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abstract: 'Accurate measurements of nuclear reactions of astrophysical interest within, or close to, the Gamow peak, show evidence of an unexpected effect attributed to the presence of atomic electrons in the target. The experiments need to include an effective “screening" potential to explain the enhancement of the cross sections at the lowest measurable energies. Despite various theoretical studies conducted over the past 20 years and numerous experimental measurements, a theory has not yet been found that can explain the cause of the exceedingly high values of the screening potential needed to explain the data. In this letter we show that instead of an atomic physics solution of the “electron screening puzzle", the reason for the large screening potential values is in fact due to clusterization effects in nuclear reactions, in particular for reaction involving light nuclei.'
author:
- 'C. Spitaleri'
- 'C. A. Bertulani'
- 'L. Fortunato'
- 'A. Vitturi'
bibliography:
- 'Screening.bib'
title: The electron screening puzzle and nuclear clustering
---
To understand the energy production in stars, the first phases of the universe and the subsequent stellar evolution, an accurate knowledge of nuclear reaction cross sections $\sigma (E)$ close to the Gamow energy E$_G$ is required [@Rolfs1988; @Adelberger2011]. Therefore, recent research in experimental nuclear astrophysics has triggered the development of new theoretical methods and the introduction of new experimental techniques to study thermonuclear reactions at ultra-low energies, either directly or indirectly. In nuclear reactions induced by charged-particles occurring during quiescent burning in stars, E$_G$ (in general of order of few keV to 100 keV) is far below the Coulomb barrier E$^{C.B.}$ for the interacting nuclei, usually of the order of few MeV. In particular almost all of the nuclear reactions relevant to solar energy generation are between charged particles and non-resonant reactions [@Adelberger2011]. This implies that as energy is lowered the thermonuclear reactions are more dependent on the tunneling with an exponential decrease of the cross section. Therefore, their bare nucleus cross sections $\sigma_b$(E) drops exponentially with decreasing energy. For such reactions it is helpful to remove the rapid energy dependence associated with the Coulomb barrier, by evaluating the probability of $s$-wave scattering off a point charge. The nuclear physics (including effects of finite nuclear size, higher partial waves, antisymmetrization, and any atomic screening effects not otherwise explicitly treated) is then isolated in the S factor, defined by $$S(E)=E \sigma_b(E) \exp\left[2\pi\eta(E)\right] , \label{sbe}$$ where $\sigma_b$(E) is the bare nucleus cross section at the center of mass energy $E$ and $\exp(2\pi\eta)$ is the inverse of the Gamow tunneling factor, which removes the dominant energy dependence of $\sigma_b(E)$ due to barrier penetrability, and the Sommerfeld parameter $\eta(E)$ is defined as $$\eta(E) = \frac{Z_1Z_2e^2}{\hbar v}=\frac{Z_1Z_2 \alpha}{v/c} . \label{eta}$$ It depends on the atomic numbers Z$_1$, Z$_2$ of the colliding nuclei and on their relative velocity $v=\sqrt{2E/\mu}$ in the entrance channel and $\alpha=e^2/\hbar c$ the fine-structure constant. Due to this definition, the astrophysical S factor is a slowly varying of $E$ and one can extrapolate $S(E)$ more reliably from the range of energies spanned by the data to the lower energies characterizing the Gamow peak. (For more details see Refs. [@Adelberger2011; @Barker2002] and references therein). The measured cross-section $\sigma_s$ must be corrected for the effect of electron screening arising from the presence of electrons in the target atoms and, possibly, in the (partly)-ionized projectiles [@Rolfs1988; @Adelberger2011; @Assenbaum1987; @Fiorentini1995; @Strieder2001]. The presence of electrons contribute to an enhancement of the measured cross-section compared to that with bare nuclei. Note that a similar screening effect is also present in stellar plasmas, where fully ionized atoms are surrounded by a “sea" of electrons within the so-called Debey-Hückel radius, which in turn depends on conditions of plasma temperature and density that may vary during stellar evolution. Because the electron screening measured in the laboratory differs from the one in the plasma, it is important that the measured cross sections of astrophysical interest be the bare one, $\sigma_b$(E), so that plasma screening corrections can be subsequently applied. To parameterize the cross section rise due to the screening effect, an enhancement factor $f_{lab}(E)$ is usually introduced. This factor can be described in a simplified way by the equation [@Rolfs1988; @Fiorentini1995; @Strieder2001], $$\begin{aligned}
f_{lab}(E) = \frac{ \sigma_s(E)}{\sigma_b(E)} = \frac{S_s(E)}{S_b(E)} \sim \exp\left[\pi\eta\frac{U_e{^{(lab)}}}{E}\right], \label{fe}\end{aligned}$$ where $U_e^{(lab)}$ is the electron screening potential in laboratory experiments. A good understanding of the electron screening potential $U_e^{(lab)}$ is essential in order to calculate $\sigma_b(E)$ from the experimental $\sigma_s(E)$ using Eq. . For astrophysical applications it is necessary to know accurately the reaction rates in the stellar plasma, amounting to an average over the particle velocities, $\left<\sigma_{pl}(E) v\right>$. In turn, the effective cross section for stellar plasma, $\sigma_{pl}$(E), is connected to the bare nucleus cross section and to the stellar electron screening enhancement factor $f_{pl}$ by the relation $$\sigma_{pl}(E) = \sigma_b(E)\ f_{pl}(E) . \label{sigpl}$$ If $\sigma_b$(E) is measured at the ultra-low energies (Gamow energy $E_G$) and $f_{pl}(E)$ is estimated within the framework of the Debye-Hückel theory it is possible from Eq. to evaluate the $\sigma_{pl}(E)$ which is the main quantity necessary for astrophysical applications. Unfortunately, direct experiments to measure the cross sections of reactions involving light nuclides have shown that the expected enhancement of the cross section at low energies connected to the screening effect is, in many cases, significantly larger than what could be accounted for by available atomic-physics models [@Rolfs1988; @Strieder2001]. This aspect deserves special attention [@Barker2002] because one may have a chance to predict the effects of electron screening in an astrophysical plasma only if it is well understood under laboratory conditions (Eqs. (\[sbe\]-\[fe\])). To explain the laboratory screening puzzle many experimental [@Rolfs1988; @Adelberger2011; @Assenbaum1987; @Fiorentini1995; @Strieder2001] and theoretical studies have been carried out [@Barker2002; @Angulo1998]. In particular many experiments were performed to estimate the systematic errors in the determination of the astrophysical factor. Special investigations were carried out to rule out errors that might be present in the extrapolation of the data to zero energy and in the calculations of the energy loss at these ultra-low energies [@Rolfs1988; @Adelberger2011; @Assenbaum1987; @Fiorentini1995; @Strieder2001]. But up to now, theoretical studies from the point of view of atomic physics have not given a solution to this puzzle. This lack of theoretical understanding can jeopardize the significance of some values of the bare nucleus astrophysical factor $S_b(E)$ extracted from direct measurements. The aim of this letter is to uncover a novel approach to the solution of this puzzle by the introduction of nuclear structure effects without questioning the well known atomic physics effects. The main motivation to justify the introduction of this new idea is explained next.
The wave function of a nucleus in the Fock space can be expressed as $$\left |\psi_{nucleus}\right> = \alpha\left|\psi_A\right> + \beta\left|\psi_a\psi_B\right> + \gamma\left|\psi_c\psi_D\right> + \cdots ,\label{wf}$$ where ($\alpha, \beta, \gamma$) are spectroscopic amplitudes, $\left|\psi_A \right>$ is the wave function of the $A$ nucleons in a non-cluster configuration and $\left|\psi_a\psi_B\right>$ represents the nuclear wave function in a cluster-like configuration with clusters a and B. Cluster configurations can alter the fusion probabilities because the Coulomb penetrability is reduced, as we show next. A simple evidence is the cross section for $^6$Li + $^6$Li $\to$ 3$\alpha$ reactions at ultra-low energies which are experimentally found to be orders of magnitude larger than calculations based on barrier penetrabilities for $^6$Li as non-clusterized spherical nuclei ([@Lattuada1988] and references therein).
The basic idea of the cluster model and its relation to the screening puzzle is that whereas the spectroscopic amplitudes of cluster-like structures can be very small, the fusion reactions have an exponential enhancement for cluster-like structures. Since $^6$Li can have a $d + \alpha$ cluster structure, the fusion can be enhanced because the Coulomb barrier for deuterons with $^6$Li is suppressed. Due to clustering the fusion cross section can be split into partial cross sections in the form $$\sigma_L = C_{66}P_{^6{\rm Li}+^6{\rm Li}} + C_{26} P_{{\rm d}+^6{\rm Li}} + \cdots , \label{slc}$$ where the constants $C_{66}$ and $C_{26}$ include the spectroscopic amplitudes and appropriate phase factors for $^6$Li + $^6$Li and d + $^6$Li configurations. Because $$\frac{P_{^6{\rm Li}+^6{\rm Li}}}{P_{{\rm d}+^6{\rm Li}}} \to 0 \label{pratio}$$ as $k \to 0$, the second term in Eq. (\[slc\]) dominates at lower energies. Thus, even if the spectroscopic amplitudes are small, the cluster-like configuration enhances the cross section by many orders of magnitude, more than compensating the small configuration probability, also related to the preformation factor. The experimental data clearly shows that the fusion cross section in the $^6$Li + $^6$Li $\to$ 3$\alpha$ does not decrease as fast with energy as the penetrability for $^6$Li + $^6$Li channel does [@Manesse1964; @Gadeken1972; @Lattuada1987; @Lattuada1988; @Spitaleri2015]. An additional effect might be responsible for an even larger enhancement of the cross section. When the cluster-like structure in $^6$Li aligns so that the two deuterons and the two alphas are located along a line with the two deuterons closer to each other right before the reaction occurs, the barrier for the deuterons is reduced due to its larger distance to the alpha particle. Even without alignment, the average over all configurations is still reduced. We show this with a simple model based on the clusterization of $^6$Li. Dramatic effects of clusterization can be imprinted on the quantum tunneling probability. Consider a spherical coordinate system, depicted in Fig. \[fign\], placed with the origin in the center of mass of the projectile with the $z$-axis along the direction of bombardment. The $^6$Li projectile is partitioned into two clusters, a deuteron (1 in the following) and an alpha particle (indicated with 2), with centers of mass at a distance $d$ from each other on the $z$-axis, in such a way that the deuteron is on the positive side and therefore at distances $+2d/3$ and $-d/3$ respectively. The target center of mass is found at an angle $\theta$ with respect to the projectile’s reference frame. The azimuthal angle of the projectile does not play any role, because it amounts to a rotation around the $z$-axis. The orientation of the generic inter-cluster axis of the target (here an identical $^6$Li system) has angles $\theta'$ and $\phi'$.
![Top figure: Coordinate system used in calculations. Plot - Upper panel: Ion-ion potentials for the dicluster systems with three different orientations as a function of c.m. distance to show the change in barrier height and position. Plot - Lower panel: Penetration probability of averaged dicluster-discluster system (solid) compared with sphere-on-sphere (dashed).\[fign\]](fig1.pdf)
The position, height and width of the barrier depend on the details of the potentials, sum of Coulomb and nuclear potentials, between each pair of clusters and it depends on vector distances ${\bf r}_{ij}$ as $$V_{tot}(r,\theta,\theta',\phi')=\sum_{i,j=1}^2 \Biggl( \frac{Z_iZ_je^2}{r_{ij}} + V_N(r_{ij}) \Biggr),$$ where the function parametrically depends also on the relative inter-cluster distance $d$, that we keep constant (and equal to $\sim 3.85$ fm obtained from the cluster model formula (A.4) of Ref. [@Mason] and data on radii [@Angeli]). The next level of refining of the model would include the weighting with the internal relative motion wavefunction of $^6$Li. The upper panel of Fig. \[fign\] shows the significant changes on the barrier height and position induced by relative rotations of the di-cluster orientation axes, while keeping $\theta'=\phi'=0$.
For energies below the barrier, the tunneling probability can be calculated in the WKB approximation as $P=e^{-2G}$, where the Gamow tunneling factor is given by $$G(E,\theta,\theta',\phi')= \frac{\sqrt{2m}}{\hbar} \int_a^b \sqrt{V_{tot}(r,\theta,\theta',\phi') -E}~ dr \ .$$ The angle-averaged penetration probability as a function of bombarding energy is displayed in the lower panel of Fig. \[fign\] (solid line) and compared with the analogous calculations for sphere-on-sphere (optical potential from Ref. [@Pott]).
[lllccr]{} & & & & &\
&Reaction &$U_e^{adlim}$ &$U_e^{exp}$ &Note &Ref.\
& & (eV) &(eV) & &\
$[1]$ &$^2$H($d,t$)$^1$H &14 &19.1$\pm$3.4 & &[@Greife1995; @Tumino2014]\
$[2]$ &$^3$He($d$,$p$)$^4$He &65 &109$\pm$9 &D$_2$ gas target &[@Aliotta2001]\
$[3]$ &$^3$He($d$,$p$)$^4$He &120 &219$\pm$7 & &[@Aliotta2001]\
$[4]$ &$^3$He($^3$He,2p)$^4$He &240 &305$\pm$90 & compilation &[@Adelberger2011]\
$[5]$ &$^6$Li($d$,$\alpha$)$^4$He &175 &330$\pm$120 &H gas target &[@Engstler1992]\
$[6]$ &$^6$Li($d$,$\alpha$)$^4$He &175 &330$\pm$49 & &[@Engstler1992; @Musumarra2001]\
$[7]$ &$^6$Li($p$,$\alpha$)$^3$He &175 &440$\pm$150 &H gas target &[@Engstler1992]\
$[8]$ &$^6$Li($p$,$\alpha$)$^3$He &175 &355$\pm$67 & &[@Engstler1992; @Cruz; @Lamia2013]\
$[9]$ &$^7$Li($p$,$\alpha$)$^4$He &175 &300$\pm$160 &H gas target &[@Engstler1992]\
$[10]$ &$^7$Li($p$,$\alpha$)$^4$He &175 &363$\pm$52 & &[@Engstler1992; @Cruz; @Lamia2012a]\
$[11]$ &$^9$Be($p$,$\alpha_0$)$^6$Li &240 &788$\pm$70 & &[@Zahnow1997; @Wen2008]\
$[12]$ &$^{10}$B($p$,$\alpha_0$)$^7$ &340 &376$\pm$75 & & [@Angulo1993; @Spitaleri2014]\
$[13]$ &$^{11}$B($p$,$\alpha_0$)$^8$Be &340 &447$\pm$67 & & [@Angulo1993; @Lamia2012]\
It is clear from this simple analysis that the probability is very much enhanced in the dicluster-dicluster fusion model with respect to the sphere-on-sphere model. Thus, if the spectroscopic amplitudes in Eq. are known, the coefficients in the partial cross sections of Eq. will also be known and the total fusion cross section will certainly display the enhancement effects due to clusterization. The problem of calculating those amplitudes is a very difficult one, not within the scope of this article. It requires a theory beyond the naïve shell model, which treats nuclei as a collection of nucleons. On the other hand, cluster models rely on the knowledge of preformation factors. In this respect, ab-initio models are quite promising (see, e.g., Ref. [@NavQua]) but the inclusion of correlations including clusters in bound states has shown to be quite challenging and one does not seem to have reached the stage of properly assessing the values of the spectroscopic amplitudes for each cluster configuration. The clustering effect we propose as a candidate to explain the electron screening puzzle is somewhat related to the Oppenheimer-Phillips effect [@Greife1995; @OpPh], which is due to the polarization of the deuteron in the Coulomb field of the target nucleus in deuteron induced reactions. We have shown that even without polarization the fusion of light cluster-like nuclei can acquire enhanced tunneling when averaged over all geometric configurations.
In Table I and figure 2 we show typical cases of reactions at ultra-low energies where clusterization fusion enhancements might be have been observed: the first is for the case of $Z=1$ nuclei reacting with nuclei which do not present an evident nuclear cluster structure, the second is for the case of cluster-like nuclei. The main conclusion drawn from Table 1 is that there is a clear correlation between the cluster structure of nuclei involved in reactions at ultra-low energies and the discrepancy between the value of the upper limit (adiabatic approximation) of the screening potential, $U_e^{adlim}$, and its experimental value, U$_e$$^{exp.}$. The disagreement increases as the cluster structure is more pronounced (larger cluster spectroscopic factor). In particular, Table 1 displays the following evidences in favor of a nuclear structure solution for the “electron screening" puzzle for the thermonuclear reactions of astrophysical interest:
1. In all the cases of reactions with cluster-like nuclei with one electron ($Z=1$) the experimental electron screening potentials are in agreement, within the experimental errors, with the upper theoretical limit due to atomic energy balance [@Assenbaum1987] (examples are the cases of d + d and d + p reactions).
2. For reactions with cluster-like nuclei with small electron number ($Z=3$) and mass numbers 6,7 (examples are p + $^{6,7}$Li) if we consider the central values of the experimental screening potential we observe that these values are more than a factor 1.5 times higher with respect the U$_e$$^{adlim}$.
3. Reactions with cluster nuclei with electron number $Z=4-5$ also show a disagreement between the experimental and theoretical upper limit based on the energy balance in the adiabatic approximation. The discrepancy increases as the cluster structure of the interacting nuclei is more evident (examples are the reactions p + $^9$Be and p + $^{10,11}$B).
If the solution of the “electronic screening" puzzle would be related to the effects of atomic nature the item $(ii)$ of the list above should have the same value of experimental screening potential for all three reactions (p + $^6$Li, d, p + $^6$Li and $^7$Li reactions) because of the isotopic invariance. In fact, in the case of the reaction p + $^7$Li there is a deviation of the central value of experimental screening potential by about 250 eV, while for other cases there is a deviation of 165 eV (d + $^6$Li) and 180 eV (p + $^6$Li). If we consider the case of the reactions in the group $(iii)$ we find that the differences found with the atomic screening predictions are $90$ eV for p + $^{10}$B, and $90-130$ eV for the reaction $^{11}$B + p. For these latter cases, in order to draw more definitive conclusions, new measurements are needed with larger precision to reduce the margin of uncertainty. In any case, these results are not in agreement with the atomic description of the screening of thermonuclear reactions in the laboratory.The main idea introduced in this work is that at the very low energies of nuclear reactions in stellar environments, the condition set by Eq. may occur due to the presence of clusters in the interacting nuclei. The Coulomb penetrability is suppressed with decreasing energy of interacting nuclei due to clustering and polarization. Therefore, the absolute values of astrophysical factors obtained through extrapolation should be reviewed to include not only atomic physics but also nuclear physics effects to correct for the increase of the astrophysical S-factor as the energy decreases. Indeed, in Eq. it is implicitly assumed that the wave function for the relative motion of the nuclei is expressed only by the first term of Eq. ($\alpha=1$). Therefore the Gamow factor $\exp (2\pi \eta$) is calculated taking into account that in Eq. no cluster structures exist, i.e. $\beta=\gamma = 0$. Only in the situation that clusters can be formed and some sort of polarization occurs, the Gamow factor can compensate for the drastic suppression of the cross section with decreasing energy in many of the reactions of astrophysical relevance. These conclusions, to be confirmed by further more precise experiments, will lead to a critical review of the actual values of the electronic screening potentials. This problem also appears to exist with direct experiments at higher energies. From the considerations expressed in the present work we can state that the discrepancy between the experimental electron screening potential values and the upper theoretical values (adiabatic limit) may be linked to nuclear structure effects and not to hitherto unknown and speculative processes in atomic physics. We propose that new theoretical and experimental studies in the field of nuclear astrophysics at very low energies should be carried out. In particular, a more comprehensive theoretical reaction method that takes into account polarization and alignment of cluster-like nuclei should be pursued. New and more precise measurements to confirm this theory should be carried out concomitantly. The nuclear reactions involving $^{6}$Li and $^{7}$Li, such as the $^6$Li + $^6$Li, $^7$Li + $^7$Li, $^7$Li + $^6$Li , $^9$Be + $^3$He, $^9$Be + $^7$Li should be of particular interest to prove the relevance of such additional nuclear structure effects in thermonuclear reactions.
This work has been partially supported by the Italian Ministry of University MIUR under the grant “LNS-Astrofisica Nucleare (fondi premiali)" and the U.S. NSF Grant No. 1415656, and U.S. DOE grant No. DE-FG02-08ER41533.
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Can you revert the BIOS to previous version? ME should do less of that to system performance.
Click to expand...
I've read that it is possible to pass custom parameters to WinFlash that it would accept older BIOS versions. For now I've settled with Turbo Off - less heat and noise this way, fans don't spin higher than 3500 RPM.
Doesn't ME stand for Management Engine and is responsible for regulating power behavior?
I've read that it is possible to pass custom parameters to WinFlash that it would accept older BIOS versions. For now I've settled with Turbo Off - less heat and noise this way, fans don't spin higher than 3500 RPM.
Doesn't ME stand for Management Engine and is responsible for regulating power behavior?
Click to expand...
Various
EC is in charge of power flow from power adapter and can control CPU/GPU's power allocation.
ME is responsible for CPU power regulation, etc.
First, Throttlestop stopped working for some reason and I lost my underclock. Fixed with the latest update (replaced exe with newest verion, works fine and remembered all my undervolt settings).
Next:
Larger holes were added in a honecomb pattern below all three fans in my machine and felt adhesive disks for furniture were added (2x stack) which gave increased clearance for airflow, significant improvement.
Next:
Thermal pads have been replaced with 1.0mm arctic cooling pads,
Paste has been updated from IC Diamond 24c to Noctua NHT5
Performance seems to have improved significantly with temps staying under 80C, usually in the 76C range which is excellent.
Here's my biggest problem and issue that I need help with:
What in the blue blazes is that damn tape that ASUS has holding the heatsink on all the chokes near the rear of the laptop. So far I have had a hell of a time finding a replacement since I foolishly cut mine to make it easier to remove the heatsink. I suspect that the heatsink is rising up on this part and choking the extra airflow provided by the third auxiliary fan.
So far I have tried industrial strength duct tape, which worked temporarily but audibly I heard pop off after a Heaven Benchmark marathon. (Tensioned with the board and heatsinks resting firmly against their appropriate chokes and etc.) So that's out since the adhesive failed due to the high heat.
I have some Kapton and glass fiber tape on order from amazon to see if they can solve the problem, but I would like to know what that damn black tape is.
Sidenote:
Once I get this figured out, Linustechtips, in their insane quests for laptop cooling have found a product made from a sheet of carbon fibers that massively outperforms thermal paste while not running and potentially causing problems like liquid metal. That is the next step for me since its 1) reusable 2)doesnt run and 3)doesn't age like traditional thermal paste.
Once I get this all storted out, I'll list a guide with appropriate measurements and performance comparisons between my modded bottom plate and the original unmolested one.
As for a quick lazy reference, I snagged and cropped an image I found earlier in the thread to point out the damn tape that apparently noone sells.
Now If only I can figure out why the hell I was banned for "no specified reason" indefinitely from the ROG forum all things would be peachy. |
While painting smaller clouds, I decided on what would be the main object in my scene. I looked to see if I had any old models or ideas that I would be able to add to this piece, and luckily I found an old 3D model of a steam-punk flying ship! Unfortunately, I didn't take any screenshots whilst I painted the ship, but it's not too difficult to make one afterwards. I thought that adding the small ship as the main focus for the piece would work, although some would say that the composition isn't the best. For me, the small ship works much better than a huge one because it shows the boundless sky, and shows what a human machine actually looks like when compared to nature which can be so kind and beautiful at times. Also, if you are drawing moving objects, it's important to remember that there must be space where the object is moving in to. I used a Layout Grid in Painter (Canvas > Compositions) to place ship correctly (Fig05 - 06).
Fig. 05
Fig. 06
More Clouds
At this stage, I was looking for the cloud shapes. As you can see, I started drawing in the borders of the clouds. You will also notice that the Sun is behind the clouds, which gives them that nicely lit border.
Brushes
From here on in, I want to show you the brushes that I used to create this picture. I also wish to prove that there is no need to create extra brushes in Painter every time you paint a new piece...
Fig07 and 08 were painted using only the Flat Colour Pens brush, and the Blender brush for blurring. Do not be afraid to use large Pen brushes with the transparency near 10, as it will work great when blending colours! When you start to add some detail, just use smaller brush sizes and play with the transparency.
Fig. 07
Fig. 08
I decided to change the shape of the cloud near the Sun, and you can see that some small details were also drawn above the Sun, here. For this, I used another great and universal brush: Detail Oils Brush. I used spots of colours that stayed whilst drawing using big brushes, and made small clouds, or parts of clouds, from them by adding details (Fig09).
Fig. 09
I then used the Artist Pastel Chalk brush when adding details and making the clouds fluffier - a really great brush for this type of work. Now, looking at the six steps shown in Fig10, the first and second picture captured colours using the Dropper tool and a big Pen brush. I started placing main colours and, in the third and fourth steps, I simply took a smaller brush and added more colours. Note: painting with high transparency helps you to achieve good colour blending. I then started on the details using the Oils and Blender brushes (Fig10). |
Brexit, sovereignty, and the contemporary British constitution: Four perspectives on Miller
To say that the Miller case has stimulated a wide-ranging constitutional debate would be to engage in rash understatement. The pages of the UK Constitutional Law Association Blog, in particular, are replete with posts that examine the issues raised by the case from a rich variety of perspectives and which advance a broad spectrum of views. As the debate has progressed, I have increasingly found myself wondering why the questions raised by the case have invited such strongly contrasting answers from those who have contributed to the discussion.
Indeed, a particularly striking feature of the debate is the way in which scholars have adopted sharply opposing positions on questions that are quite fundamental in nature. Matters that are considered by some to be so obvious as to amount to ‘Constitutional Law 101’ are regarded by others as not only contestable but wrong. Debate, of course, lies at the core of the academic endeavour, and the fact that Miller has prompted such discussion is doubtless a silver lining to what, for some, is an otherwise singularly dark, Brexit-shaped cloud. But the question remains: why should the case stimulate should sharp disagreement? Some answers to that question have already been offered in a valuable piece written by my colleague Paul Daly, in which he addresses the ‘legal and political faultlines’ that have characterised the debate so far. In this post, I focus specifically on the principle of parliamentary sovereignty and its relevance to the issues raised, and disagreements stimulated, by Miller.
That principle, it seems to me, forms a key intersection point that both connects and distinguishes many of the questions in Miller. For all that it is axiomatic, the sovereignty principle is emblematic of many of the uncertainties that exist in relation to the contemporary British constitution. That sovereignty is in play in this context is inevitable, given that questions about the extent of the executive’s prerogative power necessarily fall to be resolved in the light of a sovereignty principle that was itself beaten out, centuries ago, on the anvil of Crown’s waning unilateral authority. But this inevitable dimension of the case is joined by others, thanks to the potentially constraining effect of the UK’s new territorial constitution, still-unanswered questions about EU law’s implications for parliamentary sovereignty, and issues concerning the interaction of that doctrine with the notion of popular sovereignty as manifested in the Brexit referendum.
The purpose of this post is not to argue that a particular view ought to be taken of parliamentary sovereignty, and that Miller ought therefore to be decided in a particular way. Rather, my point is that the principle of parliamentary sovereignty, for all that it is pertinent to the questions raised by Miller, is unlikely to be dispositive of those questions. The reason, I suggest, is that within the factual matrix of the case, the extent of the pull (one way or the other) exerted by the sovereignty doctrine is contestable. It follows that, for all that the sovereignty principle might appear to be the key to resolving the issues that arise in Miller, reality is perhaps the other way around — meaning that it is through the resolution of the questions raised by Miller that the shape of the modern doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty might emerge more clearly.
In this piece, a work-in-progress that forms an initial sketch of a longer piece that I am writing, I briefly explore four areas in which the sovereignty principle interacts with the issues at stake in Miller, each of which is illustrative of distinct — sometimes overlapping, and sometimes contrasting — facets of the principle. Taken in combination, these four sites of interaction form a tableau upon which many of the uncertainties pertaining to the modern constitution are etched. The four relevant relationships, then, are those that exist between the executive and the legislature; Parliament and the people; UK and devolved institutions; and the UK and the EU.
The executive and the legislature
The first of that quartet is the one most obviously implicated by Miller, given that the relationship between legislation and prerogative power is ultimately a function of that between the Crown-in-Parliament and the Crown-as-executive — the latter relationship being shaped at the most basic level by the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty. From that doctrine, certain fundamental propositions ineluctably follow — the paramount proposition being that Acts of Parliament take priority over the royal prerogative when the existence or exercise of the latter would conflict with the former. For all that Miller has invited debate and disagreement, no-one seriously questions that proposition. But that gets us only so far. The basic proposition merely determines the priority rule that applies when relevant circumstances arise. However, that does not, in itself, answer the prior question as to what those circumstances are. That, in turn, requires us to move beyond the fact of the priority rule and to engage with the more subtle questions: how long is the shadow cast over executive authority by parliamentary sovereignty, and hence over the prerogative by legislation?
For instance, to what extent does that shadow extend beyond scenarios in which statute specifically colonises territory previously occupied by the prerogative, to situations in which the exercise of a prerogative power may impact upon or otherwise affect, directly or indirectly, some arrangement that has been fixed in place by Act of Parliament? A distinct, but connected, question is whether the principle of parliamentary sovereignty provides any assistance when it comes to interpreting legislation that might or might not be construed as having fixed in place an arrangement that would be trespassed upon if the executive were permitted to deploy the prerogative. Does it, for instance, help us to determine whether the European Communities Act 1972 is constitutive of domestic statutory rights or a merely ‘ambulatory’ conduit for EU law rights? Does the sovereignty doctrine assist in determining whether the ECA ruled out the use of the prerogative for the purpose of achieving Brexit and (if so) whether the European Union Referendum Act 2015 might be read as removing that inhibition? Does it help us to resolve questions about what inferences, if any, should be drawn from textual legislative silence on pertinent matters?
The extent to which the sovereignty principle is helpful in relation to, or dispositive of, such questions must turn, at least in part, on what we understand that principle to be. As foreshadowed, at its core lies the (apparently) simple priority rule that legislation enacted by the UK Parliament takes precedence over conflicting norms. But that is not particularly helpful if, in the first place, we are uncertain about whether Parliament has put in place arrangements of a type that cannot lawfully be disturbed by the prerogative, or if we are uncertain whether, in making such arrangements, Parliament has preserved (or revived) prerogative authority to do things that may affect them. Sovereignty of course demands that Parliament must get its way, but that bald proposition does not in itself enable us to ascertain what it is that Parliament wants in the first place. If, then, the sovereignty principle is to take us further and assist with answering questions such as those outlined in the previous paragraph, it can do so only if we are prepared to derive from it a hinterland of further principles and presumptions.
It was by doing precisely that that the Divisional Court in Miller reached the conclusion that it did. Examining the ECA through the prism of ‘background constitutional principles’ — that is, applying the principle of legality in a particular manner — led the Court to construct Parliament’s intention vis-à-vis the ECA in a particular way, the upshot being that the ECA was taken to rule out the use of the prerogative for the purpose of triggering Article 50. In doing this, the Court took the priority rule that lies at the core of the sovereignty doctrine and inferred from it a further proposition as to the depth of the presumptive stance that courts should adopt when construing legislation in order to determine how it interacts with prerogative power (i.e. whether it abrogates it or renders its exercise unlawful). The Court thus determined the length of the shadow that the sovereignty principle — and hence legislation enacted in reliance upon it — casts over the prerogative, by articulating in relatively strong terms the relevant sovereignty-inspired interpretive presumption that fell to applied. My purpose here is not to argue that the Divisional Court went wrong in doing this. Rather, it is to argue that the conclusions it reached might fairly be said to flow from without being dictated by the sovereignty principle. It follows that if the Supreme Court adopts the same view, then it will be telling us something about the sovereignty principle rather than straightforwardly applying it.
Parliament and the people
A second constitutional relationship implicated by Miller is that which exists between Parliament and the people — and so between the notions of parliamentary and popular sovereignty. The Divisional Court endorsed Dicey’s view that ‘judges know nothing about any will of the people except in so far as that will is expressed by an Act of Parliament’. The latter is linked so closely to the priority rule that forms the core of the doctrine as to be indistinguishable from it: faced with a choice between the ‘will of the people’ and an Act of Parliament, a court (unless it were to repudiate the sovereignty doctrine) would have to prefer the legislation.
But as with other aspects of sovereignty, this does not take us all that far within the context of Miller, the questions raised by it being too subtle to be susceptible to resolution by applying nothing more than the sovereignty doctrine’s core proposition. Putting to one side the unsustainable argument that the referendum straightforwardly trumps the ECA, the real question becomes whether relevant legislation should be interpreted (in the case of the ECA) as leaving undisturbed the Government’s capacity to use the foreign affairs prerogative so as to initiate the withdrawal process — or (in the case of the 2015 Act) as removing any previous disturbance to that capacity. Viewed thus, the priority rule which dictates that courts should not dispense with legislation in the face of contrary popular opinion is not implicated. But what of the penumbral proposition that that judges ‘know nothing of’ public opinion? This, surely, cannot be a cut-and-dried matter. Assume, for instance, that it was accepted that the executive had authority to trigger Article 50 but that a dispute arose as to the lawfulness — and, specifically, the reasonableness — of the exercise of that power. In such circumstances, it would seem odd, to say the least, if the court were to ignore the fact that a referendum had occurred and yielded a given outcome.
Might, then, the fact that Parliament provided for a referendum and that such a referendum took place and yielded the decision it did also go to the legal question whether relevant legislation should be interpreted as disturbing (or reviving) the possibility of using the foreign affairs prerogative to trigger Article 50? Might, for instance, the fact that an exercise of popular sovereignty has taken place lessen the force exerted by parliamentary sovereignty-inspired interpretive presumptions that might otherwise lead to the conclusion that the prerogative remains excluded and unrevived? Is the constitutional mischief — i.e. executive overreach — against which the presumption deployed by the Divisional Court seeks to guard present, or present as acutely, when the prerogative is used to implement the outcome of a referendum? I seek merely to raise, not to answer these questions, here; to point out that they are facets of larger questions about the relationship between parliamentary and popular sovereignty; and to suggest that the need to resolve them is a real one, given that referendums are now a relatively common feature of the constitutional landscape. I certainly do not contend that an exercise of popular sovereignty is or should be capable of turning Diceyan orthodoxy on its head by licensing judges to dispense with legislation. But there is surely a large grey area separating that proposition from the one, lying at the opposite end of the spectrum, which asserts that courts ‘know nothing’ whatever of public opinion.
UK and EU law
It may seem odd that uncertainty should persist about the relationship between Parliament (and its enactments) and EU law, given that the UK has been a member of the EU for several decades, and bearing in mind that it is over 25 years since the House of Lords’ seminal decision in Factortame. And yet the precise nature of that relationship has never been finally settled. What we know for certain is that EU law can prevail over incompatible Acts of Parliament, and that domestic courts are prepared to disapply such legislation. But the reasons why the position is thus are, as a matter of domestic constitutional theory, uncertain. Factortame, in particular, was notably light on detail when it came to explaining the theoretical basis for permitting EU law to take priority. Explanations have, however, been offered, including judicially, the most notable instance being Laws LJ’s judgment in Thoburn, in which the notion of ‘constitutional statutes’ was developed — a notion upon which the Divisional Court placed considerable weight in Miller.
Of course, that case does not raise a straightforward question about the priority of EU and UK law such as the one with which the House of Lords was confronted in Factortame. However, questions about the juridical basis of EU law’s priority over domestic law are arguably far from irrelevant to the issues raised by Miller. One issue, for instance, is whether analogies between the ECA and (other) ambulatory legislative schemes for giving effect to international treaties are doomed to failure because of the special place and status of EU law within the UK legal system — those questions of place and status being inextricably bound up with questions about whether, and if so on what basis, EU law is to be taken to constrain Parliament and thereby impinge upon its sovereignty.
If, for instance, Laws LJ’s analysis is adopted, and the ECA is taken to be a constitutional statute that is immune from implied repeal, then that raises the question whether such legislation should also enjoy particular protection in respect of the use of the prerogative. It also raises the distinct question whether characterising an Act of Parliament as a constitutional statute should be taken to tell us anything about the intention of the enacting Parliament — e.g. whether Parliament in 1972 can be taken to have had any intention about the use of the prerogative in circumstances such as those that have now arisen — or whether it tells us only about the common law’s stance in respect of the legislation. And if EU law’s priority is not to be accounted for by characterising the ECA as a constitutional statute, how is it to be accounted for? And what does that tell us (if anything) about the strength of any presumption that might apply when construing the ECA in order to determine whether it prevents the use of the prerogative for the purpose of terminating the UK’s membership of the EU?
This is not the occasion on which to seek to answer such questions — questions that have been the subject of considerable analysis elsewhere, but which, perhaps improbably, still lack definitive answers. Depending on how one views the issues raised by Miller, questions about the nature and status of EU law as it pertains within the UK’s domestic constitutional order might be considered central — meaning that clear answers to those questions may be required. For that reason, it may be that the Supreme Court will have to engage with the conundrum that has long existed, but which remains authoritatively unresolved, concerning the relationship between the EU primacy doctrine and the principle of parliamentary sovereignty. It would certainly be ironic if our apex court were to engage with and provide clear answers to those questions just as the UK is preparing to leave the EU and denounce EU law’s supremacy. But it is already the case that the sovereignty doctrine’s capacity — somehow — to accommodate EU law’s primacy has told us something — even if we are not certain precisely what it is — about the nature and flexibility of that doctrine. Miller might provide the Supreme Court with an opportunity to tell us rather more — and to illuminate the sovereignty principle in ways that will remain pertinent long after Brexit is finally accomplished.
The UK Parliament and the devolved institutions
The sovereignty doctrine — and the constitutional uncertainties that coalesce around it — is implicated by Miller in a fourth respect. It concerns the relationship between the UK Parliament and the devolved institutions, and thus raises fundamental questions about the meaning and relevance of parliamentary sovereignty within the UK’s newly multifocal territorial constitution. Take, for instance, the questions that Miller raises in relation to the Sewel Convention. As Aileen McHarg has pointed out, if the Divisional Court’s logic were to be applied in this context, the Convention might well be considered applicable. If prerogative authority to trigger Article 50 does not exist, meaning that legislation is required, any such legislation would — thanks to the ECA’s status as a ‘constitutional statute’ — have to confront explicitly the implications for that Act of triggering Article 50. The same might therefore go for devolution legislation like the Scotland Act 1998, which is also a ‘constitutional statute’. As McHarg acknowledges, that Act ‘would be less centrally affected by withdrawal from the EU than the ECA’. But the point is at least arguable: as she observes, ‘EU withdrawal would have significant direct and indirect effects on the scheme of devolution established by the [Scotland Act]’.
My purpose here lies not in examining the detailed technical arguments about whether the Sewel Convention would or would not be engaged by the triggering of Article 50. Rather, my purpose is to highlight the way in which two sharply contrasting visions of the UK constitution collided in the arguments that were presented to the Supreme Court. In its written argument, the Scottish Government unsurprisingly placed considerable weight on the Sewel Convention, arguing not only that it is engaged in the present circumstances but that it forms a ‘constitutional requirement’ within the meaning of Article 50, such that a failure to comply with the Convention would mean that the UK had failed to comply with Article 50. Meanwhile, the Welsh Government argued that the prerogative cannot be used to trigger Article 50 because that would entail the ‘short-circuiting’ of the Sewel Convention. In order to avoid such circumvention (the argument runs) the matter must be one for the UK Parliament — which must, thanks to the Convention, engage in dialogue with the devolved legislatures before deciding whether to authorise the triggering of Article 50. Unsurprisingly, the UK Government’s analysis contrasts with the positions staked out by the Scottish and Welsh Governments. In oral argument, the Advocate General for Scotland insisted that the Convention could not be considered a constitutional requirement for the purpose of Article 50. And he made the ongoing supremacy of the Westminster Parliament a central plank of his case, referring to its ‘absolute sovereignty’ and saying that section 28(8) of the Scotland Act 1998 — which was inserted by the Scotland Act 2016, and which acknowledges the Sewel Convention — is no more than ‘a self-denying ordinance expressed by a sovereign Parliament … in qualified terms’.
These arguments do not amount to a bald disagreement about whether Westminster remains sovereign. The Scottish Government, for instance, acknowledges that ‘the courts could not decline to recognise the validity’ of UK legislation enacted in breach of the Sewel Convention. And of course the Scottish and Welsh Governments’ positions ultimately seek to emphasise the primacy of the UK Parliament’s legislative role over the UK Government’s prerogative authority — positions that are not themselves incompatible with, and are in certain respects bolstered by, the sovereignty of Parliament.
Yet the positions adopted by (on the one hand) the UK Government and (on the other hand) the Scottish and Welsh Governments certainly reveal contrasting readings of the wider constitutional environment within which the (sovereign) Westminster Parliament now sits. As already noted, the UK Government’s position rests upon a highly traditional understanding of parliamentary sovereignty, according to which the Sewel Convention — section 28(8) of the Scotland Act notwithstanding — can be nothing more than a political consideration. This requires the UK Government to occupy the uncomfortable position that section 28(8), which of course it caused to be enacted by the Westminster Parliament, is legally meaningless. In contrast, the Scottish and Welsh Governments’ views underline the way in which devolution has caused the tectonic plates of the constitution to shift, such that the sovereignty of the Westminster Parliament falls to be viewed through a constitutional lens that blurs the distinction between legal and political analyses of the British constitution. On this view, the significance of the fact that the UK Parliament remains legally sovereign can be understood only against the backdrop of the constitutional parameters that are set (among other things) by the Sewel Convention. On this view, for the UK Parliament to legislate in breach of the Sewel Convention might be ‘lawful’, but it is not ‘constitutional’.
Final thoughts
The doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty sits at the heart of the UK constitutional order. On one level, it lends the constitution a beguiling simplicity: whatever Parliament enacts is the law, and whatever conflicts with Parliament’s law is invalid. On another view, however, the sovereignty doctrine is little more than a veneer that (barely) conceals profound constitutional uncertainty and controversy. The ultimate controversy, of course, concerns whether the proposition at the core of the doctrine holds true: might the courts — as some of the Law Lords in Jackson hinted — decline to uphold legislation that committed a full-frontal assault upon a fundamental constitutional right or value?
That question is not one that is raised by the factual matrix of Miller. But that is not to deny that questions — albeit more subtle ones — about the nature of parliamentary sovereignty are implicated by the case. Beyond its core proposition, the nature, significance and contours of the sovereignty principle emerge relationally. I have made that point elsewhere, in my analysis of the Evans case, in respect of the interoperation of the sovereignty, rule-of-law and separation-of-powers principles. Miller reveals other aspects of the relational nature of sovereignty, by drawing our attention to its interactions with executive authority, popular sovereignty, international (and, in particular, EU) law, and the UK’s multifocal territorial constitution. Each of these relationships raises fundamental constitutional questions to which straightforward answers are unavailable. In deciding Miller, the Supreme Court will not therefore simply be ‘applying’ the doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty: it will be illuminating its character, and in doing so it may tell us something quite profound about the nature of the contemporary British constitution.
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Public Law
Aimed at students taking a range of public law modules, Public Law combines comprehensive coverage of the subject with depth of analysis. Written in an accessible style, it is the UK’s best-selling textbook in the field. The third edition of the book, written by Mark Elliott and Robert Thomas, was published by Oxford University Press in 2017.
The UK Constitution After Miller
This collection of essays, edited by Mark Elliott, Alison L Young and Jack Williams, critically evaluates the Supreme Court’s landmark judgment in the Miller case and examines the decision’s likely long-term consequences for the UK constitution. The UK Constitution After Miller was published by Hart Publishing in 2018.
Administrative Law
Administrative Law is a leading text on English administrative law. The fifth edition, written by Mark Elliott and Jason Varuhas, was published by Oxford University Press in 2017. The book combines carefully selected excerpts from key cases and other materials with detailed commentary and analysis. |
Q:
ColdFusion 11 and Azure Database
I cant get ColdFusion to connect to an Azure Database. We have an old ColdFusion based admin routine that requires a datasource and we are moving from aws to azure.
After reading online, it seems it wont work unless you use an Other datasource and jdbc driver and settings. However in ColdFusion 11, it just wont validate and tells me
Connection verification failed for data source: MyData
com.microsoft.sqlserver.jdbc.SQLServerException: The connection string contains a badly formed name or value.
The root cause was that: com.microsoft.sqlserver.jdbc.SQLServerException: The connection string contains a badly formed name or value.
Ive tried lots of combinations and cant get it to work. Has anyone got this working and have an example connection string.
A:
I finally worked it out. The examples I found online were wrong. Below are the settings you need. You will need to download the latest jdbc drivers from Microsoft and put the jar files into the lib directory of your ColdFusion installation (or in the CF classpath) and restart the CF server first.
DataSource Type: Other
Driver Class: com.microsoft.sqlserver.jdbc.SQLServerDriver
Driver Name: Microsoft SQL Server Azure
JDBC URL: jdbc:sqlserver://YOURSERVERNAME.database.windows.net:1433;databaseName=YOURDATABASENAME;user=YOURUSERNAME@YOURSERVERNAME;password=YOURPASSWORD;
|
By Michael Dimock
Around the globe, we are experiencing a confluence of forces – most notably growing political polarization, revived nationalism, fractured media and the ever-accelerating pace of technological change – that are challenging the essential role that trust and facts play in a democratic society. It seems like every week we are seeing fresh evidence that the anchors of democratic governance are under stress. Public confidence in the responsiveness, accountability and effectiveness of elected institutions has been mired at historic lows for more than a decade. The role of evidence and facts in describing public events and shaping policy debates is persistently challenged. And as citizens become their own curators in a saturated and disaggregated information environment, the concept of a shared truth, upon which everyone can agree, appears increasingly elusive.
In response, Pew Research Center is redoubling its focus on the role of information and trust in democratic societies. Today, we are issuing a comprehensive look at public attitudes on the state of American democracy. In the months ahead, we will examine how Americans balance the desire to address false news and First Amendment freedoms, explore how news consumers differentiate between fact and opinion in news content, and add to our existing research on how trust functions in democracies. We also plan to take a close look at public confidence in the electoral process. And in an upcoming 30-nation study, we will bring a global perspective to these issues.
While we are dialing up our efforts, this research agenda is not new. The state of civic life – in the United States and around the world – has been a prime focus of the Pew Research Center since its creation. For more than 30 years, we have examined how people think about democratic institutions and processes and how citizens define their roles and responsibilities in a democracy. We have analyzed how the digital revolution has disrupted civic and personal information practices, and the ways citizens think about scientific, economic and social progress. And we have studied the way people’s values and spiritual compasses guide their social and political beliefs and actions. In all of this, we are committed to understanding how different groups within our larger societies bring unique contexts, perspectives and priorities to the table.
We study these issues intensively because they matter centrally to what kind of a country we are and what kind of a world we live in. Furthermore, we do so because we believe accurate, probing insights into trust, facts and democracy will help citizens, civic organizations and policymakers figure out where they want to go and how to get there. We have curated our most relevant research on the topic here, and we look forward to adding to this resource as we continue to expand our work in this important area.
Michael Dimock is president of Pew Research Center. |
Violent clashes broke out in East Jerusalem’s Shuafat neighbourood after a burnt body was discovered in a forest in the city’s Jewish-dominated western sector shortly before dawn. It was said to be that of Mohammed Abu Khiedir, 16, who had been reported missing when his family told police he had been abducted from outside a shop near his home in the area. |
Introduction {#s1}
============
The technological evolution of the olive oil mechanical extraction process in recent decades has been mainly based on the improvement of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) quality, which is strictly connected with compounds characterized by their health and sensory properties (phenolic and volatile compounds). The activities concerning the control of the main technological parameters (time, temperature, and oxygen) and the critical steps of the crushing and malaxation phases ([@B1]--[@B4]) benefitted from the introduction of heat exchangers that could easily and rapidly regulate the temperature of the crushed olive paste in relation to the climatic conditions of the harvesting period and the specific needs of the olive mill to achieve a better quality product ([@B5]--[@B9]).
In contrast, the recent technologies applied to the extraction system, such as microwaves, ultrasounds, and pulsed electric fields (PEFs), are mainly focused on increasing oil extractability and improving plant working efficiency with little attention on their impacts on the legal, commercial, and quality parameters of EVOO ([@B10]--[@B15]). All of these recent technologies are based on the degradation of the olive fruit cells through thermal and non-thermal treatments that enable pore formation, membrane permeability alterations, water influx, swelling, and deflation with an overall consequence of rupturing the cell walls and membranes. Cell lysis results in an abundant release of micro- and macro-intracellular components into the water phase that leads to an increase in free olive droplets characterized by different qualitative and quantitative chemical compositions due to the destructive effects on the olive tissues altering the solubilization phenomena and improving the mass transfer rate ([@B16]--[@B18]). The use of PEFs for the improvement of the quality characteristics of different foods and beverages is mainly linked to the enhancement of quality attributes, such as color, texture, flavor, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and vitamins, and bioactive compound extractability, and thus, PEFs have been investigated in recent years ([@B19]--[@B25]). The application of the PEF system to the virgin olive oil extraction process, and to the valorization opportunities of by-product ([@B26], [@B27]), is still very limited, and there are only a few preliminary studies concerning its effects on oil yield and quality. Both Abenoza et al. ([@B10]) and Puértolas and Martínez de Marañón ([@B14]) analyzed the impact of the new technology on the oil extractability and chemical and sensory parameters by processing Arbequina and Arroniz olives and carrying out PEF treatment on the olive pastes before and after the malaxation phase, respectively. The first author used a laboratory-scale extraction system equipped with a PEF system set up at an electric field strength of 1 and 2 kV cm^−1^ and a frequency of 125 Hz. The treatment of the crushed paste did not result in any significant increase in oil yield but was able to guarantee the same extractability at a reduced malaxation temperature with a consequent positive impact on the EVOO sensory notes. The other study ([@B14]) investigated the activity of PEF of 2 kV cm^−1^ applied to the olive paste at a frequency of 25 Hz before the horizontal centrifuge using an industrial oil extraction plant. The non-thermal treatment resulted in an increase in the oil extraction yield and an improvement in the VOO quality related to the enhancement of the polyphenol, phytosterol and tocopherol contents. However, both studies highlighted the need for further research to evaluate the influences of external factors, such as the cultivar, maturity index, temperature, and other process parameters, on the performance of PEF applied to the olive oil mechanical extraction system.
Based on the information from these recent studies, the cultivar impact on the yield and quality of EVOOs using a different PEF system, characterized by a different set up, was investigated. This study reports detailed data of the trials carried out for processing the olives belonging to different Italian cultivars with particular attention to the olive cell destruction process and the subsequent release of larger amounts of oil and the main components connected to the sensory and quality parameters of the olive oils, such as the contents of hydrophilic and lipophilic phenols and volatile compounds.
Materials and Methods {#s2}
=====================
EVOO Mechanical Extraction Process
----------------------------------
Control and PEF treated EVOO samples were extracted from the olives of the Carolea, Ottobratica, and Coratina cultivars ([Figure 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). The olive batches of the Carolea (fruit weight: medium-high, high; stone size: large; fruit-flesh/pit ratio: medium, medium-high; oil content: medium, medium-high; tree-harvest time: medium, medium-late) and Ottobratica (fruit weight: medium-low, low; stone size: small; oil content: medium; tree-harvest time: early) cultivars were harvested in October 2017 in the Calabria region, whereas the olives of Coratina (fruit weight: medium, medium-high; stone size: large; fruit-flesh/pit ratio: low; oil content: high; tree-harvest time: medium-late) belonging to the Apulia region were purchased in the area of Bari during the first week of November 2017 ([@B28]). All olives were harvested at a medium-low maturity index ranging from 0.8 to 1.5 ([@B29]). The control and PEF EVOO samples were obtained in triplicate using an industrial plant TEM 200 system (Toscana Enologica Mori, Tavarnelle Val di Pesa, Florence, Italy) consisting of a hammer mill, a malaxer with a gas controller system and a working capacity of 200 kg of olives and a two-phase decanter; additionally a vertical centrifuge \[UVPX 305 AGT 14 (Alfa Laval S.p.A., Tavarnelle Val di Pesa, Florence, Italy)\] was used to separate the olive oil from the residual water phase. Single trials of 180 kg of olives each were carried out using a heat exchanger to determine the rapid thermal conditioning of olive pastes at 25°C ± 0.5 after the crushing phase. The oil extraction system was equipped with an oliveCEPT Model 6.2 (Arcaroma Pure AB, Lund, Sweden), which is a PEF system based on closed environment PEF treatment (CEPT) technology and positioned after the malaxation phase. The PEF was set up at an electric field strength of 1.7 kV cm^−1^ and a specific energy of 17 kJ kg^−1^.
{#F1}
EVOO Analyses
-------------
During the experimental study, the main quality parameters potentially influenced by the introduction of the technological innovation of the olive oil mechanical extraction process were evaluated without analyzing other characteristics of EVOO rarely modified by olive oil mechanical extraction process such as fatty acid composition, sterols, and waxes ([@B10], [@B14], [@B15]).
Chemicals
---------
Phenolic alcohols such as hydroxytyrosol (3,4-DHPEA) and tyrosol (*p*-HPEA) were supplied by Cabru s.a.s. (Arcore, Milan, Italy) and Fluka (Milan, Italy), respectively. Lignans \[(+)-1-acetoxypinoresinol and (+)-pinoresinol)\] and the secoiridoid derivatives \[dialdehydic forms of elenolic acid linked to 3,4-DHPEA and *p*-HPEA (3,4-DHPEA-EDA and *p*-HPEA-EDA), isomer of oleuropein aglycon (3,4-DHPEA-EA) and ligstroside aglycone\] were obtained as quoted in the study of Veneziani et al. ([@B8]). The analytical standards of volatile compounds \[pentanal, (*E*)-2-pentenal, hexanal, (*E*)-2-hexenal, (*E, E*)-2,4-hexadienal, 2,4-hexadienal (i), 1-pentanol, 1-penten-3-ol, (*E*)-2-penten-1-ol, (*Z*)-2-penten-1-ol, 1-hexanol, (*E*)-2-hexen-1-ol, (*Z*)-3-hexen-1-ol, (*E*)-3-hexen-1-ol, hexyl acetate\], α-tocopherol and all the reagents used in the analysis were purchased from Merck (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany).
Legal Quality Parameters
------------------------
The main legal quality parameters (free acidity, peroxide value, and the UV absorption characteristics) of the EVOOs were determined by the European Official Methods ([@B30]).
Moisture Content of Pomace
--------------------------
The moisture contents of the control and PEF EVOOs were evaluated following the method described by International Organization for Standardization ([@B45]). Five grams of each oil sample was weighed in an aluminum capsule and placed in a BINDER oven (BINDER GmbH, Tuttlingen, Germany) at 105°C for \~5 h until a constant weight was obtained.
Oil Content of Pomace
---------------------
A Soxhlet extractor was utilized to analyze the pomace oil content; 10 g of dried sample and 5 g of pumice stone were loaded into a thimble made from thick filter paper and placed in the main compartment of the Soxhlet extractor. The process was carried out for 6 h using hexane as the extraction solvent. The solvent was removed by means of a rotary evaporator \[Rotavapor R-210 (BUCHI Italia s.r.l, Cornaredo, Italy)\], and the residual oil content was detected afterwards ([@B31]).
Phenolic Compounds
------------------
The phenolic fraction was recovered by a liquid-liquid extraction method mixing 20 g of EVOOs with 10 mL of methanol/water solution (80/20 v/v) using Ultra-Turrax T 25 homogenizer (IKA Labortechnik, Staufen, Germany) at 17,000 rpm for 2 min. The mixture was centrifuged at 935 × g for 10 min at room temperature (Andreas Hettich GmbH & Co.KG, Tuttlingen, Germany) than the supernatant was recovered ([@B32]). The extraction was repeated twice. The quantitative and qualitative phenolic concentrations of the EVOOs were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using an Agilent Technologies model 1100 controlled by ChemStation (Agilent Technologies, Palo Alto, CA, USA). A C18 column, Spherisorb ODS-1 (250 × 4.6 mm), with a particle size of 5 μm (Phase Separation Ltd., Deeside, UK) was used. The mobile phase was composed of 0.2% acetic acid (pH 3.1) in water (solvent A) with methanol (solvent B). The gradient was changed as follows: 95% A/5% B for 2 min, 75% A/25% B in 8 min, 60% A/40% B in 10 min, 50% A/50% B in 16 min, 0% A/100% B in 14 min. This composition was maintained for 10 min and was then returned to the initial conditions and equilibration in 13 min. The final running time was 73 min with a flow rate of 1 mL min^−1^ ([Figure 2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). The phenolic compounds were identified and quantified according to the procedure reported by Selvaggini et al. ([@B33]).
![HPLC chromatogram of EVOO methanolic extract of cv. Peranzana recorded with DAD at 278 nm. Peak numbers: 1, 3,4-DHPEA; 2, p-HPEA; 3, vanillic acid; 4, 3,4-DHPEA-EDA; 5, p-HPEA-EDA; 6, (+)-1-acetoxypinoresinol; 7, (+)-pinoresinol; 8, 3,4-DHPEA-EA; 9, ligustroside aglycone \[4′ and 5′ structures identified by Rovellini et al. ([@B44])\].](fnut-06-00134-g0002){#F2}
Volatile Compounds
------------------
The headspace, solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS) technique was used to detect and quantify the volatile compounds in the control and PEF EVOOs of the Carolea, Ottobratica, and Coratina cultivars.
The SPME was carried out holding the vials, with 3 g of EVOO and 50 μL of a standard methanolic solution, at 35°C and then the SPME fiber (a 50/30 μm 1 cm long DVB/Carboxen/PDMS, Stableflex; Supelco, Inc., Bellefonte, PA, USA) was exposed to the vapor phase for 30 min to detect the volatile compounds.
The GC-MS analysis were conducted using a Varian 4000 GC-MS equipped with a 1079 split/splitless injector (Varian). The fused-silica capillary column (DB-Wax-ETR, 50 m, 0.32 mm i.d., 1 μm film thickness; J&W Scientific, Folsom, CA, USA) was operated with helium regulated by an electronic flow controller (EFC) at a constant flow rate (1.7 ml min^−1^). All the operative conditions was set following the method described by Veneziani et al. ([@B7]) without any modifications. The data of the peak areas were evaluated on the basis of calibration curve of each different compound and expressed in μg kg^−1^ of EVVO ([Figure 3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}).
{#F3}
α-Tocopherol
------------
The α-Tocopherol EVOOs were evaluated by HPLC--DAD--FLD analysis: 1 g of oil was dissolved in 10 mL of n-hexane, filtered with a 5-μm polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) syringe filter (Whatman, Clifton, NJ) and injected into the HPLC system. The HPLC analysis was conducted using the Agilent Technologies Model 1100, and the α-Tocopherol was detected at an excitation wavelength of 294 nm and at an emission wavelength of 300 nm as described by Esposto et al. ([@B34]).
Oxidative Stability
-------------------
The oxidative stability of the control and PEF EVOO of Coratina was assessed using a Rancimat (Methrom Ltd., Herisau, Switzerland) as described by Baldioli et al. ([@B35]). The oils were treated with a flow of purified air (20 L h^−1^) at 120°C for 24 h. The oxidative stability was detected as the oxidation induction time (OIT), expressed in hours.
Results and Discussion {#s3}
======================
A PEF system was applied to the olive oil mechanical extraction process to evaluate its technological performance on the oil extractability and its impact on the main quality parameters of EVOO. Compared to the others previous studies on the effect of PEF applied to the oil mechanical extraction process, the trials were carried out by processing three different Italian olive cultivars to better understand the effects of the technology in relation to the different genetic origins of the three olive varieties. As reported by Bartolini et al. ([@B28]), Carolea, Ottobratica, and Coratina are characterized by different geographical, morphological and agronomical characters that could influence the performance of PEF system in the improvement of oil yield and EVOO quality, mainly related to phenolic and volatile compounds.
The EVOOs obtained from the PEF-assisted extraction showed an increase in the oil yield for all of the processed cultivars, indicating the efficient degradation of the olive tissues to guarantee an improvement in the oil extractability of the mechanical extraction plant. The release of a large amount of oil in the free water phase of the olive paste enhanced the total oil extracted at the end of the mechanical separation process with a variability that is a function of the different genetic origins of the olives ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}), with enhancement values ranging from 2.3 to 6.0%. The data were also confirmed by the analysis of oil content of pomaces that showed a lower values in the PEF samples compared to the control tests ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). The above statement is in accordance with the results presented in a previous work ([@B36]), which showed that the impacts of different settings of PEF on oil extraction yields were also influenced by the cultivar and the dimension of the olive fruits. The PEF trials highlighted a putative, cultivar-dependent effect that was probably due to the different fruit-flesh/pit ratios and the moisture and oil contents of the olives, which were able to modify the power and activity levels of the electric field on the fruit cells, reducing or increasing the degradation process. Olive paste is a very complex matrix composed of different ratios of water, wood, pulp, and oil that is primarily related to the cultivar and secondarily to agronomic factors, such as the growing area, irrigation, climatic season, ripening stage, and soil management ([@B7], [@B37], [@B38]). The different elements that form the olive fruit can interfere with and influence the homogeneous diffusion of the electric field into the olive paste, altering the effects of treatment.
######
EVOOs extraction yield, moisture and oil contents of pomaces obtained from olives Control and treated using PEF of three different cultivar[^a^](#TN1){ref-type="table-fn"}.
**cv. Carolea** **cv. Ottobratica** **cv. Coratina**
---------------------- ----------------- --------------------- ------------------ ------------- ------------- ------------
Extraction yield (%) 15.0 ± 0.3 15.9 ± 0.3 12.8 ± 0.2 13.1 ± 0.1 15.8 ± 0.4 16.6 ± 0.1
Moisture content (%) 66.8 ± 0.5 66.9 ± 0.1 59.1 ± 0.1 59.0 ± 0.2 58.7 ± 0.01 58.8 ± 0.1
Oil content (%) 7.02 ± 0.1 5.95 ± 0.2 6.01 ± 0.1 5.89 ± 0.04 5.72 ± 0.0 5.44 ± 0.1
*The data are the mean values of four independent experiments analyzed in duplicate, ± standard deviation*.
The PEF treatment did not significantly alter the free acidity, peroxide value, or UV spectrophotometric indices of the EVOOs of any of the cultivars compared to the respective control test ([Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}).
######
Legal quality parameters of Control and PEF EVOOs of three Italian cultivar.
**Acidity (g of oleic acid 100 g of oil^**−1**^)** **Peroxide value (meq of O~**2**~ kg of oil^**−1**^)** **K~**232**~** **K~**270**~** **ΔK**
------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------- -----------------
**cv. Carolea[^a^](#TN2){ref-type="table-fn"}**
Control 0.27 ± 0.01 5.6 ± 0.1 1.668 ± 0.003 0.106 ± 0.001 −0.002 ± 0.0002
PEF 0.26 ± 0.002 6.0 ± 0.4 1.691 ± 0.01 0.111 ± 0.002 −0.002 ± 0.0001
**cv. Ottobratica**
Control 0.28 ± 0.01 6.0 ± 0.1 1.701 ± 0.004 0.166 ± 0.005 −0.002 ± 0.0001
PEF 0.30 ± 0.01 6.2 ± 0.2 1.747 ± 0.02 0.153 ± 0.004 −0.003 ± 0.0003
**cv. Coratina**
Control 0.27 ± 0.02 3.0 ± 0.07 1.817 ± 0.01 0.187 ± 0.02 −0.004 ± 0.0002
PEF 0.28 ± 0.01 3.1 ± 0.1 1.828 ± 0.02 0.185 ± 0.002 −0.005 ± 0.0001
*The data are the mean values of four independent experiments analyzed in duplicate, ± standard deviation*.
The evaluation of hydrophilic phenols in the experimental trials showed an increase in phenolic compounds in all of the EVOOs extracted from different cultivars compared to the control test, which was confirmed by Puértolas and Martínez de Marañón ([@B14]). The overall positive effect of the PEF system on the phenolic fraction of the EVOOs led to the conclusion that the non-thermal treatment applied to the malaxed olive paste improves the release of phenols and solubilization into the oily phase. [Figure 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"} shows the percentage increases in the phenolic fractions of the PEF-EVOOs expressed as total phenols, oleuropein derivatives (sum of 3,4-DHPEA, 3,4-DHPEA-EDA, and 3,4-DHPEA-EA), ligstroside derivatives (*p*-HPEA, *p*-HPEA-EDA, and ligstroside aglycone) and lignans (sum of (+)-1-acetoxypinoresinol and (+)-pinoresinol). The phenolic enhancement was qualitatively due to the amount of 3,4-DHPEA-EDA and 3,4-DHPEA-EA, which are the main phenolic compounds influenced by technological processes, whereas ligstroside derivatives and lignans seemed more stable than the other molecules ([@B4], [@B5], [@B9], [@B10], [@B39]). The significant increases of total phenol, 14.3, 7.05, and 3.2% for Carolea, Ottobratica, and Coratina, respectively, showed a high variability, probably due to the different genetic origins of the olive cultivars, even if the lowest enhancement, which was detected during the extraction of the Coratina EVOOs, could be the result of saturation phenomena in the oil as a consequence of the high amount of phenols detected (\~1.5 g kg^−1^), which is probably very close to the limit value of the product.
![Phenolic composition (mg kg^−1^) of the PEF and control EVOOs of the three different Italian olive cultivars. Phenolic content was expressed as total phenols, oleuropein derivatives (sum of 3,4-DHPEA, 3,4-DHPEA-EDA, and 3,4-DHPEA-EA), ligstroside derivatives (*p*-HPEA, *p*-HPEA-EDA and ligstroside aglycone) and lignans \[sum of (+)-1-acetoxypinoresinol and (+)-pinoresinol\]. The data are the mean values of three independent extractions analyzed in duplicate, ± standard deviation. The values of each phenolic group with different letters (a--f) are significantly different from one another (*p* \< 0.05).](fnut-06-00134-g0004){#F4}
In contrast, the content of α-tocopherol was not influenced by the PEF treatment and did not show any significant differences in concentration in any of the cultivars. The concentration of lipophilic phenols was 204.2 and 203.3 mg kg^−1^ (cv. Carolea), 313.5 and 314.7 mg kg^−1^ (cv. Ottobratica), 261.3 and 266.3 mg kg^−1^ (cv. Coratina) for control, and PEF EVOOs, respectively.
The same trend was detected for the volatile fractions of the EVOOs treated using PEF technology that did not modify the concentration of the main aldehydes, alcohols, and esters involved in the flavor of the olive oils ([Figure 5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). The PEF system was performed in the oil extraction phase, during which the largest amount of volatile compounds were already produced and probably did not have time to interfere with the activity of the enzymes of the lipoxygenase pathway. In addition, the non-thermal treatment did not negatively alter the concentrations of the developed volatile compounds in the EVOOs, as reported by other authors in several food products ([@B40]--[@B43]).
![Volatile composition (μg kg^−1^) of the PEF and control EVOOs of the three different Italian olive cultivars responsible for oil flavor. Volatile content was expressed as alcohols \[sum of 1-pentanol, 1-penten-3-ol, (*E*)-2-penten-1-ol, (*Z*)-2-penten-1-ol, 1-hexanol, (*E*)-2-hexen-1-ol, (*Z*)-3-hexen-1-ol, and (*E*)-3-hexen-1-ol\], esters \[sum of hexyl acetate and (*Z*)-3-hexenyl acetate\] and C~5~ and C~6~ saturated and unsaturated aldehydes \[sum of pentanal, (*E*)-2-pentenal, hexanal, (*E*)-2-hexenal, (*E,E*)-2,4-hexadienal and 2,4-hexadienal (i)\]. The data are the mean values of three independent extractions analyzed in duplicate, ± standard deviation. The values of each volatile compound group with different letters (a--c) are significantly different from one another (*p* \< 0.05).](fnut-06-00134-g0005){#F5}
The electrodes that generated the pulsed electric field (PEF) could release traces of metals, such as iron and cupper, characterized by pro-oxidant activities into the product, which could possibly negatively impact the oxidative stability of the food matrices. No data were found in the literature about this possible effect of PEF treatment of olive paste and its potential consequences on the EVOO quality. For that reason, the oxidative stability, analyzed by the Rancimat test, was also detected in the EVOOs extracted from the Coratina olives to evaluate the differences in the oxidation induction time (OIT). The data showed a longer OIT of the EVOO from the PEF sample (21.1 h) compared to the control (20.3 h), highlighting the absence of possible metals issued by the electrodes in the PEF oil, which should increase the rate of oil oxidation. The higher OIT for the PEF sample was due to the major concentration of antioxidant compounds ([Figure 4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}).
Conclusion {#s4}
==========
The impact of the PEF technology applied to the olive oil mechanical extraction process showed a significant effect on the EVOO yield for the tests conducted on Carolea, Ottobratica, and Coratina olives. The percent increase in the oil yield (ranging from 2.3 to 6%) should be cultivar dependent, probably in relation to the different ratios of the constituent parts of the fruits, which is mainly influenced by the genetic origins of the olive drupes and by the ripening stage. As also supposed in a previous study ([@B14]), the different fruit-flesh/pit ratios and the moisture and oil contents influenced PEF extraction performance. The PEF also showed a positive impact on the quality of the EVOO characterized by an enhancement of the phenolic compounds responsible for health-promoting benefits, with an increase ranging from 3.2 to 14.3% that is a function of the different olive cultivars and their maturity index.
The alteration of the olive tissue structure induced by the PEF treatment and the subsequent release of intracellular matrices into the water phase did not affect the legal quality parameters or the oxidative stability of the product as a consequence of the possible release of pro-oxidant metals from the PEF chamber. The concentrations of α-tocopherol and the main classes of volatile compounds responsible for the EVOO flavor were not significantly modified compared to the control test. The new technology improved the oil extractability and the antioxidant contents of the EVOO without altering the main qualitative and organoleptic characteristics of the product.
Data Availability {#s5}
=================
The raw data supporting the conclusions of this manuscript will be made available by the authors, without undue reservation, to any qualified researcher.
Author Contributions {#s6}
====================
GV: extraction process, data processing, and conclusion. SE and AT: data processing. RS and BS: chemical analysys. AL and LD: sampling and chemical analysys. MP and RT: engineering technical support. MS: research plan and supervision.
Conflict of Interest Statement
------------------------------
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The authors wish to thank Arcaroma Pure AB (Lund, Sweden) for financial support and technical assistance.
[^1]: Edited by: Wenceslao Moreda, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Spain
[^2]: Reviewed by: Alam Zeb, University of Malakand, Pakistan; Marco Iammarino, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale di Puglia e Basilicata (IZSPB), Italy; Enzo Perri, Council for Agricultural and Economics Research, Italy
[^3]: This article was submitted to Food Chemistry, a section of the journal Frontiers in Nutrition
|
PMCBBCode [url=https://www.planetminecraft.com/project/parliament-hill-ottawa-ontario-1-1-scale-model/][img]https://static.planetminecraft.com/files/resource_media/screenshot/1726/parliament-hill-ottawa-1498567327_thumb.jpg[/img] Parliament Hill, Ottawa Ontario | 1:1 scale Model[/url] by [mn=2376169]150Canada[/mn]
HTML <a href="https://www.planetminecraft.com/project/parliament-hill-ottawa-ontario-1-1-scale-model/" title="Parliament Hill, Ottawa Ontario | 1:1 scale Model Minecraft Map"><br /><img src="https://static.planetminecraft.com/files/resource_media/screenshot/1726/parliament-hill-ottawa-1498567327_thumb.jpg" alt="Parliament Hill, Ottawa Ontario | 1:1 scale Model" border="0"/><br/>Parliament Hill, Ottawa Ontario | 1:1 scale Model</a> by <a href="https://www.planetminecraft.com/member/150canada/" title="150Canada Profile">150Canada</a>
URL https://www.planetminecraft.com/project/parliament-hill-ottawa-ontario-1-1-scale-model/
2376169 150Canada
Level 17 : Journeyman Miner
In celebration of Canada's upcoming 150th Anniversary, I decided to recreate one of it's more iconic buildings. The Parliament buildings in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada's Capital.
Real Life History
The East and West blocks were finished in 1872. The current Centre Block was completed in 1920 after the original was destroyed in a fire in 1916. Since then Parliament Hill has been home to the canadian Government. It's also known for it's celebrations of Canada day every . year with thousands of people packing the hill to watch musical acts and see the fireworks. the Grounds of the Parliament Buildings are open to the public and guided tours of the Centre Block are available.
Minecraft
I recreated the buildings in minecraft to 1:1 scale. That means that 1 meter in real life is equal to one block in Minecraft. This also means that the angles, heights and ground elevations should also match their real life counterparts. At this time in real life the area between the Centre and West blocks is undergoing major construction so I just skipped that area for now until it's completion IRL in 2018. Currently the project is about 85% done with some details around the back of the centre Block as well as the Library still needing to be completed.
This map is not fully complete but will be updated once it is!
Credit Google Earth, Minecraft Point Locator Progress 85% complete Tags |
Endovascular stent: grafting in penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer of the thoracic aorta.
The aim of our study is the presentation of some interesting images of a case with symptomatic penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer (PAU) of the thoracic aorta and its endovascular treatment. Penetrating atherosclerotic ulcer is an ulcerating atherosclerotic lesion that penetrates the elastic lamina and is correlated with intramural hematoma (IMH) formation into the media layer of the aortic wall. PAU is more common in the elderly with severe atherosclerosis, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Transesophageal echocardiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are the common diagnostic tools. Surgical treatment may become necessary in cases involving the ascending aorta or in cases of intramural haematoma formation. In the era of minimally invasive surgery stent-grafting is indicated mainly in the elderly patients in presence of serious co-morbidities. |
PEOPLESOFT HRMS TECHNICAL
PeopleSoft HRMS Technical
Overview: PeopleSoft HRMS (Human Resources Management Systems) is enables the functional users to maximize the potential of workforce administration. It supports the Human Resources and Payroll
functions within an organization.Training Objectives of PeopleSoft HRMS: The Complete course which we provide is a foundation for implementing PeopleSoft HRMS for an organization. Students are also taught the activities and functions
required to set-up and administer benefits through PeopleSoft Human Resources Base Benefits and setting up of benefit plans and programs and payroll deductions.Target Students and Prerequisites: Students must be belonging to Technical Background and Basic understanding of the Relational Database Concepts.PeopleSoft HRMS Technical PEOPLESOFT ARCHITECTURE
Internet Architecture(PIA)
Database Architecture
Portal Architecture
APPLICATION DESIGNER
1.Application Designer Structure
2.Creating Field Definitions
3.Creating Record Definitions
4.Creating Page Definitions
5.Creating Component Definitions
6.Creating Record Definitions
7.Registering a Component or iScript
APPLICATION ENGINE
1.Application Engine Overview
2.AE Program Elements
3.Understanding State Records
4.Understanding Temporary Table
5.Understanding Restart Concept
6.Understanding set processing
7.Debugging AE Program
8.Running of A.E (Different ways)
FILE LAYOUT & CI
1.Understanding File Layout
2.Component interface attributes
3.Testing Component interface
4.Exercise on File layout & CI
CONTENTS FOR PEOPLE CODE
1.Recurrence Definitions
2.People code Overview
3.Component Processor Flow
4.Data Types, Comments and Variables
5.Understanding Objects and Classes in People Code
6.Debugging
7.File Attachments
8.Methods and Built-In Functions
9.Accessing the Data Buffer
10.Referencing Data in the Component Buffer
PROCESS SCHEDULER
1.Run Control ID
2.Creating Run Control Page
3.SQR Introduction
4.Building your first SQR program
5.SQR columns, variables and literals
6.Predefined SQR variables
7.List Variables
8.Arithmetic commands
9.The move command
10.String manipulation
11.The Let command
12.Built-in functions
13.File-related functions
14.Date functions
15.String functions
16.SQR page
17.How SQR processes the source program
18.Five sections of an SQR program
19.Program section
20.Setup section
21.Explicit and implicit printing
22.Heading section and Footing section
23.Procedure section
24.Loops and decision logic
25.Print command
26.Formatting your output
27.Break logic
28.Run-time and compile-time
29.Variables
30.Working with arrays
31.Multiple Reports
SQR
1.Generate Letters
2.Flat Files & Examples
3.Debugging Techniques
4.How to run an SQR program in different ways with suitable SQR architecture
5.Database support structured query language
PSQUERY
CRYSTAL REPORTS
PSQUERY
Enroll Here
Enter Full Name
Enter Email Address
Contact number
Course
US IT Training
This is basic card with image on top, title, description and button.This is basic card with image on top, title, description and button.This is basic card with image on top, title, description and button.This is basic card with image
on top, title, description and button.This is basic card with image on top, title, description and button.This is basic card with image on top, title, description and button. |
Q:
Handle alert when shut down device android in rooted app
I want change this message "Your phone is shut down" that appear when shut down the device.
Do you have any ideas?
My app download videos in the background, I must warn you not to switch off the device if the download is not yet finished, such as happens when you shut down Windows and is downloading updates.
A:
In AndroidManifest.xml:
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.PREVENT_POWER_KEY" />
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.DEVICE_POWER"
tools:ignore="ProtectedPermissions" />
MainActivity.java I intercept the power off button and force close system dialog and create a View custom above it
@Override
public boolean onKeyDown(int keyCode, KeyEvent event) {
if (keyCode == KeyEvent.KEYCODE_POWER) {
// Do something here...
event.startTracking(); // Needed to track long presses
Intent closeDialog = new Intent(Intent.ACTION_CLOSE_SYSTEM_DIALOGS);
sendBroadcast(closeDialog);
mViewCustom.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
return true;
}
return super.onKeyDown(keyCode, event);
}
@Override
public boolean onKeyLongPress(int keyCode, KeyEvent event) {
if (keyCode == KeyEvent.KEYCODE_POWER) {
return true;
}
return super.onKeyLongPress(keyCode, event);
}
|
Presenilin 1 gene silencing by S-adenosylmethionine: a treatment for Alzheimer disease?
Presenilin 1 (PS1) is a key factor for beta-amyloid (Ab) formation in Alzheimer disease (AD). Homocysteine accumulation, frequently observed in AD patients, may be a sign of a metabolic alteration in the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) cycle, which generates the overexpression of genes controlled by methylation of their promoters, when the cytosine in CpG moieties becomes unmethylated. The methylation of a gene involved in the processing of amyloid precursor protein may prevent Ab formation by silencing the gene. Here we report that SAM administration, in human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cell cultures, downregulates PS1 gene expression and Ab production. |
A probabilistic model for analyzing viral risks of plasma-derived medicinal products.
The prevention of transmission of viral infections by plasma-derived medicinal products is of concern to manufacturers, legislators, and patient representative groups. Recent European legislation requires a viral risk assessment for all new marketing applications of such products. A discrete event Monte Carlo model was developed to determine the viral transmission risks of the plasma-derived medicinal products. The model incorporates donor epidemiology, donation intervals, efficiency of screening tests for viral markers, inventory hold period, size and composition of the manufacturing pool, production time, process virus reduction capacity, and product yield. With the model, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) contamination risks of a typical hypothetical plasma product were calculated, and the sensitivity of the risk to various model variables was analyzed. The residual HIV and HCV risks of the finished products are linear in change with viral incidence rate and inversely linear with product yield and process virus reduction capacity. For the product analyzed in this article, the residual risk is less sensitive to changes in screening test pool size, donation frequency, and inventory hold period. There is only a limited dependency on the donation type (apheresis or whole-blood donations) and a negligible dependency on the manufacturing pool size. The use of probabilistic model simulation techniques is indispensable when estimating realistic residual viral risks of plasma-derived medicinal products. In contrast to conventional deterministic residual risk estimations, the probabilistic approach allows incorporation of specific manufacturing decisions and therefore provides the only feasible alternative for a correct assessment of residual risks. |
Combinando Culturas/Bridging Cultures
A note about the film:
The subject of my film is Alfredo Garcia. The overarching themes are culture, faith, and family. I also touched the effect immigrants from Ocotlán de Morelos, Oaxaca, have had in improving the economy and infrastructure of their hometowns.
Within the film, I explore the difficulties Alfredo experienced learning English, the benefits he experienced finding faith, and the economic growth and development that occurred in Ocotlán de Morelos because of his efforts and the efforts of others. At the time that Alfredo moved from his hometown many others did as well, and this resulted in infrastructure development in Alfredo’s hometown which is something both Alfredo and I found very fascinating and important.
The main character is Alfredo Garcia, and his story is told in a first person narrative. The structure of the film begins with Alfredo’s adolescence in his hometown. It is at this time in his life that he experienced working at the bakery to provide for his family, and he also made a promise to his mother that he would only come to the United States for two years.
The second segment of the film focuses on Alfredo learning English and the reasons he felt it was important for him to learn the language. Following Alfredo’s experience learning English, I focus on his involvement with his church and his role as a bible study leader. The fourth segment of the film traces the impacts of Alfredo’s efforts and hard work in the United States to the development that has occurred in Ocotlán de Morelos since he left twenty years ago.
The film ends with Alfredo’s ideas of the importance of his children understanding his culture, their culture, and the cultures within the United States. The end ties back into the beginning as Alfredo explains his desire to open a bakery or restaurant here in the United States, and also that he has achieved the goals that he set for himself when he left home. |
Q:
How to initialize weight for convolution layers in Tensorflow Object Detection API?
I followed this tutorial for implementing Tensorflow Object Detection API.
The preferred way is using pretrained models.
But for some cases, we need to train from scratch.
For that we just need to comment out two lines in the configuration file as
#fine_tune_checkpoint: "object_detection/data/mobilenet_v1_1.0_224/mobilenet_v1_1.0_224.ckpt"
#from_detection_checkpoint: true
If I want to initialize weight with Xavier weight initialization, how can I do that?
A:
As you can see in the configuration protobuf definition, there are 3 initializers you can use:
TruncatedNormalInitializer truncated_normal_initializer
VarianceScalingInitializer variance_scaling_initializer
RandomNormalInitializer random_normal_initializer
The VarianceScalingInitializer is what you are looking for. It is general initializer which you can basically turn into Xavier initializer by setting factor=1.0, mode='FAN_AVG', as stated in the documentation.
So, by setting the initializers as
initializer {
variance_scaling_initializer {
factor: 1.0
uniform: true
mode: FAN_AVG
}
}
in your configuration, you obtain Xavier initializer.
But also, even if you need to train on new data, consider using pretrained network as initialization instead of random initialization. For more details, see this article.
|
Q:
How does Transaction Remote Release work?
How exactly does TRR (Transaction Remote Release) work?
What are the similarities (and differences) with the way TOR works?
A:
TRR is like Tor in that it chooses random routes, and uses public key cryptography to secure communications. The major difference is that where Tor creates long-lasting bidirectional channels, TRR would use low-latency single-use one-direction transaction forwarding. At time of writing, there doesn't seem to be a public TRR implementation, so I'm basing this off of this paper.
There is one missing part, though.
Tor uses something called "perfect forward secrecy." In Tor, the private key of a node is useful for pretending to be that node, but it can't be used to decrypt communications after the connection has closed.
To see why this is useful, imagine the following scenario: Your ISP captures a TRR encrypted communication. They see that the first encrypted portion was sent to A. They find A, and get their private key. They decrypt the first layer of the message, and see that the second node is B. Repeat until they see what transaction was hidden within.
This works even though A, B, and C never kept any logs of where they sent the transaction. The way to fix this is either:
use the node's private key to establish an intermediate key, and throw the intermediate key away after the connection closes, or
rotate the node's key very frequently, at least every hour.
|
recommender.iteration.learnrate=0.01
recommender.iterator.maximum=14
recommender.recommender.isranking=true
recommender.fismrmse.rho=1
recommender.fismrmse.alpha=0.8
recommender.factor.number=10
recommender.user.regularization=0.001
recommender.item.regularization=0.001
recommender.bias.regularization=0.001
recommender.init.mean=0.0
recommender.init.std=0.01 |
We’re Proud Supporters of Esks Supporters
We I.D. Anyone Who looks like they’re not Esks Fans
Esks fans in Grande Prairie – we want it to be known that we are proud supporters of Northern Alberta’s team! If you need a spot to watch your team with sound, ice-cold beer and nachos with not one – but two pounds of cheese on them… well, we just might know the best place to go.
With great daily specials and a Happy Hour we’re truly proud of, make Shark Club your destination for CFL viewing this season. It’s our Patriotic Duty to show every CFL game, so grab a piping hot poutine and cold Shark Size beer and settle in.
If you’re serious about watching sports in Grande Prairie, Shark Club is the smartest play in the book. The largest sports bar & pub in Grande Prairie, Shark Club shows up to 6 games at a time on 31 screens. (We’re excellent multitaskers)
A choice late night party spot, Shark Club Grande Prairie is located downtown, just a 5-minute walk from Revolution Arena. Stop in for a pint and check out the largest TV in town. Who doesn’t love a paper mache Shark? |
<template>
<el-card id="userNewDiscuss">
<p>
<span style="color:#67C23A" class="el-icon-chat-line-square">最近评论</span>
</p>
<hr/>
<div v-for="discuss in discussList">
<el-link type="info" style="margin: 5px 0" :underline="false" @click="router(discuss.blog.id)">
{{discuss.user.name}} : {{discuss.body}}《{{discuss.blog.title}}》
</el-link>
</div>
<br/>
</el-card>
</template>
<script>
import discuss from '@/api/discuss'
export default {
name: 'introduction',
data() {
return {
discussList: ''
}
},
created() {
discuss.getUserNewDiscuss().then(responese => {
this.discussList = responese.data;
});
},
methods: {
router(id) {
scrollTo(0, 0);
this.$router.push({ //路由跳转
path: '/blog/'+id
})
}
}
}
</script>
<style scoped>
#userNewDiscuss {
/*-moz-box-shadow: 0px 6px 0px #333333;*/
/*-webkit-box-shadow: 0px 6px 0px #333333;*/
/*box-shadow: 0px 3px 10px #333333;*/
margin: 30px 0;
}
</style>
|
Q:
Calculating last login time from database mysql
I currently have a database which contains last_login and last_logout columns with the datatype set to datetime. When a user logs in and logs out of the system, the time is updated in both of those columns.
I would now like to create a notification that informs the user of when they previously logged into the system. I would like to display the answer in hours, for example (23 hours ago or 128 hours ago).
I just can't figure out how to perform calculations in PHP with the values in each of these columns. Please help.
I apologise if this question is hard to understand.
A:
Do it in mysql
Select TimeStampDiff(HOUR,LastLoginTime,Now()) From MyLoginTable
For instance
|
package(default_visibility = ["//visibility:public"])
licenses(["notice"])
load(
"@io_bazel_rules_go//go:def.bzl",
"go_library",
)
go_library(
name = "go_default_library",
srcs = [
"conversion.go",
"fuzzer.go",
"pod_specs.go",
],
tags = ["automanaged"],
deps = [
"//cmd/kubeadm/app/apis/kubeadm/fuzzer:go_default_library",
"//pkg/api:go_default_library",
"//pkg/api/testapi:go_default_library",
"//pkg/api/v1:go_default_library",
"//pkg/apis/admissionregistration:go_default_library",
"//pkg/apis/apps:go_default_library",
"//pkg/apis/autoscaling:go_default_library",
"//pkg/apis/batch:go_default_library",
"//pkg/apis/certificates:go_default_library",
"//pkg/apis/extensions:go_default_library",
"//pkg/apis/extensions/v1beta1:go_default_library",
"//pkg/apis/policy:go_default_library",
"//pkg/apis/rbac:go_default_library",
"//vendor/github.com/google/gofuzz:go_default_library",
"//vendor/k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/resource:go_default_library",
"//vendor/k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/api/testing:go_default_library",
"//vendor/k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1:go_default_library",
"//vendor/k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/fields:go_default_library",
"//vendor/k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/labels:go_default_library",
"//vendor/k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime:go_default_library",
"//vendor/k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime/schema:go_default_library",
"//vendor/k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime/serializer:go_default_library",
"//vendor/k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/intstr:go_default_library",
],
)
filegroup(
name = "package-srcs",
srcs = glob(["**"]),
tags = ["automanaged"],
visibility = ["//visibility:private"],
)
filegroup(
name = "all-srcs",
srcs = [
":package-srcs",
"//pkg/api/testing/compat:all-srcs",
],
tags = ["automanaged"],
)
|
There has been a lot of discussion about the state of the University of Minnesota surface this week, and now another player has weighed in about his decision about playing on the frozen surface. This time, the punter, yes the punter, of the Minnesota Vikings, Chris Klume.
The complaints about the playing surface in Minnesota started with the Chicago Bears, then they evolved into Vikings complaints and now it has trickled down all the way to a punter pitching a fit. Seriously, a punter getting press over his concern of a field he’ll be playing on?
These two teams are from cities which amount to nothing more than Southern Canada at this time of the year. Suck it up and deal with it. Plain and simple. |
#pragma warning disable CS0642
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Text;
using audiamus.aaxconv.lib.ex;
using audiamus.aux;
using audiamus.aux.ex;
using static audiamus.aux.Logging;
namespace audiamus.aaxconv.lib {
partial class TagAndFileNamingHelper {
enum ENamedChapters {
Number = 0,
Name = 1,
NumberName = 2
}
public const string EXT_JPG = ".jpg";
public const string EXT_PNG = ".png";
public const string EXT_M4A = ".m4a";
public const string EXT_M4B = ".m4b";
public const string EXT_MP3 = ".mp3";
const string SPACE = " ";
// These are just fallbacks, in case every other source failed.
public const string GENRE = "Audiobook";
public const string CHAPTER = "Chapter";
public const string PART = "Part";
// apple
const string NRT = "nrt";
const string DES = "des";
const string PUB = "pub";
// audible
const string PUBDATE = "pubdate";
const string LONG_DESC = "long_description";
readonly string _sepDash = Singleton<ChainPunctuationDash>.Instance.Infix[0];
readonly string[] _seps = Singleton<ChainPunctuationDot>.Instance.Infix;
readonly INamingSettingsEx _settings;
readonly IResources _resources;
readonly AaxFileItem _aaxFileItem;
readonly Book _book;
readonly Book.Part _part;
readonly EConvMode _convMode;
readonly EConvFormat _convFormat;
readonly ENamedChapters _namedChapters;
bool _isFileName;
Track _track;
Numbers _numbers;
private INamingSettingsEx Settings => _settings;
private IResources Resources => _resources;
private string Track => track ();
private string Title => titleNaming ();
private string Chapter => chapter ();
private string ChapterName => _track?.Chapter.Name;
private string Part => part ();
private string FullPath => fullPath ();
private string File => file ();
private string ExtMp4 => Settings.M4B ? EXT_M4B : EXT_M4A;
private string PartPrefix {
get {
string prefix;
switch (Settings.PartNaming) {
case EGeneralNaming.source:
prefix = _book.PartNameStub;
break;
case EGeneralNaming.custom:
prefix = Settings.PartName;
break;
default:
prefix = Resources?.PartNamePrefixStandard;
break;
}
return prefix ?? PART;
}
}
private string ChapterPrefix {
get {
string prefix;
switch (Settings.ChapterNaming) {
case EGeneralNamingEx.source:
prefix = _book.ChapterNameStub;
break;
case EGeneralNamingEx.custom:
prefix = Settings.ChapterName;
break;
default:
prefix = Resources?.ChapterNamePrefixStandard;
break;
}
return prefix ?? CHAPTER;
}
}
private TagAndFileNamingHelper (AaxFileItem aaxFileItem) => _aaxFileItem = aaxFileItem;
private TagAndFileNamingHelper (IResources resources, INamingSettingsEx settings, Book book, Track track) :
this (resources, settings, book)
{
_track = track;
var part = book.Parts.Where (p => p.Tracks?.Contains (track) ?? false).SingleOrDefault ();
if (part is null)
return;
_part = part;
_aaxFileItem = part.AaxFileItem;
_numbers = new Numbers (track, part);
}
private TagAndFileNamingHelper (IResources resources, INamingSettingsEx settings, Book.Part part) :
this (resources, settings, part.Book)
{
_aaxFileItem = part.AaxFileItem;
_numbers = new Numbers (null, part);
}
private TagAndFileNamingHelper (IResources resources, INamingSettingsEx settings, Book book) {
_resources = resources;
_settings = settings;
_book = book;
if (settings is IConvSettings s) {
_convFormat = s.ConvFormat;
_convMode = s.ConvMode;
}
bool useChapterNames = settings.NamedChapters >= lib.ENamedChapters.yes && book.HasNamedChapters;
bool useChapterNumbers = useChapterNames && settings.NamedChapters == lib.ENamedChapters.yesAlwaysWithNumbers ||
!book.HasUniqueChapterNames (_convMode);
if (useChapterNames) {
if (useChapterNumbers)
_namedChapters = ENamedChapters.NumberName;
else
_namedChapters = ENamedChapters.Name;
}
}
public static bool ReadMetaData (AaxFileItem aaxFileItem) =>
new TagAndFileNamingHelper (aaxFileItem).readMetaData ();
public static bool WriteMetaData (IResources resources, INamingSettingsEx settings, Book book, Track track) =>
new TagAndFileNamingHelper (resources, settings, book, track).writeMetaData ();
public static bool WriteMetaDataMP3Chapters (IResources resources, INamingSettingsEx settings, Book book, Track track) =>
new TagAndFileNamingHelper (resources, settings, book, track).writeMetaDataMP3Chapters ();
public static void SetTrackTitle (IResources resources, INamingSettingsEx settings, Book book, Track track) =>
new TagAndFileNamingHelper (resources, settings, book, track).setTrackTitle ();
public static void SetFileName (IResources resources, IConvSettings settings, Book book, Track track) =>
new TagAndFileNamingHelper (resources, settings, book, track).setFileName ();
public static void SetFileNames (IResources resources, IConvSettings settings, Book book) =>
new TagAndFileNamingHelper (resources, settings, book).setFileNames ();
public static string GetPartDirectoryName (IResources resources, INamingSettingsEx settings, Book.Part part) =>
new TagAndFileNamingHelper (resources, settings, part).getPartDirectoryName();
public static string GetGenre (INamingSettings settings, AaxFileItem afi) =>
(settings.GenreNaming == EGeneralNaming.source ? afi.Genre : settings.GenreName) ?? GENRE;
public static string GetPartPrefix (IResources resources, INamingSettingsEx settings, Book book) =>
new TagAndFileNamingHelper (resources, settings, book).PartPrefix;
public static string GetChapterPrefix (IResources resources, INamingSettingsEx settings, Book book) {
return new TagAndFileNamingHelper (resources, settings, book).ChapterPrefix;
}
private string getPartDirectoryName () {
switch (_book.PartsType) {
case Book.EParts.some:
return Path.Combine (_book.OutDirectoryLong, Part);
case Book.EParts.none:
case Book.EParts.all:
default:
return _book.OutDirectoryLong;
}
}
private void setFileName () => _track.FileName = FullPath;
private void setFileNames () => _book.Parts.SelectMany (p => p.Tracks).ToList ().ForEach (setFileName);
private void setFileName (Track track) {
_isFileName = true;
_track = track;
var part = _book.Parts.Where (p => p.Tracks?.Contains (track) ?? false).SingleOrDefault ();
if (part is null)
return;
_numbers = new Numbers (track, part);
setFileName ();
}
private string track () {
var n = _numbers;
string[] p = _seps;
switch (_convMode) {
default:
return n.nTrk.Str (n.nnTrk);
case EConvMode.chapters:
return chapterNamedTrackForChapters();
case EConvMode.splitChapters:
return chapterNamedTrackForSplitChapters();
};
}
private string chapterNamedTrackForChapters () {
var n = _numbers;
string trackName = n.nTrk.Str (n.nnTrk);
// not dependent on Settings.TrackNumbering
switch (_namedChapters) {
default:
case ENamedChapters.Number:
return trackName;
case ENamedChapters.Name:
case ENamedChapters.NumberName:
{
string chapterName = ChapterName;
if (_isFileName) {
chapterName = chapterName.Prune ();
if (_namedChapters == ENamedChapters.NumberName)
chapterName = $"({trackName}) {chapterName}";
else
; // for breakpoint
} else
; // for breakpoint
return chapterName;
}
}
}
private string chapterNamedTrackForSplitChapters () {
var n = _numbers;
string trackName = n.nTrk.Str (n.nnTrk);
if (n.nChp == 0)
return trackName;
string chapterName = ChapterName;
if (_isFileName)
chapterName = chapterName.Prune ();
switch (Settings.TrackNumbering) {
default:
case ETrackNumbering.track:
return trackName;
case ETrackNumbering.chapter_a_track:
string tn;
if (_namedChapters != ENamedChapters.Number)
tn = chapterName;
else
tn = n.nChp.Str (n.nnChp);
if (n.nChTrks > 1)
tn += _seps[0] + n.nChTrk.Str (n.nnChTrk);
else
; // for breakpoint
return tn;
case ETrackNumbering.track_b_chapter_c:
if (_namedChapters != ENamedChapters.Number)
return trackName + _seps[1] + chapterName + _seps[2];
else
return trackName + _seps[1] + n.nChp.Str (n.nnChp) + _seps[2];
}
}
private string titleNaming () {
var n = _numbers;
bool isSingleOutputFile = _convMode == EConvMode.single && n.nTrks == 1;
string p = _sepDash;
switch (Settings.TitleNaming) {
case ETitleNaming.track:
default:
return Track;
case ETitleNaming.track_book:
if (isSingleOutputFile)
return _book.TitleTag;
else
return Track + p + _book.TitleTag;
case ETitleNaming.track_book_author:
if (isSingleOutputFile)
return _book.TitleTag + p + _book.AuthorTag;
else
return Track + p + _book.TitleTag + p + _book.AuthorTag;
case ETitleNaming.book_author:
return _book.TitleTag + p + _book.AuthorTag;
case ETitleNaming.author_book:
return _book.AuthorTag + p + _book.TitleTag;
case ETitleNaming.author_book_track:
if (isSingleOutputFile)
return _book.AuthorTag + p + _book.TitleTag;
else
return _book.AuthorTag + p + _book.TitleTag + p + Track;
case ETitleNaming.book_track:
if (isSingleOutputFile)
return _book.TitleTag;
else
return _book.TitleTag + p + Track;
}
}
private string chapter () {
var n = _numbers;
var p = SPACE;
string chapter = ChapterPrefix;
switch (_namedChapters) {
default:
case ENamedChapters.Number:
return chapter + p + n.nChp.Str (n.nnChp);
case ENamedChapters.Name:
case ENamedChapters.NumberName:
{
string chapterName = ChapterName.Prune();
bool isNumeric = uint.TryParse (chapterName, out var _);
if (isNumeric)
chapterName = chapter + p + chapterName;
else
; // for breakpoint
if (_namedChapters == ENamedChapters.Name)
return chapterName;
else
return $"({n.nChp.Str (n.nnChp)}) {chapterName}";
}
}
}
private string part () {
var n = _numbers;
var p = SPACE;
string part = PartPrefix;
return part + p + n.nPrt.Str (n.nnPrt);
}
private string fullPath () {
string ext = _convFormat == EConvFormat.mp4 ? ExtMp4 : EXT_MP3;
string filename = File + ext;
switch (_convMode) {
case EConvMode.single:
if (Settings.ExtraMetaFiles && _book.PartsType == Book.EParts.some)
return Path.Combine (_book.OutDirectoryLong, Part, filename);
else
return Path.Combine (_book.OutDirectoryLong, filename);
case EConvMode.chapters:
case EConvMode.splitTime:
switch (_book.PartsType) {
case Book.EParts.some:
return Path.Combine (_book.OutDirectoryLong, Part, filename);
case Book.EParts.none:
case Book.EParts.all:
default:
return Path.Combine (_book.OutDirectoryLong, filename);
}
case EConvMode.splitChapters:
default:
switch (_book.PartsType) {
case Book.EParts.some:
if (Settings.ChapterNaming != EGeneralNamingEx._nofolders )
return Path.Combine (_book.OutDirectoryLong, Part, Chapter, filename);
else
return Path.Combine (_book.OutDirectoryLong, Part, filename);
case Book.EParts.none:
case Book.EParts.all:
default:
if (Settings.ChapterNaming != EGeneralNamingEx._nofolders )
return Path.Combine (_book.OutDirectoryLong, Chapter, filename);
else
return Path.Combine (_book.OutDirectoryLong, filename);
}
}
}
private string file () {
switch (_convMode) {
case EConvMode.single:
return fileSingle ();
case EConvMode.chapters:
case EConvMode.splitChapters:
default:
return fileChapters ();
}
}
private string fileChapters () {
string p = _sepDash;
switch (Settings.FileNaming) {
case EFileNaming.track:
default:
return Track;
case EFileNaming.track_book:
return Track + p + _book.TitleFile;
case EFileNaming.track_book_author:
return Track + p + _book.TitleFile + p + _book.AuthorFile;
case EFileNaming.author_book_track:
return _book.AuthorFile + p + _book.TitleFile + p + Track;
case EFileNaming.book_track:
return _book.TitleFile + p + Track;
}
}
private string fileSingle () {
switch (_book.PartsType) {
case Book.EParts.none:
default:
return fileSingleNone ();
case Book.EParts.some:
return fileSingleSome ();
case Book.EParts.all:
return fileChapters ();
}
}
private string fileSingleSome () {
var n = _numbers;
string p = _sepDash;
string prt = n.nPrt.Str (n.nnPrt);
switch (Settings.FileNaming) {
case EFileNaming.track:
default:
return prt;
case EFileNaming.track_book:
return prt + p + _book.TitleFile;
case EFileNaming.book_track:
return _book.TitleFile + p + prt;
case EFileNaming.track_book_author:
return prt + p + _book.TitleFile + p + _book.AuthorFile;
case EFileNaming.author_book_track:
return _book.AuthorFile + p + _book.TitleFile + p + prt;
}
}
private string fileSingleNone () {
string p = _sepDash;
switch (Settings.FileNaming) {
case EFileNaming.track:
case EFileNaming.track_book:
case EFileNaming.book_track:
default:
return _book.TitleFile;
case EFileNaming.track_book_author:
return _book.TitleFile + p + _book.AuthorFile;
case EFileNaming.author_book_track:
return _book.AuthorFile + p + _book.TitleFile;
}
}
private bool readMetaData () {
if (_aaxFileItem is null)
return false;
bool succ = readMetadataTaglib ();
succ = succ && readMetadataFFmpeg ();
return succ;
}
private bool readMetadataTaglib () {
var afi = _aaxFileItem;
if (afi.AA)
return readMetadataTaglibAudible ();
else
return readMetadataTaglibM4a ();
}
private bool readMetadataTaglibM4a () {
var afi = _aaxFileItem;
TagLib.File file = null;
try {
file = TagLib.File.Create (afi.FileName, "taglib/m4a", TagLib.ReadStyle.Average);
} catch (Exception) {
return readMetadataTaglibAudible ();
}
using (file) {
var tags = file.Tag;
afi.BookTitle = tags.Title.Decode ();
afi.Authors = tags.AlbumArtists.Decode ();
var pic = tags.Pictures.FirstOrDefault ();
if (pic != null) {
afi.Cover = pic.Data?.Data;
if (afi.Cover != null && afi.Cover.Length > AaPictureExtractor.PNG_HDR.Count) {
if (pic.Filename != null)
afi.CoverExt = Path.GetExtension (pic.Filename).ToLower ();
else
imageTypeFromData ();
}
}
try {
afi.PublishingDate = new DateTime ((int)tags.Year, 1, 1);
} catch (Exception) { }
afi.Copyright = tags.Copyright.Decode ();
afi.Genre = tags.Genres.FirstOrDefault ()?.Decode();
var atags = file.GetTag (TagLib.TagTypes.Apple) as TagLib.Mpeg4.AppleTag;
if (atags is null)
return true;
afi.Narrators = appleCustomTag (atags, NRT).Decode ().SplitTrim();
afi.Abstract = appleCustomTag (atags, DES).Decode ();
afi.Publisher = appleCustomTag (atags, PUB).Decode ();
}
return true;
}
private bool readMetadataTaglibAudible () {
var afi = _aaxFileItem;
TagLib.File file = null;
try {
file = TagLib.File.Create (afi.FileName, "audio/x-audible",TagLib.ReadStyle.Average);
} catch (Exception) {
return false;
}
using (file) {
var tags = file.Tag as TagLib.Audible.Tag;
if (tags is null)
return false;
afi.BookTitle = tags.Title.Decode ();
afi.Authors = tags.Author.Decode ().SplitTrim();
afi.Narrators = tags.Narrator.Decode ().SplitTrim();
afi.Abstract = tags.Description.Decode ();
var pic = tags.Pictures.FirstOrDefault ();
if (pic != null) {
afi.Cover = pic.Data?.Data;
if (pic.Filename != null)
afi.CoverExt = Path.GetExtension (pic.Filename);
}
afi.Publisher = tags.Album.Decode ();
afi.Copyright = tags.Copyright.Decode ();
afi.Genre = tags.Genres.FirstOrDefault ()?.Decode ();
if (pic is null) {
afi.Cover = AaPictureExtractor.Extract (afi.FileName);
imageTypeFromData ();
}
string date = audibleCustomTag (tags, PUBDATE);
if (!(date is null)) {
bool succ = DateTime.TryParse (date, out var datetime);
if (succ)
afi.PublishingDate = datetime;
}
string desc = audibleCustomTag (tags, LONG_DESC);
if (desc?.Length > afi.Abstract?.Length)
afi.Abstract = desc;
}
return true;
}
private bool readMetadataFFmpeg () {
var afi = _aaxFileItem;
FFmpeg ffmpeg = new FFmpeg (afi.FileName);
bool succ = ffmpeg.GetAudioMeta ();
if (succ) {
afi.Duration = ffmpeg.AudioMeta.Time.Duration;
afi.SampleRate = ffmpeg.AudioMeta.Samplerate;
afi.Channels = ffmpeg.AudioMeta.Channels;
afi.AvgBitRate = ffmpeg.AudioMeta.AvgBitRate;
}
return succ;
}
private void imageTypeFromData () {
var afi = _aaxFileItem;
var hdr = new ArraySegment<byte> (afi.Cover, 0, AaPictureExtractor.JPG_HDR.Count);
if (AaPictureExtractor.JPG_HDR.SequenceEqual (hdr))
afi.CoverExt = EXT_JPG;
else {
hdr = new ArraySegment<byte> (afi.Cover, 0, AaPictureExtractor.PNG_HDR.Count);
if (AaPictureExtractor.PNG_HDR.SequenceEqual (hdr))
afi.CoverExt = EXT_PNG;
}
}
private void setTrackTitle () => _track.Title = Title;
private bool writeMetaData () {
_isFileName = false;
_track.Title = Title; // save for playlist
if (_aaxFileItem is null)
return false;
var afi = _aaxFileItem;
TagLib.File tagfile = null;
try {
tagfile = TagLib.File.Create (_track.FileName);
} catch (Exception exc) {
Log (1, this, $"{nameof (TagLib.File.Create)}, {exc.ToShortString ()}");
return false;
}
using (tagfile) {
var tags = tagfile.Tag;
if (tags.TagTypes.HasFlag (TagLib.TagTypes.Id3v2) && ApplEnv.OSVersion.Major < 10) {
if (tags is TagLib.NonContainer.Tag nct) {
var t = nct.Tags.Where (k => k.TagTypes.HasFlag (TagLib.TagTypes.Id3v2)).FirstOrDefault ();
if (t is TagLib.Id3v2.Tag id3v2) {
id3v2.Version = 3;
Log (3, this, $"track=\"{Title}\" \"{Path.GetFileName(_track.FileName)}\": {nameof (TagLib.Id3v2)} downgraded to version {id3v2.Version}");
}
}
}
// album
tags.Album = _book.TitleTag;
// album artist
tags.AlbumArtists = _book.AuthorTag.SplitTrim ();
// performer/narrator
if (Settings.Narrator) {
var authors = new List<string> ();
authors.AddRange (tags.AlbumArtists);
authors.AddRange (afi.Narrators);
tags.Performers = authors.ToArray ();
var roles = new List<string> ();
foreach (var _ in tags.AlbumArtists)
roles.Add (nameof (afi.Author));
foreach (var _ in afi.Narrators)
roles.Add (nameof (afi.Narrator));
tags.PerformersRole = roles.ToArray ();
} else {
tags.Performers = tags.AlbumArtists;
var roles = new string[tags.AlbumArtists.Length];
for (int i = 0; i < roles.Length; i++)
roles[i] = nameof (afi.Author);
tags.PerformersRole = roles;
}
// comment
tags.Comment = afi.Abstract;
// year
tags.Year = (uint)((_book.CustomNames?.YearTag ?? afi.PublishingDate)?.Year ?? 0);
// genre
string genre = _book.CustomNames?.GenreTag ?? getGenre (afi);
tags.Genres = new string[] { genre };
// copyright
tags.Copyright = afi.Copyright;
// publisher
tags.Publisher = afi.Publisher;
// disc
tags.Disc = (uint)_numbers.nDsk;
// disc count
tags.DiscCount = (uint)_numbers.nDsks;
// title
tags.Title = Title;
// track
tags.Track = (uint)_numbers.nTrk;
// track count
tags.TrackCount = (uint)_numbers.nTrks;
// cover picture
if (!(afi.Cover is null)) {
var pic = new TagLib.Picture (new TagLib.ByteVector (afi.Cover)) {
Type = TagLib.PictureType.FrontCover
};
tags.Pictures = new TagLib.IPicture[] { pic };
}
try {
tagfile.Save ();
} catch (Exception exc) {
Log (1, this, $"{nameof (tagfile.Save)}, {exc.ToShortString ()}");
return false;
}
return true;
}
}
private bool writeMetaDataMP3Chapters () {
if (_part is null)
return false;
if (_part.Chapters2.IsNullOrEmpty ())
return true;
Log (3, this, $"\"{Path.GetFileName (_track.FileName)}\": #chapters={_part.Chapters2.Count}");
try {
ATL.Track tagFile = new ATL.Track (_track.FileName);
ATL.Settings.ID3v2_tagSubVersion = 3;
tagFile.Chapters.Clear ();
foreach (var ch in _part.Chapters2) {
var chi = new ATL.ChapterInfo {
StartTime = (uint)ch.Time.Begin.TotalMilliseconds,
EndTime = (uint)ch.Time.End.TotalMilliseconds,
Title = ch.Name
};
tagFile.Chapters.Add (chi);
}
tagFile.Save ();
return true;
} catch (Exception exc) {
Log (1, this, exc.ToShortString ());
return false;
}
}
private string getGenre (AaxFileItem afi) => GetGenre (Settings, afi);
//TagLib.Mpeg4.AppleTag
private static string appleCustomTag (TagLib.Mpeg4.AppleTag atags, string key) {
var type = atags.GetType ();
var mi = type.GetMethod ("FixId", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Static);
if (mi is null)
return null;
var bvKey = new TagLib.ByteVector (key);
var aBvKey = mi.Invoke (atags, new object[] { bvKey }) as TagLib.ReadOnlyByteVector;
var tag = atags.GetText (aBvKey);
if (tag.Length > 1) {
var sb = new StringBuilder ();
foreach (string s in tag) {
if (sb.Length > 0)
sb.Append ("; ");
sb.Append (s);
}
return sb.ToString ();
} else
return tag.FirstOrDefault();
}
//TagLib.Audible.Tag
private static string audibleCustomTag (TagLib.Audible.Tag atags, string key) {
var type = atags.GetType ();
var mi = type.GetMethod ("getTag", BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance);
if (mi is null)
return null;
var tag = mi.Invoke (atags, new object[] { key }) as string;
return tag;
}
}
}
namespace audiamus.aaxconv.lib.ex {
static class Int32Ex {
public static string Str (this int n, int nn) {
return n.ToString ($"D{nn}");
}
}
}
|
'Living faith' touches the lives of hungry children
From September to April, the Church at Osage Hills has packed more than 12,000 buddy packs that benefited lake area school children.
When the staff at Osage Hills found out that many lake area schools were facing cuts to their buddy pack program, they knew that they had to step in.
From September to April, the Church at Osage Hills has packed more than 12,000 buddy packs that benefited lake area school children.
When the staff at Osage Hills found out that many lake area schools were facing cuts to their buddy pack program, they knew that they had to step in. The Buddy Pack Ministry was created, volunteers were found and packing began. Osage Hills became an official Buddy Pack Bank through the Central Missouri Food Bank and once a month packed about 1,200 to 1,300 packs in about an hour.
"Because of the folks at Osage Hills stepping in, they literally saved the buddy pack program for the lake area," Central Missouri Food Bank Executive Director, Peggy Kirkpatrick said. It is important to note that Osage Hills serves schools in Morgan County including Stover and Versailles, Miller County including Iberia and excluding Eldon and School of the Osage in Camden County. The Camdenton R-III District handles their own buddy packs.
Osage Hills raised a total of about $40,000 for the program according to Kirkpatrick.
"Not only money, but they gave time and expertise to make it happen," she added.
On Sunday, April 28, the Church at Osage Hills packed their last buddy packs for this school year. Kirkpatrick made her way to the lake for the packing. She arrived and walked into the packing area like any other volunteer. She was immediately placed on a packing line in the midst of other buddy pack servants. She said the first thing she noticed is that she was not as fast as the other packers. Not only was she surprised by their speed, but she was impressed by the heart of the ones who served.
"It was very insightful," Kirkpatrick said. "I heard compassion, commitment and a desire to give back."
As a surprise to many, Kirkpatrick stood up during a banquet held on Sunday afternoon and showed her appreciation for the Church at Osage Hills and to all of those who have served.
"I thanked them for not just talking their faith but living their faith," she said. "That is really important and especially in today's world."
The Buddy Pack Ministry will start up again in August. Donations are always needed. Residents can donate their time or monetarily by calling The Church at Osage Hills at 348-1030.
Numbers to know...# of buddy pack servants- more than 600# of packs packed since September- more than 12,000# of buddy packs packed each month- About 1,200 to 1,300Amount of food handled- more than 16 tonsAmount of money raised- Approximately $40,000
Community Info
Original content available for non-commercial use under a Creative Commons license, except where noted.
The Lake News Online ~ 918 N. Business Route 5, Camdenton, MO 65020 ~ Privacy Policy ~ Terms Of Service |
Ask HN: Utilities you would like to see resurrected? - _color
I'm looking for an interesting open source project this summer, and John Grubber's utility Dragon Drop has inspired me. I want to create an intuitive and useful app, but still need inspiration.<p>Is there any utility that you used to have, yet was discontinued, that you still miss to this day? Hopefully something small and lightweight.
======
pestaa
Google Notebook.
Google just pushed Docs too hard, but I don't need all that functionality. I
want performance, a few basic formatting options and instant saving.
I don't use no stinking sharing either.
------
LarryMade
\- Quanta IDE very web developer friendly - nor or less died with KDE 3.5 \-
Kooka scanner tool (which incorporated OCR, there is a quite a lack of Linux
OCR apps.)
|
{
"images": [
{
"filename": "ic_format_underlined.png",
"idiom": "universal",
"scale": "1x"
},
{
"filename": "ic_format_underlined_2x.png",
"idiom": "universal",
"scale": "2x"
},
{
"filename": "ic_format_underlined_3x.png",
"idiom": "universal",
"scale": "3x"
}
],
"info": {
"author": "xcode",
"version": 1
}
}
|
Q:
Spring Boot internationalization works for French but not Korean
I have messages_ko.properties file and I set my browser to Korean. It loads up the page using the message file but the internationalized text is all question marks.
????? ...
It looks like Korean in the Eclipse editor. The file editor is set to UTF-8. My Google Chrome is able to display Korean. This whole page http://www.hyundaigroup.com/ is in Korean. I used
curl -H "Accept-Language: ko" localhost:8080/page
And the internationalized text is mostly question marks still. I opened the messages_ko.properties file in Notepad++ and it shows Korean and that it's encoded in UTF-8.
It works fine when I set my browser to French. Non-English characters (Intéressé) show up fine. The HTML is marked as UTF-8.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
So why is Spring Boot mangling the Korean characters but not the French?
I'm using an AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver.
@Bean
public LocaleResolver localeResolver() {
AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver ahlr = new AcceptHeaderLocaleResolver();
ahlr.setDefaultLocale(Locale.ENGLISH);
return ahlr;
}
And I'm using Spring Messages and JSP to print the internationalized text.
<spring:message code="title"/>
A:
I saw the server response header was
Content-Type: text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1
I added
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" %>
To the top of the page and then it worked.
|
Q:
MSI: Fixing different component GUIDs for the same file
I've inherited an installer with a fairly long history. In a few versions, component GUIDs were not tracked properly, resulting in different component GUIDs for a given file.
v1.0: C:\Program Files\Foo\Foo.exe {GUID_A}
v2.0: C:\Program Files\Foo\Foo.exe {GUID_B}
v3.0: C:\Program Files\Foo\Foo.exe {GUID_B}
This obviously violates component rules, and requires early sequencing of RemoveExistingProducts to avoid absent files after an upgrade.
Each new version installs as a Major Upgrade. It is expected that the latest version will cleanly upgrade any previous version.
Question: Is there any way to reset or salvage this scenario going forward? I'd like to schedule RemoveExistingProducts after InstallFinalize without causing destruction.
(I've been using heat.exe's deterministic GUIDs since I got ahold of the project. Best feature ever.)
A:
To switch to a late major upgrade, you have to ensure you're only upgrading from versions that adhere to the component rules. So in this case, you have to block upgrades from v1.0.
|
Former Boscov's stores head to auction
Sept. 13 sale date set for Baltimore-area properties
Three mall storefronts that have remained vacant since Boscov's department store exited the Baltimore market under a cloud of bankruptcy nearly two years ago are headed to the auction block next month.
Alex Cooper Auctioneers is set to auction off the former department store buildings at White Marsh Mall and Owings Mills Mall in Baltimore County and Marley Station in Glen Bernie on Sept. 13 in a foreclosure sale. Towson Commons, an office and retail complex, also is scheduled to be sold by auctioneers next month.
The auctions signal that the retail real estate market remains sluggish, and that larger spaces are especially difficult to fill as stores are reluctant to expand in this economy. Many department store spaces have been empty for years, and the vacancy rate for Baltimore area commercial space was 6.8 percent in the second quarter, compared with 4.3 percent just before the recession began.
Nonetheless, there have been some market improvements, retail brokers and analysts said. Good leasing deals still abound for retailers in the position to take advantage of cheap real estate. And the Commerce Department reported on Monday that consumer spending rose slightly in July — a key factor in reviving the retail sector.
"It is still taking a longer time to get anything done," said Rene Daniel, a principal with retail brokerage Trout, Daniel & Associates. "But attitudes are more positive than a year ago. Retailers are at least willing to talk; last year they didn't even want to do that."
Teen clothing retailer Forever 21 is still scheduled to move into the White Marsh building once home to Boscov's early next year. It is currently located elsewhere at the mall, and an auction won't change its planned move, said Larry Meyer, an executive vice president with the company.
The auction of the properties could open the door for new owners to come in and improve the properties and find tenants. The current owners could also decide the bids aren't high enough and scrap the sale.
A national rise in retail vacancies in recent years seems to be slowing, according to RIES Inc. analyst Ryan Severino. He also wrote in a research note that the decline in asking rents is easing, which means that landlords "are not under as much distress as last year."
And there are other signs that the retail picture isn't completely gloomy.
Safeway recently moved to a shopping center on York Road in Towson that had been left vacant when CompUsa, Linens & Things and electronics chain Tweeter shuttered their doors as they fell victim to the weak economy.
Tasti D-Lite, a new chain of retail stores featuring low-calorie frozen desserts made entirely of skim milk, announced on Monday that it plans to open more than a dozen stores in Washington, Maryland and Virginia beginning later this year.
The first will be a 2,100-square-foot space at Park Plaza on Ritchie Highway in Anne Arundel County. The location will also serve as the local headquarters and operations center for the Tasti-D-Lite mid-Atlantic franchisee and will house management, administrative and trainee staff.
And Swedish retailer H&M is working to move into General Growth property Harborplace in Baltimore's Inner Harbor. Designs for the store are to be presented at a meeting for the city's urban design and architecture review panel on Sept. 9, according to a meeting agenda.
The former Boscov's stores might be harder to lease because they are so large. The consolidation of the department store industry has left few retailers to fill anchor spaces at regional malls. In some markets, the spaces have been taken over by big box and warehouse stores such as Costco or Target.
The two-story White Marsh Boscov's store is nearly 220,000 square feet. Both the Owings Mills and Marley Station buildings are three stories with more than 270,000 square feet.
The White Marsh and Owings Mills store aren't owned by General Growth Properties, the owner of the two malls, according to land records. The former Boscov's at Marley Station Mall is owned by the entities Marley Station Department Investors LLC and BDS Marley Station Portfolio LP, records show. Marley Station is owned by Simon Property Group.
Jones Lang LaSalle was named the court-appointed receiver for the former Boscov's properties in Maryland and four others in Pennsylvania last year, charged with finding firms to manage, lease or sell the buildings. Boscov's continues to operate stores in five states, including three in Maryland: Westminster, Frederick and Salisbury.
Based in Reading, Pa., Boscov's was mostly a regional chain until 2006 when it expanded aggressively into other markets, including the Baltimore area. It took advantage of properties left vacant when Federated Department Stores bought May Co. for $12 billion.
But the housing collapse and recession hit just as the new stores began to ramp up. Consumers stopped spending, hurting sales at the department store. The new Maryland stores never turned a profit.
Cooper said he wasn't seeing much retail space coming to auction six months ago, but that's changing. Towson Commons, the 384,000-square-foot complex that includes a 10-story office tower, three levels of stores and a movie theater is set for auction Sept. 21. The lenders who backed the struggling mall filed to foreclose on the property in July. |
Q:
C# generic method type constraint to several classes
I have something like this:
public List<T> GetPageRows<T>(Expression<Func<T, bool>> predicate, List<ColumnSortOrder> sortOrder, int pageSize, int pageNo) where T : Type1, Type2, Type3
{
var filteredQueryable = GetRowsAndFilter(predicate);
var orderedQueryable = GetOrderedQueryable(sortOrder, filteredQueryable);
var pagedQueryable = orderedQueryable.Skip((pageNo - 1) * pageSize).Take(pageSize);
return pagedQueryable.ToList();
}
private IQueryable<Type1> GetRowsAndFilter(Expression<Func<Type1, bool>> predicate)
{
return GetType1s(predicate);
}
private IQueryable<Type2> GetRowsAndFilter(Expression<Func<Type2, bool>> predicate)
{
return GetType2s(predicate);
}
private IQueryable<Type3> GetRowsAndFilter(Expression<Func<Type3, bool>> predicate)
{
return GetType3s(predicate);
}
I was hoping that by making the non-generic class specific versions of GetRowsAndFilter() and then restricting the generic type parameter for GetPageRows() to one of these three classes, that the compiler was able to figure out what to do.
But where T : Type1, Type2, Type3 seems to be illegal.
How do I solve this?
The idea is that the algorithm in GetPageRows() is general and does not depend on the specific kind of rows I am getting. Only the return type and the predicate depends on T.
EDIT: I tried constraining on their base type and also on a common empty interface, but I still get an error in the var filteredQueryable = GetRowsAndFilter(predicate);. "Cannot resolve method". It doesn't know how to choose the right version of these methods. I don't know what to do. It should be possible to separate the general algorithm in GetPageRows() from the actual type T and the specific, different queries for each T that is in the different versions of GetRowsAndFilter().
A:
Although you can get around multiple constraints using empty interfaces to specify one constraint, this won't solve your issue: not resolving GetRowsAndFilter correctly.
After bending the code a little, I came up with this stub (I changed and cut stuff out to get it to compile, but you should be able to apply the same concept to your code):
static void Main(string[] args)
{
var res = GetPageRows<Type1>(GetRowsAndFilter, t => true, null, 0, 0);
var res2 = GetPageRows<Type2>(GetRowsAndFilter, t => true, null, 0, 0);
Console.ReadLine();
}
public static List<T> GetPageRows<T>(Func<Expression<Func<T, bool>>, IEnumerable<T>> getRows, Expression<Func<T, bool>> predicate, List<int> sortOrder, int pageSize, int pageNo)
{
var filteredQueryable = getRows(predicate);
return filteredQueryable.ToList();
}
private static IEnumerable<Type1> GetRowsAndFilter(Expression<Func<Type1, bool>> predicate)
{
return Enumerable.Empty<Type1>();
}
private static IEnumerable<Type2> GetRowsAndFilter(Expression<Func<Type2, bool>> predicate)
{
return Enumerable.Empty<Type2>();
}
private static IEnumerable<Type3> GetRowsAndFilter(Expression<Func<Type3, bool>> predicate)
{
return Enumerable.Empty<Type3>();
}
You need to also provide the method to call otherwise the compiler can't resolve it because it doesn't have enough type information about T, by supplying the method and having it use the same generic type in the method signature, the compiler can at least ensure the methods are talking about the same T. On the calling side (GetPageRows<Type1>()), specifying the type is the driver for the rest to resolve correctly.
|
[Identification of orthopoxvirus species using oligonucleotide micro-chips].
A method for describing the Orthopoxviruses that are pathogenic both to man and animals is described in the article. The method is based on hybridization of a fluorescently labelled amplified DNA sample with oligonucleotides, which were immobilized in a microchip. Species-specific regions within the crmB gene encoding a viral analogue of the tumor necrosis factor receptor, i.e. an important gene determining the pathogenicity of the mentioned Orthopoxviruses type, were used as a target for identification. The identification procedure takes around 6 hours and does not demand any costly equipment (a portable fluorescent microscope can be used). |
Q:
How to listen for changes in audio routing during call in Android
I can't seem to figure out how to detect when a user changes how audio is routed while in a call. Specifically, listening for when a user toggles between the audio routed through a bluetooth headset and the device earpiece. Can someone direct me to a good example?
Thanks.
A:
In onCreate or onStartCommand
MyBroadcastReceiver myReceiver = new MyBroadcastReceiver();
IntentFilter filter = new IntentFilter(BluetoothHeadset.ACTION_AUDIO_STATE_CHANGED);
registerReceiver(myReceiver, filter);
In onDestroy
unregisterReceiver(myReceiver);
BroadcastReceiver class
private class MyBroadcastReceiver extends BroadcastReceiver {
@Override
public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) {
if(intent.getAction().equals(BluetoothHeadset.ACTION_AUDIO_STATE_CHANGED)){
int state = intent.getIntExtra(BluetoothHeadset.EXTRA_STATE,-1);
switch(state){
case BluetoothHeadset.STATE_AUDIO_CONNECTED:
Log.d(TAG,"Bluetooth connected");
break;
case BluetoothHeadset.STATE_AUDIO_DISCONNECTED:
Log.d(TAG,"Bluetooth disconnected");
break;
}
}
}
}
|
Holding Off The Monster
Amazon has taken advantage of showrooming, in which consumers shop at stores but make purchases online, right in the store.
By David Gill
"Every generation in retailing has a disruptive player," said a home furnishings industry veteran, "and Amazon is the disruptive player in this generation."
An Internet site which opened for business in 1994 as a seller of used books, Amazon.com has become one of the largest retailing machines in the marketplace for a growing variety of products--from apparel to toys to consumer electronics to food to baby products.
And, yes, home furnishings, too.
Amazon, and other retail web sites, have reconfigured the shopping process through low prices, sheer speed in product deliveries and enhanced customer service--all in a streamlined, easy-to-use format. The result has been many sleepless nights for traditional retailers who simply cannot keep pace with the company and are worried that their sales--and profits--will slide as more and more customers turn to Amazon and other digital sites for their shopping needs.
Perhaps even more threatening to traditional retailers is the fact that many suppliers--for obvious reasons--have jumped on the Amazon bandwagon. As this trend grows, many in the retail community worry that Amazon will get better deals from vendors and, simply put, they won't be able to match them. Add to that the fact that Amazon currently does not charge sales tax in more than 40 states, and the price difference is frightening. "It is coming down to convenience, assortment and price," said the operator of a Los Angeles area consumer electronics retailer. "And Amazon is beating us on all three fronts."
Perhaps the most glaring sign of Amazon's threat to brick-and-mortar is the phenomenon of "showrooming"--the process in which shoppers go to a store, scope out products, then surf the Internet for better prices than are available in the store and make the purchase online. Showrooming has already put a dent in sales at Best Buy, the formally high-flying consumer electronics retailer that is now closing stores and cutting the size of many of its remaining outlets.
The growing use of smart devices such as cell phones and tablets--including, most notably, Amazon's own Kindle--has further compounded the showrooming problem for brick-and-mortar retailers by enabling consumers to do their showrooming right in the store. There is now an app that allows consumers to get the best price of a product at Amazon while standing in the brick-and-mortar retail outlet.
Not surprisingly, some retailers are up in arms and are trying to do something about it. Walmart and Target, for example, have stopped selling Kindles, which for some consumers have become standard equipment for showrooming. In an article on forbes.com posted in September, staff writer Jeff Bercovici described the Kindle as the "Trojan horse" that converts Walmart shoppers into Amazon customers.
In what some view as a desperate attempt to win back vendor loyalties, Target sent a letter to its vendors in January asking for aid against Amazon and other websites in its battle against showrooming. Asked about the vendor letter at a Target event in New York City last month, Gregg Steinhafel, chairman, president and CEO of the mass merchant, said Target has been having "great discussions" with the vendors since the letter was issued. One concept that has emerged, which Target is testing in the fourth quarter, is its Holiday Price Match program, which offers shoppers the ability to match select online competitors' prices (including those on Amazon) between Nov. 1 and Dec. 16.
Vendors, meanwhile, are trying to play both sides of this equation. Many say that traditional retailers remain very important to their overall business model. At the same time, they note they would be foolish not to explore what Amazon has to offer. A number of vendors tell HFN that their sales at Amazon have increased dramatically in recent years and they expect that trend to continue. "My margins are better with Amazon than with my other customers," said one vendor executive. "They don't ask for opening-order discounts, rebates or sharing advertising costs. They just want to buy the goods. They are more profitable on a percentage basis for me than other retailers."
Thus it's no surprise that Amazon has grown from the 34th top home furnishings retailer in HFN's Top Retailer's list in 2006 to 15th last year. In that period, its estimated home furnishings sales have risen two and one half times to last year's total of more than $3.3 billion.
Target and Walmart are also testing quick-delivery programs for the holidays. At the same time, the two retailers may already realize that showrooming will be difficult for them to stop. Kathee Tesija, Target's executive vice president of merchandising and supply chain, hinted as much at the New York City event when she said, "Do we love being a showroom? Yes, when we can book the sale."
Other, smaller retailers are trying to even the playing field by stressing expertise of its produce line in-store and offering to match online prices. The price issue is a slippery slope, some observers said, because it is hard for small and medium-size merchants to maintain lower price points and remain profitable.
While Walmart and Target appear to be Amazon's most direct competitor, Bed, Bath & Beyond is squarely in the Internet company's sights as well. Bed Bath may be among the most vulnerable of the major players. "Our work suggests there is 89 percent direct product overlap with Amazon in kitchen electrics, 83 percent in cookware and 83 percent in cutlery, all key traffic-driving categories," said Matt Nemer, retail analyst with Wells Fargo.
Analysts said Bed Bath is more vulnerable to Amazon than Williams-Sonoma, Crate & Barrel and Pier 1 Imports--all of which are less price oriented and have less product cross-over.
Bed Bath is responding. The company appears to be trying to move its merchandise mix toward more exclusive products. Nemer cited the company's acquisition of Cost Plus earlier this year, which provided an entree for Bed Bath into specialty food; and its acquisition of the Wamsutta brand from Springs Global, which has given it its own label for home textiles.
Bed Bath has also redoubled its investment in e-commerce and information technology, with some of this capital going toward enhancing its website and the opening of an 800,000-square-foot e-commerce fulfillment center in Georgia. "The sheer size of the DC indicates to me that management feels e-commerce has great potential for their business," said Alan Rivkin, retail analyst with Barclays Equity Research, noting that e-commerce currently represents about 3 percent of Bed Bath's total sales.
In its approach to vendors, Bed Bath appears to be seeking similar help as that requested by Target in its vendor letter. "They are trying to get exclusives like everyone else to limit their vulnerability," Rivkin said. "They are probably trying to pressure vendors on pricing as well--although Bed Bath has always been notorious for pushing back on prices."
Bed Bath's competitive tactics probably won't stop there. "As the process goes along, I can see them trying in-store pickups and returns on web purchases, similar pricing on merchandise between stores and e-commerce, more exclusives and increased private label," Rivkin said.
So while the larger retailers can fight back on better pricing and, perhaps, their own websites, what does a smaller retailer do to fight off the Amazon challenge? That question has many of retail analysts puzzled, though many say an emphasis on service, product knowledge and convenience will help. "Having a unique product mix, backed by a strong knowledge of the products and consumer needs, will definitely help smaller brick and mortar retailers hold off Amazon," said Alan Mendelson, a business reporter based in Los Angeles. "But they really have to know their stuff and make it clear to consumers that they offer a clear advantage to Amazon."
Advertising is also crucial as is developing a merchandise mix that is directly focused at a certain demographic of consumer. The key, many observers said, is getting the word out to consumers that the chain offers something that Amazon does not and cannot.
But, in the end, Amazon is here to stay and retailers will have to adapt to its presence just as they have when the big box retailers and mass merchandisers arrived on the scene. As one vendor executive expressed it, "For traditional chain stores, the retailer they feel vulnerable to is no longer Walmart. It's Amazon." |
[Nursing practice in maternity intensive care units. Severe pre-eclampsia in a primigravida].
39 year old woman, pregnant for 31+5 weeks, who came to our intensive care unit (ICU) referred from the emergency department of the hospital, having swollen ankles, headache and fatigue at moderate effort. We proceeded to take blood pressure (158/96 mmHg) and assess lower limb edema. The fetal heart rate monitoring was normal. Knowledgeable and user of healthy guidelines during her pregnancy, she did not follow any treatment. Single mother, she worried about her fetus (achieved through in vitro fertilization), her mother offered to help for any mishap. We developed an Individualized Care Plan. For data collection we used: Rating 14 Virginia Henderson Needs and diagnostic taxonomy NANDA, NOC, NIC. Nursing diagnoses of "fluid volume excess" and "risk of impaired maternal-fetal dyad" were detected, as well as potential complications such as eclampsia and fetal prematurity. Our overall objectives (NOC) were to integrate the woman in the process she faced and that she knew how to recognize the risk factors inherent in her illness. Nursing interventions (NIC) contemplated the awareness and treatment of her illness and the creation of new healthy habits. The work of nursing Maternal ICU allowed women to help maintain maximum maternal and fetal well-being by satisfying any of her needs. Mishandling of the situation leads into a framework of high morbidity and mortality in our units. |
Peer Lisdorf
Peer Lisdorf (born 31 March 1967) is a former Danish association footballer and coach who played as a left midfielder, right midfielder, and a centre-forward. He played professionally for first-tier football team Brøndby IF and participated in both the UEFA Europa League and UEFA Champions League. Having played for Brøndby IF, he later became the assistant manager of the team in 2012, and also the coach for the Brøndby IF women's team and other teams in the Elitedivisionen, Denmark's highest-league football league for women.
Club career
Lisdorf was born in Germany and started his footballing career in Denmark's Brøndby IF's youth team. From his position as a midfielder, Peer moved onto the professional team, Brøndby IF, in the highest Danish league. Peer was a young talent, scoring the first goal in his debut, and was awarded a sponsorship car before he could even legally drive. For each debut Peer made throughout his career, the team he was in either won or drew. In addition, every game played by Lisdorf in the UEFA Champions League, in which he was mostly in the starting eleven, resulted in a win or a draw.
Management career
After retiring from playing association football in 2001, Peer trained to become a coach and was granted a UEFA Pro Licence. He became the assistant manager of Brøndby IF under the head coach, Aurelijus Skarbalius, until 2013. Peer Lisdorf also became head coach of the Brøndby IF's women's team, in Denmark's highest-league football division, Elitedivisionen. Under Lisdorf's management, the team enjoyed huge success, winning the league four times. Lisdorf later moved on to manage Ballerup-Skovlunde Fodbold.
Outside football
Peer has two younger brothers, Bjørn and Jens, who are twins. His younger brother, Bjørn, also played professional football for some time, and is now a live streamer and an associate of Ice Poseidon. Peer has been known to occasionally appear on Bjørn's livestreams.
References
Category:Danish football managers
Category:Danish footballers
Category:1967 births
Category:Living people
Category:Association football midfielders
Category:Brøndby IF players
Category:Brøndby IF managers |
"I THOUGHT I KNEW WHERE GOD WANTED ME -
THEN HE CREATED PODCASTING!"
Since 2007, I was passionate about helping others through their personal finance challenges. At one point I was certain God was telling me to focus all my time into my Personal Finance Coaching business. One of the marketing arms of the now failed business was a podcast called MoneyPlan SOS. A podcast gave me the ability to reach people looking for help - and they got to know me before ever picking up the phone to call.
But the business never took off. While enjoying small wins along the way, I struggled to find my place in the personal finance industry.
Then lightning struck. Two very well-known financial bloggers, Paula Pant and J. Money, were working on putting their own podcast together. After months of planning and confusion, they contacted me for help. “Steve, we don’t know what we are doing. We just want to record. Would you do the rest”.
We launched the M.O.N.E.Y. podcast in February 2016 and immediately reached #5 in the Business category - which was UNHEARD OF! That’s just crazy-amazing!
The word was out that Steve Stewart knew how to produce podcasts. A second podcaster came on board, then another and another. Suddenly my time was consumed putting a polish on other people’s shows - I no longer had time to work on my own!
One year later, my portfolio of shows consisted of more than a dozen podcasts, including: Stacking Benjamins, Afford Anything, Master of Money, Martinis and Your Money, and more.
I love podcasting - both as a pronoun and a verb. It is a very intimate medium and people of all ages or walks of life can learn just about anything from the sea of shows available in iTunes.
I don’t know what God has in store for me now, but I’m looking forward to whatever it will be.
WHAT I DO FOR PODCASTERS
SIMPLY PUT: I make audio sound better.
My goal as a podcast producer is to make you and your guest sound confident, intelligent, and well-spoken. Not everyone is an expert speaker like Michael Hiatt, but that shouldn't get in the way of good content.
I excel in fixing cross-talk ( that's when more than one person speaks at the same time). While some podcast editors edit single tracks, I edit in multi-track mode. This allows more control over the recorded conversation and gives me the chance to silence the host's barking dog without interrupting the guest's speech.
More than 75% of clients give me access to their media hosting accounts. This enables me to upload and schedule their next episode so they can focus more on their business.
My clients also enjoy having an experienced podcaster help them with managing their RSS feed, an editor who can create new intros every few months, and suggest ideas for improving the entire process.
New podcasters benefit from direction I provide in the formatting their show - and with the submission process to podcatchers like iTunes and Stitcher. Occasionally I can hook them up as a guest on another show in their niche - the visibility helps expose their show to potential listeners.
I have more than 16 years editing audio with Audacity and I love it!
If you are looking to get your life back, consider outsourcing your production to a professional who loves podcasting (both the pronoun and the verb)! |
<?php
/**
* This file has been @generated by a phing task by {@link GeneratePhonePrefixData}.
* See [README.md](README.md#generating-data) for more information.
*
* Pull requests changing data in these files will not be accepted. See the
* [FAQ in the README](README.md#problems-with-invalid-numbers] on how to make
* metadata changes.
*
* Do not modify this file directly!
*/
return array (
26724 => 'Francistown',
26726 => 'Selebi-Phikwe',
26729 => 'Letlhakane/Orapa',
267310 => 'Gaborone (outer)',
267312 => 'Gaborone',
267313 => 'Gaborone',
267315 => 'Gaborone',
267316 => 'Gaborone',
267317 => 'Gaborone',
267318 => 'Gaborone',
267319 => 'Gaborone',
26735 => 'Gaborone',
26736 => 'Gaborone',
26737 => 'Gaborone',
267390 => 'Gaborone',
267391 => 'Gaborone',
267392 => 'Gaborone',
267393 => 'Gaborone',
267394 => 'Gaborone',
267395 => 'Gaborone',
267397 => 'Gaborone',
26746 => 'Serowe',
26747 => 'Mahalapye',
26749 => 'Palapye',
267530 => 'Lobatse',
267533 => 'Lobatse',
267538 => 'Ramotswa',
267539 => 'Ramotswa',
26754 => 'Barolong/Ngwaketse',
26757 => 'Mochudi',
26758 => 'Jwaneng',
26759 => 'Molepolole',
26762 => 'Kasane',
267651 => 'Kgalagadi',
267654 => 'Kgalagadi',
267659 => 'Gantsi',
26768 => 'Maun',
);
|
Custom Widget Area 3
The Sacramento Kings will have representation at All-Star Weekend after all.
In a surprise move by TNT analyst and former King Kenny Smith, Isaiah Thomas and Timberwolves guard Ricky Rubio were added to the pool of rookies and sophomores eligible to play in the BBVA Rising Stars Challenge. The Kings second-year guard was chosen by Charles Barkley and will play on the Hall of Famer’s team against the squad selected by Shaquille O’Neal.
Thomas has played in 47 of the Kings’ 50 games this year. He’s started 30 of those contests and come off the bench in 17. The Kings sophomore guard is averaging 11.6 points on 42.8-percent shooting and 3.2 assists in 24.3 minutes per game.
The BBVA Rising Stars Challenge tips off Friday, Feb. 15 at 6 pm from the Toyota Center in Houston. The game will be televised on TNT and broadcasted on ESPN Radio. Cowbell Kingdom will be in the lonestar state covering the festivities.
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About CK
Founded in 2009, Cowbell Kingdom is a member of the ESPN TrueHoop Network. Its goal is to provide frontline, on-the-ground coverage of the Kings that leads to interesting and thought-provoking discussion amongst readers and viewers. |
Even without the injured McKenzie Milton, UCF kept an impressive streak alive: The Knights have scored 30 points or more in 24 straight games, moving them into a tie for the longest such streak in AP Poll history. The other team to do it? USF, from 2015-17. |
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The heart of our treatment philosophy is patient care comes first. We are outstanding in the treatment of marital difficulties, problems with children, parenting, anxiety and depression. |
Q:
Rails 4 Multiple ActiveRecord Associations
I have a table ProductOrder that has multiple foreign keys which link to a SecurityUser table.
I'm trying to figure out a way to configure my model so that I can load up multiple SecurityUser foreign keys when I return a ProductOrder from a query.
Here is a section of my product_order.rb:
class ProductOrder < ActiveRecord::Base
self.table_name = 'product_order'
belongs_to :security_user, :class_name => 'SecurityUser', :foreign_key => :ordered_by_client_user
belongs_to :security_user, :class_name => 'SecurityUser', :foreign_key => :staff_engager1
belongs_to :security_user, :class_name => 'SecurityUser', :foreign_key => :staff_engager2
belongs_to :security_user, :class_name => 'SecurityUser', :foreign_key => :last_updated_by_user
Here is the corresponding section of security_user.rb:
class SecurityUser < ActiveRecord::Base
self.table_name = 'security_user'
has_many :product_orders, :class_name => 'ProductOrder'
These models were generated using a gem designed to create models from a DB schema.
So what I would like to be able to do is load a ProductOrder from an ActiveRecord query and from that result I could access information from some of the SecurityUser objects, such as ordered_by_client_user or staff_engager1.
I'm re-writing an application from Java to RoR, so I previously used Hibernate and JPA query and I was used to having all of the objects load up with the query. I've tried the following with the same result every time:
ProductOrder.includes(:security_user)
ProductOrder.joins(:security_user)
ProductOrder.eager_load(:security_user)
ProductOrder.preload(:security_user)
But the problem is that RoR doesn't know which foreign key to load. I'd like to avoid having to make "get" methods on the model just to access these foreign keys, but if that's what it takes then so be it. My current workaround is just building dynamic, messy .joins() statements.
Any suggestions or insight is greatly appreciated.
A:
The problem is that you are using same name i.e, security_user in your ProductOrder model for all the associations.So it probably won't work.
You should change those names(1.e, security_user) to some meaningful and different names to get it worked.
|
French elections are fast approaching and the debate on euro membership is now in full swing. ‘Frexit’ supporters promise that the benefits of leaving the euro would be substantial for the French economy, that economic policy would be greatly improved, and most importantly that the exit process would be a piece of cake. This blog post shows that these claims are greatly exaggerated if not outright lies.
This blog is also available in French on laviedesidees.fr
A debate is raging in France about the benefits and drawbacks of the Euro. The argument echoes that of the first half of the 1990s – between those in favour of joining the Euro and those against. However, the parallels are misleading and should not inform today’s debate. The Euro has been the official currency of France for almost two decades now, and exiting it would be very different from choosing not to join in the first place. In this blog post, I expose five myths about the supposed benefits of Frexit.
Myth 1: Frexit would unambiguously boost French competitiveness
Advocates of leaving the Euro claim that Frexit would provide a competitiveness boost to French exports and essentially solve two alleged problems: the persistent trade deficit and the decline in market share for French goods, especially compared to Germany (see graphs below).
Indeed, in theory, a flexible exchange rate provides an automatic adjustment mechanism to correct external imbalances. It plays the role of a shock absorber for country-specific shocks and allows countries to quickly improve their price competitiveness. And a nominal devaluation should be easier and less painful to achieve than an internal devaluation inside the Eurozone, which would requires a period of lower inflation and wage growth than euro area partners.
First of all, these two problems are largely exaggerated. The decline in export market share since 2000 is not specific to France and is actually the norm across industrialised countries. It is the result of China and other emerging countries joining the global economy. Germany’s stable share is actually an outlier in comparison to other advanced countries. As for the French trade deficit, it has in fact slowly decreased over the last 5 years and its current level (-1.3%) is not a concern.
In addition, the Euro has weakened over the last two years due to the accommodative monetary policy of the ECB. And this has already provided a significant boost in terms of price competiveness. Since mid-2014, the Euro has depreciated by 25% against the US dollar and it cannot be considered overvalued for the euro area as a whole.
In fact, the main issue comes from imbalances within the Eurozone. According to a recent estimation, France is, in real terms, overvalued by 7% with respect to the Eurozone average and by 20% with respect to Germany. A new French currency (let’s called it the Franc for simplicity) would thus probably depreciate against the Euro after its introduction.
At first glance, recent estimations suggest that the French imports and exports are sensitive to price shifts[1], so a nominal depreciation against the Euro would help France improve its trade balance after a few years. Indeed, I am not denying the powerful effects of exchange rate fluctuations on the trade balances (as confirmed again recently in an IMF paper). However, for the effects of a depreciation to be beneficial and long-lasting, inflation needs to be contained and therefore monetary policy needs to be credible to avoid a dis-anchoring of inflation expectations. Otherwise, the inflation spike resulting from a sudden increase in import prices can lead to second-round effects through an upward adjustment in wages and other prices which gradually erode the gains from the nominal depreciation.
Equally important, if France were to leave the Euro, it could be followed by others. In that case, the Franc would depreciate against northern European currencies, but it would probably appreciate against new currencies from Southern Europe. Looking at France’s main trading partners, it is true that Germany represents by far the most important single export market for France – 16% of French exports. But Southern Europe as a whole amounts to a similar percentage.
Given the current sectoral specialisation of French industry, an increase in price competition resulting from an appreciation of the Franc against southern currencies could end up being more detrimental for the French trade balance than the benefits of the depreciation against the currencies of Germany and other Northern countries.
So, overall, it is true that a flexible exchange rate is a helpful adjustment mechanism to absorb temporary shocks and to reduce external imbalances, if combined with a credible monetary policy framework. However, France does not really have an overvaluation problem relative to the rest of the world and within the euro area the country is not very far from the average. Supposed gains in terms of price competitiveness would thus be much less significant than what Frexit supporters suggest.
Myth 2: Frexit would lead to a more appropriate monetary policy
Another major benefit promised by Frexit advocates is an independent monetary policy tailored to the domestic economy and not to the Eurozone average. This argument is valid in theory, but in practice it is once again not relevant for France. France is generally well represented by the Eurozone average because its economy behaves like the average of the euro area. For instance, the interest rate prescriptions provided by simple Taylor rules (see graph below) for France and the euro area are very similar. This suggest that monetary policy decisions made by an independent Banque de France following a mandate similar to the ECB’s would not be so different than the ones taken by the ECB governing council.
Figure 3 – Taylor rules for France and the Euro area
Source: Bruegel based on Eurostat, AMECO, Fries et al. (2016), Holston, Laubach and Williams (2016). [8]
An exit from the monetary union could actually make French monetary policy more difficult, especially in the short term, as it might lead to an increase of inflation to undesired levels. Not only would the Franc depreciate, but the experiences of countries abruptly changing exchange rate regimes suggest that some overshooting would take place beyond what fundamentals require.
Depreciations make imports more expensive, and past episodes of rapid currency depreciation (see table below) suggest an immediate surge in inflation. Given the importance of imports in some key sectors in France (energy in particular), a strong depreciation of the Franc would have a negative effect on the economy in the short term and would (at least) lead to a temporary spike in inflation.
To ensure that the spike is only temporary, a credible monetary framework would need to be established quickly. This is, however, incompatible with other policies advocated by the partisans of Frexit, who also want to deprive the Banque de France of its independence and authorise direct financing of the government by the central bank. This appears especially incoherent with the promise by Frexit advocates to keep inflation low after leaving the Euro.
Frexit advocates want to get rid of the Euro to boost French exports, but paradoxically they are also sceptical towards a fully flexible exchange rate regime because they fear excessive volatility in the foreign exchange market. In fact, general public support for flexible rates has always been relatively weak in France. That’s why some Frexit partisans are pleading for the return to the ECU and to the European system of fixed exchange rates that was in place before Maastricht. It is strange to want to leave a common currency only to bind yourself to another currency in a fixed exchange rate system.
Even putting aside this paradox, pegging oneself to a foreign currency requires policy credibility to achieve exchange rate stability. Monetary sovereignty under such a system is in practice illusory because the Banque de France would have to adjust its policies to defend its parity and thus adapt its interest rates in reaction to its neighbour’s cyclical situation (be it the Eurozone or Germany) [2]. In this case, the current shared sovereignty in the Governing Council of the ECB appears preferable in terms of macroeconomic policy performance, as well as sovereignty.
Myth 3: Frexit would relax constraints on fiscal policy
Frexit partisans suggest that leaving the Euro could free the country from the constraints of European fiscal rules and allow the French government to pursue a more countercyclical fiscal policy. But countercyclical fiscal policy doesn’t seem to be a French speciality anyway, and leaving the Euro could damage France’s credibility, making it difficult to borrow the money needed for counter-cyclical spending.
As the graph below shows, over the last 17 years, French fiscal policy has only been countercyclical in 2006 and 2009. The rest of the time fiscal policy is mainly procyclical. In good times the government increases spending or cuts taxes, even if this drives GDP further above potential. In bad times the government increases taxes and cuts expenditures, even if growth is negatively affected.
Figure 4 – Fiscal stance in France
Source: Bruegel, based on World Economic Outlook (October 2016 – IMF)
But it is difficult to believe that this behaviour is driven by the European fiscal rules. As I explained in a paper published last year, it is true that the current European fiscal framework is highly imperfect. This has led the European Commission to provide mistaken policy recommendations to member states during the crisis. These recommendations might have played a role at the height of the euro crisis (from 2011 to 2013 in particular), encouraging a fiscal tightening at the worst moment. However, most of the time, bad fiscal policy in France seems to be self-inflicted.
Frexit would probably not change that – quite the opposite. The French government might not have to listen to recommendations from the European Commission anymore, but Frexit could also cut off the market access needed to implement countercyclical policies.
Conversion of public debt from Euros to Francs might be possible from a legal perspective[3] but such a drastic change in the conditions of debt instruments could be technically considered as a default by rating agencies. This would make it more costly for the French government to borrow from financial markets, and could even result in France losing access to international markets for a few years.
In any case, it would be logical for international investors to require higher interest rates in new bond issuances to compensate for the depreciation of the currency and to hedge against inflation risk. The French government would also be under much more market scrutiny. In addition, in the long run, franc-denominated debts would lose the benefits of being issued in a reserve currency, a status reserved to countries with a long history of credible and stable monetary policy.
For all these reasons, borrowing from international markets to support the economy when needed could become much more difficult and expensive. And trying to circumvent that by using the central bank to finance budget deficits will not be a good idea at a time where it needs to establish its credibility to anchor inflation at a low level or to defend a stable exchange rate.
Myth 4: Frexit would be painless for French companies
Currency fluctuations affect economies through various channels. Apart from trade, another important channel is the balance sheet channel. The combination of currency mismatches in the balance sheets of some economic agents and unexpected currency fluctuations played an important role in the financial crises that affected emerging markets at the end of 1990s and the beginning of the 2000s.
The main mechanism at work during these crises is pretty simple. The implementation of what were considered credible fixed exchange rate regimes, such as currency boards, led agents to think that it was safe (and cheaper) to have un-hedged positions in foreign currencies. However, the abrupt abandonment of these exchange rate regimes and the subsequent domestic currency depreciation led to a significant increase in the value of the debt issued in foreign currency, making it difficult to repay and sometimes ending in a series of bankruptcies[4].
The French government and French banks, companies and households do not borrow much in foreign currencies. When they do they typically hedge themselves against exchange rate variations. The issue with leaving the Euro would thus not be about existing debts in other (non-euro) currencies. The difficulty would be converting assets and liabilities in Euros into Francs.
The governing law and jurisdiction of the financial contracts would determine whether an instrument can be converted, or if it will remain in Euros. To make it simple, if a debt is contracted under French law, the conversion into Francs should be possible. If it is contracted under foreign law – generally English or American law – it will continue to be denominated in Euros after Frexit. Some actors will therefore end up having to repay their debts in what would become for them a foreign currency, and some un-hedged currency mismatch would appear rapidly in their balance sheets. (Because the Euro was considered irreversible, there was no need to protect oneself against the redenomination risk coming from debts contracted in Euros under foreign law).
Most household and SME debts take the form of loans from French banks (or French subsidiaries of foreign banks) which are therefore contracted under domestic law and should easily be converted into francs. Conversely, assets of French banks in the form of domestic loans would be redenominated in Francs, while on the liability side deposits made by households and corporations would also be converted.
The biggest risk would therefore come from other debt instruments such as cross-border loans from foreign banks and bonds issued under foreign law by French banks and big non-financial corporations. In aggregate, the situation could ex ante appear to be manageable, but many companies would be affected by currency mismatches[5]. In practice, at the micro-level, the transition would be chaotic and lead to thousands of endless legal disputes that would hurt economic activity. These mismatches would lead to many instances of debt restructuring, possible bankruptcies or bailouts of systemic actors, and the subsequent negative impact on creditors, shareholders and taxpayers. Frexit would end up looking like a lottery for all companies in France: having more assets or more liabilities converted into Francs would determine whether they are bankrupt or richer after Frexit.
Myth 5: Frexit would be smooth and orderly
To anticipate what could happen in such an exceptional situation, it is natural to look at historical experiences of currency break-ups. Rose (2006) offers a database of such departures from currency unions since World War II and counts 69 such occurrences (not taking into account the abandonment of currency boards or hard pegs). This paper is often quoted by Frexit advocates because Rose does not find much difference between the countries leaving and staying in the monetary unions in terms of macroeconomic performance.
The problem is that these data provide little useful information for today’s France. Most monetary union dissolutions in the sample took place after the independence of former European colonies or after the fall of the Soviet block. Current circumstances differ in many relevant ways: the size of the French economy; its financial development; the importance of the financial sector; the financial links between France and other European countries which have been subject to free capital movement for more than two decades. A Eurozone breakup, or even just Frexit, would be an unprecedented event which could not be compared with the currency dissolutions of the last sixty years[6].
In fact, the very idea of quietly organising a referendum in France followed by a calm negotiation with European partners is illusory. The main issue is that a ‘preventative’ bank run and capital flight would take place as soon as people consider Frexit a credible possibility and expect their deposits to be converted into a weakening currency. Depositors participating in a bank run would be perfectly rational in that case[7]. The chart below shows that in Greece, a slow-motion bank run started as soon as people started believing that a euro exit was a credible possibility. This movement accelerated in 2015, and resulted in bank closures and the imposition of capital controls at the end of June. The same would happen in France to avoid a banking meltdown. Again, the Greek example is informative about the negative impact of such a move: after capital controls were put in place, real GDP fell by -1.7% during the third quarter of 2015 alone, as the economy was frozen because of banking restrictions.
In France, a euro exit is still considered as a tail risk by markets and depositors for the moment, but sovereign bond markets have already reacted to changing probabilities of Frexit. If Frexit was becoming more probable, deposit withdrawals and the sovereign risk premium could increase quickly.
Another risk is that Frexit could happen by accident, before it could be properly organised or even before a referendum. Imagine, for instance, a scenario in which the Front National wins the elections and the French government’s rating were downgraded by all major ratings agencies below BBB- (following Fitch and Standard & Poor’s rating system). This would make it difficult for French banks – who could also be facing a bank run at that time – to access the main refinancing operations of the ECB, as they would not be able to use French government bonds as collateral in the Eurosystem monetary operations. In turn, they could be forced to use the – more expansive but also more flexible in terms of collateral – Emergency Liquidity Assistance (ELA) at the Banque de France under limits set by the ECB’s Governing Council.
The situation would then be pretty similar to one in Greece in February 2015. And as in 2015, the ECB would be caught in extremely political discussions about whether it should continue providing liquidity to the French banking sector to face the run or not. The decision would be even more complex for the ECB this time because the ECB would face a government openly favourable to an exit from the monetary union. And if its decision were to stop providing liquidity, the Banque de France and the French government would have no other choice but to decide whether to impose very strict capital controls or to launch a new currency to provide the needed liquidity to the banking sector. The risk of Frexit could thus become a self-fulfilling prophecy.
The probability of such a scenario is today extremely low and the sequence of events to arrive at that point unlikely. But this thought experiment shows how quickly such a situation could spin out of control and lead to a disorderly exit from the monetary union, which could have devastating consequences for the French economy.
Overall, it is important to realize that the French financial system is at the core of the euro area financial system and is tightly interwoven with the global financial system. Frexit would lead to a freezing of financial flows and bring the global financial system to a cardiac arrest. The failure of Lehman brothers could look like a small shock in comparison, and even that had major real economic implications.
Notes
[1] For this depreciation to result in an improvement of the trade balance, French exports and imports need to be sensitive enough to prices. In economic terms, the Marshall-Lerner condition has to be fulfilled, i.e. the sum of the absolute value of price elasticities of import and export has to be bigger than one.
[2] Committing to a fixed rate with the Euro or with a basket of European currencies (in case the Euro would disappear after Frexit) would lead to a come back of the so-called ‘n-1 problem’ inherent to any fixed exchanged rate system. Basically, if n countries participate to a fixed rate system, only n-1 central banks need to defend their fixed rate towards the nth country. This often results in an asymmetric monetary system in which one country, the most credible one generally, can pursue a monetary policy related to its own domestic goals (inflation and/or growth) while other countries adjust their interest rates to maintain the parity without taking into account their internal economic situations. This was mostly the case from 1945 to 1971 with the US at the centre of the Bretton Woods global fixed exchange rate system and after its demise with Germany at the centre of the European ‘currency snake’ from 1972 to 1979, and of the European Monetary System after 1979.
[3] Contrarily to the private sector, redenomination of the French public debt from euro to francs should not be a problem because almost all of it (approximately 95%) is issued under French law, so the value of past debts should not increase in terms of francs if the new currency depreciates.
[4] The case of Argentina at the end of 2001 is a perfect example of this mechanism: the unexpected end of the currency board and the conversion in pesos of deposits held in dollars were followed by a massive depreciation of the peso, by more than 60% in trade-weighted terms. Given this, many debtors saw the value of their debt from abroad explode in terms of local currency, which led to huge losses, difficulties to repay their debt, and in the end a series of defaults.
[5] Several papers have recently attempted to measure the extent of the potential mismatch that would result from Frexit. Durand and Villemot (2016) using macro data from the BIS argue that an exit should be manageable on aggregate because French companies and households own enough assets abroad, whose value would be increased in terms of francs by the depreciation, compared to the relevant liabilities that would not be converted. It is true that assets and revenues from abroad could mitigate the negative impact of having debt in a foreign currency. Nevertheless, the issue with using aggregate numbers is that it misses completely potential mismatches in specific firms. For instance, if half of the firms would be vulnerable to Frexit and the other half would benefit from it, on aggregate the economy could ex ante appear to be able to cope well with such a shock even if that’s not the case given that it would be impossible to redistribute positive and negative impacts across firms. To avoid that pitfall, Amiel and Hyppolite (2015) build a comprehensive firm-level dataset of major French banks and non-financial corporations. They show that, in their sample, between 41% (in the best-case scenario) and 59% (worst-case) of euro-denominated marketable debt is issued under foreign law and would therefore not be converted in francs. Moreover, they also show that numerous corporations with ‘foreign debt’ (in the financial sector in particular) would not generate enough income from abroad to be able to cover for the repayment of their debt in euros, which could quickly lead to very serious difficulties for some firms, and ultimately to some defaults, or to some significant bail-outs of systemically-important financial and even non-financial corporations by the government.
[6] The break-up of the Czechoslovak currency union in 1992 is often used as an example of a smooth and orderly currency separation that could be emulated in the Eurozone. But, the two situations are very different. Czechoslovakia had been socialist for more than four decades and its financial system was in its infancy when it happened. Moreover, the negotiated solution between Czechs and Slovaks included massive transfers from the strong currency country towards to the weak currency one. This would be unthinkable today in the Eurozone.
[7] If depositors expect the new currency to depreciate (which again is one of the goals pursued by Frexit advocates), they will have an incentive to take their money out of their bank accounts before the conversion, keep it in cash or put it in a bank of another Eurozone country, wait for the new currency to depreciate, convert their money in francs once it has hit rock bottom, and make a profit (in the new currency) equivalent to the depreciation that has taken place.
[8] The ‘Taylor rules’ follow a slightly modified version of Taylor’s specifications (1993) and take the form: r=inflation+r*+0.5(inflation-target)+0.5(output gap), using the latest output gap estimations from the European Commission, core inflation for the euro area and France, and r* equal to the time-varying estimates of Fries et al. (2016) and Holston, Laubach and Williams (2016). For more details on the Taylor rule used, see explanations in Claeys (2016) |
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Bolivia's former dictator Luis García Meza, who was serving a lengthy prison sentence for crimes committed after his 1980 military coup, died on Sunday in a La Paz hospital at the age of 88, his attorney told local media.
García Meza died of cardiac arrest and respiratory failure at the Cossmil military hospital in La Paz, where the former general had spent more than a third of his 30-year prison sentence, attorney Frank Campero said.
García Meza took power in a violent military coup in July 1980, near the end of the period of military dictatorships in Latin America.
Scores of people, including socialist leader Marcelo Quiroga Santa Cruz, were killed as his forces seized power. Quiroga's body was never found.
A fierce anti-communist, García Meza tortured opponents and launched a sweeping crack down on leftist dissenters. The regime even sought advice from Nazi war criminal Klaus Barbie, who helped set up a death squad.
In one notable case eight leaders of Bolivia's leftist MIR party were tortured and murdered by paramilitary operatives in the Sopocachi neighborhood of La Paz in January 1981. The sole survivor, Gloria Ardaya, escaped the slaughter by hiding under a bed.
The regime however was also characterized by rampant corruption and its close links to drug- trafficking. The dictator's interior minister, Luis Arce Gómez, was so closely linked with narco-trafficking that he was nicknamed the "minister of cocaine."
García Meza was deposed in August 1981, after 13 months in power.
In April 1993, the ex-dictator was sentenced to 30 years behind bars for the killings and abuses during his time in office, but he avoided prison by fleeing the country.
Attorney Campero said that in 2009 his ailing client left two letters, one addressed to his family and the other to the nation. Two reporters also filmed a documentary that was placed under embargo until his death.
The letters and the documentary state "that he did not kill, that he did not rob his country," Campero said.
García Meza and Arce Gómez were also among the defendants in a lawsuit filed in 2015 by an Italian judge against 30 Latin American ex-military and civilians for the death of 43 opponents of Italian origin.
In January 2017 eight of the defendants, including the two Bolivians, were sentenced in absentia to life in prison for their role in Operation Condor, the network that South American military dictatorships of the 1970s and 1980s set up to track down each others leftist dissidents. |
Welcome Back W21
After its grand re-opening on June 27, Warehouse 21 is back to offering Santa Fe youths a place to rock and get their art on. Starting Thursday, July 24, Warehouse 21 presents its first theatrical performance under the new roof. Through the Mirror, an original play written by Winston Morris Greene, tells the story of Adam Stern, a high school graduate with no ambition who's drafted to fight in the Vietnam War. Adam's close friend Jacob Heart joins the war effort to help keep Adam safe, but when only Adam returns home, everything comes crashing down around him. Through the Mirror—starring youth actors Winston Morris Greene, Adam Frank, Isabella Buckner, Ryan Kochevar, Jeffrey Stanke and Serrana Gay—opens with a pay-what-you-wish performance on Thursday, July 24, at 7 p.m. and continues Fridays and Saturdays at 7 p.m. through Aug. 2. Tickets are $10 adults, $5 teens. For more info and reservations, call (505) 989-4423.
The Madness of King Georgie Bush at the N4th Theater
By Amy Dalness
No matter how loved or hated, every president will be mocked. It's included in the Constitution under "Responsibilities of the Head of State”: You shall be made fun of in good times and in bad—deal with it.
A reader who skirts around the international page of news sections may recall the grim events around which Uwem Akpan’s debut story collection revolves. In 1994, with the encouragement of their government, the Hutu majority of Rwanda systematically murdered nearly one million Tutsi people. In 2002, the BBC reported that aid workers in Western Africa were exploiting sex from child refugees. Two years ago, violence between Muslims and Christians ratcheted up in Ethiopia. Today, girls as young as 11 are being recruited into the sex trade from shantytowns outside Nairobi, Kenya. |
Setting Limit Ranges
Overview
A limit range, defined by a LimitRange object, enumerates
compute resource
constraints in a project at the pod,
container, image, image stream, and persistent volume claim level, and specifies the amount of resources
that a pod, container, image, image stream, or persistent volume claim can consume.
All resource create and modification requests are evaluated against each
LimitRange object in the project. If the resource violates any of the
enumerated constraints, then the resource is rejected. If the resource does not
set an explicit value, and if the constraint supports a default value, then the
default value is applied to the resource.
The maximum size of an image that can be pushed to an internal registry.
2
The maximum number of unique image tags per image stream’s spec.
3
The maximum number of unique image references per image stream’s status.
Both core and OpenShift Container Platform resources can be specified in just one limit range
object. They are separated here into two examples for clarity.
Container Limits
Supported Resources:
CPU
Memory
Supported Constraints:
Per container, the following must hold true if specified:
Table 1. Container
Constraint
Behavior
Min
Min[resource] less than or equal to container.resources.requests[resource]
(required) less than or equal to container/resources.limits[resource]
(optional)
If the configuration defines a min CPU, then the request value must be greater
than the CPU value. A limit value does not need to be specified.
Max
container.resources.limits[resource] (required) less than or equal to
Max[resource]
If the configuration defines a max CPU, then you do not need to define a
request value, but a limit value does need to be set that satisfies the maximum
CPU constraint.
MaxLimitRequestRatio
MaxLimitRequestRatio[resource] less than or equal to (
container.resources.limits[resource] /
container.resources.requests[resource])
If a configuration defines a maxLimitRequestRatio value, then any new
containers must have both a request and limit value. Additionally,
OpenShift Container Platform calculates a limit to request ratio by dividing the limit by the
request. This value should be a non-negative integer greater than 1.
For example, if a container has cpu: 500 in the limit value, and
cpu: 100 in the request value, then its limit to request ratio for cpu is
5. This ratio must be less than or equal to the maxLimitRequestRatio.
Pod Limits
Min[resource] less than or equal to container.resources.requests[resource]
(required) less than or equal to container.resources.limits[resource]
(optional)
Max
container.resources.limits[resource] (required) less than or equal to
Max[resource]
MaxLimitRequestRatio
MaxLimitRequestRatio[resource] less than or equal to (
container.resources.limits[resource] /
container.resources.requests[resource])
Image Limits
Supported Resources:
Storage
Resource type name:
openshift.io/Image
Per image, the following must hold true if specified:
Table 3. Image
Constraint
Behavior
Max
image.dockerimagemetadata.size less than or equal to Max[resource]
To prevent blobs exceeding the limit from being uploaded to the registry, the
registry must be configured to enforce quota. An environment variable
REGISTRY_MIDDLEWARE_REPOSITORY_OPENSHIFT_ENFORCEQUOTA must be set to
true which is done by default for new deployments. To update older
deployment configuration, refer to
Enforcing
quota in the Registry.
The image size is not always available in the manifest of an uploaded image.
This is especially the case for images built with Docker 1.10 or higher and
pushed to a v2 registry. If such an image is pulled with an older Docker daemon,
the image manifest will be converted by the registry to schema v1 lacking all
the size information. No storage limit set on images will prevent it from being
uploaded.
Counting of Image References
Resource openshift.io/image-tags represents unique
image
references. Possible references are an ImageStreamTag, an
ImageStreamImage and a DockerImage. They may be created using commands
oc tag and oc import-image or by using
tag tracking. No distinction
is made between internal and external references. However, each unique reference
tagged in the image stream’s specification is counted just once. It does not
restrict pushes to an internal container registry in any way, but is useful for tag
restriction.
Resource openshift.io/images represents unique image names recorded in image
stream status. It allows for restriction of a number of images that can be
pushed to the internal registry. Internal and external references are not
distinguished.
PersistentVolumeClaim Limits
Supported Resources:
Storage
Supported Constraints:
Across all persistent volume claims in a project, the following must hold true: |
Pages
8/25/13
Your tax dollars at work...
The $5.7 million Polar Learning and Responding (PoLAR) project is just the latest in a series of federally-funded climate change efforts since Congress established the Climate Change Educational Partnership in 2009. CCEP has already spent $46 million on taxpayer-funded research projects around the country designed to find the most effective ways to convince Americans that the federal government should confront what researchers claim is the threat of global warming.
Stephanie Pfirman, principal investigator and professor of environmental science at Barnard College, told CNSNews.com that one of the games under development is “EcoChains” - a card game in which “players learn the components of an Arctic marine food chain, the reliance of some species on sea ice, and potential impacts of future changes.” More here. [ECS] |
Q:
What is the moment generating function of the generalized (multivariate) chi-square distribution?
To be specific, suppose we have $(n,1)$ random vector $x \sim N(\mu, \Sigma)$ where $\mu$ is $(n,1)$ and $\Sigma$ is $(n,n)$. Define:
\begin{align*}
Y & = x'Ax + b'x + c
\end{align*}
Then what is the following (for $t \in \mathbb{R}$)?
\begin{align*}
E(e^{tY})
\end{align*}
A:
I will build on my answer from here: https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/442472/sum-of-squares-of-dependent-gaussian-random-variables/442916#442916 and use notation from there. First I will look at the case without the linear and constant term, then we will see how to take them into account.
So let $Q(X)=X^T A X$ be a quadratic form in the multivariate normal vector $X$, with expectation $\mu$ and covariance matrix $\Sigma$. We found that
$$
Q(X)=\sum_{j=1}^n \lambda_j (U_j+b_j)^2
$$
where $Z=Y-\Sigma^{-1/2}\mu$, we use the spectral theorem to write $\Sigma^{1/2}A \Sigma^{1/2} = P^T \Lambda P$, $P$ orthogonal and $\Lambda$ diagonal with positive diagonal elements $\lambda_j$, and $U=PZ$ so that $U$ has independent standard normal components $U_j$. The we can define $b=P \Sigma^{-1/2} \mu$. To summarize so far, $Q(X)$ is written above as the sum of independent scaled noncentral chisquare random variables. Using https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noncentral_chi-squared_distribution we can see that $(U_j+b_j)^2$ is noncentral chisquare with one degree of freedom and noncentrality parameter $b_j^2$. Then its moment generating function (mgf) is given by
$$
M_j(t) = \frac{\exp\left(\frac{t b_j^2}{1-2t} \right)}{(1-2t)^{1/2}}
$$
Then we find the mgf of $\lambda_j (U_j+b_j)^2$ as $M_j(\lambda_j t)$, and the mgf $M(t)$ of the sum $Q(X)$ the product of this:
$$
M(t) = \frac{\exp\left(\sum_{j=1}^n \frac{b_j^2 \lambda_j t}{1-2t\lambda_j} \right)}{\exp(\frac12 \sum_1^n \log(1-2t\lambda_j))}
$$
which is the mgf for the quadratic form in the case without linear and constant term.
To use this result for the general case, write as in the question,
$$
Y=X^T B X + f^t X + g
$$
(where we have changed name for the constants to avoid name clashes). To use the above result we must transform $X$ to eliminate the linear term. To obtain this, replace $X$ with $X-h$ where
$$
h = -\frac12 B^{-1}f
$$
Then we obtain
$$
Y = (X-h)^T B (X-h) +g - h^T B h
$$
And then we are ready to apply the mgf found in the first part:
$$ \DeclareMathOperator{\E}{\mathbb{E}}
\E e^{tY} = e^{g-h^T B h} M(t)
$$
where $M(t)$ is the mgf from the first part.
|
Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve
Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve is a UK national nature reserve. It was founded to help safeguard the internationally important wintering bird populations, and six internationally important species of wildfowl and wading birds winter here. For the pale-bellied brent geese from Svalbard, this is their only regular wintering place in all of the United Kingdom. Pinkfooted and greylag geese, wigeons, grey plovers and bar-tailed godwits are the other visitors.
Ramsar Site
Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve is a Ramsar site, and as a result is a wetland of international significance.
Habitats
Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve protects a stretch of coastline, including the dunes of Lindisfarne (Holy Island). Lindisfarne NNR has international recognition and covers a large and varied mosaic of internationally recognised and important coastal habitats. These include intertidal mudflats, rocky shore, sand dunes and salt marshes. The dunes of the Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve support many plants. Early forget-me-nots and marram grass are among those that hug the ground and need little water. Many species of insects, moths, and butterflies appreciate this environment, including the 'woolly bears' (tiger moth caterpillars). Dark green fritillary, and grayling butterflies bask in the sun during July and August in the Lindisfarne NNR. Big brown-lipped snails can also be found. During early summer, the purple northern marsh orchid flourishes along with its pinker relation, the early marsh orchid. In July the marsh helleborines flower by the thousands and form spectacular white carpets. Recently a unique orchid, the Lindisfarne helleborine, has been discovered on the island. The plants were formerly identified as dune helleborine (Epipactis dunensis), but DNA analysis carried out in 2003 revealed them to be genetically distinct, and the new species was given the scientific name Epipactis sancta.
Birds
Bird species for which the Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve is important include pale-bellied brent goose, wigeon, teal, pintail, merlin, dunlin, bar-tailed godwit and many others. The situation on the east coast also makes it a good place for observing migrating birds arriving from the east, including large numbers of redwing and fieldfare, and also scarcer Siberian birds including regular annual yellow-browed warblers. Rare species such as Radde's warbler, dusky warbler and red-flanked bluetail have all occurred on Lindisfarne. , 330 species have been recorded on the isle of Lindisfarne and the adjacent Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve. The large number and variety of birds present makes the area a very popular region with bird watchers, particularly in the autumn and winter.
Common throughout Lindisfarne and the Farne Islands are the common eider duck. Saint Cuthbert was reputed to be very fond of them (as pets, not food) during his periods on the Farnes as a hermit. In 676 he promulgated a law protecting the birds, reputed to be the first bird protection legislation. Locally the birds are known as "Cuddy's ducks" (occasionally "Cuddy's hens") after the familiar form of "Cuthbert".
Seals
Grey seals are commonly found in the waters and on the rocks around the isle of Lindisfarne, and common seals are also occasionally seen.
Location
Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve is located on the North Northumberland coastline. It is located about south of Berwick-upon-Tweed. Lindisfarne is sign-posted from the A1 highway south of Berwick-upon-Tweed. There are car parks available on the isle of Lindisfarne (Holy Island), at Budle Bay, and at Beal, on the mainland of England.
The causeway and safety
Access to the island is by a tidal causeway. Visitors to the island must check tide times and weather carefully, and seek local advice if in doubt. The road is generally open from about 3 hours after high tide until 2 hours before the next high tide, but the period of closure may be extended during stormy weather. Walkers using the causeway over the mud flats are advised that the safe time is shorter. Despite these warnings, about one vehicle each month is stranded on the causeway. Tide tables giving the safe crossing periods are published by Northumberland County council.
Volunteering opportunities
The Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve offers a range of volunteering opportunities for youths, seniors, and families. These volunteer opportunities include: Species Recording, Habitat and Estate Management, Site Wardening, and acting as guides during guided walks.
References
Category:National nature reserves in England
Category:Ramsar sites in England
Category:Geography of Northumberland
Category:Sites of Special Scientific Interest in Northumberland
Category:Nature reserves in Northumberland
Category:Lindisfarne |
Fate of the normal uninvolved hip opposite closed reduction of unilateral developmental dislocation of the hip.
The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of avascular necrosis and acetabular dysplasia in the normal uninvolved contralateral hip opposite a unilateral dislocated hip. Thirty-five children with unilateral developmental dislocation of the hip underwent closed reduction. Medical records were reviewed for gender, side, age at reduction, and presence of the ossific nucleus at reduction. Avascular necrosis was reported as present if there was proximal femoral deformity on postoperative radiographs. Acetabular dysplasia was noted as present based on reported values. The mean age at reduction was 10 months. The mean age at time of follow-up radiograph was 101 months. There was no evidence of avascular necrosis in any of the uninvolved hips. Acetabular dysplasia was present in 22 (63%) uninvolved hips. |
EA Sports online servers have been experiencing numerous issues over the last couple of days, rendering players unable to take part in any of the online modes in FIFA. The magnitude of the connectivity problems even led to Virgin Media offer their help to EA via Twitter.
FIFA is without a doubt one of the biggest - if not the biggest - sports games on the market. The EA Sports football mammoth is famous for its dynamic style of gameplay and numerous game modes, the most popular of which is FIFA Ultimate Team.
Of course, since FUT is an online game mode, decent internet speeds are essential to experiencing this mode without any lag issues. But sometimes, even great internet speeds are still not enough to ensure a smooth online experience in FIFA, as the game's connection issues have been known to lie elsewhere - and sadly, the last couple of days have been the prime example of this.
Namely, over the last weekend, one of EA's official Twitter profiles called FIFA Direct Communication were forced to put out a number of tweets where they kept their fans posted on all their efforts to fix the connectivity issues which were happening way too many times for comfort.
Naturally, fans were absolutely livid with everything that was happening at the time, especially given the fact that all the problems started happening on a weekend, which is when most Ultimate Team players tend to get their game on in the FUT Weekend League.
One of the things that caused an absolute stir in the game's community is the fact that certain FIFA Pro players were forced to play a game of Rock-Paper-Scissors and thus decide the winner as they couldn't invite each other to a match in a licensed EA qualifier, all due to the servers being down.
While most of the issues have now been ironed out and fixed, the woes of EA Sports and their weekend-to-forget are still far from being forgotten as one of the biggest ISPs in the UK, Virgin Media, have publicly offered their help to EA via Twitter.
EA FIFA 20
Tagging multiple EA Sports accounts in their tweet , Virgin Media have asked for EA to get in touch with them via direct message to discuss the issues affecting some of FIFA's game modes. The sheer fact that one of the most popular internet providers around decided to publicly address the publisher and their connection problems speaks volumes about the abysmal state that the EA servers seem to be in.
Hopefully though, all the attention this online drama has received over the last couple of days will cause EA to vastly improve their online services and present their players with a truly complete package with the next iteration of FIFA, if not sooner. |
The British Army has been recognised for good practice on workplace race equality and inclusion.
The Army is one of 70 employers included in the 2018 listing, which recognises good practice on workplace race equality and inclusion and celebrates the public and private sector organisations making a difference in this area. The listing is unranked and is published in alphabetical order.
To be considered for the listing, employers must demonstrate that they are putting leadership on race in place within their organisation, creating inclusive workplace cultures and taking action on leadership, progression and/or recruitment. They must also show how their policies are positively impacting Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic employees within their organisations.
Sandra Kerr OBE, race equality director at Business in the Community, said:
“Huge congratulations to The British Army on being named in the Best Employers for Race 2018 listing and as the Winner of the Public Sector Recruitment Award. They have demonstrated strong leadership and commitment on creating fair, diverse and inclusive workplaces that work for all employees, including those from BAME backgrounds.
In a rapidly changing global business environment, it’s vital that organisations make the most of all the diverse talent available to them to successfully compete, and the Army is doing just that. I hope more employers will learn from their example and sign up for the Race at Work Charter launched earlier this month.” |
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is a gastrointestinal incretin hormone, which modulates physiological insulin secretion. Because of its glucose-sensitive insulinotropic activity, there has been a considerable interest in utilizing the hormone as a potential treatment for type 2 diabetes. Structural parameters obtained from NMR spectroscopy combined with molecular modeling techniques play a vital role in the design of new therapeutic drugs. Therefore, to understand the structural requirements for the biological activity of GIP, the solution structure of GIP was investigated by circular dichroism (CD) followed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. CD studies showed an increase in the helical character of the peptide with increasing concentration of trifluoroethanol (TFE) up to 5%. Therefore, the solution structure of GIP in 50% TFE was determined. It was found that there was an a-helix between residues 6 and 29, which tends to extend further up to residue 36. The implications of the C-terminal extended helical segment in the inhibitory properties of GIP on gastric acid secretion are discussed. It is shown that the adoption by GIP of an a-helical secondary structure is a requirement for its biological activity. Knowledge of the solution structure of GIP will help in the understanding of how the peptide interacts with its receptor and aids in the design of new therapeutic agents useful for the treatment of diabetes. |
As reviewers explain, the experience of writing with a pen that's "designed to fit comfortably in a woman's hand" is transformative.
"It was amazing! The pen just stayed in place between my fingers, just like it always had for the boys in my class at school. Well, in no time I'd filled a whole notepad and had to go and get another one!" explains M Holloway, on Amazon.co.uk.
"I've gone back to night school and hope to realise my ambition of enrolling on a childcare course next year. I'm also halfway through writing an erotic novel set in Victorian times - but with vampires!"
Of course, the reviewer is joking -- as are the following 119 reviews that each question the relevance of creating a pen just for women.
"I bought this pen (in error, evidently) to write my reports of each day's tree felling activities in my job as a lumberjack. It is no good. It slips from between my calloused, gnarly fingers like a gossamer thread gently descending to earth between two giant redwood trunks," says Davey Clayton.
BIC For Her: Because She's Worth A Ballpoint
BIC For Her: Because She's Worth A Ballpoint
1
of
10
Danny Webster
Share this slide:
—
@
While, others reviewers, including poor Jjo54321 whose husband has forbidden her to buy the pens, are facing down critics who question whether women should be allowed to write at all.
"Overtly encouraging women to write will contribute to the end of civilised society as we know it," says Tim Miles.
"What next? Women doctors? Women scientists? Women politicians? This product is surely a symbol of the declining moral standards that Britian has experiences since the misguided decision to give women the vote."
Other men, however, have welcomed the influence of an emotionally attuned writing instrument.
"Before I started using this pen, I was a typical male: unable to express any feelings beyond hungry and horny. Now I have a more expressive and nuanced view of myself and of others. Now, I do not have to ask my wife what is wrong because, thanks to this pen I SOMEHOW KNOW. I have become more open, and can listen better. Thank you bic, I love you."
But, as always not everyone gets the joke.
Mr Spluffypants says: I tried these on a whim, and I have to say I wasn't very impressed. The applicator mechanism is far too fiddly, and the plastic tampon inside far too thin (not to mention uncomfortable and non-absorbant).
"I'm sure there must be a knack to using them, but I couldn't find it. They also stained my knickers blue for some reason. I really wanted to like these, but it's back to pads for me." |
Q:
User and Admin email notifications
I may be missing something really obvious in the docs - so sorry if I have - but is there a way to send both the user (sender) a notification email, and the admin a different notification email?
Something like what I want has been hinted at: Sprout Forms CC
I know I could set multiple email addresses in the notifications option: Sprout Form > Forms > My Form > Notifications (tab) > Email Recipients (field) but the issue I have is how can I dictate which template is used?
I'm happy to set/use the default options for the Admin email, if you could point me in the right direction for a custom user email option, that would be great.
A:
Sprout Forms supports multiple Notification Emails (as of Craft 3) and multiple Email Template. Sprout Forms also now supports CC and BCC functionality.
Create a new Notification Email on the Sprout Forms->Notifications tab. Each Notification Email has a setting for the Event that you would like to use to trigger it. You can select the "When a form entry is saved" event to trigger an email when a form submission is saved.
While there are numerous ways to trigger an email to both an admin and the user submitting a form, two common methods are:
Setup a single Notification Email and set the To field to the handle of a custom field that has the users email, such as: {email} and set the BCC field to your email address of the admin who you wish to receive it as well. You can separate multiple recipients using a comma-delimited list.
Setup two Notifications Emails and adjust the messages of each to each respective audience. You can create custom, company-branded Email Templates for the user-facing email. Impress them and set expectations for any follow-up communications. Send a workflow-oriented email to the admin, showing all data submitted in the form and linking to any next steps the admin may have to take after the email is received. The default Basic Notification (Sprout Forms) Email Template will loop through and display all values of the Form submission.
Legacy Answer:
In Craft 2, you are correct that Sprout Forms can send multiple notification emails to both admins and users, however the default Sprout Forms notification currently only supports a single template.
It's on our list to consider updating this default behavior. For now, your best options are:
Send the same email to both users and admins.
Add Sprout Email to the mix which integrates with Sprout Forms and allows you to customize as many emails and templates as you'd like and trigger them on the Event: When a Sprout Form Entry is submitted
|
Also known as 'Badi Mayo', it is closed to tourists
3 days a week. It has 4 safari tents (each with 2 single beds)
on high platforms below a cliff edge. Each tent has a private
outside shower and shares 2 composting toilets.
Tumani Tenda has round huts with lights, shower
and flush toilet at the rear of each accommodation. They offer
lots of local activities and cultural workshops such as bee keeping,
salt making and Jola dancing.
• Review: Boboi provides clean and simple eco-lodge
living on a splendid stretch of near deserted beachfront, far
from the main tourist areas and 60km from the capital of Banjul.
The accommodation consists of either thatched, brightly furnished
roundhouses, ocean view bungalows or a premium grade tree-house.
To minimize the lodge's environmental impacts they use only solar
power and the bathing and toilet facilities are shared, and located
in a shaded, open-air area within the beachfront complex.
Excursions
and boat trips around the Allahein River (San Pedro), bordering
Casamance in Senegal, are a must. *Airport transfers.
• Review: Stay on a near deserted beach in south
west Gambia. Room options: 'Luxury' bungalow with private shower
room and flush toilet or 2 large bedrooms with shower and toilet
or 4 huts with double or single beds sleeping 2 with shared bathing
facility. *Airport transfers.
• Review: This is a solar powered retreat in the
bush built to modern standards. It has 9 huts, each with private
washroom and toilet and double or twin beds. All are spread about
the large garden complex, encircled by coastal woodland. *Airport
transfers.
• Review: This is a real bush retreat, in a beautiful
landscape, far from the main urban centres and is often visited
by cultural tourists, bird watchers, eco-tourists and avid anglers.
These basic riverside bungalows each sleep 2 to 6 guests with
mosquito net draped beds; and there is some shared shower and
toilet facilities within each building. The 'Family House' sleeps
6 guests and has a kitchen, shower and WC.
The lodge has 2 beds per room, with own shower and
WC. Electricity supply is a mix of solar, standby-up generator
and batteries, water via a borehole. The accommodation is in a
spacious, garden with a drinks bar.
*A/C (air-conditioning), airport transfers, Wi-Fi & other facilities
& services maybe optional extras or limited in number & scope.
*En-suite may mean a private bathroom / shower & WC shared by 2
or more bedrooms from the same suite under the one booking. *NOTE: Before
making any room reservation, contact the accommodation first to clarify
all details & rates. No guarantees are given as to the accuracy
of the information on this website. |
Update on HIV-1 acquired and transmitted drug resistance in Africa.
The last ten years have witnessed a significant scale-up and access to antiretroviral therapy in Africa, which has improved patient quality of life and survival. One major challenge associated with increased access to antiretroviral therapy is the development of antiretroviral resistance due to inconsistent drug supply and/or poor patient adherence. We review the current state of both acquired and transmitted drug resistance in Africa over the past ten years (2001-2011) to identify drug resistance associated with the different drug regimens used on the continent and to help guide affordable strategies for drug resistance surveillance. A total of 161 references (153 articles, six reports and two conference abstracts) were reviewed. Antiretroviral resistance data was available for 40 of 53 African countries. A total of 5,541 adult patients from 99 studies in Africa were included in this analysis. The pooled prevalence of drug resistance mutations in Africa was 10.6%, and Central Africa had the highest prevalence of 54.9%. The highest prevalence of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor mutations was in the west (55.3%) and central (54.8%) areas; nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor mutations were highest in East Africa (57.0%) and protease inhibitors mutations highest in Southern Africa (16.3%). The major nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor mutation in all four African regions was M184V. Major nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor as well as protease inhibitor mutations varied by region. The prevalence of drug resistance has remained low in several African countries although the emergence of drug resistance mutations varied across countries. Continued surveillance of antiretroviral therapy resistance remains crucial in gauging the effectiveness of country antiretroviral therapy programs and strategizing on effective and affordable strategies for successful treatment. |
L. Latypova, R. Sibgatullina, A. Ogura, K. Fujiki, A. Khabibrakhmanova, T. Tahara, S. Nozaki, S. Urano, K. Tsubokura, H. Onoe, Y. Watanabe, A. Kurbangalieva, K. Tanaka, Adv. Sci. 2017, 4, 1600394.
Living organisms use a diverse set of resources composed of simple and complex carbohydrates and glycoconjugates for their vital activities. Asparagine‐linked glycans (*N*‐glycans) and their glycoconjugates play particularly important roles in the innate immune response, adhesion, or receptor‐mediated signal transduction[1](#advs265-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"} based on cell surface recognition through pattern recognition mechanisms.[2](#advs265-bib-0002){ref-type="ref"}, [3](#advs265-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}, [4](#advs265-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"}, [5](#advs265-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"} Glycan multivalency and heterogeneity effects may be important parts of these mechanisms. Interestingly, a clear molecular basis for pattern recognition based on glycan‐specific multivalency and heterogeneous effects, e.g., on cell surfaces, has yet to be extensively explored.
Several types of glycoclusters use glycan multivalency effects to form selective interactions with target lectins.[6](#advs265-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}, [7](#advs265-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"}, [8](#advs265-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"}, [9](#advs265-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"}, [10](#advs265-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"}, [11](#advs265-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"}, [12](#advs265-bib-0012){ref-type="ref"} Recently, the unique and heterogeneous interactions between various glycans, lectins, and antibodies have been characterized using microarray technologies.[13](#advs265-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"}, [14](#advs265-bib-0014){ref-type="ref"} Interest has now shifted toward elucidating how glycan multivalency effects might control molecular kinetics in live animals. This work seeks to develop glycocluster‐based diagnostic and theranostic tracers that could be superior to existing peptide‐ or antibody‐based tracers with respect to selectivity and sensitivity. Glycocluster‐based dendrimers, liposomes, and nanoparticles have been examined using in vivo kinetics and/or biodistribution studies.[15](#advs265-bib-0015){ref-type="ref"}, [16](#advs265-bib-0016){ref-type="ref"}, [17](#advs265-bib-0017){ref-type="ref"}, [18](#advs265-bib-0018){ref-type="ref"}, [19](#advs265-bib-0019){ref-type="ref"}, [20](#advs265-bib-0020){ref-type="ref"}, [21](#advs265-bib-0021){ref-type="ref"}, [22](#advs265-bib-0022){ref-type="ref"}, [23](#advs265-bib-0023){ref-type="ref"}, [24](#advs265-bib-0024){ref-type="ref"}, [25](#advs265-bib-0025){ref-type="ref"}, [26](#advs265-bib-0026){ref-type="ref"}, [27](#advs265-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}, [28](#advs265-bib-0028){ref-type="ref"}, [29](#advs265-bib-0029){ref-type="ref"} In an effort to design multivalency into certain proteins of interest, several studies have attempted to immobilize monosaccharides or glycans onto proteins using bioorthogonal click reactions,[30](#advs265-bib-0030){ref-type="ref"}, [31](#advs265-bib-0031){ref-type="ref"}, [32](#advs265-bib-0032){ref-type="ref"}, [33](#advs265-bib-0033){ref-type="ref"} reactions around the amino group in lysine residues[25](#advs265-bib-0025){ref-type="ref"}, [30](#advs265-bib-0030){ref-type="ref"}, [34](#advs265-bib-0034){ref-type="ref"}, [35](#advs265-bib-0035){ref-type="ref"} or the thiol group in cysteine,[30](#advs265-bib-0030){ref-type="ref"}, [36](#advs265-bib-0036){ref-type="ref"}, [37](#advs265-bib-0037){ref-type="ref"}, [38](#advs265-bib-0038){ref-type="ref"} or using enzymatic glycosylation.[30](#advs265-bib-0030){ref-type="ref"}, [39](#advs265-bib-0039){ref-type="ref"}, [40](#advs265-bib-0040){ref-type="ref"}, [41](#advs265-bib-0041){ref-type="ref"}
In studies of *N*‐glycan‐related compounds, Gabius and co‐workers demonstrated that immobilizing a few *N*‐glycans onto ^125^I‐labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA) moderately regulated the biodistributions and serum stabilities of the proteins in mice.[25](#advs265-bib-0025){ref-type="ref"}, [26](#advs265-bib-0026){ref-type="ref"}, [27](#advs265-bib-0027){ref-type="ref"}, [42](#advs265-bib-0042){ref-type="ref"} The presence of sialic acid residues in the glycoalbumin stabilized the molecules in serum, consistent with the receptor‐mediated excretion mechanism associated with asialoglycoprotein.[43](#advs265-bib-0043){ref-type="ref"}, [44](#advs265-bib-0044){ref-type="ref"}, [45](#advs265-bib-0045){ref-type="ref"} The use of a double "click" methodology developed by our group enables the immobilization of a large number of glycans per albumin to facilitate glycan cluster‐dependent biodistribution and kinetics studies.[46](#advs265-bib-0046){ref-type="ref"}, [47](#advs265-bib-0047){ref-type="ref"} A strain‐promoted click reaction (alkyne--azide cycloaddition reaction)[48](#advs265-bib-0048){ref-type="ref"} followed by the subsequent 6π‐azaelectrocyclization of unsaturated imines (RIKEN click reaction)[46](#advs265-bib-0046){ref-type="ref"}, [47](#advs265-bib-0047){ref-type="ref"}, [49](#advs265-bib-0049){ref-type="ref"}, [50](#advs265-bib-0050){ref-type="ref"}, [51](#advs265-bib-0051){ref-type="ref"}, [52](#advs265-bib-0052){ref-type="ref"}, [53](#advs265-bib-0053){ref-type="ref"}, [54](#advs265-bib-0054){ref-type="ref"} provides an efficient method for directly modifying native lysines and immobilizing up to a dozen complex‐type *N*‐glycans on albumin, resulting in the synthesis of homogeneous glycoalbumins, **Figure** [**1**](#advs265-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}a. Noninvasive fluorescence images of these homogenous glycoalbumins in mice revealed that the *N*‐glycoalbumins accumulated in different organs (liver, spleen, or tumor), or were differentially excreted, depending on the *N*‐glycan structure. For example, α(2,6)‐sialoglycoalbumin **2a** was excreted through the urinary bladder, whereas galactosyl albumin **2b** was cleared through the gallbladder and then the intestine (Figure [1](#advs265-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}b). These effects could be explained in terms of two plausible excretion mechanisms operating in the liver parenchymal cells. Sialoglycoalbumin **2a** appeared to weakly and reversibly bind to the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR).[55](#advs265-bib-0055){ref-type="ref"} Upon release, **2a** then appeared to be metabolized for excretion in the urinary bladder through biofiltration.[56](#advs265-bib-0056){ref-type="ref"} On the other hand, galactosyl glycoalbumin **2b** could be recognized and endocytosed by ASGPR and then transported to the gallbladder and intestine via the polar transportation mechanism.[57](#advs265-bib-0057){ref-type="ref"} As an example of accumulation of our glycoalbumins, the hybrid‐type glycocluster **2c** was selectively accumulated in the liver. **2c** contains different glycan arms linked to a branching mannose, i.e., α(2,6)‐sialic acid and mannose. Nonparenchymal cells, such as liver stellate cells, are largely responsible for liver‐specific accumulation (Figure [1](#advs265-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}b).[46](#advs265-bib-0046){ref-type="ref"}
{#advs265-fig-0001}
For comparison, heterogeneous glycoalbumins with different ratios of α(2,6)‐sialic acid and galactose‐terminated *N*‐glycans **2d**--**2f** were successfully synthesized (**Figure** [**2**](#advs265-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}a). The use of the double click strategy outlined in Figure [1](#advs265-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}a allowed us to control the amounts of each glycan introduced onto albumin by adjusting the concentration of the RIKEN click probes **1a** and **1b**. An in vivo kinetics study revealed an almost linear correlation between the amounts of sialo‐ and galactose‐terminated glycans immobilized onto the albumin, **2d**--**2f**, and the excretion properties of these constructs, i.e., to the urinary bladder or the gallbladder/intestine (Figure [2](#advs265-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}b).[46](#advs265-bib-0046){ref-type="ref"} These results presented the first examples of the effects of heterogeneity on in vivo kinetics.
{#advs265-fig-0002}
Although the heterogeneous glycoclusters **2d**--**2f** contained specific amounts of two different glycans in a controlled ratio, the positions of the glycans within the molecules and their arrangement relative to one another could not be precisely controlled (**Figure** [**3**](#advs265-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}a). The glycoalbumins **2d**--**2f**, illustrated in Figure [2](#advs265-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}, could be described as "arbitrarily" arranged or "positionally" uncontrolled heterogeneous glycoalbumins. From this point of view, the syntheses and in vivo kinetic analyses of structurally well‐defined heterogeneous glycoclusters remains underexplored. One approach to addressing this problem using our double click strategy includes the initial incorporation of two distinct glycan moieties onto one azide unit, followed by linkage to albumin (Figure [3](#advs265-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}b). In this case, the locations of the two glycans relative to one another are preorganized and, therefore, the spatial arrangement of the two glycans reduces one aspect of heterogeneity among the resulting glycoalbumins. In vivo kinetics and biodistribution studies of structurally well‐defined heterogeneous *N*‐glycoalbumins could contribute significantly to an understanding of the importance of multivalency and heterogeneity effects during pattern recognition processes in mouse models.
{#advs265-fig-0003}
In this paper, we describe the synthesis of structurally well‐defined heterogeneous *N*‐glycoclusters containing (i) Sia/Gal‐terminated and (ii) Sia/Man‐terminated *N*‐glycans. We compared their excretion and accumulation properties with those of glycoalbumins prepared using existing methods. This research uncovered notable differences among three types of glycoalbumins: homogeneous glycoalbumins, arbitrarily arranged heterogeneous glycoalbumins, and structurally well‐defined heterogeneous glycoalbumins; thereby demonstrating, for the first time, the importance of multivalency and heterogeneity in pattern recognition in vivo.
The synthesis of structurally well‐defined heterogeneous glycoalbumins was envisioned using a new strategy, as depicted in Figure [3](#advs265-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}b, namely, the incorporation of two different *N*‐glycans into a single azide unit, and the subsequent clusterization onto a near‐infrared fluorescence (HiLyte Fluor 750)‐labeled albumin. Initially, α(2,6)‐sialic acid and galactose‐terminated complex type *N*‐glycans were selected for incorporation into a unit (**Scheme** [**1**](#advs265-fig-0004){ref-type="fig"}). The excretion trends of these structurally well‐defined heterogeneous glycoclusters (**8a** in Scheme [1](#advs265-fig-0004){ref-type="fig"}) were expected to differ from the excretion trends of the previously studied homogeneous (**2a**, **2b**) and arbitrarily arranged heterogeneous clusters (**2e**, see the excretion data in Figure [2](#advs265-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}b). The combination of α(2,6)‐sialic acid and mannose‐terminated *N*‐glycans in our new heterogeneous glycoalbumins (**9a** in Scheme [1](#advs265-fig-0004){ref-type="fig"}) was also hypothesized to provide novel in vivo behaviors relative to the homogeneous glycoalbumin prepared with a hybrid‐type *N*‐glycan (**2c**, Figure [1](#advs265-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}b), which exclusively accumulated in the liver. The presence of numerous nonreducing terminal sialic acid and mannose moieties on the *N*‐glycans on the surface of glycoalbumin **9a** resembled the glycan structure found on **2c**, although the spatial arrangements among neighboring *N*‐glycans differed. We envisioned that bis‐succinimidyl ester/azide **3** might be an appropriate precursor for uniting two different *N*‐glycans and immobilizing them as a single heterogeneous unit on the albumin protein.
{#advs265-fig-0004}
{#advs265-sec-0020}
The reactions of bis‐succinimidyl ester **3** with two different *N*‐glycans in the presence of diisopropylethyl amine (DIPEA) in dimethylformamide (DMF) at room temperature produced the desired azides **4** and **5**, accompanied by the formation of the bis‐homo‐ and monosubstituted products (the details are described in the Supporting Information). It should be noted that the reactivity of the α(2,6)‐sialic acid‐terminated glycan was lower than the reactivities of the galactose‐ and mannose‐terminated glycans; hence, sequential treatment of the two glycans in a one‐pot procedure was essential for increasing the yields of the target azide units. The optimal reaction conditions were found to include initial treatment of compound **3** with sialoglycan over 4 h, followed by treatment with asialoglycan over 20 h in the same flask. The reaction mixtures were directly purified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and compounds **4** and **5** were obtained in 20% and 26% yields, respectively (see the Supporting Information for details).
The azides **4** and **5** were then immobilized onto fluorescently labeled albumin through a double click procedure involving a strain‐promoted click reaction, followed by the RIKEN click reaction, as developed previously.[46](#advs265-bib-0046){ref-type="ref"} Although these azides contained two molecules of large complex *N*‐glycans, the RIKEN click reaction using the probes **6** and **7** allowed for the efficient immobilization of even five azide units (for a total of ten *N*‐glycan molecules) per albumin, as determined by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectrometry (glycoalbumins **8a** and **9a**, see the Supporting Information for details). Intact or partially glycosylated albumins could not be observed in the mass spectra of the reaction mixtures; hence, the double click reaction was nearly quantitative with respect to the albumin concentration. These results demonstrated the efficient construction of glycoclusters on protein templates using our RIKEN click reaction. It is important to note that smaller numbers of glycan units could be immobilized on albumin by controlling the concentrations of the RIKEN click probes **6** and **7**. Thus, the heterogeneous **8b** and **9b**, with two units (for a total of four *N*‐glycan molecules) per albumin were prepared in a highly efficient manner (Scheme [1](#advs265-fig-0004){ref-type="fig"}).
Noninvasive fluorescence imaging techniques were used to determine the excretion properties of the structurally well‐defined heterogeneous glycoalbumins **8a**, **8b** and **9a**, **9b**, and these results were compared with those reported previously using homogeneous and arbitrarily arranged heterogeneous glycoalbumins. As mentioned above, the homogeneous α(2,6)‐sialylated glycoalbumin **2a** was preferentially excreted through the urinary bladder, whereas the galactosylated glycoalbumin **2b** was excreted through the gallbladder and intestine (Figures [2](#advs265-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}b and [4](#advs265-fig-0005){ref-type="fig"}d).[46](#advs265-bib-0046){ref-type="ref"} Furthermore, positionally uncontrolled heterogeneous glycoalbumins containing both glycans (**2e**, with a Sia/Gal glycan ratio of 1:1) displayed excretion properties that were intermediate between those of the homogeneous clusters **2a** and **2b** (**Figure** [**4**](#advs265-fig-0005){ref-type="fig"}d). The structurally well‐defined heterogeneous glycoalbumin **8a** similarly exhibited excretion properties intermediate between those of the homogeneous **2a** and **2b** across the urinary bladder and gallbladder excretion pathways (Figure [4](#advs265-fig-0005){ref-type="fig"}a,d). On the other hand, the intestine displayed a much higher fluorescence intensity in mice dosed with the structurally well‐defined heterogeneous glycoalbumin **8a** than in mice dosed with **2e** or even galactosyl glycoalbumin **2b**. The immobilization of two identical sialoglycan and asialoglycan units on the azide **3** and the subsequent clustering on albumins resulted in excretion properties identical to those of **2a** and **2b** (data not shown). These results suggested that the structurally defined glycoalbumin **8a** could be very rapidly translocalized from the gallbladder to the intestine for excretion. The structurally well‐defined heterogeneous **8b**, which contained fewer glycan molecules, namely four glycans per albumin, was also excreted very rapidly to the intestine, similar to the glycoalbumin **8a**, which was characterized by a higher glycan valency (Figure [4](#advs265-fig-0005){ref-type="fig"}b--d). Thus, even small amounts of glycans immobilized onto albumin were sufficient to produce multivalency and heterogeneity effects in the gallbladder/intestine translocalization properties in the context of structurally well‐defined heterogeneous cluster environments.
{#advs265-fig-0005}
Previous studies showed that the hybrid‐type homogeneous glycoalbumin **2c**, which contains both α(2,6)‐sialic acid and mannose‐terminated branches on the glycan structure, was strongly and selectively accumulated in the liver (Figure [1](#advs265-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}b).[46](#advs265-bib-0046){ref-type="ref"} Noninvasive fluorescence imaging of the structurally well‐defined heterogeneous *N*‐glycoalbumins **9a** and **9b**, however, revealed in vivo kinetics that were quite unique and entirely distinct from those of **2c**. The excretion and liver accumulation properties depended on the glycan multivalency on albumin; thus, glycoalbumin **9a**, containing a total of ten glycan molecules per albumin, was excreted smoothly through the urinary bladder (**Figure** [**5**](#advs265-fig-0006){ref-type="fig"}a,d). Glycocluster **9b**, containing fewer glycans on albumin, on the other hand, preferentially accumulated in the liver (Figure [5](#advs265-fig-0006){ref-type="fig"}b--d).
{#advs265-fig-0006}
The message gleaned from in vivo data collected using three types of glycoalbumins, namely, (i) homogeneous, (ii) arbitrarily arranged heterogeneous, and (iii) structurally well‐defined heterogeneous glycoalbumins, was that the spatial arrangements of *N*‐glycans within heterogeneous glycoclusters, in addition to the number of glycan molecules immobilized on albumin, played an important role in the in vivo kinetics and organ‐selective accumulation through glycan pattern recognition mechanisms.
In summary, a synthetic strategy for preparing structurally well‐defined heterogeneous glycoclusters was established. The incorporation of two distinct glycans into a single azide unit, followed by efficient clusterizing on albumin using a double click strategy, permitted us to control the spatial arrangement of the two glycans on albumin. In vivo imaging and biodistribution studies revealed, for the first time, the importance of "glycan heterogeneity in vivo." The properties of the constructs developed here were compared with those of previously prepared homogeneous and arbitrarily arranged heterogeneous congeners. Thus, structurally well‐defined α(2,6)‐Sia/Gal‐terminated heterogeneous glycoalbumins exhibited nonidentical excretion properties that depended on the arrangement heterogeneity of the glycans, resulting in rapid translocalization from the gallbladder to the intestine, even when compared with Gal‐terminated clusters. The structurally well‐defined α(2,6)‐Sia/Man‐terminated heterogeneous glycoalbumins were structurally distinct from the hybrid‐type glycoalbumins, and their in vivo behavior was quite unique. These constructs were selectively excreted through the urinary bladder, or they accumulated in the liver, depending on the albumin‐bound glycan valency. These data clearly indicated that the dimensional arrangement of glycans relative to one another within the heterogeneous glycoclusters was very important for enabling pattern recognition in vivo. In other words, if used efficiently, heterogeneity‐dependent pattern recognition may provide precise control over the excretion or organ‐selective accumulation of molecules of interest in live organisms, leading to new strategies for the development of glycan‐based imaging or therapeutic tracers. Tracers with these properties cannot be prepared using known molecules. An exploration of the various heterogeneous glycoclusters that are either structurally well‐defined or having heterogeneity through the arbitrary arrangement of glycans may lead to targeting specific disease organs in animal models, e.g., specific tumors. This work is in progress in our laboratory.
Experimental Section {#advs265-sec-0030}
====================
5‐(Bromomethyl)benzene‐1,3‐diol, 5‐(azidomethyl)benzene‐1,3‐diol, and cyclooctyne‐aldehyde were synthesized according to procedures reported in the literature.[50](#advs265-bib-0050){ref-type="ref"}, [58](#advs265-bib-0058){ref-type="ref"} 3,5‐Dihydroxybenzyl alcohol, carbon tetrabromide, triphenylphosphine, sodium azide, and *N*‐hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) were purchased from Acros, ethyl 7‐bromoheptanoate and human serum albumin (HSA) were obtained from Sigma‐Aldrich, 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐(dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) was provided by TCI, *N*‐glycans were supplied from Glytech, Inc., and the fluorescent compound HiLyte Fluor750 acid SE was provided by AnaSpec, Inc. Fremont, USA. All other commercially available reagents were used without further purification.
The syntheses of diethyl 7,7′‐((5‐azidomethyl)‐1,3‐phenylene)bis(oxy)diheptanoate, 7,7′‐((5‐azidomethyl)‐1,3‐phenylene)bis(oxy)diheptanoic acid, di‐*N*‐hydroxysuccinimide 7,7′‐((5‐azidomethyl)‐1,3‐phenylene)bis(oxy)diheptanoate **3**, the Sia/Gal‐terminated azide unit **4**, and the Sia/Man‐terminated azide unit **5** are described in the Supporting Information.
*Synthesis of the Structurally Well‐Defined Heterogeneous Glycoalbumins*: The azides **4** and **5** (160 × 10^−9^ [m]{.smallcaps}) were initially treated with freshly prepared cyclooctyne--aldehyde (150 × 10^−9^ [m]{.smallcaps}). Heating the mixture hastened the quantitative completion of the strain‐promoted click reaction (the production of the RIKEN click probes **6** and **7**), which could be conveniently monitored by HPLC. An aqueous solution of the HiLyte Fluor 750‐labeled HSA[46](#advs265-bib-0046){ref-type="ref"} (9.7 × 10^−9^ [m]{.smallcaps}) was added to this mixture, and the RIKEN click reaction was proceeded with heating at 37 °C to ensure conjugation of the glycan units to albumin. After small molecules were filtered off using an Amicon centrifugal filter, *N*‐glycan conjugation was evaluated by MALDI‐TOF mass spectroscopy. By controlling the concentrations of the RIKEN click probes **6** and **7**, approximately five or two azide units, hence, a total of ten or four glycan molecules, could be introduced onto each albumin (glycoalbumins **8a**, **8b** and **9a**, **9b**). The analytical results are described in detail in the Supporting Information.
*Excretion and Biodistribution Analysis of the Glycoalbumins in BALB/c Nude Mice*: 1.5 nmol per 30 µL of the *N*‐glycoalbumins **8a**, **8b** and **9a**, **9b** labeled with the near‐infrared fluorescent probe (HiLyte Fluor 750) were diluted in 70 µL saline and injected into eight to ten week‐old BALB/cAJcl‐nu/nu mice via the tail vein (*N* = 4). The mice were then anesthetized with pentobarbital or isoflurane and placed in a fluorescence imager, IVIS kinetics fluorescence imager (Caliper Life Sciences, Inc., Hopkinton, Massachusetts, USA). Abdominal and dorsal side images were collected at 30 min intervals. Although the fluorescence signals from the dorsal side did not exhibit significant differences in the trafficking and/or accumulation of the *N‐*glycoalbumins investigated (i.e., the compounds appeared evenly distributed across the whole body), signals from the abdominal side clearly revealed time‐dependent excretion as well as accumulation in specific organs. As a result, the abdominal data were used to draw conclusions from the in vivo kinetics and distribution studies. The fluorescence signal increased rapidly in the urinary bladder, and the fluorescence around the urinary bladder was calculated within an arbitrarily defined region of interest (ROI). After 3 h of observation, the mice were sacrificed and perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde solution, and the fluorescence intensities in the brain, heart, lung, spleen, pancreas, kidney, liver, muscle, stomach, intestine, and rectum were measured within the arbitrarily defined ROI.
All procedures involving experiment animals were approved by the Ethics Committee of RIKEN (MAH21‐19‐17). The experiments were performed in accordance with the institutional and national guidelines.
Acknowledgements {#advs265-sec-0040}
================
L.L. and R.S. contributed equally to this work. This work was supported by the JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP16H03287, JP16K13104, and JP15H05843 in Middle Molecular Strategy. This work was also performed with the support of the Russian Government Program for Competitive Growth, granted to the Kazan Federal University. The authors thank Glytech, Inc. for supplying various *N*‐glycans.
Supporting information
======================
As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re‐organized for online delivery, but are not copy‐edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors.
######
Supplementary
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Click here for additional data file.
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Refugees are entering the city of Knoxville, Tennessee at an historic rate, with over 230 being resettled in the region and another 245 expected to arrive in 2017.
If as many refugees arrive in Knoxville as they are expected in 2017, it will be a 44 percent increase in refugees since 2014, according to the Bridge Refugee Services.
The majority of the refugees entering the Knoxville area are from Iraq, a nation significantly torn apart by Islamic terrorism. Other refugees in Knoxville are from the Democratic Republic of Congo, Somalia, and Russia.
Like Georgia and Texas, refugee resettlement by the federal government has been increasing in Tennessee since 2014.
Three years ago, there were only 170 refugees resettled in Knoxville. In 2015, that number slightly increased to 194. If the projections are sustained, there will be at least 476 brought to the region in two years.
In other areas of Tennessee like Murfreesboro, residents have been dealing with what they see as the “Islamization” of their town, due to increasing numbers of Muslim refugees.
In a Washington Post piece last week, reporter Abigail Hauslohner attacked Christians who oppose the building of a mosque in their area.
“What worries and perplexes many Muslims and their friends here is what lies beneath the surface. What impact will Trump have as president when distrust of Muslims already exists,” Hauslohner wrote.
Hauslohner interviewed one “right-wing Southern Baptist,” where the anonymous man said Muslims have the right “to kill you and take your wife as a sex slave.”
Meanwhile, Hauslohner portrayed Muslims living in Tennessee as victims:
There has been a smattering of post-election harassment and insults — at schools, in parking lots, on the road — but nothing to take to the police or put Murfreesboro back in the national headlines. “Right now, we’re hoping that it’s going to be calm,” said Saleh Sbenaty, an engineering professor at Middle Tennessee State University and one of the founders of the Islamic Center of Murfreesboro. “But we don’t know if it’s the calm before the storm or the calm after the storm.”
Tennessee lawmakers have not backed down on the issue of refugees being resettled in their state without any consent from the State.
In May 2016, Tennessee Governor Bill Haslam announced that he would be allowing state lawmakers to sue the federal government for resettling refugees in the region without notifying officials first, as the Tennessean reported.
John Binder is a contributor for Breitbart Texas. Follow him on Twitter at @JxhnBinder. |
Ned Mathews
Ned Alfred Mathews (August 11, 1918 – September 18, 2002) was a professional American football player who played running back for four seasons for the Detroit Lions and Boston Yanks Mathews was also a coach for the Chicago Rockets in 1946.
References
Category:1918 births
Category:2002 deaths
Category:American football running backs
Category:Detroit Lions players
Category:Boston Yanks players
Category:UCLA Bruins football players
Category:Chicago Rockets players
Category:San Francisco 49ers (AAFC) players
Category:Players of American football from Utah
Category:Sportspeople from Provo, Utah
Category:Chicago Rockets coaches |
Description
In the documentation, it claims the current ZF version supports Lucene index format 2.1 while the coming ZF 1.6 will support 2.3.
These indices are backwards compatible (newer code should be able to read older indices in the Java world). However, it is very difficult to glean from the inaccurate / confusing documentation which version of ZF matches with which version of Lucene index. |
Over at Infinite Thought the growing cuts to philosophy provision at new universities in the UK, those formed since 1992 when polytechnics were granted university status, is the subject of an important post. The argument is made that this forms part not of a response to student demands or needs but of a new conception of what new univerities should be. They should no longer bring the subjects studied for centuries at older universities to more and more people but are instead heading towards a more 'vocational' status. I have never liked the distinction between 'academic' and 'vocational' because it neglects the fact that academics have a vocation. A vocation is also the prerequisite for entering a religious order or holding a religious office. It also seems to deny the relevance of the academic to the rest of society. It assumes that the academic (or what is referred to as academic, didactic or contained in an 'ivory tower') is not capable of blowing apart social conventions and forms. I worry that rather than serving student needs better this change in direction is going to deprive those attending newer universities of the kind of study enjoyed at older univerisities. The post at Infinite Thought puts this case better than I could. I think we need to challenge the certainties that are becoming so established today. Just as we are all encouraged to specialise more and more (with more and more degrees becoming training in a particular career) so we are cut of from having any 'idea of the whole' that we can find in subjects that are the most 'academic'. These refer to what is most unrecognisable from the point of view of social conventions and discourse, and which, for this very reason, has the most power to bring about change. In a 'knowledge economy' our vocation is apparently to find a particular area of knowledge and cling to it for dear life. The notion that the academic is cut off from society and from the world of work has become an accepted premise of the public debate. The present plans to measure the 'impact' of research in the new Research Excellence Framework seems to take for granted what are only particular views of what is 'academic' and what is not. If everyone specialises and if many students are denied the broader horizons of studies that are not attached to particular careers this situation can only get worse.
Over at Infinite Thought the growing cuts to philosophy provision at new universities in the UK, those formed since 1992 when polytechnics were granted university status, is the subject of an important post. The argument is made that this forms part not of a response to student demands or needs but of a new conception of what new univerities should be. They should no longer bring the subjects studied for centuries at older universities to more and more people but are instead heading towards a more 'vocational' status. I have never liked the distinction between 'academic' and 'vocational' because it neglects the fact that academics have a vocation. A vocation is also the prerequisite for entering a religious order or holding a religious office. It also seems to deny the relevance of the academic to the rest of society. It assumes that the academic (or what is referred to as academic, didactic or contained in an 'ivory tower') is not capable of blowing apart social conventions and forms. I worry that rather than serving student needs better this change in direction is going to deprive those attending newer universities of the kind of study enjoyed at older univerisities. The post at Infinite Thought puts this case better than I could. I think we need to challenge the certainties that are becoming so established today. Just as we are all encouraged to specialise more and more (with more and more degrees becoming training in a particular career) so we are cut of from having any 'idea of the whole' that we can find in subjects that are the most 'academic'. These refer to what is most unrecognisable from the point of view of social conventions and discourse, and which, for this very reason, has the most power to bring about change. In a 'knowledge economy' our vocation is apparently to find a particular area of knowledge and cling to it for dear life. The notion that the academic is cut off from society and from the world of work has become an accepted premise of the public debate. The present plans to measure the 'impact' of research in the new Research Excellence Framework seems to take for granted what are only particular views of what is 'academic' and what is not. If everyone specialises and if many students are denied the broader horizons of studies that are not attached to particular careers this situation can only get worse. |
We smoking, choking, lokin
This purple got you open
Sit back, relax, you feelin right
We twistin up some more N
Just light it up, it takes you high ay ay
Break it down, break it down
Put it on the role tray
Got your homies rollin up, that’s what we call role play
Smoking for the whole day, what? Do a 50 box
Smoke cigars alone, my niggas been a 50 spot
You can’t even grow a ball a quarter just to get yo mo
Liquor then, you can’t get in here, we the liquor store
Uh be the S sharp
Yea, we got bitches that will fuck you til the bed rock
Get the feel, can’t stop oh
Different flavas mixed up in one swisha
2 for the taste of other 2 so pay a splitter
I’m a brave getter
I just do not like the flash of the light calls
They could be the day giver
Wait, MJ, just a pimp type
Yea, that’s silk, you ain’t gotta look at him twice
In the night time I keep the shades on
It’s the fashion of me getting my blaze on
We smoking, choking, lokin
This purple got you open
Sit back, relax, you feelin right
We twistin up some more N
Just light it up, it takes you high ay ay
We smoking, choking, lokin
Don’t play with me cuz I’m not jokin
She keep on talkin talkin
Man the dumb bitch must be rollin
I’m about my paper, paper
Try to stay out the way of these haters
We on that sticky, sticky
My white boy got it for the 350
Hit him up, met him right by the quick check
Get a chonga juice and a box of lemon heads
Aye Mohammed, give me 3 cigarillos
Some peanut M&M’s and some flaming hot Cheetos
No niggas with me, and if I’m not solo
Got a bitch with her back out like the El Camino
Space age, pimp shit til it’s over with it
Fuckin like a nigga that don’t use deodorant
We smoking, choking, lokin
This purple got you open
Sit back, relax, you feelin right
We twistin up some more N
Just light it up, it takes you high ay ay
Granddaddy purple for medicated purposes
My brains – cataract, tuberculosis
The magic potion, smoking while I’m west coastin
Snoopy D gon dub, show you niggas what it was
With kenvo all up in Memphis cuz
MJ, 8 Ball, aye we gon split this up
See I’m gon take the front, load it up and lock it up
Now if it’s trappin or rappin then we rock it up
Now trip, I got a zip on my hip
And 27 pounds being shipped, no dip
Better come clean, don’t be meddling with my green
I’m a fiend when I’m smoking my teens
Ring the alarm, my backyard’s a farm
I’mma smoke til my lungs fall out, I’m causing bodly harm
More like what? I have to say hardly
My new thing and new name is Snoop Bob Marley
We smoking, choking, lokin
This purple got you open
Sit back, relax, you feelin right
We twistin up some more N
Just light it up, it takes you high ay ay |
After a very mild fall and early winter, it's finally turned off very cold here. Hopefully you're keeping warm this weekend! Here's a few links for your weekend reading:
TypeScript 0.8.2 : A new preview is out. Read more about the new version in the link.
Node v0.8.18 : Another week, another... |
All illegal religious structures built after September 2009 to be demolished
The Maharashtra government will demolish all illegal religious structures across the State built after September 2009 in the next nine months.
The State’s Home Department on Wednesday issued a government resolution (GR) listing out a timeline to deal with the issue of illegal religious structures in the State following Bombay High Court directives to design a plan for the same.
According to the State’s plan, the process of legalising illegal shrines built before September 2009 should be completed within six months. The process of shifting some of these structures should be over within six to nine months and the rest should be demolished within two years.
However, any illegal religious structure built after September 2009 will not be legalised and have to be razed within nine months.
In September 2009, the Supreme Court had directed all States to initiate action against illegal shrines.
Municipal Commissioners will be held responsible for action against the structures within the limits of corporation, while the Collectors must look over the implementation of this GR within the rest of the district.
“The topic was on our agenda for a long time now. But now after this GR, we have to finish our work within a fixed timeline. We will be providing security for the commissioners and Collectors to take actions and I am sure that all illegal structures will be razed soon,” said a senior official from the Home Department.
While hearing a public interest litigation (PIL) petition filed by NGO Janhit Manch against illegal shrines, the Bombay High Court in October 2015 expressed displeasure over the government’s delay in taking action against these structures.
Responding to the PIL, the government had filed an affidavit in court stating that a GR issued on May 5, 2011 outlined a scheme for taking action against illegal religious structures. The GR also directed all municipal corporations to demolish all illegal shrines built after September 29, 2009. Based on this, the HC observed that there was no impediment in demolishing the illegal shrines built after the date. However, on October 23, 2015 the High Court asked the government to form a timeline of its action against the structures built after September 2009.
According to the figures available with The Hindu, before 2009, around 10,291 illegal structures were built within corporation limits in the State and 37,159 were erected within the Collectors’ jurisdiction.
From September 2009 till May 2015, around 808 such structures were built within corporation limits and 1,065 in rest of the districts.
Bhagwaniji Riyani, one of the petitioners who appeared for the Society for Fast Justice, had said
that a tehsildar in Aurangabad had been physically assaulted by the Shiv Sena while leading a demolition drive in Waluj, including on illegal religious structures.
Rayani also pointed to a temple on Juhu beach, which had been demolished twice, had been reconstructed. |
Q:
To get the value in row from webgrid and pass it to the controller
I am getting value in Column , following is the code.
grid.Column(columnName: "Name", header: "Name",format: @<text>
<span id="Name">@item.Name</span></text>, canSort: false),
want to use this value in function which I have called on delete button
function DeleteEnterpriseID() {
var checkID = $(".edit-mode:checked").map(function () {
return this.value;
}).toArray();
alert(checkID.join(","));
if (confirm("Are you sure you want to delete?") == true) {
var url = "@Url.Action("DeleteEnterpriseIdDetails")";
var pname = $('#Name').val(); //// Here I want that value from the clicked row so that I can pass that to controller.
alert(pname);
$.ajaxSetup({ cache: false });
$.post(url, { Pname: pname, EnterpriseID: checkID.join(",") })
.success(function (response) {
if (response != null && response.success) {
alert(response.responseText);
window.location.href = response.newurl;
} else {
alert(response.responseText);
}
})
.error(function (response) { alert("error"); });
}
else {
return false;
}
}
But I am getting blank value for Name from clicked row.
Kindly assist.
A:
It should be:
var pname = $('#Name').text();
Because its a span tag and not an input element. val() works for input elements.
|
Q:
Modificar una variable global desde una función
Tengo un problema. Anteriormente me ayudaron a solucionar un problema con unas funciones; fue muy útil, arreglé ese problema pero llegué a otro, por supuesto jaja.
Para dar un valor al terminar la aplicación (cuestiones de la función de la app) necesito darle un valor a n desde dentro de la función, pero me dice que la tengo que definir. Pero si la defino al imprimir el valor me da el valor que definí, como si no hubiera servido de nada.
He tratado de hacer global la variable pero sigue diciendo que la variable no está definida.
Esta es la parte del código que muestra el problema:
import tkinter as tk
class SampleApp(tk.Tk):
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
# Lo que se hace aqui no es relevante
# para el problema
def p1():
global n
n = 1
def p2():
global n
n = n + 2
# Y así en varias funciones más
A:
En general, usar una variable global no es buena idea. Al final de esta respuesta te daré una alternativa.
Pero si quieres usar una variable global, el problema con tu código es que ¡no hay tal variable!
Cuando dentro de una función pones global n, básicamente le dices a python que, si la función en algún momento intenta cambiar el valor de un símbolo llamado n, el intérprete no debe crear una variable local con ese nombre (que es lo que haría por defecto si no hubieras puesto global n). En su lugar, debe usar la variable global llamada n. Pero esa variable no existe en tu código.
Basta que la añadas. Por ejemplo, antes del class SampleApp pones
n = 0
Eso ya creará la variable global, con un valor inicial de 0. Cuando las funciones que declaran global n modifiquen el valor de n, lo harán de esa variable global.
Observa que no basta con que la variable exista. Además las funciones deben declararla como global, pues si no cuando por ejemplo p1() hace n=1, se crearía una variable local en esa función que no afectaría a la global (además la variable local se destruye una vez la función termina).
Alternativa
En lugar de variables globales puedes usar atributos del objeto. Un atributo de un objeto es similar a una variable, pero que pertenece sólo a ese objeto. Se usan escribiendo self.n por ejemplo.
No obstante en tu caso particular, usar este enfoque te obligaría a cambiar bastantes cosas en el código. Cada una de las funciones p1(), p2(), etc. deberían declarar un parámetro self para poder actuar sobre self.n, pero eso cambiaría la forma en que luego enlazas esos métodos con los botones de tu GUI, ya que tal como lo tienes haces command=SampleApp.p1, por ejemplo, por lo que los estás tratando como métodos de clase y no de objeto. En su lugar deberías poner command=controller.p1 y así con todas las demás (ya que controller es el objeto instancia de la clase SampleApp).
Repito que aunque esto es más correcto, en tu caso puede resultarte más confuso ya que a la vista de tu código se aprecia que no entiendes correctamente los conceptos de programación orientada a objetos.
Actualización
Tras comentarios adicionales del usuario, parece que el problema no estaba solo en el uso de esa variable global, sino en que al mostrar esa variable al final del programa parecía no haber cambiado de valor.
El hecho es que la variable se muestra en una etiqueta, la cual forma parte de un frame que se crea al iniciar el programa. La etiqueta toma una copia del valor que n tiene en ese momento, y ya que estamos al principio su valor es 0. Aunque después se modifique el valor de n, la etiqueta sigue teniendo su valor original 0, hasta que es mostrada al final del todo.
Lo cierto es que la estructura de tu código es un laberinto... pero sin entrar a rehacerlo todo, tal como lo tienes, lo más sencillo será que cambies lo que muestra esa etiqueta justo antes de mostrarla. Aunque el frame se crea al principio, no se muestra hasta el final, y ya que tienes un método específico para mostrar los frames, puede ser ahí donde mires si el frame a mostrar es el último y en ese caso le cambies el texto a la etiqueta por el valor que n tenga en ese instante.
Este sería el nuevo método show_frame():
def show_frame(self, page_name):
'''Show a frame for the given page name'''
frame = self.frames[page_name]
if page_name == "LastPage":
frame.children["resultado"]["text"] = n
frame.tkraise()
Como ves, miramos si page_name es "LastPage", y entonces antes de mostrar ese frame, usamos frame.children para acceder a sus "hijos" (las etiquetas y botones que lo componen) y seleccionamos el hijo llamado "resultado" (que será la etiqueta para mostrar el valor de n), y cambiamos su texto por el valor que n tiene en ese momento.
En la clase LastPage, cuando creas esa etiqueta debes darle el nombre "resultado", para que el código anterior funcione. Así:
total = tk.Label(self, bg="black", fg= "white", name="resultado",
text=n, font=controller.title_font)
|
Background {#Sec1}
==========
Lung cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality, causing approximately 1.38 million deaths around the world annually \[[@CR1]\]. Although it is acknowledged that smoking is the factor that makes the largest contribution to the risk of lung cancer, approximately 15--25 % of lung cancer patients globally are nonsmokers and the proportion of nonsmokers in female lung cancer patients is as high as 53 % \[[@CR2], [@CR3]\], suggesting that other factors such as a genetic predisposition contribute to susceptibility to this disease.
MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of highly evolutionarily conserved noncoding RNA 18--25 nucleotides in length, which accounts for 1--5 % of the human genome \[[@CR4]\] and regulates the expression of approximately \>60 % of protein-coding genes. Data indicate that miRNA is involved in almost all important cellular biological processes, including proliferation, stress resistance, apoptosis and differentiation, and that abnormalities in one of these processes may result in a tumor \[[@CR5], [@CR6]\]. It has been suggested that a single miRNA can influence the expression of a variety of cancer-related genes. The process by which this occurs involves miRNA binding to the 3′-untranslated region of messenger RNA (mRNA), resulting in the degradation of mRNA or the suppression of its translation into a protein \[[@CR5], [@CR7]\]. A difference in the expression level of miRNA between cancerous tissue and adjacent healthy tissue was observed in previous studies, suggesting that miRNA plays a role in tumorigenesis as a tumor suppressor or oncogene, depending on the context.
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in miRNA gene-coding regions may affect the capacity of miRNA to bind to target mRNA and the maturation of miRNA \[[@CR8]\]. Accumulating evidence shows that miRNA SNPs are associated with the risk and prognosis of lung cancer and have great potential to be biomarkers for screening populations at high risk for lung malignancies. A large number of miRNA SNPs associated with lung cancer have been identified. For example, Vinci et al. reported that the CG genotype of miR-146a can increase the risk for non-small cell lung cancer \[[@CR9]\]. In addition, Xu et al. determined that the mir-196a2 polymorphism is associated with lung cancer risk \[[@CR10]\]. Against this background, based on miRNA and mRNA expression data as well as miRNA--target binding data extracted from the European Bioinformatics Institute(EBI) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), among others, and using bioinformatic methods such as CN2-SD and a review of the literature, three miRNA SNPs (miR-135a-2 rs10459194, miR-219-2 rs10988341 and miR-211 rs1514035) were selected to investigate their association with lung cancer. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have investigated this association.
Among Chinese female lung cancer patients, who have a low smoking rate \[[@CR11]\], smoking is not the main environmental risk factor contributing to lung cancer. Increasing evidence from epidemiological studies on lung cancer shows that exposure to cooking oil fumes is a major environmental factor that may increase the risk of lung cancer in Chinese nonsmoking females \[[@CR12], [@CR13]\]. The traditional Chinese cooking style involves stir-frying and deep-frying, which generates oil fumes. Our research team has performed a series of studies about the risk factors for lung cancer in Chinese nonsmoking females since the 1990s, which identified cooking oil fume exposure as a significant risk factor \[[@CR14]--[@CR17]\]. Therefore, in the present study, we explored the interaction of cooking oil fume exposure and miRNA SNPs on the risk of lung cancer. Specifically, here we investigated the relationship of three miRNA SNPs (miR-135a-2 rs10459194, miR-219-2 rs10988341 and miR-211 rs1514035) with the risk of lung cancer and the effect of this combination of miRNA SNPs and cooking oil fumes on this risk in nonsmoking females.
Methods {#Sec2}
=======
This hospital-based case--control study was carried out in Shenyang City, northeast China. It featured 268 female lung cancer patients as cases enrolled from The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University and Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute. The exclusion criteria for cases were as follows: 1) previous cancer, 2) metastasized cancer, 3) previous radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and 4) smoked more than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime. The control group consisted of 266 cancer-free individuals who were nonsmoking and recruited from medical examination centers during the same period. All subjects were Chinese Han women. The calculated sample sizes were 246, 220 and 224 for miR-135a-2 rs10459194, miR-219-2 rs10988341 and miR-211 rs1514035, respectively. Therefore, the sample size of the present study was sufficient. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of China Medical University and written informed consent was obtained from each participant. We interviewed each participant to obtain their demographic data and environmental exposure status when they were admitted to hospital and donated 10 ml of venous blood. With regard to cooking oil fume exposure, participants were asked, "How often does the air in your kitchen become filled with oily smoke during cooking?" There were four possible responses: "never," "seldom," "sometimes" and "frequently." Exposure to cooking oil fumes was categorized as an indicator variable equal to 1 if participants reported frequently or sometimes, and equal to 0 otherwise.
We isolated genomic DNA from the samples of venous blood using the phenol--chloroform method. We performed SNP genotyping by a method that we described previously \[[@CR18]\].
The differences in demographic variables and genotype distribution between cases and controls were tested by Student's *t*-test and *χ*^2^ test. The associations between SNPs and the risk of lung cancer and lung adenocarcinoma were evaluated using the ORs and their 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) calculated by unconditional logistic regression analysis. The relationships of combinations of SNPs and exposure to a range of environmental factors including cooking oil fumes with lung cancer and lung adenocarcinoma were evaluated in the same way. The gene--environment interaction was evaluated using crossover analysis (additive interaction) and logistic regression models (multiplicative interaction). We used those with both the protective genotype and no environmental exposure as a reference group in the analysis. In accordance with a report by Andersson, we calculated three measures of biological interaction: the relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), the attributable proportion due to interaction (AP) and the synergy index (S), as well as their 95 % CIs based on the three relative risk estimates and the corresponding covariance matrix from a logistic regression model \[[@CR19]\]. In the analysis of multiplicative interaction by logistic regression models, only the interaction term (cooking oil fume exposure × the genotype of the studied SNP) was included in the models. SPSS software (Version 20.0; IBM SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used to perform the statistical analyses mentioned above. All tests were two-sided and statistical significance was defined at *P* \< 0.05.
Results {#Sec3}
=======
Subject characteristics {#Sec4}
-----------------------
The present study consisted of 268 cases and 266 controls, who were all nonsmokers. The mean ages of the cases and controls were 55.30 ± 11.85 and 56.71 ± 11.69 years (mean ± SD), respectively. The results of Student's *t*-test for age indicated no significant difference between these two groups (t = 1.382, *P* = 0.167). The pathological types of lung cancer in the cases were as follows: 197 adenocarcinoma, 44 squamous cell lung cancer and 27 other. The numbers of cases and controls with a history of cooking oil fume exposure were 100 (37.3 %) and 66 (24.8 %); the incidence of exposure was higher in cases than in controls (*χ*^2^ = 9.739, *P* = 0.002). Those exposed to cooking oil fumes had a 1.80-fold higher risk of lung cancer than those without such exposure (OR = 1.80, 95 % CI = 1.24--2.62). The association of other environmental risk factors such as passive smoking and the presence of an indoor ventilation system with lung cancer was not statistically significant (data not shown). The genotype distributions of the three miRNA SNPs (miR-135a-2 rs10459194, miR-219-2 rs10988341 and miR-211 rs1514035) in the cases and controls are shown in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}. The genotype frequencies observed in the controls did not diverge significantly from those expected under Hardy--Weinberg equilibrium (*P* = 0.384 for rs10459194, *P* = 0.152 for rs10988341 and *P* = 0.246 for rs1514035).Table 1Allele and genotype frequencies of miRNA polymorphisms among cases and controls as well as their effects on lung cancer and adenocarcinoma risk in non-smoking femalesSNPNo of controls (%)Lung cancerLung adenocarcinomaNo (%)OR \[95 % CI\]*P* valueNo (%)OR \[95 % CI\]*P* valuemiR-135a-2 rs10459194 TT219 (82.3)210 (78.4)1.00 (ref)151 (76.6)1.00 (ref) TC46 (17.3)56 (20.9)1.270 (0.823--1.959)0.28145 (22.8)1.419 (0.895--2.248)0.136 CC1 (0.4)2 (0.7)2.086 (0.188--23.174)0.5501 (0.5)1.450 (0.895--2.248)0.793TC + CC vs TT1.287 (0.838--1.976)0.2491.419 (0.899--2.240)0.132CC vs TT + TC1.992 (0.180--22.106)0.5741.352 (0.084--21.749)0.831 T allele484 (91.0)476 (88.9)1.00 (ref)347 (88.1)1.00 (ref) C allele48 (9.0)60 (11.2)1.271 (0.852--1.896)0.23947 (11.9)1.366 (0.893--2.089)0.150miR-219-2 rs10988341 AA195 (73.3)186 (69.4)1.00 (ref)136 (69.0)1.00 (ref) AG62 (23.3)73 (27.2)1.234 (0.833--1.830)0.29452 (26.4)1.203 (0.783--1.846)0.399 GG9 (3.4)9 (3.4)1.048 (0.407--2.699)0.9229 (4.6)1.434 (0.555--3.706)0.457AG + GG vs AA1.211 (0.831--1.763)0.3191.232 (0.821--1.849)0.314GG vs AA + AG0.992 (0.388--2.540)0.9871.367 (0.532--3.510)0.516 A allele452 (85.0)445 (83.0)1.00 (ref)324 (82.2)1.00 (ref) G allele80 (15.0)91 (17.0)1.155 (0.833--1.603)0.38770 (17.8)1.221 (0.859--1.734)0.265miR-211 rs1514035 AA213 (80.1)219 (81.7)1.00 (ref)165 (83.8)1.00 (ref) AG48 (18.0)43 (16.0)0.871 (0.554--1.370)0.55128 (14.2)0.753 (0.453--1.252)0.274 GG5 (1.9)6 (2.2)1.167 (0.351--3.882)0.8014 (2.0)1.033 (0.273--3.906)0.962AG + GG vs AA0.899 (0.584--1.385)0.6300.779 (0.481--1.264)0.312GG vs AA + AG1.195 (0.360--3.965)0.7701.082 (0.287--4.082)0.908 A allele474 (89.1)481 (89.7)1.00 (ref)358 (90.9)1.00 (ref) G allele58 (10.9)55 (10.3)0.934 (0.633--1.380)0.73336 (9.1)0.822 (0.530--1.273)0.379*Abbreviation*: *SNP* single nucleotide polymorphism, *OR* odds ratio, *CI* confidence interval
SNP frequencies and associations with lung cancer and lung adenocarcinoma {#Sec5}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
The relationships of the three miRNA SNPs with susceptibility to lung cancer and lung adenocarcinoma are shown in Table [1](#Tab1){ref-type="table"}. We failed to find any statistically significant associations. It appears that the numbers of carriers with certain SNP genotypes (miR-135a-2 rs10459194 CC, miR-219-2 rs10988341GG and miR-211 rs1514035 GG genotype) were too small to obtain sufficient statistical power.
Table [2](#Tab2){ref-type="table"} shows the results of crossover analysis of the interaction between exposure to cooking oil fumes and the three miRNA SNPs on lung cancer risk; we found that carriers of the miR-135a-2 rs10459194 TT genotype who had been exposed to cooking oil fumes had a higher risk of lung cancer than such carriers with no such exposure (OR = 1.813, 95 % CI = 1.194--2.753, *P* = 0.005). An identical result was found in the group combining TC and CC carriers (OR = 2.208, 95 % CI = 1.078--4.524, *P* = 0.030). Carriers of the miR-219-2 rs10988341 AA genotype with cooking oil fume exposure were also found to have a higher risk of lung cancer than AA carriers without such exposure (OR = 1.806, 95 % CI = 1.162--2.808, *P* = 0.009). In the group combining those with the AG and GG genotypes, a similar result was obtained (OR = 2.164, 95 % CI = 1.153--4.061, *P* = 0.016). In addition, for miR-211 rs1514035, individuals with the AA genotype and cooking oil fume exposure had a 2.122-fold higher risk of lung cancer than the group combining AG and GG carriers (OR = 2.122, 95 % CI = 1.149--3.921, *P* = 0.016).Table 2Interaction between SNPs in miRNAs and cooking oil exposure on lung cancer susceptibility in Chinese non-smoking female populationSNPOilNo of controls (%)No of cases (%)OR (95 % CI)*P* valuers10459194 TTNon-exposure166 (62.4)133 (49.6)1.00 (ref)--- TC + CCNon-exposure34 (12.8)35 (13.1)1.285 (0.761--2.170)0.349 TTExposure53 (19.9)77 (28.7)1.813 (1.194--2.753)0.005 TC + CCExposure13 (4.9)23 (8.6)2.208 (1.078--4.524)0.030rs10988341 AANon-exposure147 (55.3)117 (43.7)1.00 (ref)--- AG + GGNon-exposure53 (19.9)51 (19.0)1.209 (0.767--1.905)0.413 AAExposure48 (18.0)69 (25.7)1.806 (1.162--2.808)0.009 AG + GGExposure18 (6.8)31 (11.6)2.164 (1.153--4.061)0.016rs1514035 AG + GGNon-exposure36 (13.5)27 (10.1)1.00 (ref)--- AANon-exposure164 (61.7)141 (52.6)1.146 (0.663--1.982)0.625 AG + GGExposure17 (6.4)22 (8.2)1.725 (0.771--3.963)0.185 AAExposure49 (18.4)78 (29.1)2.122 (1.149--3.921)0.016
In the subgroup of those with lung adenocarcinoma, the results were analogous to those in the lung cancer group, as shown in Table [3](#Tab3){ref-type="table"}. Carriers of the miR-135a-2 rs10459194 TT genotype, the miR-219-2 rs10988341 AA genotype and the miR-211 rs1514035 AA genotype with exposure to cooking oil fumes had a higher risk of lung adenocarcinoma (rs10459194 TT: OR = 1.597, 95 % CI = 1.011--2.524; rs10988341 AA: OR = 1.806, 95 % CI = 1.162--2.808; rs1514035 AA: OR = 2.167, 95 % CI = 1.115--4.215) The significant results were also found in the group combining miR-135a-2 rs10459194 TC and CC carriers, and the group combining miR-219-2 rs10988341 AG and GG carriers with cooking oil fume exposure (rs10459194 TC + CC: OR = 2.554, 95 % CI = 1.217--5.358; rs10988341 AG + GG: OR = 2.065, 95 % CI = 1.049--4.064).Table 3Interaction between SNPs in miRNAs and cooking oil exposure on lung adenocarcinoma in Chinese non-smoking female populationSNPOilNo of controls (%)No of cases (%)OR (95 % CI)*P* valuers10459194 TTNon-exposure166 (62.4)100 (50.8)1.00 (ref)--- TC + CCNon-exposure34 (12.8)26 (13.2)1.269 (0.720--2.240)0.410 TTExposure53 (19.9)51 (25.9)1.597 (1.011--2.524)0.045 TC + CCExposure13 (4.9)20 (10.2)2.554 (1.217--5.358)0.013rs10988341 AANon-exposure147 (55.3)87 (44.2)1.00 (ref)--- AG + GGNon-exposure53 (19.9)39 (19.8)1.243 (0.761--2.032)0.385 AAExposure48 (18.0)49 (24.9)1.725 (1.069--2.783)0.025 AG + GGExposure18 (6.8)22 (11.2)2.065 (1.049--4.064)0.036rs1514035 AG + GGNon-exposure36 (13.5)20 (10.2)1.00 (ref)--- AANon-exposure164 (61.7)106 (53.8)1.163 (0.639--2.117)0.620 AG + GGExposure17 (6.4)12 (6.1)1.271 (0.507--3.186)0.610 AAExposure49 (18.4)59 (29.9)2.167 (1.115--4.215)0.023Table 4Interaction measures between SNPs in miRNAs and cooking oil exposure on lung cancer and adenocarcinoma in Chinese non-smoking female populationSNPLung cancerLung adenocarcinomaMeasureEstimate95 % CIMeasureEstimate95 % CIrs10459194RERI0.110−1.641, 1.861RERI0.687−1.309, 2.683AP0.050−0.716, 0.815AP0.269−0.357, 0.895S1.1000.247, 4.906S1.7930.363, 8.848rs10988341RERI0.149−1.362, 1.659RERI0.097−1.468, 1.662AP0.069−0.599, 0.736AP0.047−0.689, 0.783S1.1470.291, 4.154S1.1000.239, 5.067rs1514035RERI0.251−1.154, 1.656RERI0.733−0.554, 2.021AP0.118−0.541, 0.777AP0.338−0.237, 0.914S1.2870.256, 6.463S2.6900.117, 61.648*RERI* relative excess risk due to interaction, *AP* attributable proportion due to interaction, *S* synergy index, *95 % CI* 95 % confidence interval
Above cross-over results indicated that the gene-environment interaction may exist, so statistical tests were used to evaluate the significance of the interaction on both additive scale and multiplicative scale. Table [4](#Tab4){ref-type="table"} showed the interaction results on an additive scale including three measures and their 95 % CIs to suggest the biological interaction. The results suggested that the interactions between the SNPs and cooking fume exposure were not significant on an additive scale. In the analysis of gene--environment interaction, logistic models suggested that the gene--environment interaction was not statistically significant on a multiplicative scale. In logistic regression analyses of lung cancer, ORs (95 % CIs) and *P*-values of interaction terms were 0.948 (0.375--2.395) and 0.910 for oil × rs10459194, 0.991 (0.434--2.260) and 0.983 for oil × rs10988341, and 1.073 (0.432--2.665) and 0.879 for oil × rs1514035, respectively. In adenocarcinoma, ORs (95 % CIs) and *P*-values of interaction terms were 1.259 (0.473--3.351) and 0.644 for oil × rs10459194, 0.963 (0.396--2.339) and 0.934 for oil × rs10988341, and 1.466 (0.527--4.081) and 0.464 for oil × rs1514035, respectively.
Discussion {#Sec6}
==========
The etiopathogenesis of lung cancer is a complicated issue in which multiple factors are involved. Our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms in the carcinogenesis of lung malignancies is still limited. Smoking has been established as a predominant environmental risk factor for lung cancer, but the prevalence of smoking is very low in Chinese women (2.4 % for those over 15 years old), according to a report published by the World Health Organization \[[@CR11]\]; in addition, it was reported that 53 % of female lung cancer patients were nonsmokers \[[@CR2]\]. Therefore, for Chinese females, there may be environmental risk factors other than smoking that make larger contributions to lung cancer susceptibility. The traditional Chinese style of cooking often involves stir-frying and deep-frying, in which oil is usually heated to a high temperature and some mutagens and human carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and benzo\[a\]pyrene 7,8-diol 9,10-epoxide are generated, which may result in DNA damage to the cells, thus increasing susceptibility to lung cancer \[[@CR20]\]. Our research team has performed studies to verify the significant associations between cooking oil fume exposure and lung cancer risk in Chinese nonsmoking females \[[@CR14]--[@CR17], [@CR21], [@CR22]\]. The present study suggested that individuals with exposure to cooking oil fumes had a 1.80-fold increased risk of developing lung cancer. It was also reported that cooking oil fume condensates could lead to DNA damage \[[@CR23]\], induce an increase of DNA crosslinks \[[@CR24]\], and inhibit cell growth and increase TGF-β1 secretion, resulting in oxidative stress in lung epithelial cells \[[@CR25]\]. Other population-based studies have also shown the importance of cooking oil fume exposure in the risk of lung cancer among nonsmoking females \[[@CR26]--[@CR28]\].
The relationship between mutations such as SNPs in miRNA gene-coding regions and cancer susceptibility has become a major focus of attention in cancer research in recent decades. miRNAs play a role as tumor suppressors or oncogenes in malignancies, and accumulating evidence from miRNA expression profiles has demonstrated the ectopic expression of miRNAs in malignant tissues compared with that in adjacent nontumor tissue \[[@CR29]--[@CR31]\]. In addition, SNPs in miRNA-coding regions may affect the expression level of miRNAs, thus potentially having an effect on susceptibility to lung cancer. This background prompted us to evaluate the associations between three miRNA SNPs and lung cancer risk, but we did not obtain any statistically significant results. In nonsmokers, as lung adenocarcinoma is the most common type of lung cancer, so we subsequently conducted a subgroup analysis stratified by histopathological type, but also obtained no statistically significant results. We attribute this to the small numbers of carriers of some genotypes, so a larger sample size may provide sufficient statistical power to validate such association.
For miR-135a-2 rs10459194, TT carriers and the group combining CT and CC carriers who had been exposed to cooking oil fumes were found to have a greater risk of lung cancer than carriers of the TT genotype without such exposure. This is consistent with evidence that cooking oil fume exposure may increase the risk of developing lung cancer. In addition, specifically in lung adenocarcinoma, an elevated risk was also observed in TT carriers and the group combining CT and CC carriers with cooking oil fume exposure. Abnormal expression of miR-135a has been observed in several kinds of malignancy, suggesting its role in carcinogenesis. For example, a study by Navarro et al. found that miR-135a can function as a tumor suppressor by targeting JAK2 to suppress STAT3 activation, and showed that the expression of cyclin D1 and Bcl-xL was reduced in classic Hodgkin's lymphoma. This was supported by similar findings in another study by Wu et al. that investigated the role of miR-135a in gastric cancer \[[@CR32]\]. However, to the best of our knowledge, no previous studies focused on the association between miR-135a-2 rs10459194 and lung cancer risk. We thus believe that this is the first study to evaluate the association between this novel miRNA SNP and susceptibility to lung malignancies.
The biological functions of miR-211 in the carcinogenesis of a variety of malignancies have been extensively investigated, with the results suggesting that it can act as a tumor suppressor or oncogene depending on the tissue and other characteristics. In an in vitro study by Boyle et al., it was reported that the overexpression of miR-211 may decrease cancer invasiveness by directly targeting BRN2 translation in melanoma cells \[[@CR33]\]. However, in another in vitro study that investigated the role of miR-211 in colorectal cancer, it was found that the enforced expression of miR-211 can promote cancer cell growth by suppressing the expression of CHD5, which is a tumor suppressor \[[@CR34]\]. Here, we report for the first time that miR-211 rs1514035 AA genotype carriers who had been exposed to cooking oil fumes had an increased risk of developing lung cancer compared with the group combining AG and GG genotype carriers without such exposure. As an example of another miRNA that might play important roles in cancer, miR-219 has been reported to be involved in the carcinogenesis of a range of malignancies. A study by Lei et al. indicated that its expression was downregulated in gastric cancer specimens, and that reintroducing the expression of miR-219 may suppress cell proliferation, migration and invasion and induce apoptosis, suggesting that miR-219 plays a tumor suppressor role in gastric cancer \[[@CR35]\]. In addition, in hepatocellular carcinoma, miR-219 also acts as a tumor suppressor that was found to be significantly downregulated and to be able to suppress cell proliferation by targeting glypican-3 \[[@CR36]\]. However, no studies have reported the biological function of miR-219 in the carcinogenesis of lung cancer. In the current study, we observed a statistically significant increase in the risk of lung cancer and lung adenocarcinoma in those with the miR-219-2 rs10988341 AA genotype and the group combining AG and GG genotype carriers who had also been exposed to cooking oil fumes.
The effects of gene--environment interaction on lung cancer risk have seldom been investigated. Hence, in the present study, we evaluated the interaction between exposure to cooking oil fumes and three miRNA SNPs on lung cancer risk. However, we did not obtain any statistically significant results for this interaction, which may be attributable to the small sample size that precluded sufficient statistical power being obtained. Therefore, the effects of this gene--environment interaction on susceptibility to lung cancer should be investigated in further studies with larger samples.
There are several limitations of the current study that should be noted. First, this is a hospital-based case--control study in which the subjects were enrolled from hospitals, which may have resulted in selection bias and prevented the sample from being approximately representative of the overall population. As such, caution should be taken when extrapolating the findings to other populations prior to validation in larger samples. Second, all the results in the present study were only statistically significant, the underling mechanisms remain unknown. Third, the sample size may have been too small to obtain conclusive results, so the findings need to be validated in further studies.
Conclusions {#Sec7}
===========
In this study, no significant associations were identified between miRNA polymorphisms (miR-26a-1 rs7372209, miR-605 rs2043556, miR-16-1 rs1022960) and the risk of lung cancer in a Chinese nonsmoking female population. In addition, the interactions between these miRNA polymorphisms and cooking oil fume exposure were not statistically significant.
AP
: The attributable proportion due to interaction
CI
: Confidence interval
mRNA
: Message RNA
OR
: Odds ratio
RERI
: The relative excess risk due to interaction
S
: The synergy index
SNP
: Single nucleotide polymorphism
We are grateful to patients for their participation. We would like to thank all the personnel at the hospitals in our study.
This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81102194).
Funding {#FPar1}
=======
This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81102194).
Availability of data and material {#FPar2}
=================================
The datasets during and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Authors' contributions {#FPar3}
======================
ZY carried out SNP genotyping, data analyzing and manuscript drafting. ZC, HL and YR participated in data collection and DNA isolation. BQ, NR and QL participated in SNP genotyping and statistical analysis. BZ conceived of the study, and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests {#FPar4}
===================
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Consent for publication {#FPar5}
=======================
Not applicable.
Ethics approval and consent to participate {#FPar6}
==========================================
The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of China Medical University and written informed consent was obtained from each participant.
|
LIVE FROM LAS VEGAS: Poile earns 3rd place in GM of the Year voting…
The Nashville Predators have never been swept in a playoff series. They might just be swept at tonight’s NHL Awards, however.
Out of four nominees, only Pekka Rinne (Vezina Trophy) remains as the other three Nashville representatives have lost.
Going into the night, it looked like Shea Weber was one of the favorites to win the Norris Trophy. But Nicklas Lidstrom beat him out by a mere nine points in the closest vote since 1996. Then it looked like Barry Trotz, who managed to steer his injury-decimated team into the playoffs, had a chance. But he finished in third. Now General Manager David Poile’s turn came and he suffered the same fate as his coach, finishing third in the voting.
Poile, the only repeat nominee in the two-year history of the award, received 55 points (six first place votes, six second place votes and seven third place votes). Vancouver’s Mike Gillis, tallied 96 points (including 14 first place votes) in the runaway victory. Steve Yzerman, in his first year as a GM, finished just ahead of Poile with 61 points.
While it’s highly unlikely, Rinne’s turn to break the shutout is next.
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Capt4Chris
June 22, 2011 at 10:57 pm
Oh come on. What a sham!
About Jeremy K. Gover
Jeremy grew up in the Bay Area cheering for the Sharks since their inception. He moved to Nashville in September of 2005 and became a season ticket holder a day later. Thankfully, he no longer bleeds teal. You can e-mail Jeremy at jeremy@section303.com.
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It's a long way to the promise land
so you'd better well know your way
where's a ship on the ocean
and an albatross who is trying to lead you astray
leaders, politicians, and power whores
are in line to receive your choice
and you bet your ass, if you give it to them,
they will gladly take your voice
and it's a long way to the promise land
wo-oh oh oh oh
it's a long way to the promise land,
if we work we might find it here
there's no substitute for enlightenment,
there's no reason for bridled fear
when you join the people who've joined the club
you gotta clench and play your hand
cuz if you fall in line you're gonna fall in time
and you'll never make a stand
it's a long way to the promise land
wo-oh oh oh oh
what are you going to do?
when they call for you?
bend and capitulate?
or keep your head on straight?
easy answers bought without experience,
is gonna lead you to certain doom
because the truth is just what you make of it,
it begins and ends with you!
and it's a long way to the promise land
wo-oh oh oh oh |
Ladies Concept Stretch V-Neck Tee
This super soft v-neck has a modern look and layers beautifully. A touch of spandex allows for comfortable stretch, while retaining exceptional fit. (This replaces the Ladies Modern Stretch Cotton V-Neck Tee.) |
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Obsessive Relationships
OCD and Relationships
How does Obsessive Compulsive Disorder affect relationships?
It is horrible to have OCD, but the disorder is made especially worse when it causes problems in a relationship. The normal partner is often put in an awkward position, trying to understand and often accommodate behaviors which are bizarre. From their perspective, many compromises and sacrifices are often made. This sometimes causes resentment and friction within the relationship.
On the other hand, the person with the Obsessive Compulsive Disorder desperately needs the help of someone that they can confide in and trust. They may feel helpless in knowing that the non-OCDer cannot truly understand how much the illness controls their actions.
An OCDer can feel betrayed when some "personal rule" is accidentally broken/ignored by their partner or when the disorder is used as the focal point of daily conflicts within the relationship.
Very often the non-OCDer will be unsure of the best way to deal with things. It can be extremely upsetting to see a loved one trying to cope with the illness and being tormented by their obsessions.
The non-OCDer can feel as if they are placed in an impossible position. On the one hand, they might feel compelled to help their partner by accommodating their bizarre and irrational fears and rituals - whilst on the other hand they may be reluctant to do anything that might make the illness worse. This can push the theory known as "tough love" to it's limits.
After years of living with this illness, a tremendous amount of strain is put on the relationship. Both partners may have several feelings and emotions regarding the other.
The non-OCDer may well feel so absorbed in the bizarre world of their OCD partner that it feels like they share the disorder with them. Of course, there may also be feelings of resentment, especially if they have been restricted in their life and their enjoyment of certain things has been affected. They may well have been prevented from doing certain things or going to certain places due to their partner's fears.
The partner with the disorder needs the assistance, support and co-operation of the other, especially when dealing with the compulsions, but this may result in them feeling guilty for disrupting their loved one's lives in such a way.
Of course, families struggle under the pressure of OCD too. Some members of a family may not understand or tolerate the irrational behavior that the illness encourages. It is important to give family members as much information and education about the illness as possible, so that everyone within the family unit understands the seriousness of the illness, it's symptoms, and the amount of torment repeatedly being placed on the sufferer. The family should also find out the best way they can handle the illness without making it worse - both for the sufferer and for themselves!
There is no doubt that OCD does put a great deal of strain on any relationship, and there are many couples and families that do break up, with OCD being used as a real/imagined excuse. However, there are also many people who rise up to the challenges of OCD and become closer and better people despite it. It isn't easy coping with the symptoms of OCD or sharing the pain, embarrassment or hopelessness that it brings. It is hard being on either end of "Tough love."
The greatest feeling we can ALL have and share, though, is "love." It is the one thing that holds any relationship or family together, and in the end, it is this gift that will keep any relationship together. |
Kelly Khumalo gets funeral red card
Senzo Meyiwa’s family has reportedly told his babymama girlfriend Kelly Khumalo that she’s not welcome at the slain goalkeeper’s funeral this weekend.
The Bafana Bafana and Orlando Pirates star was murdered at the singer’s house on Sunday evening – they were dating although he was still married to Mandisa Mkhize.
Senzo’s grieving dad Samuel told The New Age newspaper that “the service is open to anyone who wants to pay their last respects to Senzo, but that girl [Kelly Khumalo] is not welcome. She mustn’t even think about coming”.
The funeral will take place in Senzo’s hometown Umlazi in Durban on Saturday. As yet no arrests have been made.
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Comparison of the structure of archaebacterial ribosomal proteins equivalent to proteins L11 and L1 from Escherichia coli ribosomes.
The sequences of two ribosomal proteins from two widely divergent species of archaebacteria, Halobacterium cutirubrum and Sulfolobus solfataricus, have been deduced from the structure of their respective genes. These two proteins were found to be equivalent to the L11 and L1 ribosomal proteins of the eubacterium Escherichia coli. Sequence comparison revealed that the archaebacterial L11e (equivalent to E. coli L11) proteins are longer than the eubacterial protein due to a C-terminal extension of about 30 residues. The archaebacterial L11e proteins, like the E. coli L11, are rich in proline residues; most of these are conserved. L11 is the most highly methylated protein in the E. coli ribosome. However, sites of methylation are generally not conserved in the archaebacterial L11e proteins. The region of highest sequence similarity between L11 and the archaebacterial L11e proteins is the N-terminal domain. This domain is believed to interact with release factor 1 during termination of translation. The amino acid sequences of the archaebacterial L1e proteins were compared to the eubacterial E. coli L1 and Bacillus stearothermophilus L1e sequences. The archaebacterial L1e proteins are slightly shorter at both their N- and C-termini. A region of high sequence similarity (7 of 14 residues) occurs near the center of the proteins. |
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Why this works: I'm a huge fan of mixing black and brown in outfit (as seen in this post!), but I've been stuck in a rut with only using a yellow-brown/cognac color. That's why I found the taupe brown color they used in the inspiration photo so refreshing! I definitely wanted to give it a try. The taupe color in my sweater ties in the taupe color in my shoes. I also chose a shirt with "light black" print, versus something with a dark black print, making it blend more easily with the brown. The prints are different, but one is very large (shirt), and one is very small (my shoes) so they work nicely together. I piled on some gold jewelry and a matching belt and I am good to go! Have you mixed taupe and black together? What are your tips for wearing two different animal prints at once?
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J's Everyday Fashion makes fashion fun, approachable and something everyone feels welcome to enjoy! Get inspired to try something new, and solve the daily question of "what to wear?" on a budget. More >
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This torpedo shaped clear LED chandelier light bulb can be used in a variety of applications, including decorative use in chandeliers, wall sconces, hotel, restaurant and residential use. They are ideal as replacements for incandescent bulbs, as they save energy costs and have a significantly longer life. Our unique design uses a specially designed LED to simulate an actual incandescent filament. Long-life, low power consumption and shock resistance make them a cost effective alternative to incandescent bulbs in the various decorative applications. These LEDs will dim on nearly all dimming circuits, making them versatile and a great alternative! |
ST. PETERSBURG — Four children, the youngest of whom is 4 years old, broke into a church early Saturday morning, police said.
Three of the children, an 11-year-old girl, a 14-year-old girl, and a 14-year old boy, face burglary and obstruction charges. The 4-year-old boy was released to his family, according to the St. Petersburg Police Department.
Authorities said the four children broke into a locked shed, two vans and climbed into a window at the 20th Street Church of Christ, which is under renovation, about 1:41 a.m. Saturday. They ran when officers arrived.
Police originally had reported the incident happened early Sunday. No further information was immediately available. |
An earthquake measuring 5.9 on the Richter scale shook northern Haiti on Sat., Oct. 6, 2018, at 8:11 p.m. Haitian authorities say 14 people died and close to 200 were injured, but those figures are expected to rise.
Dozens of homes were damaged and a few large structures, including a church, a school, and an auditorium, wholly or partially collapsed.
The epicenter of the quake was in the ocean, 12 miles north of Port-de-Paix, northwest Haiti’s largest city. Damage was also reported in the large town of Gros Morne, and at least one death occurred on La Tortue Island.
A map showing the epicenter of the Oct. 6, 2018 earthquake of Ile de la Tortue, near Port-de-Paix.
Another weaker 5.2 earthquake occurred at 4:00 p.m. on Sun., Oct. 7, some 10 miles north of Port-de-Paix. It was 11 times less powerful than the quake the day before.
The meagre Western media coverage afforded The Great March of Return's beginnings in March has now all but disappeared, so those in Canada relying on the CBC and other corporate-interested news sources may be surprised to learn, the Great March trudges on; just as does the wanton murder of its defenseless, civilian participants.
Over the weekend, Israel's military killed seven more Palestinians, while injuring hundreds; at least 90 of those being wounded by live-bullet fire.
Ashraf al-Qedra, spokesman for the Gaza Health Ministry says, 163 Gazans have died, with more than 20,000 being treated for injuries in Gaza's threadbare hospitals.
But, it's not only the Canadian media derelict in its duty; when it comes to Gaza, Canada's government, including opposition parties in the House of Commons, remains almost entirely silent.
Jonathan Kuttab is a human rights lawyer practicing in East Jerusalem. He is the co-founder of the organizations: Al Haq, the first international human rights legal organization in Palestine; The Palestinian Center for the Study of Non-Violence (now Non-Violence International); and The Mandela Institute for Prisoners. He is also a founding director of Just Peace Advocates/Mouvement pour une Paix Juste, a Canadian-based international law/human rights not-for-profit organization.
Jonathan is currently on a cross-Canada speaking tour. He spoke last night in Comox, and will be in Victoria tonight at 7pm presenting, 'The future of Jerusalem in the time of Trump' at UVic's David Turpin Building.
Jonathan Kuttab in the first half.
And; though Canada daily abrogates its international treaty-mandated duty to protect the human rights of Gazans, it has not exited the World stage altogether. The country boasting, "a consistently strong voice for the protection of human rights and the advancement of democratic values..." has adopted, along with its trade partners, the modern siege method, imposing economic sanctions against the democratically elected government of Venezuela.
Most Canadians would doubtless blanch at the hypocrisy of their nation's position, if only they knew the depth of its profundity. But, there again is where the CBC and its corporate media cohorts come in - or fail to do so.
Alison Bodine is Coordinator of the Fire This Time Movement for Social Justice's Venezuela Solidarity Campaign. The long-time antiwar and social justice activist is too a researcher and writer for the Fire This Time! monthly newspaper.
Alison Bodine and Canada as democracy's arsonist in Venezuela in the second half.
And; Victoria-based activist and CFUV Radio broadcaster at-large, Janine Bandcroft will be here at the bottom of the hour with the Left Coast Events Bulletin for some of the good things to be gotten up to in and around our town in the coming week. But first, Jonathan Kuttab and the future of Palestine at a crossroads.
It might seem cavalier for an academically credentialed anthropologist to assert political influence on the population he is supposed to be studying; however, Goette-Luciak’s activities fit within a long tradition.
MANAGUA, NICARAGUA — (Investigation) The Guardian, The Washington Post, the BBC and NPR have assigned an American anthropologist with no previous journalistic experience to cover the crisis in Nicaragua.
The novice reporter, named Carl David Goette-Luciak, has published pieces littered with falsehoods that reinforce the opposition’s narrative promoting regime change while relying almost entirely on anti-Sandinista sources.
An investigation for MintPress reveals that Goette-Luciak has forged intimate ties to the opposition, and has essentially functioned as its publicist under journalistic cover. Having claimed to work in the past as an anthropologist and “human rights defender,” Goette-Luciak operated side-by-side with activists from a U.S.-backed opposition party known as the Sandinista Renovation Movement, or MRS.
As we will see in this investigation, U.S. government-funded organizations have supplied the MRS with millions of dollars worth of election assistance, and continue to fund its activists by funding their NGO’s and social media training.
Moscow - At 19:50 on Thursday evening Moskovsky Komsomolets (MK), one of the largest circulation newspapers in Russia, published an announcement from Dmitry Peskov, spokesman for the Kremlin.
“The Russian President’s Press Secretary Dmitry Peskov has said that the Kremlin will check information from the investigation of Bellingcat and The Insider on suspects of the Salisbury poisoning of the Skripals where it is claimed that Ruslan Boshirov, accused by London of involvement, is a member of GRU, Hero of Russia, Colonel Anatoly Chepiga.
“In the words of Peskov, in the Kremlin [officials] intend to check the lists of recipients from the President of this title. He added that the official position is still unchanged. And it was announced by the President, and the suspects themselves.”
When Peskov claimed the Kremlin “will [sic] check information from the investigation of Bellingcat”, more than twenty-four hours had already passed since he had first seen the Bellingcat report on Boshirov and Chepiga. That Peskov did not already have the GRU file on Chepiga, the Hero of Russia list, and the relationship between Chepiga and Boshirov is impossible.
The US government’s decision to slash funds provided to the United Nations agency that cares for Palestinian refugees, UNRWA, is part of a new American-Israeli strategy aimed at redefining the rules of the game altogether. As a result, UNRWA is experiencing its worst financial crisis. The gap in its budget is estimated at around $217 million, and is rapidly increasing.
Aside from future catastrophic events that would result in discontinuing services and urgent humanitarian aid to five million refugees registered with UNRWA, the impact of the US callous decision is already reverberating in many refugee camps across the region.
Currently, UNRWA has downgraded many of its services: laying off many teachers, reducing staff and working hours at various clinics. Nearly 40 percent of all Palestinian refugees live in Jordan, a country that is already overwhelmed by a million Syrian refugees who sought shelter there because of the grinding and deadly war in their own country.
In their obsession for regime change, Ottawa is backing talk of an invasion of Venezuela. And the NDP is enabling Canada’s interventionist policy.
Last week 11 of the 14 member states of the anti-Venezuelan “Lima Group” backed a statement distancing the alliance from “any type of action or declaration that implies military intervention” after Organization of American States chief Luis Almagro stated:
“As for military intervention to overthrow the Nicolas Maduro regime, I think we should not rule out any option … diplomacy remains the first option but we can’t exclude any action.”
Canada, Guyana and Colombia refused to criticize the head of the OAS’ musings about an invasion of Venezuela.
In recent weeks there has been growing tension on the border between Colombia and Venezuela. Some believe Washington is pushing for a conflict via Colombia, which recently joined NATO.
Last summer Donald Trump threatened to invade Venezuela. “We have many options for Venezuela including a possible military option if necessary,” the US President said.
When Canada became a war-making nation, the nation's elite worried about public reaction. They fretted over a cover story; something clever and convincing, along the lines of a national mythos to quiet the conscience of a citizenry made uncomfortable by the truth of the horror and suffering being inflicted on distant others. As it turned out, their troubled nights were wasted.
It seems no damning deed done can shake Canadians' indomitable self-congratulation, nor dim their ineffably lofty self-regard. Though the richest nation in Africa be destroyed, creating a chaos the likes of which has not been writ since the time of Pharaohs, Canada and its paragons bray of their part played - as if heroes.
Yves Engler is a Montréal-based activist, essayist, and author. His articles appear at Dissident Voice, The Palestine Chronicle, Rabble.ca, and Pacific Free Press among other places. Some of his nine book titles include: 'A Propaganda System—How Canada’s Government, Corporations, Media and Academia Sell War and Exploitation', 'Canada in Africa — 300 Years of Aid and Exploitation', and 'The Ugly Canadian — Stephen Harper’s Foreign Policy'.
Yves’ new book, 'Left, Right: Marching to the Beat of Imperial Canada' is freshly off the press and tries, as reviewer David Swanson notes, "to provide 10% of the explanation for why many Canadians suffer under the delusion that their nation’s government is a benevolent force in the world..."
Yves Engler in the first half.
And; Canada's complicity in international criminality is not limited to the destruction, with NATO compatriots, of countries like Libya or the Former Yugoslavia, it too works diligently to undermine democracy in countries like Haiti, Nicaragua, Venezuela, and Honduras. And, even as it vociferously champions human rights best practices, Canada tacitly supports the oppressive military occupations conducted by friends America, Britain, and Israel.
Michael J. Carpenter is a post-doctoral fellow with the Borders in Globalization project at the Department of Political Science at the University of Victoria whose dissertation explored the theory and practice of civic struggle - struggle also known as "nonviolent direct action", "civil resistance", and "people power." His work is focused especially in the context of the Middle East, and Palestine in particular.
Micheal J. Carpenter and taking exception to human rights exceptionalism in the second half.
And; Victoria-based activist and CFUV Radio broadcaster at-large, Janine Bandcroft will be here at the bottom of the hour with the Left Coast Events Bulletin of some of the good things to be gotten up to in and around our town in the coming week. But first, Yves Engler and the dark underside of the Great White North.
With neo-colonialism's second wave currently rolling across Africa, it serves well to remember, for one People the first wave never crested.
Western Sahara is home to the Saharawi, who have fought, and continue to fight for their independence, first from Spanish, then Moroccan occupiers.
Their self-declared Saharawi Arab Democratic Republic is recognized by more than fifty of nations, and yet they still suffer the most extreme deprivations, unable to profit from the wealth stolen from their ancestral lands.
Sirocco: Winds of Resistance is a Canadian-made film about the role Canada plays in the colonization of Western Sahara and how that effects the lives of two Saharawi women and their grandmothers. The BC premier will screen next Friday, September 28th at Cafe Simpatico, 1923 Fernwood Rd.
And; whether the Panic of 1907, Wall Street Crash of 1929, or the recently remembered, Financial Crisis of 2008, Autumn has historically been unkind to market capitalists. While those cyclical reversals, or "haircuts", visited through the vagaries of the stock market on investors may be mere "bumps in the road" for the monied class, for the rest of us those crashes can mean life-altering disaster. So why then do we abide this financial catastrophe creating system continue; is there no other way!?
The folk behind the 13th Annual Victoria Anarchist Bookfair think there is, and as ever their Bookfair presents workshops and speakers on a wide range of topics. The collective says, "We seek to challenge colonial attitudes, introduce anarchism to the public, foster dialogue between various political traditions, and create radical, inclusive, anti-oppressive spaces."
Jon Valentine is a long-time volunteer with the Victoria chapter of Food Not Bombs, members of the 13th Anarchist Bookfair collective, kicking off this weekend in Fernwood at 1240 Gladstone. Jon is too a dedicated social activist and two-time Victoria candidate for City Council.
Jon Valentine and a festival of anarchy in Fernwood in the second half.
And; Victoria horticulturalist and greentrepreneur extraordinaire, Christina Nikolic at the bottom of the hour with the Left Coast Events Bulletin of some of the good things to get up to in and around our town in the coming week. But first, Terry Wolfwood and Western Sahara's winds of resistance.
Like many, my first thought at the interview of Boshirov and Petrov – which apparently are indeed their names – is that they were very unconvincing. The interview itself seemed to be set up around a cramped table with a poor camera and lighting, and the interviewer seemed pretty hopeless at asking probing questions that would shed any real light.
I had in fact decided that their story was highly improbable, until I started seeing the storm of twitter posting, much of it from mainstream media journalists, which stated that individual things were impossible which were, in fact, not impossible at all.
The first and most obvious regards the weather on 3 and 4 March. It is in fact absolutely true that, if the two had gone down to Salisbury on 3 March with the intention of going to Stonehenge, they would have been unable to get there because of the snow. It is therefore perfectly possible that they went back the next day to try again; and public transport out of Salisbury was still severely disrupted, and many roads closed, on 4 March. Proof of this is not at all difficult to find.
Fears of a broader, perhaps global, war spreading from the fires of Syria's seven-plus year conflict are currently being fanned by western media.
The focus of its interest this time is in Idlib province, where previously defeated fighters were allowed by the Syrian Arab Army to flee.
As it has in the past, the press is propagating an "Assad chemical weapons attack" narrative, used once in East Ghouta to unsuccessfully fool president Obama into escalation, and again in Khan Sheikoun, prompting president Trump into a retaliatory cruise missile barrage, (ostensibly to protect Syrian civilians).
The truth though is, the war fomented and fueled by Trump's predecessor has always been about regime change, and that failed effort remains the impetus behind all the American coalition's actions so far, and whichever others are to come.
Roger Annis is a longtime socialist and trade union activist. He’s a prolific essayist, whose website, A Socialist in Canada covers a broad swath of topics and issues from a social justice and peace perspective. He’s followed western regime change efforts in Ukraine, Venezuela, and Syria and contends, when it comes to foreign affairs, whether Trudeau, or Trump, May or Macron, the policies are indistinguishable.
Roger Annis in the first half.
And; those following the career of Donald Trump's National Security Advisor, John Bolton will be unsurprised by his recent threats against and disparagement of the International Criminal Court. But the vitriol of his attack, with its denial of allowing US soldiers answer for alleged torture and other war crimes committed in Afghanistan, and denunciation of efforts by Palestine to get the ICC to indict Israel for its crimes against civilians is instructive; touching as it does the rawest of the New American Century's nerves, exceptionalism.
David Swanson is a peace and political justice activist, journalist, radio host, and author. He’s also director of WorldBeyondWar.org whose annual confab Designing a World Beyond War: Legalizing Peace kicks off this week in Toronto. David's book titles include: ‘War No More: The Case for Abolition,’ ‘When the World Outlawed War,’ ‘War Is a Lie,’ and ‘The Military Industrial complex at 50’ among others.
You can find out more at: #NoWar2018. David also blogs at Let’s Try Democracy (DavidSwanson.org), WarIsACrime.org, and hosts the public affairs program, Talk Nation Radio.
David Swanson and designing a World beyond war in the second half.
And; Victoria-based activist and CFUV Radio broadcaster at-large, Janine Bandcroft will be here at the bottom of the hour with the Left Coast Events Bulletin of some of the good things to gotten up to in and around our town in the coming week. But first, Roger Annis and the accelerating pressures on regimes still resisting "change."
The American coup machine has taken its efforts to topple Nicaraguan democracy to a higher level. Addressing the UN Security Council yesterday, US Ambassador to the United Nations, Nikki Haley said, "With each passing day Nicaragua travels further down a familiar path. It is a path that Syria has taken. It is a path that Venezuela has taken."
That "path" to which the Ambassador refers in other quarters is called national sovereignty and self-determination; something anathema to the United States now in Nicaragua, as it has been, as Haley reminds, in Venezuela, a country currently suffering a vicious financial sanctions attack, and in Syria, a place America has done its utmost to destroy, and even now occupies militarily.
But it's not just hawks like Nikki Haley gunning for Nicaragua; in a cunning bit of wordplay, Leila Swan of Human Rights Watch slays two recalcitrant Latin American birds in one sentence saying, "It's hard not to think about the early stages of Venezuela’s crisis while watching the brutal crackdown unfolding in Nicaragua." So what's really going on?
And; Britain's prime minister addressed the nation's Parliament yesterday saying she had solved the Skripal poisoning case. Her accompanying presentation featured photos and maps and other visual aids, but contained little a prosecutor could use to justify charges being brought, let alone the actual evidence needed in court to secure a conviction. But no matter, the case is meant to tried in the court of public opinion, an arena Theresa May is desperate to "court" these days.
John Helmer is a long-time, Moscow-based journalist, author, and essayist whose website, Dances with Bears is the only Russian-based news bureau “independent of single national or commercial ties.” He’s also a former political science professor who’s served as advisor to governments on three continents, and regularly lectures on Russian topics.
Helmer’s book titles include: ‘Uncovering Russia,’ ‘Urbanman: The Psychology of Urban Survival,’ ‘Bringing the War Home: The American Soldier in Vietnam and After,’ and ‘Drugs and Minority Oppression’, among others. His latest article, 'The New Allegations in the Skripal Case and the Standard of Proof' takes aim at the latest media muddling of the Skripal case.
John Helmer and trying days for England's Queen of Hearts in the second half.
And; Victoria-based activist and CFUV Broadcaster at-large, Janine Bandcroft will be here at the bottom of the hour with the Left Coast Events Bulletin of some of the good things to be gotten up to in and around our town in the coming week. But first, Daniel Kovalik and the plot to attack Nicaragua and vilify Daniel Ortega. |
Students
Community college mission evolving
When North American Lighting, Tasus and other manufacturing operations arrived in the Shoals, they needed skilled workers.
Northwest-Shoals Community College responded by developing industry-specific courses in injectable plastics and other specialities.
Talk to state officials about the community college system in Alabama, and they will talk about jobs. Not only the jobs students will hopefully get with their degrees and certifications, but the jobs leaders are trying to lure here.
Among the incentives being used in that recruiting process is the workforce development help offered by community colleges.
"The two-year college system, as it works at this time, is one of the most effective and most important aspects of workforce training," Gov. Robert Bentley said last week. "They help me tremendously in what we're trying to do, and that's creating more jobs in the state." |
So as all of us are now aware on Episode 2 of Below Deck there was a serious, albeit comical, veggie debacle. To clarify, I received a separate preference sheet from each of the six guests. For anyone unfamiliar with what preference sheets are they are basically a list of demands that each guest fills out. It is impossible to know exactly what the guests will actually want when they are on board, but we use the information we have to prepare the best we can. That being said, the green juice was one item of hundreds and we had no way to anticipate what a green monster it would become.
I have worked on the health food side of cooking since he beginning of my career, so juicing is very familiar to me. The key is practice and efficiency. Juicing can be a time consuming process if you aren’t properly prepared. |
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The eyes I made by taking a length of mono and putting one of my wife's black sead beads on it and then burning the end. Then I dip that end in epoxy and put it on a fly dryer to set.
I use danville flat waxed chartruese thread, some gold spirit river brass eyes, brown maribou, some copper flash, copper krystal flash and pearl krystal flash. The body is made from tan or sand EP fibers, and some green fibers. The legs are brown and orange silli legs. I also use a couple of small peices of rabbit strip in orange and yellow.
I start by tying in the eyes, then wrap down to the bend getting a nice layer of thread. Then I tye in about 10 strands of copper flash, then add the maribou, then the copper krystal flash and pearl krystal flash. Next I tie in the mono eyes (I flatten the section where I am going to tie it in with pliers, I then tie in too small peices of the rabbit strip (about 1/4" of the skin part. The two last steps are done with the hook point facing up. Next I turn the fly back over, and start tying in alternating sections of EP fibers. I tie in tan, then green, then tie in a silli leg on each side, then put a little Zap on the do the next layer of alternating EP fibers. I put three legs on each side and keep putting EP fibers until I get to the eyes. At this point I whip finish a couple of time and then take the fly off. The fibres are put in by holding them along and paralell to the hook shank, then loosely putting wraps over them to get the fibers spread evenly, then pulling them back and putting some wraps in front. You end up with a puff ball of a fly, then comes the trimming. Take your time and trim first along the top and bottom of the fly, then slowly shape, making sure you pull the legs out of the way (or you end up with some 4 or 5 leg crabs as I have). Now you just slowly shape until you get it the shape you want. When I am done at this point I put the fly back in the vice, put some thread on in front of the eye, then tie in my titanium wire weedguard. I wrap this snuggly and then whip finish again. I always put epoxy on the fly head around the weed guard and eyes at this point.
Hope this helps. The pattern looks and works great using brown and dark brown EP fibers for the body, with a tan maribou feather for the tail as well. |
//
// LOTBezierPath.h
// Lottie
//
// Created by brandon_withrow on 7/20/17.
// Copyright © 2017 Airbnb. All rights reserved.
//
#import "LOTPlatformCompat.h"
NS_ASSUME_NONNULL_BEGIN
@interface LOTBezierPath : NSObject
+ (instancetype)pathWithCGPath:(CGPathRef)path;
+ (instancetype)newPath;
- (void)LOT_moveToPoint:(CGPoint)point;
- (void)LOT_addLineToPoint:(CGPoint)point;
- (void)LOT_addCurveToPoint:(CGPoint)point
controlPoint1:(CGPoint)cp1
controlPoint2:(CGPoint)cp2;
- (void)LOT_closePath;
- (void)LOT_removeAllPoints;
- (void)LOT_appendPath:(LOTBezierPath *)bezierPath;
- (void)trimPathFromT:(CGFloat)fromT toT:(CGFloat)toT offset:(CGFloat)offset;
- (void)LOT_applyTransform:(CGAffineTransform)transform;
@property (nonatomic, assign) BOOL cacheLengths;
@property (nonatomic, readonly) CGFloat length;
@property (nonatomic, readonly) CGPathRef CGPath;
@property (nonatomic, readonly) CGPoint currentPoint;
@property (nonatomic) CGFloat lineWidth;
@property (nonatomic) CGLineCap lineCapStyle;
@property (nonatomic) CGLineJoin lineJoinStyle;
@property (nonatomic) CGFloat miterLimit;
@property (nonatomic) CGFloat flatness;
@property (nonatomic) BOOL usesEvenOddFillRule;
@property (readonly, getter=isEmpty) BOOL empty;
@property (nonatomic, readonly) CGRect bounds;
@end
NS_ASSUME_NONNULL_END
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<Type Name="TransformChain" FullName="System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.TransformChain">
<TypeSignature Language="C#" Value="public class TransformChain" Maintainer="auto" />
<TypeSignature Language="ILAsm" Value=".class public auto ansi beforefieldinit TransformChain extends System.Object" />
<AssemblyInfo>
<AssemblyName>System.Security</AssemblyName>
<AssemblyPublicKey>[00 24 00 00 04 80 00 00 94 00 00 00 06 02 00 00 00 24 00 00 52 53 41 31 00 04 00 00 01 00 01 00 07 D1 FA 57 C4 AE D9 F0 A3 2E 84 AA 0F AE FD 0D E9 E8 FD 6A EC 8F 87 FB 03 76 6C 83 4C 99 92 1E B2 3B E7 9A D9 D5 DC C1 DD 9A D2 36 13 21 02 90 0B 72 3C F9 80 95 7F C4 E1 77 10 8F C6 07 77 4F 29 E8 32 0E 92 EA 05 EC E4 E8 21 C0 A5 EF E8 F1 64 5C 4C 0C 93 C1 AB 99 28 5D 62 2C AA 65 2C 1D FA D6 3D 74 5D 6F 2D E5 F1 7E 5E AF 0F C4 96 3D 26 1C 8A 12 43 65 18 20 6D C0 93 34 4D 5A D2 93]</AssemblyPublicKey>
<AssemblyVersion>1.0.5000.0</AssemblyVersion>
<AssemblyVersion>2.0.0.0</AssemblyVersion>
<AssemblyVersion>4.0.0.0</AssemblyVersion>
</AssemblyInfo>
<ThreadSafetyStatement>Gtk# is thread aware, but not thread safe; See the <link location="node:gtk-sharp/programming/threads">Gtk# Thread Programming</link> for details.</ThreadSafetyStatement>
<Base>
<BaseTypeName>System.Object</BaseTypeName>
</Base>
<Interfaces />
<Docs>
<remarks>
<attribution license="cc4" from="Microsoft" modified="false" />
<para>The <see cref="T:System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.TransformChain" /> class contains a list of <see cref="T:System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.Transform" /> objects that determine how to order XML data before creating a digest.</para>
<para>Use the <see cref="T:System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.TransformChain" /> class whenever you need to add one or more transform objects to an encrypted XML document or to a signed XML document. </para>
<para>Both the <see cref="T:System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.Reference" /> class and the <see cref="T:System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.EncryptedReference" /> class contain a <see cref="T:System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.TransformChain" /> object. You can add a <see cref="T:System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.Transform" /> object to the <see cref="T:System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.Reference" /> class by calling the <see cref="M:System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.Reference.AddTransform(System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.Transform)" /> method. You can add a <see cref="T:System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.Transform" /> object to the <see cref="T:System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.EncryptedReference" /> class by calling the <see cref="M:System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.EncryptedReference.AddTransform(System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.Transform)" /> method. You can also create a <see cref="T:System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.TransformChain" /> object manually and pass it to either the <see cref="P:System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.Reference.TransformChain" /> property or the <see cref="P:System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.EncryptedReference.TransformChain" /> property. </para>
<para>If you want to sign only a portion of an XML document, you can use a transform to identify the XML elements you intend to sign. Note that the <see cref="P:System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.Reference.Uri" /> property and the <see cref="P:System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.EncryptedReference.Uri" /> property automatically create internal transforms that allow you to sign a portion of a document.</para>
<para>For more information about transforms, see the XMLDSIG specification, which is available from the W3C at www.w3.org/TR/xmldsig-core/, or see the XML encryption specification, which is available from the W3C at www.w3.org/TR/xmlenc-core/.</para>
</remarks>
<summary>
<attribution license="cc4" from="Microsoft" modified="false" />
<para>Defines an ordered list of <see cref="T:System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.Transform" /> objects that is applied to unsigned content prior to digest calculation.</para>
</summary>
</Docs>
<Members>
<Member MemberName=".ctor">
<MemberSignature Language="C#" Value="public TransformChain ();" />
<MemberSignature Language="ILAsm" Value=".method public hidebysig specialname rtspecialname instance void .ctor() cil managed" />
<MemberType>Constructor</MemberType>
<AssemblyInfo>
<AssemblyVersion>1.0.5000.0</AssemblyVersion>
<AssemblyVersion>2.0.0.0</AssemblyVersion>
<AssemblyVersion>4.0.0.0</AssemblyVersion>
</AssemblyInfo>
<ReturnValue />
<Parameters />
<Docs>
<remarks>To be added</remarks>
<summary>
<attribution license="cc4" from="Microsoft" modified="false" />
<para>Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="T:System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.TransformChain" /> class.</para>
</summary>
</Docs>
</Member>
<Member MemberName="Add">
<MemberSignature Language="C#" Value="public void Add (System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.Transform transform);" />
<MemberSignature Language="ILAsm" Value=".method public hidebysig instance void Add(class System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.Transform transform) cil managed" />
<MemberType>Method</MemberType>
<AssemblyInfo>
<AssemblyVersion>1.0.5000.0</AssemblyVersion>
<AssemblyVersion>2.0.0.0</AssemblyVersion>
<AssemblyVersion>4.0.0.0</AssemblyVersion>
</AssemblyInfo>
<ReturnValue>
<ReturnType>System.Void</ReturnType>
</ReturnValue>
<Parameters>
<Parameter Name="transform" Type="System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.Transform" />
</Parameters>
<Docs>
<remarks>
<attribution license="cc4" from="Microsoft" modified="false" />
<para>The transforms are applied to the unsigned content in the order in which they were added to the <see cref="T:System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.TransformChain" /> object.</para>
</remarks>
<summary>
<attribution license="cc4" from="Microsoft" modified="false" />
<para>Adds a transform to the list of transforms to be applied to the unsigned content prior to digest calculation.</para>
</summary>
<param name="transform">
<attribution license="cc4" from="Microsoft" modified="false" />The transform to add to the list of transforms. </param>
</Docs>
</Member>
<Member MemberName="Count">
<MemberSignature Language="C#" Value="public int Count { get; }" />
<MemberSignature Language="ILAsm" Value=".property instance int32 Count" />
<MemberType>Property</MemberType>
<AssemblyInfo>
<AssemblyVersion>1.0.5000.0</AssemblyVersion>
<AssemblyVersion>2.0.0.0</AssemblyVersion>
<AssemblyVersion>4.0.0.0</AssemblyVersion>
</AssemblyInfo>
<ReturnValue>
<ReturnType>System.Int32</ReturnType>
</ReturnValue>
<Parameters />
<Docs>
<value>a <see cref="T:System.Int32" /></value>
<remarks>To be added</remarks>
<summary>
<attribution license="cc4" from="Microsoft" modified="false" />
<para>Gets the number of transforms in the <see cref="T:System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.TransformChain" /> object.</para>
</summary>
</Docs>
</Member>
<Member MemberName="GetEnumerator">
<MemberSignature Language="C#" Value="public System.Collections.IEnumerator GetEnumerator ();" />
<MemberSignature Language="ILAsm" Value=".method public hidebysig instance class System.Collections.IEnumerator GetEnumerator() cil managed" />
<MemberType>Method</MemberType>
<AssemblyInfo>
<AssemblyVersion>1.0.5000.0</AssemblyVersion>
<AssemblyVersion>2.0.0.0</AssemblyVersion>
<AssemblyVersion>4.0.0.0</AssemblyVersion>
</AssemblyInfo>
<ReturnValue>
<ReturnType>System.Collections.IEnumerator</ReturnType>
</ReturnValue>
<Parameters />
<Docs>
<remarks>To be added</remarks>
<summary>
<attribution license="cc4" from="Microsoft" modified="false" />
<para>Returns an enumerator of the transforms in the <see cref="T:System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.TransformChain" /> object.</para>
</summary>
<returns>
<attribution license="cc4" from="Microsoft" modified="false" />
<para>An enumerator of the transforms in the <see cref="T:System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.TransformChain" /> object.</para>
</returns>
</Docs>
</Member>
<Member MemberName="Item">
<MemberSignature Language="C#" Value="public System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.Transform this[int index] { get; }" />
<MemberSignature Language="ILAsm" Value=".property instance class System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.Transform Item(int32)" />
<MemberType>Property</MemberType>
<AssemblyInfo>
<AssemblyVersion>1.0.5000.0</AssemblyVersion>
<AssemblyVersion>2.0.0.0</AssemblyVersion>
<AssemblyVersion>4.0.0.0</AssemblyVersion>
</AssemblyInfo>
<ReturnValue>
<ReturnType>System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.Transform</ReturnType>
</ReturnValue>
<Parameters>
<Parameter Name="index" Type="System.Int32" />
</Parameters>
<Docs>
<param name="index">a <see cref="T:System.Int32" /></param>
<summary>To be added</summary>
<value>a <see cref="T:System.Security.Cryptography.Xml.Transform" /></value>
<remarks>To be added</remarks>
</Docs>
</Member>
</Members>
</Type> |
In this article we’re going to quickly explore 7 Angular development tools which can make our everyday life easier. The purpose of the list is to not be opinionated architecture wise. This means that we’re not going to discuss tooling which has impact over our choice of application state management, data layer, etc. For instance, although packages like ngrx/store devtools, universal, and others are amazing once we’ve chosen a specific architectural approach, we’re going to keep them out of this article because they assume we’re using a specific way of state management or application rendering.
The software below can improve our productivity as developers by providing scaffolding, static code analysis, code generation, code visualization and debugging support!
Number one tool for Angular which provides well encapsulated build and scaffolding is Angular CLI.
Angular CLI is a tool developed by Google and allows us to quickly bootstrap projects by automatically providing our build configuration, testing configuration (unit with karma & jasmine and e2e with protractor), and more. The CLI is based on webpack which means that it takes advantage of the different webpack loaders available, and performs tree-shaking for producing small bundles.
The Angular CLI is being developed by the Angular team which means that it provides smooth integration with other projects such as, Angular Core, Angular Material, Angular Mobile Toolkit, etc. For instance, soon Angular CLI will run the development build of our applications with ngc which will unify the production and development builds, reducing the learning curve and allowing developers to have predictable compilation behavior across different environments.
In case you’re just getting started with Angular, you should start your project with Angular CLI. This will dramatically improve your productivity and optimize the learning experience of the entire ecosystem. In case you have very deep understanding of the available tooling and you want to squeeze your production bundles to minimum with a custom solution you can always ng eject your application out of the CLI, or use an Angular starter project.
Big thanks to the guys helping to make the CLI awesome, including (but not limited to) Hans, Mike and Filipe. 👏
Very common mistakes that developers using a dynamic language (such as JavaScript) do is to misspell a method or a property name. TypeScript already can warn us about this thanks to tsc and it’s type system, however, this wasn’t possible within the strings representing our components’ templates. The language service of Angular provides the same type checking and auto completion, that we’re used to from TypeScript, in inline and external templates!
The language service is developed by the Angular core team. At the time of writing, it is ready to use in VSCode, Sublime Text and WebStorm.
Behind the scene the language service uses the Angular compiler for parsing our application and producing diagnostics. It decorates the TypeScript language service in order to reuse its logic. The most awesome thing about the language service is that it is not coupled to a specific Angular version and can be used in any text editor and IDE as soon as there’s an available plugin.
More about the language service can be found in the ng-conf talk by Chuck Jazdzewski (the creator of the language service) “Using the Angular Template Language Service”.
The language service can be found here.
Have you ever worked on an application where you had to automatically generate the API documentation? For JavaScript we have tools like ESDoc which take the JSDoc annotations and automatically generate documentation for us. The end result usually looks something like this.
This is enough for most projects but Angular provides some extra semantics on top that can make our documentation even richer! For instance, it allows us to list all the different UI components just by grabbing all classes decorated with @Component . Well, compodoc already does this for us!
Compodoc has support of JSDoc light, generates search, table of content, has variety of good looking themes and is open source, available on GitHub!
Behind the scene compodoc uses ngd for parsing our Angular applications by using the TypeScript parser.
The guys from the Angular community working on this awesome tool are Vincent and Wassim.
More than a year ago I started codelyzer with the motivation to automatically verify that given project follows the official Angular Style Guide. Initially the project started as a couple of rules on top of tslint which based on the Angular Style Guide were validating the selectors of our components, proper implementation of life-cycle hooks, etc.
Since then, the scope of codelyzer has grown! Now it uses the Angular template and CSS parsers in order to provide more sophisticated analysis of our application. On top of verifying that our project follows the style guide, codelyzer can also detect misspelled variables in our templates, find dead styles and even automatically migrate a project between breaking changes & deprecation across Angular versions!
If you’re using Angular CLI, by running ng lint you’re already getting diagnostics from codelyzer which makes sure your code is following best practices!
Behind the scene, codelyzer performs either flat (per file) or deep (per project) static analysis of our project. The diagnostics that codelyzer will produce includes:
Validity of the directive and component selectors according to the style guide.
Best practices related to the declaration of the metadata of our projects.
Proper implementation of life-cycle hooks.
Proper component and directive naming.
Compatibility with ngc.
Detection of dead CSS.
etc.
You can find instructions of how to use codelyzer here.
Are you tired of all the boilerplates when declaring a new Angular component, directive or a service? The process is manual, slow and with the tooling available nowadays, unnecessary!
John Papa created a package of snippets for VSCode which improves our productivity by reducing the amount of boilerplate work that we need to perform when:
Bootstrapping an Angular application.
Declaring a new component.
Declaring guards.
Declaring directive.
Declaring a route.
Declaring a service.
etc.
You can take advantage of the snippets by installing the VSCode extension available here.
Debugging an Angular application may get tricky. How our UI gets rendered often depends on large amount of mutable state across components, directives, services, stateful pipes. Fortunately, inspecting the state does not have to be always related to setting break point or debugger statements within the bodies of the individual building blocks of our app. In order to explore the dependencies of given component or a service, we don’t have to always dig into our codebase!
Augury is a Chrome extension which will plug into our Chrome DevTools. Once loaded, it will help us explore the relations between the individual components in our application which are visible on the page. We can trace the component state and modify it from provided inputs, we can manually trigger events, directly jump to the source code for a specific symbol and much more!
You can install Augury here.
Augury allows us to efficiently debug our application by performing dynamic code analysis which requires us to run the application. This way we can inspect the structure and the behavior of a project.
Sometimes, we are only interested in the structure of given application. This especially true when we are new to a project and we want to explore it’s individual building blocks as quickly as possible. In such case, we don’t even need to struggle with the deployment of the application, which often may not be trivial. In this scenario the dynamic code analysis is not very convenient because all what we want is to explore the different abstractions level by level, without running the application.
For instance, we can start by seeing the top-level modules of our application and their relations, after that exploring the individual modules’ declarations and exports, understanding the relation between the different providers, components, their templates, etc.
On ng-conf 2017 I announced ngrev. This is a tool for reverse engineering of Angular applications which allows us to visually explore the individual building blocks forming our project.
Under the hood, ngrev uses ngast. ngast is a project which provides a simple interface for parsing Angular projects. By playing around with it, you can build custom tools which statically analyze Angular projects for different purposes (performance, security, etc). Internally, ngast uses the Angular compiler, which automatically allows the most efficient and complete possible metadata collection.
You can find ngrev here and its Windows, Linux & Mac binaries here. More about ngrev here.
Conclusion
In this article we explored a couple of tools which can improve our development experience dramatically! Starting from project scaffolding with the Angular CLI, going through efficient development with the Angular Language Service and Angular Snippets, to dynamic and static code analysis for easy debugging and reverse engineering!
Most of the projects we explored are developed by the Angular community which is a great sign for how convenient for tooling the framework is.
Give these tools a try! I’d love to get your feedback on using them in the comments section below. |
Q:
Web Application permissions usage for html objects like Buttons etc
What i am confused of is how to appropriately apply permissions(enable or disable) access to a JSF / HTML field of a form for some "logged in my application" user. Lets say i have a page with 2 textboxes and a button. I want only a certain user to change one of the textboxes. The permissions would be read from a database.
Is there a link to some internet content about certain techniques. I tried googling but they all stay in explaining authenticating and permissions per calls not objects on the html page. A link, book or an explanation guidance would be appreciated.
A:
I suggest a EL evaluation as Fritz comments: disabled = "#{not currentUser.havePermission (component.id)}". Where currentUser is a SessionContext bean for fetch user information as name, permission list, password...
Then boolean havePermission(component.id) can find if current object ID is allowed by permission list.
For managing a lot of objects, you can use "massAttribute" (Omnifaces library).
http://showcase.omnifaces.org/taghandlers/massAttribute
|
Q:
Subclassing the Models.Charfield for my Own Custom model Field
I want a custom Field called Status, that foreinkey's in another model
Reading the doc's https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/dev/howto/custom-model-fields/
1class TransactionStateModelField(models.CharField):
description = 'What state is this transaction'
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
kwargs['status'] = 'initiated' # additional options for status could be accepted and delivered
super(TransactionStateModelField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
2:11:42 web.1 | File "/home/talisman/virt_env/tempilo/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages/Django-1.5.4-py2.7.egg/django/db/models/fields/__init__.py", line 626, in __init__
12:11:42 web.1 | super(CharField, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
12:11:42 web.1 | TypeError: __init__() got an unexpected keyword argument 'status'
I don't know if I am going after it the right way,
Basically I want to change the status of a transaction, from Initiated>Accepted>Delivered>|canceled
A:
It doesn't seem that you need to create a custom field at all. Just use regular CharField with choices and default, for example:
from django.db import models
class MyModel(models.Model):
STATUSES = (
('i', 'Initiated'),
('a', 'Accepted'),
('d', 'Delivered'),
('c', 'Cancelled'),
)
status = models.CharField(choices=STATUSES, default='i')
Hope that helps.
|
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Dermatomycosis
A dermatomycosis is a skin disease caused by a fungus. This excludes dermatophytosis.
Examples of dermatomycoses are tinea and cutaneous candidiasis.
References
External links
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1.. Introduction
================
Presently, CMOS integrated Hall magnetic sensors are widely used in many practical fields. Besides directly measuring the value of magnetic field, they are usually used to indirectly measure position, distance, speed, rotational angle or an electric current \[[@b1-sensors-11-06284],[@b2-sensors-11-06284]\]. For instance, they can act as an automotive vehicle speed sensor, a replacement for mechanical switches, a brushless control for DC motors, and so on. Unfortunately, CMOS integrated Hall sensors have traditionally suffered from a lot of non-idealities, such as low sensitivity, large offset, temperature drifts, non-linearity and packaging stress influence *etc.*, which severely deteriorates their performance \[[@b3-sensors-11-06284]\]. As a consequence, CMOS integrated Hall devices must depend on the processing circuit for offset and noise cancellation, temperature compensation and non-linearity correction. In order to facilitate the simulation analysis of electrical circuit with integrated Hall devices, it is necessary to extract a precise simulation model to take into account important physical effects and technological influences. Furthermore, the extracted model should be simple and conveniently implemented in standard SPICE-like EDA tools.
Several compact simulation models of Hall elements have been put forward. Previously reported 4-resistance Wheatstone bridge models don't fully take into account correlative physical and geometrical effects such as non-linear conductivity, junction effect, temperature drift, frequency-response, noise behavior and device shape-dependent sensitivity \[[@b4-sensors-11-06284],[@b5-sensors-11-06284]\]. Later, Dimitropoulos *et al.* proposed a completely scalable lumped-circuit model to analyze all those effects, except for the influence of packaging stress \[[@b6-sensors-11-06284]\]. The basic component for the lumped-circuit model consists of JFETs and current-controlled current sources. The number of these components can be freely increased to achieve the required accuracy at the expense of computation efficiency. However, this macro model needs an accurate JEFTs device model which normally cannot be provided by the standard CMOS technology. Recently, Madec *et al.* developed a compact model of a cross-shaped horizontal integrated Hall sensor \[[@b7-sensors-11-06284]\]. It uses six sub-components to accurately model the non-linear resistance, allowing for the influence of space charge region modulation due to sensor bias. Unfortunately, it cannot consider sensitivity drifts, temperature drifts and influence of mechanical stress on offset. Besides, the resistance computation of the model has to be fed by empirical parameters through FEM (finite element method) simulation.
In this paper, an accurate 8-resistance simulation model for a cross-shaped CMOS-integrated Hall plate is developed. To be conveniently used by circuit designers, this model is improved by replacing the JFETs with passive non-linear resistances and depletion capacitances. It takes into account voltage dependent non-linear effects, geometrical effects, temperature effects, and packaging stress influence, *etc.* Since we mainly deal with the magnetic sensors operating in a weak magnetic field in this work, two additional strong magnetic field related effects, namely magneto-resistance and carriers scattering, are not included in this model. The model has been written in Verilog-A hardware description language and was successfully tested in a Cadence Spectre simulator. This paper is organized as follows: in Section 2, we introduce the structure of the model and analyze the important physical effects of the Hall device with the basic equations. Furthermore, the detailed computation of device parameters in this model is presented. In Section 3, the simulation results of the model are compared with the classic experimental results reported in the literature. Section 4 summarizes this paper with some ideas for future work.
2.. The Improved Compact Model
==============================
To be compatible with the spinning current techniques for reducing Hall offset \[[@b3-sensors-11-06284]\], 90° symmetry Hall plates with square or cross-shaped structures are usually recommended. We can obtain the Z-matrix for the 90° symmetry Hall plates with four contacts illustrated in [Figure 1](#f1-sensors-11-06284){ref-type="fig"} as follows \[[@b8-sensors-11-06284]\]: $$Z = \left( \begin{array}{lll}
Z_{11} & Z_{12} & Z_{13} \\
Z_{12} & {2Z_{12}} & Z_{12} \\
Z_{13} & Z_{12} & Z_{11} \\
\end{array} \right)$$
If the fourth contact is applied to the reference ground, the Z-matrix of the 90° symmetry Hall plate is only decided by three parameters *Z*~11~, *Z*~12~, *Z*~13~. If the input current *I*~1~ is applied to the first contact, the three measuring potentials shown in [Figure 1](#f1-sensors-11-06284){ref-type="fig"} have the following relation: *U*~1~ -- *U*~2~ = *U*~3~, and then we can obtain *Z*~11~ -- *Z*~12~ = *Z*~13~. As a result, 90° symmetry Hall plates require at least two types of resistances to model their electrical properties. Thus, an 8-resistance model topology for the 90° symmetry Hall plate is suggested, which is illustrated in [Figure 2](#f2-sensors-11-06284){ref-type="fig"}. Its Z-matrix at zero-magnetic field is expressed by: $$Z = \frac{1}{8}\frac{2R_{H}R_{D}}{2R_{D} + R_{H}}\begin{pmatrix}
{6 + R_{H}/R_{D}} & 4 & {2 + R_{H}/R_{D}} \\
4 & 8 & 4 \\
{2 + R_{H}/R_{D}} & 4 & {6 + R_{H}/R_{D}} \\
\end{pmatrix}$$
However, in the conventional 4-resistance Wheatstone bridge model \[[@b4-sensors-11-06284],[@b5-sensors-11-06284]\], the diagonal resistances *R~D~* are often neglected. The value of the resistance between two adjacent contacts is not accurate because current lines linking the two adjacent contacts do not flow across the center of the device. But this problem can be solved well in the 8-resistance model so that the simulation accuracy can be improved.
2.1.. The Structure of the Model
--------------------------------
The 90° symmetry cross-shaped Hall plate (see [Figure 3](#f3-sensors-11-06284){ref-type="fig"}) is most widely used because of its high sensitivity and immunity to alignment tolerances resulting from the fabrication process. Its fabrication technology is fully compatible with the standard CMOS process. As shown in [Figure 3(a)](#f3-sensors-11-06284){ref-type="fig"}, the active area of the cross-shaped Hall plate is usually realized by a weakly doped N-well diffusion region. The N-well is isolated from the P-type substrate by the reverse-biased well/substrate p-n junction. A shallow heavily doped top P+ layer often covers the surface of active area to decrease the flicker noise and the surface losses. It is normally formed to create the source and drain regions of PMOS transistors \[[@b9-sensors-11-06284]\]. In addition, four contact regions are highly N+ doped to reduce the contact resistances in the source and drain formation processing step for NMOS transistors. Based on the basic model topology shown in [Figure 2](#f2-sensors-11-06284){ref-type="fig"}, a new simplified 8-resistance model for the CMOS integrated cross-shaped Hall plate is developed, as shown in [Figure 4](#f4-sensors-11-06284){ref-type="fig"}. Compared with Dimitropoulos' model, the simulation model is improved by replacing the JFETs by N-well body resistances and depletion capacitances. The four depletion capacitances are added into the model to simulate the transient behavior of the Hall plate. Besides, there are four controlled voltage sources *V*~*H*/2~ to model the Hall voltage. Each Hall voltage source *V*~*H*/2~ is controlled by the electrical current flowing through the nearer contact.
In order to determine the resistance values of *R~H~* and *R~D~* in our model, a new and simple computation method is proposed in contrast to the FEM simulation method \[[@b7-sensors-11-06284]\]. It is well known that it is best to measure the N-well sheet resistance *R~s~* according to the Van-der-Pauw method. Although the Van-der-Pauw method requires that the contacts of Hall device be point-like, it has been reported that cross-shaped Hall plate with a finger length to width ratio larger than 1:1 can give an accurate *R~s~* value with an error of less than 0.1% \[[@b10-sensors-11-06284]\]. Usually, the required ratio of finger length to width can be fulfilled for achieving a high current related sensitivity. Thus, in the case of symmetric Hall plates, the sheet resistance can be determined by measuring the resistance value *R~AB,CD~* in term of Van-der-Pauw method \[[@b11-sensors-11-06284]\]: $$R_{AB,CD} = \frac{\text{ln}2}{\pi}R_{s}$$where *R~AB,CD~* = *V~CD~* / *I~AB~* presents the voltage difference between contacts C and D dividing the current flowing from contact A to contact B. The contacts of A, B, C and D are shown in [Figure 3(a)](#f3-sensors-11-06284){ref-type="fig"}.
On the other hand, according to the structure of the model illustrated in [Figure 4](#f4-sensors-11-06284){ref-type="fig"}, the resistance *R~AB,CD~* is calculated by: $$R_{AB,CD} = \frac{R_{H}}{4}\frac{2R_{D} - R_{H}}{2R_{D} + R_{H}}$$
The internal resistance between two diagonal contacts is given by: $$\frac{2R_{D}R_{H}}{2R_{D} + R_{H}} = (2\frac{L}{W} + \frac{2}{3})R_{s}$$
Here, (2*L/W*+2/3) is the effective square number of the N-well resistance. *L* and *W* are the finger length and finger width of cross-shaped Hall plate, respectively. The center square number is approximately reduced to 2/3 as the two fingers for sensing Hall signal are placed in parallel. Considering the [Equations (3)](#FD3){ref-type="disp-formula"}, [(4)](#FD4){ref-type="disp-formula"} and [(5)](#FD5){ref-type="disp-formula"}, finally we can obtain: $$R_{H} = \frac{2R_{s}}{\pi}\left\lbrack {\left( {2\frac{L}{W} + \frac{2}{3}} \right)\pi - 2\text{ln}2} \right\rbrack$$ $$\frac{R_{H}}{R_{D}} = 2 - \frac{8}{\pi}\frac{\text{ln}2}{2L/W + 2/3}$$
The N-well sheet resistance *R~s~* is calculated by: $$R_{s} = \frac{1}{q\mu_{n}N_{D,NW}t_{eff}}$$
Here, *N~D,NW~* is the N-well doping concentration, *t~eff~* is the effective depth of Hall plate. As shown in [Figure 3(b)](#f3-sensors-11-06284){ref-type="fig"}, it is equal to: $$t_{eff} = t_{NW} - t_{P +} - w_{NW,SUB} - w_{NW,P +}$$where *t~NW~* is the depth of N-well implantation region, *t~P+~* is the thickness of the top P+ layer, *w~NW,SUB~* is the bottom depletion region situated in between N-well and P-type substrate, *w~NW,P+~* is the upper depletion region situated in between N-well and top P+ layer.
Note that there are two main parasitic capacitances distributed across the Hall device body: (1) the reverse-biased upper depletion capacitance between the top P+ layer and N-well; (2) the reverse-biased bottom depletion capacitance between the N-well and p-type substrate. Usually the top P+ layer and P-type substrate are applied to ground together, thus they are connected in parallel physically. Unfortunately, the parasitic capacitances may limit the switching frequency for the spinning current offset reduction method. In order to simulate the complete ac behavior of the Hall plate, these parasitic depletion capacitances should be included in the model. Assuming the one-sided abrupt junctions, each depletion capacitance per unit area is calculated by following [Equation (5)](#FD5){ref-type="disp-formula"}: $$C_{pn} = \sqrt{\frac{q\varepsilon_{si} \cdot N_{D,NW}N_{A}}{2(N_{D,NW} + N_{A})}}\left\lbrack {V_{bi} - U_{pn} - \frac{2KT}{q}} \right\rbrack^{- 1/2}$$
Here, *V~bi~* is the built in potential of PN junction, *N~D,NW~* is the doping of N-well, and *N~A~* is the doping of top P+ layer or P-type substrate.
2.2.. Hall Voltage and Magnetic Sensitivities
---------------------------------------------
When a magnetic field *B* is orthogonally applied on a device plane and two diagonal contacts are biased with a current *I*, the Hall effect takes place. Then the hall voltage *V~H~* appears on two additional contacts, it is equal to: $$V_{H} = S_{I}IB$$where *S~I~* is the current related sensitivity. It depends on device geometry (geometrical correction factor G and Hall plate effective thick *t~eff~*) and technology parameters (N-well doping *N~D,NW~* and Hall *r~H~*) \[[@b12-sensors-11-06284]\]. It is defined as: $$S_{I}\frac{Gr_{H}}{qN_{D,NW}t_{eff}}$$
When Hall plate is biased with a voltage source *V*, the Hall voltage is expressed by voltage related sensitivity *S~V~*: $$V_{H} = S_{V}VB$$where *S~V~* = *μ~H~G* / *N~square~* · *μ~H~* = *r~H~μ~n~*, it is the Hall mobility, *μ~n~* is the electron mobility, and *N~square~* is the equivalent square number of N-well diffusion resistance between two diagonal contacts.
The impact of the Hall devices geometry on Hall voltage is modeled by a geometrical correction factor. For a cross-shaped Hall plate, it can be calculated by using a conformal mapping \[[@b12-sensors-11-06284]\]: $$G = 1 - 5.0267\frac{\theta_{H}}{\text{tan}(\theta_{H})}e^{- \frac{\pi}{2}\frac{W + 2L}{W}}$$where *θ~n~* = tan^−1^(*μ~H~B*), it is defined as the Hall angle. If *W* / 2*L* ≤ 0.39, *G* has an accuracy better than 0.5% \[[@b12-sensors-11-06284]\].
In our model illustrated in [Figure 4](#f4-sensors-11-06284){ref-type="fig"}, each Hall voltage *V*~*H*/2~ is modeled by using the current-controlled voltage sources with the following equation: $$V_{H/2} = \frac{1}{2}S_{I}I(n_{1},n_{2})B$$with *I*(*n*~1~, *n*~2~) being current flowing between the contacts *n*~1~ and *n*~2~.
2.3.. Voltage Dependent Non-Linear Effect
-----------------------------------------
It is well known that the thickness of depletion region is obviously changed by the reverse biased PN junction. Therefore, both sheet resistance and magnetic sensitivity suffer from a strong voltage non-linearity dependence. Since the doping concentration of the P+ top layer is obviously higher than that of the P-type substrate, the thickness variation of the upper depletion region modulated by reverse biased voltage can be approximately ignored. Using [Equation (8)](#FD8){ref-type="disp-formula"}, which is extended by the voltage dependent *t~eff~*, and a Taylor expansion results up to second order are given by \[[@b5-sensors-11-06284]\]: $$\begin{array}{l}
{R_{s}(U_{pn}) = \frac{1}{q\mu_{n}N_{D,NW}(t_{eff}^{*} - \sqrt{k_{1}V_{bi}})} + \frac{1}{2}\frac{\sqrt{k_{1}V_{bi}}}{q\mu_{n}N_{D,NW}{(t_{eff}^{*} - \sqrt{k_{1}V_{bi}})}^{2}V_{bi}}U_{pn}} \\
{+ \frac{- \frac{1}{8}\frac{\sqrt{k_{1}V_{bi}}}{(t_{eff}^{*} - \sqrt{k_{1}V_{bi}})V_{bi}^{2}} + \frac{1}{4}\frac{k_{1}}{\left( {t_{eff}^{*} - \sqrt{k_{1}V_{bi}}} \right)^{2}V_{bi}}}{q\mu_{n}N_{D,NW}\left( {t_{eff}^{*} - \sqrt{k_{1}V_{bi}}} \right)}U_{pn}^{2}} \\
{= R_{s}(0V) \cdot (1 + BBR_{1} \cdot U_{pn} + BBR_{2} \cdot U_{pn}^{2})} \\
\end{array}$$where *R~s~*(0*V*) is the zero-biased N-well sheet resistance, *BBR*~1~ and *BBR*~2~ are the first and second voltage dependency of resistance coefficients, respectively. $k_{1} = \frac{2ɛ_{si}}{q} \cdot \frac{N_{A,SUB}}{(N_{A,SUB} + N_{D,NW})N_{D,NW}}$, and $t_{eff}^{*} = t_{NW} - t_{P +} - w_{N,P +}(0V)$. Here, *w*~*N,P*+~ (0*V*) is the upper depletion region with zero-bias.
With the same calculation method, the current related sensitivity is modeled by: $$S_{I}(U_{pn}) = S_{I}(1 + BBS_{1} \cdot U_{pn} + BBS_{2} \cdot U_{pn}^{2})$$where *BBS*~1~ and *BBS*~2~ denote the first and second voltage dependent coefficients of sensitivity, respectively.
2.4.. Temperature Effect
------------------------
We know that the temperature drift has serious effects on the equivalent N-well resistance, sensitivities and offset of the Hall device. The temperature behavior of N-well sheet resistance can be well approximated by the second order polynomial: $$R_{s}(U_{pn},T) = R_{s}(U_{pn},300K) \cdot \lbrack 1 + R_{TC1} \cdot (T - 300K) + R_{TC\, 2} \cdot {(T - 300K)}^{2}\rbrack$$where *R*~*TC*1~ and *R*~*TC*2~ are temperature coefficients of N-well resistance. These parameters can be directly obtained from foundry technological files. *R~S~(U~pn~,300K)* is the sheet resistance at the room temperature.
Since the thermal expansion of silicon is merely 2.6 ppm/°K and the G and *t~eff~* are considered as temperature independent, the thermal drift efficient of current related sensitivity can be given by \[[@b12-sensors-11-06284],[@b13-sensors-11-06284]\]: $$\alpha_{SI} = \frac{1}{S_{I}}\frac{dS_{I}}{dT} = \alpha_{rH} - \alpha_{N}$$where, *α~rH~* and *α~N~* are the temperature coefficient of the Hall factor and the carrier concentration of N-well, respectively. For a N-well doping of 4 × 10^16^ cm^−3^, *α~rH~* increases from 0 to 500 ppm/°K in a industrial temperature range (240 K--400 K) \[[@b12-sensors-11-06284]\]. With a lower doping of N-well, *α~rH~* is almost independent of N-well doping and the temperature, showing an approximately 700 ppm/°K constant value \[[@b12-sensors-11-06284]\]. On the contrary, *α~N~* decreases from 500 ppm/°K to 50 ppm/°K for the N-well doping of 4 × 10^16^ cm^−3^ in the same temperature range \[[@b13-sensors-11-06284]\]. As a result, *α~N~* could just right compensate *α~rH~* at the room temperature, and zero temperature coefficient of sensitivity could be obtained. Considering the temperature dependency of *α~rH~* and *α~N~*, the drift of the current related sensitivity is about in the range of ±500 ppm/°K throughout the industrial temperature range. For the other doping values of N-well, *α~rH~* and *α~N~* can be obtained by referring to relevant data. Thus, considering this thermal drift effect of the sensitivity, [Equation (20)](#FD20){ref-type="disp-formula"} can be rewritten as: $$S_{I}(T,U_{pn}) = S_{I}(U_{pn})\lbrack 1 + \alpha_{SI} \cdot (T - 300K)\rbrack$$
2.4.. Piezo-Resistance and Piezo-Hall Effects
---------------------------------------------
When a Hall plate is assembled, its performance is deteriorated by two physical stress-related effects, *i.e.*, piezo-resistance and piezo-Hall effects. The piezo-resistance effect due to packaging stress provokes relative variations of N-well resistances. In combination with technology variation, junction field effects and temperature drift, it is the main source of offset. The sensitivity is also impacted by packaging stress. The variation of sensitivity is called piezo-Hall effect. Considering this effect, [Equation (20)](#FD20){ref-type="disp-formula"} can be rewritten as \[[@b14-sensors-11-06284],[@b15-sensors-11-06284]\]: $$S_{I}(\sigma,T,U_{pn}) = S_{I}(T,U_{pn})\lbrack 1 + P_{12} \cdot (\sigma_{x} + \sigma_{y})\rbrack$$where *σ~x~* and *σ~y~* are the mechanical stress in the plane parallel to the Hall plate surface, *P*~12~ denotes the piezo-Hall coefficient tensors in x-y plane, which is estimated at 40 × 10^−11^ Pa^−1^ for the N-well (4 × 10^16^ cm^−3^) \[[@b12-sensors-11-06284]\].
Since the mechanical stress changes with temperature, the temperature coefficient of sensitivity illustrated in [Equation (19)](#FD19){ref-type="disp-formula"} can be rewritten as: $$\alpha_{SI} = \alpha_{rH} - \alpha_{N} - \alpha_{piezo - Hall}$$
For a plastic packaging, the temperature coefficient related to piezo-Hall effect can be defined by \[[@b13-sensors-11-06284]\]: $$\alpha_{piezo - Hall} = - C_{1} \cdot P_{12} \cdot E_{pg} \cdot (\alpha_{pg} - \alpha_{silicon})$$where *E~pg~* is the modulus of elasticity of molding compound, *α~pg~* and *α~silicon~* is the thermal expansion coefficients of molding-compound and silicon, *C*~1~ is a designed-dependent geometric constant. For a typical plastic package such as TSSOP, we can get *C*~1~ ≈ 6 \[[@b13-sensors-11-06284]\], so the approximate *α~piezo--Hall~* value of −450 ppm/°K can be estimated \[[@b12-sensors-11-06284]\].
3.. Comparing Results of Simulation with Experimental Results
=============================================================
The new simulation model code has been written in behavioral Verilog-A language and was tested on a Cadence Spectre simulator tool using AMS 0.8 μm CMOS technological parameters (shown in [Table 1](#t1-sensors-11-06284){ref-type="table"}) \[[@b12-sensors-11-06284]\]. The finger width and finger length of the cross-shaped Hall plate are designed to 40 μm and 60 μm, respectively.
To show the correctness and accuracy of this model, the corresponding experimental results of the Hall plate fabricated using the same technology given in the literature \[[@b12-sensors-11-06284]\] are compared with the model's simulation results. First, we performed the simulation of Hall voltage *versus* magnetic field at room temperature. The simulated and test results when the input bias current is 1 mA and the Hall plate is liberated of packaging stress, are plotted in [Figure 5](#f5-sensors-11-06284){ref-type="fig"}. It can be observed that the simulated Hall voltage is proportional to magnetic field intensity. When the magnetic field intensity is 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 and 15 mT, the simulated Hall signal is 0.172, 0.345, 0.517, 0.69, 0.862 and 1.035 mV, respectively. While the value of the measured Hall voltage is 0.185, 0.37, 0.551, 0.735, 0.896 and 1.058 mV for the corresponding magnetic field intensity. We can see that the simulated current-related sensitivity is 69 V/AT, while the tested result is 75 V/AT. A very good agreement is thus obvious in [Figure 5](#f5-sensors-11-06284){ref-type="fig"}. If a mechanical stress in the CMOS Hall plate is estimated at σ~x~ = σ~y~= −70 MPa for a typical plastic packaging \[[@b14-sensors-11-06284]\], which will lead to a variation of the simulated magnetic sensitivity of about 5% at room temperature compared with the stress-free sensitivity. Secondly, the simulation of the N-well sheet resistance *versus* input voltage was implemented at room temperature without packaging stress influence.
[Figure 6](#f6-sensors-11-06284){ref-type="fig"} illustrates the comparison between the simulated and tested sheet resistances per square *versus* variation of input voltage (sweeps from 0 V to 5 V). The measured sheet resistance per square changes from 493 Ω/γ to 648 Ω/γ. By comparison, the simulated sheet resistance per square changes in the range (506 Ω/γ--622 Ω/γ) with a small error. In addition, the characteristics of magnetic sensitivity *vs.* temperature drift were simulated.
The measured and simulated relative variations of the current-related sensitivity related to the value at room temperature as a function of temperature for the zero-stress mounting of the Hall plate is demonstrated in [Figure 7](#f7-sensors-11-06284){ref-type="fig"}. In this temperature dependence of sensitivity simulation, we assume the zero temperature coefficient *α~SI~* of Hall plate takes place at 27 °C, and *α~SI~* linearly changes from −500 ppm/°K to +500 ppm/°K in the temperature range from −40 °C to 110 °C. It is obvious that a good accordance is achieved between simulation and experimental results for a die absence of packaging stress influence. Meanwhile, both simulated and tested results of the thermal drift of *S~I~* influenced by the plastic packaging stress as a function of temperature are also shown in [Figure 7](#f7-sensors-11-06284){ref-type="fig"}. The simulated thermal drift of *S~I~* for a typical plastic package (TSSOP) is also in good agreement with the measured results. It should be pointed out that the piezo-resistance and piezo-Hall effects in packaged Hall sensors are very complex issues, which cannot accurately be modeled by only a small number of key physical and technological parameters. Therefore, a very accurate simulation result cannot be achieved in some cases.
Finally, the ac simulation of the Hall plate was performed at 3 V DC bias. The ratio of finger length to finger width is fixed to 1, while the finger length is taken as a parameter, changing from 40 μm to 120 μm with a step of 40 μm. The simulation results in [Figure 8](#f8-sensors-11-06284){ref-type="fig"} show that the smaller Hall plate has the higher corner frequency and the −3 dB bandwidth highly exceeds the one MHz range for the largest Hall plate, indicating that any limited frequency response of Hall plate within the working range (usually below 1 MHz) cannot be observed.
4.. Conclusions
===============
An equivalent circuit simulation model for a CMOS-integrated Hall plate has been improved. The structure of the model consists of a passive network, including eight non-linear resistances, four depletion capacitances and four current-controlled voltage sources. The model completely takes into account the non-linear conductivity effects, geometrical effects and temperature effects. Meanwhile, the packaging stress influence on Hall plates is also considered to a certain degree. In addition, the model only needs a small number of key physical and technological parameters. The model has been implemented in Verilog-A hardware description language and was successfully tested with the standard EDA tool Cadence. For testing the model correctness and accuracy, the model simulation of a Hall plate were performed using AMS 0.8 μm CMOS technology parameters and are compared with the measured results reported in the literature \[[@b12-sensors-11-06284]\]. A very good agreement is obtained. It should be noted that if those key technological parameters such as N-well sheet resistance, Hall mobility, *etc.* can be calibrated by the measurements of the Hall sensors fabricated in a standard CMOS technology line, more accurate model simulation results could be achieved.
This work was supported by China Jiangsu Science and Technology Support Project (NO.BE2009143).
{#f1-sensors-11-06284}
{#f2-sensors-11-06284}
{#f3-sensors-11-06284}
{#f4-sensors-11-06284}
{#f5-sensors-11-06284}
{#f6-sensors-11-06284}
{#f7-sensors-11-06284}
{#f8-sensors-11-06284}
######
Model parameters (using AMS 0.8 μm CMOS process) \[[@b12-sensors-11-06284]\].
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Parameters Definition Default value
*N~D,NW~* Doping in N-well 4 × 10^16^ cm^−3^
*N~A,P+~* Doping in top P+ layer 1 × 10^20^cm^−3^
*N~A,SUB~* Doping in substrate 1 × 10^16^cm^−3^
*t~NW~* Depth of N-well 4 μm
*t~P+~* Depth of top P+ layer 0.3 μm
*μ~n~* Electrons mobility 950 cm^2^/V.s
*μ~H~* Hall mobility 1,200 cm^2^/V.s
*R~TC1~* First temperature coefficient of N-well resistance 1%/°K
*R~TC1~* Second temperature coefficient of N-well resistance 20 ppm /°K
*P~12~* Piezo-Hall coefficient 40 × 10^−11^ Pa^−1^
*α~SI~* Temperature coefficient of *S~I~* ±500 ppm/°K
*α~piezo-Hall~* Temperature coefficient of piezo-Hall effect −450 ppm/°K
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
Patent Document 1 discloses a turbocharger of twin-scroll type to be applied to a multi-cylinder and high-displacement engine for a ship or the like. Such a turbocharger has a turbine casing including a shroud that defines an operational flow path between a hub of a turbine rotor and the shroud, a scroll outer peripheral wall continuing from one end side of the shroud and extending along the circumferential direction of the shroud, and a partition wall disposed inside the scroll outer peripheral wall and dividing the inside space of the scroll outer peripheral wall into the first scroll flow path and the second scroll flow path disposed adjacent to each other in the axial direction of the shroud.
The scroll outer peripheral wall has a tongue section at the most downstream position thereof. The partition wall extends up to the position of 200 degrees in the circumferential direction of the shroud, where the position in the circumferential direction of the shroud is represented with reference to the position of the tongue section as the zero-degree position, and the flowing direction of the fluid as the positive direction. Further, a coating layer is formed on an inner wall of a downstream region (a region from 200 to 360 degrees in the circumferential direction of the shroud) where the partition wall is not provided. According to the document, the above configuration effectively suppresses occurrence of erosion due to collision of particles in a fluid (exhaust gas) in the downstream region without the partition wall.
Patent Document 2 discloses a turbine casing including three cast components: a turbine-side component, an intermediate component, and an exhaust-side component. The turbine-side component, the intermediate component, and the exhaust-side component are welded at butting surfaces and integrated into one piece. The turbine-side component forms the shroud and a part of the scroll outer peripheral wall, while the intermediate component forms another part of the scroll outer peripheral wall and the partition wall. The exhaust-side component forms the remaining part of the scroll outer peripheral wall. According to the document, such a turbine casing has a small thickness and a small weight, as well as a smooth-surfaced flow path that carries a fluid (exhaust gas). |
Q:
What does the ".git" mean in a git URL?
I setup a git repo in foo
cd
mkdir foo
cd foo
git init
Now I want to reference that remotely
git clone git+ssh://me@somemachine/home/me/foo.git
fatal: git remote error '/home/me/foo.git' does not appear to be a git repository
So I take .git off and it works. But nearly every example I see has ".git" at the end. What does that ".git" mean?
Also, what's the difference between ssh://... and git+ssh://... (in both meaning and practical terms)
A:
What does that ".git" mean?
.git at the end of a git repository folder is just a naming convention that usually means that the folder is a server and not a client. I believe it's determined by the repository being bare or not (bare repositories have no working directory). The clone URL just points to a folder, if the actual folder has .git at the end, add it. Otherwise, don't.
Also, what's the difference between ssh://... and git+ssh://... (in both meaning and practical terms)
In practical terms they're pretty much the same. In meaning, they're using different protocols to connect to the server. ssh:// opens up an SSH connection to a server with a specific user and runs the git commands on the server (typically the server will restrict the commands by setting the user's shell to /usr/bin/git-shell). git+ssh:// means that the server is running git daemon locally and that clients need to first open an SSH connection to interact with the daemon.
A:
It's a common (but certainly not universal) convention that bare git repositories are created in directories whose names end with .git. That's the reason that you usually see .git at the end of repository URLs.
I'm not sure about the git+ssh scheme - in fact I can't find a reference to it in the git man pages. According to the Eclipse forums the protocol has been removed in favor of plain old ssh. (The Eclipse forums are of course not an official source of information about git, but that would make sense. I never knew what the difference was supposed to be anyway.)
|
Own this one of a kind Bill Russell Slam 11X Champion Bobble head doll made by Forever collectibles. Arguably the greatest champion in NBA history this is a must own. Each bobble is individually hand numbered out of only 1,000 pieces. |
Q:
VBA select all items in a pivot report filter greater/less than a number
I have a pivot table report filter for the week of the year and I want to be able to select weeks up to a particular number. For example filter out all weeks greater than week 18.
I have some code below that loops through the report filter and unselects all weeks greater than current week. However, this takes a few seconds to run and I would prefer something more instantaneous (I am also trying to avoid loops in my work wherever possible).
I have tried to use PivotFields.Add but I have encountered a collection of runtime errors. Is this something that can be done without a loop?
Dim PvtTbl As PivotTable
Set PvtTbl = Worksheets("Pivot").PivotTables("PivotTable2")
PvtTbl.ClearAllFilters
PvtTbl.PivotFields("Week_Of_Year").PivotFields.Add Type:=xlValueIsLessThanOrEqualTo, Value1:=18
A:
While you might not be able to interact with the fields in the filters selection, you can still apply filters directly to columns within the pivot table. Reading what you're looking for, I think this might get you there.
PvtTbl.PivotFields("Week_of_Year").PivotFilters.Add Type:=xlCaptionIsLessThanOrEqualTo, Value1:=18
|
Hundreds of people have been rioting in the outback Queensland city of Mount Isa after a suspected family feud spilled onto the streets.
The large-scale fight broke out in the suburb of Pioneer at about 4:30am after earlier unrest.
Three hundred locals began brawling, some pulled down fences and used the palings as weapons.
Others used bottles and one woman had a knife.
Police received numerous calls for help and all rostered staff went to the scene and those who were off duty were also raised for back up.
It took about 16 officers an hour and a half to end the riot, during which time a female officer was head butted, allegedly by the woman carrying the knife.
The officer was not injured.
So far 15 people have been arrested and charged with public nuisance and one was charged with serious assault police.
Mount Isa Police Inspector Trevor Kidd said there had been some tension in the Pioneer area.
"We will be talking to some of the elders in the community and in that general area there as to why it escalated," he said.
"We're looking at a family feud, so we'll follow up on that.
"The were fighting amongst themselves and it was further fuelled by alcohol.
"Unfortunately alcohol plays a big part." |
John Goodman, who gave one heck of a fun performance in the current Oscar hopeful Trumbo, is in talks to star alongside Charlize Theron and James McAvoy in Coldest City for Focus Features. The film is about a super spy (Theron) who springs into action after an underground MI5 officer is killed just before the fall of the Berlin Wall. She must find a list he was smuggling into the West, to protect herself and the counter-intelligence community. Goodman is in talks for the role of an American agent who works with Theron and McAvoy.
My colleague Mike Fleming first reported this project with Theron earlier this year when Focus gobbled it up in a near-eight-figure deal for North American rights with John Wick helmers David Leitch & Chad Stahelski directing from a Kurt Johnstad script. Leitch is producing along with Theron and A.J. Dix, Beth Kono, Eric Gitter, Kelly McCormick and Peter Schwerin.
The spy thriller is based on the bestselling Oni Press graphic novel by Antony Johnston. Sierra/Affinity’s Nick Meyer is backing the film and its $30 million-plus budget; it’s shooting in Budapest and Berlin.
Besides Trumbo, Goodman just recently stepped into Kong: Skull Island. His most recent feature work is Going Under, the comedy Love The Coopers and Valencia. Goodman is repped by Gersh. |
Q:
SQL select one row from table 1 joining on multiple rows in table 2
So I have two tables, the first would be users_
Name
------
Carol
Sue
and the second would be interests_
Name Interest
----------------------
Carol Books
Carol Dancing
Carol Sports
Sue Books
Sue Dancing
The user will be presented with checkboxes to select a match based on criteria for similar interests like this
So if the user selected Books and Dancing as interests for their match, what type of sql query would I build to combine multiple rows in interests and ensure that the result is Sue, since she had Books and Dancing as interests but NOT Sports?
any help will go a long way thanks!
A:
Here is the simple way to do it
select
i.name
from interests i
where i.interest in ('Books','Dancing')
and not exists
(
select 1 from interests i1
where interest not in ('Books','Dancing')
AND i.name = i1.name
)
group by i.name
having count(*) = 2
DEMO
|
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Paperback, Not Avail, 2004, ISBN# 0763725838
About this item
Important Made in USA Origin Disclaimer: For certain items sold by Walmart on Walmart.com, the displayed country of origin
information may not be accurate or consistent with manufacturer information. For updated, accurate country of origin data, it is
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Paperback, Not Avail, 2004, ISBN# 0763725838
Trauma Case Studies For The Paramedic Contains 20 Case Studies Representing A Variety Of Trauma Emergencies, Some More Life-Threatening Than Others, That The Paramedic May Encounter In The Field. Each Case Study Begins By Presenting Dispatch Information And A General Impression Of The Patient Upon Arrival At The Scene. Then, As The Case Progresses, Pertinent Patient Information Is Provided, Interspersed With A Series Of Questions Designed To Test Paramedics' Knowledge Of The Patient's Specific Injury Or Injuries.
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Mitchell Lovelock-Fay
Mitchell Lovelock-Fay (born 12 January 1992 in Canberra) is an Australian cyclist riding for the Avanti Racing Team.
Palmares
2012
1st Tour of Thailand
1st stage 2
2014
1st stage 3 Tour of Toowoomba (TTT)
1st Tour of Southland
1st Prologue (TTT) and stage 4
3rd Tour de Perth
References
Category:1992 births
Category:Living people
Category:Australian male cyclists |
Kids learn stroke signs in class through imitation
In this Feb. 25, 2014 photo, third-graders, from left, Hunter Thomas, Matthew Velez, Sebastian Mendez, Jayden Gonzalez and Elijah Farias examine a plastic model of a brain at Montefiore Hospital in the Bronx borough of New York. The hospital teaches children to recognize stroke and get victims to a hospital quickly. (AP Photo/Jim Fitzgerald)
NEW YORK (AP) — Andrea Esteban tried to smile with half her face, crossing her eyes in the process, and her third-grade classmates giggled. Matthew Velez struggled to speak, “Luh, luh, uh, gronk,” and the kids erupted in laughter.
But the funny faces, the gibberish and some arm flapping were all part of a serious lesson to help kids learn the telltale signs of a stroke by imitating them. The idea is to enlist children, particularly those who may live with older relatives, as an army of eyes to help recognize the warning signs, get help for victims more quickly and hopefully save lives.
“If my mom has a stroke, I’ll know what to do,” said 10-year-old Madison Montes. “Run to the phone and call 911.”
The experimental health education program at Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx is aimed at the most crucial factor when it comes to a stroke: time.
Each year, about 795,000 Americans have a stroke and about 130,000 die. Some are caused by bleeding in the brain, but the vast majority is caused by a clot that blocks blood flow, starving brain cells. The drug TPA can dissolve those clots and reduce disability but only if it’s given within three to four hours of the first symptoms, and the sooner the better. Yet only about 5 percent of patients receive it, in part because many stroke sufferers don’t get to the hospital in time for testing to tell if they’re a candidate.
The early warning signs include a droopy side of the face, slurred or strange speech, and the inability to keep arms raised.
“There’s a pretty good chance some children might witness a parent or a grandparent having a stroke,” said Jim Baranski, CEO of the National Stroke Association. “So if they’re armed with the signs and symptoms, they could likely save a life.”
Montefiore’s program, one of a handful tried across the country, has been used since 2012 with private schools in its neighborhood, where children are often in a grandparent’s care because parents are absent or both working. The goal is to study the results and, if successful, replicate the program across the country.
“The kids get a kick out of it because they get to do a little acting,” said Dr. Robert Glover, a neurologist who helped develop the program. “But when they’re done, they know about stroke and they can teach their families.”
Dr. Kathryn Kirchoff-Torres, who led the class from St. Ann’s School in the Bronx, said the kids are already “little message machines” bringing home from school what they learn about the benefits of exercise, not smoking and eating well.
At the start of the stroke class last month, in a first-floor room at the hospital, the doctor asked, “Who knows what a stroke is?”
“A heart attack?” one child offered.
“Well, we like to call it a brain attack,” Kirchoff-Torres said. “It’s a problem with the brain.” She then taught the children to use the word “FAST” as a memory device. With cartoons and music bringing the point home, they learned “F” is for face, “A” is for arms, “S” is for speech and “T” is for time.
After the play-acting and the multimedia show, the doctor invited questions from the children.
“How do you catch a stroke?” one boy asked. The doctor assured him that strokes are not contagious but can be caused by “high blood pressure, smoking cigarettes, junk food.”
“What if we don’t have a phone?” a girl asked. Kirchoff suggested asking a neighbor or running to a storefront.
“What if you live in the desert?” was the follow-up question, to which Kirchoff smiled and said, “It’s a good thing you live in the Bronx.”
After the class, the children were presented with pens labeled “FAST” and with pencil erasers in the shape of human brains, which were very popular.
One parent in attendance, Jason Sawtelle, said he felt the lesson “plants the seed”
“Maybe not every 8-year-old is capable of this,” he said, “but some certainly are.”
Similar programs have been tried elsewhere. At Harlem Hospital in Manhattan, Dr. Olajide Williams uses hip-hop music to engage New York City fourth- through sixth-graders in three hours a year of stroke education.
“Beyond sixth grade, the kids become a little too cool,” Williams said. But with the younger kids, “we’ve shown that these children can learn basic stroke pathology.” He said at least two children have been credited with helping to save lives.
A similar stroke education study in the Corpus Christi, Texas, public schools used Tejano music. It was headed by Dr. Lewis Morgenstern, director of the stroke program at the University of Michigan Medical School.
The 2007 study found that the youngsters responded well.
“The data was highly positive in terms of knowledge about stroke and their intention to call 911,” Morgenstern said. “The earlier we can make people aware of stroke and that it’s arguably the most treatable of all catastrophic conditions, the better off we will be.” |
Monday, June 29, 2009
Lots of photos. Not exactly the layout I wanted, but it's time consuming moving them around, so...
*no, Melinda doesn't use a life vest for swimming, she was waiting for her turn on the jet ski.
*Emmy and Allison jumping in - it looks like Emmy is standing on the lake.
Wow, where has the month gone? School got out for me on June 5th and I've been busy ever since. The first week I did a lot of long overdue cleaning (closets, carpets, etc.) The second week off I had a Dr. appointment, a massage gift certificate I needed to use, and an appointment at the hair salon, and I had to get everything ready to take up to the lake the following week.
This past Monday, June 22nd, (my 3rd week off) we headed up to Clear Lake, Iowa.It's only an hour and a half from us, and we have been going for 6 or 7 years now. We always enjoy the slow pace of life up there. We rent a cabin/cottage (nothing fancy, just a place to sleep and cook and relax). We fished, played on a jet ski, did the Fort Custer maze, took walks, rode bikes, played games, and we swam, swam and swam some more. We went to see the movie Up, grilled out, ate out, and over all had a wonderful, relaxing week. Both Kris and Allison were able to join us for the weekend Friday - Sunday. They both brought their boy/girlfriends. The weather ranged from 110 heat index Monday and Tuesday, tornado watch Tuesday with wind and rain, and then slowly it began to cool off, by Sunday, it was down to 78 degrees for a high. We had a great time. I think it was one of our best times up there so far.
*Dina enjoying the day. :-)
We took the dogs to a kennel there in Clear Lake and we "broke them out" twice and took them swimming, Zoey loved jumping off the dock, Brindle wouldn't, I can't blame her, she is almost 12 yrs. old.
About The Watts Family
KEVIN - Kevin has been with John Deere now for 10 years. He really enjoys working there. He took a new position with them in December '12 that moved us across the state. He now works with the combine side of the house. He still travels occasionally and has added three new destinations to his ever growing list of places he's visited, India, China and Brazil. He has also been to Texas, Russia, North Carolina, Arizona, North Dakota, New York, Canada, Florida, Germany and France.
DIANA - I am working in the school still, and am back in the Library again. I love my new position even though it is super busy so much of the time. So much for thinking a library is quiet.
BRINDLE - Brindle is 151/2 years old now. She is slowing down quite a bit, and Kevin calls her our "prescription puppy" . We give her medicine to help with her joint problems, the cold and damp bother her some. She still goes for walks although they aren't as far or as fast as they used to be.
Update: Brindle made it to month shy of her 16th birthday. It was a sad day in the Watts household! Such a good dog!
PUDDY - Puddy is 14 years old, getting fatter by the day, and is such a loving cat. He doesn't ask to go out as much as he used to, which is good because he is a terror to our neighborhood!
FRANK - Frank grew by leaps and bounds, and is now at 91 pounds. He is so much fun to have around, and such a good dog. He stays in the yard without a fence, walks without pulling (mostly) and loves water and playing with his tennis ball. (obsessed really)
Thanks for taking the time to stop by and visit with us. I hope you enjoy our family as much as we enjoy each other. Leave us a note and let us know what you are up to. |
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