28
Three letters picked without replacement from jjjjjjkjjjjjjjjjjjj. What is prob of sequence jjj?
16/19
Three letters picked without replacement from coccooccvccovvcc. Give prob of sequence coc.
3/35
Three letters picked without replacement from xyzuybuqq. Give prob of sequence buu.
1/252
Three letters picked without replacement from pppppzpp. Give prob of sequence ppz.
1/8
What is prob of sequence kps when three letters picked without replacement from {w: 7, s: 2, p: 4, k: 2, f: 2}?
1/255
Two letters picked without replacement from {j: 2, l: 1, a: 1, d: 1, f: 2}. What is prob of sequence af?
1/21
Two letters picked without replacement from {z: 10, c: 4}. What is prob of sequence cc?
6/91
Calculate prob of sequence fnb when three letters picked without replacement from zmxnbfz.
1/210
Four letters picked without replacement from {b: 4, c: 7}. What is prob of sequence bbbc?
7/330
Three letters picked without replacement from ifffffidffffdffifdf. Give prob of sequence ifi.
13/969
Three letters picked without replacement from {x: 4, k: 6}. Give prob of sequence kkk.
1/6
What is prob of sequence uuu when three letters picked without replacement from {b: 1, o: 11, u: 5, s: 3}?
1/114
Four letters picked without replacement from ggoooffogogg. What is prob of sequence ggff?
1/297
Four letters picked without replacement from dydydrrdrrrrr. Give prob of sequence rydd.
7/715
Calculate prob of sequence wb when two letters picked without replacement from {c: 1, q: 1, b: 2, j: 5, w: 1}.
1/45
What is prob of sequence bpb when three letters picked without replacement from bpbupubpbpu?
8/165
What is prob of sequence gm when two letters picked without replacement from {z: 2, g: 1, m: 2, b: 1, c: 2, k: 1}?
1/36
What is prob of sequence llf when three letters picked without replacement from lffffl?
1/15
Two letters picked without replacement from {l: 2, h: 2}. What is prob of sequence hh?
1/6
Calculate prob of sequence pdsp when four letters picked without replacement from sdpppppppppdpp.
5/546
What is prob of sequence hh when two letters picked without replacement from {h: 3, o: 1}?
1/2
Calculate prob of sequence jbb when three letters picked without replacement from {v: 2, b: 4, j: 1, z: 1}.
1/28
Three letters picked without replacement from frrvgdzg. What is prob of sequence fzd?
1/336
Two letters picked without replacement from ffqh. Give prob of sequence ff.
1/6
Three letters picked without replacement from heevpeeehphev. Give prob of sequence php.
1/286
Four letters picked without replacement from jiyifffeeiyjyeieesfe. What is prob of sequence yjjs?
1/19380
What is prob of sequence ct when two letters picked without replacement from citirttrctttiiiiiti?
7/171
Four letters picked without replacement from klninnfni. Give prob of sequence inik.
1/378
Three letters picked without replacement from {w: 2, a: 1, z: 1, y: 1}. What is prob of sequence yaw?
1/30
Calculate prob of sequence ea when two letters picked without replacement from {a: 1, e: 1, t: 1, s: 2, p: 2}.
1/42
Calculate prob of sequence wmmc when four letters picked without replacement from mscwrdms.
1/840
Four letters picked without replacement from {p: 1, x: 1, b: 4, t: 2, o: 2}. What is prob of sequence bpto?
1/315
Two letters picked without replacement from uduhuhuduhddukuuuku. What is prob of sequence hk?
1/57
Calculate prob of sequence iii when three letters picked without replacement from iiiii.
1
Three letters picked without replacement from byepj. What is prob of sequence jbe?
1/60
Calculate prob of sequence uu when two letters picked without replacement from vuvuvuuvuvuvuuvuvvvv.
18/95
What is prob of sequence uk when two letters picked without replacement from dkdzdddzukdk?
1/44
Calculate prob of sequence fpzz when four letters picked without replacement from ppfzpzpf.
1/105
Two letters picked without replacement from vlvvl. What is prob of sequence vl?
3/10
Four letters picked without replacement from {o: 5, v: 11}. What is prob of sequence ovvo?
55/1092
Four letters picked without replacement from {i: 1, a: 1, q: 2, b: 1}. Give prob of sequence ibqa.
1/60
What is prob of sequence ooe when three letters picked without replacement from {e: 3, o: 5}?
5/28
Four letters picked without replacement from hheoh. What is prob of sequence eeho?
0
What is prob of sequence uww when three letters picked without replacement from {w: 5, u: 7}?
7/66
Calculate prob of sequence ifj when three letters picked without replacement from {n: 8, w: 1, j: 1, i: 2, f: 5}.
1/408
What is prob of sequence mkpp when four letters picked without replacement from {m: 7, p: 4, w: 1, q: 3, k: 3}?
7/2040
Three letters picked without replacement from {a: 2, g: 8, r: 5, x: 1}. Give prob of sequence xga.
1/210
Three letters picked without replacement from {g: 1, u: 5, s: 1, q: 5, l: 1, j: 1}. What is prob of sequence qjq?
5/546
What is prob of sequence fwkf when four letters picked without replacement from kfcwfc?
1/180
Calculate prob of sequence kvj when three letters picked without replacement from {v: 1, k: 6, j: 7}.
1/52
Calculate prob of sequence lf when two letters picked without replacement from ffllfflllfff.
35/132
Four letters picked without replacement from {d: 3, q: 6, c: 3, s: 2, g: 2}. Give prob of sequence gsqq.
1/364
What is prob of sequence ndd when three letters picked without replacement from ddn?
1/3
Calculate prob of sequence krkr when four letters picked without replacement from {r: 12, k: 7}.
77/1292
Calculate prob of sequence xz when two letters picked without replacement from bzfhdbx.
1/42
Three letters picked without replacement from {o: 3, g: 4, d: 2}. Give prob of sequence goo.
1/21
Calculate prob of sequence rart when four letters picked without replacement from {f: 1, r: 2, a: 1, t: 2}.
1/90
Three letters picked without replacement from {z: 7, p: 2, y: 6}. Give prob of sequence yzz.
6/65
Four letters picked without replacement from {w: 3, s: 1, f: 4}. What is prob of sequence wsfw?
1/70
Four letters picked without replacement from {b: 7, d: 7}. What is prob of sequence ddbd?
35/572
Four letters picked without replacement from ccmmccmcccmccpmcc. What is prob of sequence cmcp?
55/5712
Calculate prob of sequence oimi when four letters picked without replacement from mmioimiomm.
1/84
Four letters picked without replacement from {j: 5, m: 8}. Give prob of sequence mjmm.
14/143
Calculate prob of sequence sqrs when four letters picked without replacement from {s: 4, q: 1, i: 2, r: 4}.
1/165
Three letters picked without replacement from {j: 1, o: 1, p: 3, k: 3, v: 2, i: 1}. What is prob of sequence kpj?
1/110
Three letters picked without replacement from {c: 1, e: 2, w: 3, t: 1, n: 4}. Give prob of sequence ect.
1/495
Four letters picked without replacement from xjexjxxxxxxexjxj. Give prob of sequence jjej.
1/910
Calculate prob of sequence awss when four letters picked without replacement from {q: 4, s: 2, a: 2, u: 1, w: 1, l: 5}.
1/8190
What is prob of sequence fyfy when four letters picked without replacement from tfhffyyffhff?
7/990
What is prob of sequence yu when two letters picked without replacement from {l: 2, u: 4, y: 8}?
16/91
Two letters picked without replacement from pmyzzyyzyzpmzpzyzzz. Give prob of sequence zp.
3/38
Four letters picked without replacement from ijixixzixiu. What is prob of sequence izxj?
1/528
Four letters picked without replacement from eeeeeefeeeeeeeeeeee. Give prob of sequence ffff.
0
Two letters picked without replacement from {z: 7, l: 2, r: 1}. What is prob of sequence lr?
1/45
Calculate prob of sequence dla when three letters picked without replacement from {l: 2, h: 1, d: 4, a: 2}.
2/63
Two letters picked without replacement from iioiiiiiioooiioiiiii. What is prob of sequence oi?
15/76
Three letters picked without replacement from zddxdbkzzdqqxddddx. Give prob of sequence qxk.
1/816
Two letters picked without replacement from owwowow. Give prob of |
When the U.S. beat Mexico in prime time at Azteca Stadium in August for the first time, as many as 9.4 million viewers watched all or part of the game on Univision, more than any other network that evening in the coveted 18-34 demographic.
In contrast, just fewer than 800,000 viewers watched the historic game on ESPN2 (Univision averaged
more than
4.5 million).
Even given that many English-language soccer fans favor Spanish-language coverage over the quantity and quality on ESPN, the respective viewership reflects a stunningly huge disparity in the interest in the game between the Mexican-American and Anglo cultures.
What’s more, in Mexico and U.S. Spanish-language media the shocking result was front-page news. Many English-language U.S. newspapers didn’t even have the game story on the front cover of the sports section and instead buried it inside.
The reaction from the two soccer cultures tells everything you need to know about the importance of what is one of the best rivalries in world soccer in the respective nations.
“Most American fans didn’t know we hadn’t won in 75 years (of trying), whereas most Mexican fans knew they had never lost to the U.S. on home soil,” said Echo Park resident Pablo Miralles, one of the filmmakers behind the independent documentary “Gringos at the Gate.”
The film, four years in the making, traces the history and increasing significance of the rivalry on and off the pitch. It has its West coast premier at 6 p.m. Sunday at the Downtown Independent Theater in Los Angeles. For tickets, to pre-order the DVD scheduled for release later this year, or for more information, visit www.gringosatthegate.com.
It is in a sense the definitive Southern California soccer movie. You cannot understand soccer in Southern California without some appreciation of the U.S.-Mexico rivalry.
The filmmakers effectively mine rich, local soccer resources to tell the story. They interview Spanish-speaking former Galaxy coach Steve Sampson, L.A. native and former Galaxy striker Herculez Gomez, now playing in Mexico, and former local players Eric Wynalda, Cobi Jones, Rick Davis and Paul Caliguri.
Miralles, born to an Argentine father and Dutch mother, grew up in Altadena playing soccer in a league his father helped found and watching the old L.A. Aztecs play in the NASL.
He made the movie in partnership with fellow UCLA film school grads Michael Whalen and Mexico City native Robert Donati after watching the U.S knock out Mexico in the 2002 World Cup. It was the first time the nations had met in a World Cup, and the result still stings El Tri fans a decade later.
The result crystallized for Miralles how he could tell the story of soccer’s growth and evolution in the U.S. and what that would mean for Mexico, for decades the sport’s dominant power in the region.
“This is how I can explain to people the United States has come of age at some level,” he said. “It seemed to me to be a great source to show the development of U.S. soccer in my lifetime.”
The main theme of the movie is readily apparent. Most U.S. sports fans care little for a rivalry that goes to the very heart of Mexico’s national identity.
But the filmmakers try to delve deeper and explain what the growing U.S. prowess in soccer means for the development and future of the sport in both nations.
For instance, it didn’t escape the attention of Mexicans that a half dozen of the players on the victorious U.S. team played south of the border. Indeed, Miralles believes that’s helping spur the development of the youth system in Mexico, most recently expressed at the Olympics when a team of largely Under-23 players took the gold medal.
“In my opinion they are doing well because of the United States, because they are feeling threatened by this neighbor they used to beat easily,” he said. “It’s beneficial to both sides that this rivalry exists.”
And it is changing as the years pass.
Some Mexican-Americans are opting to cheer for the U.S. rather than their parents’ homeland.
The Mexican league is an increasingly viable option for Mexican-Americans to play in professionally rather than wait to be spotted in the white-dominated youth soccer system here.
And what happens, Miralles wonders, if Mexico – or imagine – the U.S. wins a World Cup or comes close in his lifetime?
“By no means are we at the end of this thing,” Miralles said. “It has evolved in the four years we started making this movie.”
Veteran journalist Nick Green is the beat reporter for the cities of Torrance, Carson and Lomita and also covers the South Bay's rapidly growing craft beer industry for the Daily Breeze. He has worked for newspapers on the West Coast since graduating in 1987 from the University of Washington and lives in Old Torrance with his wife and two cats. Follow him on Twitter @NickGreen007 and @BeerGogglesLA. |
Gang attack pupils playing in Cardiff rugby tournament Published duration 10 March 2017
image copyright Google
School children playing in an inter-schools rugby match have been attacked by a group of youths in a Cardiff park.
Reports claim some of the gang were carrying knives and bats when they set about the teenagers at a park in Ely.
A boy was taken to Cardiff's University Hospital of Wales with a broken jaw while a school minibus's windows were broken during the attack.
Police are investigating and three boys, one aged 16 and two 15-year-olds, were arrested and released on bail.
Pupils from Fitzalan High School and Glyn Derw and Michaelston Federation were playing in the game at Trelai Park on Wednesday when the gang approached.
image copyright Google
The gang reportedly had no link to either school and PE teachers from both schools stepped in a bid to protect the children from the attackers.
A Cardiff council spokesperson confirmed the police were called to the park during the game.
The council said that "a number of individuals not involved in the match are believed to have assaulted some of the players." |
508 F.Supp. 52 (1980)
Collins JOHNSON, Petitioner,
v.
Ralph WILLIAMS, Warden and William F. Hyland, Attorney General of New Jersey, Respondents.
Civ. No. 79-612.
United States District Court, D. New Jersey.
November 7, 1980.
*53 David A. Ruhnke, Federal Public Defender, Newark, N. J., for petitioner.
Simon Rosenbach, Deputy Atty. Gen., Princeton, N. J., for respondents.
OPINION
BIUNNO, District Judge.
Johnson has filed a petition under 28 U.S.C. § 2254, challenging a New Jersey sentence imposed March 26, 1976, to be served consecutively to a Maryland sentence then being served, which had been imposed June 1, 1963. He claims a violation of the Interstate Agreement on Detainers, to which both Maryland and New Jersey are party, see 18 U.S.C.App., and NJS 2A:159A-1, et seq. As a consequence, he seeks to have the sentence and conviction set aside and the indictment on which they were based dismissed with prejudice.
Johnson had been serving a 40 year Maryland sentence, imposed June 1, 1963, when he escaped on November 25, 1971 and became a fugitive. He evidently came to New Jersey, because he was arrested here on charges of crimes committed here after his escape. Three indictments resulted, Mercer County (N.J.) Nos. 1020-72, 1026-72 and 1027-72. These indictments were returned March 20, 1973.
*54 On October 26, 1973, after conviction on No. 1020-72, Johnson was sentenced to 4 to 6 years and began to serve that sentence in New Jersey.
On December 22, 1975, Johnson was sent notice under the Agreement that a detainer had been filed by Maryland on an open escape warrant, and outlining the steps he could take. At the bottom of the form is a line reading: "I DO/DO NOT DESIRE TO FILE FOR A SPEEDY TRIAL." The phrase "DO NOT" was crossed out, and below it is a handwritten note reading, "Man refused to sign because he has a letter stating they didn't wish to prosecute him."
This note refers to the letter, dated June 27, 1974, in which Mr. Canter, an Assistant State's Attorney in Maryland wrote the Warden of Rahway State Prison, stating that "we do not wish to prosecute Mr. Johnson on our escape charge of 11/25/71."
There must have been some communication between Maryland and New Jersey officials, from which Maryland learned that while convicted and serving a sentence on No. 1020-72, trials remained to be held for the other two indictments. Maryland then wrote New Jersey to report that no trial was intended for the escape charge.
The letter went on to say that Johnson could be kept in New Jersey custody until all legal proceedings had been completed. Nothing suggests that Maryland ever requested temporary custody in order to bring Johnson to trial on the untried escape charge; although it did wish him returned to serve the remainder of his sentence.
After what are referred to as prolonged pretrial matters, the trial judge in Mercer County set successive peremptory trial dates for the remaining indictments, No. 1026-72 and 1027-72. Trial on No. 1026-72 began October 18, 1975, and on November 18, 1975, the jury returned a verdict of guilty.
On December 18, 1975, before sentence on No. 1026-72 had been imposed, the N.J. Parole Commission released Johnson on parole from his sentence in No. 1020-72, and Johnson was delivered to Maryland to continue serving his interrupted 1963 sentence.
The record discloses no explanation for this event. Although bail had been set for No. 1026-72, and had not been posted, Johnson was released to Maryland. It does not appear whether the Parole Commission was aware of his fresh conviction, or that another indictment remained to be tried. Whatever the unexplained reason, the fact is that Johnson was released on parole after conviction and before sentence.
It is observed, at this point, that New Jersey's custody throughout that period was a custody not within the scope of the Agreement. New Jersey had custody, not as the result of a detainer filed with Maryland, followed by a request for temporary custody to dispose of untried charges, but because Johnson, then a fugitive, had himself come to New Jersey and committed crimes, for two of which he had been convicted, had been sentenced and paroled on one, was to be sentenced on the other, and the third remained to be tried.
After his arrival in Maryland, a formal indictment charging escape was filed on March 8, 1976. Arraignment was had March 18, 1976 and a plea of not guilty entered.
After being sent to Maryland, a detainer for Johnson was filed there on February 16, 1976, and a request for temporary custody was made March 19, 1976. He was accordingly returned to New Jersey in temporary custody under the Agreement, was sentenced on No. 1026-72 on March 26, 1976, and returned to Maryland on March 30, 1976. A detainer was filed for the service of the consecutive sentence imposed in No. 1026-72.
After his return to Maryland on March 30, 1976, the escape charge was called for trial on April 19, 1976. The Public Defender entered his appearance. The State then moved to nolle prosse the indictment, and the motion was granted. Johnson then remained in Maryland custody, subject to detainer for serving the sentence here in No. 1026-72. This process carried out in formal records of the court the representation in *55 the June 12, 1974 letter, that Maryland did not wish to prosecute the escape charge. The indictment was formally filed, pleaded to and then nolle prossed.
In December, 1979, Johnson was paroled by Maryland and delivered to New Jersey, not for trial of untried charges, but to serve his consecutive sentence in No. 1026-72. The charge on No. 1027-72 was dismissed (Tr. 8/25/80, p. 7, line 13).
No doubt it would have been preferable not to parole Johnson in December, 1975 until sentence in No. 1026-72 had been imposed. However, this event, and the later detainer and request for temporary custody, during which Johnson was sentenced (well within the 120 day period) was the only detainer and request by New Jersey that comes within the Agreement.
As noted by the Supreme Court in analyzing the Agreement in U. S. v. Mauro, 436 U.S. 340, 98 S.Ct. 1834, 56 L.Ed.2d 329 (1978), the term "detainer" as used in the agreement does not embrace all detainers, but only those "advising that [a prisoner] is wanted to face pending criminal charges." 436 U.S. at 359, 98 S.Ct. at 1846. Detainers lodged to obtain custody for the purpose of serving a sentence are not within the scope of the Agreement at all. See the discussion of that kind of detainer in Tremarco v. U. S., 412 F.Supp. 550 (D.N.J.,1976). In that case Tremarco, then in N.Y. prison on a 25 year sentence, was brought to this court for trial on federal charges, convicted and sentenced. The sentence was consecutive to the New York sentence, and he was accordingly remanded to New York, and a federal detainer filed so that the U.S. Marshal could take custody when he was released from New York custody, to serve the consecutive federal sentence.
As a reading of the Agreement will disclose, its entire theme is directed to detainers and requests for temporary custody so that final disposition can be made of untried charges. It does not encompass detainers to serve consecutive sentences.
Since New Jersey's custody until the parole release of December 18, 1975 was its own custody and not pursuant to the Agreement, it follows that the 1976 detainer and request for temporary custody, during which sentence was imposed, was New Jersey's only action within the Agreement, and it was in compliance with its terms.
The second detainer filed to obtain custody for service of Johnson's consecutive sentence is of the Tremarco type, and is outside the agreement.
Johnson asserts a number of other challenges to the conviction in No. 1026-72. The first of these is that the court allowed the jury to hear evidence of "other crimes" from the State's key witness Freeman, who had pleaded guilty and turned State's evidence. The argument is, in substance, that the combination of Freeman's testimony that he committed some 12 robberies besides the two on trial, that he had accomplices, and that Johnson was an acquaintance, prejudiced the jury.
This testimony was elicited during Freeman's cross-examination by the attorney for co-defendant Whipple, presumably in an effort to attack his credibility by showing the benefits gained. In the course of the testimony, the trial judge clearly cautioned the jury that there was no indication in the record that either Johnson or Whipple were involved in any armed robberies other than the two being tried. [See 7 TR, 415].
This is not a constitutional issue. At most it is a claim of trial error which is not reviewable here unless so conspicuously prejudicial as to deprive defendant of a fair trial. Carter v. U. S., 373 F.2d 911 (CA 3, 1967).
The subject was a proper one for challenging Freeman's credibility, and the judge cautioned the jury that there was no evidence against the two defendants of any robberies other than the two on trial. The argument is nothing more than unfounded speculation that the jury disregarded the instruction given. See U. S. v. Restaino, 405 F.2d 628 (CA 3, 1968), cert. den. 394 U.S. 904, 89 S.Ct. 1012, 22 L.Ed.2d 216 (1969), quoting from Opper v. U. S., 348 U.S. 84, at 95, 75 S.Ct. 158, at 165, 99 L.Ed. 101 (1945).
*56 After full review of the record, the court finds that the testimony challenged was not so conspicuously prejudicial as to amount to a deprivation of a fair trial.
Johnson's next point is that he was prejudiced when a witness said he had seen the two defendants in the courthouse hallway "cuffed together" (12 Tr 575-3 to 13 Tr 585-6), and a motion for mistrial was denied. The matter must be put in context. During cross-examination of an eyewitness at the robbery, questions were asked whether he had seen the co-defendants together at any time since the robbery, and he said he had "Thursday, when I was waiting outside to ..." (evidently in the course of a Wade hearing), when the witness had been called to testify. He was then asked what observations he made about them, "what did you see?" The prosecutor objected and explained at sidebar that he did not know whether they were handcuffed at the time. Counsel was directed to lead the witness to avoid the "pitfall". After further questions that he did not see them standing together, but saw them walking, counsel asked: Q: "You saw them walking, and were they together?" A: "Yes, they were cuffed together." Further questioning continued but the subject did not come up again. At the next sidebar, called for a different discussion, Johnson's attorney moved for mistrial on the ground that the testimony was prejudicial, and the motion was denied. The court said it did not consider it so prejudicial as to require a mistrial.
Even when jurors themselves see a defendant in handcuffs, it has been ruled that this is not so prejudicial as to command a mistrial, U. S. v. Chrzanowski, 502 F.2d 573, at 576 (CA 3, 1974). The granting or denial of a mistrial is ordinarily discretionary, depending on the trial court's appraisal of probable effect on a fair trial. There has been no showing here that it is strikingly clear that a fair trial could not have been had in all the circumstances. This is also the New Jersey rule. See State v. Di Rienzo, 53 N.J. 360, at 383, 251 A.2d 99 (1969); State v. Jones, 130 N.J.Super. 596, 328 A.2d 41 (Law, 1974).
Accordingly, this ground is insufficient to support issuance of the writ.
Finally, it is claimed that the court improperly denied a motion for separate trial of the two robberies charged in the indictment.
Joinder of offenses is allowed if they are of the same or similar character, N.J. Court Rule R. 3:7-6. A motion for severance under N.J. Court Rule R. 3:15-2 is addressed to the court's discretion.
In discussing the same point on the co-defendant's appeal, the Appellate Division noted that the two robberies were clearly part of a common plan or scheme, evidenced by the fact that after the first robbery the money was hidden and defendants immediately committed the second robbery. See State v. Whipple, 156 N.J.Super. 46, 383 A.2d 445 (App.1978), incorporated by reference in ruling on Johnson's appeal. The record of the trial shows that five prosecution witnesses were essential to the proof of both robberies, that the robberies were committed within an hour of each other, that both targets were liquor stores, and that the same gun was used.
There is no clear showing that the joint trial precluded a fair trial or made such a trial unlikely. The instructions made clear that the jury was to consider each charge and each defendant separately. Joinder can rise no higher than a question of law involving the exercise of the trial court's discretion. Failure to persuade the trial and appellate courts otherwise does not make habeas available as a further appellate step. Torrance v. Salzinger, 195 F.Supp. 804, at 807-808 (D.Pa.,1961), affd. 297 F.2d 902 (CA 3, 1962).
No requisite showing having been made, this claim is insufficient to support the writ requested.
Finally, it should be observed that while the joinder of Williams, the Maryland warden, was proper at the time the petition was filed in view of Johnson's custody then, see 28 U.S.C. § 2254, Rule 2(b) (Pub.L. 94-426), the later parole by Maryland and *57 Johnson's transfer to New Jersey to serve the formerly "future sentence" ends any reason for continuing Williams as a respondent. No challenge was directed to the Maryland sentence, even though Johnson may be required to serve some part of it in the future in the event he violates a condition of parole.
Accordingly, the petition will be denied in respect to New Jersey, and dismissed as to Maryland.
|
Millions of voters across Iran have cast their ballots in the country's presidential elections.
With long queues outside polling stations well into the afternoon, the interior ministry extended voting by five hours, until 23:00 (18:30 GMT).
Although all six candidates are seen as conservatives, one of them, cleric Hassan Rouhani, has been reaching out to the reformists in recent days.
The election will decide a successor to outgoing leader Mahmoud Ahmadinejad.
Kasra Naji reports. |
I left you a couple of messages last week regarding the trip, and since I am
here, I don't know if we will get a chance to actually talk to each other
today (especially since it is your first day back in the office), so I want
to give you the details in case you get a call from Louise.
I know you and I talked about the trip, and that the entire team was going to
go to London for team building in smaller groups of 4-5 people. I did not
think it right that everyone in the group go and Cecilia not be included.
There is a business reason for her to be here, as she is working on the PCG
Operations Manual (it is very outdated and needs revising). The team in
Houston has made edits, so she will be editing and reviewing the doc with the
London team for their changes while we are here.
I was also told that it was Enron policy that employees fly business class on
International flights. Louise stated that Sheriff does not want people
flying business class, but I was not aware of this. For future trips,
everyone will fly coach. I also have Cecilia rooming with Melba to save
costs on the trip, and others will do the same on future trips if necessary.
I told Dave about a month ago that we were going at this time, which he does
not remember...Dave made the comment to me that he feels like he is more
aware of what is going on in London than in Houston and that he and Amita
spend at least an hour or two on the phone each day, and that maybe I need to
report to him instead of you. I really do not have time to spend 2 hours out
of my day updating him on every little thing that the group does. I do make
him aware of issue/questions, but I think this is overkill. I told him it
does make sense for me to report to you b/c we support ongoing operations of
EnronOnline and are closely linked to the groups that fall beneath your
organization.
As you can see, I am a little more than frustrated with all this. I have set
up weekly meeting with Forester going forward, but I really feel like I
should be able to run the group without doing much more than this. My
decision making should be trusted and I think it has been proven in the
past. Even when I do ask Dave questions and we try to get information from
him, he is slow to respond b/c he is so involved in so many things and he
becomes a bottleneck of sorts. I do not want my job to become the person
that just tells Dave what my group is doing. If they (Dave and Louise) do
not feel like I am capable of running the group or doing a good job, I really
would like to know....
If you do get a chance to call me, please do. I can be reached at 83035378
here in London. I tried to send most of this via e-mail b/c I am in the
middle of everyone here and don't know how much I will be able to talk.
Thanks
Sheri |
FOR PUBLICATION
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
ROMOLAND SCHOOL DISTRICT;
CENTER FOR COMMUNITY
ACTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL
JUSTICE; COMMUNITIES FOR A BETTER
ENVIRONMENT; CALIFORNIA
UNIONS FOR RELIABLE ENERGY;
KRISTOPHER JOHNS; DONALD LEE
No. 06-56632
SELBY, JR.,
Plaintiffs-Appellants,
D.C. No.
CV-06-02514-AG
v.
OPINION
INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY CENTER,
LLC; SOUTH COAST AIR QUALITY
MANAGEMENT DISTRICT
(SCAQMD); BARRY R.
WALLERSTEIN, D. Env. In his
official capacity,
Defendants-Appellees.
Appeal from the United States District Court
for the Central District of California
Ronald S. W. Lew and Andrew J. Guilford,
District Judges, Presiding
Argued and Submitted
March 3, 2008—Pasadena, California
Filed November 18, 2008
Before: J. Clifford Wallace, Ronald M. Gould, and
Sandra S. Ikuta, Circuit Judges.
Opinion by Judge Gould;
Concurrence by Judge Wallace
15419
ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY 15423
COUNSEL
Marc D. Joseph and Suma Peesapati, Adams Broadwell
Joseph & Cardozo, South San Francisco, California, for the
plaintiffs-appellants.
15424 ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY
Robert A. Wyman, Michael G. Romey, and Ernest J. Hahn,
Latham & Watkins, LLP, Los Angeles, California, for
defendant-appellee Inland Empire Energy Center.
Bradley R. Hogin, Woodruff Spradlin & Smart, Orange, Cali-
fornia, for defendants-appellees South Coast Air Quality
Management District and Barry R. Wallerstein.
OPINION
GOULD, Circuit Judge:
The Romoland School District and several individuals and
environmental groups, (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) appeal the
denial of their motion for a preliminary injunction and the dis-
missal with prejudice of their two claims against Inland
Empire Energy Center (“IEEC”), a wholly-owned subsidiary
of General Electric Company. Plaintiffs brought suit against
IEEC under the citizen suit provision of the Clean Air Act
(“CAA” or “Act”), 42 U.S.C. § 7604, in connection with
IEEC’s plans to construct an 810-megawatt power plant
approximately 1,100 feet from the Romoland Elementary
School in Riverside County, California. IEEC’s motion to dis-
miss contended, among other things, that the district court
lacked jurisdiction over the suit because IEEC had been
granted a permit under Title V of the CAA, 42 U.S.C.
§§ 7661-7661f, and such permits may not be challenged in
civil or criminal enforcement proceedings in federal district
court under 42 U.S.C. § 7604.
Plaintiffs also included as a defendant in their CAA action
the South Coast Air Quality Management District (“the air
district” or “SCAQMD”),1 the local air pollution control
1
Plaintiffs also brought suit against Barry R. Wallerstein, an executive
officer of SCAQMD, in his official capacity. However, as Wallerstein is
represented by the same counsel as the air district and has not filed any
motions in his own right, the terms “air district” and “SCAQMD” will be
used in this opinion to refer collectively to the defendant air district and
to defendant Wallerstein.
ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY 15425
agency that issued the relevant permit and authorized IEEC to
begin construction of the power plant. After the district court
denied Plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction and dis-
missed their claims against IEEC under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 12(b)(6), Plaintiffs sought voluntarily to dismiss
their claims against the air district under Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 41(a)(2) to gain “final judgment for purposes of an
appeal.” The district court granted Plaintiffs’ motion, but the
accompanying order did not state that the dismissal of the
claims against the air district was with prejudice.
We must resolve two threshold issues of jurisdiction before
we may consider the merits of Plaintiffs’ claims: (1) whether
the district court’s dismissals of the claims in this case present
us with a final decision pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291; and (2)
whether the Central District of California was an appropriate
forum, and 42 U.S.C. § 7604 an appropriate statutory basis,
for Plaintiffs’ challenge such that the district court had juris-
diction over it pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331. We conclude
that the orders appealed from are part of a final judgment and
thus that we have jurisdiction over this case, but that the dis-
trict court did not. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s
dismissal of the claims against IEEC with prejudice, hold that
the claims against the air district should also be deemed to be
dismissed with prejudice notwithstanding the voluntary dis-
missal order’s silence on this point, and further hold that all
proceedings on Plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction
are void because the district court was without jurisdiction to
entertain that motion.
I
A
Congress passed the Clean Air Act in 1970 “to protect and
enhance the quality of the Nation’s air resources so as to pro-
mote the public health and welfare and the productive capac-
ity of its population.” 42 U.S.C. § 7401(b)(1). Towards this
15426 ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY
end, the United States Environmental Protection Agency
(“EPA”) is responsible for identifying air pollutants that may
endanger public health and welfare and for promulgating stan-
dards for the maximum allowable concentrations of each such
pollutant in the air, known as National Ambient Air Quality
Standards or NAAQS. 42 U.S.C. §§ 7408(a), 7409. The CAA
further requires the EPA to divide each state into air quality
control regions, see id. § 7407(b)-(c). SCAQMD oversees one
such region in California, the South Coast Air Basin, compris-
ing Orange County and portions of Los Angeles, Riverside,
and San Bernardino Counties. See Engine Mfrs. Ass’n v.
South Coast Air Quality Mgmt. Dist., 498 F.3d 1031, 1035
(9th Cir. 2007). Each air quality control region is labeled as
either “attainment” or “nonattainment” for each identified
pollutant depending on whether the average level of that pol-
lutant in the air in that region is at or below (attainment) or
above (nonattainment) the level mandated by the NAAQS.
South Coast Air Basin is an attainment area for some air pol-
lutants like lead but is a nonattainment area for ozone, carbon
monoxide, and particulate matter smaller than ten microns in
diameter, known as PM10.
Each state must also submit to EPA a State Implementation
Plan or SIP establishing “enforceable emission limitations and
other control measures” designed to preserve attainment of
the NAAQS in attainment areas and achieve attainment in
nonattainment areas. See 42 U.S.C. § 7410(a)(2)(A). One
required element of all SIPs for states with nonattainment
areas, introduced into the CAA through the 1977 amend-
ments, is a permitting program for new or modified major sta-
tionary sources of air pollution, such as electrical generators
or factory smokestacks, in those nonattainment areas. See 42
U.S.C. §§ 7410(a)(2)(C), 7502(c)(5). Under this “new source
review” (“NSR”) program, any new project or modification to
an existing project that would emit more than a threshold
amount of a pollutant for which that region has not attained
the NAAQS must apply for a permit to construct and operate
that pollution source, and such a permit may only be granted
ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY 15427
if the project uses technology that will ensure “the lowest
achievable emission rate” and obtains emission reduction
credits to offset the emissions that it will produce. 42 U.S.C.
§ 7503(a)(1)-(2). SCAQMD implements its NSR program,
now part of the California SIP, through Rule 1303,2 which
provides that the air district “shall deny the Permit to Con-
struct for any new or modified source which results in a net
emission increase in a nonattainment air contaminant” unless
the applicant shows through modeling that the proposed activ-
ity “will not cause a significant increase” in pollution and that
all emissions will be offset with emission reduction credits.
See Rule 1303(b)(1)-(2).3
Once a local rule, like SCAQMD Rule 1303, becomes part
of an EPA-approved SIP after a public notice and comment
period, it becomes federally enforceable in district court
through the CAA’s citizen suit provision, 42 U.S.C. § 7604.
This provision states that “[a]ny person may commence a
civil action on his own behalf against any person . . . who is
alleged . . . to be in violation of . . . an emission standard or
limitation,” including “any . . . standard, limitation, or sched-
ule established under . . . any . . . State Implementation Plan
2
The air district’s rules may be accessed at http://yosemite.epa.gov/R9/
r9sips.nsf/Agency?ReadForm&count=500&state=California&cat=South+
Coast+Air+Quality+Management+District-Agency-Wide+Provisions (last
visited August 14, 2008).
3
The air district has promulgated another NSR provision, Rule 2005,
which applies to the air district’s Regional Clean Air Incentives Market,
or RECLAIM, program, a special permitting program for large emitters of
nitrogen and sulfur oxides. (The IEEC power plant that is the subject of
this litigation received its permit through the RECLAIM program.) Rule
2005 contains modeling and offsets requirements that are virtually identi-
cal to those in Rule 1303. See, e.g., Rule 2005(b)(1)(B) (“The [air district]
shall not approve the application for a . . . permit to authorize construction
or installation of a new or relocated facility unless the applicant demon-
strates [through modeling] that . . . the operation of any emission source
located at the . . . facility will not cause a violation or make significantly
worse an existing violation of the . . . national ambient air quality standard
at any receptor location in the District . . . .”).
15428 ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY
approved by the [EPA] administrator . . . .” 42 U.S.C.
§§ 7604(a)(1), 7604(f)(3)-(4). “The district courts shall have
jurisdiction, without regard to the amount in controversy or
the citizenship of the parties, to enforce such an emission
standard or limitation . . . and to apply any appropriate civil
penalties . . . .” Id. § 7604(a).
In 1990, Congress amended the CAA to add a nationwide
system of operating permits like those mandated by other
environmental laws such as the Clean Water Act. See S. Rep.
No. 101-228, at 349 (1989) [hereinafter Senate Report]. The
1990 amendments made it “unlawful . . . to operate” many
sources of air pollution, including any source located in a
nonattainment region that would already have been subject to
the NSR requirements of 42 U.S.C. § 7503, “except in com-
pliance with a permit issued by a permitting authority under
this title.” 42 U.S.C. § 7661a(a). These operating permit pro-
visions, commonly referred to as Title V of the CAA, also
specify that “[e]ach permit issued under this title shall include
enforceable emission limitations and standards, a schedule of
compliance, . . . and such other conditions as are necessary to
assure compliance with applicable requirements of this Act,
including the requirements of the applicable [state] implemen-
tation plan.” 42 U.S.C. § 7661c(a). Rather than imposing an
additional set of requirements on pollution sources, this per-
mitting scheme was intended to “incorporate the requirements
of the Act (including SIP requirements) that are [already]
applicable to the source.” Senate Report at 350. See also 57
Fed. Reg. 32250, 32251 (July 21, 1992) (EPA notice of regu-
lations implementing Title V) (“While Title V generally does
not impose substantive new requirements, . . . [t]he program
will . . . clarify, in a single document, which requirements
apply to a source and, thus, should enhance compliance with
the requirements of the Act.”).
As with the SIPs under 42 U.S.C. § 7410, each state or
local pollution control agency was to design a program for
administering Title V permits that EPA would either approve
ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY 15429
or disapprove after an opportunity for public comment. 42
U.S.C. § 7661a(d)(1).4 Shortly after Title V was added to the
CAA in 1990, EPA promulgated regulations setting out the
minimum elements that such state programs must contain to
gain EPA approval, and one of these elements concerned the
available mechanisms for judicial review:
[The state’s proposed program must] (x) [p]rovide
an opportunity for judicial review in State court of
the final permit action by the applicant, any person
who participated in the public participation process
provided pursuant to § 70.7(h) of this part, and any
other person who could obtain judicial review of
such actions under State laws. . . . [The program
must also] (xii) [p]rovide that the opportunity for
judicial review described in paragraph (b)(3)(x) of
this section shall be the exclusive means for obtain-
ing judicial review of the terms and conditions of
permits, and require that such petitions for judicial
review must be filed no later than 90 days after the
final permit action, or such shorter time as the State
shall designate.
40 C.F.R. § 70.4(b)(3)(x), (xii).
Title V differs from earlier CAA provisions in that EPA
exercises a greater degree of ongoing oversight, reviewing not
only the states’ permit programs but individual permit appli-
cations and permits as well. 42 U.S.C. § 7661d(a)(1). More-
over, EPA has veto power over Title V permits: “If any
permit contains conditions that are determined by the [EPA]
Administrator as not in compliance with the applicable
4
SCAQMD’s Title V permit program is codified in Rules 3000-3008
and received final approval from EPA on November 30, 2001. See 40
C.F.R. pt. 70, appendix A, California (dd)(2); 66 Fed. Reg. 63503
(December 7, 2001) (notice granting final approval to 34 operating permit
programs in California, including that of SCAQMD).
15430 ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY
requirements of this Act, including the requirements of an
applicable [state] implementation plan, the Administrator
shall . . . object to its issuance.” 42 U.S.C. § 7661d(b)(1). If
EPA objects to a permit, it may not be issued unless it is first
revised to take the objection into account. Id. at
§§ 7661d(b)(3), 7661d(c).
If EPA does not object within 45 days of receiving a pro-
posed permit, “any person may petition the Administrator [to
make such an objection] within 60 days after the expiration of
the 45-day review period . . . based only on objections to the
permit that were raised with reasonable specificity during the
public comment period provided by the permitting agency
. . . .” Id. at § 7661d(b)(2). Within 60 days of receiving such
a petition, EPA must either grant the petition and make the
proposed objection if the petitioner successfully demonstrates
“that the permit is not in compliance with the requirements of
this Act,” or deny the petition. Id. “Any denial of such peti-
tion shall be subject to judicial review under” 42 U.S.C.
§ 7607, a CAA provision concerning judicial review of
agency actions. Id. That judicial review provision allows for
direct review of “locally or regionally applicable” EPA
actions in the court of appeals for the circuit in which the
action arose, but also states that “[a]ction of the Administrator
with respect to which review could have been obtained under
[this section] shall not be subject to judicial review in civil or
criminal proceedings for enforcement.” 42 U.S.C.
§ 7607(b)(1)-(2).
B
New power plants in Riverside County must undergo over-
lapping certification processes before they may be built, some
of which track the requirements of the federal CAA and oth-
ers that are unique to California or to the air district. The Cali-
fornia Energy Commission (“CEC”) assesses the
environmental and public health impacts of any proposed
power plant with a generating capacity of more than 50 mega-
ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY 15431
watts and has the sole authority to certify the construction and
operation of a power plant of that size. See Cal. Pub. Res.
Code § 25500. Before CEC can grant this certification, how-
ever, it must forward the application to the local air district,
which in turn determines whether the proposed plant meets
the requirements of NSR and all other applicable local, state
and federal air pollution regulations. See Cal. Code Regs tit.
20, § 1744.5. This review process has two steps within
SCAQMD: First, after its initial evaluation, the air district
issues a Preliminary Determination of Compliance (“PDOC”),
and this document contains any necessary conditions the
applicant must meet for final approval. Second, after a public
comment period, the air district issues a Final Determination
of Compliance (“FDOC”). Only after the air district has
issued an FDOC for a project may CEC grant final approval
to that project.
In addition to its indirect role in the CEC process,
SCAQMD directly administers other permitting schemes
applicable to the IEEC project at issue here. First, every piece
of equipment that may release air contaminants must obtain
a separate Permit to Construct under District Rule 201 and,
once the Permit to Construct is granted and the equipment is
evaluated for its compliance with that permit, a Permit to
Operate under District Rule 203. Large facilities that are pro-
jected to emit more than a certain amount of pollution and so
are subject to Title V of the CAA must also obtain a “facility-
wide Title V permit” in addition to the individual permits to
construct and permits to operate required for each piece of
equipment at the facility. Finally, large emitters of nitrogen
and sulfur oxides that qualify for the RECLAIM program dis-
cussed in footnote 3 receive a RECLAIM facility permit from
the air district pursuant to District Rule 2006. See Rule
2006(b)(3); Rule 3004(b).
IEEC first applied to CEC for “certification of a power
plant in Romoland, an unincorporated area of Riverside
County” on August 17, 2001. On September 16, 2001, IEEC
15432 ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY
submitted applications to the air district for permits to con-
struct associated with this project and on September 26 sub-
mitted its application for a Title V permit. On July 12, 2002,
SCAQMD issued its PDOC for the project to CEC, and on
February 28, 2003, the air district issued an FDOC. On
December 17, 2003, CEC published its decision to certify the
power plant, noting the Romoland School District’s concerns
about pollution at the nearby facility but concluding that all
potential environmental impacts on the school were “either
insignificant, or were mitigated to a less than significant
level.” The air district issued a Notice of Intent to grant
IEEC’s Title V permit in July of 2002 but never issued any
permits to construct associated with that facility design;
instead, in March of 2005, IEEC petitioned CEC to modify its
project to use larger, more energy-efficient turbines that
would increase the proposed plant’s generating capacity from
670 to 810 megawatts. CEC deemed this proposal to modify
to be a request for an amendment to IEEC’s CEC authoriza-
tion, and approved this amendment on June 22, 2005 after
holding a public hearing on the subject, concluding that “the
modifications would not create any new or unmitigated signif-
icant environmental impacts [and that the new turbines would
provide] superior fuel economy and environmental perfor-
mance.”5 The public was invited to raise objections to the new
facility configuration at the June 22 hearing, but no one
expressed opposition to the amendment through oral or writ-
ten comments either before or during that hearing. Plaintiffs-
Appellants were strikingly silent at that time.
Because the modifications to IEEC’s proposed project
required it to supply new emissions calculations and modeling
analysis to the air district, IEEC canceled its pending permit
applications and submitted twelve superseding applications in
early 2005, including an application for a revised Title V and
RECLAIM facility permit and eleven applications for permits
5
Because of the nature of the proposed amendment, the air district was
not required to provide CEC with a new PDOC and FDOC for the project.
ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY 15433
to construct individual pieces of equipment. On June 2, 2005,
the air district published a new Notice of Intent to Issue Per-
mit in a Riverside newspaper and also mailed the notice to
more than 750 separate addresses of individuals who had
either expressed an interest in being notified of such activities
or who lived within a quarter-mile radius of the proposed
power plant location. See Rule 212(c)-(d); 3006(a).6 This
notice included a description of the project and its estimated
emissions, an explanation of the procedures for public com-
ment and for requesting a hearing on the proposed permit, and
contact information for a person at the air district that mem-
bers of the public could speak to about the plant. See Rule
212(g); 3006(b). One of the plaintiffs in this case, California
Unions for Responsible Energy (“CURE”), sent the air district
a letter in April of 2005 asking to be notified of all develop-
ments regarding the IEEC proposal, and so CURE was
included in the mailing of the Notice of Intent and was also
informed of other proposed SCAQMD actions on the project.7
California Health and Safety Code § 42302.1 affords “any
6
Pursuant to District Rule 212(d), the mailing of notice to individuals
within a quarter-mile radius of the facility site, as well as parents of chil-
dren attending the Romoland Elementary School, was conducted by IEEC
itself, with the relevant names and addresses provided to IEEC by the air
district.
7
CURE, as well as the Romoland School District, had also been
involved in the public comment proceedings before CEC prior to the
FDOC issuance and project certification in 2003. Specifically, both of
these plaintiffs petitioned CEC for, and were granted, formal intervenor
status in IEEC’s certification process, which gave them the right to submit
data requests to any other party (including IEEC), participate in CEC-
sponsored conferences and hearings, present and cross-examine witnesses
at hearings, and submit briefs. Neither CURE nor the Romoland School
District, nor any of the other plaintiffs that did not have intervenor status,
actively participated in any CEC hearings or conferences, and while
Romoland School District did submit comments, these concerned the
school district’s desire to receive funding from IEEC to facilitate reloca-
tion of Romoland Elementary School to a site farther from the proposed
power plant and did not raise any concerns about the project’s PM10 emis-
sion levels or offsets that became the basis of this litigation.
15434 ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY
aggrieved person” the right to petition for a hearing on the
permit before the air district’s hearing board within 30 days
of receiving the Notice of Intent to Issue Permit and again
within 30 days after a permit is issued; however, none of the
plaintiffs used this administrative remedy. EPA also received
a copy of the proposed permit and stated in a July 5, 2005 e-
mail that it would not object to the permit’s issuance. No one
petitioned EPA to reconsider its decision not to object. See 42
U.S.C. § 7661d(b)(1)-(2) (requiring the EPA to object to non-
compliant permit provisions and establishing administrative
and judicial review of citizen petitions for EPA objection to
state permit applications).
Accordingly, on August 5, 2005, SCAQMD issued IEEC a
document entitled “RECLAIM/Title V Facility Permit” which
contained sections (F and G) describing the RECLAIM rules
applicable to the facility, a section (K) listing administrative
conditions associated with Title V, and two sections (D and
H) enumerating “emission sources at [the] facility that have
been issued a Permit to Operate or a Permit to Construct
along with permit conditions for emission sources at [the]
facility.” The cover letter sent with the permit also assigned
application numbers to various pieces of equipment and
explained that those applications “associated with this Facility
Permit have been approved for Permits to Construct/
Temporary Permits to Operate . . . .” This cover letter further
stated that “the enclosed RECLAIM/Title V Facility Permit
. . . will serve as the official permit for your facility.”
C
On February 22, 2006,8 Plaintiffs sent both IEEC and
SCAQMD a “60-day notice of intent to sue” as required by
the citizen suit provision of the CAA. 42 U.S.C.
8
IEEC contends that when it received this notice from Plaintiffs, it was
already six months into construction and had committed $400 million to
the power plant project.
ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY 15435
§ 7604(b)(1)(A). This letter stated that, based on the terms of
its air district-approved permit, the power plant was in viola-
tion of the CAA’s NSR provisions in two respects: (1) the
emission reduction credits IEEC had purchased to offset its
emissions pursuant to Rule 1303(b)(2) were obtained from the
district’s Priority Reserve, a bank of credits for which IEEC
was not eligible; and (2) the plant was projected to emit more
than the allowable amount of fine particulate matter or PM10
in violation of Rule 1303(b)(1). Plaintiffs filed a complaint in
federal district court for the Central District of California on
April 21, invoking the CAA’s citizen suit provision, 42
U.S.C. § 7604(a), as the basis for jurisdiction and asserting
the same two alleged NSR violations as distinct claims under
the CAA. In all, the complaint contained four causes of
action, two against IEEC for the allegedly invalid offsets and
excessive emissions levels, and two against SCAQMD for
granting IEEC a permit that allowed for those two violations.
The complaint sought declaratory and injunctive relief as well
as civil penalties from both defendants and litigation costs.
Within a month of filing suit, Plaintiffs moved for a prelim-
inary injunction to halt construction of the power plant until
IEEC’s permit was modified to comply with the applicable
CAA provisions. On June 12, 2006, IEEC moved to dismiss
the two causes of action against it for failure to state a claim
under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). On August
14, 2006, after a brief hearing, District Judge Lew denied the
motion for a preliminary injunction, concluding that “the
injunction factors, that is, the likelihood of success on the
merits and irreparable harm and the balance of hardships,”
favored the defendants. In a written order entered on August
18, the district court also granted IEEC’s motion to dismiss
the two causes of action against it with prejudice and stated
that leave to amend would not be granted.
Although neither the oral ruling nor the written order of the
district court specified that the dismissal of Plaintiffs’ claims
against IEEC was based on a lack of subject matter jurisdic-
15436 ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY
tion, the order did state that the dismissal was “[based on] the
reasons set forth in IEEC’s motion to dismiss and the papers
submitted in support thereof . . . .” That motion and support-
ing documentation had contended, among other things, that
the district court lacked jurisdiction over Plaintiffs’ claims
because Plaintiffs were challenging a Title V permit and so
were limited to the mechanisms for judicial review provided
in that part of the CAA. When Plaintiffs’ claims against IEEC
were dismissed, SCAQMD had not yet filed any dispositive
motions. However, the air district did submit a “notice of
position” to the district court on August 11 stating that it
agreed with IEEC’s jurisdictional argument and would be
incorporating that argument into a summary judgment motion.
Responding to these developments, Plaintiffs moved on
October 10 for voluntary dismissal of their two remaining
claims against the air district under Federal Rule of Civil Pro-
cedure 41(a)(2), asserting in their motion that “[i]n granting
. . . IEEC’s motion to dismiss Plaintiffs’ Third and Fourth
Causes of Action without leave to amend . . . Judge Lew
made a jurisdictional decision that is determinative of Plain-
tiffs’ entire action.” Plaintiffs also pointed out that “the
remaining defendants in this action have stated their intention
to file a dispositive motion that asserts some of the same juris-
dictional arguments IEEC made in its motion [to dismiss]”
and concluded that “[b]ecause Judge Lew’s ruling is now the
‘law of the case’ that applies equally to the remaining defen-
dants, voluntary dismissal of the remaining claims for the pur-
poses of gaining final judgment and allowing appeal serves
judicial economy.” Finally, Plaintiffs stated that the air district
did not oppose the voluntary dismissal and thus that a hearing
on the Rule 41 motion was not necessary.
On October 12, District Judge Guilford, to whom the Plain-
tiffs’ remaining claims against the air district had been trans-
ferred on September 20, granted the voluntary dismissal
motion. The order signed by Judge Guilford and entered on
the docket read, in its entirety, as follows:
ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY 15437
On August 18, 2006, Judge Lew entered an order
dismissing Plaintiffs’ Third and Fourth Causes of
Action for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. The
Court hereby grants Plaintiffs’ unopposed applica-
tion for voluntary dismissal. IT IS SO ORDERED.
On November 7, Plaintiffs filed a Notice of Appeal
(“NOA”) that listed both IEEC and SCAQMD as defendants
and included both parties on the service list. The NOA listed
the judgment appealed from as the October 12 “Court
approved voluntary dismissal” and stated that Plaintiffs were
also appealing “interlocutory orders that gave rise to the judg-
ment, including, but not limited to, order granting motion to
dismiss without leave to amend and order denying motion for
preliminary injunction.”
In January of 2007, a telephone conversation took place
between counsel for Plaintiffs and counsel for the air district
to which both attorneys have stipulated in signed declarations.
The contact was initiated by SCAQMD’s counsel, Bradley
Hogin, who raised concerns about the fact that the dismissal
of Plaintiffs’ claims against the air district was without preju-
dice; Hogin asked if Plaintiffs would accommodate the air
district’s concerns by dismissing their appeal, altering the dis-
missal in the district court to be with prejudice, and then filing
a new appeal. Plaintiffs’ counsel, Suma Peesapati, declined,
and Hogin stated that the air district would file a motion to
dismiss the appeal as not relating to a final judgment. That
motion was filed on April 12, 2007, and was joined by IEEC,
who had not known of the voluntary dismissal of Plaintiffs’
claims against the air district before being served with the
NOA. On May 31, 2007, Appellate Commissioner Peter Shaw
denied the defendants’ motion to dismiss the appeal, without
prejudice to the issue of appellate jurisdiction being consid-
ered by the merits panel.
II
[1] Except in limited circumstances not currently at issue,
parties may only appeal from, and appellate courts only have
15438 ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY
jurisdiction over, “final decisions of the district courts.” See
28 U.S.C. § 1291. In this context, a “final decision” is one
that “ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for
the court to do but execute the judgment . . . .” Coopers &
Lybrand v. Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 467 (1978) (internal quota-
tion marks omitted). A district court order is therefore not
appealable unless it disposes of all claims as to all parties or
unless judgment is entered in compliance with Federal Rule
of Civil Procedure 54(b). See Chacon v. Babcock, 640 F.2d
221 (9th Cir. 1981). Related to this “one final judgment rule”
is what might be called the “single appeal rule,” which
requires that “a party . . . raise all claims of error in a single
appeal following final judgment on the merits.” Flannigan v.
United States, 465 U.S. 259, 263 (1984) (internal quotation
marks omitted). We have previously cautioned that “[t]reating
an order that has the potential of leading to multiple appeals
as final would be inconsistent with Congress’s policy
[embodied in 28 U.S.C. § 1291] disfavoring piecemeal appel-
late review.” Cheng v. Comm’r, 878 F.2d 306, 310 (9th Cir.
1989). Piecemeal appellate review is not only inimical to the
will of Congress but also “undermines the efficient use of
judicial resources” by exposing appellate panels to “the costs
of repeated familiarization with the [same] case.” See id.
(internal quotation marks omitted).
SCAQMD and IEEC both argue that the order denying
Plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction and dismissing
their claims against IEEC with prejudice and the order grant-
ing Plaintiffs’ motion for voluntary dismissal of their claims
against SCAQMD, taken together, are not final within the
meaning of 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and are thus not appealable.
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41 allows plaintiffs voluntar-
ily to dismiss some or all of their claims against some or all
defendants. Concha v. London, 62 F.3d 1493, 1506 (9th Cir.
1995). Voluntary dismissals that are effected by court order,
as was done in this case, are governed by Federal Rule of
Civil Procedure 41(a)(2). Such court-ordered voluntary dis-
missals are deemed to be without prejudice “[u]nless the order
ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY 15439
states otherwise . . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(a)(2). Here, the
order did not state that the claims against SCAQMD were dis-
missed with prejudice.
For many years, the general rule in this circuit had been
that voluntary dismissals without prejudice do not create
appealable, final judgments. Concha, 62 F.3d at 1507. The
rationale was that “[a] voluntary dismissal without prejudice
is not adverse to the plaintiff’s interests,” as he or she is “free
to seek adjudication of the same issue at another time in the
same or another forum.” Id. By contrast, we reasoned that
allowing appeal of voluntary dismissals with prejudice “is not
likely to undermine our normal appellate practice by encour-
aging a flow of appeals that are quasi-interlocutory in nature”
because if the appellate court rejects the plaintiff’s claim, “the
dismissal of his action with prejudice stands” and so he “is
precluded from bringing another action for the same cause
. . . .” Id. at 1508.
[2] The pertinent legal landscape was altered slightly in
2002 with our decision in James v. Price Stern Sloan, Inc.,
283 F.3d 1064 (9th Cir. 2002). The James court considered a
situation in which, following the district court’s grant of par-
tial summary judgment dismissing most of a plaintiff’s con-
tract claims, the plaintiff sought voluntary dismissal of her
remaining claims, relating to separate contracts with the same
defendant, so that she could pursue an appeal of the partial
summary judgment. 283 F.3d at 1065. The district court
granted her motion to dismiss without prejudice, but we none-
theless determined that the judgment was final and appeal-
able, holding that “when a party that has suffered an adverse
partial judgment subsequently dismisses remaining claims
without prejudice with the approval of the district court, and
the record reveals no evidence of intent to manipulate our
appellate jurisdiction, the judgment entered after the district
court grants the motion to dismiss is final and appealable
under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.” Id. at 1070.
15440 ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY
[3] Here, as in James, the record does not reflect intentional
manipulation. The plaintiff in James explained in her motion
for voluntary dismissal that “[a] federal court trial on the few
remaining [contracts] would not be an efficient use of time
and resources” and that “once those claims are dismissed, a
final judgment can be entered.” Id. at 1068 (first alteration in
original). We described those “reasons for seeking a dismissal
of . . . remaining claims” as “entirely legitimate,” id., and
those are essentially the same reasons offered by Plaintiffs in
their Rule 41 motion:
Voluntary [d]ismissal [i]s [i]n the [i]nterest of
[j]udicial [e]conomy [because] [d]ismissal [w]ould
[o]bviate the [n]eed for the SCAQMD defendants’
[d]uplicative [d]ispositive [m]otion . . . based on the
same Title V exhaustion argument that IEEC made
in its motion to dismiss. . . . Under the ‘law of the
case’ doctrine, the SCAQMD Defendants’ disposi-
tive motion would dispose of both of Plaintiffs’
remaining causes of action for lack of subject matter
jurisdiction . . . thus ending the case. Recognizing
the high likelihood of this outcome, Plaintiffs seek
this voluntary dismissal for the purpose of gaining
final judgment in this case, thereby allowing an
appeal of this determinative jurisdictional issue.
As Plaintiffs clarified at oral argument, they sought dismissal
of their claims against SCAQMD because they believed those
claims to be resolved by the district court’s rulings on Plain-
tiffs’ claims against IEEC and their motion for preliminary
injunction, and they have disclaimed all intention to revive
their claims against SCAQMD independently of their claims
against IEEC. Moreover, the air district, like the defendant in
James, “had an opportunity to argue that [Plaintiffs’ stated
reasons for seeking voluntary dismissal] were a subterfuge,
but failed to do so.” 283 F.3d at 1068. SCAQMD did not
oppose Plaintiffs’ application for voluntary dismissal and did
not raise any concerns about finality of the judgment until
ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY 15441
January of 2007, three months after the dismissal order was
entered and two months after Plaintiffs filed their Notice of
Appeal.
Despite these similarities to James, our case is distinguish-
able in several important respects. First, James involved mul-
tiple claims against a single defendant, some of which were
voluntarily dismissed and others of which (those subject to
the partial summary judgment) were appealed following the
voluntary dismissal. Id. at 1065. By contrast, here Plaintiffs
seek to appeal two otherwise interlocutory orders—the order
dismissing their claims against IEEC but also the order deny-
ing their motion for a preliminary injunction, a motion which
had sought relief from both IEEC and SCAQMD. Specifi-
cally, Plaintiffs’ counsel advised at oral argument that the pre-
liminary injunction motion sought rescission from SCAQMD
of the permit it had issued to IEEC. For this reason, Plaintiffs’
Notice of Appeal listed both IEEC and the air district as
defendants, and the air district submitted a brief and partici-
pated in oral argument on appeal even though all of Plaintiffs’
claims against it had been dismissed. This involvement by a
defendant in an appeal of issues that it never litigated before
the district court goes well beyond the straightforward two-
party scenario contemplated in James, and the legal uncer-
tainty for such a defendant is compounded where it faces the
possibility that the original claims against it may be revived,
depending on the outcome of the appeal, because they were
dismissed without prejudice.
Second, the James panel found it significant that the volun-
tarily dismissed claims in that case related to different con-
tracts for different pieces of artwork than the claims being
appealed, making it likely that final judgment could also have
been obtained through severance of the claims by the district
court under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b). See id. at
1068 (“There is no evidence . . . that James attempted to cir-
cumvent Rule 54(b), or that the final judgment issued by the
district court undermines the Rule 54(b) procedures.”).
15442 ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY
Although a Rule 54(b) severance was never sought in this
case, the chances of one being granted are more remote than
they were in James, given that the two sets of claims here
involved the same alleged CAA violations at the same power
plant authorized by the same permit. The closely intertwined
nature of these claims dictates that as a practical matter, any
further proceedings in this action or a related future action
against either of these defendants, whether in our court or the
district court, would require close monitoring and likely legal
involvement by all three parties to this appeal. The concerns
we raised in Cheng about piecemeal appellate review requir-
ing multiple panels to familiarize themselves with the same
case, see 878 F.2d at 310, thus apply with greater force here
than in James because of the parallels between Plaintiffs’
claims against IEEC and the air district.
[4] The year after James was decided, we clarified that
James had carved out “an exception to the general rule that
‘in the absence of [a Rule 54] determination . . . any order or
other form of decision, however designated, which adjudi-
cates fewer than all the claims . . . shall not terminate the
action as to any of the claims[.]’ ” Am. States Ins. Co. v.
Dastar Corp., 318 F.3d 881, 888-89 (9th Cir. 2003) (quoting
Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b)) (first, third and fourth alterations in
original). We conclude that this case presents such anomalous
procedural issues that attempting to fit it within or outside the
exception created by James—by deciding whether and under
what circumstances the principle established in James applies
to cases involving multiple defendants, for example—is nei-
ther necessary nor advisable. Instead, we adopt the “pragmatic
evaluation of finality” counseled by our precedents, see id. at
890, and conclude that for purposes of this appeal, we will
treat the dismissal of Plaintiffs’ claims against SCAQMD as
being with prejudice. We followed this approach in Concha
v. London, where despite the parties’ stipulation under Federal
Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(1) that the dismissal of remain-
ing claims was without prejudice, we determined that “the
label attached to the dismissal is not dispositive” and treated
ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY 15443
the dismissal as one with prejudice for purposes of creating
appellate jurisdiction because this designation was consistent
with the “effect that the Conchas, and indeed all the parties,
intended the dismissal to have.” 62 F.3d at 1508-09.
The Concha decision predated James and thus belonged to
an era when only dismissals with prejudice gave rise to
appealable, final judgments. However, many of the same con-
siderations of intent that motivated us to deem the dismissal
in Concha with prejudice lead to the same conclusion here.
Whereas the parties’ stipulation in Concha explicitly stated
that the dismissal of remaining claims was without prejudice,
here the order dismissing Plaintiffs’ claims against the air dis-
trict says nothing about the dismissal’s effect, and the asser-
tion that it was without prejudice derives solely from the
presumption in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(2) that
“[u]nless the order states otherwise, a dismissal under this
paragraph . . . is without prejudice.” However, looking
beyond the ambiguous text of the order to Plaintiffs’ other
statements suggests that their intent was to resolve their
claims as quickly as possible rather than to leave open multi-
ple avenues for continued litigation. Plaintiffs included a sen-
tence in their proposed dismissal order, which the district
court struck before adopting the order, applying the “law of
the case” doctrine to their remaining claims. Because their
claims against IEEC had been dismissed with prejudice,
applying this doctrine to their claims against SCAQMD
would have resulted in a dismissal with prejudice of those
claims as well. Indeed, at oral argument Plaintiffs’ counsel
assured us that her clients had “no intention” of relitigating
their claims against the air district but had instead sought an
immediate appeal in the interest of judicial economy and
because their ultimate interests—ensuring that IEEC’s pro-
posed power plant in Romoland does not emit unsafe levels
of pollution in violation of the CAA—were best served by an
expeditious resolution of all claims.
15444 ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY
[5] Accordingly, for purposes of this appeal,9 and consistent
with the record and Plaintiffs’ representation at oral argument,
we determine that Plaintiffs intended to dismiss their claims
against the air district with prejudice consistent with the pre-
vious dismissal with prejudice of their claims against IEEC,
to which Plaintiffs believed the “law of the case” doctrine
applied. In light of this unambiguous evidence of intent and
the ambiguous language of the dismissal order, we will con-
sider the October 12, 2006 dismissal of Plaintiffs’ claims
against the air district to be with prejudice. Presented thus
with an unquestionably final judgment, we have jurisdiction
to hear this appeal under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and may proceed
to consider the jurisdiction of the district court.
III
The jurisdictional argument first raised in IEEC’s motion to
dismiss, and reiterated in both defendants’ briefs and at oral
argument, has been misconstrued by Plaintiffs throughout this
appeal as a claim that they “failed to exhaust administrative
remedies” or a contention that Title V of the CAA “revoked”
Title I, the part of the CAA containing the NSR and other pre-
construction requirements. Instead, what the defendants are
asserting is that because the air district has elected to incorpo-
rate all federal, state and local regulations regarding air pollu-
tion, including the requirements of NSR where applicable,
into a consolidated permitting process for all facilities subject
to Title V, and because Plaintiffs are not challenging IEEC’s
compliance with the terms of its permit but are rather assert-
ing that the permit itself violates District Rule 1303, the only
forums in which Plaintiffs could have brought that challenge
9
This determination relates only to our appellate jurisdiction by making
it unnecessary for us to rely on or expand James to establish finality for
purposes of 28 U.S.C. § 1291. Like the panel in Concha before us, we
decline to reach the question of what effect this determination would have
in the district court, given that our disposition of the remaining jurisdic-
tional question in this case will prevent further consideration of this action
by a federal district court in any event.
ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY 15445
to IEEC’s permit are those authorized by Title V of the CAA
and the SCAQMD rules implementing Title V within the air
district. Although Plaintiffs argue that they “did not invoke”
the “additional enforcement scheme” added by Title V and
thus that this title is “wholly irrelevant” to their action, the
defendants suggest that when the preconstruction require-
ments of NSR are incorporated or “merged” into a state’s
Title V permitting scheme, the compliance of permits granted
under such a scheme with NSR and other Title I requirements
may only be challenged through Title V-related judicial
review procedures, whether a plaintiff specifically “invokes”
Title V or not. Put another way, the defendants are not argu-
ing that Plaintiffs failed to take certain administrative steps
such as petitioning the EPA to object to IEEC’s permit and
that because of this failure, their claims are not ripe for judi-
cial review in the district court; rather Defendants are con-
tending that the type of challenge these plaintiffs are bringing
—an attack on a duly issued permit as inconsistent with NSR-
related components of a SIP—can never be brought in federal
district court under 42 U.S.C. § 7604 when that permit was
issued pursuant to Title V. To evaluate this jurisdictional chal-
lenge, we must answer two distinct questions: (1) as a factual
matter, has the air district merged its preconstruction require-
ments, including those for new sources of nonattainment pol-
lutants in nonattainment areas, into a comprehensive
permitting scheme under the umbrella of Title V; and (2) if
so, is it a legal consequence of such an arrangement that the
citizen suit provision of the CAA, 42 U.S.C. § 7604, may not
be used to challenge the validity of such a consolidated permit
under applicable SIP requirements?
A
[6] In drafting Title V, Congress intended to impose the
requirement to obtain an operating permit on a wide range of
pollution sources, including those sources that were already
required to gain a permit before beginning construction pursu-
ant to 42 U.S.C. § 7503, the CAA’s NSR provision for new
15446 ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY
or modified emission sources in nonattainment areas. This
intended scope of the Title V program is made explicit in 42
U.S.C. § 7661a(a), which requires “any . . . source required to
have a permit under Part . . . D of Title I,” the NSR program,
“to operate . . . in compliance with a permit issued by a per-
mitting authority under this title.” The substantive require-
ments of an operating permit under Title V also encompass
the requirements imposed by NSR and other Title I programs,
for Congress specified that “[e]ach permit issued under this
title shall include enforceable emission limitations and stan-
dards . . . and such other conditions as are necessary to assure
compliance with applicable requirements of this Act, includ-
ing the requirements of the applicable [state] implementation
plan,” which, within the air district, include the NSR require-
ments of District Rule 1303. See 42 U.S.C. § 7661c(a). What
sets the preconstruction requirements of NSR apart from Title
V, by definition, is their timing, and “[n]othing in [Title V]
shall be construed to alter the applicable requirements of this
Act that a permit be obtained before construction or modifica-
tion.” 42 U.S.C. § 7661a(a) (emphasis added).
[7] To reconcile Title V’s requirements for a permit during
operation with Title I, Part D’s requirement that a permit be
obtained before construction or modification, Congress pro-
vided that state permitting programs under Title V “shall
establish reasonable procedures to prioritize . . . approval or
disapproval [of permit applications] in the case of applications
for construction or modification under the applicable require-
ments of this Act.” 42 U.S.C. § 7661b(c). See also 40 C.F.R.
§ 70.7(a)(3) (similar provision in EPA regulations setting out
minimum standard for state Title V permitting programs).
These regulations give other indications that for purposes of
program administration, Title V permitting requirements may
overlap with aspects of NSR and other pre-existing programs.
For example, one regulatory provision establishes a deadline
by which “sources required to . . . have a permit under the
preconstruction review program approved into the applicable
[state] implementation plan under part . . . D of the Act shall
ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY 15447
file a complete application to obtain the [Title V] permit,”
except “[w]here an existing [Title V] permit would prohibit
such construction or change in operation, [in which case] the
source must obtain a permit revision before commencing
operation.” 40 C.F.R. § 70.5(a)(1)(ii). Another provision
defines the term “administrative permit amendment” to
include, among other things, “a permit revision that . . .
[i]ncorporates into the [Title V] permit the requirements from
preconstruction review permits authorized under an EPA-
approved program” such as a SIP. 40 C.F.R. § 70.7(d)(1)(v).
[8] Yet by far the strongest evidence of federal intent to
consolidate preconstruction and Title V permitting require-
ments comes from the Federal Register notice in which EPA
announced the final adoption of its implementing regulations
for Title V. In a section in that notice entitled “Permit/SIP
Relationship,” the agency explained:
The SIP remains the basis for demonstrating and
ensuring attainment and maintenance of the national
ambient air quality standards (NAAQS). The permit
program collects and implements the requirements
contained in the SIP as applicable to the particular
permittee. Since permits must incorporate emission
limitations and other requirements of the SIP, all SIP
provisions applicable to a particular source will be
defined and collected into a single document.
57 Fed. Reg. at 32258. Another section under the heading
“New Source Review/Title V Relationship” is instructive. It
states:
Under today’s final rule State and local permitting
authorities have the option, but not a mandate, to
integrate requirements determined during precon-
struction review with those required under title V.
Such integration would be consistent with the previ-
ously stated implementation goals of combining pro-
15448 ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY
grams and building on existing State programs
which typically have already accomplished such
integration at the State level. As discussed above, if
NSR is integrated with the procedural and
compliance-related requirements contained in [40
C.F.R.] §§ 70.6, 70.7, and 70.8 (including opportu-
nity for EPA and affected State review), an existing
title V permit can be administratively revised to
reflect the results of the integrated NSR process.
Id. at 32259.
[9] Analysis of the air district’s permitting rules leaves little
doubt that it has taken advantage of this “option . . . to inte-
grate . . . preconstruction review with . . . Title V” require-
ments. One district rule, Rule 3003(h), creates some
confusion of terminology when it states that “[t]he submittal
of a complete Title V permit application . . . shall not relieve
any person of the requirements for a pre-construction permit
under Title I of the federal Clean Air Act, District Regulation
XIII — New Source Review, or District Rule 2005 — New
Source Review for RECLAIM.” Despite the use of the term
“pre-construction permit” in this rule, the cited district NSR
provisions nowhere refer to a “pre-construction permit” but
speak instead of “permits to construct,” which are not to be
granted unless the permit applicant complies with emission
limitation and offset requirements. See, e.g., District Rule
1303(a)(1), 1303(b). In turn, the rules that make up District
Regulation II governing permits to construct contain repeated
references to Title V of the CAA, such as the statement in a
list of deadlines for approval or denial of construction permits
that “permit revisions for Title V facilities shall follow the
timetables for permit action” set forth in Regulation XXX,
which contains rules implementing the district’s Title V pro-
gram. Rule 210(d)(3). Other cross-references to Regulation
XXX occur in Rule 204 regarding written conditions of con-
struction permits and in Rule 212, which contains the require-
ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY 15449
ments for public notice and comment regarding permits to
construct. See Rule 212(c)(1), 212(c)(3).
Despite its emphasis on operating permits, Title V is simi-
larly replete with references to both NSR and permits to con-
struct. In a parallel to the federal regulations discussed above,
District Rule 3000(b)(1)(D) defines the term “administrative
permit revision” to include “any Title V permit revision to . . .
issue a final permit to operate for any equipment previously
issued a Title V permit to construct . . . .” The Federal Regis-
ter notice in which EPA granted interim approval to
SCAQMD’s Title V program explains the significance of this
provision:
Enhanced New Source Review. South Coast’s title V
permit program provides for enhanced preconstruc-
tion review, an optional process that allows sources
to satisfy both new source review and title V permit
modification requirements at the same time. Any
modification processed pursuant to South Coast’s
enhanced preconstruction review procedures may be
incorporated into the title V permit as an administra-
tive permit amendment. These enhanced procedures
obviate the need to undergo two applications, public
notice, and permit issuance/revision processes for
the same change. (See [Rule] 3000(b)(1)(D).)
61 Fed. Reg. 45530, 45532 (August 29, 1996). Another dis-
trict rule is explicit about the degree to which the air district
has merged its Title V permitting scheme with the source-
specific permits to construct discussed in Rule 1303: “A writ-
ten authorization to construct, issued as part of a Title V facil-
ity permit, shall be deemed a permit to construct for the
purposes of all other District rules and regulations.” Rule
3007(a)(2).
[10] The very permitting process at issue in this case dem-
onstrates the extent of the integration. Although IEEC did
15450 ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY
apply for a separate Permit to Construct for each piece of
emitting equipment at its facility as well as applying for a
Title V and RECLAIM facility permit, only one permit was
issued to IEEC by SCAQMD: a “RECLAIM/Title V Facility
Permit” which included a list of “emission sources at your
facility that have been issued a Permit to Operate or a Permit
to Construct . . . .” Not only were all of IEEC’s applicable
permits contained in a single document, but that permit was
also subjected to a single public review and comment process
combining the notice and comment requirements of Rule 212
concerning permits to construct and Rule 3006 regarding Title
V permits. Moreover, the RECLAIM/Title V Facility Permit,
including sections D and H with their lists of pieces of equip-
ment granted Permits to Construct, was submitted to EPA for
its review pursuant to Rule 3003(j). We therefore conclude
that while all substantive requirements of preconstruction
review remain in place in the air district, as a procedural mat-
ter the district’s various permit application processes for
potential emitters subject to Title V have been consolidated
into a single comprehensive system, under the auspices of
Title V, and IEEC’s RECLAIM/Title V Facility Permit for its
proposed Romoland power plant was issued pursuant to this
consolidated system.
B
[11] Title V permits are by no means wholly insulated from
the CAA’s citizen suit provision. To the contrary, when the
CAA was amended in 1990 to add Title V, the citizen suit
provision was also amended to add to the definition of “emis-
sion standard or limitation,” an alleged violation of which
authorizes any person to bring an enforcement action, “any
other standard, limitation, or schedule established under any
permit issued pursuant to title V, . . . any permit term or con-
dition, and any requirement to obtain a permit as a condition
of operations.” 42 U.S.C. § 7604(f)(4). In other words, if
IEEC had violated a term or condition of the permit the air
district issued to it, or if it had sought to begin building and
ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY 15451
operating the power plant in Romoland without obtaining a
permit under SCAQMD’s merged Title V/construction permit
system, either of those alleged violations would have been
grounds for a citizen suit in district court under 42 U.S.C.
§ 7604. However, Plaintiffs’ challenge fits into neither of
these categories. Instead, Plaintiffs are charging that IEEC is
complying with the terms of its permit but that those terms are
themselves a violation of the CAA, specifically, the federally
enforceable SIP provisions regarding NSR found in District
Rule 1303. Because these challenged terms are part of a per-
mit issued under Title V, we must consider Title V’s adminis-
trative and judicial review provisions for challenging a
permit. Those provisions require persons objecting to the issu-
ance of a Title V permit to “petition the Administrator,” and
provide for judicial review regarding such petitions in the
courts of appeal under 42 U.S.C. § 7607, not through citizen
suits in the district courts via § 7604. 42 U.S.C.
§ 7661d(b)(2). The text of § 7607, which allows for direct
review of regionally applicable EPA action in the geographi-
cally appropriate circuit court of appeals, also makes clear
that this form of judicial review is exclusive, stating that
“[a]ction of the Administrator with respect to which review
could have been obtained under [this section] shall not be
subject to judicial review in civil or criminal proceedings for
enforcement.” 42 U.S.C. § 7607(b)(1)-(2) (emphasis added).
[12] This “use it or lose it” provision of 42 U.S.C.
§ 7607(b)(2) does not bar enforcement proceedings only
where an individual has taken advantage of the opportunity to
petition the EPA Administrator and then appeals the denial of
such a petition to the applicable appellate court; instead, judi-
cial review through civil or criminal enforcement proceedings
is unavailable whenever an individual “could have . . .
obtained” such review. Thus, by creating in 42 U.S.C.
§ 7661d(b)(2) an avenue of judicial review that passes
through 42 U.S.C. § 7607, Congress effectively foreclosed the
alternative avenue of citizen suit enforcement through 42
U.S.C. § 7604.
15452 ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY
Our interpretation of § 7607 as it relates to § 7661d is
strengthened by the implications of Plaintiffs’ proposed alter-
native. If Plaintiffs were able to bring this action in federal
district court under the citizen suit provision and that action
was appealed to our court, and if the same plaintiffs or
another party who had petitioned EPA pursuant to 42 U.S.C.
§ 7661d(b)(2) and whose petition was denied also appealed
that denial to our court, then two different panels of this court
could be simultaneously confronted with similar if not identi-
cal challenges to the same permit, perhaps even brought by
the same party. Such a system would be entirely unworkable
and underscores why Plaintiffs are incorrect when they con-
tend that 42 U.S.C. § 7661d created “an additional” and not
a superseding enforcement scheme for challenges to the valid-
ity under the CAA of Title V permits.
The two cases cited by Plaintiffs to support their argument
that allegedly invalid permits may be challenged directly
through the CAA citizen suit provision, Grand Canyon Trust
v. Tucson Electric Power Co. and Communities for a Better
Environment v. Cenco Refining Co., are inapposite. Grand
Canyon Trust involved a challenge under 42 U.S.C. § 7604 to
a permit that the plaintiffs contended had lapsed when the
defendant did not begin construction by a certain date, in vio-
lation of a federal regulation that provided for the “automatic
cancellation of already-issued construction permits” if con-
struction did not commence by the deadline. 391 F.3d 979,
984-85 (9th Cir. 2004). This regulation thus imposed an
implicit condition on the defendant’s permit with which the
Grand Canyon plaintiffs alleged the defendants in that case
did not comply; by contrast, here Plaintiffs acknowledge that
IEEC is compliant with all applicable terms of its permit but
argue that those terms violate the CAA.
In Cenco, one of the plaintiffs in this action, Communities
for a Better Environment (“CBE”), challenged, under the citi-
zen suit provision, SCAQMD’s decision to transfer a previ-
ously expired Permit to Operate an oil refinery to a new
ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY 15453
permittee who proposed to modernize the formerly non-
operational refinery. 180 F. Supp. 2d 1062, 1069-70, 1072
(C.D. Cal. 2001). CBE alleged various SIP violations includ-
ing the failure to apply NSR requirements before allowing
construction and the reactivation and transfer of the previ-
ously expired permit, which CBE contended was a violation
of District Rule 209 that operating permits are nontransfer-
able. Id. at 1072. The permitting decisions challenged in
Cenco did not involve Title V, and when the defendant raised
the issue of 42 U.S.C. § 7661d supplanting 42 U.S.C. § 7604
as a mechanism for judicial review, the Cenco court
responded:
[J]ust because a federal administrative remedy is
available for objecting to the issuance of a subchap-
ter V permit does not mean that a legal remedy under
§ 7604 is unavailable for a defendant’s failure to
comply with [non-Title V-related] SIP permitting
requirements. Although Cenco may be required to
eventually acquire subchapter V permits, the mere
fact that plaintiffs could challenge such permits
under § 7661d at that time does not preclude plain-
tiffs from attacking other permits now under the
broad language of subsection (f)(4) [of § 7604];
indeed, the Clean Air Act nowhere states that plain-
tiffs must wait for the issuance of subchapter V per-
mits before they can sue on existing violations of the
SIP.
Id. at 1081 n.6.
[13] This language in Cenco, coming from a case involving
the same air district and many of the same district rules at
issue here, aptly illustrates that there are limits to our holding
today. We do not opine upon the general contours or scope of
the citizen suit provision of 42 U.S.C. 7604. We hold only
that where a state or local air pollution control district has
integrated the preconstruction requirements of Title I with the
15454 ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY
permitting requirements of Title V and a permit is issued
under that integrated system, a claim that the terms of that
permit are inconsistent with other requirements of the Clean
Air Act may only be brought in accordance with the judicial
review procedures authorized by Title V of that Act, 42
U.S.C. § 7661-7661f, and may not be brought in federal dis-
trict court under the Act’s citizen suit provision, 42 U.S.C.
§ 7604. Because Plaintiffs’ action was brought in an inappro-
priate forum under an inapplicable CAA provision in an
untimely avenue of protest, the district court was without
jurisdiction to hear it.
IV
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that we have juris-
diction over this appeal, and we affirm the district court’s dis-
missal with prejudice of Plaintiffs’ claims against IEEC. We
grant IEEC’s request for judicial notice of materials relevant
to the dispositive jurisdictional question in this case. Because
of our conclusion on that jurisdictional question, we decline
to reach the merits of Plaintiffs’ claims against IEEC or their
motion for a preliminary injunction. We further hold that the
district court should not entertain any further proceedings in
this case or in a future action seeking to revive Plaintiffs’
claims against the air district pursuant to the October 12, 2006
dismissal of those claims without prejudice, because that
court lacks subject matter jurisdiction over such claims under
28 U.S.C. § 1331.
AFFIRMED.
WALLACE, Circuit Judge, concurring in the result:
I agree that this appeal should be dismissed, but for a dif-
ferent reason. Our precedents dictate that the plaintiffs’ volun-
tary dismissal pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure
ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY 15455
41(a)(2) cannot constitute an appealable final judgment
because the dismissal was without prejudice. The majority,
however, holds that the dismissal order can in fact constitute
a final judgment for purposes of appeal under a “pragmatic
evaluation of finality.” Although this court has sanctioned a
pragmatic approach to determining finality in certain limited
circumstances, the majority’s ruling impermissibly expands
this doctrine beyond its narrow confines. In so doing, the
majority adds uncertainty to the final judgment rule of appel-
late jurisdiction, and undermines important values of judicial
economy. In my view, the better course is to follow our
clearly established rules of federal jurisdiction, and dismiss
this appeal for lack of appellate jurisdiction. Accordingly, I
would not reach the issue of the district court’s subject matter
jurisdiction as discussed in Part III of the majority opinion.
I.
Except in limited circumstances not relevant here, the
courts of appeals have jurisdiction to review only “final deci-
sions of the district courts.” 28 U.S.C. § 1291 (2008). A “final
decision” under section 1291 is “a decision by the District
Court that ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing
for the court to do but execute the judgment.” Coopers & Lyb-
rand v. Livesay, 437 U.S. 463, 467 (1978) (internal quotation
marks, citation and footnote omitted). The final judgment rule
is essential to the proper functioning of the federal courts, as
it promotes judicial efficiency, prevents multiplicity of litiga-
tion, and minimizes delay “by forbidding piecemeal disposi-
tion on appeal of what for practical purposes is a single
controversy.” Cobbledick v. United States, 309 U.S. 323, 325
(1940).
In Concha v. London, we held that a plaintiff’s “voluntary
dismissal without prejudice is ordinarily not a final judgment
from which the plaintiff may appeal.” 62 F.3d 1493,1507 (9th
Cir. 1995) (emphasis in original), citing Coursen v. A.H. Rob-
ins Co., Inc., 764 F.2d 1329, 1342, corrected, 773 F.2d 1049
15456 ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY
(9th Cir. 1985). We reasoned that, “[t]he policy against piece-
meal appellate litigation is [ ] at its height in such cases”
where a party appeals a voluntary dismissal without prejudice
because if that party loses on appeal, he “is in no way pre-
cluded from proceeding with the litigation following the
adverse decision.” Id. at 1508 n.8.
Here, the district court approved the plaintiffs’ unopposed
Rule 41(a)(2) motion for voluntary dismissal of their claims
against the air district. The parties agree that because this
order did not specify whether the dismissal was with or with-
out prejudice, the dismissal is deemed to be without prejudice
pursuant to Rule 41(a)(2). Therefore, under Concha, the
plaintiffs’ voluntary dismissal cannot constitute a final judg-
ment for purposes of exercising appellate jurisdiction.
The plaintiffs argue that the voluntary dismissal nonethe-
less falls within the narrow exception to Concha articulated in
James v. Price Stern Sloan, Inc., 283 F.3d 1064 (9th Cir.
2002). In that case, we permitted the plaintiff to appeal an
adverse partial summary judgment order after she obtained a
voluntary dismissal without prejudice of her remaining
claims. Id. at 1068-70. We held that the voluntary dismissal
without prejudice created sufficient finality for the purposes
of appeal because it was made “with the approval of the dis-
trict court, and the record reveals no evidence of intent to
manipulate our appellate jurisdiction.” Id. at 1070.
The James exception is not applicable here. As the majority
correctly concludes, our case “is distinguishable [from James]
in several important respects,” including the fact that the
plaintiffs seek to appeal issues never litigated before the dis-
trict court, and the fact that there is a greater threat of piece-
meal appellate review in this case given the “closely
intertwined nature” of the claims dismissed with prejudice
and those dismissed without prejudice. (Maj. Op. 15441-43.)
In addition, contrary to the majority’s conclusion, the
record reveals at least some evidence that the plaintiffs’ vol-
ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY 15457
untary dismissal without prejudice was done with an intent to
manipulate our appellate jurisdiction. In particular, when
counsel for the air district notified plaintiffs’ counsel about its
concerns that the “without prejudice” dismissal could render
the decision non-final, plaintiffs’ counsel adamantly refused
to make the dismissal “with prejudice.” Although this is not
direct evidence of an intent to manipulate the appellate pro-
cess, the James exception does not require a lack of substan-
tial evidence or even significant evidence. So long as there is
any evidence of an intent to manipulate, the exception does
not apply. James, 283 F.3d at 1068-69 (finding “no evidence”
that the plaintiff deliberately attempted to manipulate the
court’s appellate jurisdiction).
The default jurisdictional rule in Concha therefore applies
to this case. Under this well-established precedent, voluntary
dismissals without prejudice, like the dismissal at issue here,
are not appealable final judgments, and this court lacks juris-
diction to review such judgments on appeal.
II.
The majority acknowledges that Concha precludes volun-
tary dismissals without prejudice from being appealable final
judgments. (Majority Op. 15439.) The majority also concedes
that the James exception does not apply to the facts of this
case. (Majority Op. 15442.) Nonetheless, the majority holds
that appellate jurisdiction exists here because the plaintiffs’
dismissal without prejudice can be construed as being one
with prejudice under a “pragmatic evaluation of finality.”
(Maj. Op. 15442.) Unfortunately, this ruling cannot be
squared with our precedent.
In construing the plaintiffs’ dismissal as one with prejudice,
the majority principally relies on the fact-specific inquiry
undertaken in Concha. (Maj. Op. 15443-45.) In that case,
although we held that voluntary dismissals without prejudice
ordinarily do not constitute appealable final judgments, we
15458 ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY
ultimately concluded that “[i]n this unusual case,” the plain-
tiffs’ voluntary dismissal without prejudice would be treated
as one with prejudice for the purposes of appeal. Concha, 62
F.3d at 1508-09. We justified this decision on the grounds that
there was “no question” that the plaintiffs “intended” their
dismissal to be with prejudice, and further that the plaintiffs
had “absolutely nothing to gain by filing a voluntary dismissal
without prejudice.” Id. at 1508.
This court’s determination of finality in Concha represents
a fact-specific exception to the general rule that voluntary dis-
missals without prejudice do not constitute final judgments
for the purposes of appeal. As we have held, any exceptions
to our established bright-line jurisdictional rules should be
construed narrowly. Cf. Am. States Ins. Co. v. Dastar Corp.,
318 F.3d 881, 888-89 (9th Cir. 2003) (holding that the James
exception must be narrowly construed because “[a]ny other
interpretation . . . would undermine [Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure] 54(b) and add uncertainty to the final judgment
rule”). Thus, in accordance with the specific facts addressed
in Concha, I conclude that a court may construe a party’s vol-
untary dismissal without prejudice to be one with prejudice
only where (1) there is “no question” that the party “intended”
the dismissal to be with prejudice, and (2) that party has “ab-
solutely nothing to gain” from filing a voluntary dismissal
without prejudice. Concha, 62 F.3d at 1508-09.
The plaintiffs in this case cannot make these required
showings. First, as described above, the record demonstrates
that the plaintiffs in fact had no intention of entering a dis-
missal with prejudice. When asked by opposing counsel to
change their without-prejudice dismissal to one with preju-
dice, plaintiffs’ counsel flatly refused.
Second, it is not at all clear that the plaintiffs had “abso-
lutely nothing to gain” from filing a without-prejudice dis-
missal. In fact, the logical inference from their refusal to enter
such a dismissal is that they perceived some advantage to
ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY 15459
obtaining a dismissal without prejudice. Moreover, although
the plaintiffs argue that an adverse decision on this appeal
would preclude their dismissed claims against the air district,
nothing would prevent them from refiling their air district
claims and seeking a different result. The majority cites the
plaintiffs’ representations at oral argument that they do not
seek to relitigate these claims as evidence that there is little
possibility of such piecemeal litigation. (Maj. Op. 15444.)
However, the whole point of having bright-line jurisdictional
rules is to avoid the expense and effort of appeal in the first
place. We cannot have a rule where parties are unable to
determine appellate jurisdiction based on a facial examination
of the record, but must instead go through the trouble of writ-
ing briefs and preparing for oral argument to guard against the
possibility of a last-minute determination of jurisdiction.
Cheng v. Comm’r Internal Revenue Serv., 878 F.2d 306, 310
(9th Cir. 1989) (“[O]ne of the primary purposes underlying
the final judgment rule [is] the efficient use of judicial
resources”).
For these reasons, I would not follow the majority’s
approach in construing the plaintiffs’ voluntary dismissal to
be one with prejudice. To expand the exception recognized in
Concha beyond the specific facts of that case, as the majority
does here, risks the adoption of an all-too flexible test for fed-
eral jurisdiction, one that would mimic former Justice Potter
Stewart’s definition of pornography: I know it when I see it.
This approach is diametrically opposed to our federal juris-
prudence, which requires finality to be clear and identifiable
on the record. 15A Wright & Miller, Federal Practice and
Procedure § 3913, at 462 (1992) (“Although well-established
rules of appealability might at times cause an action to be
determined unjustly, slowly, and expensively, they have none-
theless the great virtue of forestalling the delay, harassment,
expense, and duplication that could result from multiple or ill-
timed appeals”).
Moreover, the plaintiffs had multiple avenues through
which they could have appealed the non-final orders entered
15460 ROMOLAND SCHOOL v. INLAND EMPIRE ENERGY
by the district court. Most obviously, they could have simply
specified that their dismissal was with prejudice, thereby
adhering to this court’s established rules of federal jurisdic-
tion. Or, if a dismissal with prejudice was unpalatable, they
could have moved for a Rule 54(b) severance, which permits
a party to appeal otherwise non-final orders after the district
court has made the required determination that there is no just
reason for delay. Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(b) (2008).
I suggest we take an unfortunate and counter-productive
turn when we fail to accept the dismissal with prejudice as
necessary for appellate jurisdiction. We do not need to remind
good lawyers to meet this standard, and we do not improve
the appellate process by crafting rules to make up for those
who are incompetent. Federal appellate jurisdiction is based
on statutory requirements; and it is, in my view, misguided for
us to stray from specific, easily discoverable requirements
(dismissal with prejudice) to those so indefinite that guess-
work is required (dismissal without prejudice — but I did not
mean it).
Therefore, I concur in the result of the majority, but for the
reason that our court’s jurisdiction has not been demonstrated.
|
SEOUL, April 13 (Yonhap) -- North Korea warned Saturday that South Korea will face a "catastrophic situation" if a group of North Korean defectors sends anti-Pyongyang propaganda leaflets across the border as planned.
North Korean defectors and a Seoul-based civic organization have said they plan to release leaflets with anti-Pyongyang messages, often mixed with U.S. dollar bills, via balloon in the city of Paju on the late founding leader's birthday, which falls on Monday.
In a commentary article published on the Web site of Uriminzokkiri, Pyongyang's main Internet-based media and propaganda site, the communist country said a catastrophic situation would occur if the leaflets cross the border on the "Day of the Sun," the birthday of late leader Kim Il-sung.
"Such confrontational madness will only snap up the extraordinary alarm and ire of our army and people," it said, adding that the North would shell South Korean sites used to send propaganda leaflets.
Activists in the South have frequently sent propaganda leaflets across the border, condemning the autocratic North Korean regime and calling for an uprising against the leadership. The isolationist country is currently ruled by Kim Jong-un, the grandson of the country's founder Kim Il-sung.
Pyongyang has frequently threatened retaliation for the South's anti-regime propaganda activities, including the launching of leaflets, although no real actions have been taken place so far.
The North's warning came amid rising speculation that North Korea is poised to launch a medium-range ballistic missile from its east coast in defiance of the international community's condemnation.
U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry said on Friday in Seoul that the U.S. is ready to talk with the North but stressed that preconditions for any talks hinge on Pyongyang giving up its missile launch and nuclear ambitions.
Meanwhile, in a separate commentary published on the Web site on Saturday, the communist regime again blamed South Korea for the recent suspension of operations at the joint-venture industrial park in the North's border city of Kaesong.
The communist country said it will not approve of the Kaesong Industrial Complex, claiming that the current stalemate has been caused by the South as it believes Seoul has violated dignity and autonomy of North Korea.
The North pulled out tens of thousands of its workers from the complex in the western border city of Kaesong and hundreds of South Korean workers have returned to Seoul amid escalating tensions on the Korean Peninsula.
As of Friday, 235 South Korean nationals and one Chinese national were in Kaesong. The daily steady outflow comes as no replacement workers, food and manufacturing parts have reached the complex since last Wednesday when Pyongyang banned all traffic from the South, although the communist country has not stopped people from leaving. |
Modulation of lysozyme activity by lead administered by different routes. In vitro study and analysis in blood, kidney, and lung.
Modifications in the enzyme activity of lysozyme, a protein implied in the defence barrier of the organism, can be a good biomarker of alterations in the immune system as a result of exposure to toxic metal, such as lead. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of a 200 ppm dose of lead on lysozyme activity in blood, kidney, and lung, and also on tissue structure. Previously, the effect of lead acetate on lysozyme activity in vitro was determined; the in vitro results indicated that lead produced a decrease in enzyme activity. The activity loss was 16 % at 200 ppm of lead. Lead acetate was administered to Wistar rats by oral and intraperitoneal injections. An increase in lysozyme activity was observed in blood when lead was administered by introperitoneal route and in kidney by the oral route. The possible immunostimulation in kidney was discarded because of the structural alterations observed in the tissue. In lung, the decrease in specific lysozyme activity, for both routes of lead exposure, seems to indicate immunosupression, which was in accordance with the structural alterations observed in this tissue. |
In search of a better life, a railroad worker (Foo) finds himself on the wrong side of a group of corrupt lawmen. As the Marshal (Adkins) attempts to control his town, tragedy strikes forcing him to decide between justice and family.
A movie company comes to Oklahoma to convince legendary lawmen Bill Tilghman to star in a bank robbery silent film featuring real outlaws. Tilghman reluctantly agrees, not realizing everyone's lives will never be the same.
A master gunfighter teams up with a banjo-playing drifter and a Mexican tramp to foil the town leaders of Daugherty, Texas, who want to steal $100,000 from their own bank to buy land that the approaching railroad will cross.
"Lonesome Dove: The Outlaw Years" begins two years after the end of "Lonesome Dove". After two years spent bounty hunting, womanizing, and drinking away the painful memories of his late wife, Hannah, Newt Call returns to town to find many things have changed. His brother-in-law, Austin, is now an alcoholic sheriff, who has never fully recovered from his beloved sister's death, and blames Call for it. His father-in-law, Josiah, is the town mayor, but hasn't been right in the head since Hannah died. The town is run under the iron fist of Clayton Mosby, who also cannot forget Hannah, who looked amazingly like his late wife, Mary. "The Lonesome Dove", the hotel opened in the mini-series by Ida Grayson, now belongs to Amanda Carpenter, a woman with a mysterious past and a determination on par with Clay Mosby's. Curtis Wells also gets a new gunsmith, a mysterious and feisty woman named Mattie Shaw.
A wide selection of free online movies are available on Putlocker . You can watch movies online for free without Registration.
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quality for free without annoying advertising, just come and enjoy your movies. You also can
download movie, subtitles to your pc to watch offline.
Disclaimer: This site does not store any files on its server. All contents are
provided by non-affiliated third parties. |
Electron kinetic effects in the nonlinear evolution of a driven ion-acoustic wave.
The electron kinetic effects are shown to play an important role in the nonlinear evolution of a driven ion-acoustic wave. The numerical simulation results obtained (i) with a hybrid code, in which the electrons behave as a fluid and the ions are described along the particle-in-cell (PIC) method, are compared with those obtained (ii) with a full-PIC code, in which the kinetic effects on both species are retained. The electron kinetic effects interplay with the usual fluid-type nonlinearity to give rise to a broadband spectrum of ion-acoustic waves saturated at a low level, even in the case of a strong excitation. This low asymptotic level might solve the long-standing problem of the small stimulated Brillouin scattering reflectivity observed in laser-plasma interaction experiments. |
Bluetongue epidemiology in the Caribbean region: serological and entomological findings from a pilot sentinel system in Trinidad and Tobago.
When monitored by the agar gel immunodiffusion test for antibody to bluetongue viruses, a sentinel flock of twenty-five lambs remained seropositive through the year, whereas in a sentinel herd of twenty calves only two individuals seroconverted and these became negative again within 2 months. A light trap operated with the calf herd yielded high numbers of Culicoides insignis Lutz (over 18,000 per trap night) along with C. filariferus Hoffman, C. pusillus Lutz, C. leopoldi Ortiz, C. foxi Ortiz, C. limai Barretto, C. diabolicus Hoffman and C. guyanensis Floch and Abonnenc. Culicoides were trapped at the sheep station which had housed the lambs 3 years following the sentinel study. No virus was isolated from pools of C. insignis, C. filariferus and C. pusillus. Six other species were collected in insufficient numbers to warrant attempted virus isolations. |
Risk factors for outcome and complications of dorsal foraminotomy in cervical disc herniation.
Dorsal foraminotomy is a standard operative procedure for lateral cervical disc herniation. Factors associated with surgical complications and clinical outcome in dorsal foraminotomy of cervical disc herniation were evaluated in a retrospective cohort study. Thirty-nine patients were operated upon for unilateral, monosegmental, mediolateral cervical disc herniation (+/- associated spondylosis) from 1997 to 1999. Preoperative radiologic imaging and surgical reports were analyzed. Motor disfunction, neck irritation, and radicular pain were evaluated. Outcome was ranked according to modified Odom's criteria at 6 weeks and 1 year postoperatively. Six weeks after injury 7 of 39 patients (18%) showed neck irritation. No new neurologic deficit was seen. All patients with preoperative paresis improved; two had early relapses of a medial soft disc prolapse (2/39). Residual radicular pain was seen in 3 of 39 patients (8%) within 30 days postoperatively, necessitating surgical revision. Factors of surgical failure were associated spondylosis (2/3) and residual mediolateral disc protrusion (1/3). In one patient with associated spondylosis, local pain due to a symptomatic fracture of the lateral process of D1 resolved after revision. Duration of preoperative radicular pain was identified as a risk factor for unfavorable outcome. In lateral cervical disc herniation, associated spondylosis or medial disc protrusion poses a significant risk of surgical failure and complications of dorsal foraminotomy. Reducing the radicular failure rate by enlarging the bony decompression may lead to local failure. In well-selected patients with a lateral cervical free disc fragment, dorsolateral foraminotomy is successful and safe. |
What Sets Us Apart
Curriculum
Our Montessori curriculum is based on the teachings of Dr. Maria Montessori. Centred on self-directed activity, hands-on learning and collaborative play, the Montessori method develops independent thinking, motivation, persistence and discipline by allowing children to respond to their natural drive to work and learn.
Early Childhood Educators
Our dedicated and passionate early childhood educators deliver an innovative, engaging and proven curriculum that ignites a love of learning and inspires and encourages individuality in every Manotick child. Their nurturing and attentive approach offers each child a home-away-from-home experience.
Communication
Two-way communication is important. Monthly newsletters, report cards, parent interviews, open houses and our proprietary app (BrightPath Connect™) are designed to increase the interaction between our centres and families.
Nutrition
Children need nutrition to grow in both mind and body. Believing that food choices throughout childhood fuel life long eating habits, our menu is crafted by a Registered Nutritionist, is prepared in-house daily and reflects those beliefs.
Welcome to Manotick Montessori
Manotick Montessori is much different than the traditional school model. Directresses are trained to support the children as they learn through their interactions with a carefully prepared and maintained learning environment. The classrooms are arranged according to subject areas (practical life, sensorial, cultural, language and math). Traditional Montessori materials are used throughout the day and are made of natural materials (wood, metal, glass) and encourage the child to focus on one skill or concept at a time. Before the age of six, a child learns through all of their senses from direct contact with the environment around them. Because all the materials in a Montessori classroom are manipulative, children learn in a very “hands-on” concrete way before being expected to learn abstractly. Children are free to move around the room and choose the work that they wish to do; in this way children learn at their own pace and are not pushed ahead or held back to fit into a pre-determined curriculum. Another important principle of the Montessori philosophy is that children also learn by observing and teaching others. A co-operative atmosphere rather than a competitive one is encouraged in the classroom. Over time, the children learn to make responsible choices for their learning and show others the love and respect that is shown to them by their instructors. |
This invention relates to conveyor technology and more particularly to conveyor systems having an exceedingly compact and practical structure for moving articles along a pathway.
Heretofore known conveyor systems have employed design features of a rather complex nature that make the systems not easy to disassemble when the need arises for repair or replacement of a broken or worn part. The known designs (e.g., such as in Usui U.S. Pat. No. 4,844,231 of Jul. 4, 1989) have relied upon tested and true fastening assembly elements and their relationships and functions, even as the technology has inched forward with better arrangements for rollers, shafts, sleeves, and the like. Simplification of parts relationships and the reduction of parts needed, while imparting multiple functions for the simplified parts, has not been an especially notable trend in the art of conveyor technology. |
Friday, January 28, 2011
The NJ DEP has granted $300,000 to GSWA to implement agricultural pollution control projects to reduce pathogens and nutrient loadings in the Loantaka Watershed.
"Funded through federal Clean Water Act grants, the projects are designed to reduce the nonpoint source pollution to restore and protect water quality in priority watersheds. Nonpoint source pollution results from animal waste, fertilizers, motor vehicle fluids, litter and other pollutants that are washed into local waterways by stormwater runoff." (Daily Record)
We are very eager to begin work on this project and hope you will continue to follow our blog for project updates! |
Q:
Get the name of Enum value
I'm trying to make a function where we can get the Namevalue of a EnumValue
For example:
Get_Enum_ValueName(DayOfWeek, 0)
...This will return "Sunday".
But my code don't works, it says the type is not defined:
Private Function Get_Enum_ValueName(Of T)(ByVal EnumName As T, ByVal EnumValue As Integer) As String
Return DirectCast([Enum].Parse(GetType(EnumName), EnumValue ), EnumName).ToString
End Function
A:
Given an enum
public enum Week
{
Monday,
Tuesday,
Wednesday,
Thursday,
Friday,
Saturday,
Sunday
}
here are the things you can do:
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// enum to int
int i=(int)Week.Thursday;
// int to enum;
Week day=(Week)3;
// enum to string
string name=Week.Thursday.ToString();
string fun=Enum.GetName(typeof(Week), 6);
string agh=Enum.GetName(typeof(Week), Week.Monday);
string wed=EnumName(Week.Wednesday);
// string to enum
Week apt=(Week)Enum.Parse(typeof(Week), "Thursday");
// all values of an enum type
Week[] days=(Week[])Enum.GetValues(typeof(Week));
// all names of an enum type
string[] names=Enum.GetNames(typeof(Week));
}
static string EnumName<T>(T value)
{
return Enum.GetName(typeof(T), value);
}
Edit 1
If you want to convert from one enum to another enum of different type based on the underlying numeric value (convert to integer and from integer), then use the following:
/// <summary>
/// Casts one enum type to another based on the underlying value
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="TEnum">The type of the enum.</typeparam>
/// <param name="otherEnum">The other enum.</param>
public static TEnum CastTo<TEnum>(this Enum otherEnum)
{
return (TEnum)Enum.ToObject(typeof(TEnum), Convert.ToInt32(otherEnum));
}
to be used as
public enum WeekEnd
{
Saturday = Week.Saturday,
Sunday = Week.Sunday
}
static void Main(string[] args)
{
var day = WeekEnd.Saturday.CastTo<Week>();
// Week.Sunday
}
A:
In C#, that would be:
return Enum.ToObject(typeof(T), EnumValue).ToString();
or (equally):
return ((T)(object)(EnumValue)).ToString();
A:
public enum WeekDay
{
Monday = 1,
Tuesday = 2,
Wednesday = 3,
Thursday = 4,
Friday = 5,
Saturday = 6,
Sunday = 7
}
string s = WeekDay.Friday.ToString();
simple as that... unless I am misunderstanding something?
And if you only have the number:
string s = ((WeekDay)4).ToString();
UPDATE
OK, next time you should mention that you want something generic.. to use for all enums and not just that specific example. You can try this:
public static class EnumExtensions
{
public static T ToEnum<T>(this int value) where T : struct
{
return (T)(object)value;
}
public static string ToEnumName<T>(this int value) where T : struct
{
return ((T)(object)value).ToString();
}
}
Use like this:
int someEnumValue = 4;
string name = someEnumValue.ToEnumName<WeekDay>();
or:
WeekDay weekDay = someEnumValue.ToEnum<WeekDay>();
I still don't think that is really necessary though, because you still need to know the type of enum anyway... so therefore:
This: string name = ((WeekDay)someEnumValue).ToString();
and this string name = someEnumValue.ToEnumName<WeekDay>();
are equivalent... but.. whatever suits you.
|
As a native Canadian and excellent customer of Revenue Canada, I am writing to ask for your assistance.
I have contacted the Department of Immigration in an effort to determine the process for becoming an illegal alien and they referred me to you.
My primary reason for wishing to change my status from Canadian Citizen to illegal alien stems from the bill which was recently passed by the Senate and for which you voted.
If my understanding of this bill's provisions is accurate, as an illegal alien who has been in Canada for five years, all I need to do to become a citizen is to pay a $2,000 fine and income taxes for three of the last five years.
I know a good deal when I see one and I am anxious to get the process started before everyone figures it out.
Simply put, those of us who have been here legally have had to pay taxes every year so I'm excited about the prospect of avoiding two years of taxes in return for paying a $2,000 fine. Is there any way that I can apply to be illegal retroactively? This would yield an excellent result for me and my family because we paid heavy taxes in 2004 and 2005.
Additionally, as an illegal alien I could begin using the local emergency room as my primary health care provider.
Once I have stopped paying premiums for medical insurance, my accountant figures I could save almost $10,000 a year.
Another benefit in gaining illegal status would be that my daughter would receive preferential treatment relative to her law school applications, as well as 'in-province' tuition rates for many colleges throughout Canada for my son.
Lastly, I understand that illegal status would relieve me of the burden of renewing my driver's license and making those burdensome car insurance premiums.
This is very important to me given that I still have college age children driving my car.
If you would provide me with an outline of the process to become illegal (retroactively if possible) and copies of the necessary forms, I would be most appreciative. Thank you for your assistance.
Please pass this on to your friends so they can save on this great offer.
When I posted the links to the original, the OP replied, "Why is it some people do not understand satire and humour and take everything so seriously?". Cause it's good, ya know, to find humour in xenophobic misinformation.
If my understanding of this bill's provisions is accurate, as an illegal alien who has been in Canada for five years, all I need to do to become a citizen is to pay a $2,000 fine and income taxes for three of the last five years.
The writer appears to be referring to S. 1645, but they made a pretty major mistake. The proposed law would have allowed certain qualifying illegal immigrants to become lawfully admitted temporary nonimmigrants or permanent resident nonimmigrants, not citizens. One of the most crucial differences is that only citizens can vote. I guess if this guy wants to permanently disenfranchise himself to save some money, that's his business.
The bill has also not been voted on, so it is not law. It was cosponsored by Tom Harkin, which would explain the original form of the OP.
Quote:
As well as 'in-province' tuition rates for many colleges throughout Canada for my son.
This is apparently a reference to S. 1545 (DREAM act). The main part would have allowed illegal immigrants to claim state higher education benefits if they had entered the country before they turned sixteen, had been living in the US for at least five years, had graduated from high school, been accepted to college, and are not under an order of deportation. The DREAM Act has not been brought to a full Congressional vote yet. It was also sponsored by Harkin
Quote:
Additionally, as an illegal alien I could begin using the local emergency room as my primary health care provider.
Once I have stopped paying premiums for medical insurance, my accountant figures I could save almost $10,000 a year.
Anyone can use the emergency room as their primary health care provider, but getting that care for free is based on income, not legal status. Someone who "paid heavy taxes" (thus probably earns quite a bit of money) would be required to pay those bills regardless of whether or not they were "illegal".
Quote:
Another benefit in gaining illegal status would be that my daughter would receive preferential treatment relative to her law school applications
Also, this guy can't give up his adult daughter's citizenship. She would have to do that herself.
Quote:
Lastly, I understand that illegal status would relieve me of the burden of renewing my driver's license and making those burdensome car insurance premiums.
Doesn't relieve you of the burden of paying tickets if you're pulled over for driving without a license or driving without insurance, in states that require insurance. Doesn't relieve you of the burden of paying for car repairs if you cause an accident. And again, he cannot give up his adult children's citizenship, so they would still have to have valid driver's licenses and auto insurance.
Last edited by Natalie; 22 July 2008 at 12:53 AM.
Reason: grammar, clarification
And she couldn't even do that, most likely. They go to a lot of effort to turn a blind eye when someone does something that qualifies (which can only be done in a foreign country).
True. If I understand it correctly, in order to be an illegal immigrant one must be a citizen of another nation who immigrates here illegally. A US citizen (who isn't a citizen of another country) would become a stateless person if they gave up their US citizenship.
True. If I understand it correctly, in order to be an illegal immigrant one must be a citizen of another nation who immigrates here illegally. A US citizen (who isn't a citizen of another country) would become a stateless person if they gave up their US citizenship.
I didn't think it would be possible to give up one's US citizenship without being a citizen of another country. |
Apple rejects Facebook app that tells users Apple takes 30% cut - neya
https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/28/apple-rejects-facebook-app-that-says-apple-takes-30percent-cut.html
======
onion2k
Apple should be allowed to do what they want regarding charging for use of the
app store, but they shouldn't be allowed to keep their policies secret.
Censoring apps that inform users where the user's money is going when they
spend it in an app is unconscionable.
~~~
vlovich123
Apple not allowing Facebook to use Apple platform to spread disparaging
remarks. They’re not even going draconian on it and banning Facebook if they
make disparaging remarks on other platforms. This is max libertarianism. Apple
built the highway and is in charge of setting the rules. You want to change
the rules, change them for all competitors.
~~~
onion2k
Telling someone the truth cannot be a disparaging remark.
~~~
vlovich123
First, I'm pretty sure you're confusing defamation with disparagement.
Defamation requires the claim to be untruthful. Disparaging remarks can
definitely be true - they just require the remarks to paint you in a negative
light. All defamation is disparaging. Not all disparagement is defamation.
Secondly, it seems like you're picking sides rather than objectively
evaluating the merits of the argument. Sure, Facebook saying Apple gets 30% of
the cut is technically a true fact. The truth is ultimately more than a
collection of facts that are true. You can manipulate perception by how you
present the set of facts, which you emphasize & which you omit. It's totally
conceivable to imagine there Apple may feel the true fact Facebook is
emphasizing isn't a fair representation of the truth. Even if it were, Apple
would surely feel they don't want individual apps putting up advertising that
disparages the very platform they are being served by. If they allowed it for
Facebook it would open up the flood gates for publicity stunts/coordinated
attacks from smaller companies which would force shifts in policy they view as
important for the long-term health of the ecosystem (& their revenue & margins
too probably).
Finally, Google has the same policies & the notice appears to be missing from
the Android app too [1]. This is trying to hold Apple to task over a purity
standard that no one follows. This all feels like a media and legal blitz by
very large companies trying to leverage dissatisfaction with the tech
companies in Congress to wrest significant concessions from Apple. I'm
genuinely curious about the media blitz focusing on Apple when Android has all
the same policies. Is Apple viewed as the first important domino to then take
on Google with? Does Apple just hold the lion's share of profitable users? Is
Apple just making stories "pop" more with readers?
Disclaimer: I work at Facebook & have worked at Google & Apple in the past. I
don't have a dog in this fight & all opinions are my own.
[1] [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-apple-
exclusive/...](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-apple-
exclusive/exclusive-facebook-says-apple-rejected-its-attempt-to-tell-users-
about-app-store-fees-idUSKBN25O042)
> The social media giant also planned to tell users on Alphabet Inc’s Google
> Play store it would not collect a fee for ticket sales, but that message was
> not displayed either, Reuters found.
------
sdfhbdf
Doesnt Google do the same?
|
With a description like that, how could I resist picking up
this book?
There’s plenty of food for thought in Dan Buettner’s new
book, The Blue Zones of Happiness: Lessons From the World’s Happiest People
(2017, National Geographic). Buettner, the author of several best-sellers about
the “Blue Zones”—five places in the world where people live the longest,
healthiest lives—focuses this book on what makes people live happier,
not just longer. He introduces readers to some of the happiest people in the
happiest cities in the world, shares the research-based “Three P’s of
Happiness” (pleasure, purpose, and pride), and plenty of strategies and
suggestions for creating healthier and happier habits for a greater sense of
lasting well-being.
I especially liked the recognition that there are multiple factors that boost happiness. I think everyone is different in what makes them
truly happy, and it’s reassuring to think that if one area of your life isn’t
bringing satisfaction, other areas can help to make up for it.
Other takeaways:
1. We should set up our lives to make it easier to feel
happy—no willpower involved. We have finite amounts of willpower, and even
something as seemingly no-brainer as doing something to make yourself happy
shouldn’t rely on willpower:
“What does lead to greater happiness is making changes to
your surroundings—to your home, workplace, community, and ultimately your
nation. The more you design your home to favor good habits, the better your
family will feel simply by living in it. The more friends you make at work the
more you’ll look forward to getting the job done. The more your community
nudges you out from behind the steering wheel and onto your feet, the better
you’ll feel. The more trust you put in your government, the more secure you’ll
feel. The challenge is to reshape your life so that you’re constantly being
nudged into well-being.”
2. How many moments of happiness we should have to offset
negative experiences and feelings:
“Moments of joy, serenity, or inspiration can be easily
quashed by worries, doubts, and demands. As a result of their urgency, negative
emotions such as fear or anxiety packed a bigger punch than positive ones such
as amusement or awe. So people who want to experience an upward spiral of
positive experiences could start by organizing their days to include at least
three ‘heartfelt’ positive feelings for every ‘heart-wrenching’ negative one.
That appears to be the difference between people who are flourishing and those
who aren’t, [Barbara] Fredrickson said.”
3. Seeking happiness doesn’t just benefit us—it helps
others, too. People who experience more happiness are more resilient when
setbacks occur. And happiness ripples through social circles, so that if you
become happier, you will likely help those who know and love you become happier
also.
4. Happiness boosters, if done too often, can become routine
and fail to provide the positive feelings we seek. Learn which happiness
boosters to try and how often, and keep varying them.
There are plenty of suggestions throughout the book of
practical (though not always easy) steps to take in order to boost happiness.
Towards the end, you’ll find the “Happiness Power Nine,” which includes such
things as sleeping 7.5 hours+ a night, engaging with the world by getting out
of your house and participating in a club or team, volunteering, living in a community
that supports well-being, and looking forward by setting goals and monitoring
your progress.
If you’re interested in creating a happier life—one of true
well-being, not just superficial pleasure—The Blue Zones of Happiness is
a worthwhile read.
Please share your happiness habits in the comments below!
For more information:
Take the Happiness Test to see how you rate on the Three P’s
of Happiness
Introduction by Ted Kooser: Sit for an hour in any
national airport and you’ll see how each of us differs from others in a million
ways, and of course that includes not only our physical appearances but our
perceptions and opinions. Here’s a poem by Ada Limón, who lives in Kentucky,
about difference and the difficulty of resolution.
Despite the hoopla surrounding the holiday season, December
is a great time to develop the habit of reflection. To reflect is to
think deeply or carefully—a practice especially useful as we wrap up an old
year and approach a new one.
But reflection is more easily discussed than practiced. The
culture in the U.S. is not conducive to reflective thought. Instead, it’s
devoted to making us too busy or too distracted by information overload to
pause for reflection. (I don’t think it’s just me—but correct me if I’m wrong.)
In addition, reflection is sometimes uncomfortable. It can
reveal to us areas of conflict, deep desires that have gone unmet, ways we fall
short, things we’re afraid of. I guarantee that if we have a few minutes of
thinking time, whatever problem we’re facing will pop up and demand attention.
Even though it can be uncomfortable, if we use our
reflection time wisely we may be able to make some progress solving those
issues that come to mind, rather than pushing them aside. We should be careful,
however, that we don’t turn our reflection time into a way to beat ourselves up
for not being and doing enough.
Reflection doesn’t always have to be about problem solving,
of course. It can—and should—also be a time simply to think about what’s
happening in our lives, what we’re grateful for, that great book we read, or
some new thing we recently learned. Reflection gives us the opportunity to pay
attention to our lives, rather than just living them.
Taking the time to reflect fosters growth, insight, and wisdom. We make connections between seemingly unrelated things, solve problems, and see new ways of approaching challenges. When we’re especially busy—like while we’re prepping for the holidays—it’s even more important to take time for reflection.
I’ve gotten out of the habit of making time to think, so I’m
going to take my own advice and start making reflection a regular habit. If you
want to join me, here are some simple tips that should help:
Schedule time for reflection.It doesn’t have to be a long period of time, but it should be regular.
Say every Sunday night from 8 to 8:30, for example.
Make space for reflection.A comfortable chair in quiet area is ideal. Or, if the weather permits,
take a walk and let your thoughts wander with you.
Keep a notebook or journal handy.If you’re like me, you’ll likely have something to jot down.
What should we think about? Anything we want!
We can let our thoughts drift, or we can make note of a question we want to
ponder. We may want to think through a particular challenge, reflect on an
experience, or some new thing we learned.
(One way to jump start your reflections is to
use prompt questions. One of my favorite end-of-the-year tools can be found in this post on Sandra Pawula’s blog, Always Well Within.)
Do you have any tips for establishing a habit of reflection? Please share in the comments!
Yesterday was the last day of Positively Present’s 30-Day
Gratitude Challenge. I’ve done this challenge four times now, and every year I
learn something new about gratitude.
The point of the challenge, for me, is to become more aware
of the large and small things I’m grateful for. So many times they get lost in
the shuffle of daily living. I’m ashamed to say that I take many things for
granted. (I also loved reading other people’s #Gratitude30 entries. We’re all
so different, yet somehow the same!)
Here are a few of my favorite 2017 prompts (entries have
been slightly edited to remove Instagram-ese):
Day 1 (Beauty): I didn’t have to go far to find today’s
prompt… Just out my back door. Thanks to my husband, I have the backyard I’ve
always wanted. I’m grateful for his efforts, and for the beautiful flowers that
bloom nearly year-round in Florida.
Day 9 (Feelings): I used to be afraid that my feelings
would overwhelm me. Then I started taking yoga classes and learning about
meditation. I learned I could watch my feelings and thoughts, and that as long
as I didn’t cling to them or push them aside they would simply…flow (like the
ripples in this photo). Sometimes I write out my feelings, both to figure out
what they are, and to help with the flow process. I’m grateful for the peace of
knowing this, too, shall pass.
Day 14 (Challenges): Some of the best rewards in life
come with a heaping helping of challenge. Like this guy here. Learning how to
ride and care for a horse as an adult has been physically, mentally, and
financially challenging, but worth every minute. I’m grateful for what I’ve
learned from him and from all the horse people I’ve met along the way.
Day 17 (Memories): These photos were taken in New Orleans
back in 2010, on a trip with Laure Ferlita, and they remind me of “les bon
temps” we shared exploring that fascinating city. Oh, how I would love to go
back to New Orleans. The food, the music, the people, the architecture…and did
I mention the food?
Day 30 (Growth): 2017 has been a challenging year in many
ways, and it forced me to grow, even when I’d have preferred to stay in my
comfort zone. I hate to admit it (and this is not an invitation to the universe
to send me adversity), but I’m grateful for the growth from those challenges.
And I intend to keep growing like this little flower, blooming in a crevice
between rocks. |
On Sunday, Hillary Clinton announced her official acceptance of the Planned Parenthood endorsement in the Presidential election, stating that their support reinforces her commitment to women’s “reproductive rights”.
Planned Parenthood has never publicly endorsed a presidential candidate, making this move historical, especially with the organization announcing they will commit $20 million towards her campaign with a focus on hitting the most competitive states.
The organization released a statement saying, “We’re proud to endorse Hillary Clinton for President of the United States. Hillary Clinton holds the strongest record on reproductive rights of all presidential contenders in not just this election, but in American history.”
You Might Like
Although Barack Obama was previously named “the abortion president” by Family Talk, Clinton is giving him a run for his money with this endorsement.
Clinton has repeatedly made it clear, especially on social media, that she will stick to her pro-choice beliefs and fight to keep abortion legal despite the recent videos that show Planned Parenthood engaging in the sale of body parts from aborted babies. One gruesome video even discussed about the “less crunchy” techniques of removing the babies to keep the body parts intact for potential sale. Although Clinton at the time called the footage “disturbing”, this apparently was not enough to convince her to not accept the money for her campaign. |
Q:
Ansible: get files list from local directory
I use ansible 1.9.4 and I would like to get the list of files from a local directory.
In 2.0 version, there is the find module but this version is beta.
How to do this in < 2.0 ?
A:
Some time ago I was building an automation that required something like that - see Ansible send file to the first met destination.
Prior to ansible 2.0 there's no way to do this without using command or shell.
If you really can't upgrade to ansible 2.0, use the command module:
vars:
directory: /path/to/dir
tasks:
- command: "ls {{directory}}"
register: dir_out
- debug: var={{item}}
with_items: dir_out.stdout_lines
A:
This is an example of listing all the files with .j2 extension in the directory templates and passing them to a module.
template: src="{{ item }}" dest="generated/{{ inventory_hostname }}/{{ item | basename | replace('.j2', '')}}"
delegate_to: 127.0.0.1
with_fileglob: templates/*.j2
|
Q:
How to change label to original text after it's been changed with a function in Swift?
I have a button that changes a text view when it's pressed, I want it to do the changed text to be switched into the original text when the button is pressed again.
My Code:
//An IBOutlet for the textview
@IBOutlet weak var changingText: UITextView!
//The button that changed the text
@IBAction func viewChangedText(sender: AnyObject) {
changingText.text = "Changed Text"
}
Now I want the text changed back when the button is pressed again.
Note: The original text is in in the storyboard, and if possible. could you help me change the button's text to "View" when the original text is there and change the button's text to "Hide" when the changed text is there.
A:
var didChange = false
@IBOutlet weak var changingText: UITextView!
//The button that changed the text
@IBAction func viewChangedText(sender: AnyObject) {
didChange = !didChange
if didChange {
changingText.text = "Changed Text"
}else{
changingText.text = "Original text"
}
}
|
After completion of chromosome segregation during mitosis, the activity of the key cell cycle kinase Cdk is downregulated to promote mitotic exit and return of cells to G1. This involves ubiquitin-mediated degradation of mitotic cyclins under control of the anaphase promoting complex (APC), a multi-subunit ubiquitin ligase. Mitotic cyclins are initially targeted for degradation by the APC in association with its activating subunit Cdc20 (APC^Cdc20^). Later, declining Cdk levels and activation of the Cdk-counteracting phosphatase Cdc14 allow a second APC activator, Cdh1, to associate with the APC (APC^Cdh1^)[@R6]-[@R8]. Cyclin proteolysis, a thermodynamically irreversible reaction, is thought to be responsible for the irreversibility of mitotic exit[@R1]-[@R3]. However, *de novo* protein synthesis can counteract degradation and constitutes a likewise thermodynamically irreversible process, driven by ATP hydrolysis. In a cellular setting, therefore, protein levels are defined by reversible changes to the rates of two individually irreversible reactions, protein synthesis and degradation. These considerations have led to the hypothesis that not proteolysis itself, but systems level feedback that affects synthesis and degradation rates, makes cell cycle transitions irreversible[@R9].
To test this hypothesis, we investigated the contribution of cyclin proteolysis to the irreversibility of budding yeast mitotic exit ([Fig. 1a](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). We arrested budding yeast cells in mitosis with high levels of mitotic cyclins by depleting Cdc20 under control of the *MET3* promoter. In these cells, we induced Cdh1 expression from the galactose-inducible *GALL* promoter for 30 minutes. We expressed a Cdh1 variant, Cdh1(m11), that activates the APC even in the presence of high Cdk activity due to mutation of 11 Cdk phosphorylation sites[@R6]. This led to efficient degradation of the major budding yeast mitotic cyclin Clb2 ([Fig. 1b](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). The mitotic Polo-like kinase, another APC^Cdh1^ target[@R10], was also efficiently degraded, while levels of the S-phase cyclin Clb5, a preferential substrate for APC^Cdc20^ (ref. [@R11]), remained largely unaffected ([Supplementary Fig. 1](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Clb2 destruction was accompanied by dephosphorylation of known mitotic Cdk substrates, seen by their change in electrophoretic mobility ([Fig. 1b](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). These included three proteins whose dephosphorylation contributes to spindle elongation and chromosome segregation, Sli15, Ase1, and Ask1 (refs [@R12]-[@R14]). Their dephosphorylation depended on the activity of the mitotic exit phosphatase Cdc14 ([Supplementary Fig. 2](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Mitotic spindles that were present in the metaphase arrested cells disassembled as Clb2 levels declined, accompanied by outgrowth of pronounced astral microtubules ([Fig 1c](#F1){ref-type="fig"} and [Supplementary Fig. 3](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), reminiscent of spindle breakdown at the end of mitosis. APC^Cdh1(m11)^-mediated destruction of the spindle stabilising factor Ase1 ([Fig. 1b](#F1){ref-type="fig"}), in addition to its dephosphorylation, may contribute to this phenotype[@R15].
After 50 minutes, when Clb2 levels became almost undetectable, we turned off APC^Cdh1(m11)^ by inactivating a temperature sensitive APC core subunit encoded by the *cdc16-123* allele[@R16]. Strikingly, in response to APC^*cdc16-123*^ inactivation, Clb2 levels recovered and Sli15, Ase1, and Ask1 re-appeared in their mitotic hyperphosphorylated forms. Mitotic spindles formed again, suggesting that cells had re-entered a mitotic state. Spindles appeared morphologically intact, but were longer after cyclin re-accumulation (3.9±0.8 μm; mean ± s.d.) compared to metaphase spindles at the beginning of the experiment (2.1±0.6 μm). A likely reason for this lies in compromised sister chromatid cohesion after some, albeit inefficient, inactivation of the anaphase inhibitor securin by APC^Cdh1(m11)^ ([Supplementary Fig. 4](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"})[@R17]. FACS analysis of DNA content confirmed that cells maintained a 2c DNA content throughout the experiment ([Fig. 1d](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). This demonstrates that cyclin destruction promotes mitotic exit events, but is not sufficient to render them irreversible. Cyclin re-synthesis can reverse mitotic exit. Note that reversibility of mitotic exit under these conditions did not depend on persistence of the S-phase cyclin Clb5 ([Supplementary Fig. 1](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
If not cyclin destruction, what makes mitotic exit irreversible? When we repeated the above experiment, but continued Cdh1(m11) induction and inactivated APC^*cdc16-123*^ only after 60 minutes, Clb2 did not re-accumulate and over half of the cells subsequently completed cytokinesis and entered G1 ([Fig. 2a](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). This suggests that after longer times of Clb2 destruction mitotic exit becomes irreversible. Western blotting revealed that around the time when Clb2 loss turned irreversible, the Cdk inhibitor Sic1 accumulated[@R4],[@R5]. We therefore asked whether Sic1 accumulation was responsible for the irreversibility of mitotic exit. When we repeated the above experiment using a *sic1Δ* strain, Clb2 re-appeared after APC^*cdc16-123*^ inactivation and only a minority of cells proceeded to cytokinesis ([Fig. 2a](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). In the absence of Sic1, mitotic exit remained reversible even after prolonged Clb2 destruction for 90 minutes ([Supplementary Fig. 5](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Sic1 is part of a double-negative feedback loop in which Cdk downregulation allows the Cdc14 phosphatase to dephosphorylate Sic1, as well as its transcription factor Swi5, to increase expression and stability of the Cdk inhibitor[@R5],[@R9]. As Clb2 positively regulates its own synthesis[@R18],[@R19], Clb2 inhibition by Sic1 may be required to prevent Clb2 re-synthesis.
The above suggests that mitotic exit remained reversible up to 50 minutes because the Sic1 feedback loop had not yet been sufficiently activated. Consistent with this possibility, dephosphorylation-dependent translocation of Swi5 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, indicative of Swi5 activation during mitotic exit[@R5],[@R20], was inefficient under these conditions ([Fig. 2b](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). Likewise, the levels of Sic1 that became detectable remained below those observed in cells undergoing mitotic exit after release from the metaphase block by re-induction of Cdc20 ([Fig. 2c](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). If irreversibility of mitotic exit is due to activation of the Sic1-dependent feedback loop, irreversibility should be advanced by increasing Cdc14 phosphatase activity, or by directly enhancing Sic1 levels. As predicted, ectopic expression of either Cdc14, or of a version of Sic1 that is stable in the presence of high Cdk activity due to mutation of 3 Cdk phosphorylation sites[@R21], Sic1(m3), made Clb2 destruction irreversible under conditions that otherwise permit Clb2 re-synthesis ([Fig. 3a](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). This confirms that activation of the Sic1-dependent feedback loop limits the irreversibility of mitotic exit.
It has been shown that mammalian mitotic exit can be driven in the absence of cyclin proteolysis by chemical inhibition of Cdk activity. After short, but not after longer times of Cdk inhibition, mitotic exit remained reversible[@R3]. We repeated these experiments in budding yeast cells carrying the ATP analog (1NM-PP1)-sensitive Cdk allele *cdc28-as1* (ref. [@R22]). As in mammalian cells, we observed reversible mitotic exit events, exemplified by dephosphorylation of the Cdk substrate Orc6 (ref. [@R23]), after transient Cdk inhibition for 10 minutes. After 50 minutes of inhibitor treatment, Orc6 dephosphorylation turned irreversible. Irreversibility again correlated with, and depended on, accumulation of Sic1 ([Figure 3b](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). This suggests that feedback loop activation is responsible, and that cyclin destruction is not required, for irreversible mitotic exit. In the presence of cyclin destruction, a shorter period of Cdk inhibition was sufficient to render mammalian mitotic exit irreversible[@R3]. While this was taken to demonstrate a requirement for cyclin destruction, we suggest that activation of a feedback loop correlated with cyclin destruction that made mitotic exit irreversible.
To theoretically investigate the contribution of feedback to the irreversibility of budding yeast mitotic exit, we used a mathematical model[@R24] to describe the cell cycle control network that operates during mitotic exit ([Fig. 4a](#F4){ref-type="fig"}, a detailed description is found in [Supplementary Fig. 6](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In our experiments, Cdk downregulation begins by Cdh1(m11)-mediated Clb2 degradation, or 1NM-PP1 addition, which causes Sic1 accumulation due to the double-negative feedback loops. If Clb2 proteolysis is terminated by inactivating APC^*cdc16-123*^, or 1NM-PP1 is removed, before Sic1 reaches a threshold, Sic1 accumulation becomes transient and Cdk activity will recover ([Fig.4b,e](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). In the absence of Sic1, mitotic exit will therefore always remain reversible ([Fig. 4d,g](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Clb2 destruction becomes irreversible only if Sic1 levels have reached a threshold that maintains Cdk activity low enough to prevent Clb2 re-synthesis ([Fig. 4c](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Mitotic exit after chemical Cdk inhibition turns irreversible when Sic1 levels are sufficient to maintain Cdk inhibition independently of 1NM-PP1 ([Fig. 4f](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Note that during normal mitotic exit, Cdk downregulation is initiated by APC^Cdc20^-mediated Clb2 destruction, and APC^Cdh1^ activation by the decreasing Cdk/Cdc14 ratio forms an additional double-negative feedback loop that maintains low Cdk activity redundantly with Sic1. In mammalian cells, the antagonistic relationship between Cdk and Cdh1, and between Cdk and its inhibitory tyrosine phosphorylation[@R25],[@R26], create double-negative feedback loops of Cdk inactivation that likely contribute to irreversibility of mitotic exit.
Protein destruction is a commonly used mechanism controlling key cell cycle transitions. The rise in Cdk activity at the G1/S transition is accompanied by the degradation of Cdk inhibitors. The irreversibility of this transition, however, probably stems from positive feedback during Cdk activation[@R27]. Likewise, even though the G2/M transition in the vertebrate cell cycle involves proteolysis of the Cdk inhibitory kinase Wee1, this transition shows the characteristics of a bistable switch, driven by feedback between Cdk, Wee1 and the Cdk-activating phosphatase Cdc25 (refs [@R28],[@R29]). While not irreversible in a cellular context, protein degradation, and in particular protein resynthesis, occur at a time scale slower than addition or removal of posttranslational modifications. Proteolysis thereby introduces an element of distinct dynamic nature into the cell cycle control network, the consequences of which merit further investigation.
Methods summary {#S1}
===============
Yeast strains {#S2}
-------------
A list of strains used in this study is found in [Supplementary Table 1](#SD1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Epitope tagging of endogenous genes and gene deletions were performed by gene targeting using polymerase chain reaction products. Integrative expression vectors for Cdh1(m11) and Cdc14 under control of the *GALL* and *GAL1* promoters, respectively, were as described[@R6],[@R13], the YIplac211*GAL1-SIC1(m3)-HA* vector was a gift from E. Schwob.
Experimental procedures {#S3}
-----------------------
Cells were grown at 25°C in SC medium lacking methionine, with 2% raffinose as carbon source, and arrested in metaphase by depletion of Cdc20 under control of the *MET3* promoter by addition of 2 mM methionine for 5 hours. Expression of Cdh1(m11), Sic1(m3) or Cdc14 was induced by addition of 2% galactose. Induction was terminated by addition of 2% glucose, and APC^*cdc16-123*^ inactivated by shifting the culture to a waterbath at 37°C. Alternatively, metaphase arrested cells were released into synchronous mitotic progression by Cdc20 re-induction after filtration and resuspension in methionine-free medium. Protein extracts were prepared using the TCA method[@R30]. Antibodies used for Western blotting and immunostaining were: α-HA 12CA5, α-myc 9E10, α-Orc6 SB49 (a gift from B. Stillman), α-Clb2 (y-180), α-Clb5 (yN-19), and α-Sic1 antisera (FL-284, all Santa Cruz Biotechnology), α-Tub1 YOL1/34 (Serotec), α-actin N350 (Amersham), α-Tub4 serum (a gift from J. Kilmartin), and an antiserum raised against recombinant Cdc14 purified after overexpression in *E. coli*.
Supplementary Material {#SM}
======================
We thank C. Bouchoux, J. Kilmartin, E. Schwob and W. Zachariae for antibodies and constructs, and members of our laboratory for discussion and critical reading of the manuscript. This work was supported by a European Commission Marie Curie Individual Fellowship to S.L.-A. and the EC FP7 (O.K.).
**[Supplementary Information](#SM){ref-type="supplementary-material"}** accompanies the paper on [www.nature.com/nature](http://www.nature.com/nature).
Reprints and permissions information is available at [npg.nature.com/reprintsandpermissions](http://npg.nature.com/reprintsandpermissions).
{#F1}
{ref-type="fig"}, but Cdh1(m11) expression was not terminated and *cdc16-123* was inactivated after 60 minutes. Mating pheromone α-factor (5 μg/ml) was added to prevent progression through the next cell cycle. FACS analysis of DNA content reveals completion of cytokinesis in cells containing Sic1. **b-c**, Limited activation of feedback loop components during reversible mitotic exit. **b**, Swi5 retains cytoplasmic localisation and **c**, Sic1 accumulation is incomplete during reversible APC^Cdh1(m11)^-driven mitotic exit. For comparison, cells were released from metaphase arrest into synchronous mitotic exit by Cdc20 re-induction. Swi5 was visualised by indirect immunofluorescence. Levels of Clb2 and Sic1 were analysed by Western blotting. Scale bar, 5 μm.](ukmss-4265-f0002){#F2}
{ref-type="fig"}. **b**, Sic1 promotes irreversible mitotic exit in the absence of APC activity after chemical Cdk inhibition. Cdk (*cdc28-as1*) was inhibited by addition of 5 μM 1NM-PP1 in metaphase arrested *SIC1* and *sic1Δ* cells, depleted for Cdc20 and APC^*cdc16-123*^ inactivated at 37°C. After 10 or 50 minutes, 1NM-PP1 was washed out while APC^*cdc16-123*^ remained inactive. Levels and gel mobility of the indicated proteins were analysed by Western blotting. Tub1 or Act1 served as loading controls.](ukmss-4265-f0003){#F3}
{ref-type="supplementary-material"}) during Cdh1(m11)-induced mitotic exit and **e-g**, after chemical Cdk inhibition. Clb2 represents the total level of Clb2/Cdk complexes, including inactive complexes bound to Sic1, Clb2a its associated kinase activity, MCM1 the active form of the Clb2 transcription factor complex Fkh2/Ndd1/Mcm1, APC the level of active APC^Cdh1(m11)^. **b,e**, Reversible exit: APC^Cdh1(m11)^ activity is terminated after 50 minutes, or Cdk inhibition by 1NM-PP1 released after 10 minutes. **c,f**, Irreversible exit: APC^Cdh1(m11)^ activity continues for 60 minutes, or Cdk inhibition for 50 minutes. **d,g**, Reversible exit in *sic1Δ* cells: as **c**,**f**, but Sic1 synthesis is zero.](ukmss-4265-f0004){#F4}
|
Paul Pierce may opt out of his Wizards contract to play for the Clippers in 2015-16
Quote:
One of the biggest questions surrounding the Wizards' offseason surrounds on what Paul Pierce will do this offseason. After their Game 6 loss to the Atlanta Hawks in the second round of the playoffs, it seemed as if he would retire, based on what he said in postgame interviews.
However, now that he has had a little time to reflect on things, The Truth may play next season after all. But it appears that he is considering a return to his hometown of Los Angeles to play for the Clippers, according to a column by TNT/NBA.com's David Aldridge earlier this week:
The Wizards could stand pat if Pierce decides to return to D.C. next season rather than opt out of his deal, but many around the league believe Pierce will do just that and finish his career back home in Los Angeles with the Clippers.
There are certainly reasons why the Clippers are a good fit for Pierce. First, he will be reunited with head coach Doc Rivers, whom he played for with the Boston Celtics where they won an NBA championship in 2008. Second, the Clippers are also a team that is looking for a veteran player who has Finals experience which Pierce has, and he could fit in nicely at either forward position.
For the Wizards, losing Pierce would be a blow of course. But at the same time, the team does need to get a bit younger. In addition, Otto Porter showed during the playoffs that he very close to being ready to be a full-time starter at the small forward position if he isn't already. |
MILWAUKEE – If the Rockets played as if they thought they could score with ease and put the Bucks away whenever they got around to it, the assumption was understandable. They were usually right.
That became the Rockets’ biggest issue again as they worked to keep the Bucks in the game, offering reminders of those nights they let other last-place teams hang around long enough to beat them. But when they needed to score with ease, the quality that had distracted them so for most the night, they always could.
The Rockets tempted fate again, this time against half of the league’s worst team, but with the game on the line, they finally sealed a 101-95 win in the final 10 seconds on Saturday.
“Just glad we got that win,” Rockets coach Kevin McHale said with a thought to the alternative. “That was not our best game. We had a lot of possessions we didn’t move the ball offensively. Defensively, they kind of got what they wanted for a while.
“We got a win. That’s what we came here to do.”
The Rockets’ five-game winning streak matches their best of the season. Their 12-consecutive wins when scoring 100 points is the longest active streak in the NBA. Dwight Howard topped 20 for a fifth-consecutive game, his longest streak of the season, scoring 27 points on 11 of 19 shooting with 13 rebounds and five assists.
Yet, the Rockets knew they had made things much tougher on themselves than they needed to be, initially by allowing the Bucks to own the boards, then by putting up almost no resistance defensively to end the first half and start the second and finally by straying from what had worked so reliably all night.
“There comes a point if you’re going to be a good team in the NBA, your biggest challenge is yourself every night,” McHale said. “You play against yourself after a while. If you become good enough, you really don’t play against the opponent. You play a level you expect to play at. The opponent is someone you test yourself again. That’s what we’re trying to get to”
That all seemed to come from falling into the same trap, taking a Bucks team lightly as it played without Ersan Ilyasova, O.J. Mayo, Luke Ridnour, Ekpe Udoh, Caron Butler and after 4:23 Larry Sanders. The Bucks that were left would not surrender, forcing the Rockets to pay enough attention to repeatedly rebuild double-digit leads by getting the ball inside to Howard or having Jeremy Lin or James Harden attack off the dribble.
“We try to do that consistently,” said Lin, who had 18 points and has averaged 16 on 50 percent shooting in the past five games. “We try to do that over a period of time, try to do that extensively. I think right now we’re too up-and-down. That’s part of the game, but it would be nice for us to build leads and really dominate from start to finish.
“I think (the challenge) is not to get too comfortable and try to stay in a rhythm as much as possible, always try to be attacking. That’s what we want to do as a team.”
The Rockets, however, would not let the Bucks fade away. Khris Middleton hit a 3 off an inbounds play and Brevin Knight took a James Harden turnover to a layup to pull within six with the Rockets acting as if they did not notice the Bucks were still in the game. When Lin fouled Middleton shooting a 3-pointer, Middleton cut the lead to three. Lin missed a contested fadeaway jumper with 24.9 seconds left, giving the Bucks a final possession to force overtime.
The Bucks went for a quick basket with Brevin Knight going to the rim and drawing some contact from Pat Beverley. But Knight missed his layup. Beverley was not called for a foul. Howard was fouled on the rebound, hitting his second free throw to finally put away the win.
The Rockets, however, knew it never should have been that tight. In a game they made 29 of 53 shots in the paint, they still put up 25 3s with Harden going 1 of 9 from behind the arc. The Rockets strayed from the lane so often, they took just 13 free throws, their fewest of the season. The nine they made tied their fewest only when Howard tacked on two with 3.2 seconds left.
“We didn’t attack like we needed to the whole game,” Howard said. “We had spurts when we attacked the basket. There were times we just settled for a 3 or a long 2. We have to always be in attack mode.”
They were when they thought they were in trouble, but for most of the night, they could not convince themselves there was reason for concern. They were probably right, but once again, it was a dangerous way to play. |
A multidisciplinary approach to toxicological screening: IV. Comparison of results.
Toxicity data collected under standardized test conditions may be of the utmost importance in health risk assessment, in which human exposure limits are often derived from laboratory experiments. A standardized approach to data collection is also important for evaluating the sensitivity and specificity of test methods used to determine toxic potential. Several experiments were undertaken to determine the effects of chemical exposures using a multidisciplinary screening battery, which included tests for systemic, neurological and developmental toxicity. The effects of 1- and 14-d exposures to 10 chemicals on systemic and neurological indices of toxicity were determined in female F344 rats using standardized test batteries. Parallel experiments determined chemical effects on prenatal and postnatal development following exposure of the dams for 14 d. The chemicals included four pesticides (carbaryl, triadimefon, chlordane, and heptachlor), four solvents (trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride, and dichloromethane), and two industrial compounds (phenol and diethylhexyl phthalate). The results showed that the chemicals produced markedly different qualitative patterns of effect on systemic, neurological, and developmental indices of toxicity. Differences in the pattern of systemic and neurological effects were also obtained that depended on dosing duration. Quantitative analyses indicated that the highest ineffective dose as well as the lowest effective dose could vary by as much as two orders of magnitude across the different indices of toxicity. These results clearly show that a test battery focused on a single endpoint of toxicity cannot be used to accurately predict either qualitatively or quantitatively a chemical's systemic, neurological, and developmental toxicity profile. |
$135K for anti-Munroe tax group comes from pro-biz sources
The Tallahassee group mounting a campaign against the hospital tax collected and spent $135,000 or so between Oct. 13 and Thursday, newly released records show.
About $45,000 came from Associated Industries of Florida, the powerhouse business group. AIF organized the anti-hospital tax organization, which is called Save Our Constitution Now.
The rest of the money, $90,000, came from Voice of Florida Business, which in state election parlance is considered an “electioneering communication organization.”
It, like Save our Constitution Now, is organized by AIF and chaired by Tom Feeney.
Voice of Florida Business has collected about $150,000 during this calendar year — $90,000 of which was donated between Oct. 13 and Thursday, state records showed.
Most of that $150,000 total ($136,000 or so) came from Associated Industries or its political action committee.
Chipping in $10,000 was the Florida Federation for Children, a group that advocates school choice. It is an electioneering communications organization based in Lutz.
The $10,000 is just a fraction of the $2.3 million the federation has raised this year.
As for expenditures: Save Our Constitution Now spent nearly $135,000 between Oct. 13 and Thursday.
That includes $56,000 in “media expenses” from McLaughlin & Associates, a New York company that the Washington Times newspaper calls “one of the best Republican polling firms.”
The rest went to Public Concepts LLC for direct mail. The political consulting company has a Florida office in West Palm Beach.
A report of all money raised or spent on or after Friday is due Jan. 10.
Save Our Constitution Now, which was formed in early October, has been running radio ads and making robo calls beseeching voters to reject the 1-mill property tax, which would support Munroe Regional Medical Center.
Among other things, this anti-tax campaign has implored people to “vote against waste” and has mocked Munroe leaders for approving $5 million in employee pay increases during austere times.
The radio ads have suggested that even if voters approve the tax, proceeds of which would support a bond issue, Munroe still could be leased or sold to a for-profit company that would then get the money.
Stan Hanson, head of the pro-tax group Protect Hometown Healthcare, has rebutted that claim and accused the anti-tax group of spreading lies.
Hanson’s group, whose latest expense report wasn’t available on the state Division of Elections website as of 1 p.m. Friday, collected more than $230,000 through Oct. 12. Much of the money was spent on direct mail and postage.
That group’s donor list includes many local doctors and medical practices, as well as a $30,000 contribution from Signature Brands, state records showed.
Munroe is a public hospital owned by the Marion County Hospital District. It is overseen by seven trustees who are appointed by the County Commission.
The tax would raise about $65 million. Proponents say the money would help support some of Munroe’s capital needs, pay off some debt, and provide leaders time as the economy rebounds.
A tax defeat could lead to the trustees leasing the hospital to an outside group. The trustees are considering proposals from two such companies interested in the 421-bed hospital.
The current lease is held by Munroe Regional Health System, Inc., which is overseen by a 13-member board, some of whose members also are district trustees.
News
1.20.2015
Flu season is in full swing
As doctor's offices, urgent care centers and hospitals are seeing, flu season is active, with hospitalization rates close to what they were two years ago. Flu is one of the nation's leading causes of death, with roughly 24,000 people a year dying from flu and its complications. Latest figures released by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) show the flu hitting hard in all but seven states.More |
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LB Manti Te'o a long way from home, blends beliefs, leadership to command Irish defense
Manti Te'o left the beautiful vistas, the sand and the ocean of his native Hawaii for a long journey to Indiana, where he's found peace and a new home as the leader of Notre Dame's defense.
As a Mormon, there is much more to his life than just knocking down ball carriers as a linebacker. There is self-discovery, sacrifice and an inner discipline.
"Faith is a high priority up here," Te'o said of Notre Dame, a Catholic institution. "Coach Kelly said no matter what your religion, it's a very special place and you can grow spiritually here."
A highly regarded prep recruit from Punahou High School — a guy named Barack Obama attended the same school — Te'o came to Notre Dame despite the lure of places closer to home like, say, Southern California. And after an adjustment period, he made an impact last season when he started 10 games and had 63 tackles, the third-best total by a Notre Dame freshman.
"I've always said it was a hard decision for me to leave home," Te'o said. "Leave all my friends and my family and come all the way here. Usually guys from Hawaii will go somewhere near home, but for me I stepped out of my comfort zone and blazed my own trail.
"I learned that I'm more independent than I thought I was. I can depend on myself. I can clearly just be my own man. It took some time, but I had to find myself here, just be comfortable and make this my home."
After that first season when the Irish finished 6-6 in what would be coach Charlie Weis' final campaign, Te'o had another difficult decision — continue with football or go on a Mormon mission. In December, he announced he would come back to school and play for new coach Brian Kelly.
"Right now it's just all football, helping my team win," he said.
And that comfort level, both on the field and in South Bend, made staying easier. He attends a nearby Church of Latter Day Saints.
"It's been great, been my home away from home," he said. "It reminds me of home because no matter where you go, the church is the same everywhere."
Te'o will be in a middle linebacker spot in the Irish's 3-4 defense this fall and he'll be in charge of barking out defensive signals to his teammates. At 6-foot-2, 250 pounds, Te'o's physical attributes jump out, but so does his ability to take control and demand respect.
"You say, 'OK, he can do the job,'" defensive coordinator Bob Diaco said. "The guy might be heck of a player, but we're relying on him to do some of the communication. So if you get a guy out there who is a little mousey, nobody can really hear what he's supposed to do. One of the biggest things he's giving us right now is he's a demonstrative communicator."
So Te'o has shown he can do what the Irish need, both physically and mentally, and not be worn out by either responsibility. The two must mesh in the 3-4 defense.
"He's got energy and passion," Diaco said. "His wind is up. If you're looking at the full group in terms of their cardiovascular, he's one of the top guys. So he's in condition where he's not taxed."
Te'o is very aware of the history of Notre Dame and its great teams and players. Kelly has reminded his players that they carry a responsibility for both past and future.
"He just told us that tradition is important and nice, but it's nothing if we don't honor the guys who came before us," Te'o said. "I feel in order to be a great football player, you have to play for something beyond yourself. Coach Kelly has helped us realize that. We can play for something bigger than ourselves, which is Notre Dame." |
Q:
How to use DotNetOpenAuth.OAuth.DesktopConsumer.RequestUserAuthorization with url contaqins port?
i have:
var service = new ServiceProviderDescription
{
RequestTokenEndpoint = new MessageReceivingEndpoint( this._requestTokenUrl, this._requestTokenHttpDeliveryMethod ),
UserAuthorizationEndpoint = new MessageReceivingEndpoint( this._authorizeUrl, HttpDeliveryMethods.GetRequest ),
AccessTokenEndpoint = new MessageReceivingEndpoint( this._accessTokenUrl, this._accessTokenHttpDeliveryMethod ),
TamperProtectionElements = new ITamperProtectionChannelBindingElement[] { new HmacSha1SigningBindingElement() },
ProtocolVersion = ProtocolVersion.V10a,
};
this._tokenManager = new InMemoryTokenManager();
this._tokenManager.ConsumerKey = this._consumerKey;
this._tokenManager.ConsumerSecret = this._consumerSecretKey;
this._consumer = new DesktopConsumer( service, this._tokenManager );
this._accessToken = string.Empty;
consumer.RequestUserAuthorization( null, null, out this.requestToken );
when _requestTokenUrl equals for example 127.0.0.1:1234/magento - method throws an exception because server returns: 401 oauth_problem=signature_invalid
But if i use 127.0.0.1/magento it works fine.
How to use RequestUserAuthorization() with URL that contains port?
A:
I found solution not in DotNetOpanAuth but in magento. By default magento ignores port when calculating the signature in Mage_Oauth_Model_Server::_validateSignature(). To change it you must pass the false parameter to the $this->_request->getHttpHost().
May be it will be possible Magento Rest Oauth API (Signature Invalid) 401
|
Q:
How to send asynchronous call to application insights (AZURE)
We have set up application insights (Azure) and the script is added to the project. I have noticed that sometimes this request is overlapping with the page's ajax request.
A:
Have confirmed with app insights team, actually the data(track or others) is sent to application insights backend async.
Here is his feedback:
The actual process of sending telemetry items to backend is done async. 'TrackXXX"
calls result in items being stored in-memory and are sent async, in batches.
Hope it helps.
|
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}
.card.warnings-card, .card.errors-card {
text-transform: capitalize;
}
.card.warnings-card .card-options a, .card.errors-card .card-options a {
cursor: pointer;
}
.text-wrap {
word-wrap: break-word;
}
.relative {
position: relative;
}
.overflow-auto {
overflow: auto;
}
.react-json-view {
border-radius: .25rem;
}
.collapsable:hover {
cursor: pointer;
}
.contractFunction {
margin-bottom: 0px;
}
.debugButton {
width: 28px;
height: 24px;
}
.jumpBack {
background-position: 0px 48px;
background-image: url(images/icons.png);
}
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background-position: -28px 48px;
background-image: url(images/icons.png);
}
.stepOverBack {
transform: scaleX(-1);
background-position: -56px 24px;
background-image: url(images/icons.png);
}
.stepOverForward {
background-position: -56px 24px;
background-image: url(images/icons.png);
}
.stepIntoForward {
background-position: 0px 24px;
background-image: url(images/icons.png);
}
.stepIntoBack {
background-position: -28px 24px;
background-image: url(images/icons.png);
}
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background-position: -196px 48px;
background-image: url(images/icons.png);
}
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text-decoration: none;
}
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color: #ffffff;
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cursor: pointer;
}
|
Coxsackie virus infection of the placenta associated with neurodevelopmental delays in the newborn.
To determine if viral infection of the placenta was associated with long-term neurodevelopmental delays in the newborn. Placental tissue from seven newborn infants with severe respiratory failure and subsequent neurodevelopmental abnormalities as well as ten normal controls and five cases of known placental infection (cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and parvovirus) were tested by in situ hybridization or reverse transcriptase in situ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for adenovirus, coxsackie virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus, herpes simplex virus, influenza A virus, picornavirus, polyoma virus, parvovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, rotavirus, and varicella zoster virus. Coxsackie virus RNA was detected in six of the seven cases, and in none of the ten normal controls or five cases with known viral infection. Viral RNA localized primarily to the Hofbauer cells and trophoblasts of the terminal villi. Immunohistochemical analysis for the coxsackie virus antigen VP1 yielded equivalent results. In utero coxsackie virus of the placenta is associated with the development of severe respiratory failure and central nervous system sequelae in the newborn. This underscores the importance of detailed pathologic and viral examination of the placenta in cases of systemic illness in the newborn. |
Q:
Create alphabetic index with letters repeating
I am running Debian 9. In Bash I can echo {a..z} for the alphabet, or echo {a..z}{a..z} to print letter combinations. However, I would like to generate an index with: a b c d etc. then aa bb cc dd etc. then aaa bbb ccc ddd etc. until it is aaaaa bbbbb (until zzzzz). How could this be done with brace expansion or another similar method? Thanks
A:
You could do:
$ printf '%s ' {a..z}; echo
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
$ printf '%s%s ' {a..z}{,}; echo
aa bb cc dd ee ff gg hh ... ss tt uu vv ww xx yy zz
$ printf '%s%s%s ' {a..z}{,,}
aaa bbb ccc ddd eee ... ttt uuu vvv www xxx yyy zzz
Explained:
A brace expansion will create one argument per each value delimited by the comma (and the leading string):
$ echo A{d,u,j}
Ad Au Aj
But, if the value is empty, it will just repeat the leading string:
$ echo A{,,}
A A A
If the leading string is itself a brace expansion, all its strings will be repeated:
$ echo {one,two}{,,}
one one one two two two
Then, the printf (and the trailing echo) are used to format the output:
$ printf '%s%s%s ' {one,two}{,,}; echo
oneoneone twotwotwo
With one letter values:
$ printf '%s%s%s ' {a..d}{,,}; echo
aaa bbb ccc ddd
|
Get a daily rundown of the top stories on Urban Milwaukee
The Wisconsin State Senate voted 21-10 yesterday in rare bipartisan fashion to pass a funding plan for the new Bucks arena. A compromise was reached that added a $2.00 a ticket tax, as well as eliminating the county’s use of certified debt as a contribution. The final deal puts the total public contribution at $250 million, excluding interest.
The arena deal still needs to pass the Wisconsin State Assembly, but passage there has always been a bit more straightforward. The deal is likely a go, even if the Assembly makes some changes. So who wins and who loses under this deal?
Winner: BMO Harris Bradley Center Haters
Yes, there were many of us. The “Fortress on Fourth,” as it’s been called, is an anti-urban monstrosity that does little or nothing to increase the value of the land around it. It was built for professional hockey and the sight lines and seating bowl configuration make that obvious, with too many seats far too high and a number of seats that don’t angle towards the basketball court. I’m forever grateful for the gift Jane Pettit gave to this state, but its time has passed and its demolition is a positive. Even if it costs more to attend games at a new arena, it may be worth it. I’ve been to a number of other NBA arenas and have yet to find one I like less that the BC.
Here’s hoping much of the building can be recycled, as was Northwestern Mutual‘s East Building.
Winner: Bruce Murphy
It’s no secret that our editor has created a cottage industry out of being critical of this deal. He’s consistently been the voice of the public, looking to protect taxpayers. That wouldn’t have been so noticeable had any other publication in town turned a more critical eye towards the deal. What is a secret is that Bruce is a huge NBA fan. He’s among the most excited people I know awaiting the chance to watch the trio of Giannis Antentounkmpo, Jabari Parker and Greg Monroe hit the the court together.
Winner: Chris Larson and Nikiya Harris Dodd
Milwaukee’s two youngest state senators, Chris Larson and Nikiya Harris Dodd had an impact, both voting for the deal, but only after exacting a compromise that eliminated the county debt certification. Unfortunately they still left the county with a $4 million a year bill. Interestingly, both senators used to be members of the county board.
They also managed to get a $2 ticket tax added, which is a big concession from the Bucks. Unfortunately the state negotiated to get 25 percent of the ticket tax, with the remainder going to the Wisconsin Center District. Still, the overall result reduces both the bite on taxpayers and the huge debt the district will have to issue, though the state’s portion of the ticket tax arguably should have gone to the county or district.
An added bonus for the senators? The arena will be built in Dodd’s district, but very close to Larson’s.
Loser: Cable Subscribers
The NBA’s new national television deal will kick in next year, sending league revenue through the roof. Once that’s distributed to all the teams, income tax collections in Wisconsin from Bucks players will soar. Unfortunately for Wisconsin residents, that increased revenue isn’t coming from a money tree. Every cable subscriber in Wisconsin will shoulder that burden, and would have continued to do so even if the Bucks left town, but they get at least some benefit in the form of Bucks players income tax payments to the state.
How does this money all flow from Time Warner Cable and Charter Communications to the Bucks? In 2014 , cable providers paid ESPN $6.04 per subscriber per month, TNT $1.48 per subscriber per month and NBA TV $0.27 a month. Those costs are expected to grow 36 percent by 2018. ESPN and TNT’s parent companies in turn pay the NBA billions for the rights to broadcast NBA games (TNT’s parent Turner Communications controls NBA TV). The NBA in turn distributes that money to all 30 teams, which has to spend roughly 50 percent of it on player salaries. The players on both teams pay Wisconsin income tax when they play a game in Wisconsin.
The money that flows to Bucks local cable affiliate FSN is peanuts compared to this national revenue.
Every cable subscriber is subsidizing the Bucks and NBA already, whether they watch a game or not.
Winner and Loser: Chris Abele
My only neutral rating for this column gets bestowed upon Milwaukee County Executive Chris Abele. He’s credited with shepherding the deal along, which would be a win, if not for the Senate Democrats removing his method of paying for the county’s share while leaving him with the bill. Abele also won himself more power, the sole authority over non-park land, in order to assure the county board couldn’t vote against his plan to hand the county’s Park East land to the Bucks for $1.
Winner: Common Ground
Common Ground had zero leverage in the arena debate, but attempted to get some by creating a campaign centered around getting money set aside for the countless dilapidated athletic facilities across Milwaukee. While that campaign ultimately failed, Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett did get part of the arena deal to include positive changes to how the foreclosure process works in Milwaukee County. Common Ground’s Bucks campaign has increased their visibility in the community, which may bolster their hard work on the foreclosure crisis still affecting Milwaukee.
Winner: Downtown Land and Business Owners
A major visitor destination, an NBA team, not only stays, but gets a new home. That should keep property values and visitor counts rising Downtown.
Winner: Downtown Taverns
That’s my take. Jake Dehne, co-owner of Upper 90 Sports Pub, Pub Club and Buckhead Saloon tells me that Old World Third St., where his bars and restaurants are located, is a winner in the deal. He’s probably right, because I’ll continue to go out before and after games, but I don’t see myself going to the chain bars that are likely to open in the “live district.”
For what it’s worth, I thought Kansas City Live, KC’s downtown bar block, was fun for a night. The Bucks’ “live district” is supposedly patterned after Kansas City Live (and other models). Unlike many corner bars in Milwaukee, Kansas City Live felt absolutely huge, regardless of where in the complex you went.
Kansas City Live had virtually no competition in the area, but that’s hardly the case here. Milwaukee has no shortage of bars and the ones that fare the best seem to be the ones in older buildings. It will be fascinating to see how opening a brand new building filled with bars and restaurants will work in Downtown Milwaukee.
Loser: Education
It’s embarrassing the amount of time we spend wrangling over some things while more serious issues go virtually unnoticed. For example, the Milwaukee Streetcar occupied so much head space while the Milwaukee County Transit System still heads for a cliff unless a dedicated funding source can be found. Similarly, the arena got debated extensively while a new state law on failing schools passed with virtually no fanfare. The new law will allow failing Milwaukee Public Schools to literally be removed from the district and placed under control of the county executive, with all of the employees at least temporarily losing their jobs. Regardless of how you feel about this law, it was passed with little coverage and discussion, while the Bucks arena got all the attention, yet the education law could have a far greater long-term impact on the community.
Loser: Franklyn Gimbel
Frank Gimbel, who has run the Wisconsin Center District ever since it was created, is on the outside looking in. He maintains his seat on the board for now, but has lost the chairmanship.
Winner: Haymarket Land Owners
The Haymarket neighborhood, also known as that collection of industrial buildings just north of Downtown, has been overlooked for years. It’s been cut off from the rest of Downtown first by an elevated freeway, and now a huge swath of vacant land. A large public housing complex to the immediate west certainly hasn’t aided property values either. All that’s set to change with a new arena and the planned development of the Park East. We’re already seeing more real estate activity in that area with National Ace Hardware at 1303 N. 4th St. being sold.
Winner: Herb Kohl
Herb Kohl, former US Senator and Milwaukee Bucks owner, comes away looking like a hero. He chipped in $100 million (tax free) to the new arena, which he made off of the profits from selling the team in the first place. In exchange he earns sainthood in Milwaukee for the rest of his life. Next time you see him at Ma Fischer’s or Sobelman’s thank him for not just taking the cash and retiring to Florida.
Loser: Joe Davis and Bob Donovan
Mayoral candidates and alderman Joe Davis, Sr. and Bob Donovan lose a wedge issue to use against Tom Barrett in the coming election. That and the Bucks said they want the streetcar extended to the arena.
Winner: Labor Unions and Building and Construction Companies
Lots of building and construction workers and companies will be needed to build the new arena and all the anticipated ancillary developments. Those jobs and business could be generated for years to come.
Winner: Local Media
The advertising dollars from the Milwaukee Bucks should keep flowing to the local media. As is the case in many markets, the local media went to bat for a taxpayer-funded stadium. Any connection there? You be the judge.
Loser: Major League Soccer in Milwaukee
The odds of Milwaukee getting a MLS team are now a bit darker. The loss of the Bucks might have created some momentum to land a team from the one professional sports league that is consistently adding new cities. That’s unfortunate in my book; I’ve had a lot of fun at MLS games in Chicago, Denver and Vancouver. Until the stars align, a once-a-year game at Miller Park between two foreign teams will have to suffice.
The Milwaukee Soccer Development Group will continue to push for a lower level professional team as well, an effort that has worked in other markets to eventually produce an MLS.
Winner: Marcus Corp.
Local hotel and movie giant Marcus Corp. is a clear winner in this deal. Where do the teams stay when they come to town? Almost always at the Marcus-owned Pfister Hotel. Win!
Also, for whatever it’s worth, I’ve heard stories of Giannis Antentounkmpo buying virtually every concession in sight at movie theaters, that can’t hurt.
Winner: Marquette University
Marquette will get a brand new arena and doesn’t have to pay for it. Plus the Bucks have agreed to be a tenant in the research and athletics facility the university is developing at N 8th St. and W. Michigan St. They might be the biggest winners besides the Bucks’ owners.
Winner: Metropolitan Milwaukee Association of Commerce
The MMAC went to bat big for the arena, stewarding the Play It Forward group that heavily promoted the new arena. The deal getting done will be another notch in the belts of Tim Sheehy and MMAC board members.
Loser: Milwaukee Admirals
All indications are that the Milwaukee Admirals minor league hockey team won’t be a part of the new arena. They’ll likely head to the UWM Panther Arena, where they played before moving to the BMO Harris Bradley Center when it opened.
Winner: Milwaukee Bucks owners
The team gets a brand new home to play in, along with a brand new practice facility. Win! They can charge more for tickets since sight lines and amenities will be better. Win! More money will come in from a new national television deal. Win! They came out of this having played the public relations game perfectly, with their reputation still held in the highest regard. Win! You get a brand new bar district in Downtown. Win!
The only downside for the ownership group is that they’ll shoulder the burden of any cost overruns. However, any cost overrun will likely be as a result of an improvement in their favor.
Winner: Milwaukee Bucks Fans
Fans of the Milwaukee Bucks will see a small amount of their tax dollars go to support the team they like. The team is increasingly putting a better product on the court, and the new ownership group led by Marc Lasry, Wes Edens and Jamie Dinan seems like they’re on the way to being one of the shrewdest in the league. Good times are ahead.
The only downside for Bucks is that new stadiums often come with ticket price increases, not to mention the ticket tax. But hey, fans won’t have to book a flight to Seattle to see Giannis and Jabari play.
Loser: Milwaukee Brewers
The bad news for the Milwaukee Brewers: Not only does a competitor for sponsorships, suites and club seats stay in town, but it will be selling a fancy new building. The Bucks also seem poised for success, while the Brewers are currently floundering, which could change how fans allocate their dollars in coming years. Fortunately for the Brewers, the still play home games in July and the Bucks still play in February. It doesn’t take much convincing to take the family trip to Milwaukee in the summer versus the winter.
Winner: Milwaukee Common Council
The city gets a new arena, and the council barely had to lift a finger. They’ll approve the tax-incremental financing district and move on with no significant budget impact.
Loser: Milwaukee County Board of Supervisors
Somehow in the middle of all the debate, and before the Board was even scheduled to become part-time in 2016, they lost more power. Abele got an anonymous legislator to tack an amendment onto the state budget that strips the board’s power in virtually all land sales.
Loser: Milwaukee County Residents
Residents of Milwaukee County will shoulder the major public costs of the arena with the smallest benefit. Sure, the new arena will be in Milwaukee, but the benefits in terms of income tax dollars flow to the state’s bottom line. The $4 million a year in state aid that the county is poised to lose is likely to mean cuts in services or higher property taxes. And county taxpayers also will pay much of the hotel, car rental and food tax levied by the Wisconsin Center District.
Winner: Milwaukee Streetcar
The Milwaukee Streetcar is oddly a winner in all of this because it will have somewhere to go west of the river. Currently, although engineering work to run it up N. 4th St. is underway, it’s been a bit tough to foresee how a route would work through the west side of Downtown. Now there is a demand generator in the form of a new arena, as well as substantial development planned in the Park East and underway at The Brewery. The streetcar can logically be extended past the new arena’s front door, up through the former Pabst Brewery and into the city’s Near West Side.
Winner: NBA Owners
NBA owners come out on top in this deal. The league gets a brand new arena and another generous public subsidy. More importantly, they maintain the blackmail chip of Seattle. Until a team is in Seattle, the value of every franchise is increased.
Winner: Out-State Residents
If you live in Wisconsin, but not in Milwaukee County, this arena deal is nothing but a win for you. The state government will continue to receive the income tax dollars from the team, scheduled to increase dramatically next year with a new NBA TV deal. In exchange for that increased flow, a small amount of the original revenue must be forfeited for arena bonding.
Winner: Paul Henning
Paul Henning goes from anonymous Bucks fan to face of the Save Our Bucks movement. It was a campaign Henning started two seasons ago when the team was plateaued under owner Herb Kohl’s playoffs or bust mantra. Henning’s group purchased a billboard near the BMO Harris Bradley Center that said “Winning Takes Balls,” a reference to the need to get lottery balls from having a poor record to get a star in the NBA draft. Little did Henning, or anyone else know, the Bucks would accidentally have the worst season in team history and end up with star-in-waiting Jabari Parker. New owners also stepped in at the end of the season and immediately injected life into Henning’s cause.
No one was more active in encouraging people to call their legislators in support of the arena deal. If the Bucks give him anything less than lifetime season tickets I’ll be disappointed.
Winner: Potawatomi Hotel and Casino, Strip Clubs, The Cheesecake Factory, Chipotle and PF Changs
It’s no secret that NBA players eat lots of food. Just look at their Instagram or Twitter feeds in the season. Bucks big man John Henson is even well-known for his love of Chipotle. The Cheesecake Factory, Chipotle and PF Changs are all known for their large portions, and will still see a steady stream of business from unusually tall customers with the Bucks staying in town.
Something you don’t see quite as often is the number of strip clubs and casinos NBA players visit. Trust me, many of them are regulars. Potawatomi and Silk Exotic are ready to ring the register.
Winner: Robin Vos
Assembly Speaker Robin Vos appears set to emerge completely unscathed from this deal. He managed to get the state to lower their contribution to the deal and appears likely to avoid a lengthy fight to get the bill passed in his legislative chamber. An added bonus is it looks like he has much greater control over his wing of the Capitol, compared to the wrangling it took in the Senate with Republicans jumping ship. Should he choose to run for Governor down the road, as has been rumored, he can use this in his stump speech.
Loser: Seattle
One of the country’s biggest basketball cities still doesn’t have a team. I’ll continue to call the Oklahoma City Thunder the Zombie Sonics, who, under new owners from Oklahoma City, abandoned Seattle in 2007. That said, I did think the name Seattle StarBucks was funny.
Winner: Scott Fitzgerald
I put Scott Fitzgerald in the win column by the slimmest of margins. He gets a clear win from the apolotical crowd for actually compromising with Democrats. Even some Republicans are likely happy that Democrats were forced to vote for it. Yet the Senate Majority Leader was unable to get the deal passed without a lot of fuss and delay that made him seem not quite in control of his delegation at times. On the other hand, he got a family victory: his brother Jeff successfully represented the Bucks as a lobbyist.
Winner: Scott Walker
Scott Walker, governor-turned-presidential candidate, originally proposed a deal that would have had the state bearing almost all the public cost for the deal, and which Republican legislators almost immediately ran away from. He got saved by Vos, Fitzgerald and Abele, who worked out a deal that transferred most of the costs to Milwaukee. Walker avoided the embarrassment of the Bucks leaving town while he campaigns, and got a deal that was much better for the state than he proposed.
Winner: State Government
The state has to give a little money to support bonding on the arena, but in return gets to keep all the income tax revenue flowing from the Bucks and visiting teams. The unique timing of the deal with regards to the NBA’s national TV deal means that the state will see a substantial increase in the amount of revenue they receive over the next couple years. With the arena being property tax exempt, the primary beneficiary of the arena is the state’s general fund. The deal is a win for the state’s bottom line while Milwaukee County and the Wisconsin Center District will eat most of the cost.
Winner: Tim Carpenter
State Senator Tim Carpenter (D-Milwaukee) gets a new arena in his city without having to vote for it. He’s actively running for the the Milwaukee Common Council seat last held by late Joe Dudzik and he’ll have a good talking point in one of the city’s most conservative districts.
Winner: Tom Barrett and the City of Milwaukee
Mayor Barrett and his negotiating team seem to have driven a hard bargain. Yes, they’ll build a new parking garage using tax-incremental financing, but they’ll get some of the revenue from it. They’ll also use TIF to tear down an existing parking garage, but it will be replaced by a new “live district” that from a layout perspective should better connect the land to the west with Old World Third St.
Their biggest coup might have come in making sure the “live district” pays property taxes, which previous state law all but insured it wouldn’t. This would have distorted the rules of the game when it came to bar and restaurant competition, and eliminated much of the benefit to the city of the new arena.
They were able to use the tools at their disposal to get the deal, rather than resorting to using the debt certification deal that was pitched to them and the county, and didn’t need to divert any other general fund revenues.
The Mayor also managed to get some laws changed related to the foreclosure process that will minimize its impact on the city and the community at large.
Reports from the state Senate chambers had Barrett upset about the ticket tax, because all of it didn’t go to the Wisconsin Center District to service their highly expensive debt.
The fight is far from over though, as the city, primarily through Rocky Marcoux and the Department of City Development must fight to insure the new development in the Park East is built in an urban, walkable fashion, in a way that knits it to the fabric of the city and assures the arena development doesn’t become an island in the middle of Downtown.
Winner: Urban Milwaukee
I’ll be honest with you, our Friday Photos column is likely going to feature arena, streetcar and Northwestern Mutual Tower and Commons construction photos for the next two years. It’s going to be a long time before Dave Reid and I look at each other and ask “what should we take photos of this week?
Winner: UWM Panther Arena
Sure its name seems to change almost as often as the Midwest-Frontier-Delta-Wisconsin convention center, but the UW-Milwaukee Panther Arena is the little engine arena that could. Opened in 1950, it’s still standing, while the adjacent BMO Harris Bradley Center will come down. It has a throwback charm to it, something that should be built upon, not scrubbed away by future renovations.
Come 2017, the arena will be home to the UWM men’s basketball team, the Milwaukee Admirals, Milwaukee Wave, and the Brew City Bruisers roller derby team.
Loser: Visit Milwaukee
The organization that tries to draw conventions to the city has long supported an expansion of the convention center, which looks much less likely since Wisconsin Center District taxes are tied up paying off the NBA arena for decades.
Winner: Westown
In urban planning and real estate development circles it’s commonly agreed that the west side of Downtown is plagued by “super blocks.” While trading one arena for another isn’t a remedy to that problem, plans to make the “live district” permeable to Old World Third St. are a definite improvement. The plans for the Park East land aren’t incredibly impressive yet, but they at least seem to avoid making the situation worse.
All of this is to say Westown wins because it avoids being overrun by a monstrous new arena complex. The scale of all the planned new buildings appears to be small enough to allow Westown to eventually be connected together by the same fine-grain urbanism that works so well in much of East Town.
Winner: Wisconsin Avenue
W. Wisconsin Ave. will be better off with the arena going where it is planned as opposed to the surface parking lot at W. Wisconsin Ave and N. 4th St. The scale of the arena would have overwhelmed the area, not because of its height, but because of its width. With the Shops of Grand Avenue next door, the mall and arena would have eliminated the grid of city streets at W. Wisconsin Ave. between N. 6th St. and N. 2nd St. The mall already is a barrier to development in the area, and the arena would have only made it worse.
Winner: Wisconsin Center District
True, the Wisconsin Center District won’t have the funds to expand the convention center as it’s wanted to do for years. But the ticket tax should at least significantly reduce the huge debt the district will have to issue. Without this, the payments on the bonds it issues wouldn’t have started for ten years. More importantly, the WCD gets more power: it now becomes this new super entity that is going to oversee a huge slice of downtown, including the Marcus Center for the Performing Arts, the new Bucks arena (nominally, as the Bucks will call the shots), the UWM Panther Arena, the Wisconsin Center and the Milwaukee Theatre.
Arena Renderings |
The aim of this study is to identify those processes by which afferent sensory information regulates cerebral development, and thus modifies the potential of the brain. The visual system of the chick offers an ideal experimental model in which to dissect out various parameters and identify their individual contributions. In previous studies we have shown that the metabolism of cerebral macromolecules is promptly reduced by monocular visual deprivation and that this effect may be mediated by the vascular system. It is planned to examine cerebral blood flow and the status of the blood- brain barrier in young chicks receiving a different visual input into each eye. We will look for selective changes in the penetrability of substances into the brain and for asymmetry of data from paired brain regions of each bird. We will examine the extent to which any impairments found can be reversed. Such relatively short-term changes may lead to more permanent morphological variations and thus ultimately determine the characteristic behavior of an organism. We also propose to study the development and extent of and possible physiological modulation of the distal axoplasmic transport of materials in the optic pathway. |
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The 5100-28-IT is based on infrared (IR) technology, an accurate and stable method of detection of gases such as Methane and Propane. Detecting and alarming users when gasses reach between 0 to 100% lower explosive limit (LEL) concentrations, this is a low maintenance product operating in high combustible gas and/or low oxygen environments. |
Dressings and tapes applied to the skin should preferably exhibit a degree of stretchiness so that they do not unduly restrict movement of the underlying skin. This is particularly important in skin areas such as fingers, elbows and knees which are subjected to continuous stretching and relaxation during normal activities. If a tape does not exhibit elastic properties similar to or greater than skin, the tape will exert a force against the skin causing discomfort and in some cases, actual damage to the skin.
The prior art has devised numerous ways of providing elastic tapes and dressings. One popular method is to form loosely woven fabrics containing elastomeric filaments interspersed among non-elastomeric filler yarns. The elastomeric or rubbery filaments provide resiliency to the fabric, i.e., the ability to return to its original size and shape when the stretching force is removed. Typical constructions of this type are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,207,885 and British Pat. No. 1,449,790. Stretchable knitted fabrics for use in elastic bandages are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,965,703 and 4,173,131. An elastic bandage comprising elastic yarns sealed between two non-woven fibrous webs and between a non-woven fibrous web and a non-porous film are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,575,782.
The aforementioned elastic fabrics are relatively expensive due, in part, to the elastomeric yarns, which are usually wrapped with non-elastomeric filaments. They are also generally bulky and often puckered in the relaxed state.
Less costly elastic non-woven fabrics of synthetic fibers bonded together at crossover points are described in Belgian Pat. No. 857,077 and Japanese Pat. No. 79040-606.
Dressings and tape backings having elastic properties have also been formed in layered or laminated constructions. European Pat. No. 7-802 describes a synthetic elastomeric fiber sheet made of bonded or non-bonded elastomeric fibers laminated to a less elastic sheet made of natural, synthetic or mineral fibers and/or filaments. British Pat. No. 1,575,830 describes an absorbent dressing such as a diaper comprising an elastomeric film backing laminated to an absorbent material which may comprise paper, wood pulp, or other absorbent material, preferably configured so as to be extensible such as by creping.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,483,018 describes an extensible adhesive tape in which the backing comprises an elastomeric film reinforced with an extensible fibrous substrate such as bias woven gauze having a maximum elongation of from about 20% to about 50%. The properties of the backing are primarily those of the elastomeric film which must be carefully selected to provide the required degree of moisture vapor transmission. |
Q:
Is there a way to disallow robots crawling through IIS Management Console for entire site
Can I do the same as robots.txt through IIS settings?
Telling
User-agent: * Disallow: /
in host header or through web.config?
A:
No this is not a specified way. Either have the robots.txt or the HTML-Meta-Tag as described in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta_element#The_robots_attribute
There are only these two options available.
|
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