text stringlengths 8 5.77M |
|---|
// Copyright (c) Microsoft. All rights reserved.
// Licensed under the MIT license. See LICENSE file in the project root for full license information.
namespace DotNetty.Codecs.Tests
{
using System;
using Xunit;
public sealed class DateFormatterTest
{
// This date is set at "06 Nov 1994 08:49:37 GMT", from
// <a href="http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec3.html">examples in RFC documentation</a>
readonly DateTime expectedTime = new DateTime(1994, 11, 6, 8, 49, 37, DateTimeKind.Utc);
[Fact]
public void ParseWithSingleDigitDay()
{
Assert.Equal(this.expectedTime, DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sun, 6 Nov 1994 08:49:37 GMT"));
}
[Fact]
public void ParseWithDoubleDigitDay()
{
Assert.Equal(this.expectedTime, DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sun, 06 Nov 1994 08:49:37 GMT"));
}
[Fact]
public void ParseWithDashSeparatorSingleDigitDay()
{
Assert.Equal(this.expectedTime, DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sunday, 06-Nov-94 08:49:37 GMT"));
}
[Fact]
public void ParseWithSingleDoubleDigitDay()
{
Assert.Equal(this.expectedTime, DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sunday, 6-Nov-94 08:49:37 GMT"));
}
[Fact]
public void ParseWithoutGmt()
{
Assert.Equal(this.expectedTime, DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sun Nov 6 08:49:37 1994"));
}
[Fact]
public void ParseWithFunkyTimezone()
{
Assert.Equal(this.expectedTime, DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sun Nov 6 08:49:37 1994 -0000"));
}
[Fact]
public void ParseWithSingleDigitHourMinutesAndSecond()
{
Assert.Equal(this.expectedTime, DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sunday, 6-Nov-94 8:49:37 GMT"));
}
[Fact]
public void ParseWithSingleDigitTime()
{
Assert.Equal(this.expectedTime, DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sunday, 6 Nov 1994 8:49:37 GMT"));
DateTime time080937 = this.expectedTime - TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds(40 * 60 * 1000);
Assert.Equal(time080937, DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sunday, 6 Nov 1994 8:9:37 GMT"));
Assert.Equal(time080937, DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sunday, 6 Nov 1994 8:09:37 GMT"));
DateTime time080907 = this.expectedTime - TimeSpan.FromMilliseconds((40 * 60 + 30) * 1000);
Assert.Equal(time080907, DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sunday, 6 Nov 1994 8:9:7 GMT"));
Assert.Equal(time080907, DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sunday, 6 Nov 1994 8:9:07 GMT"));
}
[Fact]
public void ParseMidnight()
{
Assert.Equal(new DateTime(1994, 11, 6, 0, 0, 0, DateTimeKind.Utc), DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sunday, 6 Nov 1994 00:00:00 GMT"));
}
[Fact]
public void ParseInvalidInput()
{
// missing field
Assert.Null(DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sun, Nov 1994 08:49:37 GMT"));
Assert.Null(DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sun, 6 1994 08:49:37 GMT"));
Assert.Null(DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sun, 6 Nov 08:49:37 GMT"));
Assert.Null(DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sun, 6 Nov 1994 :49:37 GMT"));
Assert.Null(DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sun, 6 Nov 1994 49:37 GMT"));
Assert.Null(DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sun, 6 Nov 1994 08::37 GMT"));
Assert.Null(DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sun, 6 Nov 1994 08:37 GMT"));
Assert.Null(DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sun, 6 Nov 1994 08:49: GMT"));
Assert.Null(DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sun, 6 Nov 1994 08:49 GMT"));
//invalid value
Assert.Null(DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sun, 6 FOO 1994 08:49:37 GMT"));
Assert.Null(DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sun, 36 Nov 1994 08:49:37 GMT"));
Assert.Null(DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sun, 6 Nov 1994 28:49:37 GMT"));
Assert.Null(DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sun, 6 Nov 1994 08:69:37 GMT"));
Assert.Null(DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sun, 6 Nov 1994 08:49:67 GMT"));
//wrong number of digits in timestamp
Assert.Null(DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sunday, 6 Nov 1994 0:0:000 GMT"));
Assert.Null(DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sunday, 6 Nov 1994 0:000:0 GMT"));
Assert.Null(DateFormatter.ParseHttpDate("Sunday, 6 Nov 1994 000:0:0 GMT"));
}
[Fact]
public void Format()
{
Assert.Equal("Sun, 6 Nov 1994 08:49:37 GMT", DateFormatter.Format(this.expectedTime));
}
}
}
|
If you’ve ever been to a Christian music festival or were a member of a youth group in the late-’90s, then you are likely no stranger to Christian T-shirts. They typically incorporate some sort appropriated logo of a well-known product, possibly a Bible verse reference and always one of the worst dad jokes you’ve ever heard.
The pun game of Christian T-shirt designers literally had no limits.
We asked you, our readers, to send us the most cringeworthy Christian T-shirts you’ve ever seen or owned, and you did not disappoint. Here’s a look at some of our favorites.
4EVA
Ancient Mystery
To-Ma-Toes
A Deep Cut
Copyright Notice
Blue-Collar Comedy
I Believe I Can Fly
Proud to Be Your Bud
In Our Top 8
Tricky
Wordplay
The Gun Show
Something to Think About
The Confession
The Evangelist
Groovy, Baby!
Checkmate, Atheists
Dating 101
Sick Burn
Rapture Ready
Regular
Nailed It
Party Time |
<?php
class ActiveListBoxTestCase extends PradoGenericSelenium2Test
{
public function test()
{
$base = 'ctl0_Content_';
$this->url("active-controls/index.php?page=ActiveListBoxTest");
$this->assertSourceContains('Active List Box Functional Test');
$this->assertText("{$base}label1", "Label 1");
$this->byId("{$base}button1")->click();
$this->pauseFairAmount();
$this->assertEquals($this->getSelectedLabels("{$base}list1"), ['item 2', 'item 3', 'item 4']);
$this->byId("{$base}button3")->click();
$this->pauseFairAmount();
$this->assertEquals($this->getSelectedLabels("{$base}list1"), ['item 1']);
$this->byId("{$base}button4")->click();
$this->pauseFairAmount();
$this->assertEquals($this->getSelectedLabels("{$base}list1"), ['item 5']);
$this->byId("{$base}button5")->click();
$this->pauseFairAmount();
$this->assertEquals($this->getSelectedLabels("{$base}list1"), ['item 2', 'item 5']);
$this->byId("{$base}button2")->click();
$this->pauseFairAmount();
$this->assertNotSomethingSelected("{$base}list1");
$this->byId("{$base}button6")->click();
$this->pauseFairAmount();
$this->byId("{$base}button1")->click();
$this->pauseFairAmount();
$this->assertEquals($this->getSelectedLabels("{$base}list1"), ['item 2', 'item 3', 'item 4']);
$this->select("{$base}list1", "item 1");
$this->pauseFairAmount();
$this->assertText("{$base}label1", 'Selection: value 1');
$this->addSelection("{$base}list1", "item 4");
$this->pauseFairAmount();
$this->assertText("{$base}label1", 'Selection: value 1, value 4');
}
}
|
Q:
Kendo UI Scheduler, Agenda View columns
in the Agenda view for the Kendo-UI scheduler, it displays "Date, Time, Event" columns. I also have an extra column that displays a different attribute of the event I am displaying.
What I want to accomplish is to switch the positioning of the extra column with the "Date" column. I had found a few things, such as kendo grid reordering and also using css to change placement in the scheduler, but neither method seems applicable to my situation. The css in particular was using float left/right, but that messes up the columns instead.
Below are links to the images of my issue as well as the classes they are assigned on the scheduler.
AgendaCols
classInfo
Also, as a bonus, I'd like to know if I can add a title in the orange part of the first picture, since it's currently blank while the other three each have a title that is built-in.
Thanks for your time,
Alpr
A:
You can specify date: true specifically for the Agenda view by specifying this in the scheduler's options object:
views: [{
type: "agenda",
group: {
date: true
}
}, "week", "day"]
Notice that the group's date: true setting is inside the agenda entry in the views array.
|
[Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in pregnancy. A description of 2 cases and review of the literature].
Although pregnancy is still widely considered to be a contraindication to laparoscopic cholecystectomy, several successful cases have been published so far. This paper reports on two cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed during the second trimester for recurrent biliary pancreatitis and acute cholecystitis. There were no intra- or postoperative complications, the obstetric course was also uneventful in both cases. Important aspects to be considered are the placement of trocars and the pressure of the pneumoperitoneum, which should not exceed 12 mmHg. The need for intraoperative monitoring and cholangiography is controversial. The results show, that laparoscopic cholecystectomy is not contraindicated during pregnancy, however, as in open cholecystectomy it should be performed only in cases, where conservative management fails. |
Lonzo Ball’s struggles on his Lakers debut are long forgotten. And on Wednesday night, so were his Big Baller Brand sneakers.
Now he has the best game of the NBA Summer League — and another playoff game for a chance to top it. Ball had 36 points, 11 assists, eight rebounds and five steals to lead the Los Angeles Lakers to a 103-102 victory over the Philadelphia 76ers in their opening game of the tournament stage.
The No2 overall draft pick came back from a one-game absence — and did so wearing Nike Kobe AD sneakers instead of a pair from the line that his father, LaVar, is marketing for $495 a pair. Then he brought the Lakers back from a 15-point deficit to claim a spot in the round of 16 on Thursday against No2 seed Cleveland.
Asked why he changed sneakers, Ball said it was “Mamba mentality,” referring to Kobe Bryant’s nickname. “Just thought I’d switch it up,” Ball added. “Wore them tonight. It’s good when you can wear whatever you want.”
LeBron James, who was courtside watching the game, noticed Ball’s change of footwear too, posting a video to Instagram.
Just. Do. It A post shared by LeBron James (@kingjames) on Jul 12, 2017 at 9:44pm PDT
Ball was having an up-and-down start to his pro career in Las Vegas. He was 2 for 15 from the field in an opening loss, responded with a triple-double in another loss, then sat out the third game with a sore groin as critics said he was avoiding having to face No5 pick De’Aaron Fox in that game against Sacramento.
Ball looked fine on Wednesday while playing against a Philadelphia team playing without Markelle Fultz, the player drafted before Ball who is sitting out with an ankle injury.
The point guard from UCLA scored 28 points in the second half, but the Lakers couldn’t get him the ball on an inbounds pass trailing by one. Instead, Ivaca Zubac got free and was fouled with 4.6 seconds left, making both free throws to give the No15 seeds the lead for good. Furkan Korkmaz scored 19 for the No18 76ers (1-3).
The tournament began on Wednesday with eight games, featuring the Nos9-24 seeds. The top eight seeds earned byes into the second round on Thursday. |
Effect of corilagin on membrane permeability of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans.
Corilagin is a member of polyphenolic tannins. Its antimicrobial activity and action mechanism against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans were investigated through membrane permeability. Crystal violet staining determination, outer membrane (OM) and inner membrane (IM) permeability, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used as methods for our investigation. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were 62.5, 31.25 and 62.5 µg/mL for E. coli, S. aureus and C. albicans, respectively. Crystal violet results and SDS-PAGE of supernatant proteins showed that corilagin dose-dependently affected membrane permeability of E. coli and C. albicans but not of S. aureus. OM and IM permeability assays revealed comparable results for E. coli. By using AFM, we demonstrated extensive cell surface alterations of corilagin-treated E. coli and C. albicans. SDS-PAGE of precipitated proteins revealed possible targets of corilagin, i.e. Fib, Sae R, Sar S in S. aureus and Tye 7p in C. albicans. In conclusion, corilagin inhibited the growth of E. coli and C. albicans by disrupting their membrane permeability and that of S. aureus by acting on Fib, Sae R and Sar S but not on membrane integrity. |
Tribeca 2011: THE SWELL SEASON Review
Overall, I must say that I
was struck by the similarity of The Swell Season to Hobo with
a Shotgun.
Well, wait, hold on a sec and
I'll explain: both films know what their target audiences expect
as they enter the theater, and then do their best to make sure that
they leave with their needs met. It's that simple.
And in this case, the "best"
of writing-directing team Nick August-Perna, Chris Dapkins, and Carlo
Mirabella-Davis is very good indeed.
After all, what's the most
you could hope for in a doc that chronicles the artistic collaboration,
public romance, and slow-dissolve breakup of Oscar-winners Glen Hansard
and Markéta Irglová? Would it be a bracingly personal, smart, and
bittersweet (but not cloying) film with impassioned musical performances
thrown in every few minutes? If so, get thee to Tribeca, because your
hopes have just become reality.
With its standard formula of
front-seat vantage point and backstage access, the pop music doc is
arguably the most enduring and popular brand of documentary, especially
for those audiences that don't normally flock to the genre. So since
there would seem to be little new territory to explore here, and since
the bar is not always set too high--the fanbase for any particular
artist can go home happy as long as there's solid on-stage footage--filmmakers
who wish to distinguish themselves in this context would appear to be
facing quite a challenge.
But just as Once seemed
to invent its own grownup language to reinvigorate the movie musical,
The Swell Season shakes up the pop music doc in a way that suggests
new possibilities for the form. Its beautiful black-and-white cinematography
(the shots of Ireland are often breathtaking) and terrific editing go
a long way toward explaining why The Swell Season works, but
one can't help but suspect that it's the off-camera relationships
that were the special ingredient. And "relationships" in this case
doesn't refer to those between Hansard, Irglová, and their bandmates,
but rather between the entire group of musicians and the filmmakers
themselves. Over time a deep sense of trust apparently developed so
that subjects became less guarded, and the ensuing spirit of direct
and disarming honesty is compounded by the innately down-to-earth personalities
of the performers.
At first the candid interludes
that are captured as a result can come across as something other than
the product of trust--maybe naïveté or even exploitation, or a combination
of the two. For example, an early scene of Hansard and Irglová skinny-dipping
seems too awkwardly intimate: we're not sure why the filmmakers, and
thus ourselves, are privileged with this (literally revealing) glimpse
into the private lives of others. It seems that The Swell Season
hasn't yet earned this moment.
However, as the film progresses
it earns it again and again. The portrait we get of Hansard's family
in particular is unforgettable--his Mom effusive about her son receiving
an Oscar from no less a figure than John Travolta while his Dad determinedly
drinks himself into the grave. Interesting, we see Irglová's acceptance
speech only via a small TV screen, and it's her upbeat--to many,
inspiring--words that echo dimly, sadly, and ironically throughout
the rest of the film. Sure, we can have anything we want... but at what
price?
That The Swell
Season manages to avoid falling into an abyss of showbiz clichés--fame
ain't what it's cracked up to be, doncha know?--is a testament
to how it keeps its focus on the specific flesh-and-blood people involved
rather than treating them like generic celebrities. In this way, Irglová's
growing unease with notoriety doesn't serve to set up some whiny message
about being true to oneself, but rather illustrates the potential long-term
cost of differing expectations about life that can beset any
couple.
And it's that sense of universality
despite the aura of celebrity that makes The Swell Season so
quietly powerful. These days, when so many indie films believe that
the only pathway to things dark is through things heavy, and when Reality
TV bombards us with countless shrill couples fighting over non-issues,
it's almost a radical act to depict a genuine breakup in all its subtlety.
You can see things from both the principals' points of view,
as a mutual friend might, and this only adds to the melancholic wisdom
conveyed by the film. As someone like Cole Porter might have written,
it was certainly a swell time--but all seasons eventually pass. |
413 Pa. 296 (1964)
Robinson
v.
Alston, Appellant.
Supreme Court of Pennsylvania.
Argued November 21, 1963.
January 8, 1964.
Before BELL, C.J., MUSMANNO, JONES, COHEN, O'BRIEN and ROBERTS, JJ.
*297 Ransome A. Kley, for appellant.
Edward I. Weisberg, with him David N. Feldman, for appellee.
OPINION BY MR. JUSTICE MUSMANNO, January 8, 1964:
Henry A. Robinson, some 40 years of age, the plaintiff in this case, entered an apartment house, owned by Estelle Alston, the defendant, and while in the process of leaving, fell down some steps, incurring injuries. He brought an action of trespass against the owner of the property. At the termination of the plaintiff's case the defendant moved for a nonsuit which was refused, the case having been heard nonjury by Judge VICTOR BLANC of the Court of Common Pleas No. 6 of Philadelphia County, who entered a verdict in the sum of $6,999 in favor of the plaintiff. The defendant moved for judgment n.o.v., which motion was refused and she has appealed to this court.
The appellant argues that the plaintiff failed to make out a case of negligence and at the same time convicted himself of contributory negligence. The plaintiff testified that as he was descending the stairway from the third floor, a nail protruding from the second tread caught his heel, causing him to fall. He said that the hallway was "kind of dim-looking," undoubtedly meaning dimly lighted. The tenant, Miss Hazel Hunter, whom he had visited, testified that the hallway "wasn't too dark to walk and it wasn't too light." She said that she had lived in the apartment house for nine months prior to the accident and had informed the landlady of the dangerous condition of *298 the steps. When asked what it was which caused the plaintiff to fall she replied: "Well, the nail was coming out, it was coming up on the the shiny piece was kind of sticking up some . . . Either the rubber mat or a nail, or this aluminum edge on it."
The defendant testified that the steps were in excellent condition and denied that she had ever been notified by Miss Hunter to the contrary. The issue in the case was strictly one of fact, and the disposition of the appeal does not require a long opinion. Defendant's counsel, in his brief, argues the facts at great length, expatiating considerably on the question of the credibility of the witnesses, but there is nothing in the record which would establish that the trial judge abused his discretion in reaching the conclusions which he specified in his opinion.
At one point in his brief, defendant's counsel states that the plaintiff "could not read good and spells badly." What could be the possible relevancy of this statement? Certainly it does not require a college education to fall down steps which are dimly lighted and therefore do not reveal the lurking nail which catches a visitor's shoe and trips him.
The plaintiff fell on April 28, 1957, but the defendant was not informed of the accident until September 27, 1957. The defendant sees in this failure to be notified a fatal impediment in the plaintiff's case. Her counsel characterizes the plaintiff's failure to inform the defendant of his injury on her property a "withholding of evidence", or even a "destruction of evidence," stating that "Every inference will be indulged against a party who destroys papers material to the case. Every presumption will be adopted against a litigant who suppresses evidence that would illustrate his case." In supporting this statement he brings into play the formidable artillery of: "Omnia praesumuntur contra spoliatorem."
*299 But there was no destruction of "material papers" in this case, nor was there any evidence that the plaintiff schemed to hide from the defendant what had befallen him. It can legitimately be argued that his failure to notify the defendant of the accident is evidence that the accident did not happen as described by him, but there would be no warrant in law for the fact-finding tribunal to accept mandatorily the presumption that such silence amounted to suppression of evidence.
The defendant argues further that Hazel Hunter, the plaintiff's witness, was not to be believed because she was unfriendly to the defendant, that she did not pay her rent on time, that she complained to the Rent Commission and that she was levied on by a constable for nonpayment of rent. All this could be true and it still would not, ipso facto, destroy her as a witness. One can be unfriendly and still tell the truth. It is for the fact-finding tribunal to weigh the state of animus of the witness, if any, against the instinct to tell the truth, and determine if the former outweighs the latter to such an extent that fidelity to fact is impossible.
So far as negligence is concerned, the plaintiff made out a prima facie case against the defendant which, if believed, entitled him to a verdict. The duty owed by the landlord to his tenant to maintain the stairway in a reasonably safe condition was owed equally to the guest of the tenant. (Matthews v. Spiegel, 385 Pa. 203.)
Nor did the plaintiff's or the defendant's presentation of evidence convict the plaintiff of contributory negligence as a matter of law. The plaintiff had not been in the apartment house prior to his visit of April 28, 1957, so that he could not be charged with testing a known danger or one of which he should have been aware. He testified that the hallway was not adequately illuminated so he cannot be charged with failure to observe what his eyes should have called to his attention. *300 He did testify that as he went up the stairs he did see "some kind of little silver-looking things on the step," but it was a question of fact for the trial court to determine whether these "silver-looking things" constituted notice to the plaintiff of a defective stairway.
Then the defendant argues that the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence because he did not grasp the railing when he was falling. There was no evidence that he was close enough to the railing to seize it at the crucial moment that he lost balance due to being tripped. Once one begins to fall and the law of gravitation takes over, there is no veto to nullify the law so that the falling person may seize objects which will enable him to prevent what happens inevitably when anyone or anything is violently detached from terra firma and is suddenly cast into midair.
Although the defendant does not ask for a new trial on the ground of excessive verdict, she argues that the evidence "offered by the plaintiff was not sufficient to legally support the money damages awarded by the verdict." When the plaintiff fell he was taken to the Presbyterian Hospital in Philadelphia where he was treated for a fracture through the upper portion of the right tibia and through the neck of the right fibula. He was in the hospital for eight days and was discharged by the doctor some seven months later. His leg was in a cast and re-casts for about 15 months. He used crutches and then when he was able to discard them he walked with a stick.
Prior to his injury he was employed for a period of about three weeks by the Counties Construction Company as a laborer, earning $2.10 per hour, for 40 hours a week. Following the accident he could not work for "close to two years." Before obtaining employment with the Counties Construction Company his employment record was irregular and the defendant complains that the plaintiff could not, therefore, be entitled to *301 compensation for reduced earning power, based on the short period of regular employment before his accident. No evidence was adduced to rebut the plaintiff's statement that had he not been injured he would have continued to work at the Counties Construction Company. The trial court held, and properly so, that the verdict "was a modest one for the type of injury sustained and the losses incurred."
Affirmed.
Mr. Justice COHEN concurs in the result.
DISSENTING OPINION BY MR. CHIEF JUSTICE BELL:
Plaintiff must prove by a fair preponderance of the evidence (1) the cause of the accident and injury and (2) that it was caused by the negligence of the defendant and (3) that such negligence was the proximate cause of the accident. Furthermore, a jury is not permitted to conjecture or guess, and if, from the testimony of plaintiff and his (and/or defendant's) witnesses such negligence is not clearly established, he cannot recover. Bohner v. Eastern Express, Inc., 405 Pa. 463, 469, 175 A. 2d 864, and cases cited therein.
The majority opinion says plaintiff testified that: ". . . a nail protruding from the second tread caught his heel causing him to fall." This is misleading since it is only partially correct. Plaintiff's exact testimony was:
Direct Examination
"Q. And what happened to you as you stepped down on the next step with your right foot? A. Well, something caught this leg (indicating left) this foot here. Q. What caught it? A. It must have been a nail or something, whatever they call it, that silvered stuff on the step there.[*] Q. Now, had you seen that before *302 you took your first step? A. No, I hadn't seen it. Q. Could you see it? A. No, I hadn't seen it. Q. Did you look to see? A. Well, I was looking, but I could probably see it shine, but I couldn't see there was nothing up there to trip me."
Cross-Examination
. . .
"A. . . . Something caught my heel. . . . Q. And with your right foot, which step were you stepping on? A. The next one. Q. Which would be the second step? A. Yes, sir. Q. And then what happened? A. The nail caught me on my heel."
Plaintiff's witness, Hazel Hunter, who accompanied him down the stairs, saw plaintiff fall and thus testified: "Q. Now, when he fell down did you look at the step to see what caused him to fall down? A. Well, I looked at it, yes. . . . Q. What was it that caused him to trip? A. Well, either the rubber mat or a nail, or this aluminum edge on it."
Furthermore, plaintiff kept contradicting himself as to which step he fell on.
Moreover, plaintiff's failure to prove that a protruding nail was the cause of his fall is further emphasized by the difference between the allegata and probata.
Plaintiff in his complaint alleged that defendant's negligence consisted of "(a) In permitting the said stairway, and more particularly the metal strip on the edge of the TOP step of the third floor to become loose, detached and broken; . . ."
In Bohner v. Eastern Express, Inc., 405 Pa., supra, the Court said (page 469): "In Mrahunec v. Fausti, 385 Pa. 64, 69, 121 A. 2d 878, the Court said: `Plaintiff's case fails for the additional reason that he falls within the well established principle, viz., where plaintiff *303 has the burden of proving certain facts he cannot recover if his evidence is so uncertain or inadequate or equivocal or ambiguous or contradictory as to make findings or legitimate inferences therefrom a mere conjecture: Wagner v. Somerset, 372 Pa. 338, 341, 93 A. 2d 440; Musleva v. Patton Clay Mfg. Co., 338 Pa. 249, 12 A. 2d 554.' See to the same effect: Moyerman v. Glanzberg, 391 Pa. 387, 395, 138 A. 2d 681; DiGiannantonio v. Pittsburgh Railways Co., 402 Pa. [27, 166 A. 2d 28], supra."
Plaintiff had the burden of proving what caused his accident and injury and his proof thereof was so uncertain and equivocal as to make any findings or conclusion therefrom a mere conjecture.
For these reasons I dissent and would enter judgment for defendant non obstante veredicto.
NOTES
[*] Italics throughout, ours.
|
Q:
What is a "recursive DNS query"?
Can someone explain in short what "recursive DNS query" means and how it can be considered bad?
A:
TL;DR: Recursive queries are part of the way the internet and DNS work,
but not all DNS servers should be receiving recursive queries, and when
the ones that shouldn't respond do respond you can get problems.
Longer version:
Recursion, n: See under Recursion.
A recursive DNS query happens when the DNS server you asked for the address of, say, unix.stackexchange.com doesn't know the answer itself, so it has to check with another server.
Normally this is actually how DNS works -- the DNS server of your ISP does not have the entire internet's domain records permanently memorized for obvious reasons, so the following exchange happens under the hood:
You: Hey, browser, show me http://unix.stackexchange.com
Browser: Sure thing! ... Hm. I don't actually know what IP address
that is.
Hey, OS, can you tell me where to find unix.stackexchange.com?
OS: Sure thing...
Hmm. It's not in my own hosts file. Lemme just check my resolver
configuration...
Hey, ISP's DNS server, can you tell me where to
find unix.stackexchange.com?
ISP's DNS server: Sure thing!
... Hmmm. That one isn't in my list of authoritative domains, and right
now I don't have that answer cached.
Hey, internet root servers, can you tell me who is authoritative
for stackexchange.com?
Internet Root Servers: Sure thing! According to our records, you want
ns1.serverfault.com, ns2.serverfault.com, or ns3.serverfault.com.
ISP's DNS server: Thanks, Internet Root Servers!
Hi there, ns2.serverfault.com, can you tell me where to find
unix.stackexchange.com?
ns2.serverfault.com: Sure thing! That's address 64.34.119.12
ISP's DNS server: Great, thanks!
OS, the number you're looking for is 64.34.119.12.
OS: Great, thanks!
Browser, you need address 64.34.119.12
Browser: Great, thanks!
Okay, calling up the page now.
You: Yay, thanks Browser!
Now bear in mind that there are actually two types of name servers
queried here -- authoritative DNS servers (the so called "root"
servers that told your ISP's DNS server where to find SE.com's DNS
server, and SE.com's authoritative DNS server) and recursing or
forwarding DNS servers (your ISP's DNS server).
Normally, the former type is not supposed to respond to recursive
queries, especially not from outside their own domain. Smaller ISPs
sometimes save on costs by having their primary authoritative name
server be the same server as their primary forwarding nameserver,
but that's somewhat unsafe policy - especially if you don't configure
your server to refuse recursive queries from outside your own IP
range.
Further reading here on Wikipedia.
A:
If there are 2 DNS servers, DNS-A is the authority for domain-a, and DNS-B is the authority for domain-b, and someone sends a DNS query to DNS-A for a lookup of domain-b. DNS-A would then be recursing by sending a request to DNS-B in order to lookup domain-b. Essentially, a recursive query is when a DNS server, on behalf of the client that sent the query, chase the trail of DNS in order to fulfill the request.
This is fine if you are hosting a DNS server for a network, like an office and all the machines in that office will use the DNS server to do all lookups. This is bad if you are allowing anyone to do DNS recursive queries. This is also bad if you are hosting a DNS server that is only supposed to fulfill requests for a certain domain. If someone requests a lookup for another domain, the DNS server should return an error instead of doing recursion.
|
Q:
Variable inside curly brackets
I know how to execute php variable inside quotes
$q1 = 1;
$q2 = 2;
$q3 = 3;
$q4 = 4;
$q5 = 5;
echo "${q1}"; //outputs 1
How can i output them in a loop?
for($i=1; $i<=5; $i++)
{
echo "${q$i}"; //how to make $i work here?
}
How to make $i work along with $q?
UPDATE
i want the quotes to be there, because i am creating a string in a loop and i want to pass that loop to mysql query. So i want the string to be like
$str = '$q1, $q2, $q3';
and when i pass it to mysql query it should interpret the values of $q1, $q2, $q3 which is 1,2,3
mysql_query("INSERT INTO users (col1, col2, col3) VALUES ($str)");
So it should become
mysql_query("INSERT INTO users (col1, col2, col3) VALUES (1,2,3)");
It is just an example i know the syntax of mysql_query is wrong but you know
A:
I think what you are looking for is this:
<?php
$arr = array();
$q1 = 1;
$q2 = 2;
$q3 = 3;
$q4 = 4;
$q5 = 5;
for($i=1; $i<=5; $i++)
{
$arr[] = ${"q".$i};
}
$str = implode($arr, ',');
print_r($str);
Outputs:
1,2,3,4,5
In action: http://codepad.org/ep7sraT5
|
/**
* Copyright Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
* SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0.
*/
#pragma once
#include <aws/events/CloudWatchEvents_EXPORTS.h>
#include <aws/core/utils/DateTime.h>
#include <aws/core/utils/memory/stl/AWSString.h>
#include <aws/core/utils/memory/stl/AWSVector.h>
#include <utility>
namespace Aws
{
namespace Utils
{
namespace Json
{
class JsonValue;
class JsonView;
} // namespace Json
} // namespace Utils
namespace CloudWatchEvents
{
namespace Model
{
/**
* <p>The details about an event generated by an SaaS partner.</p><p><h3>See
* Also:</h3> <a
* href="http://docs.aws.amazon.com/goto/WebAPI/events-2015-10-07/PutPartnerEventsRequestEntry">AWS
* API Reference</a></p>
*/
class AWS_CLOUDWATCHEVENTS_API PutPartnerEventsRequestEntry
{
public:
PutPartnerEventsRequestEntry();
PutPartnerEventsRequestEntry(Aws::Utils::Json::JsonView jsonValue);
PutPartnerEventsRequestEntry& operator=(Aws::Utils::Json::JsonView jsonValue);
Aws::Utils::Json::JsonValue Jsonize() const;
/**
* <p>The date and time of the event.</p>
*/
inline const Aws::Utils::DateTime& GetTime() const{ return m_time; }
/**
* <p>The date and time of the event.</p>
*/
inline bool TimeHasBeenSet() const { return m_timeHasBeenSet; }
/**
* <p>The date and time of the event.</p>
*/
inline void SetTime(const Aws::Utils::DateTime& value) { m_timeHasBeenSet = true; m_time = value; }
/**
* <p>The date and time of the event.</p>
*/
inline void SetTime(Aws::Utils::DateTime&& value) { m_timeHasBeenSet = true; m_time = std::move(value); }
/**
* <p>The date and time of the event.</p>
*/
inline PutPartnerEventsRequestEntry& WithTime(const Aws::Utils::DateTime& value) { SetTime(value); return *this;}
/**
* <p>The date and time of the event.</p>
*/
inline PutPartnerEventsRequestEntry& WithTime(Aws::Utils::DateTime&& value) { SetTime(std::move(value)); return *this;}
/**
* <p>The event source that is generating the evntry.</p>
*/
inline const Aws::String& GetSource() const{ return m_source; }
/**
* <p>The event source that is generating the evntry.</p>
*/
inline bool SourceHasBeenSet() const { return m_sourceHasBeenSet; }
/**
* <p>The event source that is generating the evntry.</p>
*/
inline void SetSource(const Aws::String& value) { m_sourceHasBeenSet = true; m_source = value; }
/**
* <p>The event source that is generating the evntry.</p>
*/
inline void SetSource(Aws::String&& value) { m_sourceHasBeenSet = true; m_source = std::move(value); }
/**
* <p>The event source that is generating the evntry.</p>
*/
inline void SetSource(const char* value) { m_sourceHasBeenSet = true; m_source.assign(value); }
/**
* <p>The event source that is generating the evntry.</p>
*/
inline PutPartnerEventsRequestEntry& WithSource(const Aws::String& value) { SetSource(value); return *this;}
/**
* <p>The event source that is generating the evntry.</p>
*/
inline PutPartnerEventsRequestEntry& WithSource(Aws::String&& value) { SetSource(std::move(value)); return *this;}
/**
* <p>The event source that is generating the evntry.</p>
*/
inline PutPartnerEventsRequestEntry& WithSource(const char* value) { SetSource(value); return *this;}
/**
* <p>AWS resources, identified by Amazon Resource Name (ARN), which the event
* primarily concerns. Any number, including zero, may be present.</p>
*/
inline const Aws::Vector<Aws::String>& GetResources() const{ return m_resources; }
/**
* <p>AWS resources, identified by Amazon Resource Name (ARN), which the event
* primarily concerns. Any number, including zero, may be present.</p>
*/
inline bool ResourcesHasBeenSet() const { return m_resourcesHasBeenSet; }
/**
* <p>AWS resources, identified by Amazon Resource Name (ARN), which the event
* primarily concerns. Any number, including zero, may be present.</p>
*/
inline void SetResources(const Aws::Vector<Aws::String>& value) { m_resourcesHasBeenSet = true; m_resources = value; }
/**
* <p>AWS resources, identified by Amazon Resource Name (ARN), which the event
* primarily concerns. Any number, including zero, may be present.</p>
*/
inline void SetResources(Aws::Vector<Aws::String>&& value) { m_resourcesHasBeenSet = true; m_resources = std::move(value); }
/**
* <p>AWS resources, identified by Amazon Resource Name (ARN), which the event
* primarily concerns. Any number, including zero, may be present.</p>
*/
inline PutPartnerEventsRequestEntry& WithResources(const Aws::Vector<Aws::String>& value) { SetResources(value); return *this;}
/**
* <p>AWS resources, identified by Amazon Resource Name (ARN), which the event
* primarily concerns. Any number, including zero, may be present.</p>
*/
inline PutPartnerEventsRequestEntry& WithResources(Aws::Vector<Aws::String>&& value) { SetResources(std::move(value)); return *this;}
/**
* <p>AWS resources, identified by Amazon Resource Name (ARN), which the event
* primarily concerns. Any number, including zero, may be present.</p>
*/
inline PutPartnerEventsRequestEntry& AddResources(const Aws::String& value) { m_resourcesHasBeenSet = true; m_resources.push_back(value); return *this; }
/**
* <p>AWS resources, identified by Amazon Resource Name (ARN), which the event
* primarily concerns. Any number, including zero, may be present.</p>
*/
inline PutPartnerEventsRequestEntry& AddResources(Aws::String&& value) { m_resourcesHasBeenSet = true; m_resources.push_back(std::move(value)); return *this; }
/**
* <p>AWS resources, identified by Amazon Resource Name (ARN), which the event
* primarily concerns. Any number, including zero, may be present.</p>
*/
inline PutPartnerEventsRequestEntry& AddResources(const char* value) { m_resourcesHasBeenSet = true; m_resources.push_back(value); return *this; }
/**
* <p>A free-form string used to decide what fields to expect in the event
* detail.</p>
*/
inline const Aws::String& GetDetailType() const{ return m_detailType; }
/**
* <p>A free-form string used to decide what fields to expect in the event
* detail.</p>
*/
inline bool DetailTypeHasBeenSet() const { return m_detailTypeHasBeenSet; }
/**
* <p>A free-form string used to decide what fields to expect in the event
* detail.</p>
*/
inline void SetDetailType(const Aws::String& value) { m_detailTypeHasBeenSet = true; m_detailType = value; }
/**
* <p>A free-form string used to decide what fields to expect in the event
* detail.</p>
*/
inline void SetDetailType(Aws::String&& value) { m_detailTypeHasBeenSet = true; m_detailType = std::move(value); }
/**
* <p>A free-form string used to decide what fields to expect in the event
* detail.</p>
*/
inline void SetDetailType(const char* value) { m_detailTypeHasBeenSet = true; m_detailType.assign(value); }
/**
* <p>A free-form string used to decide what fields to expect in the event
* detail.</p>
*/
inline PutPartnerEventsRequestEntry& WithDetailType(const Aws::String& value) { SetDetailType(value); return *this;}
/**
* <p>A free-form string used to decide what fields to expect in the event
* detail.</p>
*/
inline PutPartnerEventsRequestEntry& WithDetailType(Aws::String&& value) { SetDetailType(std::move(value)); return *this;}
/**
* <p>A free-form string used to decide what fields to expect in the event
* detail.</p>
*/
inline PutPartnerEventsRequestEntry& WithDetailType(const char* value) { SetDetailType(value); return *this;}
/**
* <p>A valid JSON string. There is no other schema imposed. The JSON string may
* contain fields and nested subobjects.</p>
*/
inline const Aws::String& GetDetail() const{ return m_detail; }
/**
* <p>A valid JSON string. There is no other schema imposed. The JSON string may
* contain fields and nested subobjects.</p>
*/
inline bool DetailHasBeenSet() const { return m_detailHasBeenSet; }
/**
* <p>A valid JSON string. There is no other schema imposed. The JSON string may
* contain fields and nested subobjects.</p>
*/
inline void SetDetail(const Aws::String& value) { m_detailHasBeenSet = true; m_detail = value; }
/**
* <p>A valid JSON string. There is no other schema imposed. The JSON string may
* contain fields and nested subobjects.</p>
*/
inline void SetDetail(Aws::String&& value) { m_detailHasBeenSet = true; m_detail = std::move(value); }
/**
* <p>A valid JSON string. There is no other schema imposed. The JSON string may
* contain fields and nested subobjects.</p>
*/
inline void SetDetail(const char* value) { m_detailHasBeenSet = true; m_detail.assign(value); }
/**
* <p>A valid JSON string. There is no other schema imposed. The JSON string may
* contain fields and nested subobjects.</p>
*/
inline PutPartnerEventsRequestEntry& WithDetail(const Aws::String& value) { SetDetail(value); return *this;}
/**
* <p>A valid JSON string. There is no other schema imposed. The JSON string may
* contain fields and nested subobjects.</p>
*/
inline PutPartnerEventsRequestEntry& WithDetail(Aws::String&& value) { SetDetail(std::move(value)); return *this;}
/**
* <p>A valid JSON string. There is no other schema imposed. The JSON string may
* contain fields and nested subobjects.</p>
*/
inline PutPartnerEventsRequestEntry& WithDetail(const char* value) { SetDetail(value); return *this;}
private:
Aws::Utils::DateTime m_time;
bool m_timeHasBeenSet;
Aws::String m_source;
bool m_sourceHasBeenSet;
Aws::Vector<Aws::String> m_resources;
bool m_resourcesHasBeenSet;
Aws::String m_detailType;
bool m_detailTypeHasBeenSet;
Aws::String m_detail;
bool m_detailHasBeenSet;
};
} // namespace Model
} // namespace CloudWatchEvents
} // namespace Aws
|
Health care law brings tax increase regardless of ‘fiscal cliff’
WASHINGTON – Even if the White House and lawmakers compromise and avoid the so-called “fiscal cliff,” some Americans are going to see their taxes go up.
The tax increases are part of the 2010 health care law, and they go into effect after the first of the year.
Employees and employers already pay a tax on wages to help finance Medicare. But starting in January, single workers will pay an additional tax equal to .9 percent on any wages over $200,000. The new tax as part of the Affordable Care Act is called “unearned income Medicare contribution.”
Married couples filing jointly will pay the additional tax if they earn more than $250,000.
Wimer explained to The Times that if a single woman and a single man each earn $200,000, neither would be affected by the additional tax. However, if they were married, they would owe $1,350.
Those who have a lot of investments could see an increase as part of health care law, too — about 3.8 percent on the net investment of high-income taxpayers. The new taxes are expected to raise $318 billion over 10 years.
The New York Times reports the most affluent fifth of households will see an average tax increase of $6,000 next year. Wealthy individuals are strategizing with their tax advisors now to lesson the bite. |
Introduction {#s1}
============
Insulin acts as a potent neurotrophic factor that specifically stimulates neurite outgrowth and regeneration of sensory neurons [@pone.0074247-Fernyhough1], [@pone.0074247-Heidenreich1]. There is evidence that insulin deficiency rather than hyperglycemia may be involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetic neuropathy [@pone.0074247-Pierson1], [@pone.0074247-Pierson2]. In streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats, which is the most extensively studied animal model of type 1 diabetic neuropathy, low-dose insulin insufficient to affect systemic glycemia reverses abnormal peripheral nerve function and structure [@pone.0074247-Huang1]--[@pone.0074247-Romanovsky1]. A more recent study also showed that intraplantar injections of low-dose insulin resulted in rapid improvement of epidermal innervation in STZ-induced diabetic mice without altering innervation of the opposite paw [@pone.0074247-Guo1]. We have demonstrated that the high-affinity insulin receptor is expressed preferentially in small-to-medium-sized sensory neurons in rats [@pone.0074247-Sugimoto1], [@pone.0074247-Sugimoto2] and that impaired peripheral nerve insulin receptor signaling, as indicated by decreased expression of phosphorylated insulin receptor, occurs during the early course of altered pain sensation in STZ-induced diabetic rats [@pone.0074247-Sugimoto3]. However, the effects of low-dose insulin on impaired peripheral nerve insulin receptor signaling in association with altered nociception in type 1 diabetic neuropathy remain to be explored. This information would be particularly important to better understand the potential role of impaired peripheral nerve insulin signaling in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy and provide new ideas on their underlying mechanisms that the glycaemic hypothesis cannot otherwise fully explain [@pone.0074247-Zochodne1], [@pone.0074247-Dobretsov1]. Therefore, in the present study, the impacts of chronic administration of low-dose insulin on neuronal function and structure, as well as on the neuronal expression and localization of insulin receptor signaling molecules including phosphorylated insulin receptor, Akt, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), were investigated in STZ-induced diabetic rats.
Methods {#s2}
=======
Experimental animals {#s2a}
--------------------
All animal protocols were approved by the Animal Research Committee and followed the Guidelines for Animal Experimentation of Hirosaki University (M08088) as well as the Principles of laboratory animal care (NIH publication no. 85--23, revised 1985). All surgery was performed under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia, and all efforts were made to minimize suffering. Diabetes was induced in 10-week-old, male Wistar rats (n = 21; Clea Japan, Tokyo, Japan) by injecting them with STZ (45 mg/kg). Six weeks after the induction of diabetes**,** they were assigned to one group that received half of an insulin implant (∼1 U/day) (Linplant; LinShin Canada, Inc., Scarborough, Canada) (n = 11) or another that remained untreated (n = 10) for 6 weeks. The implant was placed in the subcutaneous tissue located on the back following the manufacturer\'s instructions (<http://www.linshincanada.com/linbit.html>) under anaesthesia with pentobarbital (40 mg/kg). The controls were age- and sex-matched, non-diabetic, Wistar rats (n = 12). All animals were housed in sawdust in plastic cages. The rats were maintained on a 12-h/12-h, light/dark cycle at 22°C±2°C and 55%±5% relative humidity and allowed free access to tap water and standard laboratory chow (MF; Oriental Yeast Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The animals were weighed, and blood glucose levels were monitored regularly. Whole blood glucose levels of tail vein samples obtained between 14:00 and 16:00 were measured using an Accu-Chek Compact Plus blood glucose meter (Roche Diagnostics K.K., Tokyo, Japan). At the end of the experiment, non-fasting animals were killed by exsanguination from the left cardiac ventricle under deep anaesthesia with pentobarbital (∼100 mg/kg) between 10:00 and 16:00. Then, blood samples were collected to determine hemoglobin A1c, serum lipid, insulin, adiponectin, and leptin levels, as described previously [@pone.0074247-Sugimoto4].
Behavioural tests of nociception {#s2b}
--------------------------------
Before starting the experiments, the animals were allowed to acclimatize to handling-related stress for at least 1 week. At the indicated time points, tail-flick latency (TFL) and the mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) of each animal were determined to assess nociceptive responses to noxious thermal and pressure stimuli, respectively. The MNT was assessed with the Randall-Selitto test using an Analgesymeter (Ugo-Basile, Varese, Italy). A constantly increasing pressure stimulus (with increase at a rate of 16 g/s) was applied to the dorsal surface of the rat hind paw while the animal was gently restrained under a soft towel; to avoid tissue damage, a cutoff of 250 g was used. The pressure was increased until the animal withdrew the paw, squeaked, or struggled. One measurement per paw was performed with an interval of longer than 15 minutes between measurements; for each animal, the results for the 2 paws were averaged for use in statistical analysis. Thermal sensitivity was assessed using a Tail Flick Analgesymeter (MK-330B; Muromachi Kikai Co, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The animal was gently wrapped in a towel and placed on the top of the instrument with the tail in the sensing groove. The tail flick latency was determined by exposing the animal's tail to a radiant heat source and recording the time taken to remove the tail from the noxious thermal stimulus. The radiation intensity was chosen on the basis of the intensity required to elicit a basal tail flick response of 4 to 8 seconds in control rats. For each animal, 2 to 3 recordings were made at an interval of longer than 15 minutes; the mean value was used for statistical analysis.
Nerve conduction studies {#s2c}
------------------------
At the end of the experiment, nerve conduction was assessed in sciatic-tibial nerves as described [@pone.0074247-Sugimoto4].
Morphometric analyses of myelinated fibers {#s2d}
------------------------------------------
Sural nerves at the level of the lower calf were excised and subjected to morphometric analyses as described previously [@pone.0074247-Sugimoto5] using Win ROOF image software (Mitani Co., Ltd., Fukui, Japan).
Intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) {#s2e}
------------------------------------------
Hind footpad skin specimens were obtained with a 3-mm punch tool and processed as described previously [@pone.0074247-Sugimoto4]. Images were collected using a Zeiss LSM510 confocal microscope (Carl Zeiss, Oberkochen, Germany) and a 40× water immersion objective lens. Sixteen confocal images were captured at 2-µm intervals, and the image stack was superimposed to produce an image for quantitation. Images were analysed using Zeiss LSM 510 image browser software (Carl Zeiss) by tracing protein gene product (PGP) 9.5-imunostained intraepidermal nerve fibres in three dimensions. Individual intraepidermal nerve fibres were counted as they passed through the basement membrane. Epidermal nerve counts of PGP 9.5-immunoreactive fibres within the projected 30-µm-thick image stacks are expressed as numbers of fibres/mm of epidermis.
Lumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG) immunofluorescence {#s2f}
----------------------------------------------------
Bilateral lumbar DRGs (L4) were excised at the end of the experiment and processed as described previously [@pone.0074247-Sugimoto4]. Cryostat sections (14-µm-thick) of DRGs were double immunostained using a mouse monoclonal primary antibody against actin (1∶200; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and a rabbit polyclonal primary antibody against phosphorylated insulin receptor (1∶200; Abcam, Cambridge, UK) or a rabbit monoclonal primary antibody against phosphorylated p44/42 MAPK (Thr202/Tyr204) (1:200; Cell Signaling Technology, Beverly, MA, USA). These antigens were localized with Alexa 568-conjugated anti-mouse IgG (1∶200, Molecular Probes) and Alexa 488-conjugated anti-rabbit IgG (1∶200, Molecular Probes). The sections were cover-slipped with Prolong Gold antifade reagent containing DAPI (Molecular Probes) to avoid photo-bleaching and were examined by confocal microscopy (Carl Zeiss) and a 20× objective lens at identical settings. The negative controls were sections stained without primary antibodies. Actin immunoreactivity served as a control to ensure that the background signals were comparable among all groups. In addition, the scanning conditions including contrast, brightness level and pinhole size were set constant throughout the whole observation period for both control and diabetic samples. Over 100 neurons with clearly identifiable nuclei per animal were analysed with respect to neuronal area and mean pixel intensity values of the selected neurons using Image J software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA), and the results for each animal were averaged for statistical analysis. Intensity was plotted against neuronal area to compare between the groups. Observers were blinded to the experimental groups.
Western blotting {#s2g}
----------------
The left sciatic nerve was collected from each animal and subjected to Western blot analysis as described previously [@pone.0074247-Sugimoto4] using the primary antibodies listed below: mouse monoclonal primary antibodies against IR (beta-subunit) (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA), p44/42 MAPK (Cell Signaling), and actin (Sigma-Aldrich); rabbit polyclonal primary antibodies against phosphorylated insulin receptor (pY972) (Biosource, Camarillo, CA, USA), IRS-1, phosphorylated IRS-1 (Ser302), IRS-2, Akt, and phosphorylated Akt (Ser473) (Cell Signaling); rabbit monoclonal primary antibodies against phosphorylated p44/42 MAPK (Thr202/Tyr204) (Cell Signaling).
Data analysis {#s2h}
-------------
All data were statistically analysed using Stat View software (version 4.5). Values are described as means ± SE. The significance of differences in mean values between two groups was tested by ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni/Dunn test. A two-sided *p* value of \<0.05 was considered significant.
Results {#s3}
=======
Body weight and laboratory data {#s3a}
-------------------------------
At the end of the experiment, the body weight of untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats was less than that of control rats and comparable to that of insulin-treated STZ-induced diabetic rats ([Table 1](#pone-0074247-t001){ref-type="table"}). Hemoglobin A1c, serum total cholesterol, and free fatty acid levels were increased by 136%, 17%, and 40%, respectively, in untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats compared with control rats ([Table 1](#pone-0074247-t001){ref-type="table"}). Serum insulin, adiponectin, and leptin levels decreased by 92%, 43%, and 92%, respectively, in untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats compared with control rats ([Table 1](#pone-0074247-t001){ref-type="table"}). Insulin-treated STZ-induced diabetic rats exhibited equivalent glycemia, adiponectin, leptin, and total cholesterol levels, and a significant 17% decrease in serum free fatty acid levels compared with untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats. Insulin treatment approximately doubled non-fasting serum insulin levels from 0.17±0.03 ng/ml in the untreated diabetic group to 0.34±0.05 ng/ml in the treated group, but the difference between the two groups did not reach statistical significance ([Table 1](#pone-0074247-t001){ref-type="table"}).
10.1371/journal.pone.0074247.t001
###### Body weight and laboratory data from control, untreated and insulin-treated STZ-induced diabetic rats at the end of the study.
{#pone-0074247-t001-1}
Control Untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats Insulin-treated STZ-induced diabetic rats
------------------------- ----------- ------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------
N 12 10 10
Body weight (g) 467±10 339±13^§^ 349±4^§^
A1c (%) 3.3±0.1 7.8±0.1^§^ 8.1±0.2^§^
Insulin (ng/ml) 2.03±0.51 0.17±0.03^‡^ 0.34±0.05^†^
Adiponectin (µg/ml) 4.4±0.4 2.5±0.2^‡^ 3.1±0.2^\*^
Leptin (ng/ml) 7.2±1.2 0.6±0.1^§^ 1.1±0.2^§^
T-chol (mg/dl) 84.3±3.4 98.5±5.0^\*^ 94.3±3.7
Free fatty acid (µEq/l) 701±38 978±54^†^ 807±74^\*\*^
Data are means ± SE. ^\*^ *p*\<0.05, ^†^ *p*\<0.005, ^‡^ *p*\<0.0005, and ^§^ *p*\<0.0001 vs. control rats; and ^\*\*^ *p*\<0.05 vs. untreated STZ rats. T-chol: total cholesterol.
Behavioural tests of nociception {#s3b}
--------------------------------
Six weeks after diabetes was induced in untreated and insulin-treated STZ-induced diabetic rats, TFL to thermal stimuli ([Fig. 1a](#pone-0074247-g001){ref-type="fig"}) was increased (thermal hypoalgesia) by 23% (*p*\<0.05) and 18% (*p*\<0.05), respectively, whereas MNT to pressure stimuli ([Fig. 1b](#pone-0074247-g001){ref-type="fig"}) was decreased (mechanical hyperalgesia) by 10% (not significant; *p* \> 0.05) and 16% (marginally significant; *p* = 0.05), respectively, compared with control rats. Low-dose insulin administration for 4 to 5 weeks reversed the thermal and mechanical pain sensations.
{#pone-0074247-g001}
Nerve conduction studies {#s3c}
------------------------
In untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats, both SNCV ([Fig. 2a](#pone-0074247-g002){ref-type="fig"}) and MNCV ([Fig. 2b](#pone-0074247-g002){ref-type="fig"}) were significantly decreased by 18% and 17%, respectively, compared with control rats. In insulin-treated STZ-induced diabetic rats, SNCV increased significantly (*p*\<0.05) by 7% and MNCV increased non-significantly (*p* = 0.07) by 6% compared with untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats.
{#pone-0074247-g002}
Morphometric analyses of myelinated fibers {#s3d}
------------------------------------------
Fascicular area, myelinated fiber density, myelinated fiber area, axonal area, and the axon/myelin ratio of the sural nerves were not significantly different among the control, untreated and insulin-treated STZ-induced diabetic rats ([Table 2](#pone-0074247-t002){ref-type="table"}). The size frequency distributions of myelinated axons did not differ among the three groups ([Fig. 3](#pone-0074247-g003){ref-type="fig"}).
{#pone-0074247-g003}
10.1371/journal.pone.0074247.t002
###### Morphometric findings of sural nerves from control, untreated and insulin-treated STZ-induced diabetic rats.
{#pone-0074247-t002-2}
Control Untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats Insulin-treated STZ-induced diabetic rats
------------------------------- ------------- ------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------
*N* 12 10 10
Fascicular area (mm^2^) 0.071±0.004 0.070±0.003 0.076±0.002
MFD (10^3^/mm^2^) 15.0±0.5 15.3±0.6 14.6±0.6
Myelinated fiber area (µm^2^) 39.2±0.9 39.1±1.2 38.5±1.5
Axonal area (µm^2^) 19.0±0.4 18.9±0.6 18.8±0.9
Axon/myelin ratio 1.01±0.02 0.98±0.02 1.00±0.03
Data are means ± SE. Intact myelinated fibers were morphometrically analysed. MFD: myelinated fiber density.
Footpad IENFD {#s3e}
-------------
The IENFD tended to increase by 21% in the footpad of untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats compared with control rats; it was not affected by low-dose insulin administration ([Fig. 4](#pone-0074247-g004){ref-type="fig"}).
{#pone-0074247-g004}
Phosphorylated insulin receptor immunofluorescence in DRGs {#s3f}
----------------------------------------------------------
[Figure 5](#pone-0074247-g005){ref-type="fig"} shows the localization of immunoreactive actin and phosphorylated insulin receptors in DRGs. Intense actin immunoreactivity in DRGs was localized mainly to satellite cells, the walls of small vessels, and the perineurium, whereas intense phosphorylated insulin receptor immunoreactivity was localized mainly to DRG neurons smaller than 3000 µm^2^ in control rats ([Fig. 5a, b, c](#pone-0074247-g005){ref-type="fig"}). There appeared to be a decreased intensity of phosphorylated insulin receptor fluorescence in a subpopulation of neurons measuring between 1500 and 3000 µm^2^ in size in untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats, which was partially restored by insulin treatment ([Fig. 5c](#pone-0074247-g005){ref-type="fig"}). Neuronal and satellite cell nuclei were not immunoreactive for actin or phosphorylated insulin receptor. The mean pixel intensity of actin fluorescence in neurons and satellite cells ([Fig. 5d](#pone-0074247-g005){ref-type="fig"}) was comparable among the three groups, whereas that of phosphorylated insulin receptor fluorescence ([Fig. 5e](#pone-0074247-g005){ref-type="fig"}) was significantly decreased by 21% in untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats and unchanged in insulin-treated STZ-induced diabetic rats compared with control rats.
{#pone-0074247-g005}
Phosphorylated p44/42 MAPK immunofluorescence in DRGs {#s3g}
-----------------------------------------------------
[Figure 6](#pone-0074247-g006){ref-type="fig"} shows immunoreactive phosphorylated p44/42 MAPK localization in DRGs. Intense phosphorylated p44/42 MAPK immunoreactivity in DRGs was localized mainly to satellite cells, whereas phosphorylated p44/42 MAPK immunoreactivity was less intense in DRG neurons ([Fig. 6a](#pone-0074247-g006){ref-type="fig"}). Phosphorylated p44/42 MAPK immunoreactivity was not found in the neuronal or satellite cell nuclei. In scatter plot of actin ([Fig. 6b](#pone-0074247-g006){ref-type="fig"}) and phosphorylated p44/42 MAPK fluorescence intensity ([Fig. 6c](#pone-0074247-g006){ref-type="fig"}) versus neuronal area, phosphorylated p44/42 MAPK fluorescence intensity appeared to be increased in all DRG neurons from untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats compared with control and insulin-treated STZ-induced diabetic rats. The mean pixel intensities of actin fluorescence ([Fig. 6d](#pone-0074247-g006){ref-type="fig"}) in DRG neurons and satellite cells were unchanged among the three groups. Neuronal and satellite cell phosphorylated p44/42 fluorescence intensity was significantly increased by 68% in untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats compared with control rats, whereas it was significantly decreased by 50% in insulin-treated STZ-induced diabetic rats compared with untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats ([Fig. 6e](#pone-0074247-g006){ref-type="fig"}).
{#pone-0074247-g006}
Sciatic nerve insulin signaling {#s3h}
-------------------------------
The insulin receptor total protein level did not differ significantly among sciatic nerves from control, untreated and insulin-treated STZ-induced diabetic rats ([Fig. 7](#pone-0074247-g007){ref-type="fig"}, [Fig. 8a](#pone-0074247-g008){ref-type="fig"}). The level of phosphorylated insulin receptor relative to that of insulin receptor total protein was significantly decreased by 31% and 39%, respectively, in sciatic nerves from untreated and insulin-treated STZ-induced diabetic rats compared with control rats ([Fig. 7](#pone-0074247-g007){ref-type="fig"}, [Fig. 8b](#pone-0074247-g008){ref-type="fig"}). The IRS-1 total protein level was unchanged ([Fig. 7](#pone-0074247-g007){ref-type="fig"}, [Fig. 8c](#pone-0074247-g008){ref-type="fig"}), and the level of phosphorylated IRS-1 relative to that of IRS-1 total protein increased 2.5-fold in sciatic nerves from untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats compared with control rats ([Fig. 7](#pone-0074247-g007){ref-type="fig"}, [Fig. 8d](#pone-0074247-g008){ref-type="fig"}). The sciatic nerve IRS-1 total protein level and phosphorylation were decreased by 25% and 30%, respectively, in insulin-treated STZ-induced diabetic rats compared with untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats ([Fig. 7](#pone-0074247-g007){ref-type="fig"}, [Fig. 8c, d](#pone-0074247-g008){ref-type="fig"}). Sciatic nerve IRS-2 and Akt total protein levels increased by 84% and 54%, respectively, in untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats compared with control rats, whereas they were non-significantly decreased by 21% and 20%, respectively, in insulin-treated STZ-induced diabetic rats compared with untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats ([Fig. 7](#pone-0074247-g007){ref-type="fig"}, [Fig. 8e, f](#pone-0074247-g008){ref-type="fig"}). The level of phosphorylated Akt relative to that of Akt total protein remained unchanged among the three groups ([Fig. 7](#pone-0074247-g007){ref-type="fig"}, [Fig. 8g](#pone-0074247-g008){ref-type="fig"}). There were 3.1-fold and 4.0-fold increases in sciatic nerve p44 ([Fig. 9a, b](#pone-0074247-g009){ref-type="fig"}) and p42 ([Fig. 9a, c](#pone-0074247-g009){ref-type="fig"}) MAPK phosphorylation, respectively, in untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats compared with control rats. Low-dose insulin administration normalized the increased p44 and p42 MAPK phosphorylation.
{#pone-0074247-g007}
{ref-type="fig"}) for total IR (a), IRS-1 (c), IRS-2 (e), and Akt (f) levels were normalized to actin levels, and those for phosphorylated IR (b), IRS-1 (d), and Akt (g) were normalized to their total protein levels.\
Values are means ± SE. White, black, and grey columns: control (n = 4), untreated STZ-induced diabetic (n = 4), and insulin-treated STZ-induced diabetic (n = 5) rats, respectively. ^\*^ *p*\<0.05, ^†^ *p*\<0.01, ^‡^ *p*\<0.005, and ^§^ *p*\<0.0001 vs. control; ^\*\*^ *p*\<0.01, and ^††^ *p*\<0.005 vs. untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats.](pone.0074247.g008){#pone-0074247-g008}
{#pone-0074247-g009}
Discussion {#s4}
==========
The administration of low-dose insulin insufficient to affect overall glycemia to STZ-induced diabetic rats for up to 6 weeks improved the nociception dysfunction and sensory nerve conduction deficit without altering myelinated sensory fiber morphology and epidermal innervation. These functional benefits were associated with restoration of phosphorylated insulin receptor expression in sensory neurons and deactivation of p44/42 MAPK in sensory neurons and sciatic nerves. Downregulation of IRS-1 and -2 in sciatic nerves was also observed in insulin-treated STZ-induced diabetic rats. Therefore, it appears that an insulin deficiency rather than hyperglycemia induces aberrant neuronal insulin receptor signaling and contributes to sensory nerve dysfunction in type 1 diabetic neuropathy.
There are three main groups of MAPKs, the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), the p38 kinases, and the c-jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), and their pathways may be activated in injured nerves via distinct molecular and cellular mechanisms [@pone.0074247-Ji1]. Of these, it is reported that sequential activation of ERK1 (p44 MAPK) and ERK2 (p42 MAPK) in the DRG neurons and satellite cells mediates pain after spinal nerve ligation in rats [@pone.0074247-Zhuang1]. MAPKs might also be involved in responses to diabetes-derived cellular changes and be activated by hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in DRGs from STZ-induced diabetic rats [@pone.0074247-Tomlinson1]. Previous studies have reported increased basal ERK phosphorylation in the DRGs of STZ-induced diabetic rodents, but not in sciatic nerves [@pone.0074247-Jolivalt1], [@pone.0074247-Purves1]. In addition, mechanical hyperalgesia has been shown to be correlated with an early increase in ERK, p38, and JNK phosphorylation in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglion shortly after induction of diabetes by STZ in rats [@pone.0074247-Daulhac1]. In the present study, insulin receptor phosphorylation decreased and p44/42 MAPK phosphorylation increased, both in the DRGs and sciatic nerves of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Furthermore, low-dose insulin decreased p44/42 MAPK phosphorylation to control levels along with the restoration of insulin receptor phosphorylation in the DRG and the downregulation of IRS-1, IRS-2, and Akt expressions in the sciatic nerve of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Therefore, the present findings are the first to indicate that an insulin deficiency per se induces impaired peripheral nerve insulin receptor signaling involving p44/42 MAPK activation associated with early nociceptive dysfunction in **STZ-induced diabetic rats**
Actin has often been used as a loading control in Western blot analysis. In the immunofluorescence analysis, we used actin as a control to check for equal background signals among different samples and found that actin immunoreactivity was localized mainly to satellite cells, the walls of small vessels, and the perineurium. This finding suggests that actin is not a suitable control for housekeeping gene expression in neurons. On the other hand, the scatter plot revealed a decrease in phosphorylated insulin receptor immunoreactivity in a specific subpopulation of small neurons with areas of ca. 1500--3000 µm^2^ in untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats, which was partially restored by insulin treatment ([Fig. 5c](#pone-0074247-g005){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, all DRG neurons from untreated STZ-induced diabetic rats showed an increase in phosphorylated p44/42 MAPK immunoreactivity, and insulin treatment ameliorated this abnormality ([Fig. 6c](#pone-0074247-g006){ref-type="fig"}). These novel findings suggest that insulin deficiency affects different subpopulations of sensory neurons via different molecular mechanisms with or without the suppression of insulin receptor phosphorylation and warrant further investigation to fully characterize biological effects of insulin in peripheral nerve.
In the present study, insulin treatment led to an insignificant increase in serum insulin levels from 0.17 ng/ml to 0.34 ng/ml and resulted in a significant decrease in serum free fatty acid levels and improvement in sensory nerve function, albeit with no significant reduction in hemoglobin A1c levels, in STZ-induced diabetic rats. This suggests that free fatty acid metabolism and sensory nerve function are more sensitive to the insulin therapy than glucose metabolism in this model. The mechanism that underlies such differential effects of insulin treatment remains unclear. One may claim that the observed increase in serum insulin levels is too small to produce any significant biological effects when the affinity of insulin receptors to insulin is taken into account [@pone.0074247-Pandini1], [@pone.0074247-Frasca1]. It is reported that the high-affinity insulin receptor (isoform A) binds insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II with high affinity in fetal and cancer cells [@pone.0074247-Frasca1]-[@pone.0074247-Sciacca1]. In addition, both the insulin receptor isoform A and isoform B are able to form hybrids with the IGF-I receptor in various rodent and human cell lines or hepatoblastoma cells: the hybrid receptor with the insulin receptor isoform A has an higher affinity for IGF-I and also binds IGF-II and insulin, whereas the hybrid receptor with the insulin receptor isoform B has a high affinity only for IGF-I. [@pone.0074247-Pandini1]. Thus, the regulation of insulin receptor isoform expression has important implications in the biological effects of insulin, IGF-I, and IGF-II. Although we have reported that the insulin receptor isoform A is preferentially expressed in sensory neurons [@pone.0074247-Sugimoto1], [@pone.0074247-Sugimoto2], no information is available on the expression of the hybrid receptors in sensory neurons.
Consistent with our previous findings [@pone.0074247-Sugimoto3], the present study demonstrated a decreased level of phosphorylated insulin receptor relative to that of insulin receptor total protein and unaltered insulin receptor total protein expression in the sciatic nerves of STZ-induced diabetic rats. The present study also found decreased neuronal expression of phosphorylated insulin receptor protein in this model. Since we recently reported that neuronal expressions of total and phosphorylated insulin receptor protein, as well as insulin receptor total protein expression in sciatic nerves, were all decreased in type 2 diabetic Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats [@pone.0074247-Sugimoto4], it is possible that the underlying mechanisms for impaired insulin receptor signaling in peripheral nerves differ between insulin-deficient type 1 and insulin-resistant type 2 diabetic animal models. This notion appears to be consistent with the previous report that demonstrated distinct functional, structural, and molecular abnormalities in peripheral nerves in the type 1 and type 2 diabetic rat models [@pone.0074247-Pierson2], [@pone.0074247-Sima1].
STZ-induced diabetic animals have been used most extensively as an experimental model of diabetic neuropathy. In this model, hyperglycemia-induced metabolic alterations, such as increased polyol (sorbitol) pathway activity, reduced myo-inositol content, altered protein kinase C activity, and oxidative stress, have been claimed to be central to the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Based on this assumption, a number of clinical intervention trials have been performed. However, our understanding of human diabetic neuropathy remains incomplete. In this regard, peripheral nerve dysfunction in STZ-induced diabetic animals may correlate with insulin deficiency [@pone.0074247-Huang1]-[@pone.0074247-Francis1], [@pone.0074247-Romanovsky1], [@pone.0074247-Guo1]. Nociceptive dysfunction in type 2 diabetic ZDF rats may also be independent of glycaemic status [@pone.0074247-Piercy1] and correlate with the presence or absence of hyperinsulinaemia that compensates for the insulin resistance [@pone.0074247-Sugimoto6]. More recent studies have reported that hyperinsulinaemia blunts insulin receptor signaling [@pone.0074247-Kim1] and insulin-induced survival and outgrowth of neuritis in sensory neurons [@pone.0074247-Singh1]. In conjunction with our previous study, this suggests that impaired peripheral nerve insulin receptor signaling in type 1 diabetic STZ-induced diabetic rats, which had different properties from those in type 2 diabetic ZDF rats, was altered by low-dose insulin. In particular, the present study is the first to present evidence of relationships among insulin deficiency, p44/42 MAPK activation, and peripheral nerve dysfunction in a rat model of type 1 diabetes. Since insulin has been shown to function both in the central and peripheral nervous systems [@pone.0074247-Duarte1], [@pone.0074247-Sugimoto7] and to improve peripheral nerve function in non-diabetic [@pone.0074247-Delaney1] and diabetic subjects [@pone.0074247-Delaney2], [@pone.0074247-Ozkul1], independent of glycemic levels, insulin receptor signaling in peripheral nerves may deserve much greater attention when considering the unmet need to better understand and establish more effective therapeutic strategies for human diabetic neuropathy.
Quantification of intraepidermal nerve fibers has increasingly been used to evaluate the extent of involvement of unmyelinated sensory fibers [@pone.0074247-Holland1]. In the present study, IENFD appeared to increase despite the early development of nociceptive dysfunction in STZ-induced diabetic rats, suggesting the development of a functional, but not structural, abnormality of small sensory fibers in this model. Although some researchers [@pone.0074247-Liu1], [@pone.0074247-Evans1] reported a reduction in IENFD in STZ-induced diabetic rats, the present finding is consistent with previous studies showing a trend toward increases in myelinated [@pone.0074247-Wright1], [@pone.0074247-Zemp1] and unmyelinated fiber number/density [@pone.0074247-Zotova1], [@pone.0074247-Fazan1] in the peripheral nerves of STZ-induced diabetic rats. In humans, IENFD decreases in the early period of type 2 diabetes or even in prediabetes [@pone.0074247-Divisova1]-[@pone.0074247-Sumner1]. In addition, supervised exercise with or without diet counselling results in epidermal reinnervation and improves neuropathic symptoms in both diabetic [@pone.0074247-Kluding1] and prediabetic neuropathy [@pone.0074247-Smith1]. Therefore, it is possible that physical inactivity negatively influences small sensory fiber function and structure. However, this hypothesis has yet to be tested in animal models.
In summary, insulin-deficient STZ-induced diabetic rats had distinct alterations in peripheral nerve insulin receptor signaling that differed from those in insulin-resistant ZDF rats. A low dose of insulin, insufficient to affect systemic glycemia, partially restored the impaired peripheral nerve insulin receptor signaling involving the deactivation of p44/42 MAPK and ameliorated peripheral sensory nerve dysfunction in STZ-induced diabetic rats. These findings support the notion that, besides hyperglycemia, insulin deficiency is involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetic neuropathy.
The authors are grateful to Keiya Kojima and Saeko Osanai for their excellent technical assistance.
[^1]: **Competing Interests:**Soroku Yagihashi is a PLOS ONE Editorial Board member. This does not alter the authors\' adherence to all the PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
[^2]: Conceived and designed the experiments: KS. Performed the experiments: KS MB SY. Analyzed the data: KS MB SS SY. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: KS. Wrote the paper: KS.
|
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Product description
Product Description
Play On! Shakespeare in Silent Film (DVD and Blu-ray)
From King John in 1899, film adaptations of Shakespeare's plays proved popular with early filmmakers and audiences. By the end of the silent era, around 300 films had been produced. This feature-length celebration draws together a delightful selection of thrilling, dramatic, iconic and humorous scenes from two dozen different titles, many of which have been unseen for decades.
See Hamlet addressing Yorick's skull, King Lear battling a raging storm at Stonehenge, The Merchant of Venice in vibrant stencil colour, the fairy magic of A Midsummers Night's Dream, and what was probably John Gielgud's first appearance on film, in the balcony scene from Romeo and Juliet. These treasures from the BFI National Archive have been newly digitised and are brought to life by the composers and musicians of Shakespeare's Globe Theatre.
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This is a well-put together hour of excerpts from (mostly) silent Shakespeare films, but it seems to make little sense not including a commentary. There is one for almost all the bonus features, but nothing at all offered for the hour long compilation that is at the heart of this set. Yes, there is a booklet with a few lines about each film, which you can flick back and forth through while watching the film if you want (and thus miss half of what you're watching), but would it really have been such a difficult thing to do to provide a thoughtful commentary about these films, where they come from, who made them, who stars in them, and which ones exist in full and which are just fragments. A lost opportunity - and very strange given the commentary on the extras. |
Data are available from figshare: <https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.11350085>.
1. Introduction {#sec006}
===============
Hypertension is one of the most common preventable causes of death worldwide. It is estimated that about a quarter of adults in the world have hypertension \[[@pone.0227326.ref001]\]. The effective control of hypertension requires patients to take medication regularly and to maintain a healthy lifestyle \[[@pone.0227326.ref002]\]. However, effective control presents particular challenges when trying to maintain long-term patient adherence and achieve therapeutic goals, due to the often-asymptomatic nature of hypertension \[[@pone.0227326.ref003]\]. Unfortunately, medication adherence rates are generally only between 50%-70% \[[@pone.0227326.ref002]\].
Medication adherence is defined as the process by which patients take their medication as prescribed \[[@pone.0227326.ref004]\]. However, some patients may not understand the directions correctly, and/or may decide not to take medication as recommended \[[@pone.0227326.ref005]\]. Many factors may be positively associated with medication adherence, such as education, employment, and age. Ethnic minorities, higher medication costs, and regimen complexity may have negative effect on medication adherence \[[@pone.0227326.ref006]\]. Medication adherence goes beyond medication consumption and is a reflection of healthy behaviour \[[@pone.0227326.ref007]\]. Thus, patients' acceptance of medical advice, including medication use, may be influenced by subjective beliefs about diseases \[[@pone.0227326.ref008]\]. A number of studies have also assumed the view that disease may be a response to social stresses and/or life events and is shaped in part by the nature of the cultural label which is applied to a person\'s condition \[[@pone.0227326.ref009]\].
Theoretical models of patient behaviour can be useful in designing interventions to improve medication adherence \[[@pone.0227326.ref010]\]. In the Common-Sense Model of Illness Perception, patients make sense of their symptoms by forming causal attributions about the illness, how long they think the illness will last, whether it can be controlled or cured, and what consequences the symptoms of the illness will have \[[@pone.0227326.ref003]\]. According to Leventhal and his colleagues \[[@pone.0227326.ref011]\], illness perception consists of five factors: (1) 'identity' (label of illness and symptoms); (2) 'timeline' (duration of illness including symptoms and recovery); (3) 'consequences' (the seriousness of the disease); (4) 'control' (amenability of the illness to being cured, prevented or treated); and (5) 'causes' (possible causes of the illness). A sixth factor, illness coherence, has been added more recently to this model to represent overall patient understanding of the illness \[[@pone.0227326.ref012]\]. Two relatively recent systematic reviews \[[@pone.0227326.ref008], [@pone.0227326.ref010]\] have described a significant association between illness perception domains and medication adherence but have also revealed an inconsistency in the direction (positive or negative) of the associations in different studies. Thus, further work is required to clarify the direction of the relationships between illness perception domains and medication adherence.
Australia has been involved in the UNHCR (United Nations High Commission for Refugees) resettlement program since 1977 and has consistently ranked as one of the top three resettlement countries in the world \[[@pone.0227326.ref013]\]. Over the past 50 years, conflicts in Lebanon, Algeria, Sudan, Libya, Iraq, Syria and Kuwait have collectively resulted in many hundreds of thousands of refugees seeking safety in neighbouring states and in more distant countries. The Arab Spring uprisings have now contributed millions more refugees and migrants to this exodus \[[@pone.0227326.ref014]\].
There is increasing evidence that immigrants and traumatized refugees have an elevated prevalence of medical diseases, such as hypertension \[[@pone.0227326.ref015]\]. Increased vulnerability to physical, mental and social health problems may result from the process and the specific circumstances of migration \[[@pone.0227326.ref016]\]. Thus, the increasing numbers of refugees and migrants arriving from the Middle East underscores the need to better understand chronic illnesses and medication adherence in this population.
In the literature refugees and migrants have been considered as single population and have been treated under the same umbrella. However, each represents different populations that can be distinguished from each other. A refugee is defined by the 1951 Refugee Convention as "a person who, 'owing to a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinions, is outside the country of his/her nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail themselves of the protection of that country." On the other hand the International Organization for Migration (IOM) defines a migrant as "any person who is moving or has moved across an international border or within a State away from his/her habitual place of residence, regardless of (a) the person's legal status, (b) whether the movement is voluntary or involuntary, (c) what the causes for the movement are or (d) what the length of the stay is" (\[[@pone.0227326.ref017]\]p.2). Although, the both groups may have similar difficulties during the resettlement process, there are distinct differences between those who migrate voluntarily and those who have little or no choice in the matter. The intentions and motivations for migration differ vastly between refugees and migrants \[[@pone.0227326.ref018]\]. The two groups can be distinguished by the fact that refugees cannot safely return home, because of a threat of persecution or death, but migrants face no such impediment to returning to their country of origin \[[@pone.0227326.ref019]\]. Furthermore, refugees must leave their home countries quickly, meaning that they are largely unprepared for the journey ahead and this may further exacerbate feelings of having little or no control over their lives.
In contrast, migrants may feel like they are gaining control over their lives through migration \[[@pone.0227326.ref018]\]. In addition, refugees have been forced into a situation where responsibility for and control over their own lives has been taken away from them. Their existence and future are uncertain, and many experience a constant fear of being deported. The powerlessness they experienced generates uncertainty that has negative implications for health \[[@pone.0227326.ref020]\]. Unemployment, and denial of access to health services are risk factors for psychiatric morbidity, and chronicity of health conditions. Refugees constitute a particularly high risk group \[[@pone.0227326.ref021]\]. These factors differentiate the groups and there are likely to be significant differences between migrants and refugees across a number of their personal and social issues, taking into account the damaging effect of the war on the education, employment, socioeconomic status and refugees' health generally \[[@pone.0227326.ref022]\]. Therefore, these two different populations might develop different health beliefs, and perceptions about the same illness. Thus, it is important to have a well-founded insight into how Middle Eastern refugees and migrants perceive chronic conditions such as hypertension, and to understand how their perceptions may influence medication adherence behaviours.
A review of studies which addressed medication adherence in the Middle Eastern population with chronic illnesses, such as hypertension, diabetes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, demonstrated that participants' self-reports gave an estimate of 48% of non-adherence \[[@pone.0227326.ref023]\]. A study of 392 Middle Eastern Arabic-speaking migrants and refugees in Australia investigated diabetes self-care activities, and found that 88% of Arabic- speaking participants were non-adherent to prescribed medication, in comparison with 45.1% of 309 English speaking Caucasian Australian participants \[[@pone.0227326.ref024]\]. Aside from these studies, only several others have examined medication adherence and/or illness perceptions in a Middle Eastern population \[[@pone.0227326.ref003], [@pone.0227326.ref025]\]. To the best of the authors' knowledge, there have been no previous studies on this topic in hypertensive patients, conducted in Australia or indeed anywhere else in the world. Similarly, there have been no previous studies which have assessed the differences between refugees and migrants regarding illness perceptions and the impact residency status has on medication adherence.
The objectives of this study were to examine migration status (refugee or migrant) differences in medication adherence, and to test the mediating role of illness perceptions in Middle Eastern refugees and migrants in Australia with hypertension.
2. Materials and methods {#sec007}
========================
2.1 Study design and setting {#sec008}
----------------------------
A cross-sectional design was used in this study. After obtaining approval from RMIT University Ethics Committee, (SEHAPP 53--18) data were collected from September 2018 to July 2019 using a convenience sampling process.
Participants were recruited from various community groups established by non-profit Australian organisations in Melbourne, where Middle Eastern refugees and migrants meet to share their interests and gain support from members of their community. They were also recruited through an Adult Migrant English Program, where new migrants and refugees learn foundation English to enable them to participate socially and economically in Australian society. Arabic community groups in various states of Australia, available on Face-book, were also used to recruit refugees and migrants. Participants were given access to the participant information sheet which explained the study. The completion of the anonymous survey implied consent.
2.2 Study participants {#sec009}
----------------------
A total of 319 participants were recruited; 168 refugees, and 151 migrants. Participants' demographic characteristics are described in [Table 1](#pone.0227326.t001){ref-type="table"}.
10.1371/journal.pone.0227326.t001
###### Demographics and clinical characteristics for refugees and migrants (n = 319).
{#pone.0227326.t001g}
Variables Refugee *n* = 168 Migrant *n* = 151 *χ* (*df)* *p*
--------------------------- ------------------------------ ------------------- ------------ ---------- --------
Age 30--40 23 (13.8%) 29 (19.2%) 20.78(3) 0.001
41--50 35 (21%) 59 (39.1%)
Above 50 108 (64.7%) 60 (39.7%)
Missing 1 (0.6%) 1 (0.66%)
Sex Male 83 (49.4%) 64 (42.4%) 1.58(1) 0.20
Female 85 (50.6%) 87 (57.6%)
Education Lower secondary 88 (53.7%) 42 (28.4%) 40.57(4) 0.0001
Higher secondary 41 (25%) 26 (17.6%)
Diploma 7 (4.3%) 18 (12.2%)
Bachelor 22 (13.4%) 34 (23%)
Higher than bachelor 6 (3.7%) 28 (18.9%)
Missing 4 (2.3%) 3 (1.98%)
Occupation Home/Not working 139 (84.8%) 84 (55.6%) 38.35(2) 0.001
Self-employer 4 (2.4%) 31 (20.5%)
Governmental/private 21 (12.8%) 36 (23.8%)
Missing 4 (2.3%) \-
Arrival year to Australia 2015--2018 58 (34.7%) 23 (15.4%) 24.35(3) 0.0001
2010--2015 55 (32.9%) 42 (28.2%)
2000--2010 33 (19.8%) 41 (27.5%)
Before 2000 21 (12.6%) 43 (28.9%)
Missing 1 (0.6%) 2 (1.3%)
Co-morbidities Having ≥ 2 chronic illnesses 54 (32.1%) 35 (23.2%) 5.5 (1) 0.02
Diabetes Mellitus 61 (39.4%) 38 (25.7%) 6.44 (1) 0.01
Mental illness 12 (7.4%) 3 (2%) 4.98 (1) 0.03
COPD 7 (4.2%) 6 (4%) 0.01 (1) 0.9
Asthma 16 (10.3%) 14 (9.5%) 0.06 (1) 0.8
Back pain 57 (35.4%) 42 (28%) 1.96 (1) 0.16
Arthritis 42 (26.3%) 36 (24.2%) 0.18 (1) 0.67
Country of birth Iraq 83 (49.4%) 17 (11.2%) \- \-
Syria 54 (32.1%) 18 (11.8%) \- \-
Lebanon 17 (10.12%) 45 (29.6%) \- \-
Egypt 3 (1.8%) 18 (11.8%) \- \-
Morocco 2 (1.2%) 11 (7.23%) \- \-
Jordan NA 13 (8.55%) \- \-
Algeria 1 (0.6%) 5 (3.3%) \- \-
Kuwait NA 9 (6.3%) \- \-
Emirates NA 4 (2.8%) \- \-
Saudi Arabia NA 4 (2.8%) \- \-
Other Arab countries 6 (3.6%) 8 (5.3%) \- \-
Throughout the 10-month recruitment period, attendees at the community groups, or Adult Migrant English Program centres were approached and invited to consider participating in the study. A poster including the survey link was published in some Facebook Arabic interest gathering groups in Australia. Those who met the following criteria were invited to participate in this study: (1) aged 30 years or older; (2) migrated to Australia as refugee or migrant; (3) born in any of the 22 countries of the Middle East; and (4) diagnosed with essential hypertension. Individuals who were younger than 30 years old, unable to speak English, or Arabic and originally not from Middle East were excluded. Regarding migration status, participants were asked to nominate one of the following responses described how they arrived in Australia: "*refugee*,*" "work*,*" "studying*,*" "economic reasons" "any other reason"*. Participants who selected an answer other than "refugee" were considered migrants.
2.3 Development of questionnaire {#sec010}
--------------------------------
The self-report questionnaire consisted of 19 items in 4 sections. The first section was comprised of socio-demographic information including age, gender, place of birth, education level, and occupation. The second section canvassed the major chronic conditions identified by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare: arthritis, asthma, back pain/problems, cancer, cardiovascular disease (such as coronary heart disease and stroke), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes and mental health conditions \[[@pone.0227326.ref026]\].
The last two sections, used validated, and reliable tools to measure medication adherence \[[@pone.0227326.ref027]\] and illness perceptions \[[@pone.0227326.ref028]\]. Content validity of the questionnaire was examined by review by three academic researchers.
The questionnaire was available in English and Arabic. The questionnaire was translated into Arabic by a researcher whose first language was Arabic, then back-translated to English by another bilingual researcher. The original questionnaires were compared with the back-translated version by two researchers whose first language was English, and no discernible differences were detected.
2.4 Sample size {#sec011}
---------------
The sample size was calculated using Gpower\* software version three.
With alpha set at p \< 0.05, (two-tailed) and power at 0.95, the estimated minimum sample size was calculated to be 105 participants. A total of 319 participants were recruited which exceeded the number participants required to detect significant differences and relationships by a factor of three.
The effect size was measured using Cohen's *d* statistic. Consistent with the literature, we used established cut-offs of 0.2, 0.5, and 0.8 for a small, moderate, and large effect sizes respectively \[[@pone.0227326.ref028]\].
2.5.1 Medication Adherence Questionnaire {#sec012}
----------------------------------------
Medication adherence was measured using the Medication Adherence Questionnaire (MAQ), a questionnaire adapted from the Morisky self-reported medication adherence questionnaire relating to medication use and major reasons for non-adherence. The four-item MAQ was selected because it has been well-validated to identify adherence behaviour in a number of chronic cardiovascular disease populations and scores have been shown to correlate well with objective adherence measures and clinical outcomes, such as blood pressure, lipid levels and blood glucose control \[[@pone.0227326.ref029]\]. The psychometric properties of this questionnaire ranged from adequate \[[@pone.0227326.ref027], [@pone.0227326.ref030]\] to high \[[@pone.0227326.ref031]\] in different studies. The MAQ measures both intentional and unintentional non-adherence based on forgetfulness, carelessness, stopping medication when feeling better and stopping medication when feeling worse. The scale is scored 1 point for each "no" and 0 points for each "yes". Patients were described as adherent (if the total score was four) or non-adherent (if the total score was less than 4) \[[@pone.0227326.ref032], [@pone.0227326.ref033]\].
2.5.2 Brief illness perceptions questionnaire {#sec013}
---------------------------------------------
Hypertension Illness perceptions were assessed using the Brief Illness Perceptions Questionnaire (BIPQ). This questionnaire was selected as it provides simple and rapid assessment of illness perceptions. The BIPQ has advantages in terms of brevity and lower participant burden. It also demonstrated good psychometric properties, including concurrent, predictive and discriminant validity, and it has been widely used with different chronic conditions \[[@pone.0227326.ref034]\]. It contains seven items to assess perceptions according to the domains of Common Sense Model \[[@pone.0227326.ref028]\]. Each item of "personal control", "treatment control", and "coherence," "identity," "timeline" and "consequences" was scored on a scale of 1--5; "1" for strongly disagree, and "5" for strongly agree. Scoring for "consequences" and "identity" were reversed. High scores indicate positive perceptions of hypertension, whereas lower scores show negative illness perceptions, with negative impacts on life, and experiences of severe symptoms of illness respectively. Causality of hypertension was a free text section. Participants were asked to list the three most likely causes for their hypertension. Answers were scored by three researcher WS, GK, and IS on a scale of 0--2. Evidence from the literature was used to compare the relevance of the causes specified \[[@pone.0227326.ref035]\]. A score of two points was given to causes similar to those reported in the literature, for example, obesity, heredity, or stress. For causes that may be related to stress, such as fear from war, not finding work, or economic status, a score of one was given. A score of zero was given for irrelevant causes, such as fate, weather ([Table 2](#pone.0227326.t002){ref-type="table"}). To assess inter-rater reliability, Intra Class Correlation (ICC) estimates and their 95% confident intervals were calculated based on absolute-agreement, and 2-way mixed-effects model (ICC = 0.93, CI 0.84--0.97, p = 0.0001).
10.1371/journal.pone.0227326.t002
###### Refugee and Migrant causal attributions for hypertension.
{#pone.0227326.t002g}
Status Rank Causes Score %(*n*)
--------------------- ----------------------- ------------ -------------- --------------
**Refugee** 1 Stress 2 \(31\) 31%
2 Fear from war 1 \(18\) 18%
3 Fate 0 \(11\) 11%
4 Don\'t know 0 \(8\) 8%
Heredity 2 \(8\) 8%
5 Close relatives death 1 \(7\) 7%
6 Depression 1 \(5\) 5%
7 Weather 0 \(3\) 3%
8 Not speaking English 1 \(2\) 2%
Salty food 2 \(2\) 2%
Migration 1 \(2\) 2%
9 Not finding work 1 \(1\) 1%
physical inactivity 2 \(1\) 1%
Smoking 2 \(1\) %
**Migrant** 1 Stress 2 \(33\) 36.7%
2 Heredity 2 \(23\) 25.6%
3 Obesity 2 \(10\) 11.1%
4 Salty food 2 \(6\) 6.7%
5 Don't know 0 \(5\) 5.6%
6 Having DM 2 \(4\) 4.4%
7 Physical inactivity 2 \(2\) 2.2%
Smoking 2 \(2\) 2.2%
Aging 2 \(2\) 2.2%
Economic reasons 1 \(2\) 2.2%
Relevant = 2, partially relevant = 1, not relevant = 0.
2.6 Data analysis {#sec014}
-----------------
Data were analysed using the IBM Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (Ver. 26) for Windows. The internal reliability of MAQ was assessed using Kuder-Richardson\'s coefficient (KR20), which measures internal consistency of questionnaires feature dichotomous items \[[@pone.0227326.ref036]\] (0.76), and the BIPQ was assessed using Cronbach's alpha (0.79). Descriptive statistics including frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations examined participants' socio-demographics characteristics, and all variables. Comparisons of dependent variables between the two groups were made using Chi-square tests or independent-samples *t*-tests as appropriate (Levene's test was used to assess homogeneity of variance). Bivariate associations between dependent variables were examined using Pearson's correlations (*r*). A two-tailed significance level of 0.05 was used for statistical procedures.
A mediation model in which illness perception mediates the association between migration status (refugee or migrant) and medication adherence as presented in [Fig 1](#pone.0227326.g001){ref-type="fig"} was tested. We applied bootstrapping (5,000 samples) using the SPSS PROCESS macro \[[@pone.0227326.ref036], [@pone.0227326.ref037]\], to analyse the model and determine the confidence interval for the indirect effect. This procedure does not require the indirect effect to be normally distributed, therefore is preferred to the Sobel's test \[[@pone.0227326.ref038]\] \[[@pone.0227326.ref039]\]. The indirect effect is statistically significant if the 95% bias-corrected confidence interval does not include zero.
{#pone.0227326.g001}
Possible confounding factors that were significantly correlated to medication adherence were entered as covariates in the mediation analysis.
The dimensionality of the BIPQ items in the present sample was examined using factor analysis. The Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin measure of sampling adequacy was .76, above the commonly recommended value of .6, and Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant (χ^2^ = 364, p \< .0001). The communalities were all above .6. Given these overall indicators, factor analysis was deemed appropriate.
3. Results {#sec015}
==========
3.1 Participants demographics and clinical characteristics {#sec016}
----------------------------------------------------------
A total of 320 participants were recruited; 168 refugees, and 152 migrants. Participants' demographic characteristics are described in [Table 1](#pone.0227326.t001){ref-type="table"}. All participants were born in the Middle East, and there were slightly more women than men in both groups. The highest proportion of refugees were from Iraq and Syria. Overall, hypertensive migrants were significantly younger (*χ*^2^ = 20.78, *p* = 0.001), more likely to be employed (*χ*^2^ = 38.35, *p* = 0.0001), and were also significantly more likely to have a higher level of education (*χ*^2^ = 40.57, *p* = 0.0001) than hypertensive refugees. Migrants reported a significantly lower level of co-morbid conditions that are commonly associated with hypertension, e.g., diabetes mellitus (*χ*^2^ = 6.44, *p* = 0.01), and were significantly less likely to have mental health issues (*χ*^2^ = 4.98, *p* = 0.03).
3.2 Participants perceptions about hypertension and medication adherence {#sec017}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Across all items of the BIPQ, significant differences were found between refugees and migrants ([Table 3](#pone.0227326.t003){ref-type="table"}). Refugees reported stronger negative beliefs about hypertension in comparison with migrants. For example, refugees showed a significantly higher identity perception (*p* = 0.0001) indicating that they attributed a lot of the symptoms they experienced to their hypertension. They also demonstrated significantly higher consequences perceptions (*p* = 0.0001), believing that their hypertension had a considerable negative influence on their lives. Migrants were significantly more likely to have higher positive beliefs about hypertension than refugees. For instance, they showed better coherence (understanding of hypertension, *p* = 0.0001), reporting a higher perception of their personal ability to control hypertension (*p* = 0.0001), and treatment control of their illness (*p* = 0.0001). Regarding the causes domain, a significant difference was found between both groups regarding their beliefs about the causes of hypertension (*p* = 0.0001) ([Table 3](#pone.0227326.t003){ref-type="table"}). The three most commonly indicated causes for hypertension in the refugee group, were stress (31%), fearing war (18%), and fate (11%). Migrants attributed their hypertension to having stress (36.7%), heredity (25.6%) and obesity (11.1%) ([Table 2](#pone.0227326.t002){ref-type="table"}).
10.1371/journal.pone.0227326.t003
###### Comparisons of refugee and migrant illness perceptions, and medication adherence.
{#pone.0227326.t003g}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BIPQ Refugee\ Migrant\ *t(df)* *p*
*M(SD)* *M(SD)*
---------------------------------- ------------- ------------- -------------- --------
Illness perceptions (one factor) 12.8(3.9) 17.9(4.4) 10.9 (298) 0.0001
Personal control 2.88 (0.98) 3.64(1.09) 6.47 (302) 0.0001
Treatment control 2.89 (1.23) 3.91 (1.26) 7.25 (306.5) 0.0001
Coherence 2.78 (1.13) 3.82 (1.18) 7.86 (296.8) 0.0001
Illness identity 3.82 (1.16) 2.65 (1.26) 8.56 (302) 0.0001
Illness consequences 3.88 (1.24) 2.8 (1.23) 7.72 (311) 0.0001
Causes 1.08 (0.79) 1.73 (0.57) 7.13 (224) 0.0001
Timeline 2.8 (0.86) 3.08 (0.53) 3.22 (298) 0.0001
Medication adherence 1.36 (1.4) 2.5 (1.4) 7.26 (305) 0.0001
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Significant difference between refugees and migrant was found regarding medication adherence *p = 0*.*0001*. Migrants were more likely adherent to taking medications in comparison to refugees ([Table 3](#pone.0227326.t003){ref-type="table"}).
3.3 Correlation of demographics/illness perceptions with medication adherence {#sec018}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
[Table 4](#pone.0227326.t004){ref-type="table"} shows the results of correlational analyses for both groups. There was a weak, but significant correlation between higher education level and better medication adherence in the refugee group, *p* = 0.002, while employed migrants were more likely to report higher adherence to hypertensive medication, *p =* 0.005. Illness perception domains and medication adherence were significantly correlated in migrants and refugees. Positive perceptions about hypertension were associated significantly and positively with medication adherence in both groups, *p* = 0.0001. Participants who had higher control over their illness, and positive perceptions about treatment control, reported better medication adherence in both the refugee and migrant groups *p* = 0.0001 for both items across both groups. In addition, better understanding of hypertension was positively associated with medication adherence in refugees *p* = 0.0001 for both items across both groups. Negative perceptions about hypertension, such as consequences and identity were found to have negative influence on medication adherence in refugees *p* = 0.007, *p* = 0.001 and migrants *p* = 0.0001, *p* = 0.001 respectively. Those who attributed hypertension to its actual causes, also had a better understanding of their hypertension (coherence) *p* = 0.0001 and this was positively correlated with medication adherence in both refugees *p* = 0.0001, and migrants *p* = 0.0001. [Table 4](#pone.0227326.t004){ref-type="table"} shows the statistical details.
10.1371/journal.pone.0227326.t004
###### Correlations between medication adherence scores and other variables in refugees and migrant.
{#pone.0227326.t004g}
Variables MAQ refugee MAQ migrants
---------------------------------- ------------- -------------- -------------------- ------------
Age 0.06 0.43 -0.009 0.9
Gender 0.1 0.2 -0.03 0.77
Employment 0.14 0.07 0.23 **0.005**
Education 0.24 **0.002** 0.036 0.67
Arrival year -0.93 0.24 -0.11 0.17
Comorbidity -0.11 0.18 0.04 0.62
Illness perceptions (one factor) 0.48 **0.0001** 0.53 **0.0001**
Personal control 0.33 **0.0001** 0.51 **0.0001**
Treatment control 0.44 **0.0001** 0.41 **0.0001**
Causes 0.43 **0.0001** 0.45 **0.0001**
Timeline 0.13 0.112 0.07 0.43
Consequences -0.22 **0.007** -0.31 **0.0001**
Identity -0.27 **0.001** -0.30 **0.001**
Coherence 0.4 **0.0001** **0.33**^**\*\***^ **0.0001**
3.4 Illness perceptions as a mediator between migration status and illness perceptions {#sec019}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The relationship between different migration status and medication adherence was mediated by illness perceptions, after adjusting educational level, and employment. The results showed, that the standardized regression coefficient between migration status and illness perceptions was statistically significant *p* = 0.0001, as was the standardized regression coefficient between illness perceptions and medication adherence *p* = 0.0001. We tested the significance of this indirect effect using bootstrapping procedures. Unstandardized indirect effect was 0.24, and the 95% confidence interval ranged from (0.21--0.36). Thus, the indirect effect was statistically significant ([Table 5](#pone.0227326.t005){ref-type="table"}, [Fig 1](#pone.0227326.g001){ref-type="fig"}).
10.1371/journal.pone.0227326.t005
###### Bootstrap analyses of the magnitude and statistical significance of indirect effect.
{#pone.0227326.t005g}
Independent variable Dependent variable Mediator variable Unstandardized indirect effect Size effect 95% CI mean indirect effect (lower and upper)
---------------------- -------------------- --------------------- -------------------------------- ------------- -----------------------------------------------
Status of migration Adherence Illness perceptions 0.24 0.04 0.21--0.36
4. Discussion {#sec020}
=============
This study is the first to investigate the association of migration status on medication adherence in hypertension mediated by Middle Eastern refugees' and migrants' illness perceptions, in Australia. The findings of this study indicated that the illness perception cognitive domain had a significant impact on medication adherence in both groups; refugees and migrants. The findings were consistent with the theoretical prediction of the behavioural Common Sense Model of illness perceptions \[[@pone.0227326.ref040]\], and the findings of previous studies \[[@pone.0227326.ref025], [@pone.0227326.ref041]\]. The evaluation of these perceptions in lesser studied populations such as refugees and migrants from the Middle East, is fundamental to developing specific and targeted interventions to improve medication taking behaviours. The second significant result from this study, was the identification of differences between refugees and migrants regarding their perceptions of hypertension and adhering to taking medications. Middle Eastern refugees were significantly more likely to perceive illness negatively and reported lower medication adherence rates than migrants from the same regions.
The results of this study are aligned with a previous research article that demonstrated the differences between Middle Eastern diabetic patients, and Caucasian English speaking diabetic patients, with regards to their illness, treatment perceptions and self-management adherence \[[@pone.0227326.ref024]\]. Middle Eastern Arabic speaking participants had lower medication adherence and negative illness perceptions in comparison to the Caucasian English Speaking participants, however it is important to note that in this study \[[@pone.0227326.ref024]\] migration status was not taken into account.
Previous studies have not clarified the relationship between medication adherence and perceived causes of hypertension \[[@pone.0227326.ref002], [@pone.0227326.ref042]\], and causes have been excluded in other studies that have investigated the role of illness perceptions in predicting adherence to medications \[[@pone.0227326.ref024], [@pone.0227326.ref043]\]. In our study, causal attribution was associated positively with medication adherence in both refugees and migrants. The findings indicate that those who tend to attribute their hypertension causes to external factors, such as fate, or the weather were less likely to adhere to their therapeutic regimen. This may be explained through Leventhal and colleagues' work \[[@pone.0227326.ref044]\], that indicates that when a patient labels any illness, they will search for causes to attribute their illness, and these causes correspondingly shape their actions to cope with it. For example, many refugees who attributed their hypertension to the cause of "fate" may not be motivated to seek medical advice from health professionals. They may use their prayers to God as a treatment modality rather than using medicines \[[@pone.0227326.ref024]\]. Whereas, most of the migrants believed their illness was caused by risk factors, and therefore they may assume the explanation of illness attribution from the healthcare providers' perspectives. In addition, patients who believe that their illness is caused by external factors may perceive there to be less controllability of behavioural outcomes, and thus be less likely to adhere to their medications \[[@pone.0227326.ref045]\].
In this study treatment control was a significant predictor of medication adherence in refugees. When patients believe treatment could improve their symptoms, they were more likely to adhere to the doctor's prescription \[[@pone.0227326.ref002]\]. Although, the illness that we focused on in our study was hypertension, which has an asymptomatic nature, and most patients are labelled as being hypertensive after blood pressure screening without experiencing any symptoms \[[@pone.0227326.ref001]\], our findings indicated that refugees perceived significant symptoms that they attributed to hypertension, in comparison to migrants. These symptoms were associated with lower level of medication adherence. This may explain why treatment control was the most significant variable associated with medication adherence among refugees who attributed their blood pressure to causes using their personal beliefs about environmental or supernatural factors to make sense of the ambiguous symptoms.
The findings described in this paper are consistent with research from literature which has examined illness perceptions, and has indicated that patients who believe in their ability to control illness, are more likely to seek treatment and engage in healthcare behaviours, and consequently adhere to taking medications \[[@pone.0227326.ref001], [@pone.0227326.ref041], [@pone.0227326.ref045]\]. Our findings identified that personal control was the most significant predictor of medication adherence for migrants. Also, the findings suggested that migrants acquire better illness understanding than refugees, and therefore they have more confidence in their ability to affect hypertension, through their own personal control. Throughout the literature the link between personal control and health is well established. Patients with high personal control are more likely to have a healthy lifestyle, and they are more likely to seek and follow medical advice when ill \[[@pone.0227326.ref046]\]. Thus, better medication adherence would be expected when people have higher levels of personal control. Furthermore, based on the experience of migration for refugees and migrants, the latter gained more control over their lives, including their health and illness \[[@pone.0227326.ref018]\], and they are more skilled at coping with life crises that occur \[[@pone.0227326.ref046]\]. More positive beliefs about the sense of internal control have been associated with coping strategies, which are generally considered more adaptive such as positive reinterpretation, seeking social support and actively trying to tackle the problem \[[@pone.0227326.ref047]\]. Traumatized refugees who experienced war, forced migration or violence perceive absence of control over their lives---this can contribute to poor health as diet, exercise and medical treatment are neglected \[[@pone.0227326.ref048]\].
Social support plays an important role in determining treatment uptake, recovery and adherence \[[@pone.0227326.ref049]\]. Refugees who have been taken away from their friends and families, lack social support thus, worse adherence to medication and health recovery would be expected. In literature, reduced posttraumatic stress was associated with securing work rights and health cover. Living in the community with work rights and access to health cover significantly improves psychiatric symptoms in forced refugees \[[@pone.0227326.ref021]\].
In contrast to previous findings \[[@pone.0227326.ref002]\], that reported that consequences of illness are associated positively with medication adherence, the findings of this study indicated that, the impact and seriousness of illness is inversely related to medication taking behaviour. This finding is counter-intuitive, however, the consequences may elicit an emotional response (e.g., feelings of hopelessness) and maladaptive coping, which could explain poorer adherence \[[@pone.0227326.ref050]\].
A majority of studies reported in the literature have examined several factors that influence medication adherence, such as age, gender, comorbidities and ethnicity \[[@pone.0227326.ref051]--[@pone.0227326.ref053]\]. However, none of these factors can be modified to enhance medication adherence. Patients' cognitive models of their illnesses are, by their nature, private. Patients are often reluctant to discuss beliefs about their illnesses in medical consultations because they fear being seen as misinformed \[[@pone.0227326.ref042]\]. However, these perceptions are amendable to counselling by health care providers and should be targeted for intervention to enhance medication adherence.
Our study also revealed suboptimal adherence levels in the refugee group, highlighting the need for urgent attention that may improve the overall quality of life for vulnerable patients who arrive in Australia. Most refugees in this study come from countries that are currently involved in war or conflict. These countries experience unique and severe complications within their health system, hospitals and healthcare professions, thus resulting in a high degree of uncertainty regarding the safety of seeking healthcare services \[[@pone.0227326.ref054]\].
Future interventions to improve medication adherence should address modifying illness perceptions through different approaches. Programs that close gaps in educational outcomes between ethnic minority populations, such as refugees, and majority populations are needed to promote health equity \[[@pone.0227326.ref055]\]. These programs may promote refugees' understanding of their health, and illnesses. Also, they may enhance refugees' ability to control their illness and overall, increase the adherence to medications. On the other hand, cultural brokering is needed to bridge the gap in cultural competent care and in workplace harmony. Actions include consultation and collaboration with a transcultural nurse generalist to help nursing and other health personnel become more culturally aware, sensitive, and develop cultural competence for culturally diverse populations, such as refugees or migrants \[[@pone.0227326.ref056]\].
Another approach to promote refugees' personal control perceptions, can be achieved through shared decision making, that allows them to feel understood and valued, and helps to develop a sense of independence and efficacy \[[@pone.0227326.ref057]\]. Understanding of the way in which cultural factors affect the incidence, course, experience and outcome of disease is crucial for clinical medicine. Religious medicine is grounded in the Arabic Middle East in the logic of healing through the power of the sacred words, the touch of holy men, or the manipulation of impurity \[[@pone.0227326.ref009]\]. Therefore, healthcare providers should take into account refugees and migrants' cultural background, and religious beliefs and their impact on illness perceptions, specifically their causal attributions of hypertension, to achieve better medication adherence. This highlights also, the need for tailored educational strategies about the possible factors underlying hypertension onset and how taking medication continuously can positively impact its course. Healthcare providers also, should understand the differences between refugees and migrants, and how they perceive their hypertension. Acquiring an awareness of each population's illness perceptions may help healthcare providers to identify gaps between their own understanding and the expectations of refugees and migrants about their illness and treatments. Consequently, this may lead to the provision of more optimal health care that meets the needs and expectations of each population.
Refugees may be disadvantaged further by language barriers and lower levels of education, which may contribute to difficulties in accessing health care facilities and seeking advice only from health professionals. Migrants in Australia must meet English language requirements prior to migration \[[@pone.0227326.ref058]\]. Arabic speaking refugees might benefit, during medical encounters, from receiving consumer medicine information sheets in Arabic, designed specifically for those with low English-language literacy levels to augment counselling process \[[@pone.0227326.ref024]\].
This study has unique and specific implications for healthcare providers in general and community pharmacists specifically, since they are often the first to interact with refugees, and as experts on medication they can make a difference in the lives of these patients. Thus, it is essential to use patient-friendly educational materials to enhance refugees' understanding, and adherence to therapeutic regimen \[[@pone.0227326.ref059]\].
For future studies, the addition of qualitative methods, to evaluate illness perceptions is suggested. In addition evaluating the experience of newly diagnosed refugees and migrants access health services and if it relates to their cultural behaviours and taking medications may be useful. Another aspect that might be important to address in the future research, is the role of the social support in treatment adherence and the emotional factors that might be related this.
This study has some limitations. A self-reported measure was used to determine medication adherence, and illness perceptions; hence, there might be overestimation of adherence and perceptions. However, over 50% of participants reported low level of adherence, suggesting that overestimation was not a major limitation in this study. Emotional representation of illness perceptions was not measured. We chose to focus on cognitive domain of illness perception, as it remains central to medication adherence interventions.
Conclusion {#sec021}
----------
Patients' illness perceptions have a significant influence on medication adherence. Differences between refugees and migrants regarding their perceptions, and adherence should be assessed prior to providing healthcare counselling, and medical advice. This study draws attention to enhancing medication adherence amongst hypertensive refugees and migrants, by understanding and managing their negative illness perceptions. This study also gives an insight to the need for future interventional studies to promote medication adherence amongst vulnerable patients, by improving their personal, treatment control and increasing their understanding of the actual risk factors underlining hypertension.
The authors would like to thank the following agencies: Victorian Arabic Social Services, Kangan institute, Iraqi women's social groups, and the administrators of the included Facebook groups, for assisting in recruitment of participants. We would also like to thank all the participants who freely and cheerfully gave up their time to complete the survey.
10.1371/journal.pone.0227326.r001
Decision Letter 0
Cabieses
Baltica
Academic Editor
© 2020 Baltica Cabieses
2020
Baltica Cabieses
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License
, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
20 Nov 2019
PONE-D-19-28766
The role of refugee and migrant migration status on medication adherence: Mediation through illness perceptions
PLOS ONE
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Additional Editor Comments:
Dear authors
Thank you for submiting this interesting manuscript to Plos One. It tackles a relevant issue in an underserved population like refugees. It looks at a prevalent disease (Hypertension) and produces interesting findings related to access to healthcare, in particular to medication adherence in hypertension mediated by Middle Eastern refugees' and migrants' illness perceptions, in Australia.
The mauscrit has been revised by two independent reviewers, and they have added useful comments for improvement. Please revise them carefully, a they can add depth and quality to your study.
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Reviewer \#1: This article describes an original topic: associations between illness perceptions and medication adherences in migrants and refugee population. In the first place is appreciable that research's objective takes in count the difference among both groups, because, as the authors mention, usually they have been considered as a single population. However, the major problem of the article is the assumption that illness perception and medical adherence are individual behaviours. Even though "common sense model of illness perception" is clearly described, this model assumes that causal attributions of the illness are directly connected with how patients make sense of their symptoms. This model is based on causality, which is the origin of western rationality, and biomedical explanatory models. Different authors from medical anthropology (Arthur Kleiman, Byron Good, Evans Pritchard, Carolyn Sargent) demonstrates how causality is not the unique and the central model to explain illness in different cultures. Relationships between God, environment, spirits and other human beings are some relevant variables used to explain illness in non-western cultures as, for example, the Arabic ones. In these cultures, "fate" or "stress" can involve a cultural significance, that represents a different perception of illness. Cultural influence is not considered in the article while the authors assert the idea, not sufficiently explained, that "patients' cognitive models of their illnesses are, by their nature, private" (475-476). In order to understand the meanings of illness such as hypertension in Arabic population, its highly recommended to include the work of Byron Good based on Iranian perception of hearth disease called: \"The Heart of What\'s the Matter: The Structure of Medical Discourse in a Provincial Iranian Town" or Good, B. J., & Good, M. J. D. (1982). "Toward a meaning-centered analysis of popular illness categories: "fright illness" and "heart distress" in Iran". In second place it's necessary to pay attention to the differences perceived between refugees and migrants, specially regarding "individual control" of their illness. The experience of war, violence, and forced migration has enormous consequences on the sense of control of the lives of refugees (1995. Desjarlais, Robert, Leon Eisenberg, Byron J. Good, and Arthur Kleinman. World Mental Health: Problems and Priorities in Low Income Countries. New York: Oxford University Press; 2015. Devon Hinton and Byron Good, eds. Culture and PTSD. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.). This experience of total loss of control, has evidently consequences on their conceptions of life and death, illness, fate, and how they perceive their bodies. Nothing of that is mentioned in the discussion, reproducing the idea that medical adherence is result uniquely of individual behaviour. I recommend including a reflection about it. Finally, I suggest evaluating some statements as 476-478, considering the use of cultural brokers in health care settings and their outcomes in migrants and refugees' capacity to communicate in the clinical setting (for example: Jeffreys, M. R. (2005). Clinical nurse specialists as cultural brokers, change agents, and partners in meeting the needs of culturally diverse populations. Journal of Multicultural Nursing & Health, 11(2), 41).
Reviewer \#2: It is a very interesting research.
For future studies:
-It would be interesting to evaluate the perceptions with mix methodology and add qualitative methodology to the next version of this research.
\- Know the participants experiences about the access to health services when they are first diagnosed (if it is cultural sensitive for example) and if it is related to the adherence of the treatment.
-Also It would be important to evaluate the social support in the treatment and the emotional factors that could be related.
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Reviewer \#1: No
Reviewer \#2: Yes: Daniela Pacheco Olmedo
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10.1371/journal.pone.0227326.r002
Author response to Decision Letter 0
11 Dec 2019
Thank you for considering this paper. Below are the comments and the responses to both of the reviewers and the editor.
Please provide additional details regarding participant consent. In the ethics statement in the Methods and online submission information, please ensure that you have specified (1) whether consent was informed and (2) what type you obtained (for instance, written or verbal, and if verbal, how it was documented and witnessed). If your study included minors, state whether you obtained consent from parents or guardians. If the need for consent was waived by the ethics committee, please include this information. Participant information has been provided (attached) and then implied consent has been given through moving onto and returning the anonymous survey.
-We have added this clearly in the method section.
We note that you have stated that you will provide repository information for your data at acceptance. Should your manuscript be accepted for publication, we will hold it until you provide the relevant accession numbers or DOIs necessary to access your data. If you wish to make changes to your Data Availability statement, please describe these changes in your cover letter and we will update your Data Availability statement to reflect the information you provide.
-We will provide the DOI or the accession number once we are informed that this paper has been accepted.
Methods: please discuss and justify the sample size, especially the estimated medium effect size d= 0.3.
-This has been corrected and justified, by referring to Cohen's D statistics.
Analysis: please explain how heterogeneity/variance was dealt with in the analysis.
-Heterogeneity of variance was tested using Levenes test. This has been mentioned in the analysis section.
Discussion: I think that the ideas that reviewer 2 is suggesting as future studies, could actually be added in the discussion section.
-Done in the discussion section.
The major problem of the article is the assumption that illness perception and medical adherence are individual behaviours. Even though "common sense model of illness perception" is clearly described, this model assumes that causal attributions of the illness are directly connected with how patients make sense of their symptoms. This model is based on causality, which is the origin of western rationality, and biomedical explanatory models.
Different authors from medical anthropology (Arthur Kleiman, Byron Good, Evans Pritchard, Carolyn Sargent) demonstrates how causality is not the unique and the central model to explain illness in different cultures.
-It is very clear that causality is a universal form of thinking and not just Western. What is attributed as the cause can be influenced by religion. We think the causality is a central model to explain illness, but the cause attributed is often a correlation rather than a true cause.
Relationships between God, environment, spirits and other human beings are some relevant variables used to explain illness in non-western cultures as, for example, the Arabic ones. In these cultures, "fate" or "stress" can involve a cultural significance, that represents a different perception of illness. Cultural influence is not considered in the article while the authors assert the idea, not sufficiently explained, that "patients' cognitive models of their illnesses are, by their nature, private" (475-476). In order to understand the meanings of illness such as hypertension in Arabic population, its highly recommended to include the work of Byron Good based on Iranian perception of heart disease called: \"The Heart of What\'s the Matter: The Structure of Medical Discourse in a Provincial Iranian Town" or Good, B. J., & Good, M. J. D. (1982). "Toward a meaning-centered analysis of popular illness categories: "fright illness" and "heart distress" in Iran"
-The significance of culture has been mentioned in the introduction and also discussed in the discussion section, by using one of the references that you mentioned.
Introduction:
"A number of studies have also assumed the view that disease may be a response to social stresses and/or life events and is shaped in part by the nature of the cultural label which is applied to a person\'s condition"
Discussion:
Understanding of the way in which cultural factors affect the incidence, course, experience and outcome of disease is crucial for clinical medicine. Religious medicine is grounded in the Arab Middle East via the logic of healing through the power of the sacred words, the touch of holy men, or the manipulation of impurity.
In second place it's necessary to pay attention to the differences perceived between refugees and migrants, specially regarding "individual control" of their illness. The experience of war, violence, and forced migration has enormous consequences on the sense of control of the lives of refugees (1995. Desjarlais, Robert, Leon Eisenberg, Byron J. Good, and Arthur Kleinman. World Mental Health: Problems and Priorities in Low Income Countries. New York: Oxford University Press; 2015. Devon Hinton and Byron Good, eds. Culture and PTSD. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.).
-This statement has been included to highlight the differences regarding individual control. "Refugees have been forced into a situation where responsibility for and control over their own lives has been taken away from them. Their existence and future is uncertain, and many experience a constant fear of being deported. The powerlessness they experienced generates uncertainty that has negative implications for health".
Unemployment, and denial of access to health services are risk factors for psychiatric morbidity, and chronicity of health conditions. Refugees constitute a particularly high risk group.
This experience of total loss of control, has evidently consequences on their conceptions of life and death, illness, fate, and how they perceive their bodies. Nothing of that is mentioned in the discussion, reproducing the idea that medical adherence is result uniquely of individual behaviour. I recommend including a reflection about it.
-Four references have been used to cite evidence about the consequences of loss of control in the discussion part. "More positive beliefs about the sense of internal control have been associated with coping strategies which are generally considered more adaptive such as positive reinterpretation, seeking social support and actively trying to tackle the problems. Traumatized refugees who experienced war, forced migration or violence perceive absence of control over their lives --- this can contribute to poor health as diet, exercise and medical treatment are neglected.
Social support plays an important role in determining treatment uptake, recovery and adherence. Refugees who have been taken away from their friends and families, lack social support thus, worse adherence to medication and health recovery would be expected. In literature, reduced posttraumatic stress was associated with securing work rights and health cover. Living in the community with work rights and access to health cover significantly improves psychiatric symptoms in forced refugees.
Finally, I suggest evaluating some statements as 476-478, considering the use of cultural brokers in health care settings and their outcomes in migrants and refugees' capacity to communicate in the clinical setting (for example: Jeffreys, M. R. (2005). Clinical nurse specialists as cultural brokers, change agents, and partners in meeting the needs of culturally diverse populations. Journal of Multicultural Nursing & Health, 11(2), 41).
-The role of cultural brokers has been discussed in the discussion section, highlighting the importance of having cultural brokers to bridge the gap in cultural competent care.
For future studies:
It would be interesting to evaluate the perceptions with mix methodology and add qualitative methodology to the next version of this research.
Know the participants experiences about the access to health services when they are first diagnosed (if it is cultural sensitive for example) and if it is related to the adherence of the treatment.
Also It would be important to evaluate the social support in the treatment and the emotional factors that could be related.
-This has been included before the last paragraph of the discussion: "For future studies, the addition of qualitative methods, to evaluate illness perceptions is suggested. In addition evaluating the experience of newly diagnosed refugees and migrants access health services and if it relates to their cultural behaviours and taking medications may be useful. Another aspects that might be important to address in the future research, is the role of the social support in treatment adherence and the emotional factors that might be related this".
######
Submitted filename: Response to Reviewers.docx
######
Click here for additional data file.
10.1371/journal.pone.0227326.r003
Decision Letter 1
Cabieses
Baltica
Academic Editor
© 2020 Baltica Cabieses
2020
Baltica Cabieses
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License
, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
18 Dec 2019
The role of refugee and migrant migration status on medication adherence: Mediation through illness perceptions
PONE-D-19-28766R1
Dear Dr. Shahin,
We are pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it complies with all outstanding technical requirements.
Within one week, you will receive an e-mail containing information on the amendments required prior to publication. When all required modifications have been addressed, you will receive a formal acceptance letter and your manuscript will proceed to our production department and be scheduled for publication.
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With kind regards,
Baltica Cabieses, PhD
Academic Editor
PLOS ONE
Additional Editor Comments (optional):
The revision has adequately addressed the reviewers and editor´s comments.
Reviewers\' comments:
10.1371/journal.pone.0227326.r004
Acceptance letter
Cabieses
Baltica
Academic Editor
© 2020 Baltica Cabieses
2020
Baltica Cabieses
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License
, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
26 Dec 2019
PONE-D-19-28766R1
The role of refugee and migrant migration status on medication adherence: Mediation through illness perceptions
Dear Dr. Shahin:
I am pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department.
If your institution or institutions have a press office, please notify them about your upcoming paper at this point, to enable them to help maximize its impact. If they will be preparing press materials for this manuscript, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information please contact <onepress@plos.org>.
For any other questions or concerns, please email <plosone@plos.org>.
Thank you for submitting your work to PLOS ONE.
With kind regards,
PLOS ONE Editorial Office Staff
on behalf of
Dr. Baltica Cabieses
Academic Editor
PLOS ONE
[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
|
It’s been two years since the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of marriage equality, but couples say they still face discrimination when planning their weddings.
According to a recent study from The Knot and Q.Digital (the parent company of LGBTQ Nation), nearly a third of female couples (30%) and 11% of male couples said they were rejected by wedding vendors or left feeling uncomfortable due to their LGBTQ identity.
And while proponents of so-called “religious freedom” laws often argue that LGBTQ couples should just seek out businesses who want to serve them, it’s not always that easy. Not all vendors make clear whether or not they are LGBTQ-friendly, and same-sex couples would like to see that change.
Most respondents (88% of men and 91% of women) said vendors should clearly communicate that they are LGBTQ friendly and an even larger majority (91% of men and 92% of women) said they’d be more likely to book a vendor that’s not only friendly, but actively caters to the LGBTQ community.
Same-sex couples may share a need for florists, bakers, and other wedding professionals, but the details of their ceremonies often break with traditions built around heterosexual pairings.
“Today’s couples want a personalized celebration that reflects their unique style and personalities together,” said Kellie Gould, editor-in-chief of The Knot. “To-be-weds are opting for mixed-gender wedding parties, personalized processionals, and unique twists to long-standing traditions. These trends are in no way exclusive to same-sex couples, but are growing in popularity with this community.”
Other convention-busting practices include mutual proposals, dressing together on wedding day, walking down the aisle together, and eschewing the traditional Wagner’s Bridal Chorus (“Here comes the bride…”).
Same-sex couples were also fond of themes (41% of women, 32% of men) and signature cocktail (29% of men, 25% of women), one increasingly common calling card of same-sex weddings is including a quote from the Obergefell v. Hodges majority opinion by Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy:
No union is more profound than marriage, for it embodies the highest ideals of love, fidelity, devotion, sacrifice, and family. In forming a marital union, two people become something greater than once they were. As some of the petitioners in these cases demonstrate, marriage embodies a love that may endure even past death. It would misunderstand these men and women to say they disrespect the idea of marriage. Their plea is that they do respect it, respect it so deeply that they seek to find its fulfillment for themselves. Their hope is not to be condemned to live in loneliness, excluded from one of civilization’s oldest institutions. They ask for equal dignity in the eyes of the law. The Constitution grants them that right.”
Other highlights from the study include:
• Average Wedding Cost (excluding honeymoon): Women, $17,341; Men, $18,049
• Average Engagement Ring Spending: Women, $3,185; Men, $2,226
• Average Marrying Age: Women, 36; Men, 46
• Average Number of Guests: Women, 87; Men, 84
• Average Length of Engagement: Women, 13 months; Men, 12 months
• Most Popular Month to Get Married: Women, October, 15%; Men, October, 15%
• Percentage of Destination Weddings: Women, 29%; Men, 35%
Read the full results here. |
/*
Copyright 2019 Banzai Cloud.
Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at
http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
*/
package mixer
import (
"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime/schema"
"github.com/banzaicloud/istio-operator/pkg/k8sutil"
"github.com/banzaicloud/istio-operator/pkg/util"
)
func (r *Reconciler) prometheusHandler() *k8sutil.DynamicObject {
multiClusterEnabled := util.PointerToBool(r.Config.Spec.Mixer.MultiClusterSupport)
return &k8sutil.DynamicObject{
Gvr: schema.GroupVersionResource{
Group: "config.istio.io",
Version: "v1alpha2",
Resource: "handlers",
},
Kind: "handler",
Name: r.Config.WithRevision("prometheus"),
Namespace: r.Config.Namespace,
Labels: r.Config.RevisionLabels(),
Spec: map[string]interface{}{
"compiledAdapter": "prometheus",
"params": map[string]interface{}{
"metrics": []map[string]interface{}{
{
"name": "requests_total",
"instance_name": r.Config.WithRevision("requestcount") + ".instance." + r.Config.Namespace,
"kind": "COUNTER",
"label_names": metricLabels(multiClusterEnabled),
},
{
"name": "request_duration_seconds",
"instance_name": r.Config.WithRevision("requestduration") + ".instance." + r.Config.Namespace,
"kind": "DISTRIBUTION",
"label_names": metricLabels(multiClusterEnabled),
"buckets": map[string]interface{}{
"explicit_buckets": map[string]interface{}{
"bounds": util.EmptyTypedFloatSlice(0.005, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10),
},
},
},
{
"name": "request_bytes",
"instance_name": r.Config.WithRevision("requestsize") + ".instance." + r.Config.Namespace,
"kind": "DISTRIBUTION",
"label_names": metricLabels(multiClusterEnabled),
"buckets": map[string]interface{}{
"exponentialBuckets": map[string]interface{}{
"numFiniteBuckets": 8,
"scale": 1,
"growthFactor": 10,
},
},
},
{
"name": "response_bytes",
"instance_name": r.Config.WithRevision("responsesize") + ".instance." + r.Config.Namespace,
"kind": "DISTRIBUTION",
"label_names": metricLabels(multiClusterEnabled),
"buckets": map[string]interface{}{
"exponentialBuckets": map[string]interface{}{
"numFiniteBuckets": 8,
"scale": 1,
"growthFactor": 10,
},
},
},
{
"name": "tcp_sent_bytes_total",
"instance_name": r.Config.WithRevision("tcpbytesent") + ".instance." + r.Config.Namespace,
"kind": "COUNTER",
"label_names": tcpMetricLabels(multiClusterEnabled),
},
{
"name": "tcp_received_bytes_total",
"instance_name": r.Config.WithRevision("tcpbytereceived") + ".instance." + r.Config.Namespace,
"kind": "COUNTER",
"label_names": tcpMetricLabels(multiClusterEnabled),
},
{
"name": "tcp_connections_opened_total",
"instance_name": r.Config.WithRevision("tcpconnectionsopened") + ".instance." + r.Config.Namespace,
"kind": "COUNTER",
"label_names": tcpMetricLabels(multiClusterEnabled),
},
{
"name": "tcp_connections_closed_total",
"instance_name": r.Config.WithRevision("tcpconnectionsclosed") + ".instance." + r.Config.Namespace,
"kind": "COUNTER",
"label_names": tcpMetricLabels(multiClusterEnabled),
},
},
},
},
Owner: r.Config,
}
}
func (r *Reconciler) requestCountMetric() *k8sutil.DynamicObject {
multiClusterEnabled := util.PointerToBool(r.Config.Spec.Mixer.MultiClusterSupport)
return &k8sutil.DynamicObject{
Gvr: schema.GroupVersionResource{
Group: "config.istio.io",
Version: "v1alpha2",
Resource: "instances",
},
Kind: "instance",
Name: r.Config.WithRevision("requestcount"),
Namespace: r.Config.Namespace,
Labels: r.Config.RevisionLabels(),
Spec: map[string]interface{}{
"compiledTemplate": "metric",
"params": map[string]interface{}{
"value": "1",
"dimensions": metricDimensions(multiClusterEnabled),
"monitored_resource_type": `"UNSPECIFIED"`,
},
},
Owner: r.Config,
}
}
func (r *Reconciler) requestDurationMetric() *k8sutil.DynamicObject {
multiClusterEnabled := util.PointerToBool(r.Config.Spec.Mixer.MultiClusterSupport)
return &k8sutil.DynamicObject{
Gvr: schema.GroupVersionResource{
Group: "config.istio.io",
Version: "v1alpha2",
Resource: "instances",
},
Kind: "instance",
Name: r.Config.WithRevision("requestduration"),
Namespace: r.Config.Namespace,
Labels: r.Config.RevisionLabels(),
Spec: map[string]interface{}{
"compiledTemplate": "metric",
"params": map[string]interface{}{
"value": `response.duration | "0ms"`,
"dimensions": metricDimensions(multiClusterEnabled),
"monitored_resource_type": `"UNSPECIFIED"`,
},
},
Owner: r.Config,
}
}
func (r *Reconciler) requestSizeMetric() *k8sutil.DynamicObject {
multiClusterEnabled := util.PointerToBool(r.Config.Spec.Mixer.MultiClusterSupport)
return &k8sutil.DynamicObject{
Gvr: schema.GroupVersionResource{
Group: "config.istio.io",
Version: "v1alpha2",
Resource: "instances",
},
Kind: "instance",
Name: r.Config.WithRevision("requestsize"),
Namespace: r.Config.Namespace,
Labels: r.Config.RevisionLabels(),
Spec: map[string]interface{}{
"compiledTemplate": "metric",
"params": map[string]interface{}{
"value": `request.size | 0`,
"dimensions": metricDimensions(multiClusterEnabled),
"monitored_resource_type": `"UNSPECIFIED"`,
},
},
Owner: r.Config,
}
}
func (r *Reconciler) responseSizeMetric() *k8sutil.DynamicObject {
multiClusterEnabled := util.PointerToBool(r.Config.Spec.Mixer.MultiClusterSupport)
return &k8sutil.DynamicObject{
Gvr: schema.GroupVersionResource{
Group: "config.istio.io",
Version: "v1alpha2",
Resource: "instances",
},
Kind: "instance",
Name: r.Config.WithRevision("responsesize"),
Namespace: r.Config.Namespace,
Labels: r.Config.RevisionLabels(),
Spec: map[string]interface{}{
"compiledTemplate": "metric",
"params": map[string]interface{}{
"value": `response.size | 0`,
"dimensions": metricDimensions(multiClusterEnabled),
"monitored_resource_type": `"UNSPECIFIED"`,
},
},
Owner: r.Config,
}
}
func (r *Reconciler) tcpByteSentMetric() *k8sutil.DynamicObject {
multiClusterEnabled := util.PointerToBool(r.Config.Spec.Mixer.MultiClusterSupport)
return &k8sutil.DynamicObject{
Gvr: schema.GroupVersionResource{
Group: "config.istio.io",
Version: "v1alpha2",
Resource: "instances",
},
Kind: "instance",
Name: r.Config.WithRevision("tcpbytesent"),
Namespace: r.Config.Namespace,
Labels: r.Config.RevisionLabels(),
Spec: map[string]interface{}{
"compiledTemplate": "metric",
"params": map[string]interface{}{
"value": `connection.sent.bytes | 0`,
"dimensions": tcpMetricDimensions(multiClusterEnabled),
"monitored_resource_type": `"UNSPECIFIED"`,
},
},
Owner: r.Config,
}
}
func (r *Reconciler) tcpByteReceivedMetric() *k8sutil.DynamicObject {
multiClusterEnabled := util.PointerToBool(r.Config.Spec.Mixer.MultiClusterSupport)
return &k8sutil.DynamicObject{
Gvr: schema.GroupVersionResource{
Group: "config.istio.io",
Version: "v1alpha2",
Resource: "instances",
},
Kind: "instance",
Name: r.Config.WithRevision("tcpbytereceived"),
Namespace: r.Config.Namespace,
Labels: r.Config.RevisionLabels(),
Spec: map[string]interface{}{
"compiledTemplate": "metric",
"params": map[string]interface{}{
"value": `connection.received.bytes | 0`,
"dimensions": tcpMetricDimensions(multiClusterEnabled),
"monitored_resource_type": `"UNSPECIFIED"`,
},
},
Owner: r.Config,
}
}
func (r *Reconciler) tcpConnectionsOpenedMetric() *k8sutil.DynamicObject {
multiClusterEnabled := util.PointerToBool(r.Config.Spec.Mixer.MultiClusterSupport)
return &k8sutil.DynamicObject{
Gvr: schema.GroupVersionResource{
Group: "config.istio.io",
Version: "v1alpha2",
Resource: "instances",
},
Kind: "instance",
Name: r.Config.WithRevision("tcpconnectionsopened"),
Namespace: r.Config.Namespace,
Labels: r.Config.RevisionLabels(),
Spec: map[string]interface{}{
"compiledTemplate": "metric",
"params": map[string]interface{}{
"value": "1",
"dimensions": tcpMetricDimensions(multiClusterEnabled),
"monitored_resource_type": `"UNSPECIFIED"`,
},
},
Owner: r.Config,
}
}
func (r *Reconciler) tcpConnectionsClosedMetric() *k8sutil.DynamicObject {
multiClusterEnabled := util.PointerToBool(r.Config.Spec.Mixer.MultiClusterSupport)
return &k8sutil.DynamicObject{
Gvr: schema.GroupVersionResource{
Group: "config.istio.io",
Version: "v1alpha2",
Resource: "instances",
},
Kind: "instance",
Name: r.Config.WithRevision("tcpconnectionsclosed"),
Namespace: r.Config.Namespace,
Labels: r.Config.RevisionLabels(),
Spec: map[string]interface{}{
"compiledTemplate": "metric",
"params": map[string]interface{}{
"value": "1",
"dimensions": tcpMetricDimensions(multiClusterEnabled),
"monitored_resource_type": `"UNSPECIFIED"`,
},
},
Owner: r.Config,
}
}
func (r *Reconciler) promHttpRule() *k8sutil.DynamicObject {
return &k8sutil.DynamicObject{
Gvr: schema.GroupVersionResource{
Group: "config.istio.io",
Version: "v1alpha2",
Resource: "rules",
},
Kind: "rule",
Name: r.Config.WithRevision("promhttp"),
Namespace: r.Config.Namespace,
Labels: r.Config.RevisionLabels(),
Spec: map[string]interface{}{
"actions": []interface{}{
map[string]interface{}{
"handler": r.Config.WithRevision("prometheus"),
"instances": util.EmptyTypedStrSlice(r.Config.WithRevision("requestcount"), r.Config.WithRevision("requestduration"), r.Config.WithRevision("requestsize"), r.Config.WithRevision("responsesize")),
},
},
"match": `(context.protocol == "http" || context.protocol == "grpc") && (match((request.useragent | "-"), "kube-probe*") == false) && (match((request.useragent | "-"), "Prometheus*") == false)`,
},
Owner: r.Config,
}
}
func (r *Reconciler) promTcpRule() *k8sutil.DynamicObject {
return &k8sutil.DynamicObject{
Gvr: schema.GroupVersionResource{
Group: "config.istio.io",
Version: "v1alpha2",
Resource: "rules",
},
Kind: "rule",
Name: r.Config.WithRevision("promtcp"),
Namespace: r.Config.Namespace,
Labels: r.Config.RevisionLabels(),
Spec: map[string]interface{}{
"actions": []interface{}{
map[string]interface{}{
"handler": r.Config.WithRevision("prometheus"),
"instances": util.EmptyTypedStrSlice(r.Config.WithRevision("tcpbytesent"), r.Config.WithRevision("tcpbytereceived")),
},
},
"match": `context.protocol == "tcp"`,
},
Owner: r.Config,
}
}
func (r *Reconciler) promTcpConnectionOpenRule() *k8sutil.DynamicObject {
return &k8sutil.DynamicObject{
Gvr: schema.GroupVersionResource{
Group: "config.istio.io",
Version: "v1alpha2",
Resource: "rules",
},
Kind: "rule",
Name: r.Config.WithRevision("promtcpconnectionopen"),
Namespace: r.Config.Namespace,
Labels: r.Config.RevisionLabels(),
Spec: map[string]interface{}{
"actions": []interface{}{
map[string]interface{}{
"handler": r.Config.WithRevision("prometheus"),
"instances": util.EmptyTypedStrSlice(r.Config.WithRevision("tcpconnectionsopened")),
},
},
"match": `context.protocol == "tcp" && ((connection.event | "na") == "open")`,
},
Owner: r.Config,
}
}
func (r *Reconciler) promTcpConnectionClosedRule() *k8sutil.DynamicObject {
return &k8sutil.DynamicObject{
Gvr: schema.GroupVersionResource{
Group: "config.istio.io",
Version: "v1alpha2",
Resource: "rules",
},
Kind: "rule",
Name: r.Config.WithRevision("promtcpconnectionclosed"),
Namespace: r.Config.Namespace,
Labels: r.Config.RevisionLabels(),
Spec: map[string]interface{}{
"actions": []interface{}{
map[string]interface{}{
"handler": r.Config.WithRevision("prometheus"),
"instances": util.EmptyTypedStrSlice(r.Config.WithRevision("tcpconnectionsclosed")),
},
},
"match": `context.protocol == "tcp" && ((connection.event | "na") == "close")`,
},
Owner: r.Config,
}
}
func metricDimensions(multiClusterEnabled bool) map[string]interface{} {
md := tcpMetricDimensions(multiClusterEnabled)
md["request_protocol"] = `api.protocol | context.protocol | "unknown"`
md["response_code"] = `response.code | 200`
md["grpc_response_status"] = `response.grpc_status | ""`
md["destination_service"] = `destination.service.host | conditional((destination.service.name | "unknown") == "unknown", "unknown", request.host)`
md["response_flags"] = `context.proxy_error_code | "-"`
return md
}
func tcpMetricDimensions(multiClusterEnabled bool) map[string]interface{} {
dimensions := map[string]interface{}{
"reporter": `conditional((context.reporter.kind | "inbound") == "outbound", "source", "destination")`,
"source_workload": `source.workload.name | "unknown"`,
"source_workload_namespace": `source.workload.namespace | "unknown"`,
"source_principal": `source.principal | "unknown"`,
"source_app": `source.labels["app"] | "unknown"`,
"source_version": `source.labels["version"] | "unknown"`,
"destination_workload": `destination.workload.name | "unknown"`,
"destination_workload_namespace": `destination.workload.namespace | "unknown"`,
"destination_principal": `destination.principal | "unknown"`,
"destination_app": `destination.labels["app"] | "unknown"`,
"destination_version": `destination.labels["version"] | "unknown"`,
"destination_service": `destination.service.host | "unknown"`,
"destination_service_name": `destination.service.name | "unknown"`,
"destination_service_namespace": `destination.service.namespace | "unknown"`,
"connection_security_policy": `conditional((context.reporter.kind | "inbound") == "outbound", "unknown", conditional(connection.mtls | false, "mutual_tls", "none"))`,
"response_flags": `context.proxy_error_code | "-"`,
}
if multiClusterEnabled {
dimensions["source_cluster_id"] = `source.cluster.id | "unknown"`
dimensions["destination_cluster_id"] = `destination.cluster.id | "unknown"`
}
return dimensions
}
func metricLabels(multiClusterEnabled bool) []interface{} {
ml := tcpMetricLabels(multiClusterEnabled)
ml = append(ml, "request_protocol")
ml = append(ml, "response_code")
ml = append(ml, "grpc_response_status")
return ml
}
func tcpMetricLabels(multiClusterEnabled bool) []interface{} {
labels := []string{
"reporter",
"source_app",
"source_principal",
"source_workload",
"source_workload_namespace",
"source_version",
"destination_app",
"destination_principal",
"destination_workload",
"destination_workload_namespace",
"destination_version",
"destination_service",
"destination_service_name",
"destination_service_namespace",
"connection_security_policy",
"response_flags",
}
if multiClusterEnabled {
labels = append(labels, []string{"source_cluster_id", "destination_cluster_id"}...)
}
return util.EmptyTypedStrSlice(labels...)
}
|
No. 8 Michigan State's beatdown of rival No. 4 Michigan could well reverberate the rest of the season and into March. The Spartans unlocked the secrets to containing No. 4 Michigan and exposed its major weakness.
"Our whole premise was to try and keep it out of the paint and Derrick Nix did a great job on those ball screens," Michigan State coach Tom Izzo said after 75-52 victory.
Nix said it was more than scheme. He said it was about revealing the Wolverines' underlying softness, specifically star point guard Trey Burke. And told him so.
"I just got real wide and used my big body on Burke so he couldn't get in the middle and make plays,'' Nix told reporters. "I just told him he was soft. But Burke is a really good player; we were just talking like we always do. There was just a little more talk because it was Michigan.”
The comment stung. And after the game, it's not like the Michigan players disagreed. They were no doubt humbled.
"They bullied us — point blank," Tim Hardaway Jr. said after the game.
Said Burke: "It was an embarrassing loss."
Recovering from such lopsided defeats is tough on the psyche of any team. How the Wolverines respond in the coming weeks will tell whether they're true contenders or just pretenders.
"Maybe we got exactly what we deserve, and it's medicine for the future," Michigan coach John Beilein said.
They have time to recover. The Wolverines two games against hapless Penn State plus a home date with Illinois before the March 2 rematch with Michigan State. |
Q:
Change background color in Yii2 gridview cell depend on its value
I am trying to make background color that depending on the value calculation number in one cell. This is my code:
[
'attribute' => 'coefTK',
'label' => '<abbr title="Koefisien Jumlah Tenaga Kerja">TK</abbr>',
'encodeLabel' => false,
'headerOptions' => ['style'=>'text-align:center'],
'options' => [ 'style' => $dataProvider['coefTK']/$dataProvider['coefTK_se']<2 ? 'background-color:red':'background-color:blue'],
],
but i got an error, that say "Cannot use object of type yii\data\ActiveDataProvider as array"
So, How can i change the background gridview cell that have value from some calculation ?
A:
Use contentOptions:
[
'attribute' => 'coefTK',
'label' => '<abbr title="Koefisien Jumlah Tenaga Kerja">TK</abbr>',
'encodeLabel' => false,
'headerOptions' => ['style'=>'text-align:center'],
'contentOptions' => function ($model, $key, $index, $column) {
return ['style' => 'background-color:'
. (!empty($model->coefTK_se) && $model->coefTK / $model->coefTK_se < 2
? 'red' : 'blue')];
},
],
|
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>ax5.util TYPE testing</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mocha/3.2.0/mocha.min.css" />
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mocha/3.2.0/mocha.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.12.4/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/should.js/11.1.2/should.min.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/lodash.js/4.17.4/lodash.min.js"></script>
<script src="../dist/ax5core.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="mocha"></div>
<script>mocha.setup('bdd')</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="test.core.type.js"></script>
<script>mocha.run();</script>
</body>
</html>
|
Pulmonary hypertension in congenital diaphragmatic hernia patients: Prognostic markers and long-term outcomes.
Prenatal observed/expected lung-to-head ratio (O/E LHR) by ultrasound correlates with postnatal mortality for congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) patients. The aim of this study is to determine if O/E LHR correlates with pulmonary hypertension (PH) outcomes for CDH patients. A single center retrospective chart review was performed for CDH neonates from January 1, 2006, to December 31, 2015, (REB #1000053124) to include prenatal O/E LHR, liver position, first arterial blood gas, repair type, echocardiogram (ECHO), and lung perfusion scan (LPS) results up to 5years of age. Of 153 newborns, 123 survived (80.4%), 58 (37.9%) had prenatal O/E LHR, and 42 (27.5%) had postnatal ECHO results. High mortality risk neonates (O/E LHR ≤45%) correlated with higher right ventricular systolic pressure (RVsp) at birth. Generally PH resolved by age 5years. LPS results did not change over time (p>0.05) regardless of initial PH severity, suggesting that PH resolution did not correlate with increased ipsilateral lung perfusion to offload the right ventricle. Prenatal prognostic markers correlated with initial PH severity for CDH newborns, but PH resolved over time despite fixed perfusion bias to the lungs. These results suggest favorable PH outcomes for CDH patients who survive beyond infancy. Retrospective Cohort Study. 3b. |
Wilbekin & Roll look ahead to Darussafaka
Maccabi Tel Aviv’s Scottie Wilbekin and Michael Roll looked ahead to this evening’s Euroleague match up against Darussafaka at Yad Eliyahu in Tel Aviv at 21:05 Israel time. The game is a must win for the Yellow & Blue as they remain in the hunt for a spot in the Top 8 with only 7 games left in the season. With a 10-13 record, Maccabi has very little room for error especially the last place team. |
The expansion and renovation was funded by a $19 million bond passed by Salt Lake City taxpayers in 2008. The bond allowed for an improved facade, visitor center, utilities and the construction of an indoor education space, something the aviary didn’t have before.
“That’s something we haven’t had before,” said Utley. “I think its a nice addition to Liberty park.” |
Q:
How to assign 'NULL' word to a text box (if the textbox is empty) during time?
I have a problem in executing a SQL query from a C# tool where it tries to do the insert.
I need to insert NULL value if the string is empty (not entered by the user). I tried with the DB null value and normal string 'NULL' to do the NULL insert but all I get is an empty value (insetead of NULL keyword) which gives me the error.
Let me know if anyone has the solution for this....
Below is my code
if (comboBox_ConfacValue.Text == "")
{
comboBox_ConfacValue.Text = DBNull.Value.ToString();
}
if (combobox_conversionDescription.Text == "")
{
combobox_conversionDescription.Text = "NULL";
}
try
{
con.Open();
if (MessageBox.Show("Do you really want to Insert these values?", "Confirm Insert", MessageBoxButtons.YesNo) == DialogResult.Yes)
{
SqlDataAdapter SDA = new SqlDataAdapter(@" insert INTO Table1 (alpha1,alpha2,alpha3) VALUES ('" + comboBox_ConfacValue.Text + "','" + combobox_conversionDescription.Text + "','"+ combobox_Description.Text + "',')",con)
SDA.SelectCommand.ExecuteNonQuery();
MessageBox.Show("Inserted successfully.");
}
}
A:
You should avoid this kind of code. Concatenating strings to produce an sql command is a recipe to disasters. Parsing errors is the common mistake, but a worse foe is lurking behind this pattern and is called Sql Injection
try
{
con.Open();
if (MessageBox.Show("Do you really want to Insert these values?", "Confirm Insert", MessageBoxButtons.YesNo) == DialogResult.Yes)
{
// Now the command text is no more built from pieces of
// of user input and it is a lot more clear
SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(@"insert INTO Table1
(alpha1,alpha2,alpha3)
VALUES (@a1, @a2, @a3)", con);
// For every parameter placeholder add the respective parameter
// and set the DbNull.Value when you need it
cmd.Parameters.Add("@a1", SqlDbType.NVarChar).Value =
string.IsNullOrEmpty(comboBox_ConfacValue.Text) ?
DbNull.Value : comboBox_ConfacValue.Text);
cmd.Parameters.Add("@a2", SqlDbType.NVarChar).Value =
string.IsNullOrEmpty(combobox_conversionDescription.Text ) ?
DbNull.Value : combobox_conversionDescription.Text );
cmd.Parameters.Add("@a3", SqlDbType.NVarChar).Value =
string.IsNullOrEmpty(combobox_Description.Text ) ?
DbNull.Value : combobox_Description.Text );
// Run the command, no need to use all the infrastructure of
// an SqlDataAdapter here....
int rows = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();
// Check the number of rows added before message...
if(rows > 0) MessageBox.Show("Inserted Successfully.");
|
Larry Hyman: How I psyched the French system out and got a 19 out of 20 on my final
The group in Bordeaux consisted of 98 students from the various campuses of the University of California, by far the largest group coming from Berkeley. (A native of Los Angeles and student at UCLA, I had never visited Berkeley--or San Francisco, for that matter.) We had begun our stay with six weeks of French language courses in Pau in the Pyrenees. My spoken French was very shaky, but because I had a natural inclination for grammar (and hence for passing grammar tests), I was placed in group 5 (out of 6), where group 6 was the most advanced. I wound up in literature classes in Bordeaux with students from Group 6, at least three of whom spoke fluent French without an accent. I on the other hand was still learning and especially failed to master French stylistics. If you have seen the old style of French schooling in the Truffaut movies, I was the Antoine Doinel whose essay was always chosen to be read out loud for ridicule, particularly in the Lettres Philosophiques class, where the other 3 American students spoke and wrote flawless French. When the TA asked me why I did not know French as well as the other three, I politely explained to her that I had had less French, but that in any case, she should please not read my essays in front of them, because it embarrasses me. (She was surprised to learn that we don't do that in the US!) Even though I consider myself le plus grand francophile qui soit, maybe it was at this time that I first noticed that I couldn't find a good way to say "You are hurting my feelings" in French.
There was one area where I, however, triumphed over most of the other Californians: in organization. Ever since the 10th grade, I had followed a lesson from my English teacher which obviously "spoke to me": "When you write an essay, start with an introductory paragraph where you list three things you are going to say. Then write three paragraphs in which you treat each of the three things. Then write a final paragraph where you recapitulate what you have said and offer a brief conclusion." Such a boiler-plate seemed very reasonable, if not obvious, given my scientific bent. However, even though adopting this strategy as a UCLA Freshman in English 1A, I could barely get a B on an essay, no matter what I did, not even on my final paper entitled "A typology of humor in Sheridan's School for Scandal". (Little did I know that I would be a typologist some day!) After receiving a C+ on one essay (on another literary topic--they didn't really want to teach writing, rather literature), I went to see the instructor, who I thought was an old professor, but realize now must have been a 30 year old teaching assistant. "I don't understand why you are giving me these grades," I protested. "This is a writing class. I took every honors and advanced placement English class I could in high school, and I know how to write. I also know how to organize an essay." "Yes, you certainly have a gift for organization," she responded, and then continued in a soft rising intonation: "But couldn't you be a little more profound?"
On one of the last journeys of the Italian student ship, the Aurelia, we had attended a lecture by a University of California professor who expanded on the three words that, to him, best summed up the French: "Les Français sont raisonnables, sensibles, délicats." We joked about this lecture all year in Bordeaux, but quickly learned from our classes that the French are very cartésiens, insist on rational thought and clarity: Ce qui n'est pas clair n'est pas français! What's more, they write their essays in three Hegelian parts: thesis, antithesis, synthesis. Each of my teachers were insistent that this is what they wanted to see in our essays vs. the stream-of-consciousness writing many Americans were used to submitting in high school and college English 1A. The monitrice who had read my essays aloud to complain about my French (but not about my organization), once screamed at the class, each syllable clearly punctuated: "JE... VEUX... MES... TROIS... PAR... TIES!" ('I want my three parts!').
So it came time for finals. I was studying the text on Leconte Delisle when it suddenly dawned on me that I should probably memorize some of the poems for the final exam the next morning. So I did. When I got there, the question we were given for the three-hour written final was "Leconte Delisle et l'histoire". I looked at it, puzzled. We had had lots of experience attending the cours d'agrégation where we saw that someone could take two lines of Voltaire and do a three-hour explication de texte on them. But what did this mean? Did the professor mean the representation of history in the poetry of Leconte Delisle (which was packed with references to antiquity) or the place of Leconte Delisle's poetry in history? "Ah, voilà!" I thought, "I have two parts!" So, in paragraph one I had "What does this question mean?" and offered two possibilities. Then I had two sections ("history in Leconte Delisle" and "Leconte Delisle in history"), each embellished with a few lines of poetry I had memorized, followed by the conclusion. I remembered being worried that I had only two parts, not three, for which I was sure I was going to be graded down.
I can only reconstruct what must have happened. It turned out that the professor, Monsieur Flottes, the leading expert on Leconte Delisle, had decided to grade the finals himself! I assume that he read the other essays first and could not believe that my classmates submitted their perhaps brilliant ideas in one rambling paragraph after another. He must not have been warned that American students, or at least the literature students of my generation, were not accustomed to organizing their papers into sections. So with his disbelief reinforced by one essay after another, he must have been quite relieved when he got to mine, and did not even notice the French mistakes! I actually finished my 3 finals earlier than most of the students taking other courses and went on a weeklong trip to Italy with my Eurailpass. When I returned for the Diner d'Adieux, I was shocked to discovered not only that I had gotten a 19, when 13 or 14 was a usual good grade, but that the 97 other students all knew about it. Whatever Monsieur Flottes did mean by "Leconte Delisle and history", to the Californians in Bordeaux, I made history that day :-)! |
"We get information from people in Lahore and Islamabad. There is a lot of frustration out there" Awab Alvi, blogger
As political tensions escalate in Pakistan, many bloggers have turned their efforts to providing live updates for citizens concerned about the situation.
The long march live update service compiles the latest news reports with comments and messages from people directly affected by the security measures.
Blogger Awab Alvi who publishes his, Teeth Maestro blog from Karachi, says he set it up because he felt the public needed one place where everything could be viewed and where information could be shared.
“We have people contributing key bits of information from news reports and people reporting from the ground… I got an SMS from one guy who was arrested just before it happened. We get information from people in Lahore and Islamabad. There is a lot of frustration out there,” he said.
Online activists are encouraging citizens to SMS their experiences and plans to a central number and their messages will be posted on a designated protest website.
Pakistanis are also posting their views and their updates on what they call the “long march” on microblogging site Twitter.
Student and social activist Awais Naseer is in Rawalpindi and has been regularly updating people following him on Twitter about the arrests in his hometown and in its twin city, Islamabad.
“I have direct contact with people in opposition political parties and in certain other organisations and the homes of these people, party workers, are being raided,” he told the BBC News website.
Also in Rawalpindi, political activist Faris Kasim said that he still planned to take part in the rally.
“We may not be able to gather now but we are keeping in touch through SMS. I have an air ticket for Lahore and I will leave for Islamabad.
“I don’t think us citizens will be targeted unless we were part of a big crowd. I know it can get dangerous,” he said
Yes we all our so concerned about thes CHARIAS heading the country. We must find leadership from our youth, especially educated, honest, middle class people. We must find leadership from ordinary ,hardworking people!
http://ebbsflow.blogspot.com/ raza
this is the problem with us meher that we always call the politicians by name and have u ever thought that how many times u actually participated in some rally or tried to convince the masses that u can be a better leader than the one we are having at the moment
i guess the answer is NO
so we all are at fault that these corrupt and selfish people are ruling us |
repo: GoogleChrome/lighthouse
filters:
- type: issue
criteria:
text:
$or:
- $match: 'Error: NO_FCP'
state: open
- type: comments
length:
$lt: 2
actions:
- type: add_comment
body: 'Howdy! Appreciate you filing this bug. :clap:
This page seems to take too long to paint content, and Lighthouse gives up on waiting.
If you need to change this behavior, you can run Lighthouse from the command line with
a custom config modifying maxWaitForFcp.
Marking at as dupe of #7415. Thanks!
:robot: Beep beep boop.
'
- type: add_label
label: duplicate
- type: close
|
An essay on human understanding
Instead, they looked to experience as the sole source of information, and they accepted as true only those conclusions that could be verified by experiment and observation. Since originally, populations were small and resources great, living within the bounds set by reason, there would be little quarrel or contention over property, for a single man could make use of only a very small part of what was available. The statutes of Christ Church laid it down that fifty five of the senior studentships should be reserved for men in orders or reading for orders. Several of these are of particular interest. Locke knew all of these men and their work. Book I, «Of Innate Ideas,» is an attack on the Cartesian view of knowledge, which holds that human beings are born with certain ideas already in their mind. Ashcraft also suggests that Latitudinarians were thus not a moderate middle ground between contending extremes but part of one of the extremes — “the acceptable face of the persecution of religious dissent” (Ashcraft in Kroll, Ashcraft and Zagorin 1992, p. Locke gives the following argument against innate propositions being dispositional:. (See the section on Toleration in the entry on Locke’s Political Philosophy. If so, we would be unable to distinguish between gold and fool’s gold. Locke and Thomas had a laboratory in Oxford which was very likely, in effect, a pharmacy.
If truths can be imprinted on the understanding without being perceived I can see no difference there can be between any truths the mind is capable of knowing in respect of their original: they must all be innate, or all adventitious; in vain shall a man go about to distinguish them. Instead, they looked to experience as the sole source of information, and they accepted as true only those conclusions that could be verified by experiment and observation. Contemporary critics are perhaps more impressed with the range of Locke’s thought in the Essay than were Locke’s contemporaries. The Edict of Nantes was in force, and so there was a degree of religious toleration in France. Still, reason does have a crucial role to play in respect to revelation. Ultimately, however, the rebels were successful. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding is a work by John Locke concerning the foundation of human knowledge and understanding. Another issue is whether there are only primary qualities of atoms or whether compounds of atoms also have primary qualities. Many of the philosophers of the so-called rationalistic school followed Plato in this respect. This is one of the main reasons why civil society is an improvement on the state of nature. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of . The ‘Historical, Plain Method’ is apparently to give a genetic account of how we come by our ideas. For this reason he has sometimes been accused of attacking straw men. In June of 1658 Locke qualified as a Master of Arts and was elected a Senior Student of Christ Church College.
Legitimate slavery is an important concept in Locke’s political philosophy largely because it tells us what the legitimate extant of despotic power is and defines and illuminates by contrast the nature of illegitimate slavery. He died there in January 1683. Since Locke is arguing against the position of Sir Robert Filmer who held that patriarchal power and political power are the same, and that in effect these amount to despotic power, Locke is at pains to distinguish these three forms of power, and to show that they are not equivalent. One of these was the belief in an external world the existence of which is quite independent of what human minds may know about it. This reputation rests on Locke’s greatest work, the monumental An Essay Concerning Human Understanding. Locke rejects arguments from universal assent and attacks dispositional accounts of innate principles. In the Chapter “Of Conquest” Locke explicitly lists the limits of the legitimate power of conquerors. Locke holds that “Whatever is lawful in the commonwealth cannot be prohibited by the magistrate in the church. The issue of religious toleration was of widespread interest in Europe in the 17th century.
It is possible, however, that with politics we are getting a study which requires both experience as well as the deductive modal aspect. Locke tells us that the doctrine of innate principles once accepted “eased the lazy from the pains of search” and that the doctrine is an inquiry stopper that is used by those who “affected to be Masters and Teachers” to illegitimately gain control of the minds of their students. Thus, skepticism about the possibility of religious knowledge is central to Locke’s argument for religious toleration. Particular ideas have in them the ideas of particular places and times which limit the application of the idea to a single individual, while abstract general ideas leave out the ideas of particular times and places in order to allow the idea to apply to other similar qualities or things. His career at Oxford, however, continued beyond his undergraduate days. Thus, one can clearly and sensibly ask reasons for why one should hold the Golden Rule true or obey it. ” Just what Locke’s account of perception involves, is still a matter of scholarly debate. It should also be noted that traditions of usage for Locke can be modified. According to James Tully, on the other side, Locke sees the new conditions, the change in values and the economic inequality which arise as a result of the advent of money, as the fall of man. Because the term knowledge had been used in a way that implied certainty, Locke was forced to the conclusion that we can have no genuine knowledge about nature. While the mind may be a blank slate in regard to content, it is plain that Locke thinks we are born with a variety of faculties to receive and abilities to manipulate or process the content once we acquire it. Thus, in considering what would count as evidence from universal assent to such propositions as “What is, is” or “It is impossible for the same thing to be and not to be” he holds that children and idiots should be aware of such truths if they were innate but that they “have not the least apprehension or thought of them.
Мы хотели бы показать здесь описание, но сайт, который вы просматриваете, этого не позволяет. He argues that Locke’s Christian understanding of ultimate reality was balanced by a faith in human reason and experience as significant, although potentially limited, sources of knowledge. The three and a half years devoted to getting a B. What then can we know and with what degree of certainty. It is also worth noting that there are significant differences between Locke’s brand of empiricism and that of Berkeley that would make it easier for Locke to solve the veil of perception problem than Berkeley. But there is an additional qualification. James II alienated most of his supporters and William of Orange was invited to bring a Dutch force to England. Matters of fact are open to observation and experience, and so all of the tests noted above for determining rational assent to propositions about them are available to us. Locke and Lady Masham remained good friends and intellectual companions to the end of Locke’s life. It is only as much as one can work. Thus, Locke subscribes to a version of the empiricist axiom that there is nothing in the intellect that was not previously in the senses — where the senses are broadened to include reflection. Modes give us the ideas of mathematics, of morality, of religion and politics and indeed of human conventions in general. In this respect the mind is active. The Second Treatise of Government provides Locke’s positive theory of government — he explicitly says that he must do this “lest men fall into the dangerous belief that all government in the world is merely the product of force and violence.
In the early 1660s he very likely was an orthodox Anglican. These radical natural right theories influenced the ideologies of the American and French revolutions. We have lots of orders from students taking on-line courses, so we understand that the matter of deadline is the key to passing the course successfully. One can give precise definitions of mathematical terms (that is, give necessary and sufficient conditions) and one can give deductive demonstrations of mathematical truths. Not on the mind naturally, imprinted, because not known to children, idiots, etc. Maurice Mandelbaum called this process ‘transdiction. Light and colours are busy at hand every where when the eye is but open; sounds and some tangible qualities fail not to solicit their proper senses and force an entrance to the mind; but yet I think it will be granted easily, that if a child were kept in a place where he never saw any other but black and white till he were a man, he would have no more ideas of scarlet or green, than he that from his childhood never tasted an oyster or a pine-apple has of those particular relishes. Still, Locke’s definition of knowledge raises in this domain a problem analogous to those we have seen with perception and language. The real essence of a material thing is its atomic constitution. This does not seem to be correct. Louis XIV was to revoke the edict in 1685 and French Protestants were then killed or forced into exile. Locke was elected Lecturer in Greek at Christ Church in December of 1660 and he was elected Lecturer in Rhetoric in 1663. Thus, the social contract is not inextricably linked to democracy. But what kind of Christian was Locke. If one takes survival as the end, then we may ask what are the means necessary to that end. Let us begin with the usage of words first.
БAboutльше About an essay on human understanding
The moralists and theologians had used a different method. Boyle was, however, most influential as a theorist. Locke defines life, liberty, health and property as our civil interests. The way shown how we come by any knowledge, sufficient to prove it not innate. In 1676 Shaftesbury was imprisoned in the tower. Once the mind has a store of simple ideas, it can combine them into complex ideas of a variety of kinds. [In the following essay, Woolhouse examines Locke’s view of the relationship between experience, ideas, and knowledge in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, emphasizing Locke’s rejection of the innatist conception of the origin of knowledge and «moral truths. The Essay Concerning Human Understanding is sectioned into four books. Though Shaftesbury had not fabricated the conspiracy story, nor did he prompt Oates to come forward, he did exploit the situation to the advantage of his party. The Edict of Nantes was in force, and so there was a degree of religious toleration in France. Neither of these strategies made much progress during the course of the Restoration. Size and shape) and our ideas of them is one of resemblance; what we sense is roughly what is out there. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding is one of the most noted and influential works of Locke’s career. 1704) was a British philosopher, Oxford academic and medical researcher. But on Locke’s account of “real ideas” in II. In chapter XXIII, Locke tries to give an account of substance that allows most of our intuitions without conceding anything objectionable. If one takes survival as the end, then we may ask what are the means necessary to that end.
Thus, they are even less likely candidates to be innate propositions or to meet the criterion of universal assent. Locke treats innateness as an empirical hypothesis and argues that there is no good evidence to support it. Should one accept revelation without using reason to judge whether it is genuine revelation or not, one gets what Locke calls a third principle of assent besides reason and revelation, namely enthusiasm. Whence comes it by that vast store, which the busy and boundless fancy of man has painted on it with an almost endless variety. John Locke’s classic work An Essay Concerning Human Understanding laid the foundation of British empiricism and remains of enduring interest today. Yet, its insistence on the inculcating such virtues as “justice as respect for the rights of others, civility, liberality, humanity, self-denial, industry, thrift, courage, truthfulness, and a willingness to question prejudice, authority and the biases of one’s own self-interest” very likely represents the qualities needed for citizens in a liberal society. These are technical terms for Locke, so we should see how they are defined. In addition to the kinds of ideas noted above, there are also particular and abstract ideas. Thus we define ‘bachelor’ as an unmarried, adult, male human being. (See the section on Toleration in the entry on Locke’s Political Philosophy. When Locke defines the states of nature, slavery and war in the Second Treatise of Government, for example, we are presumably getting precise modal definitions from which one can deduce consequences. Book III deals with the nature of language, its connections with ideas and its role in knowledge. Toleration we may define as a lack of state persecution. Intolerance leads to persecution and the suppression of human freedom. Thus there is a distinction between what an individual might claim to «know», as part of a system of knowledge, and whether or not that claimed knowledge is actual. But there is an additional qualification. Similarly, we might make an idea of gold that only included being a soft metal and gold color.
Locke was elected Lecturer in Greek at Christ Church in December of 1660 and he was elected Lecturer in Rhetoric in 1663. The point is that if the ideas that are constitutive of the principles are not innate, this gives us even more reason to hold that the principles are not innate. 123–140) This thesis has often been criticized as a classic blunder in semantic theory. Hence the new edition of Locke’s works will very likely be definitive. Nor indeed is it possible it we would, there being a great many more of them belonging to most of the senses than we have names for. Thus light and colours, as white, red, yellow, blue, with their several degrees or shades and mixtures, as green, scarlet, purple, sea-green, and the rest, come in only by the eyes; all kinds of noises, sounds, and tones, only by the ears; the several tastes and smells, by the nose and palate. Once he feels secure that he has sufficiently argued the Cartesian position, Locke begins to construct his own theory of the origins of knowledge. He wrote The Reasonableness of Christianity and Some Thoughts on Education during this period as well. He believed as ardently as any of the scientists that there is a rational order in nature and a cause and effect relationship which holds good for all observed phenomena. 160) In France Locke went from Calais to Paris, Lyons and on to Montpellier, where he spent the next fifteen months.
This leads to the decision to create a civil government. Locke gives the following argument against innate propositions being dispositional:. Political power, derived as it is from the transfer of the power of individuals to enforce the law of nature, has with it the right to kill in the interest of preserving the rights of the citizens or otherwise supporting the public good. Thus there is a distinction between what an individual might claim to «know», as part of a system of knowledge, and whether or not that claimed knowledge is actual. They are extended, they are solid, they have a particular shape and they are in motion or rest. For I imagine, any one will easily grant, that it would be impertinent to suppose the ideas of colours innate in a creature to whom God hath given sight, and a power to receive them by the eyes from external objects: and no less unreasonable would it be to attribute several truths to the impressions of nature and innate characters, when we may observe in ourselves faculties fit to attain as easy and certain knowledge of them as if they were originally imprinted on the mind. The Conduct was published by Peter King in his posthumous edition of some of Locke’s works in 1706. There has been considerable scholarly debate concerning the details of Locke’s account of the distinction. Locke followed the customary practice of designating the qualities that belong only to the mind as secondary and those that belong to the objects as primary. We now know that the Two Treatises of Government were written during the Exclusion crisis and were probably intended to justify the general armed rising which the Country Party leaders were planning. He also offers a theory of personal identity, offering a largely psychological criterion. Locke was perhaps ahead of his time in numbering amongst the abuses of language «affected obscurity», where philosophers invoke old terms and give them new meanings, or construct new terms without clearly defining them, to purposely confuse the reader, or to make themselves appear more learned or their ideas more complicated and nuanced or erudite than they actually are. With the advent of these conditions, the propositions are then perceived. Since originally, populations were small and resources great, living within the bounds set by reason, there would be little quarrel or contention over property, for a single man could make use of only a very small part of what was available. There is a clear connection between Book II and III in that Locke claims that words stand for ideas. It is in this sense, I think, that Locke means that reason reveals the law. Thus, they are even less likely candidates to be innate propositions or to meet the criterion of universal assent. The primary qualities of an object are properties which the object possesses independent of us — such as occupying space, being either in motion or at rest, having solidity and texture.
So, Locke’s first point is that if propositions were innate they should be immediately perceived — by infants and idiots (and indeed everyone else) — but there is no evidence that they are
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding is a work by John Locke concerning the foundation of human knowledge and understanding. His career at Oxford, however, continued beyond his undergraduate days. The point is that if the ideas that are constitutive of the principles are not innate, this gives us even more reason to hold that the principles are not innate. Locke probably holds some version of the representational theory of perception, though some scholars dispute even this. HOWEVER, copyright law varies in other countries, and the work may still be under copyright in the country from which you are accessing this website. Knowledge, according to Locke, is the perception of strong internal relations that hold among the ideas themselves, without any reference to the external world. It is in some ways thus significantly more limited to its time and place than the Conduct. It is important that in a community of language users that words be used with the same meaning. Since Berkeley, Locke’s doctrine of the substratum or substance in general has been attacked as incoherent. In effect, we see the evolution of the state of nature from a hunter/gatherer kind of society to that of a farming and agricultural society. ”(Tarcov and Grant, (1996) vii) though they also note tensions between the two that illustrate paradoxes in liberal society. The implication is that it is the introduction of money, which causes inequality, which in turn causes quarrels and contentions and increased numbers of violations of the law of nature. Book II lays out Locke’s theory of ideas. Thus we define ‘bachelor’ as an unmarried, adult, male human being. Of enthusiasts, those who would abandon reason and claim to know on the basis of faith alone, Locke writes: “he that takes away Reason to make way for Revelation, puts out the Light of both, and does much what the same, as if he would perswade a Man to put out his eyes, the better to receive the remote Light of an invisible Star by a Telescope. Once the mind has a store of simple ideas, it can combine them into complex ideas of a variety of kinds. We can know that God exists with the second highest degree of assurance, that of demonstration.
This does not seem to be correct. And if these organs, or the nerves which are the conduits to convey them from without to their audience in the brain, the mind’s presence-room, (as I may so call it,) are, any of them, so disordered as not to perform their functions, they have no postern to be admitted by, no other way to bring themselves into view, and be received by the understanding. Thomas had to be out of town and asked Locke to see that the water was delivered. Enthusiasm violates the fundamental principle by which the understanding operates — that assent be proportioned to the evidence. For to imprint anything on the mind without the mind’s perceiving it, seems to me hardly intelligible. David Thomas was his friend and collaborator. Atomists, on the other hand, held that there were indivisible or atomic particles. — This argument, drawn from universal consent, has this misfortune in it, that if it were true in matter of fact that there were certain truths wherein all mankind agreed, it would not prove them innate, if there can be any other way shown, how men may come to that universal agreement in the things they do consent in; which I presume may be done. This period ends with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 in which James II was driven from England and replaced by William of Orange and his wife Mary. Supposing that the Two Treatises may have been intended to explain and defend the revolutionary plot against Charles II and his brother, how does it do this. This is a continued war because if conqueror and captive make some compact for obedience on the one side and limited power on the other, the state of slavery ceases. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding is a work by John Locke concerning the foundation of human knowledge and understanding. All that we can have is probable knowledge. Book I, «Of Innate Ideas,» is an attack on the Cartesian view of knowledge, which holds that human beings are born with certain ideas already in their mind. So, in the first chapter of the Second Treatise Locke defines political power. Among the issues are which qualities Locke assigns to each of the two categories. Much of Locke’s work is characterized by opposition to authoritarianism. ” Just what Locke’s account of perception involves, is still a matter of scholarly debate.
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This great source of most of the ideas we have, depending wholly upon our senses, and derived by them to the understanding, I call, “sensation. He gives his general defense of religious toleration while continuing the anti-Papist rhetoric of the Country party which sought to exclude James II from the throne. Porphyry and manna for example, and the particles that compose these things. The revolt was crushed, Monmouth captured and executed (Ashcraft, 1986). Otherwise we would not be able to improve our knowledge and understanding by getting more clear and determinate ideas. It is worth noting that the Two Treatises and the Letter Concerning Toleration were published anonymously. Ayers’ claim, however, has been disputed. Book II lays out Locke’s theory of ideas. The variety of smells, which are as many almost, if not more, than species of bodies in the world, do most of them want name. Norman Kretzmann calls the claim that ‘words in their primary or immediate signification signify nothing but the ideas in the mind of him that uses them’ Locke’s main semantic thesis. Since this knowledge could be obtained by deductive inference from the initial starting point, it was believed to have a certainty and finality about it that would not be possible on any other basis. In 1696 the Board of Trade was revived. A legitimate civil government seeks to preserve the life, health, liberty and property of its subjects, insofar as this is compatible with the public good. Knowledge, according to Locke, is the perception of strong internal relations that hold among the ideas themselves, without any reference to the external world. Thus Locke’s attack on innate principles is connected with his anti-authoritarianism. For if any one say, then, by the same reason, all propositions that are true, and the mind is capable ever of assenting to, may be said to be in the mind, and to the imprinted; since if any one can be said to be in the mind, which it never yet knew, it must be only because it is capable of knowing it; and so the mind is of all truths it ever shall know. Thus there is a distinction between what an individual might claim to «know», as part of a system of knowledge, and whether or not that claimed knowledge is actual.
Nor will it do to say that one class (the axioms) are assented to as soon as perceived while the others are not. So, since the real essence (the atomic constitution) of a horse is unknown to us, our word ‘horse’ cannot get its meaning from that real essence. 1704) was a British philosopher, Oxford academic and medical researcher. One widely discussed strategy for reducing religious conflict in England was called comprehension. These serve as sorts under which we rank all the vast multitude of particular existences. Leibniz was critical of a number of Locke’s views in the Essay, including his rejection of innate ideas, his skepticism about species classification, and the possibility that matter might think, among other things. It was a truly revolutionary work. For, every church believes itself to be the true church, and there is no judge but God who can determine which of these claims is correct. He also classifies our ideas into two basic types, simple and complex (with simple ideas being the building blocks of complex ideas), and then further classifies these basic types into more specific subcategories. Locke saw many of the difficulties that follow from this position, and it occurred to him that these could be avoided if it could be shown conclusively that innate ideas do not exist. In his discussion of names of substances and in the contrast between names of substances and names of modes, a number of interesting features of Locke’s views about language and knowledge emerge. ” (Laslett in Yolton 1990 p.
David Thomas was his friend and collaborator. Thus, there was good reason for Locke to become a clergyman. Edward Lord Bishop of Worcester, concerning some Passages relating to Mr. It is also worth noting that there are significant differences between Locke’s brand of empiricism and that of Berkeley that would make it easier for Locke to solve the veil of perception problem than Berkeley. ” Grant and Tarcov (1996) 81) Let us then, turn to the institution of civil government. Because of the excellent work of the Stuart spies, the government knew where the force was going to land before the troops on the ships did. Throughout his career, Locke’s philosophy was concerned with four principal issues: politics, education, religion, and knowledge, with the Essay Concerning Human Understanding devoted primarily to the fourth of these subjects. 38th Edition from William Tegg, London; scanned in three separate excerpts from early in the work. These, when we have taken a full survey of them, and their several modes, combinations, and relations, we shall find to contain all our whole stock of ideas, and that we have nothing in our mind which did not come in one of these two ways. The second possible meaning of “come to the use of reason” is that we discover these ideas at the time we come to use reason, but that we do not use reason to do so.
Sometimes Locke says things that might suggest this
Once the Calvinist Church gained power, however, they began persecuting other sects, such as the Remonstrants who disagreed with them. Recognizing the difficulty that is involved in knowing anything at all about the real nature of that which is external to the mind, he assumed that, whatever its nature might be, it was capable of acting on human minds and causing the sensations that are experienced. On the contrary, he is very eager to claim in the last chapters of theEssay, that we should be satisfied with this level of certitude and that we should continue collecting scientific data with gusto. In the Aristotelian and Scholastic tradition that Locke rejects, necessary properties are those that an individual must have in order to exist and continue to exist. To abandon that fundamental principle would be catastrophic. ) Those who make this agreement transfer to the government their right of executing the law of nature and judging their own case. Although he remained somewhat skeptical about the nature of that which is external to the mind, he followed the customary procedure among the scientists of referring to it as a material world.
Thus Mill, for example, wrote, “When I say, ‘the sun is the cause of the day,’ I do not mean that my idea of the sun causes or excites in me the idea of day. In part this is because Berkeley is an imagist — that is he believes that all ideas are images. This is apparent both on the level of the individual person and on the level of institutions such as government and church. Because the term knowledge had been used in a way that implied certainty, Locke was forced to the conclusion that we can have no genuine knowledge about nature. Thus, they are even less likely candidates to be innate propositions or to meet the criterion of universal assent. The introduction of money is necessary for the differential increase in property, with resulting economic inequality. During the remaining years of his life Locke oversaw four more editions of the Essay and engaged in controversies over the Essay most notably in a series of published letters with Edward Stillingfleet, Bishop of Worcester. Since the end is set by God, on Locke’s view we have a right to the means to that end. ) He is thus not at all a skeptic about ‘substance’ in the way that Hume is. Nor indeed is it possible it we would, there being a great many more of them belonging to most of the senses than we have names for. The conclusions advanced by the scientists were tentative and always subject to revision in the light of new facts. The state of war only comes about when someone proposes to violate someone else’s rights.
Thus in modes, we get the real and nominal essences combined. Then one might see what role civil government ought to play. It’s like saying that people are in the state of being naturally single until they are married. The Conduct reveals the connections Locke sees between reason, freedom and morality. Thus, even if some criterion is proposed, it will turn out not to do the work it is supposed to do. ” — kings being descended from the first man, Adam. Accidental properties are those that an individual can gain and lose and yet continue in existence. Locke put his Essay aside for several years, but returned to the task in approximately 1678, while he was seeking refuge in Holland from the rising suspicions of the English government associated with his supposed role as a radical. I think it is clear that Locke sees no alternative to the claim that there are substances supporting qualities. |
468 F.Supp.2d 708 (2006)
HARRY MILLER CORPORATION Plaintiff,
v.
MANCUSO CHEMICALS LIMITED Defendant.
No. 99-CV-2669.
United States District Court, E.D. Pennsylvania.
December 22, 2006.
*709 Matthew Lee, Matthew D'Annunzo, Pepper Hamilton, for plaintiff.
Larry Wood, Paul Kennedy, Blank, Rome, Philadelphia, PA, for defendant.
MEMORANDUM AND ORDER
ANITA B. BRODY, District Judge.
I. Introduction
Plaintiff Harry Miller Corp. ("Miller") brings against defendant Mancuso Chemicals *710 Limited ("Mancuso") an action for violation of the Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act ("RICO"), 18 U.S.C. § 1961, et. seq., among their claims. Defendant chose to file seven separate summary judgment motions. This memorandum will address the summary judgment motion relating to the RICO claims, Counts II and III of the Amended Complaint. The motion will be granted.
II. Jurisdiction
Subject matter jurisdiction exists to consider plaintiff's RICO claims under 28 U.S.C. § 1331.
III. Background[1]
Miller is a chemical company that produces a number of products, including a hydrochloric acid inhibitor known as Activol 1803 ("Activol"). A hydrochloric acid inhibitor removes "scale" that accrues on steel as the steel oxidizes, while simultaneously protecting the steel from further corrosion. The formula for Activol is Miller's trade secret.[2] In November 1990, Paul Carr, then an employee of Miller, incorporated his own chemical company, "Carr Chem." In December 1990, Carr left Miller's employ with Miller's formula for Activol 1803 in hand. Carr began selling a product identical to Activol 1803 under the trade name "Can-Hib." Carr sold Can-Hib to customers such as Dofasco, a large Canadian steel company. Dofasco had previously bought Activol from Miller and had ceased doing so around the same time that it began purchasing Can-Hib from Carr Chem.
In, 1997, Miller sued Carr and Carr Chem for misappropriation of its trade secret Harry Miller Corporation v. Paul Carr and Carr Chem, Inc. (under seal) ("the Carr Litigation"). The Carr Litigation settled in 1999 with Carr assigning to Miller all of its rights in Can-Hib. During the course of the Carr Litigation, Miller believed it had discovered for the first time that Carr had communicated the formula for Activol to Mancuso, the defendant in this litigation, and that Mancuso was, in fact, the true manufacturer of Can-Hib.
In 1999, Miller brought this action against Mancuso, alleging a number of state law claims and violation of the RICO statute, 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c)-(d). Miller's RICO claims arise out of Carr's and Mancuso's conduct during the Carr Litigation and supposedly after the settlement of that case. During the Carr Litigation, Carr and Mancuso denied that Can-Hib utilized the same formula as Activol. Instead, they contended that at a meeting on January 3, 1991, a man named Gary Young, now deceased, threw a formula across a table to Mancuso. Mancuso maintained that this formula was for an acid inhibitor, that Young's formula was unworkable, and that Mancuso's chemist refined it and turned it into a viable product. This refined product was sold as "Can-Hib." In this present action, Miller contends that this so-called "Gary Young alibi" is false and that Mancuso committed the predicate RICO acts of obstruction of justice, mail fraud and wire fraud during and after the Carr Litigation. Miller claims that Mancuso committed these acts during the Carr Litigation by conspiring with Carr and asserting the Gary Young alibi in declarations and deposition testimony in that case. Miller also accuses Mancuso of continuing *711 to commit predicate acts of racketeering by using the mails and wires to sell an acid inhibitor based on the misappropriated Activol formula and by continuing to assert the Gary Young alibi in this action.
After combing all of Miller's meandering submissions, in support of its RICO claims, I have determined that the only facts that Miller presents arguably relevant to its RICO claims are the following:
During the Carr Litigation, Paul Carr filed two false declarations. In Carr's first declaration, dated January 8, 1998, Carr denied that he misappropriated plaintiffs trade secret. Carr asserted that his company, Carr Chem, had developed its own inhibitors with the assistance of outside blenders. Plaintiffs Ex. 33.[3]
In Carr's second declaration, dated January 15, 1998, Carr again denied that he had stolen plaintiffs formula for Activol. He denied that his product, Can-Hib, was identical to Activol. Plaintiffs Ex. 34. Carr declared that he had purchased the original acid inhibitor formula from a man named Gary Young, but that Carr Chem had also refined, reformulated and experimented with that formula. Id.[4]
At his deposition in the Carr Litigation,[5] Carr testified that Carr Chem never owned a formula for an acid inhibitor. Plaintiffs Ex. 1 at 36:6-23, 37:1.
Carr also testified that Mancuso owned the formula for Can-Hib 1991 because "they [Mancuso] took a formulation given to them by Mr. Gary Young and developed that to a formula that was workable." Id. at 41:1-10.
Carr denied that he and Mancuso ever entered into a formal contract and insisted that a "gentlemen's agreement" governed their dealings. Id. at 57:2-13.
During discovery in the Carr litigation, Mancuso produced a purported confidentiality agreement between Carr and Mancuso, signed by Mancuso's general manager John Henstock, and dated December 28, 1990. Plaintiff's Ex. 20. The agreement imposes on Mancuso the following obligations:
-Mancuso will keep confidential all "information, drawings, specifications, data, know-how and all other communication, oral or written," disclosed or provided to Mancuso by Carr Chem, Inc. regarding Carr Chem, Inc. ("Information").
-Mancuso will not use any Information other than for the purpose of blending and/or reacting CAN-HIB-1991 and other formulations marked "confidential."
-Mancuso's officers and employees are similarly bound to maintain the confidentiality of Information communicated to them.
-All tangible Information shall remain the property of Carr Chem, Inc.
During the course of the Carr Litigation, employees of Mancuso filed sworn declarations attesting that they *712 had personal information relevant to the litigation, and that the substance of each of their testimony was "explained more fully in the Declaration of Paul Carr. . . ." Plaintiffs Ex. 35-37. Each declaration was transmitted by facsimile from Paul Carr's attorney in Buffalo, New York to each declarant. Plaintiffs Ex. 97. These individuals purportedly adopted Paul Carr's falsehoods through their declarations.
Numerous other individuals at various steel and chemical companies also filed declarations in support of Carr. Plaintiffs Ex. 90-96.
James Mancuso, a Mancuso employee, submitted a second declaration in which he corroborated Carr's explanation for the origins of Can-Hib. Specifically, James Mancuso declared that the defendant had obtained an "unworkable" formulation and that defendant had refined it into a viable product for Carr Chem. Plaintiffs Ex. 39 at ¶ 14. James Mancuso also asserted that there were no written agreements between Mancuso and Carr Chem. Id. at ¶ 16.
James Gallagher, a former Mancuso employee, also submitted a declaration dated February 26, 1998, asserting that Mancuso obtained the acid inhibitor formula from Gary Young. Plaintiffs Ex. 38 at ¶ 3. Gallagher also spoke, by telephone with Carr's attorney regarding his declaration and again before his deposition. Plaintiffs Ex. 88 at 129-131,
Carr testified at his deposition during the Carr litigation that he spoke in person about the case to Antonio Mancuso, president of defendant, and that they discussed the January 3, 1991, meeting with Gary Young during which Young purportedly gave Mancuso a formula. Plaintiffs Ex. 2 at 227-228.
Carr also testified that he spoke to Antonio Mancuso by telephone and had numerous conversations with Mancuso personnel regarding the litigation; some of these conversations involved Carr's attorney. Id. at 229-239.
Antonio Mancuso testified that he spoke to Carr's attorney by telephone once about his declaration. Ex. 5 at 229-231; Ex. 6 at 255-256; Ex. 7 at 313-325.
James Mancuso testified that he asked Carr to send him the location of his deposition by facsimile. Ex. 86 at 107.
Carr and Carr Chem settled with Miller on March 15, 1999, without admitting any liability. The Carr defendants agreed to:
-Pay Miller $350,000.
-Renounce all rights to any line of hydrochloric acid inhibitors sold, owned or marketed by the Carr defendants.
-Assign to Miller any and all rights and title to any line of hydrochloric acid inhibitors sold, owned or marketed by the Carr defendants, including "any rights or claims against Mancuso Chemical, Inc. with respect to such products and formulae."
-Be permanently enjoined from disclosing information about any hydrochloric acid inhibitors sold, owned or marketed by the Carr defendants.
Plaintiffs Ex. 40, at ¶¶ 2, 5-6, and 10,
Miller contends that Carr's and. Mancuso's conduct after the settlement also supports its RICO claims. Miller alleges:
After the Carr-Miller settlement, Carr contacted Mancuso's former employee, James Gallagher, to inquire whether Gallagher's daughter, a Canadian attorney, could review the settlement *713 agreement and determine its enforce ability in Canada. Plaintiffs Ex. 8 at 135-142,
Bruce Entwisle, Miller's President, informed Dofasco of the settlement and of Miller's readiness "to supply you with the same product you have been buying since you started using hydrochloric acid inhibitor." Plaintiff's Ex. 41.
Miller also notified Dofasco that Carr had "no right" to sell Can-Hib. Id.
Carr informed Dofasco that Mancuso had developed Can-Hib 1991, and that Mancuso would continue to supply the product to Dofasco. Plaintiffs. Ex. 42.
In a subsequent letter dated July 21, 1999, Carr informed Dofasco that, "the formula for Can-Hib-1991 purchased by Dofasco and Stelco from Carr Chem since 1991, is owned and blended by Mancuso Chemical." Plaintiffs Ex. 85.
Antonio Mancuso visited Dofasco and expressed his belief that the Carr settlement did not affect "Mancuso's ownership of the formula for CanHib 1991. . . ." Plaintiffs Ex. 10, at 9-10.
Antonio Mancuso testified that Mancuso renamed Can-Hib to "Man-Hib," but that the products were identical. Plaintiffs Ex. 5, 260-261.
Antonio Mancuso testified that two of Mancuso's largest customers, Dofasco and Stelco, never paid Mancuso directly for their purchases of Can-Hib; instead, those customers paid Carr, who in turn paid Mancuso. Plaintiffs Ex. 5, at 124. See also Plaintiff's Ex. 69, 70, 74, and 100 (invoices).
In its responses to Miller's interrogatories in this case, Mancuso asserted that Gary Young gave Antonio Mancuso an unworkable formula, which Mancuso transformed into a viable product. Plaintiffs Ex. 9, pp. 16-17. Mancuso continues to assert the Gary Young alibi in this action.
Miller also presents documentation to show the Gary Young alibi is false. For example, Miller presents a Material Safety Data Sheet for Can-Hib 1991 (dated November 9, 1990), which identified Carr Chem as the manufacturer. Plaintiffs Ex. 15. Miller also presents a memorandum dated November 29, 1990, from Carr Chem to Dofasco, which identified "Can-Hib" as a registered trademark of Carr Chem, Inc. Ex. 18, Ex. 3, at 187. These documents suggest that Can-Hib was in existence prior to the meeting with Gary Young on January 3, 1991.
IV. Legal Standard
Summary judgment should be granted under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(c) "if, after drawing all reasonable inferences from the underlying facts in the light most favorable to the non-moving party, the court concludes that there is no genuine issue of material fact to be resolved at trial and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law." Kornegay v. Cottingham, 120 F.3d 392, 395 (3d Cir.1997). A factual dispute is "genuine" if the evidence would permit a reasonable jury to find for the non-moving party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2506, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). In order to survive summary judgment, a plaintiff Must make a showing "sufficient to establish the existence of [every] element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). The court must draw all reasonable inferences in the non-moving party's favor. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio *714 Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986).
V. Analysis
Miller contends that Carr, Carr Chem and Mancuso formed an enterprise that engaged in a pattern of racketeering activity consisting of obstruction of justice, mail fraud, and wire fraud. Am. Compl., ¶¶ 38-41. In order to prevail on a RICO claim brought under § 1962(c), a plaintiff must show that the defendant (1) conducted or participated in the conduct of; (2) an enterprise; (3) through a pattern; (4) of racketeering activity. Sedima SPRL v. Imrex Co., 473 U.S. 479, 496, 105 S.Ct. 3275, 87 L.Ed.2d 346 (1985). Miller does not present sufficient evidence on an essential element of a RICO claim, the existence of an enterprise. Thus, summary judgment will be granted on Miller's RICO claims.[6]
A. Enterprise
An enterprise can include "any individual, partnership, corporation, association, or other legal entity, any union or group of individuals associated in fact although not a legal entity." 18 U.S.C. § 1961(4). It is a "group of persons associated together for a common purpose of engaging in a course of conduct." United States v. Turkette, 452 U.S. 576, 583, 101 S.Ct. 2524, 69 L.Ed.2d 246 (1981). Miller asserts that Mancuso, through its agents, formed an association-in-fact enterprise with Carr and Carr Chem. The enterprise set out to lie under oath during the Carr Litigation, to continue to profit from a stolen formula and to delay the vindication of Miller's rights. Am. Compl. ¶¶ 36-47. To establish an association-in-fact enter prise, a plaintiff must present sufficient evidence to establish all of the following: (1) "an ongoing organization, formal or informal"; (2) that "the various associates function as a continuing unit"; (3) that the enterprise exists "separate and apart from the pattern of activity in which it as engaged." Turkette, 452 U.S. at 583, 101 S.Ct. 2524 ("Turkette factors").[7]
1. An ongoing organization
To establish a RICO enterprise under Third Circuit law, Miller must first present facts that would establish an ongoing organization with a "decision-making structure." United States v. Riccobene, 709 F.2d 214, 222 (3d Cir.1983), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 849, 104 S.Ct. 157, 78 L.Ed.2d 145 (1983), abrogation on other grounds recognized by United States v. *715 Vastola, 989 F.2d 1318, 1330 (3d Cir.1993).[8] Miller has failed to do so. The decisionmaking structure can be hierarchical or consensual. Id. There must be, however, "some mechanism for controlling and directing the affairs of the group on an ongoing, rather than an ad hoc, basis." Id. An agreement to commit criminal activity does not alone constitute an enterprise. Gates v. Ernst & Young, 93-CV-2332, 1994 WL 444709, *1 (E.D.Pa.1994) (Buckwalter, J.) ("An enterprise is not merely a conspiracy and it should not be confused with an agreement to commit the alleged racketeering activity.")
Miller's first task is to establish that a jury could find that the Mancuso-Carr-Carr Chem enterprise has sufficient structure. In Riccobene, 709 F.2d 214, and Town of Kearny v. Hudson Meadows Urban Renewal, et al., 829 F.2d 1263 (3d Cir.1987), the Third Circuit instructs on the content of the required structure. In Riccobene, the Court considered a non-exhaustive list of criteria for structure: the internal hierarchy of the members, the members' routinized activity, and their specific roles and responsibilities. In that case, the defendants were members of a notorious "crime family" in Philadelphia. Id. at 216. Each defendant played a distinct role with specific responsibilities. Angelo Bruno was head of the family. Philip Testa served as his "underboss." Id. at 217. Harry Riccobene, Frank Sindone, and others worked as "supervisors" under Testa. Id. Riccobene's main job was to lend out the leadership's money as part of his loansharking business. Id. at 223. Joseph Ciancaglini worked for Sindone to coordinate the enterprise's illegal numbers operations, and he collected the cash every Wednesday from those games. Id. at 223. The other associates were distinctly minor players, such as Mario Riccobene, Harry Riccobene's brother and his partner in the, loansharking business. Mario also worked as Bruno's driver. A few remaining defendants worked on ancillary gambling schemes, which Ciancaglini ran and Bruno approved. This included a phony craps game in New Jersey. Id. at 220.
Riccobene and his associates were nothing if not mindful of the hierarchy within which they worked. Lower level associates discussed the "proper degree of respect" to show to leaders in particular positions. Id. at 225. Some of the senior members voted on advisors for the group, or the "`consigliere[s],"' while more junior associates complained of being shut out of the election process. Id. at 222 & n. 10 (Harry Riccobene complained that "it isn't like it used to be, where everybody was invited [to vote]."). Even the supervisors observed a hierarchy. When Harry Riccobene lamented the lack of a uniform profitsharing policy among operators of the numbers games, Ciancaglini reported the complaint to his boss, Sindone. Sindone declined to decide the important issue and elevated it to Bruno. Id. at 223. Taking this evidence as a whole, the Third Circuit found that the government had proven a decision-making structure that established the existence of a RICO enterprise.
In Town of Kearny, the Town of Kearny sued a real estate developer, Mimi Corp. *716 ("Mimi"), for bribing its town council members in violation of RICO. Another real estate developer, Hartz, intervened. The Town of Kearny and Hartz had entered into a leasing and option agreement with the right of first refusal for development of a large tract of the Town of Kearny meadowlands. When the ink dried, the Mayor of the Town of Kearny and members of the Kearny Town Council met with another private developer, Mimi Corp. In exchange for a bribe of $75,000, the mayor and certain council members agreed to grant Mimi the right to develop part of the Town of Kearny meadowlands. Id. at 1265. The Town Council passed a resolution approving development on Mimi's desired tract and executed to Mimi a leasing and option agreement for the land. Mimi then paid two installments of the bribe, one for each official step along the way the resolution approving development, and the execution of the lease agreement. Hartz learned of the deal with Mimi a month later and protested to the Town of Kearny that the Mimi lease violated its right of first refusal. Mimi withheld the final installment of the bribe until the Town Council took an official act siding with Mimi. Id. The Town Council met and passed a resolution to send a letter to Hartz saying that the Hartz and Mimi lease agreements were not in conflict. Id. Members of the Town Council met with Mimi's attorney, who drafted the letter. Mimi then paid the last installment of the bribe. Id. The Town of Kearny sued Mimi and alleged that Mimi's officers and certain members of the Town Council had formed a racketeering enterprise.
The district court ruled that plaintiff had presented facts sufficient to establish an association-in-fact enterprise, and the Third Circuit affirmed that conclusion (but reversed other aspects of the lower court's decision).[9] The members of the RICO enterprise held defined roles. Mimi provided money for the scheme, while the Kearny defendants "took the necessary action" in executing the Mimi lease agreement and passing a resolution regarding the letter to Hartz. Id. The members also worked within a decision-making structure. When confronted by Hartz's protest, the Town Council members passed a resolution to authorize a letter to Hartz. At the same time, the responsibility for drafting the letter consistent with the resolution was placed in the hands of Mimi's attorney. Id. Mimi defined the ultimate objective, but the Town Council members facilitated that objective through the misuse of their municipal authority. Riccobene and Town of Kearny suggest that a division of labor and chain of command are hallmarks of an "enterprise."
In In re American Investors Life Ins. Co. Annuity Marketing and Sales Practices Litig., the plaintiffs alleged that three groups of defendants formed a racketeering enterprise to sell annuities to elderly buyers under fraudulent terms. The three groups of defendants were the "annuity group," which issued, underwrote and profited from the fraudulent sales; the "sales group," which contacted potential customers and induced them to purchase fraudulent living trust kits; and the "attorney group," which allegedly prepared the living trust instruments. MDL No. 1712, 2006 WL 1531152, at *4-5 (E.D.Pa. June 2, 2006 (McLaughlin, J.)). Plaintiffs alleged that members of the sales group were *717 agents of the attorneys and the annuity group; but there were no allegations regarding the relationship of the annuity group to the attorneys. Id. The Court granted a motion to dismiss, ruling that plaintiffs had not alleged an enterprise, because plaintiff had failed to state how the defendants "would have worked together to make decisions or resolve disputes." Id. at *7. Although each group of defendants performed a distinct role (underwriting annuities, selling annuities and trusts, and drafting the necessary legal documentation), the Court ruled that this was insufficient to allege a decision-making structure because "[p]articipants in any conspiracy will play certain roles and have some idea of what the other participants are doing." Id. at *8. The Court deemed it significant that plaintiffs had alleged an association-in-fact, as opposed to an enterprise composed of, e.g., a parent corporation and two subsidiaries, where an organizational structure between a parent and its subsidiaries largely can be assumed. Id. (discussing Shearin v. E.F. Hutton Group, 885 F2d 1162 (3d Cir.1989)).
Other cases illustrate where there is insufficient evidence of structure and the association alleged is merely a conspiracy. Where the claimant has inadequately distinguished a conspiracy from a racketeering enterprise, courts have shown no reluctance in dismissing a RICO claim. See, e.g., VanDenBroeck v. CommonPoint Mortgage Co., 210 F.3d 696, 700 (6th Cir. 2001) (conspiracy to defraud plaintiffs did not amount to enterprise where the parties were not "organized in a fashion that would enable them to function as a racketeering organization for other purposes."); Stachon v. United Consumers Club, Inc., 229 F.3d 673, 676 (7th Cir.2000) (buying club, its directors and officers, and franchisees did not constitute an enterprise where plaintiff failed to allege a "command structure" separate from the buying club); Simon v. Value Behavioral Health, Inc., 208 F.3d 1073, 1083 (9th Cir.2000) (no RICO enterprise where plaintiff did not allege facts to show a "system of authority" among members of the enterprise).
In Bachman v. Bear, Stearns & Co., Inc., an opinion authored by Chief Judge Richard Posner, a former employee-shareholder sued the investment company Bear Stearns for violating RICO, and the Court affirmed the dismissal of the complaint for failure to plead the existence of an enterprise. 178 F.3d 930, 931 (7th Cir.1999). Plaintiff was vice president of a medical imaging company, known as Calumet Coach Corp. ("Coach"). Plaintiff also owned shares in Coach's parent corporation, known as Calumet Acquisitions Corp. ("Calumet"). Id. Merrill Lynch Interfunding, Inc. (MLIF) was the majority shareholder in Calumet. Id. Plaintiff's employment agreement provided that, if he left Coach, other shareholders would have the right to buy out his stock in Calumet at a fair market value to be determined by a firm designated by MLIF. Id. Coach then fired the plaintiff. The CEO of Calumet and Coach, Dane Snyder, hired Bear Stearns to determine the value of plaintiffs stock. Id. Snyder and the vice president of MLIF, John Ferrell, allegedly directed Bear Stearns to undervalue plaintiffs stock, and Bear, Stearns issued a fraudulent valuation. Id. Bear Stearns then assisted Snyder and Ferrell in a lawsuit plaintiff brought in state court by "concealing evidence and presenting perjured testimony." Id. Plaintiff later sued Bear Stearns in federal court for violating RICO. Id. Judge Posner found that plaintiff had failed to plead the existence of a RICO enterprise, even though Bear Stearns had collaborated with Calumet's CEO and MLIF's vice president for many years. Id. Judge Posner found that the alleged conspirators had collaborated *718 for many years not because they had formed an ongoing organization, but because of the "nature of the fraud, which involved the manipulation of contractual rights, and of the fact that the [plaintiff] brought a lawsuit." Id. at 932. None of plaintiffs allegations suggested that Bear Stearns and its co-conspirators had created even a "loose-knit" organization. Id.
Miller similarly shows no indicia of structure. When considering the indicators identified in Riccobene an internal hierarchy, routinized activity, and specific roles and responsibilities the dearth of evidence is clear. Miller demonstrates that Carr and Antonio Mancuso had a longstanding business relationship relating to the manufacture and sale of Can-Hib, and that Antonio Mancuso and his employees assisted Carr in Carr's defense. But, Miller provides no evidence that Mancuso, Carr, and Carr Chem formed a formal or informal organization with any degree of structure. In its initial opposition to defendant's motion for summary judgment on the RICO claims, Miller cites to the record only twice in its discussion of the "enterprise" element. Plaintiff's Opp., pp. 16-20. Miller identifies evidence that Mancuso advanced the purportedly false "Gary Young alibi" in its interrogatory responses in this litigation and that Carr and Antonio Mancuso engaged in business transactions. Plaintiff's Ex. 9, pp. 16-17 & Ex. 5, at 20-21. In its Sur-reply, Miller points to scant evidence that Carr and Antonio Mancuso discussed the Carr litigation, and that Carr personally requested Mancuso employees to assist him in his defense. Plaintiff's Ex. 2, at 231-232. Carr filed a declaration in which he identified Mancuso employees as "potential witnesses." Plaintiffs Ex. 33. Antonio Mancuso and Carr met with James Mancuso (Antonio Mancuso's son) at Mancuso's offices, and Carr later requested that they produce documents relating to changes in the Can-Hib formula from 1991 to the present. Plaintiffs Ex. 2, at 231-232. Carr also requested Antonio Mancuso and other Mancuso employees to sign declarations in support of his motion to transfer venue to the Western District of New York. Plaintiff's Ex. 5 at 229-230. Finally, Carr filed a pretrial memorandum in which he continued to advance the false Gary Young alibi. Plaintiffs Ex. 108.
After Carr and Miller settled their dispute, Carr sent a letter to Dofasco dated March 19, 1999, to notify them that Mancuso would continue to service their product, but Carr omitted the fact that he had assigned to Miller his rights to Can-Hib. Plaintiffs Ex. 42. Mancuso also visited Dofasco after the Carr settlement and reassured Robert Julien, the Dofasco manager in charge of purchasing, that Mancuso would continue to sell Can-Hib under the trade name "Man-Hib." Plaintiff's Ex. 5 at 260. Mancuso purportedly sent Julien a letter to that effect, although no one ever located the letter. Plaintiffs Ex. 56 at 128. Dofasco requested Carr to respond to Bruce Entwisle's letter, so Carr wrote to Dofasco again, this time asserting that Mancuso had always owned the formula for Can-Hib. Plaintiff's Ex. 85.
None of these facts establish a basis on which to conclude that Mancuso, Carr and Carr Chem formed an enterprise with any kind of decision-making "superstructure." Riccobene, 709 F.2d at 222. Miller presents no facts to prove how the enterprise made decisions, resolved disputes, or delegated responsibility. Miller has not identified any portion of the record that would answer the questions of whether Carr answered to Mancuso, Mancuso answered to Carr, they operated as equals or both answered to some third person or entity, such as Carr's attorney. See Deft.'s Reply, p. 37. Miller has presented no evidence whatsoever of a "system of authority," *719 formal or informal. Simon, 208 F.3d at 1083. Miller similarly fails to identify and substantiate what roles or responsibilities members of the enterprise held or what routinized activity the members engaged in that would reveal the existence of an ongoing operation.
As in Bachman, that Carr and Mancuso defrauded Miller and collaborated over the course of the Carr Litigation would be insufficient to prove the existence of an enterprise. At most, their continuing collaboration evidences a conspiracy or development of a joint defense; but not all conspiracies are RICO enterprises. See Seville Industrial Mach. Corp. v. Southmost Mach. Corp., 742 F.2d 786, 790 n. 5 (3d Cir.1984) (criminal conspiracy standing alone does not constitute an enterprise); Simon, 208 F.3d at 1083 (all illegal concerted activity not a RICO enterprise). Without evidence that conspirators are organized according to some internal hierarchy, have engaged in routinized activity, and have held specific roles and responsibilities, there is no structure, and therefore, no enterprise. See Riccobene, 709 F.2d at 222.
2. Continuing Unit
Miller also fails to substantiate the second Turkette factor. Because Miller has failed to adduce sufficient evidence to support a finding that the alleged enterprise had a decision-making structure, Miller cannot establish the second requirement of an enterprise, i.e., that the associates of the alleged enterprise functioned as a "continuing unit." Turkette, 452 U.S. at 583, 101 S.Ct. 2524. The "continuing unit" requirement means that the associates of the enterprise must "perform a role in the group consistent with the organizational structure established by the first element and which furthers the activities of the organization." Riccobene, 709 F.2d at 223. Without a decision-making structure, however, it is futile to inquire whether particular individuals occupied particular roles within that structure. In re American Investors Life Ins. Co., 2006 WL 1531152, *9 n. 6.
3. Existence Separate and Apart from Pattern of Racketeering
I have already determined that Miller has failed to establish a genuine issue of material fact regarding the existence of an enterprise. It is unnecessary to consider the final Turkette element, whether Miller would be able to prove the existence of an enterprise separate and apart from' a pattern of racketeering. For all of the above reasons, Miller's claim under § 1962(c) fails.
B. RICO Conspiracy
Miller has also alleged that Mancuso conspired to violate RICO and is liable under § 1962(d). A defendant may be liable for a RICO conspiracy merely by conspiring with individuals who violate § 1962(c) "even if the defendant, did not personally agree to do, or to conspire with respect to, any particular element [of § 1962(c) ]." Smith v. Berg, 247 F.3d 532, 537 (3d Cir.2001) (interpreting Salinas v. United States, 522 U.S. 52, 118 S.Ct. 469, 139 L.Ed.2d 352 (1997)) (emphasis in original). Miller contends that a jury should decide whether Mancuso and Carr entered into a conspiracy at the moment they made up the Gary Young alibi. Plaintiffs Surreply, p. 109. But without a RICO enterprise, the claim cannot succeed: there can be no knowledge of and agreement to facilitate the enterprise's scheme as required by Salinas. Salinas, 522 U.S. at 66, 118 S.Ct. 469. See also Smith, 247 F.3d at 537 n. 9 ("A conspirator must intend to further an endeavor which, if completed, would satisfy all of the elements of a substantive *720 criminal offense. . . .") Because Miller cannot prove the existence of any racketeering enterprise, Miller cannot prove there was an agreement to facilitate the enterprise's activities. Miller's claim under § 1962(d) also fails.
VI. Conclusion
The summary judgment record relating to Miller's RICO claims reveals "a complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party's case. . . ." Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). Accordingly, I grant the defendant's motion for summary judgment on plaintiffs RICO claims.
ORDER
AND NOW, on this 22nd day of December, 2006, defendant's motion for summary judgment on Counts II and III in the Amended Complaint (Doc. # 278) is GRANTED.
NOTES
[1] I state the facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiff, the non-moving party, and take its allegations as true when supported by proper proofs wherever those allegations conflict with those of Defendant. See Kopec v. Tate, 361 F.3d 772, 775 (3d Cir.2004).
[2] For the purpose of this motion, I will assume the formula for Activol is a trade secret.
[3] This declaration was filed as part of the Cross-Motion for Dismissal or Transfer of Venue of Defendants Carr Chem, Inc. and Paul Carr. Plaintiff's Ex. 98. It was sent from Buffalo, New York, to Philadelphia via overnight delivery.
[4] This declaration was signed on Grand Island, New York, and filed with the Memorandum of Law of Defendants in Opposition to Motion of Plaintiff for Preliminary Injunction. Plaintiff's Ex. 50.
[5] For the purposes of this motion only, I will consider Carr's prior deposition testimony. I do not now, however, rule on its ultimate admissibility at trial.
[6] A threshold issue in a RICO action is always whether the plaintiff has standing. 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c) authorizes civil RICO suits and confers, standing on any plaintiff injured in his or her business or property "by reason of" a violation of § 1962. Miller has alleged that defendant's litigation tactics generated legal expenses and delayed the Carr litigation to plaintiff's detriment. See Malley-Duff v. Crown Life Ins. Co., 792 F.2d 341, 355 (3d Cir.1986) (plaintiff had standing to assert civil RICO claim where it alleged great expense and delay by reason of defendant's obstruction of justice). Under Malley-Duff Miller has standing.
[7] Miller contends "the Third Circuit has recognized that the determination of whether a RICO enterprise has been demonstrated raises of [sic] questions of fact to be resolved for the jury . . ., and Mancuso's motion for summary judgment should be denied on this ground alone." Plaintiff's Opp., p. 18 (citing United States v. Riccobene, 709 F.2d 214, 223 (3d Cir.1983)). Miller's argument suggests that all "questions of fact" are necessarily immune to summary judgment, which is incorrect. The purpose of summary judgment is to limit for trial those issues that involve genuine factual disputes and to resolve factual questions where the record is unequivocal. Where the record does not support plaintiff's position, there is no factual dispute to be resolved by the jury.
[8] In Vastola, the Third Circuit reviewed a jury verdict that found the defendant guilty of violating RICO, but not guilty of the underlying offenses required to support the RICO conviction. The Court declined to reverse the conviction, finding that inconsistent verdicts did not mandate acquittal where the evidence was otherwise sufficient to support the conviction for the "compound offense." Id. at 1329, 1330. The Court determined that the Supreme Court had overruled Riccobene to the extent Riccobene supported reversal in such a case. Id. at 1330.
[9] The district court had reasoned that the Mimi-Town of Kearny enterprise had perpetrated at least two bribery schemes, only one involving Hartz. Therefore, Hartz could not prove injury to its business or property by reason of the pattern as opposed to the "isolated Mimi transaction." Id. at 1268. The Third Circuit reversed, finding that a RICO plaintiff needs only to prove harm on account of one predicate act, not the entire pattern.
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Winnebago County committee may vote on proposed vacation policy solution
Monday
Aug 4, 2014 at 2:10 PM
Winnebago County officials are getting closer to approving a policy that would take a two-prong approach to a long-standing abuse of the county’s vacation policy, which lately, has led to, an unpaid bill of $805,255.
The county’s Operations and Administrative Committee may vote at a 5:30 p.m. meeting this evening on a policy that would have the 105 employees who stored up their vacation days for more than two years take those off days in the next five years. There also would be stricter enforcement of the policy.
“We’ve reached an agreement with vacation time,” said Gary Jury, R-7, the committee chairman and Republican representing the seventh district. “We’re going to go over that tonight with the committee.”
The meeting will happen in Room 510 of the 404 Elm St. county building. If the proposed solution to the vacation policy issue is approved, then the county board may vote on it next. |
Tag Archives: Campus Events
Position Type: Temporary Position Title: sustainNU Customer Service Representative Rate: $12-15/hourSchedule: Monday through Friday, 8:30am-5:00pm with a 30 minute lunch
Job Summary The sustainNU Customer Service Representative facilitates the timely and successful completion of resource conservation service requests submitted by Northwestern University faculty, staff and students. This individual will work closely with the sustainNU team to increase awareness and visibility of sustainable practices and build strong partnerships on campus
Responsibilities • Coordinates all aspects of electronics recycling (ecycling) program including receiving requests for ecycling pickups, scheduling pickups through a third party vendor and facilitating the collection of all received ecycling equipment through our contracted recycling hauler. • Processes all requests for trash and recycling services communicating with waste hauler as needed to ensure successful pickups. • Reconciles all services requests which may include reviewing work order status, confirming billing information and ensuring all requests are processed accurately and in a timely manner. • Coordinates requests for recycling bins and manages inventory. • Serves as point of contact for sustainNU inquiries. • Supports other sustainNU program areas as needed. • Performs other duties as assigned or required.
Basic Function and Responsibility:Assists with maintenance of grounds, gardens, trails, and all other parts of designated natural areas and sites; mainly through coordination with outside contractors. Provides environmental education programming and conservation-based nature education workshops to students and partners of the College. Organizes and develops interpretive programs and curriculum-based programs for the College students, civic and special interest groups, and the general public on the natural history of the natural areas and other ecological or environmental themes. Cares for botanical and zoological specimens, and other exhibit and education materials. Assists local County Forest Preserve biologists and ecologists with research and other programs and projects. Performs all other job related duties as assigned.
Characteristic Duties and Responsibilities:Performs
tasks in designated natural areas, including seeding, gathering seeds,
fertilizing, planting, etc. Responsible for overall public safety of
natural areas and trails. Schedules, coordinates, and watches over
work performed by outside contractors such as controlled burns, tree
removal, pesticide application, etc.
In 2017 Oakton users printed more than 2.7 million pages.That’s equivalent to cutting down 325 trees or a forest the size of 6.5football fields!
To reduce paper waste in computer labs, print jobs are now sent to a release station before printing. Since the start of Fall semester, these stations have already reduced over 36,086 sheets from being printed (the equivalent of 4.33trees!).
Coming next semester,Spring 2019: To conserve resources, and reduce wasteful printing, Oakton will provide each student with$20 a semester in their print account (equivalent to 400 black and white sheets). Based on our data, this means that over 90% of students will still print for free on campus! If students wish to print more, they can add funds to their account at $.05/black and white sheet. Color and specialty printing will be priced at a higher rate.
Since this effort will involve a period of adjustment, the IT Department and Sustainability Center are requesting your input. If you have any questions or suggestions please join us at one of these information forums:
Join us for another month of programming this October to celebrate Campus Sustainability Month. This effort, initiated by the Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education (www.AASHE.org) is a great way to learn more about different sustainability related topics while on campus. We also encourage students to take part in Project Green Challenge. This eye-opening series of interactive activities and exploration will help individuals learn more about their daily behaviors, the importance of “going green”, and what practices can help them in making a difference. Participate as often or as little as you like and have the chance to win sustainable prizes! Top five participants from Oakton will win some sustainability swag from our office as well :).
See below for details and come back again for full list of events, room locations, and updates!
We are so pleased to announce our 2018 Earth Week events here at Oakton Community College. Check out the calendar below and visit here for details on each session. All of these events are free and open to the public, though we do ask for pre-registration for a couple of them. Please share with your friends and colleagues!
We were thrilled to have members from the Illinois Department of Natural Resources (IDNR) on campus last week to conduct a fish survey on Lake Oakton as part of Campus Sustainability Month. This series of events on college and university campuses across the nation are held in conjunction with the Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education (AASHE). Not only were were thrilled to learn that our Lake is healthy, but we were impressed by the number of species found living here!
Led by District Fisheries Biologist, Frank Jakubicek, two dozen students, several employees, and community members learned about biodiversity assessment on campus and had a chance to engage in recording data about the findings. Frank was impressed by the health and vitality of our largemouth bass population–a secret that is already out among a small group of avid fisherfolk who visit our campus regularly. Other species included bluegill, gizzard shad, pumpkinseed sunfish, white sucker and warmouth. This proved to be an amazing learning opportunity for so many, particularly those students involved in our Environmental Studies Concentration. Registration is open NOW for Spring Semester. Sign up for your ESC courses today!
As a member of the Association for the Advancement of Sustainability in Higher Education (AASHE), Oakton is proud to celebrate our efforts through Campus Sustainability Month! All events are free and open to the public, no rsvp required. The events below are offered in part by the Sustainability Center, Green Committee, Environmental Studies Concentration, Peace and Social Justice Studies, and Honors Program. We hope you will join us!
October 7: Solar Energy Tour at Skokie Campus 10am-3pm
October 17: IDNR Fish Survey at Des Plaines Campus 2:30pm-4:30pm
October 17: My Trip to the Amazon – A Great Adventure, Life Science instructor David Arieti at Des Plaines Campus, Lee Center Room 210 and streaming live in C240, Skokie Campus from 5:30pm to 7:00pm
October 23: Merchants of Doubt Film Screening at Skokie Campus, 2:00pm to 4:00pm, C133
October 25: Factory Farming Awareness Coalition—Hungry for Knowledge? Presentation at Des Plaines Campus, 12:30pm to 1:45pm in Room 2139 2139 (We hope to live stream this presentation—check the Keepin’ It Green blog or Green Committee Facebook page for details!)
October 26: An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power, Film Screening at Des Plaines Campus with Live Stream Q&A from former Vice President Al Gore, 5:45pm to 8:30pm in Room 1606
October 30: Merchants of Doubt Merchants of Doubt Film Screening at Des Plaines Campus, 2:00pm to 4:00pm, Room 1608
November 2: An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power, Film Screening at Skokie Campus, 11:00am to 1:00pm in Room C250 |
Facing flak from devotees and opposition parties in the row Sabarimala over allowing women of reproductive age into the Ayyappa temple, Kerala Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan has come down heavily on the Thazamon family which holds the Thantric rights over the family, reports The Times of India.
He was addressing a Left Democratic Front (LDF) rally in Pathanamthitta were he made the remarks against the family.
“They say that Lord Ayyappa is a celibate. But then there are other idols who are also eternal celibates all over the country. However, in such temples, the priest should also be a celibate. But we know the case of Sabarimala priests, they are not only in grihasthasramam (wedlock) but have been involved in prostitution”, the CM said. He also mocked the Pandalam Royal family going bankrupt and being forced to join the Travancore Kingdom. |
Identification and expression analysis of a new glycoside hydrolase family 55 exo-β-1,3-glucanase-encoding gene in Volvariella volvacea suggests a role in fruiting body development.
The edible straw mushroom Volvariella volvacea is an important crop in South East Asia and is predominantly harvested in the egg stage. Rapid stipe elongation and cap expansion result in a swift transition from the egg to elongation and maturation stage, which are subjected to fast senescence and deterioration. In other mushrooms, β-1,3-glucanases have been associated with degradation (softening) of the cell wall during stipe elongation and senescence. We present a new glycoside hydrolase family 55 (GH55) exo-β-1,3-glucanase gene, exg2, and highly conserved deduced EXG2 protein. The 3D model and presumed catalytic residues of V. volvacea EXG2 are identical to Lentinula edodes EXG2 and Phanerochaete chrysosporium Lam55A, supporting similar enzymatic functions. In addition to previous association to stipe elongation and senescence, our data clearly indicates a role for cap (pileus) expansion. Digital gene expression, quantitative PCR and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification analysis showed low exg2 and EXG2 levels in primordia, button, egg and elongation stages and significantly increased levels in the maturation stage. Subsequent relative quantitative PCR analysis designated expression of exg2 to the stipe in the elongation stage and to the pileus and stipe in the maturation stage. EXG2 cell wall softening activity, close correlation of exg2 expression with the principal expanding mushroom tissues and a strong conservation of expression patterns and protein sequences in other mushrooms, make V. volvacea exg2 an important candidate for future studies on mechanisms of fruiting body expansion and senescence causing commodity value loss. |
Women may not know they're having heart attack as symptoms VERY different to men
A lot of important medical information and data is based on men - and it could be fatal.
Here's a question for the women out there - could you confidently say what the symptoms of a heart attack are?
Would you say that chest and arm pains are a telltale sign, as well as clutching at your chest?
If so, you'd be way off the mark.
While these are certainly male symptoms (also referred to as a "Hollywood heart attack) they're very different to the symptoms which women experience.
Women will often experience physical symptoms such as nausea, fatigue, breathlessness and stomach pain.
Knowing this difference could literally be a matter of life and death - women are 60 per cent more likely to be misdiagnosed.
If you were in the dark about this, you wouldn't be the only one.
According to Caroline Criado Perez, the fact so many of us are unaware of the difference in heart attack symptoms is a prime example of the "gender data gap."
This term perfectly encapsulates how male bias dictates information, leaving women's experiences out of the public knowledge forum.
Criado Perez, who rose to fame when she campaigned for Jane Austen to be included on the new polymer five pound notes, explore this in her new book, Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men .
Another example of this gender data gap is related to temperature.
Do you often feel cold when at the office?
No, it's not you being "overly sensitive" nor is it in your head.
Criado Perez explains that office temperatures are based on how a 40 year-old man weighing 70kg would feel.
So if you don't fit this prototype, that might be why your workplace feels so chilly. |
After spending just over a year behind bars without charge, Turkish-German journalist Deniz Yucel was released from a Turkish jail on February 16. Just hours later, six other journalists in the country were issued a life sentence for “or attempting to overthrow the constitutional order”.
With 155 journalists serving jail time because of their work, these days of highs and lows are beginning to feel routine for Turkey's embattled independent media community.
BBC described Deniz Yucel's imprisonment as a long-standing “irritant” in the relations between the two countries. His release came shortly after Turkish PM's visit to Germany this week.
Deniz Yucel was arrested exactly 367 days ago on suspicion of “inciting the people to racial hatred and enmity” and “spreading the propaganda of a terrorist organization”.
Soon after his release was announced, crowd gathered outside the jail, where Yucel joined his wife who was waiting for him:
But the ordeal is not yet over. Yucel was charged and indicted upon his release, with the prosecution demanding that he be sentenced to 18 years in prison.
Same court that ordered #DenizYucel‘s release has apparently accepted an indictment calling for up to 18 years imprisonment. Not quite clear what is going on, but a key issue is whether he is being allowed to travel abroad. — Howard Eissenstat (@heissenstat) February 16, 2018
In ordering Deniz Yücel’s release, the court also accepted his newly issued indictment. He faces 4 to 18 years in prison. https://t.co/eLnK8rwqZa — Piotr Zalewski (@p_zalewski) February 16, 2018
While colleagues and friends celebrated the news of Yucel's release, another court decision came down, this time affecting the fate of a different group of journalists.
Deniz is finally free. Six others have just been sentenced to life behind bars: https://t.co/mrW1wy9amx. https://t.co/KDHNoS7Spd — Piotr Zalewski (@p_zalewski) February 16, 2018
A Turkish court has jailed for life journalists Ahmet Altan, Mehmet Altan, Nazli Ilicak & Fevzi Yazici & one other defendant for seeking to “overthrow the constitutional order” in alleged coup plot https://t.co/nouqX4ZnJA — Ayla Jean Yackley (@aylajean) February 16, 2018
Awful news coming in from Silivri jus now. #AhmetAltan #MehmetAltan & #NazlıIlıcak faced a trial in which no credible evidence was presented beyond their words. This verdict does not pass the test of international human rights law. #FreeTurkeyMedia https://t.co/R8M8HJpg1N — Milena Buyum (@MilenaBuyum) February 16, 2018
Ahmet Altan, Mehmet Altan, Nazli Ilica, Yakup Şimşek, Fevzi Yazıcı and Şükrü Tuğrul Özsengül were handed a lifetime prison sentence after being convicted of involvement with Turkey's 2016 coup, despite a lack of direct evidence.
Five of the six defendants are journalists and intellectuals all had strong ties with opposition news outlets in the past. Ahmet Altan is the former editor-in-chief of Taraf newspaper and his brother, Mehmet Altan is an academic and journalist who once wrote for Hurriyet. Nazli Ilıcak has written for Hurriyet, in addition to other newspapers, and briefly served as an MP for the Virtue party.
Yakup Şimşek and Fevzi Yazıcı worked with Zaman newspaper, which was one of Turkey's largest independent daily newspapers until 2016, when the government seized its operations, alleging that the outlet had ties to Turkish cleric Fethullah Gülen.
Anadolu Agency reported that six people were convicted for attempting to overthrow the constitutional order and of having communicated with associates of Gulen, whom Turkey blames for the July 2016 failed coup.
In addition to facing legal threats, all of these journalists have been subject to extralegal harassment. One year ago, President Erdogan called Yucel a terrorist in one of his televised speeches.
Bu konuşmayı tam 1 yıl önce çekmiştim. Deniz sonunda özgür. Darısı Alman vatandaşı olmayan gazeteci arkadaşlarımızın başına. #DenizYücel pic.twitter.com/wxQqR1COOL — goktay koraltan (@goktay) February 16, 2018
I filmed this speech one year ago. Deniz is finally free. I wish the same for the rest non-German citizen journalists friends of mine.
Video clip translation: They are hiding this German terrorist, this spy at the embassy. They hid him for a month. And German Chancellor asked him from me. She said to release him. I told her we have an independent judiciary. Just like your judiciary is independent so is mine. It is [the judiciary] objective. That is why I am sorry to say, you won't take them from us. Finally, he was brought to court. He was arrested. Why? Because he is spy terrorist. Who cares he is a German citizen. It doesn't matter whose citizen you are, if you are spreading terror in Turkey, if they are secretly spies, they will pay the price.
Supporters in Turkey and around the world tweeted their shock at the decision:
Today's verdict & sentences of life without parole for #AhmetAltan, #MehmetAltan & #NazliIlicak mark an apex of the disintegration of the #Ruleoflaw in #Turkey. Judge ignored a binding Turkish Constitutional Court decision. The European Court of Human Rights #ECtHR must act. pic.twitter.com/mH0njuskpu — Sarah Clarke (@Sarah_M_Clarke) February 16, 2018
As Ahmet Altan, Mehmet Altan and Nazlı Ilıcak are given “aggravated life sentences”, it is worth remembering what that sentence is. It is life without parole, with up to 23 hours a day in solitary confinement. Forever and ever, amen. — Can Okar (@canokar) February 16, 2018
On February 12, both Ahmet and Mehmet Altan were thrown out of the courthouse, for demanding to read the constitutional court decision which ruled for their release in January. The two brothers demanded that the decision which was overturned within 24 hours by the ruling of the 27th High Court is put on the record.
The next day, on February 13, speaking from high-security prison via video link, Ahmet Altan in his defense said the following:
Those in political power no longer fear generals. But they do fear writers. They fear pens, not guns. Because pens can reach where guns cannot: into the conscience of a society.
When the verdict was handed to Altan brothers today, one observer said cries and screams filled the courtroom.
Meanwhile, there are at least four other German Turkish citizens behind bars in Turkey, while the total number of imprisoned journalists and writers since the coup has now surpassed 150. |
Tuesday, July 30, 2013
We know it is true. We hear it everywhere. What you focus on has a direct impact on your levels of happiness. When you focus on what you are grateful for, what you appreciate and what is good in your life you can actually feel a physical shift in your body. Tension decreases and the relax response increases. Tensed muscles loosen and tightness becomes lightness.
Don't take our word for it. Try it out yourself. WHAT ARE YOU GRATEFUL FOR RIGHT NOW? How does it feel to think about this person or this thing? How can you share or express your appreciation? What would happen if you began every day with this question?
Join us at MyMindset.com for even more daily questions that support small, SHIFTS in your thinking and massive changes in your mindset.
Tuesday, March 26, 2013
Friday, February 22, 2013
Sometimes making a decision, even the smallest one, can feel like a monumental act of courage and risk. There are some decisions that call on us to dig deep and search for strength. For you, this may be the decision to start a new relationship, or even end one. It could be the decision to go back to school, quit your job or pursue a dream. For others, the decision could be what to wear, eat or watch on TV. Being decisive is a catalyst for ACTION, CHANGE and MOVEMENT. Without a decision you are moving AWAY from your 'right life.' I often remind clients (and myself) that you are never standing still - you are either moving toward something or away from it. What decision are you ready to make today?
MyMindset can help you create lasting change with our daily questions designed to shift your thinking and your mindset. Register NOW for a FREE 5 Day trial of our Premium service which includes daily questions, inspirational quotations and support/accountability from our team of professional Life Coaches! What are you waiting for?
Friday, February 1, 2013
What advice do you frequently offer others that would also benefit you?
I am the advice QUEEN! I will say, that I rarely give it without being asked, but people ALWAYS ask me for advice. I am just one of those people who is a magnet for people seeking a bit of support, advice, help and direction. It really is my calling. My kids’ teachers ask me for advice, people at the grocery store, my family members, friends, acquaintance, complete strangers - everyone. I generally try to refrain from telling them what to do and instead tell them what I might do in a similar situation and I often put on my ‘coaching hat’ and don’t give advice at all, but instead help them uncover their own best advice. Because, I truly believe that, at our core, we all know what is best for us. In fact, when I do give advice this is usually what it is:Stop and really listen to your body - you know what to do. It will feel right - not necessarily easy, but right.
Would I be better off if I stopped and took this advice that I so generously give to others? Hell yes, I would! Not only would I be more at peace, I also wouldn’t be on committees that don’t serve me, I wouldn’t be getting together with people who drive me crazy, I wouldn't feel so overwhelmed and busy, and I wouldn’t be agreeing to things that don’t fill me up and inspire me.
Today I will LISTEN AND TAKE MY OWN ADVICE. I will tap into my intuition and trust that I have the answers I seek. I will embrace Cicero’s brilliant words: Nobody can give you wiser advice than yourself.Now it’s your turn:What advice do you frequently offer others that would also benefit you?
MyMindset can help you create lasting change with our daily questions designed to shift your thinking and your mindset. Register NOW for a FREE 5 Day trial of our Premium service which includes daily questions, inspirational quotations and support/accountability from our team of professional Life Coaches! What are you waiting for?
Hannah Hollett is co-owner of MyMindset.com, a MyMindset Coach, teacher and parenting, life and business coach. She can be reached for question, comments or a complimentary personal coaching consultation at hannah.hollett@MyMindset.com.
Thursday, January 31, 2013
I could go into all the reasons why it isn’t healthy to get attached to a certain outcome, or how we really have very few actual ‘needs,’ but I am not going to do that. I am going to answer as a mom, not a coach. As a mom, I often feel like I need my kids to listen to me and do what I ask them to do. Am I getting that? Sometimes yes and sometimes no.
The second part of the question is the real treasure here - WHAT CAN YOU DO ABOUT IT? I love this, because it calls me to take some sort of action. If you have a need (real or perceived) that isn’t being met - as a mom, in a relationship, at work, etc. - you can either accept it or you can ask yourself what you can do about it. Notice I am not asking what someone else (my kids) can do about it, I am asking what I can do about it. The possibilities become almost endless - My kids aren’t always listening to me - what can I do about it?
Stop talking or talk/ask for a lot less
Ask them why they aren’t following direction
Ask myself if the directions are really important
Consider why they sometimes listen and follow direction (what is the common denominator)
Be curious about why this is so important to me
Etc., etc., etc.
If my needs aren’t being met then I am responsible for making it happen. My needs are my responsibility. I have the courage to communicate my needs and I also have the ability to meet them all on my own.
Now it’s your turn:
What do you need, but aren’t getting and what can you do about it?
MyMindset can help you create lasting change with our daily questions designed to shift your thinking and your mindset. Register NOW for a FREE 5 Day trial of our Premium service which includes daily questions, inspirational quotations and support/accountability from our team of professional Life Coaches! What are you waiting for?
Hannah Hollett is co-owner of MyMindset.com, a MyMindset Coach, teacher and parenting, life and business coach. She can be reached for question, comments or a complimentary personal coaching consultation at hannah.hollett@MyMindset.com.
Wednesday, January 30, 2013
Why do we say ‘yes’ to things we don’t want to do? I do this far too often, even though I am much better than I used to be. I notice that when I stop, pause and listen to my body before responding to a request I am far less likely to agree to bake 100 cupcakes for a bake sale or head up yet another PTA Committee.
I know ALL the signs my body gives me when it really doesn’t want to do something... a rush of adrenaline causes my heart rate to quicken, my breathing becomes more shallow, and I feel a weight in my chest that makes it feel like a struggle to get oxygen into my body. These are just the immediate physical signs - more will undoubtedly follow if I choose to ignore these.
Even though the message is loud and clear I still sometimes ignore it and agree to something. Why? I know my answer - EGO. I admit it, it feels good to have someone ask me to do something and I am a sucker for a sweet compliment like, ‘Hannah, I know you have a lot going on, but you are SO TOGETHER and would do such a great job.’ Here’s how the story ends up - I agree (begrudgingly) and end up resentful and angry.
I have a hard time saying no to almost everything. However, I know that BEST strategy for me is to ALWAYS take time before responding. 10 words have repeatedly saved me from anger, resentment, overwhelm and ego - I WILL THINK ABOUT IT AND GET BACK TO YOU. Furthermore, if I have said YES to something in haste, I am absolutely willing to say I made a mistake and have discovered that I cannot do it after all. There are no gold medals for martyrs! I only say ‘yes’ to what I really want to do.
Half of the troubles of this life can be traced to saying yes too quickly and not saying no soon enough. Josh Billings
Now it’s your turn:What do you have a hard time saying ‘no’ to, but wish you could?
MyMindset can help you create lasting change with our daily questions designed to shift your thinking and your mindset. Register NOW for a FREE 5 Day trial of our Premium service which includes daily questions, inspirational quotations and support/accountability from our team of professional Life Coaches! What are you waiting for?
Hannah Hollett is co-owner of MyMindset.com, a MyMindset Coach, teacher and parenting, life and business coach. She can be reached for question, comments or a complimentary personal coaching consultation at hannah.hollett@MyMindset.com.
Tuesday, January 29, 2013
Mindset: I work towards being my best self every day.
What will you do to show up as your best self today?
What does it really mean to ‘be your best self?’ My best self will not look the same as yours - and that is completely OK. No one gets to tell you what the ‘best you’ looks like - this is yours to discover and then embody. This week I am really looking at my role as a mom, so it makes sense for me to think about being my best self in that context as well. I know I am showing up as the best version (or at least a pretty darned good one) of me as a mom when I:
Don’t write check my a$$ can’t cash - in other words, I follow through with what I have said. If I say I am going to do something, whether it is a consequence, reward or a simple action, then I want to make every effort to make that happen. This is what feels right for me. Again, this may not be a part of your best self.
Resist the urge to react and instead choose to respond with intention and clarity - My best self doesn’t yell, fly off the handle and hmmmph around complaining about things.
Today, I will follow through, communicate with intention and clarity, and for the love of Pete I am going to laugh and have fun with my kids! I work towards being my best self every day.
Your ultimate goal in life is to become your best self. David Viscott
Now, it is YOUR TURN...What will you do to show up as your best self today?
MyMindset can help you create lasting change with our daily questions designed to shift your thinking and your mindset. Register NOW for a FREE 5 Day trial of our Premium service which includes daily questions, inspirational quotations and support/accountability from our team of professional Life Coaches! What are you waiting for?
Hannah Hollett is co-owner of MyMindset.com, a MyMindset Coach, teacher and parenting, life and business coach. She can be reached for question, comments or a complimentary personal coaching consultation at hannah.hollett@MyMindset.com.
Monday, January 28, 2013
Today’s Mindset: I communicate openly and honestly.
Which of your relationships could improve with better communication?
This weekwe are focusing on COMMUNICATION at MyMindset. I don’t know about you, but I find that most of my relationships could benefit from improved communication. As a coach, I know that focusing on something more specific will help me create a better plan and increase my chances of follow through as well. So, this week I am going to focus on my relationship with my kiddos. How can I communicate more openly and honestly with a 7 year old and 11 year old? Do I tell them everything, lay all my cards on the table and give them the low-down on all my adult problems? Heck no! What I can do is this:
Take time to really listen to my kids - this means not multi-tasking, asking questions, giving eye-contact, and not feeling the need to jump in and ‘problem solve.’ This may seem simple, but when was the last time your really LISTENED to someone without being attached to your own agenda?
Keep my conversations brief - I am a talker... Every single one of my relationships could benefit from me talking LESS. This week I will start focusing on this with my kids.
Be polite - I admit it, sometimes I yell, sometimes I am short and not-so-nice to my kids. When I choose to react instead of be intentional I am teaching my kids to do the same. This week I will focus on being patient and polite.
Finally, taking the advice of a fellow MyMindset coach and friend, Janette Valentino, I am going to be gentle with myself as a parent this week.
Being listened to is so close to being loved that most people cannot tell the difference. David Oxberg
Your turn...
Which of YOUR relationships could improve with better communication?
MyMindset can help you create lasting change with our daily questions designed to shift your thinking and your mindset. Register NOW for a FREE 5 Day trial of our Premium service which includes daily questions, inspirational quotations and support/accountability from our team of professional Life Coaches! What are you waiting for?
Hannah Hollett is co-owner of MyMindset.com, a MyMindset Coach, teacher and parenting, life and business coach. She can be reached for question, comments or a complimentary personal coaching consultation at hannah.hollett@MyMindset.com. |
While women's rights groups have jumped to the defense of Christine Blasey Ford, the college professor who on Sunday came forward publicly to accuse Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh of sexual assault when they were high school students, many members of the Republican Party—including Sen. Susan Collins of Maine—have yet to say whether they believe the serious and credible charges are cause for delaying a vote by the Senate Judiciary Committee later this week.
"Christine Blasey Ford has demonstrated tremendous courage in coming forward. We will not sit by and let Republicans attempt to undermine and defame her."
—Shauna Thomas, UltravioletAsked by a CNN reporter for her reaction to the Ford's allegations, first made public in comments published by the Washington Post on Sunday afternoon, Collins said she was "obviously very surprised" by the accusations but that in a phone call with Kavanaugh on Friday said the nominee "emphatically" denied the assault. Asked if she believed Ford's account, Collins said, "I don't know enough to make a judgment at this point."
While other Republican Senators considered possible swing votes on Kavanaugh—including Sens. Jeff Flake of Arizona and Lisa Murkowski of Alaska—have now expressed at least some support for a delay in Kavanaugh's vote until more is learned about the accusation or Ford is given a chance to testify before the Judiciary Committee, Collins suggested she needed more time to think. On whether the vote should be delayed, Collins was only willing to tell CNN she would "be talking with my colleagues, but I really don't have anything to add at this point."
Sen. Collins doesn’t “know enough at this point to make a judgment” on whether she believes the accuser or hearings should be postponed.
Vote her out! https://t.co/c4HVbuX1v0 — Kevin Geoghegan (@KevinGeoghegan4) September 17, 2018
Other lawmakers and women's rights groups, however, did not apparently need more information "to make a judgement" on what should be done now that Ford has come forward.
"We believe women and we believe Christine Blasey Ford," said Shaunna Thomas, executive director and co-founder of UltraViolet.
"Ford has demonstrated tremendous courage in coming forward," Thomas continued. "We will not sit by and let Republicans attempt to undermine and defame her. We will hold anyone who attempts to discredit Ford accountable, and we will demand that all Senators take her story with the seriousness that it deserves."
We @UltraViolet will hold anyone who attempts to discredit Ford accountable, and we will demand that all Senators take her story with the seriousness that it deserves. #StopKavanaugh #MeToo — Shaunna Thomas (@SLThomas) September 16, 2018
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Given the seriousness and credibility of Ford's accusations, she added, "Kavanaugh should withdraw his nomination immediately. Violence against women should have no place in our society and it certainly should have no place on the highest court in the nation."
Sen. Mazie Hirono (D-Calif) did not need more information to believe Ford's story or to make the judgement that a committee vote for Kavanaugh should be postponed:
It took a lot of courage for Christine Blasey Ford to come forward to share her story of sexual assault by Brett Kavanaugh. Her story is very credible and I believe her. — Senator Mazie Hirono (@maziehirono) September 16, 2018 This development is yet another reason not to rush Brett Kavanaugh’s nomination. The Committee should postpone this week’s vote. — Senator Mazie Hirono (@maziehirono) September 16, 2018
Toni Van Pelt, president of the National Organization for Women (NOW), agreed.
Her group, said Van Pelt, "is firm in our demand that Brett Kavanaugh withdraw his name from consideration for a seat on the Supreme Court."
"NOW respectfully demands that Brett Kavanaugh withdraw and if he doesn't, that the Committee and the full Senate rejects the nomination of this flawed nominee," she said. "Our nation simply must deal with bullying, dating, domestic violence, sexual harassment, misconduct, assault, and rape. And until we make sure our homes, schools, workplace, and communities are a safe haven, we will continue to have deaths and lifetime trauma on our hands. Enough is enough." |
Did You Know?
Trivia:
Goofs:
Factual errors: When Charley's mom's minivan was rear-ended after they had stopped, both of the van's front airbags deployed. Airbags are specifically designed NOT to deploy during a rear impact.See more »
Quotes:
[first lines] Announcer:Defy reason. Defy everything you know. A mind blowing experience of the occult and supernatural. Peter Vincent. A magical tour de force. Peter Vincent. Welcome to Fright Night. Onstage at the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.See more »
I had the grave misfortune of attending an early preview screening for
this piece of garbage. The audience I saw it with was less than
enthused as well. I credit them with having some actual taste. I must
disclose that I am a fan of the original film. In fact in the pantheon
of great vampire movies I feel that "Fright Night," stands tall as one
of the best ever. It's a very clever idea for a vampire film and the
original characters are a lot of fun. The original film is in many ways
a love letter to horror films and horror fans. The main character in
the original is a horror fan, his friends are horror fans and he
idolizes Peter Vincent who is the host of a late night horror movie
show. The film was post modern and gave the audience credit for having
some kind of prior knowledge. Now we are confronted with this brain
dead remake. It is hard to know where to begin in explaining how awful
this new film is.
We can start with the sad fact that the very essence of the original
characters, their arcs and their dynamics have been changed almost
completely. The main character, Charlie, is now a self-absorbed and
selfish jerk. Charlie treats his much more intelligent friend Ed like
human waste. Charlie has a hot girlfriend and is hanging out with a
much more popular crowd. Ed's intellect and peculiarities set him apart
so of course Charlie has to drop him as a friend. When a movie starts
off and your protagonist is a fake and hateful cretin it is a serious
problem.
Then there is the character of Evil Ed himself who is unfortunately
played by Christopher Mintz-Plasse. Mintz-Plasse has now given the
exact same tiresome performance in God knows how many movies. In the
original film Ed was a tragic character. In this one he is at best an
annoyance.
The main problem with the new characterizations lies in the
re-imagining of Peter Vincent. He is now a Las Vegas magician who
prances around like Russell Brand and almost seems like a complete
afterthought in the film. Vincent's arc in the original movie was
touching and central to the narrative's success. In this new
incarnation he hardly drives the film at all. Like every other poor
decision made by the filmmakers, the casting of David Tennant is merely
a stunt to draw the geek crowd in. He might as well not even be in the
picture.
Colin Farrell is not a disaster as Jerry Dandridge, but he is hardly a
success either. Chris Sarandon's portrayal was sly and full of little
touches that really sold the implicit threat of Dandridge. Farrell is a
very obvious actor and he gives a very obvious performance in this
movie. His character is really more of a serial killer/sexual predator
than a true master vampire. As the movie progresses he goes steadily
over the top and seems less and less threatening for doing so. By the
time he is chasing Charlie, Charlie's mom and Charlie's girlfriend on a
motorcycle he might as well be The Terminator. His supernatural
abilities rarely if ever come into play.
The film has zero atmosphere and barely comes to anything approaching
excitement. Product placement is rampant and so frequent that it
becomes hilarious. The fun, new-wave Gothic feel of the original film
has been replaced by a slick treatment more befitting a luxury car
commercial. There is no edge to this movie. The computer effects are
terrible and poorly rendered. The editing is desperate and the gotcha
moments are lame in the extreme. I was so bored watching it I resorted
to checking my watch every few minutes to see when the ordeal would be
over. If you are thinking about viewing this abomination I would
suggest streaming the original on Netflix or watching it for free on
Hulu. Your time would be better spent and you will not have wasted
thirty dollars or more on crappy, post-production 3D.
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NORM ORNSTEIN of the American Enterprise Institute quite literally wrote the book on congressional dysfunction. So it is profoundly depressing to see that he has now labelled the 112th Congress the worst one ever. More discouraging still, this is not a temporary problem brought about by transient phenomena such as the recent recession and the advent of the tea-party movement. It is the culmination of a long period of realignment in American politics, encompassing sharper ideological conflict between the parties, the extinction of the Boll Weevils and the Gypsy Moths, the simultaneous balkanisation of the mass media, the advent of the permanent campaign and a new way of thinking and operating on Capitol Hill. Moreover, it is going to become even worse:
Partisan and ideological conflict is inherent in democratic political systems, of course, and governing is often a messy process. But this level of dysfunction is not typical. And it is not going away in the near future. The 2012 elections are sure to bring very close margins in both houses of Congress, and even more ideological polarization; the redistricting process now underway in the House is targeting some of the last few Blue Dog Democrats in places like North Carolina and enhancing the role of primary elections on the Republican side, which will pull candidates and representatives even further to the right.
Early last year, when President Obama's health-insurance reform looked as if it had run into a brick wall on Capitol Hill, I made a somewhat heroic effort in The Economist to argue that American politics were not quite as paralysed as they looked. In the end, that piece argued,
the question of whether a country is governable turns on how much government you think it needs. America's founders injected suspicion of government not only into the constitution but also into the political DNA of its people. And even in the teeth of today's economic woes, at least as many Americans seem to think that what ails them is too much government, not too little.
But there was a kicker:
However much Americans say they want a small government, they seem wedded to the expensive benefits of the big one they actually have, such as Social Security, health care for the elderly and a strong national defence. With deficits running at $1 trillion a year, and in order to stay solvent, they will have at some point to cut spending, pay more taxes, or both. Last month the Senate blocked a proposal for a bipartisan commission on deficit reduction: the yeas outnumbered the nays by 53 to 46, but failed to reach a supermajority. Mr Obama is now creating a commission by executive order, but its powers are unclear. To balance the books, politicians have sometimes to do things the people themselves oppose—even in America. That will be the true test of whether the country is governable.
We are now, it seems to me, facing a real instance of that journalistic cliche: a moment of truth. And it's hard to feel optimistic. |
package com.github.instagram4j.instagram4j.responses.direct;
import com.github.instagram4j.instagram4j.models.direct.IGThread;
import com.github.instagram4j.instagram4j.responses.IGResponse;
import lombok.Data;
@Data
public class DirectThreadsResponse extends IGResponse {
private IGThread thread;
}
|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a metallic male terminal, and in particular, to a metallic male terminal of the type in which a plate member is folded (i.e. bent to be doubled by laying one part of it on the other part) to form a tongue-like mating contact portion as a male contact that mates with a metallic female terminal.
2. Description of the Related Art
A conventional metallic male terminal of such the type has been disclosed in Japanese Utility Model Application Laid-Open Publication No. 3-116572.
The conventional male terminal includes a terminal portion for termination of an electrical wiring and a male contact portion integral with the terminal portion.
The male contact portion is formed in a tongue-like configuration matable with a metallic female terminal, by folding a shaped plate member in a transverse direction of the male terminal, i.e. widthwise of the contact portion.
As the plate member is transversely folded, the conventional male terminal has undesirable burrs and edges left on a tip thereof, as they are formed in a pressshaping process.
In application to a connector, the male terminal with such burrs and edges is inserted to be set in a male terminal accommodation chamber of a female-type housing of the connector. In the insertion, the tip of the male contact portion tends to scratch a guiding inside of the accommodation chamber, giving flaws or injuries thereto. In the case of a water-proof connector, an injured sealing may cause a degraded water-proofness.
For a coupling of the connector, the male contact portion of the terminal set in the female-type housing is engaged with a male contact insertion hole at a front end of a male-type housing of the connector. Then, the male-type housing is inserted to the female-type housing, causing the contact portion of the male terminal to mate with a contact portion of a metallic female terminal set in the male-type housing.
In the coupling of the connector, burrs and edges on the tip of the male contact portion tend to be caught by or bound to a tapered guiding surface of the male contact insertion hole, thus constituting an obstruction to the coupling, resulting in a probable use of undue forces that may give damages to the male terminal and the female-type housing. |
An online hoax claims that former president Barack Obama has fled the United States due to some "criminal confirmations" discovered by President Donald Trump.
"Obama secretly flees U.S. - leaves stunning evidence behind," read the headline on March 22 on Viral Truth Wire, a website promoting sensationalized headlines.
Facebook users flagged the post as being potentially fabricated, as part of the social network’s efforts to combat misinformation.
The Viral Truth Wire story claimed Obama’s recent trip to New Zealand was because he wanted to go into hiding due to evidence that he has colluded with Russia and attempted to spy on Trump. The article noted the timing of the trip was also due to the firing of former FBI deputy director Andrew McCabe.
But Obama’s trip to New Zealand was already confirmed in late February, long before McCabe’s firing. Obama visited the country to meet with Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern and discuss topics such as climate change and social media’s impact on politics.
The article also claimed that Obama left a "trail of proof" through the presidential daily briefings inside the White House proving that he plotted with Russia to obstruct Trump amid the presidential decision.
The hero of the article is depicted as U.S. Rep. Devin Nunes, who compiled a memo that accused top FBI officials of alleged wrongdoing. It concluded that Nunes was the one who found that Obama’s presidential daily briefings included illegal Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA) activity and "spy games" targeting Trump. We found no evidence that Nunes has ever made such allegations against Obama.
In March 2017, Trump tweeted that Obama had wiretapped Trump Tower during the 2016 presidential campaign, an accusation that the heads of both the NSA and the FBI denied.
What actually happened is that the FBI and the Department of Justice put together an application to the FISA court that approves surveillance warrants pertaining to national security and foreign intelligence.
Obama himself, however, would have no role in authorizing or requesting wiretaps.
Our ruling
A hoax website claimed that Obama fled the country due to new evidence that he was involved with spying on Trump and responsible for colluding with Russia.
We found that Obama’s trip abroad to New Zealand was to speak about issues with the prime minister, and he was not involved with ordering any wiretaps to spy on Trump during the election.
We rate this claim Pants on Fire. |
<html>
<body>
<pre>
<h1>Build Log</h1>
<h3>
--------------------Configuration: ZipArchive - Win32 Debug--------------------
</h3>
<h3>Command Lines</h3>
Creating temporary file "C:\DOCUME~1\LEEBAM~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\RSP54.tmp" with contents
[
/nologo /MDd /W4 /Gm /GX /ZI /Od /D "WIN32" /D "_DEBUG" /D "_WINDOWS" /D "_AFXDLL" /D "_MBCS" /D "ZLIB_DLL" /Fr"Debug/" /Fp"Debug/ZipArchive.pch" /Yu"stdafx.h" /Fo"Debug/" /Fd"Debug/" /FD /GZ /c
"D:\_CODING\Dark Basic Pro Shared\Projects\Expansion Packs\Enhancements\Code\zip\ZipCentralDir.cpp"
]
Creating command line "cl.exe @C:\DOCUME~1\LEEBAM~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\RSP54.tmp"
Creating temporary file "C:\DOCUME~1\LEEBAM~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\RSP55.tmp" with contents
[
/nologo /out:"Debug\ZipArchive.lib"
".\Debug\StdAfx.obj"
".\Debug\ZipArchive.obj"
".\Debug\ZipAutoBuffer.obj"
".\Debug\ZipBigFile.obj"
".\Debug\ZipCentralDir.obj"
".\Debug\ZipException.obj"
".\Debug\ZipFileHeader.obj"
".\Debug\ZipInternalInfo.obj"
".\Debug\ZipStorage.obj"
".\zlib.lib"
]
Creating command line "link.exe -lib @C:\DOCUME~1\LEEBAM~1\LOCALS~1\Temp\RSP55.tmp"
<h3>Output Window</h3>
Compiling...
ZipCentralDir.cpp
D:\_CODING\Dark Basic Pro Shared\Projects\Expansion Packs\Enhancements\Code\zip\ZipCentralDir.cpp(232) : error C2440: 'return' : cannot convert from 'void' to 'bool'
Expressions of type void cannot be converted to other types
D:\_CODING\Dark Basic Pro Shared\Projects\Expansion Packs\Enhancements\Code\zip\ZipCentralDir.cpp(242) : error C2440: 'return' : cannot convert from 'void' to 'bool'
Expressions of type void cannot be converted to other types
Error executing cl.exe.
<h3>Results</h3>
ZipArchive.lib - 2 error(s), 0 warning(s)
</pre>
</body>
</html>
|
Rotary hearth furnaces for the heating of particulate material in controlled atmospheres are well known and are described in Kemmerer, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,470,068 of Sept. 30, 1969 and Oleszko, U.S. Pat. No. 3,652,426 of Mar. 28, 1972. A stationary hearth rotary roof furnace for that purpose is disclosed in Johnson, et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,669,977 of June 2, 1987. A disadvantage of both types of furnace where the atmosphere must be controlled is the requirement of a seal between the hearth and furnace chamber or between the roof and furnace chamber. Hearth diameters of 25 feet are not uncommon and the extent of the seal required for such furnaces limits the sealing material to a granular substance such as sand or to a liquid, generally water. A liquid seal can be made quite effective; however, water reacts with some of the gases evolved when coal is heated under controlled conditions. The rotary hearth of our invention is totally enclosed and sealed, whereby conventional peripheral wall or roof seals are eliminated. |
Q:
App can not be opened because it is from an unidentified developer
Question:
Please note before reading this that: "Tell them to go to System preferences > Security & privacy and allow 3rd party applications to run. Is not an acceptable solve for this issue.
I have created an .app That has been signed with a valid Mac Developer certificate. Yet downloading it from the internet & running still throws the security prompt:
App can't be opened because it is from an unidentified developer
This is the codesign -vvv terminal dump for the .app:
Executable=/Users/me/Desktop/ADRA.app/Contents/MacOS/ADRA
Identifier=unity.Company.ADRA NSW 2016
Format=app bundle with Mach-O thin (i386)
CodeDirectory v=20200 size=178145 flags=0x0(none) hashes=5561+3 location=embedded
Hash type=sha256 size=32
CandidateCDHash sha1=79ecf88721d6387749c1f6b10355c3683ef20eb2
CandidateCDHash sha256=0799e968a18a663a0c08d26d3fb7826017ce5a3a
Hash choices=sha1,sha256
CDHash=0799e968a18a663a0c08d26d3fb7826017ce5a3a
Signature size=4739
Authority=3rd Party Mac Developer Application: Company Pty Ltd (NH73TNDB28)
Authority=Apple Worldwide Developer Relations Certification Authority
Authority=Apple Root CA
Signed Time=20 Apr 2017, 2:46:12 PM
Info.plist entries=14
TeamIdentifier=NH73TNDB28
Sealed Resources version=2 rules=12 files=138
Internal requirements count=1 size=224
I don't understand why this does not pass Gatekeeper? Is there something missing? Does Apple require further payments / bribes or something?
Update 1:
@TheDarkKnight has suggested that I am using the incorrect certificate to sign the .app. Looks as though they are correct, so I went to create a new Developer ID Application certificate but apparently because I am not an 'Agent' in the group account, so I now have to wait until the 'Agent' creates one for me - seems backwards, is there no other way around waiting for the 'Agent' to make this for me?
(in Xcode) If the "Developer ID" radio button is greyed out you probably have a group account. These types of accounts only allow for the "Agent" role to create Developer IDs. Contact the person who created your group Apple Developer Account if you get stuck here.
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Signing_Mozilla_apps_for_Mac_OS_X
Update 2:
So I finally got my new cert today, re-signed the .app, downloaded it from the server ran and STILL GOT THE ERROR MESSAGE. The authority seems to be correct now:
Executable=/Users/me/Downloads/ADRA.app/Contents/MacOS/ADRA
Identifier=com.company.adra
Format=app bundle with Mach-O thin (i386)
CodeDirectory v=20200 size=178133 flags=0x0(none) hashes=5561+3 location=embedded
Library validation warning=OS X SDK version before 10.9 does not support Library Validation
OSPlatform=36
OSSDKVersion=657408
OSVersionMin=656896
Hash type=sha256 size=32
CandidateCDHash sha1=90d2a54162d6d018bf4f7602d7707c8e8e522fc6
CandidateCDHash sha256=dadfe5203d1367ea776f9501025dbd4ce751ee30
Hash choices=sha1,sha256
Page size=4096
CDHash=dadfe5203d1367ea776f9501025dbd4ce751ee30
Signature size=8930
Authority=Developer ID Application: Company Pty Ltd (NH73TNDB28)
Authority=Developer ID Certification Authority
Authority=Apple Root CA
Timestamp=10 May 2017, 3:36:51 pm
Info.plist entries=14
TeamIdentifier=NH73TNDB28
Sealed Resources version=2 rules=12 files=138
Internal requirements count=1 size=184
I am only signing the .app is there anything else that I have to do to make this work? Is there a time period I have to wait before this will work?
A:
Apple supply different certificates for different purposes.
If you look at a signature for an app downloaded from the App Store, you'll see that they usually contain the Common Name: Apple Mac OS Application Signing, as Apple re-sign applications that they distribute through the store.
For 3rd party developers that distribute via alternative streams, their Application certificates usually have a Common Name that begins with: "Developer ID Application...".
Note that other 3rd party certificates are available, such as an Installer certificate for signing installer packages, whose Common Name begins with "Developer ID Installer...".
The privilege of being able to sign a product with a certificate must be limited and tightly controlled.
Should a copy of your certificate be leaked, it can be used for nefarious purposes, such as distribution of malware, as was the case with KeRanger, which infected the Transmission BitTorrent application.
If you suspect a leaked certificate that you own, you need to revoke it, which can be initiated from your Apple Developer account.
So, Apple limits the creation of certificates to the Agent, as there can be only one registered with an Apple Developer account and is the person who has legally agreed to take responsibility for it.
|
Q:
Print data.frame with column names with spaces
My dataframe looks like this:
sum <- data.frame(
"default LS" = rnorm(3),
"fit LS" = rnorm(3),
"gradient dMNLL/dLS" = rnorm(3)
)
Now, the spaces got converted to . (dots), for syntax reasons:
default.LS fit.LS gradient.dMNLL.dLS
1 0.1157615 0.06711939 1.5897061
2 1.1819154 1.11368192 -0.1730422
3 0.1531863 -0.63845188 0.6946397
I don't mind in the code, but for presentation purposes, I would like to print it with spaces.
Is there a way to print the data.frame with spaces?
Is there a way to print data.frame with custom column names?
A:
Posting the solution mentioned by @Roland also for others as an answer:
Use check.names = FALSE when creating the data.frame:
sum <- data.frame(
"default LS" = rnorm(3),
"fit LS" = rnorm(3),
"gradient dMNLL/dLS" = rnorm(3),
check.names = FALSE
)
But that makes working with this data.frame a nuisance because you need syntax like sum$"fit LS". Better to do:
names(sum) <- gsub(".", " ", names(sum), fixed = TRUE)
right before printing.
|
Q:
Language sensitive italicized quotation with csquotes
In what follows:
\documentclass[fontsize=11pt]{book}
\usepackage{microtype}
\usepackage{times}
\usepackage{csquotes}
\usepackage[frenchb]{babel}
\frenchbsetup{IndentFirst=false}
\begin{document}
text in French \foreignblockquote{english}[][.]{quotation in English} text in French text \blockquote[][.]{quotation in French}
\end{document}
I would like to have the quotation in English italicized. It is obviously possible to use \renewcommand{\mkblockquote}[4]{\emph{#1}#2#4#3} but it will affect all the block-like quotations. I had a quick look in the csquotes.sty file but it is too complicated for me. I also had a look at the conditional statements available in the package but none are language-related.
A:
In both \mktextquote and \mkblockquote, add
\iflanguage{english}{\itshape}{}
at the appropriate position. (\iflanguage is a babel conditional.)
\documentclass[fontsize=11pt]{book}
\usepackage[frenchb]{babel}
\usepackage{csquotes}
\renewcommand{\mktextquote}[6]{%
#1%
\iflanguage{english}{\itshape}{}% ADDED
#2#4#3#6#5%
}
\renewcommand{\mkblockquote}[4]{%
\iflanguage{english}{\itshape}{}% ADDED
#1#2#4#3%
}
\begin{document}
text in French
\foreignblockquote{english}[][.]{quotation in English}
text in French
\blockquote[][.]{quotation in French}
text in French
\foreignblockquote{english}[][.]{quotation \\in \\English}
text in French
\blockquote[][.]{quotation \\in \\French}
text in French
\end{document}
|
Child Molesting Defense
Defense cases involving child molesting or abuse, or allegations of sexual crimes whether they are allegations of Rape, Child Molesting, Sexual Misconduct with a Minor, Failure to Register as a Sex Offender, are very difficult to face.
Often, the mere allegation causes you to lose a job, as people assume you are guilty.
Very often, these cases can be settled short of a trial. If the proper lawyer is contacted early enough, the case may be dismissed even before filing. If charges are filed against you, it may stay permanently on your criminal history no matter if you were later found not guilty, or the case was dismissed.
The allegations of a child, filtered through an adult who has an agenda can very well result in criminal charges, an extremely high bond, loss of a job, and, if you are a resident alien, possible deportation.
My office has gained “not guilty” verdicts for sexual crimes like child molestation in counties not limited to Hamilton, Marion, and Vigo. In addition, through hard work and adequate preparation, my office has obtained pleas to lesser non-sexual charges.
Frequently, allegations of child molestation are made as a result of anger, revenge, jealousy, or as leverage in a child custody case. It is awful but true. With the right criminal defense attorney, your chances improve of staying with your family and avoiding becoming a registered sex offender.
But let me be clear. The outcome of these cases can affect the quality of the rest of your life more than any other case.
By law, if you are convicted of a number of sexual or violent crimes you will have to register both your home and your employment for a period from ten years to life. This registration can make it difficult to find a job, and the residency requirements regarding where convicted sex offenders can live make avoiding a conviction crucial.
In addition, some parole and probation officers will often find a technical violation in order to send you back to prison. This reduces their case load.
To understand how a charge of child molestation would apply to your situation, call my office or contact me through forms to set up a free evaluation of your case.
Search for:
Archives
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THIS WEBSITE IS AN ADVERTISEMENT OF SERVICES. This site is designed for general information only. The information presented should not be construed as formal legal advice nor the formation of a lawyer/client relationship. |
The present invention relates generally to sensor construction and use in communication systems and, in an embodiment described herein, more particularly provides a hydrophone for use in a downhole tool.
Many applications exist for hydrophones and other pressure pulse sensors. For example, in the downhole environment, a hydrophone may be used in a tool to receive signals transmitted as pressure pulses from the surface, a sensor may monitor seismic signals that create pressure waves in a wellbore, a drill string may include a sensor to monitor hydrostatic pressure waves during drilling, etc. Of course, applications exist in other environments as well.
Unfortunately, conventional hydrophones and other pressure sensors are typically somewhat fragile, do not respond well to low frequency pressure waves and are sensitive to movement of the tools carrying the sensors. The fragility and tool movement sensitivity problems are undesirable in any environment, but are particularly detrimental in the downhole environment where tool movement, shock and vibration, temperature extremes, etc. are common. Additionally, where a pressure sensor is used in a downhole signal transmission system, the lack of low frequency response is very undesirable since it is known that pressure pulses are attenuated far less at low frequencies and, therefore, low frequency signals may be transmitted greater distances. Thus, it would be a significant improvement in the art to provide a pressure sensor that is robust, is insensitive to movement of the tool carrying the sensor, and which has enhanced low frequency response.
Hydrophones used in downhole tools are usually each contained in a fluid-filled chamber, which is isolated from well fluids by a floating piston. Well fluids are typically conductive and sometimes corrosive, acidic, or otherwise harmful to sensors, and so the floating piston is used to separate the well fluids from the hydrophone sensor. The fluid contained in the chamber about the sensor is typically an inert oil, such as silicone oil.
This configuration, wherein a floating piston separates well fluids from oil in the sensor chamber, has several drawbacks. Maintenance of the sensor is inconvenient, since the chamber must be filled with the oil and evacuated of air each time the sensor is disturbed. There is a requirement that the special oil be available each time the sensor is serviced. Additionally, the floating piston must displace to transmit a pressure pulse thereacross and may hinder the detection of low frequency pressure pulses by the sensor, due to the mass of the piston and the friction between its seals and the bore in which it reciprocates.
Therefore, it may be seen that it would be very desirable to provide an improved and more convenient method of isolating a sensor from well fluids. Furthermore, it would be very desirable to enhance the low frequency response of a pressure sensor while obtaining the improved isolation from well fluids.
In carrying out the principles of the present invention, in accordance with an embodiment thereof, a hydrophone is provided which includes multiple piezoelectric crystals arranged in a stack. Methods associated with improved pressure sensors are also provided.
In one aspect of the present invention, a pressure pulse sensor is provided which includes at least one lead titanate piezoelectric crystal. The crystal is sensitive to axial forces applied thereto, but is relatively insensitive to lateral forces. The crystal is, therefore, insensitive to lateral accelerations of the fixture or tool holding the sensor. Preferably, the crystal is generally disc-shaped.
In another aspect of the present invention, a stack of piezoelectric crystals are used in a pressure pulse sensor. The crystals may be axially aligned and may be adhered to each other to thereby permit transmission of tensile forces therebetween. Acceleration of a tool in which the sensor is carried will preferably create tension in one portion of the crystal stack and compression in another portion of the stack, when the acceleration is along the axis of the stack. In this manner, the output of the crystals in tension due to the acceleration will cancel the output of the crystals in compression due to the acceleration, thereby eliminating any contribution of the tool movement to the sensor output.
In a further aspect of the present invention, the stack of piezoelectric crystals are mounted to a tool so that acceleration of the tool along an axis of the stack produces compressive forces in one portion of the stack and tensile forces in another portion of the stack. In several described embodiments, a mounting portion of the sensor is aligned with a center of mass of the crystal stack. When the center of mass of the crystal stack is accelerated along the stack axis by the mounting portion, one portion of the stack is in compression and another portion of the stack is in tension.
In yet another aspect of the present invention, a membrane may be used to isolate one or more piezoelectric crystals of a sensor from fluid surrounding the sensor. Preferably, the crystals are in direct contact with the membrane and the membrane completely encloses the crystals. The membrane does, however, permit transmission of fluid pressure pulses from the fluid to the crystals.
In still another aspect of the present invention, a membrane enclosing one or more piezoelectric crystals of a sensor is sealed to a bulkhead. At least one conductor extends outwardly from the crystals, through the membrane and into the bulkhead. The membrane may apply a compressive force to the bulkhead at a circuitous path formed on the bulkhead. Additionally, the membrane may extend into a passage formed in the bulkhead through which the conductor extends, and the membrane may be mixed with an insulating substance in the passage.
These and other features, advantages, benefits and objects of the present invention will become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art upon careful consideration of the detailed description of representative embodiments of the invention hereinbelow and the accompanying drawings. |
193 B.R. 152 (1996)
In re DONALD SHELDON & CO., INC., Debtor.
Don L. HORWITZ, Trustee for the Liquidation of Donald Sheldon & Co., Inc., Plaintiff,
v.
Donald SHELDON, Defendant.
Bankruptcy No. 85-6538 (AJG). Adv. No. 89-6256(AJG).
United States Bankruptcy Court, S.D. New York.
February 16, 1996.
*153 *154 Goldman & Hafetz (Lawrence S. Goldman, Anastasia G. Margaris, of counsel), New York City, for Donald Sheldon.
Kaye, Scholer, Fierman, Hays & Handler (Jay Strum, John W. Schryber, Ross D. Cooper, of counsel), New York City, for Trustee.
Memorandum Decision on Waiver of Fifth Amendment Privilege
ARTHUR J. GONZALEZ, Bankruptcy Judge.
INTRODUCTION
Donald Sheldon is the principal and founder of Donald Sheldon & Co., Inc. (the "Debtor"), a securities brokerage house, which filed for Securities Investor Protection Act ("SIPA") liquidation in 1985. See Federal Insurance Co. v. Horwitz (In re Donald Sheldon & Co., Inc.), 150 B.R. 314, 315 (S.D.N.Y.1993). In 1989 Don L. Horwitz, the District Court appointed Trustee (the "Trustee"[1]) *155 of the Debtor, sued Mr. Sheldon for losses totaling approximately $14 million that ensued from the Debtor's failure. Id. at 315-16. Following a jury trial before the Honorable Francis G. Conrad, Mr. Sheldon was found liable to the Debtor's estate for approximately $10 million, plus interest and costs (the "Judgment"). Id. Mr. Sheldon moved for a stay of the execution of the Trustee's Judgment without posting the necessary supersedeas bond. (Horwitz v. Sheldon, 93 Civ. 4209(RO), Endorsed Memorandum 9/28/93.) Judge Conrad denied the foregoing motion and the Honorable Richard Owen denied Mr. Sheldon's interlocutory appeal for a stay. (Id.) Thereafter, the Trustee scheduled a deposition[2] of Mr. Sheldon to ascertain the whereabouts of any assets Mr. Sheldon possessed to satisfy the Judgment. Mr. Sheldon failed to appear for the deposition.
FACTS
Contempt Proceedings
Judge Conrad issued a Contempt Order finding Mr. Sheldon in contempt of court for failing to provide testimony and documents regarding his assets which this Court ordered him to produce on March 15, 1993 and May 19, 1993. (Conrad Contempt Order, 7/29/93). The Contempt Order provided that Mr. Sheldon's contempt would not be purged until he had completed the deposition.
Further, the Contempt Order provided for the issuance of a Body Execution Warrant, which ordered the United States Marshal "to seize the person of Donald T. Sheldon." Mr. Sheldon did not appeal the Contempt Order.
On or about November 9, 1995, this Court entered an Amended Body Execution Warrant ordering the seizure of Mr. Sheldon "for his contempt of this Court's orders of March 15, 1993 and May 19, 1993, directing that he provide discovery of the location and amounts of his assets."
Pursuant to the amended warrant, the U.S. Marshals arrested Mr. Sheldon on Friday, November 10, 1995, and held him in confinement over the weekend.
Chronology of Donald Sheldon's Deposition
On Monday, November 13, 1995, before the commencement of the deposition, the Court[3] advised Mr. Sheldon that the Court and the Trustee could wait until counsel arrived to represent him before commencing the deposition. (Tr. 11/13/95 at 3, 11:00 a.m.) Mr. Sheldon indicated he could not afford an attorney, stating, "I have no money to buy an attorney." (Id.) The Court informed Mr. Sheldon that if he could establish he were indigent, a court appointed attorney could be provided for bail purposes. (Id.) The Court also informed Mr. Sheldon that because he was there for an examination in a civil proceeding, the government was not obligated to provide him with counsel. (Id. at 3-4.) Mr. Sheldon stated in Court his willingness to cooperate and proceed with the deposition.
The last request I made of an attorney was to contact [the Trustee] and negotiate a settlement. That was never done. I have no idea what [the Trustee] has in mind, but I don't really care. Whatever [he] has in mind, I am perfectly willing to do.
(Id. at 4.)
The Court directed the deposition to proceed and continue until its completion pursuant to orders issued by this Court and Judge Conrad. (Id. at 4.) The Court also advised the parties that it was available to resolve any discovery disputes. (Id. at 5.)
Thereafter, the Trustee sought the Court's intervention regarding a discovery issue concerning alleged evasive responses. (Tr. 11/13/95 at 3-4, 4:00 p.m.) After listening to a number of the questions posed and responses given during the deposition, without ruling whether Mr. Sheldon was evasive in the deposition, the Court admonished Mr. *156 Sheldon and urged him to return to the deposition and that he was "required to give as much information, specific and detailed, as [he reasonably had]." (Id. at 3-6.) The Court informed Mr. Sheldon that he had the right to invoke the Fifth Amendment privilege. (Id. at 6.) However, if he chose to, he was required to indicate the basis for the privilege. (Id.) In addition, Mr. Sheldon admitted that he was hiding from the Trustee for the past two and a half years. (Id. at 9-11.) Further, Mr. Sheldon stated:
Your Honor, this case is ten years old. My wife, my friends, my family have been harassed. I have no money....
Your Honor, I have told you the first thing this morning, I am willing to do whatever these gentlemen want to settle this matter. I want it [referring to the case] out of my life now, I can't take any more of this.
(Id. at 5.) The Court ordered the examination to proceed forthwith.
That evening the Court's intervention was requested again. This Court began the proceeding by inquiring whether Mr. Sheldon was again declining the opportunity to retain counsel. (Tr. 11/13/95 at 3, 7:30 p.m.) This time, Mr. Sheldon indicated he was attempting to retain counsel. (Id.) This Court recommended that Mr. Sheldon continue his efforts in obtaining counsel. (Id. at 4.) This Court advised Mr. Sheldon that because he admitted that he had been a fugitive from this Court's order for the past two and one half years, the Court could not be assured of his return to complete the deposition and therefore ordered that Mr. Sheldon continue in the Marshal's custody. (Id. at 8.) This Court adjourned the deposition until the following morning. (Id.)
On November 14, 1995, Mr. Sheldon requested additional time to retain counsel. (Tr. 11/14/95 at 4, 10:40 a.m.) Again, this Court indicated that it supported Mr. Sheldon's decision to retain counsel but made clear that because Mr. Sheldon was a "flight" risk, he would have to stay in custody. (Id. at 4-8.) This Court adjourned the deposition to November 20, 1995 but advised Mr. Sheldon that if he were to retain counsel earlier and wished to advance the date for the deposition or set a hearing, the Court was readily available to entertain that request. (Id. at 8.)
On November 20, 1995, Mr. Sheldon informed the Court that he needed additional time to retain counsel; that counsel had been contacted and would be provided a retainer on November 21, 1995; however, counsel would not commence representation until the retainer check had "cleared." (Tr. 11/20/95 at 9-11, 10:52 a.m.) The deposition was adjourned until November 27, 1995 and Mr. Sheldon's custody continued. (Id. at 11-12.) This Court informed the parties that it would be unavailable on November 27, 1995 and had arranged for Judge Gallet to handle the matter on the 27th. (Id. at 12.)
On November 27, 1995, Mrs. Sheldon, speaking on behalf of Mr. Sheldon and herself, advised the Court that the checks (referring to the retainer checks issued to the Sheldons' respective proposed counsel) had not yet cleared and requested another adjournment. (Tr. 11/27/95 at 7.) Judge Gallet rescheduled Mr. Sheldon's appearance for December 6, 1995 at 9:30 a.m. (Id.) The custody order was continued. (Id. at 9.)
On December 6, 1995, the deposition continued. (Tr. 12/6/95 at 23-24, 9:30 a.m.) Mr. Sheldon, now represented by counsel, invoked the Fifth Amendment approximately one hundred times and the spousal privilege ten times. Following the deposition, a hearing was held before this Court during which Mr. Sheldon's counsel argued that Mr. Sheldon had answered all the questions posed at the deposition either directly or by claiming a privilege. (Id. at 109-118.) Further, even if the Court found that the deposition were not complete, Mr. Sheldon should be released because there was no longer any threat that he may flee because "[Mr. Sheldon] is totally a different person today than he was at the last deposition[,]" and "He has learned what has happened. He certainly learned if he does not appear as required, probably a lot worse is going to happen to him." (Id. at 131, 134.) Mr. Sheldon's counsel moved the Court to release Mr. Sheldon with "conditions." (Id. at 132.) The Trustee argued that the deposition was not completed because Mr. Sheldon did not properly assert the Fifth Amendment and spousal privileges, *157 and further, the deposition should not be deemed as completed until the document production pursuant to the same subpoena was satisfied. (Id. at 108.) In addition, the Trustee argued that he did not believe that adequate assurances were presented by Mr. Sheldon's counsel that would ensure Mr. Sheldon's return for continued proceedings. (Id. at 135-136.) Mr. Sheldon's counsel disagreed with the position of the Trustee regarding the Fifth Amendment and spousal privileges and stated that Mr. Sheldon needed to be released in order to complete the document production.
This Court ruled that even if a basis were established for the assertion of the Fifth Amendment privilege regarding the questions posed, the Court still had to determine whether there had been a waiver of the Fifth Amendment and whether the spousal privilege was properly asserted. (Id. at 138.) Therefore, the deposition was not completed and the issue to be resolved was whether Mr. Sheldon should remain in custody to assure his continued appearance at the deposition. (Id. at 144-150.) Inasmuch as counsel had not provided adequate assurance of Mr. Sheldon's continued appearance, the Court ordered that Mr. Sheldon was to remain in custody. (Id.) Argument was set for the next day, December 7, 1995, with respect to the continued custody issues. (Id. at 150-151.) Also, an in camera hearing was scheduled for December 7th to afford counsel for Mr. Sheldon an opportunity to establish the basis for the assertion of Mr. Sheldon's Fifth Amendment privilege. (Id.)
Following the in camera hearing on December 7, 1995, the Court found that a prima facie case had been made with respect to many of the questions to which the Fifth Amendment privilege was asserted. (Tr. 12/7/95 at 5.) However, the issue of the waiver of the Fifth Amendment and whether the spousal privilege was properly asserted still had to be decided by the Court. (Id. at 5-8.) Regarding the issue of Mr. Sheldon's release, his counsel stated that he was unable to put a "bail package" together. (Id. at 11-12.) Mr. Sheldon's counsel again moved for the release of Mr. Sheldon. (Id. at 18-19.) This Court directed counsel to "come up with some way to ensure that Mr. Sheldon will be here Monday, beyond what [Mr. Sheldon's counsel] proposed." (Id. at 43-44.) This Court suggested that counsel consider Title 18 and propose a creative way of assuring Mr. Sheldon's appearance on Monday, December 11, 1995, if he were released. (Id. at 44.) The hearing was adjourned to December 8, 1995. (Id. at 43.)
On December 8, 1995, counsel for Mr. Sheldon telephoned the Court's chambers to request an adjournment of the hearing set for that date. Counsel indicated that he had been informed the night before by the U.S. Attorney's Office for the Southern District of New York that a warrant had been issued by Southern District of New York Magistrate Judge James C. Francis IV for the arrest of Mr. Sheldon for violation of 18 U.S.C. § 401(3).[4] The warrant was issued for criminal contempt based on Mr. Sheldon's failure to comply with Judge Francis G. Conrad's March 15, 1993 Order. Counsel noted there was no reason to appear with respect to a bail package because even if Mr. Sheldon were released by order of the bankruptcy court, Mr. Sheldon would immediately be taken into custody based on the aforementioned warrant.
On December 11, 1995, this Court found that the issuance of the warrant by the Magistrate Judge provided it with assurance that Mr. Sheldon would attend future hearings regarding the deposition and, if necessary, its resumption. (Tr. 12/11/95 at 13-14.) Accordingly, *158 this Court directed the Marshals to process Mr. Sheldon's release. (Id. at 14-15.) The parties were directed to attend a hearing on December 18, 1995 for rulings on the spousal privilege and Fifth Amendment privilege. (Id. at 12, 14, 47.) The hearing was subsequently adjourned a number of times.
Commencement of Donald Sheldon's Deposition
Mr. Sheldon's deposition was commenced on November 13, 1995, pursuant to Judge Conrad's Contempt Order. As previously indicated, Mr. Sheldon was not represented by counsel during the November 13, 1995 portion of the deposition. Before the commencement of Mr. Sheldon's deposition, Judge Gallet stated that the Court could wait for counsel to represent him and asked if he "wish[ed] to contact an attorney." (Tr. 11/13/95 at 3, 11:00 a.m.) Mr. Sheldon declined the Court's offer by stating "I have no money to buy an attorney" and decided to proceed with his deposition. (Id.) Judge Gallet also apprised Mr. Sheldon of his Fifth Amendment privilege against self incrimination. (Tr. 11/13/95 at 6, 4:00 p.m.)
At the commencement of the deposition, the Trustee asked Mr. Sheldon, where he lived; Mr. Sheldon responded "I live wherever I am, Jay [referring to Mr. Strum]." (Deposition Tr. 11/13/95 at 3, 11:10 a.m.) Mr. Sheldon was asked who paid for the motels that he had stayed in and his answer was that his wife paid for all the expenses. (Id. at 11, 17, 64-65, 93.) Mr. Sheldon was then asked how his wife paid for the motel bills and his response was "I have no idea." (Id. at 11.) Mr. Sheldon was asked whether his wife had any income or provided services to any one in 1995, 1994, and 1993 and what her source of income was. (Id. at 15-16.) Mr. Sheldon's responses to these questions were "I don't know" or "I don't recall." (Id.) Mr. Sheldon was asked the same questions whether he had any income in 1995, 1994, and 1993 and he responded in the same manner. (Id.) Mr. Sheldon was asked "What do you live on?" to which he responded "Air." (Id. at 16.)
Mr. Sheldon admitted to owning Bond Information Services, Inc. ["BIS"] (Id. at 19.) and Malvern Enterprises. (Id. at 32.) Mr. Sheldon was asked if he caused an invoice [dated January 10, 1995, in the amount of $3,600] "for services rendered" to be sent to Frank Henjes & Co., Inc. and whether Frank Henjes paid BIS or some other entity. (Id. at 20-21.) Mr. Sheldon was also asked if he rendered services to Frank Henjes & Co., Inc. that would have resulted in a bill being sent to Frank Henjes. (Id. at 22.) Mr. Sheldon answered these questions and subsequent questions related to the invoices and services rendered in a evasive manner such as "not to my recollection;" "I don't recall;" and "I don't know." (Id. at 21-22.)
Mr. Sheldon was first asked if he had ever heard of an entity known as Ocean Enterprises. (Id. at 23.) His answer was "I don't recall." (Id.) He was subsequently asked if he ever instructed Mr. Henjes to pay the invoices by wiring money into the account of Ocean Enterprises located at the Barnett Bank of Broward County Florida. (Id. at 24.) He answered "You know, I might have, but I don't recall for sure." (Id.) He was also asked that if he did not know anything about Ocean Enterprises, why he would have requested that money be wired to it. (Id.) His answer again was "I don't know." (Id.)
Mr. Sheldon was asked if in fact Ocean Enterprises was a sole proprietorship owned by his wife. (Id. at 25.) His answer was "I don't know" and subsequently he answered "No. It might be, but I just don't know for sure." (Id.) He was asked why he thought his wife owned Ocean Enterprises to which he also answered "I don't know." (Id.)
Exhibit 3 of Mr. Sheldon's deposition consisted of three-pages. The first was a copy of an envelope with the name Don written on it with some other writing, and the rest of it consisted of a copy of a letter that began with "Dear Don" and ended with "Love, Linda." [Mrs. Sheldon's first name is Linda.] (Id. at 37.)
Mr. Sheldon was asked if he had seen this before, and his response was "Jay, I don't know. I just don't recall seeing it, no. I might have. I don't know." (Id. at 37-38.) Mr. Sheldon was asked whether he recognized the handwriting and his response was *159 "Jay, I don't recognize handwriting, period." (Id. at 38.) Mr. Sheldon was then asked questions about the contents of the letter. Mr. Sheldon was asked if he knew the identity of the person referred to as Terri in the letter. (Id. at 39.) In response he stated "I guess, and I am only guessing, that is a reference to my daughter Theresa." (Id. at 40.) He was asked why his wife was asking whether Chubb [one of the insurance carriers of Mr. Sheldon's Officer and Director liability policy] knew anything about his assets to which he stated "I have no idea." (Id. at 40.) Mr. Sheldon was asked if he ever discussed with his wife what Chubb may have known about Bond Information Services or Malvern to which he responded "Jay, I may have, but I don't recall." (Id.) Mr. Sheldon was asked if Kaye Scholer [referring to Trustee's counsel] made a motion to dismiss any appeal of his to which he answered "I don't know. I just don't recall. I just have no idea." (Id.) The Trustee quoted the following statement from the letter: "And what do they know and what do we need to do to protect them [presumably referring to assets] if they know anything?" (Id. at 42.) Mr. Sheldon was asked if he ever discussed with his wife what they needed to do to protect his assets if Chubb knew anything about his assets to which he responded "Not that I recall." (Id. at 42-43.) The Trustee also read the following statement from the letter to Mr. Sheldon: "I'll overnight a copy of Kaye Scholer['s] motion to dismiss your appeal to Jim." (Id. at 41.) Mr. Sheldon was then asked if he ever discussed an appeal with Jim Frehter from Stroock & Stroock & Lavan to which he answered "Yes, sir, I did." (Id. at 42.) Mr. Sheldon was asked if he thought his wife wrote the letter to which he stated "I have no idea." (Id. at 43.)
After a recess was taken, Mr. Sheldon was asked if he paid any expenses; he answered "No." (Id. at 65.) He was then asked why and he responded that he did not have any money. (Id.) The next question was "But your wife does?" to which Mr. Sheldon just stated that she pays the bills. (Id.) The Trustee then inquired whether Mr. Sheldon's wife had money; and Mr. Sheldon's response was "I don't know. I assume she must have some money. She pays the bills." (Id. at 65-66.) He was asked if he had any individual or joint bank accounts; he answered "No." (Id. at 71-72.) He was also asked whether his wife had any individual or joint bank accounts; Mr. Sheldon responded in the negative and added "Only what you [Mr. Strum] have told me today, something about Barnett Bank." (Id. at 72-73.) He was asked if he had closed any bank accounts since August of 1993 to which he responded "Not that I recall." (Id. at 73.) He was subsequently asked if he knew of any accounts that his wife has closed since August of 1993, to which he stated "I have no idea." (Id.) He was again asked if he closed any accounts since July of 1992 and he answered "I don't know" or "not that I recall." (Id.)
Mr. Sheldon was asked if he ever discussed his wife's financial affairs with her to which he stated "Not really, no, sir." (Id. at 76.) He was asked how his wife managed to cover their expenses to which he answered "I really don't discuss financial matters with my wife." (Id. at 93.) He was asked whether he knew if his wife provided services recently and his answer was "I'm afraid, Jay, you would have to discuss that with her. She doesn't discuss her professional business with me." (Id. at 97.)
Mr. Sheldon was again asked about Ocean Enterprises' business. (Id. at 69.) This time, his answer was "It's my wife's company. You will have to ask her. I don't know." (Id.) Mr. Sheldon was asked if Ocean Enterprises had any bank accounts to which he answered "I don't know. You [referring to Mr. Strum] indicated there was a bank account in Ocean Enterprises' name in Barnett Bank, but that's my only knowledge of that." (Id. at 74.)
Mr. Sheldon made the following responses to many questions posed by the Trustee: "You [referring to the Trustee] have two parts to the question. You have asked a compound question, so I will give a compound answer." (Id. at 49.) "I answered the question. (Id. at 24, 31, 33, 38, 39.) I have put it in the record. That's all that I will say." (Id. at 24-25.) and stating the question had been "asked and answered." (Id. at 31, 55, 66, 67, 68, 69, 83, 88, 93, 94, 98, 99, 105, *160 108, 110, 111.) Toward the end of the deposition on November 13, 1995, Mr. Sheldon asked the Trustee if he had anything to refresh his memory to which the Trustee stated "Trying to figure out your answer, huh? No, I can't help you." (Id. at 106.) In response Mr. Sheldon answered "Sorry about that." (Id.)
Frank Henjes' Deposition
On November 15, 1995, the Trustee conducted a deposition of Frank Henjes. Mr. Henjes provided the Trustee with the following information.
Mr. Sheldon and Frank Henjes have known each other for approximately twenty-five years, both professionally and personally. (Deposition Tr. 11/15/95 at 19.) They were both in the municipal bond business and shared information regarding securities transactions. (Id.) Mr. Sheldon owned Donald Sheldon & Co., Inc. and Mr. Henjes owned Frank Henjes & Co., Inc. (Id. at 1920.) Mr. Henjes' expertise was in selling municipal bonds, particularly Puerto Rico's bond issues, to large institutions. (Id. at 1820.) Mr. Sheldon's company was in the retail market, selling municipal bonds to individuals. (Id. at 19.)
Mr. Henjes was aware that Donald Sheldon & Co., Inc. went out of business in 1985 and Mr. Sheldon was hired by Mr. Henjes as a consultant. (Id. at 22.) Mr. Sheldon provided services to Frank Henjes & Co., Inc. and received compensation for these services. (Id.) Mr. Sheldon worked for Mr. Henjes sometime between 1985 and 1987 for six months and received approximately $8,000.00 a month. (Id. at 22-24.) Mr. Henjes' company went out of business sometime in 1987. (Id. at 25.)
Mr. Henjes started working for Laidlaw Holdings sometime in 1990 and worked there until January of 1993. (Id. at 28-29.) While Mr. Henjes was employed by Laidlaw Holdings, Mr. Sheldon provided consulting services to Mr. Henjes as an employee of Laidlaw Holdings. (Id. at 29-33.) Mr. Sheldon was compensated for services rendered to Mr. Henjes from 1990 to 1993. (Id. at 32-35.)
Sometime in 1991, it appears that Mr. Sheldon was working for Castle Securities. (Id. at 39-42, 50-51.) From January 1993 to the present, Mr. Henjes has been working at Sound Pension Management as a partner. During that period, Mr. Sheldon again provided Mr. Henjes with investment advice for which Mr. Sheldon was compensated. (Id. at 36.) Mr. Sheldon was paid approximately $1,000.00 per hour for investment services, which were provided directly to Mr. Henjes. (Id. at 52.) Mr. Sheldon was compensated only for investment advice provided by him personally to Mr. Henjes. (Id. at 54.) Mr. Henjes was directed by Mr. Sheldon to pay such compensation to either Bond Information Services or Ocean Enterprises. (Id.)
Mr. Henjes produced several invoices and wire transfer confirmations showing payments to either Bond Information Services or Ocean Enterprises. (Id. at 7-18.) These invoices from Bond Information Services for "consulting services" or "for services rendered" and wire transfer confirmations inscribed with "paid by wire" were dated from periods of 1993 to 1995. (Id.) Exhibit 11 of the Henjes Deposition was a four-page document which contained (i) a debit memo of Union Trust Company dated June 1, 1994, with the words "wire transfer to Barnett Bank, Florida, Ocean Enterprises" on the face; (ii) an invoice from Bond Information Services, Inc., to Frank Henjes & Company, Inc., dated May, 1994, for consulting in the amount of $3,600; (iii) a funds transfer request to be made to Ocean Enterprises; and (iv) a "check credit" dated June 1, 1994. (Id. at 14-15.) Exhibit 7 was a three-page document which contained (i) an invoice from Bond Information Services, Inc., to Frank Henjes & Company, Inc., dated January 10, 1995, for consulting in the amount of $3,600; (ii) a wire transfer confirmation dated February 16, 1995; and (iii) a wire transfer request dated February 16, 1995 from Frank Henjes & Company in the amount of $3,600 to Ocean Enterprises. (Id. at 20-21.)
Continuation of Donald Sheldon's Deposition
Mr. Sheldon's deposition was continued on December 6, 1995. The delay between depositions was caused by Mr. Sheldon's requested *161 adjournments to permit him time to retain counsel. On December 6, 1995, Mr. Sheldon was represented by counsel. At this deposition Mr. Sheldon was asked questions concerning similar, and additional, subject matter to that which was asked on November 13, 1995. As previously noted, Mr. Sheldon responded to many of the questions asked by the Trustee at the continued deposition by asserting the Fifth Amendment or spousal privilege.
The Trustee argues that, by responding to questions as to which Mr. Sheldon could have asserted, but did not assert, his Fifth Amendment privilege, Mr. Sheldon has waived that privilege with respect to that question and all questions on the same subject matter.
DISCUSSION
Fifth Amendment Privilege
During the December 6, 1995 continued deposition, Mr. Sheldon raised his Fifth Amendment privilege against compulsory self incrimination, and spousal privilege as to alleged confidential communications with his wife. U.S. Const.Amend. V.; NYCPLR § 4502(b). This decision addresses Mr. Sheldon's Fifth Amendment privilege claims.[5]
Privileges are governed by Rule 501 of the Federal Rules of Evidence which provides:
Except as otherwise required by the Constitution of the United States or provided by Act of Congress or in rules prescribed by the Supreme Court pursuant to statutory authority, the privilege of a witness, person, government, State, or political subdivision thereof shall be governed by the principles of common law as they may be interpreted by the courts of the United States in light of reason and experience. However, in civil actions and proceedings, with respect to an element of a claim or defense as to which State law supplies the rule of decision, the privilege of a witness, person, government, State, or political sub-division thereof shall be determined in accordance with State Law.
The Fifth Amendment declares in part: "No person ... shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself...." U.S. Const.Amend. V. This protection against self-incrimination may be invoked whether the answer would itself support a criminal conviction or the answer would furnish a link in the chain of evidence required to prosecute. Hoffman v. United States, 341 U.S. 479, 486, 71 S.Ct. 814, 818, 95 L.Ed. 1118 (1951); Klein v. Smith, 559 F.2d 189, 200 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 434 U.S. 987, 98 S.Ct. 617, 54 L.Ed.2d 482 (1977). If the disclosure would tend to incriminate the witness, regardless of whether or not it is an element of the crime, disclosure will not be compelled. United States v. St. Pierre, 132 F.2d 837, 838 (2d Cir.1942). The protection is available if the declarant has reasonable cause to fear the consequences of an answer. The court determines whether the apprehension is reasonable, basing its decision on the facts of the case from the implications of the questions and from the setting of the case. Hoffman, 341 U.S. at 486, 71 S.Ct. at 818.
The privilege against self-incrimination epitomizes the foundation of our justice system which endorses an adversarial rather than an inquisitorial system. United States v. Yurasovich, 580 F.2d 1212, 1215 (3d Cir.1978). The axiom adopted is that "it were better for an occasional crime to go unpunished than that the prosecution should be free to build up a criminal case, in whole or in part, with the assistance of enforced disclosures by the accused." Id. (footnote omitted) (quoting Maffie v. United States, 209 F.2d 225, 227 (1st Cir.1954)). Justice Powell commented in Kastigar v. United States, 406 U.S. 441, 445, 92 S.Ct. 1653, 1656, 32 L.Ed.2d 212 (1972), that the axiom against self-incrimination "reflects a complex of our fundamental values and aspirations, and marks an important advance in the development of our liberty.... This Court has been *162 zealous to safeguard the values that underlie the privilege." Id.
The privilege may be asserted in a civil proceeding. E.F. Hutton & Co. Inc. v. Jupiter Development Corp., 91 F.R.D. 110, 114 (S.D.N.Y.1981) (citing Kastigar, 406 U.S. at 444, 92 S.Ct. at 1656). The witness may refuse to answer a question in a civil proceeding, if the answers might incriminate that witness in a future criminal proceeding. In re Hulon, 92 B.R. 670, 673 (Bankr. N.D.Tex.1988) (applying the privilege in the context of a bankruptcy proceeding).
This Court reviewed the deposition transcript of December 6, 1995 and the briefs filed by the parties with respect to the Fifth Amendment privilege claims, and also considered the in camera hearing wherein Mr. Sheldon's counsel detailed the basis for the assertion of the Fifth Amendment, and determined that Mr. Sheldon had made a prima facie showing that the answers to the questions posed could possibly lead to prosecution. At a January 24, 1996 hearing, the court, citing Klein v. Smith, 559 F.2d at 200, ruled that "there was reasonable cause for Mr. Sheldon to believe that a direct answer would support a conviction or furnish a link in a chain of evidence to support a conviction." While making this finding, the Court reserved decision on whether Mr. Sheldon could avail himself of the privilege until it rendered its decision on the issue of waiver of the privilege.
Waiver of Fifth Amendment Privilege
Waiver of the Fifth Amendment privilege may be inferred from a witness' course of conduct or prior statements concerning the subject matter of the case, without inquiring into whether or not the witness was aware of the privilege and chose to waive it consciously. Klein v. Harris, 667 F.2d 274, 287 (2d Cir.1981); see E.F. Hutton, 91 F.R.D. at 114. The privilege against self-incrimination is waived if it is not invoked. Rogers v. United States, 340 U.S. 367, 371, 71 S.Ct. 438, 440, 95 L.Ed. 344 (1951) (citing United States v. Murdock, 284 U.S. 141, 148, 52 S.Ct. 63, 64, 76 L.Ed. 210 (1931)). The court in United States v. O'Henry's Film Works, Inc., 598 F.2d 313, 317 (2d Cir.1979), stated that "[a] witness who fails to invoke the Fifth Amendment against questions as to which he could have claimed it is deemed to have waived his privilege respecting all questions on the same subject matter." If a witness elects to disclose incriminating facts, that witness waives the privilege respecting details of those facts. Rogers, 340 U.S. at 373, 71 S.Ct. at 442. Thus, the witness may not avoid disclosure of those details. Id. However, testimonial waiver is not lightly inferred. Klein, 667 F.2d at 287. Rather, courts accept all reasonable presumptions against finding a waiver. Id.
In Klein, this Circuit adopted a two-pronged inquiry in determining whether there has been a waiver of the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. According to Klein, waiver is found if:
1) the witness' prior statements have created a significant likelihood that the finder of fact will be left with and prone to rely on a distorted view of the truth; and
2) the witness had reason to know that his prior statements would be interpreted as a waiver of the fifth amendment's privilege against self-incrimination.
Klein, 667 F.2d at 287.
The first prong in deciding whether there is a waiver of the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination, is derived from the court's decision in St. Pierre, 132 F.2d at 840, where Judge Learned Hand stated:
It must be conceded that the privilege is to suppress the truth, but that does not mean that it is a privilege to garble it; although its exercise deprives the parties of evidence, it should not furnish one side with what may be false evidence and deprive the other of any means of detecting the imposition. The time for the witness to protect himself is when the decision is first presented to him; he needs nothing more, and anything more puts a mischievous instrument at his disposal.
Klein, 667 F.2d at 287-88; see also E.F. Hutton, 91 F.R.D. at 116. This first requirement focusing on whether there is distortion of the truth, recognizes that the privilege allows the witness to suppress the truth, but *163 he may not "garble" it. St. Pierre, 132 F.2d at 840. Once a witness testifies about an issue, the witness may not relate only part of the story and decide to stop. Rather, the witness must fully disclose what he started to recount and be amenable to cross-examination on the topic. Id. After the witness testifies, that witness may not claim the privilege because it would lead to distortion of the facts. Rogers, 340 U.S. at 371, 71 S.Ct. at 441. The court's concern is whether the prior statements have "created a significant danger of distortion," because waiver of the privilege should only be recognized in the "most compelling of circumstances." Klein, 667 F.2d at 288. These circumstances require a showing that failure to find waiver would prejudice a party to the litigation. Id. Thus, there are compelling circumstances if refusal to find a "waiver would unduly prejudice the trustee." Hulon, 92 B.R. at 674. A party is prejudiced if the finder of fact is left with misleading information and likely to rely on that information. E.F. Hutton, 91 F.R.D. at 116.
The second prong, concerning the witness' knowledge that the prior statement would be interpreted as a waiver, is found if the prior statements were both 1) testimonial, that is, voluntarily made under oath in the same proceeding, and 2) incriminating. Klein, 667 F.2d at 288. The Klein court held that a witness who makes testimonial statements that are incriminating must know that these statements will be perceived as a waiver of the privilege against self-incrimination because the witness is both aware that statements made under oath are likely to influence the finder of fact, and cognizant of the fact that he can refuse to reveal incriminating facts. Id. Thus, the Klein court found that it was not unfair to the witness to find a waiver. Id. If the statement is both incriminating and testimonial, it can be considered to "have been made under circumstances such that the witness should have known that he or she might, by virtue of having made the statement, be found to have waived the privilege against self-incrimination." E.F. Hutton, 91 F.R.D. at 114-15.
We now address the first prong of the Klein test, that is, whether Mr. Sheldon's statements have created a significant likelihood that the "finder of fact" will be left with and prone to rely on a distorted view of the truth.
The overriding concern is whether there are compelling circumstances to find a waiver. These circumstances are present "only when a failure to find a waiver would prejudice a party to the action, and a finding of a waiver would not be unfair to the witness." E.F. Hutton, 91 F.R.D. at 116. As previously noted, to determine if there are compelling circumstances, the focus is on whether the "prior testimony has created a significant danger of distortion." Klein, 667 F.2d at 288. The witness may not be allowed to testify only to the extent that the information provided would support his version of the story and then preclude his adversary from eliciting further details, thereby depriving that party of evidence and leaving a misleadingly incomplete picture. Thus, if allowing any prior statements to stand without clarification leaves a distorted view of the facts on which the finder of fact might rely and if this reliance prejudices a party, the court should find that the witness has waived the privilege.
Where the finder of fact is not prone to rely on a distorted version of the truth based on the earlier testimony, there is no waiver. E.F. Hutton, 91 F.R.D. at 117. In E.F. Hutton, it was argued that statements made in an affidavit submitted by a party in support of its motion to file a third-party complaint waived the affiant's Fifth Amendment privilege. The court found that because it had denied the motion to file the third-party complaint as untimely filed, the court had not relied on the affidavit. Thus, the court reasoned that even if a distorted view of the facts was set forth in the affidavit, no party was prejudiced by the distortion absent reliance by the finder of fact. Id.
In Maguire & Co., Inc. v. Margolies (In re Candor Diamond Corp.), 42 B.R. 916, 919-20 (Bankr.S.D.N.Y.1984), the court found that the relevant prior affidavit and testimony would, under ordinary circumstances, have waived the right of the witness to claim the *164 Fifth Amendment privilege. However, because a default judgment had been entered, the court found that even if the prior statements did distort the facts, there was no prejudice to any party because the court did not rely on the affidavit or testimony. When the default judgment was subsequently vacated and the matter was again before the bankruptcy court, the court then found that the new circumstances posed a significant danger that the court would rely on this unchallenged affidavit and testimony and therefore found the privilege against self-incrimination was waived because of the significant likelihood of distortion.
The finder of fact is usually the court or a jury. However, the Trustee argues that, because the deposition is being conducted pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 69, incorporated into bankruptcy procedure by Fed.R.Bankr.P. 7069, as a proceeding supplementary to and in aid of judgment, the Trustee is the finder of fact. The Trustee maintains that the fact finding associated with the trial was concluded when the jury rendered the verdicts and the court entered the judgment. The Court's current role, according to the Trustee, is to facilitate the execution of the judgment. Further, the only purpose of the proceeding conducted pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 69 is to locate assets. The Trustee states that he is charged with the duty of finding the facts that would lead him to the identity and location of Mr. Sheldon's assets and that the discovery permitted, under Fed.R.Civ.P. 69, is to accomplish that objective.
Mr. Sheldon's counsel argues that there is no finder of fact because there is no case or controversy. Rather, he asserts, this is an investigation by the Trustee of Mr. Sheldon's assets for the purpose of gathering those assets and distributing them to creditors. Further, he maintains that the fact that the Trustee is trying "to find" assets does not make the Trustee the finder of fact.
For the narrow purposes of the deposition, which is a proceeding to ascertain the location of Mr. Sheldon's assets, this Court holds that the Trustee is the finder of fact. The proceeding is not an ordinary investigation. Rather, it is a deposition conducted under oath pursuant to a federal rule. This Court finds it untenable that in a proceeding conducted under oath there could be no circumstances under which the privilege would be waived.
The "finder of fact" or "trier of fact," as those terms are used in the applicable case law is the person who determines the facts to be used to reach a conclusion. The argument that because the Trustee is the finder of assets does not make him the finder of fact looks only at the use of the word finder in the sense of "gatherer." In addition to meaning a gatherer, however, finder also denotes one who makes a determination. In the proceeding in aid of execution, both meanings of "finder" apply to the Trustee. The Trustee is attempting to "gather" information to make a "determination" as to what testimony and evidence provided he is to believe and pursue. As the person who determines the facts to be utilized in the effort to locate assets, the Trustee is the "finder of fact."
Having concluded that the Trustee is the finder of fact, the court must determine whether the Trustee was left with and prone to rely on a distorted view of the truth. The Trustee concedes that he has not relied on Mr. Sheldon's testimony. The Trustee states that Mr. Sheldon "has told us nothing." The invocation of the privilege, after Mr. Sheldon's initial testimony, leaves the Trustee in the same position as prior to that testimony. Thus, given the content of that prior testimony, the Trustee is not now prejudiced by Mr. Sheldon's decision to avail himself of the privilege. SEC v. Cayman Islands Reinsurance Corp., Ltd., 551 F.Supp. 1056, 1058 (S.D.N.Y.1982). While eliciting the information would be useful in the Trustee's efforts to locate assets, he has not been prejudiced because Mr. Sheldon's vague statements added nothing new. Id.
Even if the finder of fact is this Court, as it would certainly be if an issue arose concerning the ownership of assets, this Court would not be mislead by Mr. Sheldon's testimony, nor the Trustee prejudiced by same. There would be no reliance because Mr. Sheldon's statements generally provided no *165 meaningful information. To the extent that any information was provided, it could be corroborated by other evidence already in the possession of the Trustee. Therefore, there would be no distortion. United States v. Singer, 785 F.2d 228, 241 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 479 U.S. 883, 107 S.Ct. 273, 93 L.Ed.2d 249 (1986).
Finally, the Trustee argues that there is a compelling circumstance to find waiver because the Trustee has a compelling need to get the information as to the location of assets. The Trustee asserts that the information sought is the essence of what he needs to know and that Mr. Sheldon is the most important witness in the effort to locate assets. Further, that effort will be hampered or thwarted if Mr. Sheldon does not testify. Thus, the Trustee claims he will be prejudiced because there will be increased delay and difficulty in locating assets.
The necessity of getting the information sought, however, is not the standard to establish compelling circumstances. If this were the required showing, there would always be compelling circumstances because in all cases there is a need for the information sought to be elicited. Compelling circumstances only develop when statements are made that add an element that makes it even more difficult to discern the information sought or places a further obstacle in the ability to get at the truth. The "prejudice to the party" contemplated by the decisions that find waiver is that the finder of fact will be left with and prone to rely on a misleadingly incomplete representation of the facts to the detriment of a party. See E.F. Hutton, 91 F.R.D. at 116. Mr. Sheldon's statements did not add anything new upon which the finder of fact would rely, regardless of who is the finder of fact. The proceeding is in the same posture as if Mr. Sheldon had initially invoked the Fifth Amendment privilege. Cognizant of our duty not to lightly infer a waiver but rather only find waiver in the most compelling circumstances, this Court finds that such circumstances are not present in this case.
Inasmuch as the Klein test is a conjunctive test, and we find that the first prong of the Klein test is not satisfied because the finder of fact would not be prone to rely on Mr. Sheldon's prior statements, we do not address the second prong.
CONCLUSION
This Court concludes that because the finder of fact would not be prone to rely on Mr. Sheldon's prior statements, Mr. Sheldon did not waive his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination.
Counsel for Mr. Sheldon is to settle an order consistent with this decision by February 23, 1996, with a presentment date and time of February 27, 1996 at 10:00 a.m.
NOTES
[1] Hereinafter, references to the Trustee denote either the Trustee or his counsel.
[2] The deposition was noticed pursuant to Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure 7030, 7034, 7069, 2004 and 15 U.S.C. § 78fff-1(d)(2).
[3] This Court was unavailable for the morning and afternoon sessions of this proceeding conducted on November 13, 1995. Judge Gallet handled the matter during that period. This Court did, however, preside over the evening session on that date.
[4] In a motion filed before this Court by Mrs. Sheldon to quash certain subpoenas, her counsel alleged, inter alia, that the Trustee was acting as a government agent in these matters. In support of that claim, counsel for Mrs. Sheldon alleged that the Trustee had "instigated" the criminal contempt proceedings against Mr. Sheldon now pending in the Southern District of New York. On January 24, 1996, at oral argument regarding the motion to quash, the Court advised the parties that the Court had referred the matter of Mr. Sheldon's potential criminal contempt to the U.S. Attorney's Office to investigate and take whatever action it deemed appropriate. Further, the Court informed the parties that the Court had no reason to believe that the Trustee's involvement in the criminal contempt proceeding was anything more than responding to the U.S. Attorney's Office request for information in that matter.
[5] See Decision on Invocation of Spousal Privilege, dated January 2, 1996, wherein this Court held that Mr. Sheldon was precluded from invoking the spousal privilege as to communications regarding the concealment of assets from the Trustee, a judgment creditor, even if the communications were intended to be confidential.
|
## The contents of this file are subject to the Common Public Attribution
## License Version 1.0. (the "License"); you may not use this file except in
## compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
## http://code.reddit.com/LICENSE. The License is based on the Mozilla Public
## License Version 1.1, but Sections 14 and 15 have been added to cover use of
## software over a computer network and provide for limited attribution for the
## Original Developer. In addition, Exhibit A has been modified to be
## consistent with Exhibit B.
##
## Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" basis,
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## the specific language governing rights and limitations under the License.
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## The Original Code is reddit.
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## the Original Code is reddit Inc.
##
## All portions of the code written by reddit are Copyright (c) 2006-2015
## reddit Inc. All Rights Reserved.
###############################################################################
<%namespace file="utils.html" import="optionalstyle"/>
<%namespace file="printable.html" import="thing_css_class"/>
<div ${optionalstyle("margin-left:5px;margin-top:7px;")}>
<%
t = thing.things
l = len(t)
two_col = request.GET.has_key("twocolumn") if l else False
%>
%for i, a in enumerate(t):
<%
cls = "reddit-link "
cls += "odd " if i % 2 else "even "
cls += "first-half" if i < (l+1)/2 else "second-half"
%>
%if two_col:
%if i == 0:
<div class="reddit-listing-left"
${optionalstyle("float:left;width:47%")}>
%elif i - 1 < (l+1)/2 and i >= (l+1)/2:
</div>
<div class="reddit-listing-right"
${optionalstyle("float:right; width:49%;")}>
%endif
%endif
<div class="${cls} ${thing_css_class(a)}">
${a}
</div>
%if two_col and i == l - 1:
</div>
%endif
%endfor:
%if two_col:
<div ${optionalstyle("clear:both")}></div>
%endif
</div>
|
Background
Recent state Medicaid initiatives have demonstrated that delivery system reforms, when coupled with value-based payment (VBP) methodologies, can reduce costs and increase health care system capacity to provide efficient, high-quality care.[i] Federally qualified health centers (FQHCs), which are critical safety net providers for more than 12 million Medicaid beneficiaries,[ii] often have been excluded from participating in payment reform initiatives due to complexities in federal reimbursement requirements.
Federally Qualified Health Centers
Federally qualified health centers (FQHCs) are safety net providers that deliver a wide range of outpatient services primarily to complex and vulnerable populations, including Medicaid enrollees and the uninsured. Some FQHCs serve specialized populations, such as migrant workers and individuals experiencing homelessness.
Health Center Program grantees and look-alikes are eligible to apply to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) for FQHC status after the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA) certifies that they meet Health Center Program requirements as authorized under Section 330 of the Public Health Services Act.
FQHCs receive reimbursement from Medicaid through the Prospective Payment System (PPS). PPS and opportunities to develop value-based payment methodologies are explored in the Value-Based Payment Methodology Development section of this toolkit.
Under Section 1902(bb) of the Social Security Act,[iii] Medicaid programs must reimburse FQHCs either through the Prospective Payment System (PPS), which requires states to set cost-based, per-visit payment rates for individual clinics, or through a qualifying alternative payment methodology (APM). APMs must reimburse FQHCs at least as much as they would receive under PPS, and be agreed to by each clinic.[iv],[v] Recently, states have begun to demonstrate that they can effectively engage FQHCs in VBP reform, implementing VBP methodologies through either a qualifying APM under Section 1902(bb), or through another Medicaid authority.
Defining Terms
Value-based Payment Methodology*: a methodology that rewards providers for quality and efficiency over volume of care delivered, and is tied to performance measures. VBP methodologies can be implemented using a number of Medicaid authorities.
Alternative Payment Methodology (APM): a methodology, which can be value-based, specifically implemented for FQHCs under Section 1902(bb) of the Social Security Act. APMs must reimburse FQHCs at least as much as they would receive under PPS, and be agreed to by each clinic. |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image processing apparatus and method and, for example, to an image processing apparatus and method for correcting the gradation characteristics of a color image.
2. Related Background Art
A digital color copying machine has mechanisms for correcting the influence of ambient variations and variations caused by aging in a printer unit. As one of such mechanism, an automatic gradation correction function that uses an image scanner unit as a measurement device is known. The automatic gradation correction is performed by the following procedure.
(1) The printer unit prints out a test pattern having predetermined values of C, M, Y, and K colors. PA1 (2) The image scanner unit reads the test pattern. PA1 (3) The gradation characteristics of the printer unit are obtained based on the reading result of the test pattern, and a coefficient or table for correcting the obtained characteristics is calculated. PA1 (4) The calculated coefficient or table is set in a printer gradation correction circuit.
With the above-mentioned automatic gradation correction, the gradation characteristics of the printer unit can be stabilized.
However, the above-mentioned technique suffers the following problem. That is, when a CMYK test pattern is read upon execution of the automatic gradation correction, errors caused by variations in color filters of a CCD may be generated. This problem will be explained in detail below.
FIG. 2A shows the spectral sensitivity characteristics of the R, G, and B channels of a so-called 3-line sensor. To obtain an image with good color reproducibility by faithfully reading a color image, the spectral sensitivity characteristics of the R, G, and B channels have overlapping portions, as shown in FIG. 2A, so as not to form non-detectable wavelength ranges. Therefore, signal processing must be performed under the assumption that the spectral sensitivity characteristics of the R, G, and B channels overlap each other to some extent.
FIG. 2B shows the spectral sensitivity characteristics of the B channel and the spectral reflection characteristics of the Y test pattern. Since the Y test pattern exhibits a high reflectance with respect to the wavelength ranges of the R and G channels, the density of the Y test pattern cannot be detected using the R or G channel, and hence, the density is detected using the B channel. However, when the spectral sensitivity characteristics of the B channel, i.e,. the spectral transmission characteristics of the B color filter vary, as indicated by a broken curve, the density detection precision of the Y test pattern lowers due to the influence of the variation, and as a result, appropriate gradation correction is disturbed.
In another technique, N sets of known input signals An (print signals) are supplied to an image forming apparatus to form N sets of specific color patterns, luminance levels Bn of the formed patterns are read, and N sets of printer output signal values Cn are obtained based on the luminance levels Bn by, e.g., masking calculations. By adjusting image forming parameters such as masking parameters so that the N sets of input signals An roughly equal the output signals Cn, the stability of image quality is improved.
However, the above-mentioned technique suffers the following problem. That is, when image formation is repeated, toner turns into a powder and the toner powder becomes attached to carriers of a developing agent, resulting in a decrease in maximum density of a copied image. The decrease in maximum density narrows the color reproduction range. In this state, even when the image forming parameters such as masking coefficients are adjusted, a good image cannot be obtained. The deterioration of image quality due to deteriorated durability of the developing agent can be eliminated by exchanging the developing agent. However, when the developing agent is periodically exchanged in consideration of the deteriorated durability, the copy cost rises undesirably.
Also, in another technique, a specific pattern is formed on a recording medium in an image forming apparatus, the formed pattern is read to feed back the read data to the image forming condition such as .gamma. correction, thereby improving the stability of the image quality.
However, the above-mentioned technique suffers the following problem. In a device for reading an image, when the characteristics of color separation filters in a CCD deviate from ideal spectral characteristics, different image signals are obtained even when a pattern formed on a single recording medium is read. Therefore, even when the image forming condition is calculated based on such image data, an optimal image output cannot often be obtained from the image forming apparatus.
As is conventionally known, in an image forming apparatus such as a copying machine, which comprises an image reading unit and a print unit for performing image formation on the basis of data read by the image reading unit, as one basic method for faithfully reproducing a read original image in a print out operation, the image processing condition is calibrated. For example, N sets of input signals An having known density values are input as print data, and the print unit forms specific patterns on a recording medium on the basis of the input signals. The patterns on the recording medium are read by the reading unit as luminance data, and the read data are subjected to image processing such as masking processing to obtain signal values Cn as print data. The image processing condition such as masking coefficients are calibrated by, e.g., a method of least square so that the signal values An roughly equal the obtained signal values Cn. With the above arrangement, a read image can be faithfully reproduced, and desired image quality can be obtained in the print out operation.
However, in the conventional image forming apparatus, the reading state and the print state of the reading unit and the print unit may vary even slightly upon calibration of the image processing condition. In particular, the print unit relatively easily causes such variation. For this reason, even when the image processing condition is calibrated, the calibration result depends on, e.g., the state of the print unit at the time of the calibration. Therefore, when the state upon execution of image formation in practice is different from that upon calibration, appropriate image processing is disturbed.
The above-mentioned variation in the image forming apparatus often appears as local spatial errors. That is, the reading state and the print state of the reading unit and the print unit are not uniform, and the reading state may vary in units of portions of, e.g., the reading unit. In this case, the calibrated image processing condition may become improper for a given image forming portion. |
KEYWORDS
Researchers from The Saban Research Institute of Children’s Hospital Los Angeles are employing state-of-the-art animation technology, in combination with advanced optical imaging and high-resolution x-ray imaging techniques, to map the developing human lung.
To view animation, go to: ResearCHLAblog.org
Children’s Hospital Los Angeles has been awarded $4 million over five years by the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI) for LungMAP, an atlas that details newborn lungs in four dimensions, and enables investigators to discover new approaches to the care of premature infants.
The fetal lung is one of the last organs of the body to become fully functional. Development of the alveolus –tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged– remains the critical factor in newborn viability as well as the origin of many childhood breathing disorders.
By employing digital image processing techniques, high-resolution scans of real lung tissues can be converted into video. According to the scientists, this novel technology will allow them to explore the composition and interaction of cells in the developing lung and to follow how the processes evolve over time.
“Human alveolar development is currently a ‘black box’ because of the challenges of being able to see alveoli as they grow,” said principal investigator David Warburton, OBE, DSc, MD, MMM, director of the Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine program at The Saban Research Institute. “Using newly optimized visualization technology we can now perform a ‘virtual bronchoscopy’ that begins in the bronchus and allows us to peer into the alveolus.”
Alveolarization begins in humans at 20 to 24 weeks gestation and continues until at least age 7. To date, much of the information about this process has come from studying histological sections of lung. The LungMAP project will acquire information from the living, functioning lung. Using novel imaging technologies, the Saban researchers will create a high-resolution, four-dimensional map that catalogs the molecular, genetic and cellular events occurring during alveolar development in mice and humans.
This video-based methodology will allow researchers to easily visualize fine details of the lung, enabling observation of the overall topography of the airway as well as revealing information about the surfaces of individual cells. The result is what co-investigator Rex Moats, PhD, calls a “Google street view” of addresses in the lung to be explored. The goal is for this map to be interactive in the same way that Google maps functions, Moats said.
“Our objectives are to radically transform our understanding of the formation of the gas exchange surface in the human lung, find new approaches to the care of premature infants, and to develop a better understanding of the numerous childhood- and adult-onset lung diseases,” said Warburton. Co-investigators and collaborators on the project include Warburton, Moats, Scott Fraser, PhD, Wei Shi, MD, PhD, Rusty Lansford, PhD, Andreas Fouras, PhD, Barbara Driscoll, PhD and David Koos, PhD.
LungMAP is a national collaboration of six sites including Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Duke University and University of Rochester, working to produce information that can be openly accessed and shared by the research community, disease advocates and interested members of the public. This research is supported by NIH grant number 1U01HL122681.
About Children’s Hospital Los Angeles Children's Hospital Los Angeles has been named the best children’s hospital on the West Coast and among the top five in the nation for clinical excellence with its selection to the prestigious U.S. News & World Report Honor Roll. Children’s Hospital is home to The Saban Research Institute, one of the largest and most productive pediatric research facilities in the United States. Children’s Hospital is also one of America's premier teaching hospitals through its affiliation since 1932 with the Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California.
For more information, visit CHLA.org. Follow us on our blog http://researchlablog.org/. |
Tutorial
--------
This page is empty. You are welcome to contribute the content by sending me a pull request:
[[https://github.com/ronreiter/interactive-tutorials]]
Exercise
--------
This page does not have an exercise yet. You are welcome to contribute one by sending me a pull request:
[[https://github.com/ronreiter/interactive-tutorials]]
Tutorial Code
-------------
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
</head>
<body>
<audio>
</audio>
</body>
</html>
Expected Output
---------------
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hello, World!</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello, World!</p>
</body>
</html>
Solution
--------
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Hello, World!</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello, World!</p>
</body>
</html>
|
Recent Articles
At times it might seem to some of us as though the world's top boffins are slacking at their task of making our technology better and more advanced: but not today. Today we learn that some of them are on the track of something which everyone involved in IT must have been lusting after for years.
Wouldn't it be nice, you must have thought, if instead of all this plastic and silicon and glass and so forth, my kit - displays, chips, tablets, laptops, all of it - could be made instead of lovely concrete?
Well, maybe it can. Topflight brainboxes at the US government's Argonne National Lab have been toiling away on this for some time, and they believe they may have cracked a vital enabling tech trick - to wit, that of getting liquid cement to behave like a metal. According to an Argonne statement:
This makes cement a semi-conductor and opens up its use in the profitable consumer electronics marketplace for thin films, protective coatings, and computer chips.
Not only the chips and the casing of your device could be made of the rough grey material of tomorrow, but even the display.
“This new material has lots of applications, including as thin-film resistors used in liquid-crystal displays, basically the flat panel computer monitor that you are probably reading this from at the moment,” explains Chris Benmore, Argonne Lab physicist.
In essence the crafty trick perfected by Benmore and colleagues around the world is that of getting cement to become a "metallic glass", aka "liquid metal". Such materials have long been experimented on in labs, but so far it's only been possible to make them out of metal and they haven't yet taken the world by storm as many have thought they might - though the SIM removal tool in some early iPhones and 'Pads was made of such stuff.
“This phenomenon of trapping electrons and turning liquid cement into liquid metal was found recently, but not explained in detail until now,” Benmore says. “Now that we know the conditions needed to create trapped electrons in materials we can develop and test other materials to find out if we can make them conduct electricity in this way.”
The problem with using metallic glasses in the real world is that they need to made very hot to form, so hot that moulding and handling them becomes very difficult. Benmore and his colleagues overcame this with their test batches of liquid metal cement by using an "aerodynamic levitator with carbon dioxide laser beam heating" - though they don't specify (or know yet) whether this method would be suitable for industrial use.
All in all, the new super metallo cement glass stuff would seem to be a lot further from actual use than regular metalglass/liquidmetal - and even that seems to be somewhat bogged down. But the prospect of concrete* computing seems intriguing nonetheless. ®
Bootnote
*We do know that cement isn't the same as concrete. For those that don't, cement is mixed with "aggregate" - other stuff such as broken rock, pebbles or whatever else may be handy - to make concrete. Cement is basically the glue that holds concrete together. What the boffins are on about above is cement.
However should one in future make a display, chip or whatever using liquid-metallic cement tech, the finished product would surely also include other things just as concrete includes other things than cement. So it might seem fair enough to call it a "concrete computer". |
Pages
Thursday, December 05, 2013
UPDATED: The Forward Newspaper Reveals They Side With the Greeks (SATIRE)
The Forward Newspaper Reveals They Side With the GreeksA guest post by DK
The Forward newspaper is celebrating Chanukah in their newsletter. But why did the Forward use an unlit Temple Menorah instead of a lighted Chanukah Menorah in this graphic? I don't like to cast conspiracy theories, could this really be an accident? I am pretty sure it is because of one of the following reasons, I'm just not sure which one.
1) The Forward resents the hegemony of the Hasmoneans. This is a not-so-subtle dig at the tyranny of their rule. The flames of freedom were not shining anymore than this here Menorah, friends.
2) The Forward doesn't really celebrate Chanukah. Just look how the spelled it - they spelled it the assimilationist way!
3) The demand for a Menorah got lost in Jewish translation. The secular graphic artist asked for a Menorah, and the hasidic typographer assumed the classic Temple Menorah was desired since a Chanukiah wasn't specified.
4) The Forward paskins like Bais Shammai that the holiday mirth is diminished every night after the first night, but believe it is even more so this year. With all the excitement over Thanksgivukkah, even an unlit picture of a generic Menorah is more than enough.
If it relates to Jews, Judaism, holidays, Midrash,Torah, halacha or anything similar, I probably have a post on it. And if I have a post on it, I probably have a good comment thread with great reader-provided information, too.
Try a search and see for yourself. If you can't find what you're looking for ask me.
Quotes
רֹאשׁ דְּבָרְךָ אֱמֶת קוֹרֵא מֵרֹאשׁ דּוֹר וָדוֹר עַם דּוֹרֶשְׁךָ דְּרֹשׁ
Your chief word is "truth"; You've called it out since the beginning. In each generation people interpret You [for themselves] and find [their own] meaning.
You shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you odd. -Flannery O'Connor
“When in the afterglow of religious insight I can see a way that is good for all humans as it is for me—I will know it is His way.” - R. Abraham Joshua Heschel
I don't accept at all the quite popular argument that the press is responsible for the monarchy's recent troubles. The monarchy's responsible for the monarchy's recent troubles. To blame the press is the old thing of blaming the messenger for the message. -Anthony Holden
Said behind my back
"...he's trying to show that there are other facets to Orthodox Judaism. That we don't all think one way and vote one way. And he's occasionally entertaining when he's not being mean-spirited" [PsychoToddler]"
"He's witty. He's funny. He appreciates the ridiculous in life, and has no qualms about telling you when he thinks that you're being a moron" [Cara]
" I'm pretty sure [DovBear] is a really great guy who just wants to be able to ask questions and talk about things without the fear of someone claiming he's off the derech or on his way there." [Chaviva] |
Travel Channel brings ads to MyTown app
The Travel Channel launched a mobile initiative on March 29 on the MyTown iPhone app promoting upcoming episodes of its show Food Wars.
The network is running mobile ads on the application, which was created by Booyah, an interactive entertainment firm. The app allows consumers to virtually "buy" their favorite real-world businesses, then charge others for rent or services. Appssavvy, Booyah's direct sales partner, is leading the campaign.
"Our job is to drive awareness for the show through product integration," said Michael Burke, co-founder and president of Appssavvy. "We are updating the content on week-by-week basis to promote the battles that are going to be featured on that week's episode of Food Wars."
MyTown players who "check-in" at a restaurant, grocery store or other food-related location will be offered a Food Wars-branded virtual item, which can help them collect points and upgrade their towns.
The first episode to be promoted on the app features a battle between two Minneapolis restaurants over who has the best hamburgers. In MyTown, players will be given free Food Wars-branded hamburgers. A consumer can click on a branded item to stream trailers for upcoming episodes, or to send gifts to their friends.
"These items help players throughout game play," said Burke. "The idea is to leverage the users' desire to do well in the game. This is more relevant to the user than just doing a roadblock ad before playing the game."
This is the second marketing campaign in MyTown, which launched last August.
Clothing retailer H&M conducted a campaign, also created by Appssavvy, in March. Appssavvy designed the initiative to increase store traffic.
Throughout the promotion, which was led by interactive agency MediaCom, players who "checked-in" to a retail outlet, shopping center, spa or hair salon in a city with an H&M were prompted to unlock H&M virtual clothing items. The items gave players in-game points that encouraged them to visit H&M outlets.
"This kind of promotion worked well for the retailer," said Burke. "There are also huge opportunities for movie studios."
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How to perform a breast self-check
How to perform a breast self-check
Did you know you should be checking your breasts at least once a month? Here's how.
How to perform a breast self-check
“Forty percent of diagnosed breast cancers are detected by women who feel a lump, so establishing a regular breast self-exam is very important,” according to the Johns Hopkins Medical centre.
While mammograms can help you detect cancer before you feel a lump, breast self-exams are important because they help familiarise you with how your breasts look and feel so you can inform your GP if their are any changes.
How often should I perform a breast self-exam?
Adult women are encouraged to perform self-checks at least one a month.
What should I be looking for when I check my breasts?
Check both breasts for feeling of any lump, thickening or hardened knot. Look for any changes in contour, swelling, dimpling of the skin or changes of the nipples. you can also squeeze the nipple and check for discharge.
How do I self-check my breasts?
There are three ways to perform a breast self-exam.
In the shower: Using the pads of your fingers and in a circular motion move around your entire breast, moving from the outside to the centre. Check the entire breast and armpit area.
In front of a mirror: Visually inspect your breasts with your arms by your side. next, raise your arms high overhead. Next, rest your palms on your hips and press firmly to flex your chest muscles.You’re breasts will not exactly match – few women’s do – so look for any changes particularly on one side.
Lying down:When you lie down, your breast tissue spreads out evenly across the chest wall. Place a pillow under your right shoulder and your right arm behind your head, Using your left hand move the pads of your fingers around your right breast in small circular motions, from breast to armpit.Use light, medium and firm pressure. Do the same for your left breast.
If you do find a lump DON’T PANIC. Eight out of 10 lumps are not cancerous, but for peace of mindconsult your health care practitioner or GP whenever you have concerns.
Remember mammograms can detect tumours before they can be felt so screening is key for early detection of breast cancer. |
Science signals a new understanding of marihuana.
Some recent scientific advances in the study of the cannabinoids are outlined. The mode of action of marihuana and the cannabinoids has now been described. They belong to a new class of drug that acts on a hitherto undescribed neuro-physiological system. An endogenous neurotransmitter or neuromodulator for this system has been isolated, identified and named "anandamide". These findings throw new light and imbue new confidence for the future of the therapeutic application of compounds derived from and related to the cannabinoids and anandamide. An outline is also provided of the current knowledge and future potential of cannabinoids in therapeutics. The effect of the current legal classification of the cannabinoids on the research and development of these compounds is discussed. |
Q:
Font is not available to jvm while converting a report from jrxml to pdf
I am using eclipse in windows.
I am getting this error while generating pdf file from jrxml file using jar jasperreports-4.1.1.jar. I have manually added font files in my jre from my windows folder and have added font path to path variable but still getting the same error.
net.sf.jasperreports.engine.JRRuntimeException: Could not load the following font :
pdfFontName : Arial
pdfEncoding : Cp1252
isPdfEmbedded : false
Another weird thing which I have observed is that when I try the same function for Cambria font, I get a different error.
Below is the error when I use cambria
net.sf.jasperreports.engine.util.JRFontNotFoundException: Font 'CAMBRIA' is not available to the JVM. See the Javadoc for more details.
at net.sf.jasperreports.engine.util.JRFontUtil.checkAwtFont(JRFontUtil.java:358)
at net.sf.jasperreports.engine.util.JRStyledText.getAwtAttributedString(JRStyledText.java:226)
at net.sf.jasperreports.engine.export.AbstractTextRenderer.render(AbstractTextRenderer.java:263)
at net.sf.jasperreports.engine.export.JRPdfExporter.exportText(JRPdfExporter.java:2026)
at net.sf.jasperreports.engine.export.JRPdfExporter.exportElements(JRPdfExporter.java:729)
at net.sf.jasperreports.engine.export.JRPdfExporter.exportFrame(JRPdfExporter.java:2526)
at net.sf.jasperreports.engine.export.JRPdfExporter.exportElements(JRPdfExporter.java:733)
at net.sf.jasperreports.engine.export.JRPdfExporter.exportFrame(JRPdfExporter.java:2526)
at net.sf.jasperreports.engine.export.JRPdfExporter.exportElements(JRPdfExporter.java:733)
at net.sf.jasperreports.engine.export.JRPdfExporter.exportPage(JRPdfExporter.java:689)
at net.sf.jasperreports.engine.export.JRPdfExporter.exportReportToStream(JRPdfExporter.java:582)
at net.sf.jasperreports.engine.export.JRPdfExporter.exportReport(JRPdfExporter.java:376)
at net.sf.jasperreports.engine.JasperExportManager.exportReportToPdfFile(JasperExportManager.java:122)
at main.CopyOfTable.runReport(CopyOfTable.java:60)
at main.CopyOfTable.main(CopyOfTable.java:100)
A:
Hope this helps:
Define your fonts as "font extensions". This involves creating two
files: jasperreports_extension.properties and fonts.xml. See how it's done in the
demo/fonts directory in the JasperReports package you can download
from http://community.jaspersoft.com/project/jasperreports-library/releases.
Package your fonts and the font extensions into a JAR file that is available on the classpath.
This works for TrueType and OpenType fonts.
Also:
See Teodor's first comment here.
One of many helpful answers on this site is here.
Good luck.
|
Recurrent primary mesenteric venous thrombosis.
We have reported a case of recurrent primary mesenteric venous thrombosis resulting in small bowel infarction. Resection of necrotic bowel, anastomosis, and postoperative anticoagulation remain the cornerstone of management. Delay in diagnosis and treatment contributes to the high mortality. A history of peripheral thrombosis, antithrombin III deficiency, hypovolemia, or carcinoma in susceptible patients with abdominal pain should arouse suspicion of ischemic bowel. |
I got plenty locations!!
I got plenty locations!!
First of all let me say how much I have enjoyed reading this forum since I stumbled upon it last Wednesday. There is a "boatload" of knowledge & experience here, and posters are so generous with their time and advice. I thank you all.I have been cooking on a regular basis since I was twelve (oldest daughter of two working parents), cooked for four children (as a single parent) and have done every job to be done in the back and front of the house excluding gourmet. Although I keep my nose in those cookbooks as much as time allows, I have only made a few dishes for friends (guinea pigs) :)I have access to an unbelieveable location.....but it will play out come Jan. 2006. The state/county is making a divided highway out of the two-lane road that travels a half mile from my farm. The new highway crosses two bridges over West point lake where there is much fishing and skiing traffic on the weekends. During the week these roadworker guys eat from convenience stores (yes, I admit I have stalked them :)).I have been successful in running homemade breakfast rolls (pepper bacon, country ham , sausage, and Country fried steak) as hard as my F150 will go. But I grow paranoid of the nearby convenience stores and I know they have GOT to be suffering, so it is a matter of time before they squeal me out. After reading non-stop for the last six days I have settled on a concession trailor:
1. I can move it. There is a college 15 miles away with no food vendors.
2. There is a large fishing population that would keep me busy starting in Feb. Getting up early is not a big deal for me as I used to work for an old man from 4:00 am to 10:00 pm for two years. Breakfast was short order, lunch was steam table veggies-I made the plates, and dinner was fried catfish, hushpuppies and fries.
3. I met a guy today who is selling all his restaurant stuff. Three stand alone gas fryers and one stand alone electric one. $350 apiece. A six burner gas oven ($300.00)with grill, oven, and two warming shelves (perfect for my homemade rolls to rise). Only problem is it probably weighs a billion tons and I don't think my truck will haul it. I will have to check them out because they haven't been used in a year since he closed (why, oh why do people think cooking is easy work?)
4. He gave me the health contacts to talk to, he said I could get by with a Peddlers Permit after the trailor is inspected.
5. There is only a Hawaiin Ice shack at the Home Depot.
6. Also my truck is paid for and very attractive, and I don't think buying a new one that has a kitchen on it makes much sense. There is a local VFW and several churches around so I could rent their kitchen and get commercial refrigeration later, maybe.
7. Health is lax in these parts....I had a cafe'/antique shop and got the kitchened OK'ed. The house was built in 1876. Used a Res. refridge with a therm in it. Only had to install a little hand sink.
Gee, I've started talking and can't shut up....sorry. :)
My question is this: Do I need an oven? My homemade rolls are KILL-ER but the heat would be killer too. I've cooked over fryers and grills for long hours, but an oven may push me over the edge. Plus in some of the places I've worked in my lifetime, there ain't much you can't deep-fry :) or cook in a sauce pan on the grill.
Why don't you cut a deal with one of the convenience stores to stock your product?
That's a great idea and I have considered it to at least see how the rolls do without me yappin away until folks pay me to leave (ie. buy a roll), the problem is they always want to give me a job and I'm tired of working for others. Most of them carry lotto, beer, fishbait, fuel and have a grill and a couple of fryers. What a mix, huh?When I tried to sell my burnt sugar cakes and green tomato pies to restaurants they always want to put me to work. I'm not complainin, but its not the direction I want to take. But your idea sounds like a place to start without morgaging the "farm".Thanks Pogophiles!
sounds like a plan to me copper! hope it works for you. Have you tried baking in a toaster oven?? experiment at home see if it works, the other option is baked EARLY at home. The entrepreneurial (sp) spirit is roaring nowdays, a local woman set up during a recent hot spell with a couple icechests in the bed of her small pickup and sold simply bottled water, $2 for a lrg, $1 for a small
Dreamz....toaster oven! Eureka!I have also cut them in half buttered and thrown on the grill long enough to give the butter a crunch and warm the bread. Then slapped the meat on them. A coupla toaster ovens would be nice for an array of things. THANKS!
Would love to serve you a green tomato pie, Bushie. You'll NEVER touch another apple pie, especially with a quarter inch slab of cheese melted on top. :) I grow my own tomatoes, and peppers (banana, cayenne, jalapeno' and bell)
I have also cut them in half buttered and thrown on the grill long enough to give the butter a crunch and warm the bread.
Not exactly what I'm talking about when I mentioned the grill, but if you get the heat right and the roll pan at an even height with the upper rack, you can bake 2 to 3 times more than what one toaster oven can.
I have also cut them in half buttered and thrown on the grill long enough to give the butter a crunch and warm the bread.
Not exactly what I'm talking about when I mentioned the grill, but if you get the heat right and the roll pan at an even height with the upper rack, you can bake 2 to 3 times more than what one toaster oven can.
Hiya Slick....I was respondin to Dreamz. Sorry for the mix-up... my mind is whirlin 'bout a mile a minute. I was sayin to Dreamz I could cook rolls early and then slice and toast on a short order grill.
You are talkin about a small propane grill? The kind you can simmer beans and stuff on the side and rolls up above? I would need a vent wouldn't I?.....I am used to cooking on one surface. Many times on one cast iron big skillet with the first things I cook moving to the outside to keep warm and then starting the next ingredient in the middle then bringing all together and so on. Would you pre-cook the rolls (they take bout 12 minutes at 400 degrees) and then toast or cook all on rack? They take refrigeration wonderfully (week), but need bout an hour to rise on a warm shelf..
Yep. I guess what I was thinking was using the grill out of the back of the trailer. They're light and could secure inside the trailer when mobile.
quote:
Would you pre-cook the rolls (they take bout 12 minutes at 400 degrees) and then toast or cook all on rack?
My experience with rolls is limited, but using the grill you can expect a longer baking time. I don't know how well your rolls hold, but if they hold well I probably would have the finished product in a warmer (grill can be used for holding, too).
Not sure if this would work or not.. But them old style pizza ovens that taverns used to have to cook them frozen Tony's (or whatever brand) pizzas might do the job... Not big or anything, but they normally have a timer and temp adjustment on them... I see these little boxs (used) all over the place for what little they ask for them... (Pic Link stolen from www.centralrestaurant.com )
Thanks for the ideas UncleVic (toaster) and Slick (moveable grill). I would LOVE to have both. The bait shop/grill/convenience store that rakes in the Biz does little pizzas in a toaster like that, burgers on the grill (36"), and of course a couple of deep fryers.
An update on cutting a deal with the Conv. Store.The owner doesn't speak very good English (like I'm one to talk )I asked him if he would like to taste one of my breakfast rolls. He loved it! Problem is he wants to give me a buck apiece for them I just laughed. You gotta understand these are BIG. About 4" in diameter with a 1/4 lb. of meat on them (before grilling).My cost runs from $.42 for ham end cut to a $1.00 for pork loin and cube steak in meat alone. The ones that are fried are hand breaded with Coppers Top Secret Recipe Since I am a regular customer (smokes, Beer and gas) I thought he would at least give me a shot. What I got was a boatload of $hit. He said no one would pay $3.50 for them (retail, I couldn't tell him the roadworkers give me a fiver for one breakfast roll and a can of soda and tell me to keep the change), then he said -get this-my rolls were too flaky! Too Flaky? Things at this point took a nasty turn. Do I sound indignant? I went from a simmer to a rolling boil in 1.2 seconds. Cut me a little slack I'm a redhead.I asked him if he was aware that the odor of old grease that permeates 3 miles in all directions from his place was so horrible that as soon as I get home with my beer I take it out of the packaging and freaking burn the stinking thing and that I would walk 10 miles with a gascan before I bought another drop from him (OK, so I probably drink more beer than my truck drinks gas, but that's not the point.)
Being married to a redhead and having 2 redheaded daughters (the oldest got married this fathers day and talk about BRIDEZILLA) I have learned the safest place is in the studio with the door locked from the INSIDE! I understand your difficulty with the store owner, I offered the owner of the convenience store I USED to frequent a chance to display one or two paintings and take a cut from the sale, his counter offer was insulting. These kinds of places aren't interested in promoting the local people just taking their money for mass produced products. I have much better response from momNpop business's, but your product doesn't lend itsself to this kind of promotion. The startup won't be easy and it may be a while before you start seeing a real profit but I say Grab for the Gold Ring!
Being married to a redhead and having 2 redheaded daughters (the oldest got married this fathers day and talk about BRIDEZILLA) I have learned the safest place is in the studio with the door locked from the INSIDE! I understand your difficulty with the store owner, I offered the owner of the convenience store I USED to frequent a chance to display one or two paintings and take a cut from the sale, his counter offer was insulting. These kinds of places aren't interested in promoting the local people just taking their money for mass produced products. I have much better response from momNpop business's, but your product doesn't lend itsself to this kind of promotion. The startup won't be easy and it may be a while before you start seeing a real profit but I say Grab for the Gold Ring!
Ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhh.....so your are an artiste'? Kewl! I did portraits for a while but found it very stressful. They would say, "My nose isn't that big!" while I was thinking to myself, "Its actually minimized in the portrait." I gave it up. Good money but too hard to please folks with their looks, bout as hard as pleasing their tastebuds I would suspect. Thanks for the encouragement,Copper
Day Nine of Coppers Ultimate Plan:Cooked no rolls today because Roadworkers let me know they would be running errands (cashing checks and stuff).So I spent the day dumpster diving. Was very hot after 9:00am (if you have done this you know this). I think I may have retrieved bout $500.00 of copper and aluminum.That makes me $500.00 closer to my dream kitchen on wheels. If there is another tragedy I will be equiped to feed lots of people that are homeless and have no power. I am going for "cooking equip" and not esoteric value. After all I can make it look good, I'm an artiste' (Bwa-hahahahahahhah) just want two axels with brakes, and the "works on the inside. I'm not interested in pulling anything bigger than a 7'x12. Loaded. I don't need much room (just enough to turn around) cos I'm tiny.
Thanks for the ideas UncleVic (toaster) and Slick (moveable grill). I would LOVE to have both. The bait shop/grill/convenience store that rakes in the Biz does little pizzas in a toaster like that, burgers on the grill (36"), and of course a couple of deep fryers.
An update on cutting a deal with the Conv. Store.The owner doesn't speak very good English (like I'm one to talk )I asked him if he would like to taste one of my breakfast rolls. He loved it! Problem is he wants to give me a buck apiece for them I just laughed. You gotta understand these are BIG. About 4" in diameter with a 1/4 lb. of meat on them (before grilling).My cost runs from $.42 for ham end cut to a $1.00 for pork loin and cube steak in meat alone. The ones that are fried are hand breaded with Coppers Top Secret Recipe Since I am a regular customer (smokes, Beer and gas) I thought he would at least give me a shot. What I got was a boatload of $hit. He said no one would pay $3.50 for them (retail, I couldn't tell him the roadworkers give me a fiver for one breakfast roll and a can of soda and tell me to keep the change), then he said -get this-my rolls were too flaky! Too Flaky? Things at this point took a nasty turn. Do I sound indignant? I went from a simmer to a rolling boil in 1.2 seconds. Cut me a little slack I'm a redhead.I asked him if he was aware that the odor of old grease that permeates 3 miles in all directions from his place was so horrible that as soon as I get home with my beer I take it out of the packaging and freaking burn the stinking thing and that I would walk 10 miles with a gascan before I bought another drop from him (OK, so I probably drink more beer than my truck drinks gas, but that's not the point.)
Needless to say-No Deal was struck.
Copper
PS thanx for letting me get that off my chest. Wanker!
My late neighbor made and sold artifcial flyies, for fishing, for years to Fisherman, Bait Shops, and sports shops! In fact, He sold alot of them, but He could never get convience store owners to stock them, alot of these places were very close to lakes and rivers that had a high volume of fishermen. All of these owners kept telling him, He was too high price! But the Fishermen, Bait shops, and sports shops that he sold to, told him, You are very reasonable for the high quality flies that you tie! His dealings with these store owners and the owners you deal with, make me think, these owners want cheap price and don't care at all about quality!
UncleVic-that would be the city of LaGrange, GA. I live in a small town close by and it is the "big city" for us. The lake would be West Point.
garry, I have heard this from others. Making fishing lures is an art. And so is making my rolls.
Thanks for the responses,
Copper
I am sure, your rolls are a art! I am also sure, your rolls are to die for! I was just trying to make a point, these convience store owner are how for the mighty dollar, not for something good. If these store owners want something good, they weren't be putting Blimpie, Taco Bell, Mc'Donalds, and etc into their stores!
UncleVic-that would be the city of LaGrange, GA. I live in a small town close by and it is the "big city" for us. The lake would be West Point.
garry, I have heard this from others. Making fishing lures is an art. And so is making my rolls.
Thanks for the responses,
Copper
I am sure, your rolls are a art! I am also sure, your rolls are to die for! I was just trying to make a point, these convience store owner are how for the mighty dollar, not for something good. If these store owners want something good, they weren't be putting Blimpie, Taco Bell, Mc'Donalds, and etc into their stores!
garry-oh, I did get your point! I took it as a compliment. You are correct about conv. stores. They can compromise quality for convenience. We can't. |
I have written a book on the politics of autism policy. Building on this research, this blog offers insights, analysis, and facts about recent events. If you have advice, tips, or comments, please get in touch with me at jpitney@cmc.edu
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Monday, December 12, 2011
Disparities in California
For autistic children 3 to 6 — a critical period for treating the disorder — the state Department of Developmental Services last year spent an average of $11,723 per child on whites, compared with $11,063 on Asians, $7,634 on Latinos and $6,593 on blacks.
Data from public schools, though limited, shows that whites are more likely to receive basic services such as occupational therapy to help with coordination and motor skills.
The divide is even starker when it comes to the most coveted service — a behavioral aide from a private company to accompany a child throughout each school day, at a cost that often reaches $60,000 a year.
In the state's largest school district, Los Angeles Unified, white elementary school students on the city's affluent Westside have such aides at more than 10 times the rate of Latinos on the Eastside.
It might be tempting to blame such disparities on prejudice, but the explanation is more complicated.
“Part of what you're seeing here is the more educated and sophisticated you are, the louder you scream and the more you ask for,” said Soryl Markowitz, an autism specialist at the Westside Regional Center, which arranges state-funded services in West Los Angeles for people with developmental disabilities.
...
In California last year, autism accounted for one tenth of special education enrollment but one third of the disputes between schools and parents on record with the state.
Carmen Carley, a professional advocate for families seeking public services, said parents who present themselves as formidable opponents fare best.
Though all regional centers are supposed to follow the same criteria, average spending per child varies widely from place to place and race to race, according to data obtained by The Times under the California Public Records Act.
Last year, the system served 16,367 autistic children between the critical ages of 3 and 6, spending an average of $9,751 per case statewide. But spending ranged from an average of $1,991 per child at the regional center in South Los Angeles to $18,356 at the one in Orange County.
At 14 of the 21 centers, average spending on white children exceeded that for both blacks and Latinos.
...
At the Frank D. Lanterman Regional Center, which serves a swath of Los Angeles County stretching from Hollywood to Pasadena, spending on white youngsters with autism averaged $12,794 per child last year — compared with $9,449 for Asians, $5,094 for blacks and $4,652 for Latinos.
Diane Anand, the executive director, said many minority children enrolled in the system receive few or no services because their parents can't participate as required in orientations or therapy sessions.
Anand faulted state officials for failing to research the causes of the disparities.
“I don't know what you do about some of this,” she said. “This is an issue that has bedeviled our service system for years and years.” |
Q:
Analyze networks which are not scale free
I am trying to analyze the graph constructed with networkx having around 7000 nodes. When I plot the degree distribution there are nodes that are far away from the fitted power law as shown in the attached plot. This means the network is not scale-free (to my understanding). I am trying to analyze this network by using various parameters such as Degree, clustering coefficient, betweenness centrality, and many others. Does analyzing such networks with these parameters is acceptable? I try to find some examples of analyzing networks that are not scale-free but no luck so far. Any suggestions and pointer for such examples would be really great. In addition, some differences in network characteristics of scale-free and non-scale free networks would be very helpful. Thanks in advance.
A:
1. What type of model did you constructed? Did you use a data from a file?
2. What do you want to check?
Models such as Watts-Strogatz (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watts%E2%80%93Strogatz_model) is also no scale-free :
'They do not account for the formation of hubs. Formally, the degree
distribution of ER graphs converges to a Poisson distribution, rather
than a power law observed in many real-world, scale-free
networks.[3]'
WS is a 'small-world' network. It is characterized by high clustering coefficient. Why you think you can't analyze it?
|
Wednesday, December 23, 2015
Make Every Holiday Steak Dinner an Event!
All it takes to make the
perfect steak dinner is a good cut of steak, Bearnaise sauce, a Caesar salad, and
a Big Green Egg, or your barbecue of choice! I love to cook and will occasionally
add recipes to the blogs.
Bearnaise Sauce The Right Way:
½ Cup White Wine (Gallo is
Fine)
½ Cup Heinz Distilled White
Vinegar (or other store brand)
1 Palm full of fresh dried
Tarragon (HEB or Central Market)
1 Tablespoon Minced Green
Onion (I usually am out)
2 Sticks of Salted Butter at
Room Temperature
3 Whole Egg Yolks from Large
Fresh Eggs
Put wine, vinegar, onion, and
dried tarragon in a small sauce pan. When measuring the tarragon, cup your hand
palm side up and fill it up! Simmer until there are approximately two
tablespoons of liquid left. Let cool. Some people hate the smell of this step
(my daughter!). And do not burn the pan as it will take you a month to clean it!
In a food processor, blend
the butter and egg yolks. Add the above cooled mixture and blend until
thoroughly mixed.
Because raw eggs can make you
sick, put the sauce in a small sauce pan on low heat and cook until you think
the eggs are cooked. At this point, the sauce will separate and you will have
to throw it out. I have absolutely no idea why, but for the past 20 years I have
totally forgotten this last step! Instead, I store the sauce in the
refrigerator for up to six weeks and take out only what I need at each meal. Béarnaise
sauce is also good on salmon and asparagus.
Needs Bearnaise Sauce Michael Gras, M.Ed. CC BY
Caesar Salad:
This is the real recipe! Years
ago at Pepe’s Grill in Cozumel, when they still made the salad table side, a
waiter measured everything out for me. He gave me a pen and told me to write it
down on my napkin, which I did. You should not eat this dressing because it has
raw eggs which can make you sick, though it does not make my family sick.
½ of Juice from a 2 Inch
Round Lime
4 Large (fresh) Egg Yolks
1 Tablespoon Worcestershire
Sauce (French)
4 Anchovies from a Small Tin
Can
¼ Teaspoon Dry Mustard
5 Cloves of Garlic from a Two
Inch Garlic Bulb
2/3 Cup Olive Oil (Bertolli
Classico or Kirkland) – Not Virgin!
Pepper to Taste
Graded Reggiano Parmesan
Cheese
Romaine Lettuce, cleaned
Garlic Seasoned Croutons
Peel the garlic and drain the
anchovies on a paper towel. In a wooden bowl, combine most of the lime juice, and
all of the egg yolks, Worcestershire Sauce, dry mustard, olive oil, and the anchovies
and garlic (pressed through a garlic press, Mix well. If the dressing has a
tart taste (anchovies), slowly add in more lime juice, tasting after each
addition. Chill.
Separate the leaves and clean
the romaine lettuce. Drain on a towel. When almost dry, put in a Ziploc bag, press
out extra air, and seal the bag. Place in the refrigerator for several hours
until the lettuce is crisp.
Mix the lettuce and dressing
in a large bowl. Place on salad plates and top with the grated cheese and
garlic croutons.
Caesar Salad Jessica Spengler CC BY
Onion Soup: Bonus Recipe
This recipe is so simple and
so good. This is perfect with Caesar Salad on New Year’s Eve!
2 Whole Three Inch Onions,
Peeled and Thinly Sliced
1 Stick Butter
2 14.5 Ounce Cans Swanson
Beef Broth (Other Fancy Brands do not Work)
Garlic and Onion Flavored
Croutons
Mozzarella Cheese Slices, Cut
in Strips (I Use Kraft)
Sauté onions in butter on low
heat for about ten minutes until tender, but not brown. Add beef broth and
simmer for 15 minutes.
Pour soup in four oven-proof soup
bowls. Top with croutons and then top with several strips of mozzarella cheese.
Bake at 350 degrees until
cheese is melted. Serve with Caesar Salad for a Happy New Year! |
38 So.3d 831 (2010)
AGENCY FOR PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES, Petitioner,
v.
Travis DALLAS and The State of Florida, Respondents.
No. 1D10-0714.
District Court of Appeal of Florida, First District.
June 21, 2010.
*832 Julie Waldman, General Counsel, Gainesville, for Petitioner.
Edith E. Sheeks, Assistant Regional Counsel, Office of Regional Conflict, Tallahassee, and Holly J. Gnau, Assistant Regional Counsel, Office of Regional Conflict, Gainesville, for Respondent Travis Dallas.
No Appearance for the State of Florida.
Katherine DeBriere, Newberry, and Maryellen McDonald, Tallahassee, Amici Curiae Florida Institutional Legal Services, Inc., and The Advocacy Center for Persons with Disabilities, Inc.
MARSTILLER, J.
The Agency for Persons with Disabilities ("Agency") petitions this Court for a writ of certiorari quashing the order of the trial court committing Travis Dallas to the Agency's Mentally Retarded Defendant Program ("MRDP") at Florida State Hospital. The Agency contends the court lacked authority to order forensic treatment for Mr. Dallas under Chapter 916, Florida Statutes, when the Agency had deemed him ineligible for community-based services under Chapter 393, Florida Statutes. The Agency further contends the evidence is insufficient to show Mr. Dallas' mental retardation manifested before age 18 as required for commitment to the MRDP. Because we find the commitment order supported by the evidence and no basis in the law for the Agency to veto the court's decision to commit Mr. Dallas to the Agency's forensic facility, we deny the petition.
I. BACKGROUND
The Agency, under Chapter 393, Florida Statutes, provides an array of treatment, training, and support services to adults and children with developmental disabilities. See § 20.197, Fla. Stat. A developmental disability is "a disorder or syndrome that is attributable to retardation, cerebral palsy, autism, spina bifida, or Prader-Willi syndrome; that manifests before the age of 18; and that constitutes a substantial handicap that can reasonably be expected to continue indefinitely." § 393.063(10), Fla. Stat. Expressing the importance of enabling persons with developmental disabilities to remain in their homes or to live in residential settings within their own communities rather than being placed in an institution, Chapter 393 sets out a range of community-based services the Agency may provide. See §§ 393.062, 393.066, Fla. Stat. To receive such services, an individual must apply in writing to the Agency which, in turn, initially determines whether the applicant is eligible for services. If the Agency denies eligibility, the applicant has the right to an administrative hearing to review the Agency's decision. See §§ 393.065(3), 393.125(1), Fla. Stat. In addition to providing community-based services, the Agency also operates all relevant state institutional programs. See § 20.197, Fla. Stat.
Chapter 916, Florida Statutes, provides for treatment or training of criminal defendants who are charged with a felony but deemed incompetent to proceed due to mental illness, mental retardation, or autism, or who have been acquitted of a felony by reason of insanity. § 916.105(1), Fla. Stat. Under this chapter, the circuit court determines whether a defendant is competent to proceed and further has the authority to involuntarily commit an incompetent defendant to a forensic facility if certain criteria are met. See §§ 916.115, *833 et seq., Fla. Stat.[1] Part III of Chapter 916 sets out the framework for determining whether defendants with mental retardation or autism are competent to proceed and, if not, for committing them to a forensic facility to receive services to help them regain competency.[2] The court appoints experts to evaluate whether the defendant meets the definition of retardation or autism and, if so, whether the defendant is competent to proceed. See §§ 916.301, 916.3012(2), (3), Fla. Stat. In addition to reporting on the defendant's mental condition and competence or lack thereof, the experts are required to "recommend[ ] training for the defendant to attain competence to proceed." § 916.3012(4), Fla. Stat. (2009).
II. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
In November 2008, Mr. Dallas was arrested and charged with domestic battery and possession of cocaine with intent to distribute. Pursuant to Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.210(b)[3] and sections 916.301 and 916.3012(2), Florida Statutes, the court appointed two experts to evaluate Mr. Dallas to determine whether he has mental retardation or autism and, if so, whether he is competent to proceed. The record does not reflect when or by whom the evaluation process was initiated, but Drs. Clifford A. Levin and Linda Abeles evaluated Mr. Dallas and submitted their reports on August 20, 2009, and October 12, 2009, respectively. Dr. Abeles had been selected by the Agency; it is unclear from the record whether the same was true for Dr. Levin, although the order on review suggests so. In any event, both experts opined that Mr. Dallas suffers mild to moderate mental retardation, is incompetent to proceed, and satisfies the criteria for involuntary commitment to the MRDP.
Separate and apart from the criminal proceedings, Mr. Dallas, at some point, had applied to the Agency for services under Chapter 393. By letter dated November 3, 2009, the Agency notified him that his application to participate in the Developmental Disabilities Home and Community-Based Services or the Family and Supported Living waiver programs was denied. The letter explained that after reviewing his application and supporting documentation, the Agency concluded he does not have, or has not been determined to have, a developmental disability as defined in Chapter 393.
At the January 6, 2010, competency hearing, the court indicated the Agency objected to Mr. Dallas' potential placement in the MRDP based on its determination that he had not been diagnosed with mental retardation prior to age 18 and his consequent ineligibility for community-based services.[4] Prior to the hearing, the court had permitted the Agency to submit *834 to the evaluating experts certain supplemental materials in the form of Mr. Dallas' school records which, the Agency posited, "further supported" its earlier determination that Mr. Dallas does not have a developmental disability. At the hearing, Dr. Abeles testified that after reviewing the school records and comparing Mr. Dallas' Wechsler Intelligence Scale test results as an eight year old to those she and Dr. Levin obtained, she was concerned his mental retardation did not manifest before age 18. Dr. Levin, on the other hand, testified the school records did not cause him to change either his diagnosis or his recommendation for placement into the MRDP, and that Mr. Dallas' reading, writing, and math scores at age 17 were consistent with mental retardation in light of the intelligence testing he and Dr. Abeles had performed. Based on the experts' evaluation reports and oral testimony, the court adjudicated Mr. Dallas incompetent to proceed due to mental retardation and found that he meets the criteria in section 916.302(1) for involuntary commitment. Accordingly, the court committed Mr. Dallas to the Agency and ordered that "the Agency shall retain and serve the defendant pursuant to FLA. STAT. § 916.302(2)."
III. ANALYSIS
The gravamen of the Agency's petition for writ of certiorari is that the circuit court invaded the Agency's discretionary executive branch authority to determine Mr. Dallas' eligibility for services. The Agency reasons that because the Legislature empowered it in Chapter 393 to decide whether an applicant for services has a qualifying developmental disability, and because Chapter 916 imports the definition of retardation in section 393.063(31),[5] it has exclusive authority to determine a criminal defendant's eligibility for the MRDP. Consequently, the Agency argues, the court departed from the essential requirements of law by committing Mr. Dallas to the MRDP when the Agency had deemed him ineligible for services under Chapter 393.
Our review of Chapters 393 and 916 reveals no legislative intent to confer on the Agency authority to decide, under Chapter 916, whether a defendant has mental retardation or autism and is eligible for the MRDP. On the contrary, such authority lies plainly and exclusively with the circuit court, and the Agency's subordinate role is to provide treatment and/or training designed to restore a defendant to competency.
The scope of the Agency's responsibility under Chapter 916 is clearly articulated in the following provisions. First, section 916.105(1) provides:
It is the intent of the Legislature that the Department of Children and Family Services and the Agency for Persons with Disabilities, as appropriate, establish, locate, and maintain separate and secure forensic facilities and programs for the treatment or training of defendants who have been charged with a felony and who have been found to be incompetent to proceed due to their mental illness, mental retardation, or autism, or who have been acquitted of a felony by reason of insanity, and who, while still under the jurisdiction of the committing court, are committed to the department or agency under the provisions of this chapter.
*835 § 916.105(1), Fla. Stat. (2009) (emphasis added). Section 916.106 provides further that "[t]he [Agency] is responsible for training forensic clients who are developmentally disabled due to mental retardation or autism and have been determined incompetent to proceed." § 916.106(1), Fla. Stat. (2009). Under section 916.301(2), the Agency selects at least one of the experts appointed by the court to evaluate a defendant pursuant to section 916.3012, thereby giving the Agency input into the court's determinations regarding whether a defendant has mental retardation or autism, whether such a defendant is incompetent to proceed, and whether involuntary commitment is necessary. The court is authorized, upon adjudicating a defendant incompetent, to involuntarily commit the defendant for training if it is proven by clear and convincing evidence that:
(a) The defendant has retardation or autism;
(b) There is a substantial likelihood that in the near future the defendant will inflict serious bodily harm on himself or another person, as evidenced by recent behavior causing, attempting, or threatening such harm;
(c) All available, less restrictive alternatives, including services provided in community residential facilities or other community settings, which would offer an opportunity for improvement of the condition have been judged to be inappropriate; and
(d) There is a substantial probability that the retardation or autism causing the defendant's incompetence will respond to training and the defendant will regain competency to proceed in the reasonably foreseeable future.
§ 916.302(1), Fla. Stat. (2009). If these criteria are met, the defendant "shall be committed to the [Agency], and the [Agency] shall retain and provide appropriate training for the defendant." § 916.302(2)(a), Fla. Stat. (2009) (emphasis added). Moreover, "[a] defendant determined to be incompetent to proceed due to retardation or autism may be ordered by a circuit court into a forensic facility designated by the [Agency] for defendants who have mental retardation or autism."[6] § 916.302(2)(b), Fla. Stat. (2009).
The provisions delineating the Agency's responsibilities are mandatory, and the Agency "has no discretion to comply or not comply with the statutory requirements." Hadi v. Cordero, 955 So.2d 17, 20 (Fla. 3d DCA 2006). Decidedly, there is no provision in Chapter 916 authorizing the Agency to determine whether a defendant has mental retardation or autism, or to veto an involuntary placement.[7] And we decline to infer such authority from the fact that Chapter 916 utilizes the definition of retardation in Chapter 393. To do otherwise would be to ignore the legislative intent expressed in the language of Chapter 916. See Wolf v. Progressive American Ins. Co., 34 So.3d 81, 81 (Fla. 1st DCA 2010) (courts have no need to look behind clear and unambiguous statutory language to find legislative intent). That said, if, as in this case, the Agency previously has deemed an individual ineligible for services under Chapter 393, such a finding may be considered by the court in competency proceedings under Chapter 916. The court indeed did so here. However, the Agency presented no evidence supporting the November *836 3, 2009, denial letter it sent to Mr. Dallas, and although the Agency's expert, Dr. Abeles, equivocated at the hearing, her evaluation report and that of Dr. Levin both conclude that Mr. Dallas meets the statutory definition of mental retardation and requires involuntary commitment to the MRDP. Moreover, Dr. Levin testified Mr. Dallas' school records indicate that his condition manifested before age 18. This evidence supports the court's commitment order, and the Agency must therefore provide Mr. Dallas the appropriate training to help him regain competency. See Hadi.
The petition for writ of certiorari is DENIED.
KAHN and ROWE, JJ., Concur.
NOTES
[1] See generally Fla. R.Crim. P. 3.210, 3.211, and 3.212.
[2] Part II of Chapter 916 pertains to defendants with mental illness.
[3] 3.210. Incompetence to Proceed: Procedure for Raising the Issue
* * *
(b) Motion for Examination. If, at any material stage of a criminal proceeding, the court of its own motion, or on motion of counsel for the defendant or for the state, has reasonable ground to believe that the defendant is not mentally competent to proceed, the court shall immediately enter its order setting a time for a hearing to determine the defendant's mental condition ... and shall order the defendant to be examined by no more than 3, nor fewer than 2, experts prior to the date of the hearing. Attorneys for the state and the defendant may be present at the examination.
[4] Mr. Dallas was 35 years old when evaluated by Drs. Levin and Abeles.
[5] See § 916.106(15), Fla. Stat. (referring to section 393.063 for definition of retardation). "`Retardation' means significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior that manifests before the age of 18 and can reasonably be expected to continue indefinitely." § 393.063(31), Fla. Stat. (2009).
[6] The MRDP is the only forensic facility the Agency operates.
[7] Notably, in response to a query from the court at oral argument, counsel for the Agency indicated it would be unlikely the Agency would seek to override a determination that a defendant does not meet the criteria for involuntary commitment to the MRDP.
|
Q:
Взаимодействие с сгенерированным GridView
Некоторым образом генерируется GridView1:
<asp:GridView ID="GridView1" runat="server" AutoGenerateColumns="False" DataKeyNames="Id" AllowPaging="True" AllowSorting="True" OnSorting="GridView1_Sorting" class="table table-hover" >
<Columns>
<asp:TemplateField HeaderText="picture" SortExpression="picture">
<ItemTemplate>
<asp:Image ID="Image1" runat="server" Height="90px" Width="60px" ImageUrl='<%#"data:Image/png;base64," + Convert.ToBase64String((byte[])Eval("picture")) %>' />
</ItemTemplate>
</asp:TemplateField>
<asp:TemplateField HeaderText="name" SortExpression="name">
<ItemTemplate>
<asp:Label ID="Label1" runat="server" Text='<%# Bind("name") %>'></asp:Label>
</ItemTemplate>
</asp:TemplateField>
<asp:TemplateField HeaderText="autor" SortExpression="autor">
<ItemTemplate>
<asp:Label ID="Label2" runat="server" Text='<%# Bind("autor") %>'></asp:Label>
</ItemTemplate>
</asp:TemplateField>
<asp:TemplateField HeaderText="editor" SortExpression="editor">
<ItemTemplate>
<asp:Label ID="Label3" runat="server" Text='<%# Bind("editor") %>'></asp:Label>
</ItemTemplate>
</asp:TemplateField>
<asp:TemplateField HeaderText="year" SortExpression="year">
<ItemTemplate>
<asp:Label ID="Label4" runat="server" Text='<%# Bind("year") %>'></asp:Label>
</ItemTemplate>
</asp:TemplateField>
<asp:TemplateField HeaderText="type" SortExpression="type">
<ItemTemplate>
<asp:Label ID="Label6" runat="server" Text='<%# Bind("type") %>'></asp:Label>
</ItemTemplate>
</asp:TemplateField>
</Columns>
<EditRowStyle HorizontalAlign="Justify" VerticalAlign="Middle" />
<EmptyDataTemplate>
No result for search!
</EmptyDataTemplate>
</asp:GridView>
Каким образом мне получить значения этого GridView1 для дальнейшей обработки в функции? (Сортировка, фильтрация, перелистывание и другое).
A:
Короткий вариант - никак. Механизм датабайндинга в ASP.NET Web Forms для этого не приспособлен.
Как работает датабайндинг:
Вы выставляете у грида DataSource и вызываете DataBind(). Он пробегается по данным, достает из них то, что должно быть отображено, преобразует в свойства конкретных контролов - Label.Text и сохраяет их во ViewState. За счет этого данные в гриде не сбрасываются при постбеках - нажатиях на кнопки на странице - грид просто рендерит сохраненные значения контролов.
Т.е. сохраняется только то, что видно в выходном html - лабелы в в таблице на первой странице грида.
DataSource во вьюстейт не сохраняется. Совсем. Если вы хотите отсортировать, отфильтровать, перелистать, сделать что-то еще - вам нужно заново выбрать данные, отфильтровать или отсортировать их, опять положить в Grid.DataSource и вызвать Grid.DataBind()
|
Q:
AWS CLI issues with connecting from local mac
I am trying to run AWS command from my local MAC, but the connection keeps timing out and traceroute is unable to get to my s3.us-east.amazonaws.com.
I have run aws configure, on both my local mac and my ec2. It works on ec2 (not surprising), but not on my local MAC.
I have a single user who has sysadmin access.
As I said, AWS works on my ec2 instance and the following command yields the following.
Is there something else I need to do to get the AWS CLI to connect from my MAC?
[root@ip-172-31-26-40 ec2-user]# aws s3 ls
2019-11-19 19:55:14 wildrydes.denis.putnam
[root@ip-172-31-26-40 ec2-user]# aws s3api list-buckets
{
"Owner": {
"DisplayName": "denisputnam",
"ID": "22873dab63c6750106aa2bf9f5584754d9b5449067a07c5ab57841967022f3fc"
},
"Buckets": [
{
"CreationDate": "2019-11-19T19:55:14.000Z",
"Name": "wildrydes.denis.putnam"
}
]
}
[root@ip-172-31-26-40 ec2-user]#
Debug output:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "site-packages/botocore/endpoint.py", line 200, in _do_get_response
File "site-packages/botocore/endpoint.py", line 244, in _send
File "site-packages/botocore/httpsession.py", line 287, in send
botocore.exceptions.ConnectTimeoutError: Connect timeout on endpoint URL: "https://iam.us-east.amazonaws.com/"
2019-12-04 17:20:51,304 - MainThread - botocore.hooks - DEBUG - Event needs-retry.iam.ListUsers: calling handler <botocore.retryhandler.RetryHandler object at 0x7ff818983250>
2019-12-04 17:20:51,304 - MainThread - botocore.retryhandler - DEBUG - retry needed, retryable exception caught: Connect timeout on endpoint URL: "https://iam.us-east.amazonaws.com/"
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "site-packages/urllib3/connection.py", line 157, in _new_conn
File "site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py", line 84, in create_connection
File "site-packages/urllib3/util/connection.py", line 74, in create_connection
socket.timeout: timed out
A:
This might have been answered here:
AWS S3 CLI - Could not connect to the endpoint URL
Essentially, perhaps your config file contains "us-east" instead of "us-east-1"
(The IAM timeout is trying to hit iam.us-east....But I dont think us-east without the 1 is an official region.)
|
SportsRadio 1340 The Fan » zack enyearthttp://1340thefan.com
Lubbock's Sports LeaderFri, 09 Dec 2016 12:51:30 +0000en-UShourly1http://1340thefan.com/files/2011/10/logo.pngSportsRadio 1340 The Fanhttp://1340thefan.com
Washington State Long Snapper Hopes His Trickshot Video Lands Him into the NFL [VIDEO]http://1340thefan.com/washington-state-long-snapper-hopes-his-trickshot-video-lands-him-into-the-nfl-video/
http://1340thefan.com/washington-state-long-snapper-hopes-his-trickshot-video-lands-him-into-the-nfl-video/#commentsSat, 30 Apr 2011 03:57:52 +0000http://1340thefan.com/?p=4053Continue reading…]]>KOMO News in Seattle has the story of Zack Enyeart. A long snapper who's hoping his trick shot ability will land him a spot on an NFL roster. |
Fast and sensitive detection of ochratoxin A in red wine by nanoparticle-enhanced SPR.
Herein, we present a fast and sensitive biosensor for detection of Ochratoxin A (OTA) in a red wine that utilizes gold nanoparticle-enhanced surface plasmon resonance (SPR). By combining an indirect competitive inhibition immunoassay and signal enhancement by secondary antibodies conjugated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), highly sensitive detection of low molecular weight compounds (such as OTA) was achieved. The reported biosensor allowed for OTA detection at concentrations as low as 0.75 ng mL(-1) and its limit of detection was improved by more than one order of magnitude to 0.068 ng mL(-1) by applying AuNPs as a signal enhancer. The study investigates the interplay of size of AuNPs and affinity of recognition elements affecting the efficiency of the signal amplification strategy based on AuNP. Furthermore, we observed that the presence of polyphenolic compounds in wine samples strongly interferes with the affinity binding on the surface. To overcome this limitation, a simple pre-treatment of the wine sample with the binding agent poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) was successfully applied. |
Topics
The new series keep arriving this weekend, and the most-celebrated dramas enter new phases. Michael J. Fox is back in a big way on “The Good Wife,” and that’s good, upsetting news. "Wife" has competed with "Game of Thrones" and "The Walking Dead" by offering adult stories and stellar guest stars. "Thrones" has dragons. "Wife" has Fox. His prickly Louis Canning causes more tensions on the CBS legal drama, which offers five new episodes in a row, starting at 9 p.m. Sunday. The brusque Canning infuriates colleagues by trying to replace the deceased Will Gardner (Josh Charles) at the Lockhart-Gardner firm....
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"Game of Thrones" star Emilia Clarke has been named AskMen's most desirable woman of 2014, leading a bevy of television actresses in the men's site's annual list of 99 covetable females.
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Kenyan cricket team in Scotland in 2008
The Kenya national cricket team toured Scotland in 2008. They played one first class match and two One Day Internationals against Scotland.
Only First Class Match
ODI series
1st ODI
2nd ODI
Category:Kenyan cricket tours abroad |
St. Henry's Brad Stahl, with ball, gets between St. Marys' Scott Kinkley, 12, and Dan Roberts, left, during their nonconference contest on Friday night in St. Henry. The Redskins beat the Roughriders, 53-31. |
As of late, I've become close friends with a girl I know. Anyway, I found out
that she kind of has a little thing for me. When I heard this, I realized how
nice and pretty she is, and now I have a thing for her. For weeks it's been just
like in a state of limbo, nothing really going on except harmless flirting. I
talked it out with her recently, and she says she doesn't want to be with me,
despite the fact that she really likes me. She thinks friendship is more
important than a relationship, and it's deeper, and lasts longer and everything.
I want to be her friend, but I'd rather be her boyfriend. I told her that I
probably wouldn't be able to be her friend, because I can't really see her the
same way again. As of now, we're just kind of stuck in this rut, and neither
knows what to do. What should I do, Ray? What should I do?
Confuzed
Dear Confused,
I think it is high time that a guy faced with this issue got the straight skinny from a dude who has seen it all many times before. The world needs a definitive explanation of this “she just wants to be friends” thing, once and for all!
Listen. When it comes to men, women use the term “friendship” the way that a boss who is firing you says “best of luck in your career.” The boss knows you will never work there again, and actually doesn’t care if you have luck. He just wants you gone, but if you’re dumb enough to stick around for no pay, maybe you can sit and listen while he babbles about his relationship problems.
Sorry, chochacho. That is the soft dick* on the situation. Peace.
* “The soft dick” = a vantage point of wisdom and sagacity.
I'm living in a house with three friends: two guys and one
girl. The girl is a close friend/former girlfriend. When we first moved in she
was in a long term, long distance relationship. I had feelings for her then but
she was happy with what she had and it looked like she would be in it for a long
time so I respected that and left it alone. Now she's single again, and she's
miserable but I'm in love with her. She comes to me for support and comfort when
she's down, even sleeps in my bed with me sometimes, but once her misery passes
we're back to being regular friends, like nothing had happened. She knows about
my feelings and I don't want to pressure her because I know she's pretty screwed
up right now, but it's getting hard for me to deal with it since I have to see
her every goddamn day and act like nothing's bothering me. I know that when she
needs me she'll come to me, but when she doesn't it seems that I'm nothing
special to her. Should I just abandon this one-way relationship right now or is
there a way to resolve this in my favor?
Waiting for answers
Dear Waiting,
What I want you to do is realize that you have a natural inclination toward relationships that you know won’t work. Hey, a lot of people seek out relationships which they know won’t work—it’s not an uncommon problem. Y’all do this because you either (a) are built to think that everything in life has to be difficult, or (b) don’t think you have the stones to make a relationship work so you start out with a broken one and limit your liability.
Remember, women and men are like snowflakes: there are about seventeen hundred zillion of them. This one–who happens to be conveniently located ten feet from your bedroom door–is just a blank canvas upon whom you have cast the contents of your psychological bedpan. The picture that the splash makes isn’t pretty, and now you know that.
My advice, therefore, is that you don’t just go for the lowest-hanging fruit all the time. Try meeting someone who lives in a different apartment.
i've seen you give a lot of career advice lately, maybe you can help
me make some decisions here. i will be graduating in late jan with a BS in
desktop publishing (graphic design but from a sucky school). i am thinking of
going for an MFA at a design school (i live in NY, and would want to choose a
school in the area.) do you have any idea which school is best, but yet would
still accept me...i don't know if i'm all that great?
also, i think i should probably get a job first, since i am only working part
time for the last while and am seriously broke. do you think i should go for the
masters degree right away or try paying off some loans first? because if i get
the higher degree i might get a better job, but i am sick of being so damn stony
broke. also the job market here in graphics is pretty terrible right now, so
maybe if i kill some time in school when i get out it will be all better?
am i just burying my head in the sand and need to choose another career?
Broke in Brooklyn
Dear Broke,
Okay, so it’s been a while since I told everyone to capitalize letters properly. I’m going to let you slide on this since, well, Christmas was only like a few days ago. But people: please use capital letters at the right places. If you don’t use proper grammar and punctuation then I take it as a straight-up personal insult, like you don’t care enough about communicating with me to use the language properly. It’s like if you went to the drive-thru at McDonald’s and were just all like “HEY YOU JACKASS CRAPSTATUE! TASTE MY SEAMS!” instead of asking for specific meal items.
Anyhow.
Brooklyn, the main thing I can offer is that you don’t pay off your student loans right outta the gate if you can’t even afford dried beans and salt. Pay that stuff off later. As far as going for a higher degree right away: a bad idea! Get some work experience and you’ll see what a joke higher degrees are. College is just a place where they let you pay them to tell you things you should be getting paid to learn on the job. True.
Don’t take that teat, baby. That is a raw tittie. College is a red raw areola, and instead of milk it releases highly acidic French dressing. [Note from editor: we originally wanted to cut this paragraph, but Ray really enjoyed the way it sounded.]
I just recently started reading Ray's Place and I came across advice that you
wrote to M.R. on 06.11.03. You said: "In general, try finding new friends every
couple of years - that way you can never tell if anyone's changing for the
worse." This doesnt [sic] mean that your [sic] gunna [sic] leave beef [sic] and the gang in a couple years does it? *gasp*
Say it aint [sic] so, Orlando, FL
People, please check your letters for spelling before sending them in. You make yourself look bad, but more importantly, you make me look bad.
Yeah, that’s pretty much a touchy subject. We all kind of know relatively where each other stands in terms of religion, but we don’t really talk about it. It’s the same way with politics: just a thing to argue about without getting anywhere, so might as well leave it alone. I guess religion is kind of like a bad painting that you paid a ton of money for: you’re gonna defend it no matter what anyone says, and you'll probably have trouble sleeping at night, at least for a while. Also, perhaps religion is like a watermelon sandwich: no one knows where it came from, or why it was made, but there it is, and you gotta behave, 'cause you don't know what the hell is happening.
Okay, I’ll see you all next week.
Dear Readers:
This is a sincere question from old Ray, and it is about computer security. Recently I was informed by Roast Beef that my Power Mac G5 probably was runnin’ all kinds of “Spy-ware” on it. Spy-ware is, I am told, malicious programs which record your website visits and also can do anything they want to your hard drive, such as delete all your files or email them to people. Spy-ware is distributed from such places as Trinidad, where the Internet has no laws.
I want to ask if you have any advice for me about Spy-ware. I downloaded some programs which said they would cure me of it but even after I downloaded them I noticed some really odd behavior. For example, I would visit one of my favorite Internet movie clip websites, and then the next time I started my browser my default launch page would be this bogus-ass “fastsearch.cc” or something. My computer launch-page had been changed without my permission!
Another time, after I had visited my favorite Internet movie clips website, I closed my browser (Roast Beef had walked into the room and I accidentally closed it, in the confusion). When I re-started the browser after Beef left, the default launch page was just a white background with a pink hyperlink that said this:
LESBIAN TIT BITCHES WANT IMMEDIATE CRAVVINGS irquhxky mb nxqqky
What was really disturbing is that on my hard drive was a file which contained a poem I wrote called “Immediate Cravings.” When I had originally saved the poem, I saved it with the filename “Immediate_Cravvings,” including the typo, exactly like was in the SPAM web page that automatically popped up! I was extremely worried that computer programs knew what was on my hard drive and were completely profiling me, as well as stealing all my personal poems/information.
If you are an expert Internet engineer, can you give me some advice on Spy-ware? If not, don’t worry. I usually get a different new G5 or whatever every month or so, and give the old one (hopefully not with too much Spy-ware on it) to a local shelter for kids who get punched by their dads.
Confidential to the Ghost of the Guy With Explosive Diarrhea: Peter, I have apologized repeatedly for ignoring your problem. I feel terrible about everything I did and did not do. Please stop wandering around my house, playing that mournful saxophone!
* A Gentle Reminder (“Disclaimer”): This is advice from a cartoon cat, and should not be taken seriously. We are not responsible for anything you do based on what Ray says, or otherwise. Do not commit suicide or otherwise interrupt the lives of others. Continue on with your life as though you had never read this column. Erase your browser history. Not for readers under 18 years of age. |
" Female." " They're on their way." "You go." "I'll pick up Alex and meet you at home." " Hello." " Hello." "You haven't change." "Hello Ramiro." "Hello." "Look at you all grown up." " Okay." "Did you get everything?" " Yes, Ramiro's reading the book." " I haven't spoken with Kraken." " Why not?" "I'll find the time today." "Ramiro didn't tell anybody, did he?" "No he didn't.Don't worry He's discreet." "Look at this place it's paradise!" "Álvaro!" "See how big he is." " Hello." " Hi." "You don't remember me." " He was too young." "Come on." "Hello, how are you?" "Welcome." " Let me get that" " Thanks." "Álvaro, come, it's here." "Alex likes to take a nap on this couch." "It's cool here." "You'll share the bathroom." "To give your parents some privacy." " What's this?" " Homeopathy." "That one is for people who're afraid of being hurt..." "The fear of getting hurt." "Hi." "Hi." " You just had a wank ." " What?" " There in your room." " How do you know?" " I can tell." " Do you jerk off too?" "Every day." "I'd never been to Uruguay." "We're talking about jerking off not Uruguay?" " How old are you?" " Fifteen." "I've never fucked anybody." "Would you like to?" " With whom?" " With me." "With you?" " Alvaro you want some?" " NNo I'm vegetarian." " Are you serious?" " He wont touch a thing." "I don't like trying anything new." "Hi honey!" "Hi." "This is Alex." "Erica..." "Hello?" " Ramiro." " Hello." " You two have met right?" " No." "Álvaro, Alex." "Your mum used to say she'd have four daughters." "We'd call her a "Desperate Housewife"." "So the desperate housewife got scared along the way.." " Do you go to school?" " I used to." " What do you mean "used to"?" " I'm getting expelled on Monday." " What happened?" " I punched Vando." "I broke his nose." "Why what happened?" " Who is Vando?" " Her best friend." "Friend or boyfriend?" "You don't do that to a friend." " When will she speak to him?" " She said tomorrow." "" In all vertebrates, including the human being... the female sex is dominant in an evolutionary and embryological sense."" "We should arrange to meet vando's parents." "To apologize." "To apologize?" "Us?" "For breaking that asshole's nose?" "It's them who should apologize." " he's Alex best friend." " Was." "Why didn't you tell me he's a surgeon?" " He's the best." " Says who?" "him?" " No I did some research." " Research?" "Since when?" " I'm not the enemy." " No?" "No." "She's not taking them anymore." "Did you know?" "No I didn't." " Do yoy like it?" " What?" "My house." "Yes." "Don't lie to me." "Do you like cutting people up?" "It's my job." "Alex." "Hurry up!" "Do you read me, Kraken" "They're taking the turtles to the port." " Where are they?" " 10 miles offshore." "I'm on my way." " Can I come?" " Climb in." "One of them lost a front flipper." " Where did they show up?" " 10 miles offshore." "They were following a shoal of sprats." "They were in the water for 20 hours... caught in a net." "Poor things." " Can you identify them?" " Yes." " Where are the others?" " My son said there were." "Where are they?" "You have something for me, Esteban?" "Nothing." " Are you sure?" " Are you a biologist or a cop?" "You should come with an apology rather than an attitude." "My son was spitting blood." "She broke his nose.." "My wife wants to report it." "She'd better not come round here again." "Wait, Alex." "Alex." "What are you looking at?" "Enough already." "That's it, take her away." "Too many endagered species as it is." "Your son is afraid of my dayghter?" " Your son is atraitor." " Dad." " I won't allow..." " You won't allow what?" "She's capable of breaking his nose again!" "She's just like me!" "She's capable of doing it!" " Who did you tell?" " Just Vando." "If I'm so special why can't I talk about it?" "In the end, our fathers are in the same business." " Will it live?" " Yes, but it'll never go back to ocean." " How many boob jobs has your dad done?" " I don't know." " You're a freak." " VSo are you." " I bet he's done thousands." " yes." " Have you ever been?" " Where?" "To surgery." "To see the butchering." "He doesn't butcher people he fixes them." "He does tits and noses for money but he prefers the other stuff ." " Such as?" " NI don't know, deformities..." "Guys born with eleven fingers." " My dad takes off the extra one." " And eats it." "I'm serious." "It's not a joke." "You said he didn't butcher bodies." "Never mind." "You don't get it." "Do you like your parents?" "They're my parents." "So?" "Do you like them?" "I guess so." "Thanks." "I feel sorry for mine." "They're always waiting" " Why did you hit him?" " he had it coming." " Do you take Argentine pesos?" " Yes." " How much is it?" " 7 pesos." "He pays." "Here you are." " Enjiy it." " Thanks." "When you listen to music in the street.." "What?" "Everyone seems to be listening to the same tune." " Whats up?" " Here's a present." " For me?" " Yes." "Look." "It's a tag they put on the turtles." " I've got one too." " What is it for?" "To follow their migratory routes." "These two are from the same family." " Where's this one from?" " África." "Cool." "It's cool." "Thanks." " You're not wearing it?" " Maybe later." "You don't like it?" "Well, I'm not sure." "I'll see." " Careful with that." " What is it?" "Corticoid." "So I don't grow a beard." " Good morning." " Perhaps I can help you." " With what?" "To speak with him." "To explain what we'do to her.." " Shall we go?" "We'll be right back." " What is it?" " A rare species." "Don't touch it." "What do you know about the species in my house?" "Stop the car." "I'm sure this was the spot." "This is where i got pregnant with Alex." "We still lived in Buenos Aires." "I was afraid somebody would see us." "I was worried somebody would drive by and see us." " It's ridiculous." " What is?" "Being worried about what other people think." "They'd ask:, "Is it a boy or a girl"." "It's the first thing they ask in the clinic." "When did she stop the corticoid?" "Two weeks ago." "You know what will happen?" " What?" " She'll masculinize." "Everything will change." "Her body, her cycles." "She'll stop developing as a woman." "That's enough." " Have you thought about what I said?" " I'm not having sex with you." " Why notr?" " Because you're too young." " So what?" " And we've only just met." "That's why I'll never fell for somebody like you." "Not I for you." "You say you're older than me but you repeat every word I say..." "You're not normal." "You're different and you know it." "Why do people stare at you?" "Why?" "What's wrong with you?" "Stay." "Come here." " I don't have anything." " I like it." "Sex Change For Boy Authorised" "At 18, Scherer Starts the Journey From Woman to Man" "We can start if you want." "What about the children?" "Álvaro?" "He must be with Alex." "Alex." "Sweetheart." " Here he is." "What happened?" " It's pouring." "Poor darling." "Get changed and come eat." " What's wrong?" " Nothin'." "Give me your plate?" ""No'in"?" "What's "no'in"?" " Leave him alone." " I want to know what's wrong." "Sorry I'm late." " Alex?" " She's not feeling well." " Anything wrong?" " Nothing." " Van I see?" " Yes." " See how well my son drows." " No, yo no tomo alcohol." " Hoy tomás." "Ya sos grande." "¡Ramiro!" "Algo hay que tener en la sangre." "Dale, con ganas." "I don't drink." "Tonight you will." "You're old enough." "It wont hurt him" "Drink up Don't drink if you don't want to." " It's not a big deal." " Yes its a big deal." "We moved to be away from certain kinds of people." "And now we're all sitting round the same table ." "O yes..." "Give it to me baby." "Take this and this." "Again, again." " You've done it already." " How d'you know?" "I can tell." "With my cousin." "Five times." "I didn't want to at first." "I didn't like it." "He said we weren't going all the way." "Just half way." "We ended up going all the way" "It didn't hurt much." "Put this on Alex." "I'll put the spare matress here." "On the floor." "Or Alex goes home." "Go to sleep, It's late." "Give it to me baby...." "I have a special bottle of liquor." "I'm going to bed." "We're all going to bed." "Don't." "I'll be right back." " What's the matter - i found them together." " Who?" " Alex and Álvaro." " What do you mean?" " Together." " Doing what?" " Don't know, I walked away..." "On top" " What?" " She was on top." "I don't understand." "She was fucking the boy up the ass." "Clear enough?" "It was bound to hapen." "That's enough Kraken." "We knew this would happen." "She can't stay a woman." "What do you mean "normal"?" " What?" " You said normal." "I didn't say anything." "Don't build your hopes up." "She'll never be a woman, even if a surgeon cuts off what she doesn't need." "When did you tell them?" "That's why they're here?" "I just wanted them to meet her." "I'm not crazy." "You talk to him." "What if seh wants to?" "Sorry." " What do you want?" "Are you a doctor." " No." "A journalist?" "I have a daughter." "A son..." "I've seen you before." "You've been here before, right?" "Yes." "I don't usually drink but it will do us both good." "Your son?" "Adopted." "We're doing the paperwork to adopt a girl." "The perfect family." " How old is Alex?" " 15." "Want to see me at her age?" "If you don't mind..." "That's me at 12." "keep it." "Give it to Alex." " Did you always know?" " That I wasn't a woman?" "I still wonder how my life would've been without the operation." "How was your transformation from amn to woman ?" "When I was 16 I started taking testosterone" "At 17 I had surgery." "That same year I changed my name..." "I met my wife six months later." "The rest of my life is sleeping in that bed." "What if I got it all wrong?" "By letting her choose?" "Do you know what my earliest memories are?" "Medical examinations." "I rhought I was so horrible when I was born that I had to have five operations before my first birthday." "That's what they call "normalization"." "It's not surgery." "It's castration." "Making her afraid of her own body... is the worst thing you can do to your child." "What are you doing?" " You're looking at me differently." " You're older." "Then you could've told me why these people came to visit." "I didn't know." " Are you coming with me?" " No, I want to walk for a while." "Alex!" "Alex." "I don't understand." " You're not?" " I'm both." "But that's impossible." "You tell me what is and isn't possible?" "But do you like boys or girls?" "I don't know." "Sorry about what I did to you." "You didn't do anything." "I'm not upset..." "I liked it." " Really?" " Yes." " So did I." " You did?" " Then let's finish it." " Never with you!" " Why?" " I want something else." " I want something else too." " Oh, yeah?" "What do you want" "What do you want?" " Alex, it'll be our secret." " Liar." " I wont tell enybody." " Get off." "Go tell everybody I'm a monster!" "Alex!" "Where's Alex?" "What are you doing here?" "I told you not to come here." " Where is she?" " Beat it, Vando." "Your father's in real trouble." "Motor lancha." "Alex!" "Alex!" "Wait up" "Wait, wait ." "Come on" "Come on over here." "Don't worry." "Calm down." "We're not going to hurt you." "Take it easy." "Please!" "Quiet." "We're not gonna hurt you." "Calm down" "Let go of me!" "Please!" "Bitch!" "Take it easy, stay still!" "Take it easy." " Please let me go." " It's alright, I just want to see." "Let me see." "Let me see what you've got down there" "What have you got?" "We're not hurting you" "It's a prick." " No way." " She's got both!" "She's got both." " It's gross." " No way, it's great." "Do you get hard?" "Let me see." "Do you get hard?" "Answer him." "Do you get hard?" "I want to see if it works." "Let go of her!" "Get out of here, asshole!" " We didn't do anything." " Beat it!" "Beat it!" " Does it hurt?" " No." " Did they hurt you elsewhere?" " No!" " I'll take her to the hospital." " I don't want anyone to touch her." " Calm down." "It'll be alright." " It won't be alright?" "Come here." "Let go of me!" "Stay away from my daughter?" " Enough." "You'll kill him." " Enough?" "You say it's enough?" "You're just like them." "Worse!" "Stay away from my son..." "Just agree to the surgery." "It's not too late." "You can't hide her for the rest of her life." "Hide her?" " You think she's a freak?" " No!" "We came here to stop hearing every idiot's opinion." "I've had enough." "I've had enough pills... enough operations." "I want things to stay the same." "She was diagnosed 2 months before being born." "They wanted to film the birth." "For "medical interest",and to present the case to the ethics council." "We said no, to all of it." "Alex was born blue..." "She took 40 seconds to start breathing." "Then, they wanted to operate." "they said the only after-effect... would be the scar." "Suli was scarred." "I convinced her not to do anything." "She was perfect..." "From the moment I set eyes on her." "Perfect." "Forget her." "She's too much for you." "I can't leave yet." "I want to speak to him." "We have to leave." "Go fetch your son." "You'll catch a cold." " May I?" " Yes." " I thought you didn't drink?" " You told me I have to drink." " Do you like me?" " You're my son." "Let's cut the crap and talk seriously." "kind of." "What about me?" "Do you like me?" "Do you like what I do?" "I'd give anything to have your talent." "And... me.. am I talented?" "No." "Maybe..." "Do you think one day?" "Do you think that I..." "No, I don't." "I don't get it." "It wasn't always this way." " What way?" " When did I stop interest you?" "It was a bad idea to come." "Your mother is right." "We're leaving" " When?" " Now." "At dawn." " No." "I can't leave yet." " Why not?" "Do you like Alex?" "Finally good news." "I was afraid you were a fag." "What are you doing?" "looking after you." "You can't look after me for ever." "Until you can choose." " What?" " Whatever you want." "What if there isn't a decision to make?" "I've finished it." " Did they hurt you?" " No." "Did you go to the police?" "No, that's your decision." "We'll press charges if you want, but it's your decision." "Everybody'll find out." "Let them." " Have a good trip." " Thanks." "I'll be right back." "Will I see you again?" "I don't think so." "Look." "I never imagined I'd fall for someone like you." "But it happened." " Me too." " No." "No?" "You're after something else." "No." "What do you regret the most?" "Not seeing me again or not having seen it?" "Álvaro!" "Do you want to see?" "Álvaro!" "Hurry up, we'll miss the boat." |
Q:
Ruby add 31 days to date string within 2d array
I have a 2d array.
array = [["2014-01-12", "2014-01-12", "2014-01-12"],
["2012-08-26", "2012-10-18", "2012-08-31"],
["2013-04-09", "2013-05-22", "2013-07-01"]]
I need to add 31 days to the third value in each sub array (eg: "2014-01-12" & "2012-08-31" & "2012-07-01")
I have considered something like:
changed_date = array.map { |due| ((Date.strptime(due[2], "%Y-%m-%d"))+ 31) }
But wanted to see what other ways there are of doing this...
Thanks!
EDIT:
I need the result to be an array of strings with with row.last having an additional 31 days. The resulting array should look like this:
array = ["2014-02-12", "2012-09-31", "2012-08-31"]
A:
You're doing it correct but you're changing your array form. Perhaps you should do
array.map{ |due| due[2] = (Date.strptime(due[2]) + 31).strftime("%Y-%m-%d"); due }
Or
array.each{ |due| due[2] = (Date.strptime(due[2]) + 31).strftime("%Y-%m-%d"); }
|
This application is based on application No. 10-217124 filed in Japan, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image input device for generating a digital image signal by scanning a document, and relates more specifically to an image input device for detecting dust or other foreign matter on the optical input system for optically scanning a document.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Image input devices, such as image scanners and the scanning unit of a photocopying machine, whereby a CPU reads captured shading data and determines whether picture elements detected by a CCD sensor are normal picture elements or abnormal picture elements are known from the literature. See, for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 6-6589.
Conventional image scanners for reading shading data and detecting normal and abnormal picture elements can also detect dust or other foreign matter on the shading panel. They are, however, unable to detect such dust or other foreign matter on the CCD sensor, the lens, and other parts of the optical input system. They are also unable to determine where the dust or other foreign matter is located.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an image input device capable of determining a cleaning position when dust or other foreign matter is in the optical input system.
In addition to the above, it is a further object of the present invention to provide an image input device for informing the user of the position needing cleaning, that is, the cleaning position, when dust or other foreign matter is in the optical input system.
To achieve the above objects, an image input device according to the present invention comprises a scanning means for scanning a document image; an image noise position detector for capturing image data output from the scanning means, and detecting the main scanning address of noise information corresponding to image noise present in the image data; a focus calculating means for calculating focus information around the main scanning address detected by the image noise position detector; focus information storage for storing the focus information for each subscanning line; and foreign matter position determining means for determining the location of foreign matter on the scanning means based on the focus information stored in the focus information storage.
An image input device thus comprised according to the present invention first detects the main scanning address of any noise information corresponding to image noise in the image data, and then calculates focus information for the image elements in the area of the noise information. This focus information is stored for each subscanning line and used to determine the location of any dust or other foreign matter in the scanning means. It is therefore possible to know that there is dust in the input optics and where this dust is located. This makes it possible to reliably remove a cause of image noise in the output image, and thereby obtain a clear output image.
The scanning means preferably has a document platen glass on which an original document is placed; a light source for emitting light to scan an original document placed on the document glass while moving relative to the original document; a mirror for guiding reflected light from the original document to a lens system; a lens system for imaging light reflected thereto by the mirror on a photoelectric conversion element; and a photoelectric conversion element for outputting image data.
In this case, the foreign matter position determining means determines that foreign matter is present on the photoelectric conversion element or document platen glass if the focus calculating means determines that image focus is good; that foreign matter is on the photoelectric conversion element if focus is good and the foreign matter data width is large; that foreign matter is on the mirror or lens if focus is not good; and that foreign matter is on the mirror if focus is not good and there is a change in the focus information in the subscanning direction.
It will thus be obvious that an image input device according to the present invention can determine where dust or other foreign matter is present in the optical input system, that is, on the document platen glass, mirror, lens system, or photoelectric conversion element, based on the calculated focus information. It is therefore possible to detect where on what element of the optical input system dust or other foreign matter is present, and it is therefore possible to easily remove the dust or other foreign matter. The location of dust or other foreign matter in the optical input system can therefore also be displayed on an operating panel, for example, so that a user can easily know where the dust or other foreign matter is located on what part of the optical input system. Cleaning is thus made easier.
An image input device according to the present invention thus further preferably comprises a cleaning position indicating means for informing a user of the result detected by the foreign matter position determining means.
Other objects and attainments together with a fuller understanding of the invention will become apparent and appreciated by referring to the following description and claims taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. |
Report: Houston incomes fall as housing costs rise
The Apartment List chart shows the gap between income and housing costs has widened in Houston. (Courtesy of Apartment List) The Apartment List chart shows the gap between income and housing costs has widened in Houston. (Courtesy of Apartment List) Image 1 of / 39 Caption Close Report: Houston incomes fall as housing costs rise 1 / 39 Back to Gallery
The gap between rents and incomes is widening across the nation. The effect is even more pronounced in Houston, where rents have jumped as incomes have fallen, a study released Tuesday found.
The analysis by Apartment List, a San Francisco-based company that analyzes trends in real estate, found that nationwide there has been a 64 percent increase in rents and incomes have not been able to keep pace, only rising 19 percent.
Meanwhile, the number of renters who are cost-burdened, meaning they spend more than 30 percent of their income on housing, has doubled from 24 percent in 1960 to 49 percent in 2014, according to census data.
In Houston, incomes fell 10 percent and rents have increased 15 percent. Houston was one of the exceptions to the national trend. Incomes rose in other cities, albeit not as quickly as rents.
"Houston gets a bit of a pass because rents have not increased as much as other cities in the U.S.," said Andrew Woo with Apartment List. "When you add income into the equation, renters in Houston are struggling just as much as the larger markets."
Austin, where the population has doubled since 1980, incomes kept up with the pace of rent increases. It was one of the few cities that saw this trend. Others were Phoenix and Las Vegas. In large cities, such as Washington, D.C., Boston and San Francisco, incomes rose but rents rose twice as fast.
In Houston, Detroit, Indianapolis, incomes fell and rents rose between 15 and 25 percent. |
hivex: Added gnulib includes from builddir, as suggested by the Gnulib documentation; link hivexml against libgnu.
Since some modules (`getopt', for example) may copy files
into the build directory, `top_builddir/lib' is needed as well as
`top_srcdir/lib'. -- GNU Gnulib manual, section 2.2 Initial import
This fixes an in-tree build failure on a Debian/sid system (see
below). hivexml could be built out-of-tree, but it turned out that due
to a missing include path, in this case the system's getopt
implementation was used insted of Gnulib's.
Reporting value data in attributes has two advantages:
* The output of hivexml breaks Python expat processing if binary data
makes it out. This was observed in Software hives.
* Not having child text makes room for child elements.
The infrastructure for modified-time reporting has been essentially
unused. These changes report the registry time by treating the
time fields as Windows filetime fields stored in little-Endian
(which means they can be treated as a single 64-bit little-Endian
integer).
These two functions return the hive's last-modified time and
a particular node's last-modified time, respectively. Credit
to Richard Jones for the ABI suggestion, and for the tip on
Microsoft's filetime time span.
hivexml employs these two functions to produce mtime elements
for a hive and all of its nodes, producing ISO-8601 formatted
time.
This commit changes CCFLAGS so that it appends to the existing
$Config{ccflags} instead of replacing it. On earlier versions of Perl
this means we get two copies of the flags, which is unfortunate but
should be safe.
* cfg.mk: New file, to tell maint.mk which syntax-checks to skip
for now, where .gnulib/ is, to exempt images/minimal from
one of the tests and to exempt sh/hivexsh\.pod from another.
Also exempt lib/gettext.h from sc_useless_cpp_parens.
now that we're using gnulib's fcntl module, which ensures
that we use a conforming <fcntl.h>.
* lib/hivex.c (O_CLOEXEC): Remove definition.
* bootstrap (modules): Add fcntl for its guaranteed definition
of O_CLOEXEC.
results in `py_h' set to NULL, though Python's documentation claims that
this cannot happen. I think this happens because `parent' is declared a
`long int', but "L" in the format string corresponds to a `long long'.
On amd64, they have the same size, but on i386 they don't, so the
PyObject pointer is written to the wrong address.
Please consider applying the patch below which just changes the format
string. After regenerating hivex-py.c, I have successfully tested the
1.2.5 code base on both architectures.
In real registries, often the length declared in the header does not
match the length of the block. In this case hivex_value_value would
only allocate a value with a size which is the shorter of the two
length values, which is correct and safe. |
By Rahul Bali
0
22-Oct-2011 04:27:00
The I-League supremo highlights their future plans and mentions as to why India’s top league must be watched…
Sunando Dhar, the I-League CEO, stated that the eventual plan is to ensure that there is more participation of clubs from various regions of the country instead of just a select few which would add a more national feel to the country’s best competition – the I-League.
Of the fourteen clubs in the I-League, four are each from Kolkata and Goa which in a way dents the league in many ways.
Earlier Praful Patel, the president of the All India Football Federation (AIFF), had mentioned of a franchisee system wherein corporate would need to fill in a few additional criterion apart from the AFC club licensing norms to be a part of the I-League.
“We would like more teams from Delhi, Chennai, Hyderabad, and Bangalore when the franchisee system would be floated. There are corporate who are interested and for now, we are preparing a strong base before that comes into place,” said Dhar.
On being questioned whether those teams would gain a direct entry into the I-League instead of going through the cumbersome process of the second division I-League, Dhar said, “It’s too early to comment on that. We would have a few financial injunctions for these teams. I would say for the moment we are planning towards that. Hopefully in a couple of years time, we will get there.”
One of the major issues faced by the I-League is that the popularity of the Premier League football has swept away whatever little support the local clubs would get any which ways due to several reasons.
Why should a football fan living in India bother about the I-League? What is its USP?
“I-League is the best offer in Indian football. A lot of changes are being made and many are in the process. We request the fans to come and support teams, support Indian football.”
Dhar was pleased that this season the I-League would be telecasted nationally on Ten Action+ which is heartening news for the Indian football fans.
“Among the major changes from last year, it has to be that we have managed to get a broadcaster and the fact that the clubs are hosting their own home games.
“This year, we have also had a few promotional activities within the budget. We tried to do something new which shall garner some eyeballs for the league.”
The I-League CEO highlighted the importance of media who shall play a vital role in promoting the I-League.
“The media have the most important role which is to promote the league. We are not the best and have deficiencies of our own. The media can certainly be critical but a constructive criticism can always help.”
It’s been noticed that the I-League clubs change their coaches quite often and except for Armando Colaco, probably none of the teams have had a coach for more than four years in the I-League era since 2007.
“This is certainly not the best thing to happen as just like every player needs time, every coach also needs time to adapt. If you see the team which has been most successful, Dempo SC, they have managed to retain their bulk of the players and their coach. By the time a new coach comes in and adapts, several months are wasted in that process.”
Dhar mentions that this season’s I-League would be the “most competitive” given that any of the “top eight” clubs could win the title.
“On their day, any club could beat just about anyone. But on paper, East Bengal have the most balanced side.” |
Only five months late for Boo.com launch
Time to flog some sports kit
Common Topics
Boo.com, the online shopping service for slaves to sports fashion, has launched in seven countries.
The company, which saw its launch date delayed by five months due to software problems, has secured substantial financial muscle for a European start-up. It is already worth more than £125 million, according to today's FT.
Investors include the Benetton family and investment bank Goldman Sachs. Boo, which was yesterday launched simultaneously in seven countries including the UK, US, Germany and France, allows e-shoppers to browse for the latest hip sports items. Anything from a peach-fuzz basketball dress to a three-tone Lighthouse Bucket - that's a sun hat to you and me - can be found online. And the site is designed to be as funky as its users - 3D images of the items can be spun round, zoomed into or modelled on screen.
However, a representative of Boo.com said the company would not be a discounter. "Our clients have given us products to sell at their prices. Europe has specific set prices for items, as opposed to the US," she said.
The company said it was aiming at customers who wanted to keep up with the latest sportswear fashion, but who were without access to the necessary shops. "Imagine if you are sitting in some suburb in Iowa, and you want the latest acupuncture kit. It's a matter of ease. You don't have to go to the high street and we are offering products which are hard to find in most areas," the representative added. |
When I first traveled to Israel-Palestine in 1994, during the heady early days of the Oslo peace process, I was expecting to see more of the joyful celebrations I’d watched on television at home. The emotional welcoming of Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) Chairman Yasser Arafat back to Palestine. The massive demonstrations for peace on the streets of Tel Aviv. The spontaneous moment when Palestinians placed carnations in the gun barrels of departing Israeli soldiers. And though the early euphoria had already begun to ebb, clearly there was still hope.
It was the era of dialogue. Many Palestinians stood witness to Israeli trauma rooted in the Holocaust. Groups of Israelis began to understand the Nakba, or Catastrophe, when 750,000 Palestinians fled or were driven out of their homes during the creation of Israel in 1948. In the wake of the Oslo Declaration of Principles, signed on September 13, 1993 — a quarter of a century ago today — polls showed that large majorities of Israelis and Palestinians supported the agreement. Israelis, weary of a six-year Palestinian intifada, wanted Oslo to lead to lasting peace; Palestinians believed it would result in the creation of a free nation of their own, side by side with Israel.
“People thought this was the beginning of a new era,” says Salim Tamari, Palestinian sociologist and editor of the Jerusalem Quarterly.
“It was miraculous,” recalls Gershon Baskin, founder of the Israel Palestine Center for Research and Information, “a high peak of optimism and hope.” Baskin, an American who emigrated to Israel nearly 40 years ago, remembers the emotional power of “these two parties who refused to recognize each other’s right to exist coming into a room and breaking through that and putting down a formula which, at the time, looked reasonable.”
Euphoria Never Lasts
Even then, however, there were disturbing signs. During that first trip, still in the glow of Oslo, I found myself in the heart of the West Bank, driving down new, smooth-as-glass “bypass roads” built for Israeli settlers and VIPs on my way from Bethlehem to Hebron. I was confused. Wasn’t this the territory-to-be of a future independent Palestinian state? Why, then, would something like this be authorized? Similarly, the next year, when Israeli forces undertook their much-heralded “withdrawal” from Ramallah, why did they only redeploy to the edge of that town, while retaining full military control of 72% of the West Bank?
Such stubborn facts on the ground stood in the way of the seemingly overwhelming optimism generated by that “peace of the brave,” symbolized by a handshake between Arafat and Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in front of President Clinton on the White House lawn. Was it possible we were witnessing the beginning of the end of generations of bloodshed and trauma?
Already, however, there were dissenters. Mourid Barghouti, a Palestinian poet who, like thousands of his brethren, returned from exile in the early days of Oslo, was shocked to find former PLO liberation fighters reduced to the status of petty bureaucrats lording it over ordinary citizens. Israel, he wrote in his memoir, I Saw Ramallah, had “succeeded in tearing away the sacred aspect of the Palestinian cause, turning it into what it is now — a series of ‘procedures’ and ‘schedules’ that are usually respected only by the weaker party in the conflict… The others are still masters of the place.”
Another Oslo critic, Edward Said, the Palestinian intellectual and professor of comparative literature at Columbia, refused a White House invitation to attend the signing ceremony between Arafat and Rabin. Oslo, he wrote, should be considered “an instrument of Palestinian surrender… a kingdom of illusions, with Israel firmly in command. Clearly the PLO has transformed itself from a national liberation movement into a kind of small-town government… What Israel has gotten is official Palestinian consent to continued occupation.”
At the time, many Palestinians wrote off Said as someone intent on obstructing real, if incremental, progress. Arafat himself said that, living as he did in America, the famed professor “does not feel the suffering of his people.”
Or maybe he did. In my nearly 20 trips to the Holy Land over the quarter-century since Oslo, I watched the West Bank settler population quadruple, new settlements come to ring Jerusalem, and Israel keep full military control over 60% of the West Bank (instead of the previous 72%). All those settler “bypass” roads and limited troop redeployments turned out to point not simply to obstacles on the road to the culmination of the “peace process” but to fatal flaws baked into Oslo from the beginning. Indeed, the Oslo Declaration of Principles, which mentioned security 12 times but never once independence, sovereignty, self-determination, freedom, or Palestine, simply wasn’t designed to stop such expansion. In fact, the accords only seemed to facilitate it.
“It was designed to make sure there would never be a Palestinian state,” says Diana Buttu, Palestinian analyst and former legal adviser to the PLO. “They made it clear that they weren’t going to include the phrases ‘two-state solution,’ ‘Palestinian state,’ or ‘independence.’ It was completely designed to make sure the Palestinians wouldn’t have their freedom.”
The Failure of Oslo
The question worth asking on this 25th anniversary of those accords, which essentially drove policy in the US, Israel, the Palestinian occupied territories, and European capitals for a quarter of a century, is this: Were they doomed from the beginning? Billions of dollars and endless rounds of failed negotiations later, did Oslo ever really have a chance to succeed?
“I think it’s wrong to retroactively say that it was all a trick,” says Salim Tamari from the Jerusalem Quarterly’s editorial offices, once located in that holy city, now in Ramallah. The initial agreement was void of specifics, leaving the major issues — settlements, Jerusalem, control of water, refugees and their right of return — to “final status negotiations.” Israel, Tamari believes, unlike the Palestinians, achieved a major goal from the outset. “The Israelis wanted above all to have a security arrangement.”
In “Oslo II,” implemented in 1995, Israel got its cherished security cooperation, which meant that Palestinian police would control Palestinian demonstrators and so keep them from directly confronting Israeli forces. Those were, of course, the very confrontations that had helped fuel the success of the First Intifada, creating the conditions for Oslo. Today, that’s a bitter irony for Palestinians who sacrificed family members or limbs for what turned out to be such a weak agreement. But at the time, for many, it seemed worth the price.
For Palestinians, Oslo remained a kind of tabula rasa of hopes and dreams based on the formula of getting an agreement first and working out the details later. “Arafat thought that if he was able to get into the Palestinian territories, he would manage his relations with the Israelis,” says Ghassan Khatib, former minister of labor and planning for the Palestinian Authority (PA) as well as a prominent analyst and pollster. “And he did not pay attention to the details in the written documents.”
More important to Arafat was simply to return from exile in Tunisia and then convince Israel to end its settlement policies, give Palestinians East Jerusalem, share the region’s water supplies, and come to an equitable agreement on the right of return for Palestinian refugees dispossessed in 1948. Yet Arafat and his cadre of fellow PLO officials from the diaspora, Khatib argues, “had no real understanding of or expertise in the Israeli way of doing things, the Israeli mentality, etcetera, etcetera.”
Just as bad, says Omar Shaban of the Gaza think tank Pal-Think, was the ineptitude of Palestinian institutions in convincing Israelis that they could govern competently. “We didn’t do a very good job… We did not build good institutions. We did not build real democracy. And we did not speak enough to the Israeli public… [to] convince them that we are here to work together, to build together,” and that “peace is good for the Israeli people.”
For Gershon Baskin, however, the failure of Oslo had far less to do with any cultural misunderstandings or bureaucratic mismanagement and far more to do with an act of political violence: the assassination of Rabin by an Israeli right-wing extremist in 1995. His death was “the major event that changed the course of Oslo.”
As Baskin, who served as an adviser to Rabin’s intelligence team for the Israeli-Palestinian negotiations, recalls, “I know what kind of direction Rabin was moving in when he agreed to Oslo.” In the early Oslo years, the prime minister’s deputies were at work on secret negotiations with the Palestinians — the Geneva Accords and the Beilin-Abu Mazen agreement — that would have made major territorial concessions and called for East Jerusalem to be the future Palestinian capital. Some Palestinians were not impressed; they noted that by approving of the Oslo accords, they had already agreed to cede 78% of historic Palestine, settling for the 22% that remained: the West Bank and Gaza. And they pointed out that some settlements remained in both of these unofficial agreements and that neither included any kind of Palestinian right of return — considered by Israelis as a potential death blow to their state and by countless Palestinians uprooted in 1948 as a non-negotiable issue.
“There’s so much revisionist history,” Diana Buttu says. She points out that when American settler Baruch Goldstein assassinated 29 Palestinians praying in a mosque in Hebron in 1994, Rabin could have seized the moment to end the settlements. Instead, she points out, he “entrenched the army, entrenched the settlements. It’s very cute for them to say it all related to the assassination of Rabin. But it really relates to what he intended to do in the first place.”
The Soldiers Take Control
Yet Baskin believes that when Rabin, having just addressed 100,000 Israelis at a peace rally in Tel Aviv, was gunned down, Israeli priorities changed strikingly. “It was a peace process taken over by the military and the security people who had a very different understanding of how to do it.” This “change of mentality,” he adds, went “from cooperation and bridge building to walls and fence building — creating a system of separation, of permits, of restriction of movement.” The division of the West Bank into Areas A, B, and C, or ostensibly full Palestinian control (18%), joint control (22%), and full Israeli military control (60%), was supposed to be temporary, but it has remained the status quo for a quarter of a century.
Whatever the motives and intentions of the Israeli architects of Oslo, they were soon superseded by Israelis who saw the claim of Eretz Israel— all the land from the Mediterranean to the Jordan River — as a prime territorial goal. As a result, the endless expansion of settlements (and the creation of new ones), as well as seizures of Palestinian lands in the West Bank and even of individual Palestinian houses in East Jerusalem neighborhoods, has become the endgame for successive Israeli governments, abetted by their American counterparts. “The basic fact is that Israel has their cake and they’re eating it,” says Tamari. “They have the territories. They’re not withdrawing. They’re happy with the security of A, B, and C. There’s no pressure on them from the Americans. On the contrary.”
In the Oslo era, American presidents and secretaries of state, at most, issued mild diplomatic rebukes for settlement building, never threatening to suspend US aid if Israel didn’t stop undermining the “peace process.” The last time that happened was when Secretary of State James Baker threatened to suspend $10 billion in loan guarantees to Israel during the presidency of George H.W. Bush in 1992.
And so, steadily, with every new visit to the Holy Land, I would witness the latest evidence of an expanding occupation — new or larger settlements and military bases, more patrols by jeeps and armored vehicles, new surveillance towers, additional earthen barriers, giant red and white warning signs, and most of all, hundreds of military checkpoints, ever more ubiquitous, on virtually every mile of the West Bank. Less visible were the night raids on Palestinian refugee camps and the nearly 40%of Palestinian adult males who have spent time in Israeli prisons, where the military court conviction rate for them is 99.74%. Also on the increase was the Palestinian Authority’s expanding “security cooperation” with Israel. That, in turn, often pitted Palestinians against each other, embittering villagers and city dwellers alike against the governing PA.
As the system of control grew, draconian restrictions on movement only increased. Adults and children alike were forced to wait hours to return home from school or work or a visit to a hospital or relatives in Jordan. Meanwhile, occupied Palestine was slowly being converted into an archipelago of Israeli military control. Clearly, the “peace process” had made things far worse for Palestinians.
“I remember the nice days where there was peace without agreement,” says Shaban of Pal-Think, his tongue only partly in cheek. “Now we have agreement without peace.”
When “Peace” Is a Dirty Word
And so, in the post-Oslo decades, even “peace” became a dirty word to many Palestinians. “They thought that this agreement would lead into an independent Palestinian state,” says Ghassan Khatib, whose initial tracking poll, shortly after the iconic handshake on the White House lawn, showed 70% Palestinian support for Oslo. But when, he adds, “the public realized that this agreement was not good enough to stop the expansion of settlements, they realized it’s good for nothing. Because the peace process for the Palestinians is about ending the occupation. And settlement expansion is actually the essence of occupation.” Twenty-five years later, his polling finds that support for the “peace process” among Palestinians is now at about 24%.
On the ground, what now exists is not two states, but essentially a single state that leaves Israel in de facto control of land, water, borders, and freedom of movement. What connections existed between the West Bank, Gaza, and Jerusalem have been splintered, with little prospect of any kind of reunification any time soon.
Today, when you travel to the West Bank and drive through what was to be the landscape of a free and independent Palestine, you find yourself surrounded by a militarized colonial settler regime. The word “apartheid” inevitably comes to mind, despite its unpopularity among the pro-Israel lobby and their charges in Congress. Sometimes, I wonder whether “Jim Crow” doesn’t best describe the new Palestinian reality.
For me, each successive trip has revealed a political situation grimmer and less hopeful than the time before. Israel’s pursuit of land over peace and the complicity of the American government essentially killed “the two-state solution.”
The final blow came this May when the Trump administration moved the US embassy from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. In the process, it became clear that US Mideast policy is now largely directed not only by the pro-settler triumvirate of Trump son-in-law Jared Kushner, Ambassador to Israel David Friedman, and Middle East adviser Jason Greenblatt, but also by the Armageddon lobby. Those evangelical Christians are spearheaded by John Hagee’s Christians United for Israel, which has surpassed the American Israel Public Affairs Committee as the largest pro-Israel group in the US. They believe that Israel must remain in control of the Holy Land so that Jesus can return and mete out justice to sinners, after which believers will rise to heaven in the rapture. Hagee, who has described such a moment in detail from his pulpit, is a major contributor to the Israeli settlement of Ariel (population 20,000). It was no happenstance that he was the minister who gave the benediction at the US embassy dedication ceremony in Jerusalem in May, as Israeli forces were gunning down unarmed protesters in Gaza.
Now, in an effort to end the long-standing right of return of Palestinian refugees, the Trump administration is canceling funding to UNRWA, the UN refugee agency that has provided food, shelter, education, and housing in the Palestinian refugee camps for nearly seven decades. The move, spearheaded by Kushner, is part of a broader “deal of the century” to pressure Palestinians into a peace agreement on American and Israeli terms. Clearly a bad deal for Palestinians, it is sure to sharply increase poverty and hunger in the camps, especially in Gaza. Strategically, it appears to be an attempt to force Gazans to give up their long-standing national rights, while increasing their dependence on humanitarian aid.
There is another solution, says Buttu. Instead of approaching this as primarily a humanitarian problem, the international community could “put pressure on Israel to end the [economic] siege, and allow us to live in freedom. If we were able to have a seaport, an airport,” to import, export, and travel freely, “we wouldn’t need handouts.” Yet most of the world, she says, is “too terrified to confront Israel.”
Failed peace, dashed hopes, hunger, apartheid, Armageddon. Not much to celebrate, is there? And there may not be for quite a while. “The dream is still there,” insists Tamari, but he adds that, for the foreseeable future, “I think we’re going to continue to have the status quo. State of repression, colonization for many, many years to come. Until the global scene changes.” Say, a major decline in US influence (something not so hard to imagine right now) or some other less predictable set of events. “Or until the Palestinians undertake a massive civil insurrection. That may tip the balance.”
An Ode to Joy
Many Palestinians see the recent Gaza March of Return and the nonviolent boycott, divestment, and sanctions (BDS) movement, which advocates cultural and economic boycotts of Israel, as examples of such civil insurrections. BDS supporters recently celebrated a genuine victory, with the announcements by Lana del Rey and 15 other artists that they were bowing out of the Meteor concert festival in Israel. Yet taken together, BDS and the March of Return don’t come close to the First Intifada, a six-year uprising involving virtually every sector of Palestinian society, which brought Israel to the negotiating table — ironically, for the failed Oslo Agreement.
Still, few are the Palestinians likely to tell you that the national dream is dead. In late July, for instance, I spoke with Laila Salah, a 21-year-old Palestinian cellist, then rehearsing to play Beethoven’s 9th Symphony in Jerusalem in an orchestra led by Palestinian violist Ramzi Aburedwan, the founder of the Al Kamandjati music school. Many of Laila’s fellow Palestinian musicians, risking arrest, snuck into the holy city, in part to play Beethoven but also to assert their right to be in their beloved Jerusalem, which they still dream of as their capital. When I asked Laila if she thought Palestine would have its own state one day, she compared her people’s freedom to the fourth movement, or Ode to Joy, in the 9th Symphony. “The fourth movement embodies our freedom,” she told me. “Or at least, being able to go freely around Palestine. It’s a wish to come true. I don’t know when. We might not be alive to see our fourth movement.”
With the endless march of settlements, Israel’s continued impunity, a fractured Palestine divided between the West Bank and Gaza, and a Trump administration empowering people who believe Armageddon is near, a solution to the Israel-Palestine nightmare may seem impossible. But maybe a just peace is coming sooner than we think.
After all, who predicted the fall of the Berlin Wall or the end of apartheid in South Africa?
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Below are letters and notes from the youth we serve - most of them are from girls in juvenile detention facilities who are reached during our program. Names and identifying information have been removed to protect identities. |
Q:
Boost Intrusive/binary search trees
I'm looking for a binary search tree for a Voronoi tessellation algorithm (Fortune's algorithm; a darned non-trivial task in itself, methinks), so of course, I thought I'd have a look at Boost.
Boost has the Intrusive header file, which seems to contain a wealth of BSTs (such as AVL, Splay trees, and Scapegoat trees - ha, I had to make sure of that name there!) and at first sight looked to be just what I needed.
1: Am I missing something or is there no way to directly access the root node of a tree?
2: Is an AVL tree appropriate for the Fortune algorithm beachline structure?
Damn, I thought this was going to be easy.
Update: Perhaps it's better to state what I aim to achieve: I'd like to implement the parabola search that is part of the Fortune algorithm, the part where a new site is detected and we need to find the parabola directly overhead. I thought I would traverse the tree starting from the root, in order to find the correct arc.
A:
iterator begin();
const_iterator begin() const;
const_iterator cbegin() const;
It is a bit unclear, based on the documentation, but it looks like begin() will return the first header node (aka root node).
http://www.dcs.gla.ac.uk/~samm/trees.html
Update
#include <iostream>
#include <algorithm>
#include <boost/intrusive/rbtree.hpp>
using namespace boost::intrusive;
struct X : public set_base_hook<optimize_size<true> > {
X(int x) : _x{x} { }
int _x;
friend inline std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream&, const X&);
friend bool operator<(const X&, const X&);
friend bool operator>(const X&, const X&);
friend bool operator==(const X&, const X&);
};
std::ostream& operator<<( std::ostream& os, const X& x) {
os << x._x;
return os;
}
bool operator<(const X& lhs, const X& rhs) { return lhs._x < rhs._x; }
bool operator>(const X& lhs, const X& rhs) { return lhs._x > rhs._x; }
bool operator==(const X& lhs, const X& rhs) { return lhs._x == rhs._x; }
int main()
{
typedef rbtree<X> tree_t;
tree_t tree;
X x0(0);
X x1(1);
X x2(2);
/*! Output is the same for the following
* X x1(1);
* X x0(0);
* X x2(2);
*/
tree.insert_unique(x1);
tree.insert_unique(x0);
tree.insert_unique(x2);
std::for_each(
tree.begin(), tree.end(),
[](const X& xx) { std::cout << "x: " << xx << std::endl; });
}
Output
x: 0
x: 1
x: 2
I noticed that push_back/push_front does not invoke tree re-ordering. Perhaps I missed that in the docs.
A:
In the end I implemented my own AVL tree. The complexity of the Voronoi algorithm seemed to demand it, and the Boost version had no access to the nodes, anyway (if I'm mistaken, please point it out; it's possible, given the obscurity of Boost).
An AVL tree seems to be doing the job perfectly.
|
Q:
How to track Google Adsense Click in iOS / Swift Programatically
Is there any way to track the google ad is clicked in iOS/Swift Programatically. I didn't find any solution for tracking the number of taps clicked on any google Ad using Google Ad Sense.
A:
Read the documentation - there are delegate functions. I think you can achieve it like this:
I suggest you to make class scope variable clickCount = 0 and inside the delegate function add one to it.
/// Tells the delegate that a full screen view will be presented in response
/// to the user clicking on an ad.
func adViewWillPresentScreen(_ bannerView: GADBannerView) {
clickCount += 1
print(clickCount)
}
|
2003 in Sudan
The following lists events that happened during 2003 in Sudan.
Incumbents
President: Omar al-Bashir
Vice President:
Ali Osman Taha (First)
Moses Kacoul Machar (Second)
Events
February
February 9 - The War in Darfur starts.
July
July 8 - Sudan Airways Flight 139, with 117 people on board, crashes in Sudan.
References
Category:2000s in Sudan
Category:Years of the 21st century in Sudan
Sudan
Sudan |
Q:
Why shift the array in the &max subroutine example in Learning Perl, 6th ed., ch. 4
Why is the array shifted at the beginning of the subroutine?
sub max {
my($max_so_far) = shift @_;
foreach (@_) {
if ($_ > $max_so_far) {
$max_so_far = $_;
}
}
$max_so_far;
}
Is it just to give $max_so_far an initial value? The program runs exactly the same with
my($max_so_far) = undef;
Is there a particular reason to shift the array to start with? (I ask because I spent about 10 min trying to figure out why that shift was essential to the subroutine.)
A:
The program does not run exactly the same if you initialize $max_so_far to undef. What if all of the input values are negative numbers?
A:
It's to initialise the return value for the function and something the rest of the function can compare against.
Consider some scenarios and trace through the code. For example, say it is invoked like this:
my $max = max(1,2,3);
Inside max, the first line sets $max_so_far to 1 and @_ becomes (2,3). Now when we run through the foreach loop we have an initial value and avoid undef errors. It first compares $max_so_far to 2, updates it to 2, and so on.
Another example is if max is invoked like this:
my $max = max(1);
Inside max, the first line sets $max_so_far to 1 and @_ becomes (). When we hit the foreach loop, it has nothing to iterate through and just returns the initial value $max_so_far.
Another example is if max is invoked like this:
my $max = max();
Inside max, the first line sets $max_so_far to undef because @_ is empty. There's nothing to iterate through in the foreach loop, so the function just returns undef.
|
Controlling interparticle spacing among metal nanoparticles through metal-catalyzed decomposition of surrounding polymer matrix.
Systematic and reproducible control over average interparticle spacing of Pt, Ni, and Cu nanoparticles embedded in polyimide thin layers was achieved. The metal-catalyzed decomposition of polyimide matrixes surrounding metal nanoparticles causes a decrease in the composite layer thickness, while maintaining the size of nanoparticles. This ability provides an effective methodology for the preparation of metal/polymer nanocomposites with tailored microstructures and holds great promise toward the fundamental understanding of the physical interactions among metal nanoparticles. |
Q:
TCP messages halt after indeterminate period
I have a TCP client that sends a 14 byte String once a second to a TCP server that just prints the string.
Client is an Android app, Server is a simple Java app running on a laptop. Comms are wifi from client to router then ethernet to laptop.
Client connects to server OK and starts sending messages, but after an indeterminate time the server stops receiving the messages.
Looking at the wireshark traffic from the server shows the last message was ACKed by the server but the client clearly never receives the ACK because it retransmits the message and the server sends a DUP ACK. After that no more messages appear until I explicitly close the socket.outputStream() on the client at which point the server receives all of the messages and Wireshark shows a TCP frame containing all the missing messages.
NB I am flushing after each message. And TCP_NODELAY has zero effect.
Why are the messages suddenly being buffered?
What do I can do stop it?
NB the code below is not designed for production use. It is just so I can debug this.
Client:
private class SocketSender implements Runnable {
private final Socket socket = new Socket();
public void run() {
Log.d(TAG, "Starting SocketSender");
toggleButtons(SocketState.Transmitting);
try {
startSending();
} catch (IOException e) {
Log.d(TAG, "", e);
}
toggleButtons(SocketState.AwaitingClose);
Log.d(TAG, "Stopping SocketSender");
}
private void startSending() throws IOException {
int counter = 1;
Log.d(TAG, "Opening Socket to " + HOST_ADDRESS + ":" + HOST_PORT);
//socket.setTcpNoDelay(true);
//socket.setPerformancePreferences(0, 1, 0);
socket.connect(new InetSocketAddress(HOST_ADDRESS, HOST_PORT), 3000);
Log.d(TAG, "OpenedSocket");
try {
final OutputStream stream = socket.getOutputStream();
final PrintWriter output = new PrintWriter(stream);
while (sending) {
final String message = "Ping pingId=" + counter;
output.println(message);
output.flush();
Log.d(TAG, "Sent message : " + message);
counter++;
try {
Thread.sleep(1000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
Log.d(TAG, "Sleep interrupted", e);
}
}
output.close();
} finally {
//socket.close();
}
}
private void closeSocket() {
if (socket != null) {
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
Log.d(TAG, "Could not close Socket", e);
}
}
}
}
Server:
private void readStream() throws IOException {
final ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(SERVER_PORT);
final Socket socket = serverSocket.accept();
final InputStreamReader streamReader = new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream());
final BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(streamReader);
final SimpleDateFormat format = new SimpleDateFormat("YY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss.SSS");
long lastMessage = System.currentTimeMillis();
while (true) {
final String inputLine = in.readLine();
long thisMessage = System.currentTimeMillis();
if (inputLine == null) {
System.out.println(" No more input from : " + socket);
break;
}
System.out.println(format.format(new Date(thisMessage)) + " '" + inputLine + "' from : " + socket + " millisSinceLastMsg=" + (thisMessage - lastMessage));
lastMessage = thisMessage;
}
socket.close();
}
A:
After testing 8 different access points and 11 different phone models it seems this is just an issue for the Huawei Y300 when combined with certain access points.
I couldn't determine what about the APs causes things to lock up, so I have just decided to avoid this phone where possible.
|
Geographic variation in egg size and lipid provisioning in the diamondback terrapin Malaclemys terrapin.
Understanding phenotypic differentiation among populations of wide-ranging species remains at the core of life-history research, because adaptation to local environmental conditions is expected. For example, when energy resources influence offspring fitness (as in oviparous ectotherms), the egg and hatchling environments are expected to influence selection by acting on the amount of energy allocated to offspring. Here we identify population variation in egg mass, length, width, and volume from diamondback terrapin Malaclemys terrapin eggs collected in Rhode Island (RI), Maryland (MD), and South Carolina (SC). Egg size (mean volume: 7.6, 8.1, and 9.1 cc in RI, MD, and SC, respectively) and clutch size (mean no. eggs: 16.1, 12.2, and 6.0 in RI, MD, and SC, respectively) differed among populations, which indicated that females produce larger clutches with smaller eggs at high latitudes and smaller clutches of larger eggs at lower latitudes. Lipid analyses indicated that eggs from SC contained yolks with a higher proportion of nonpolar lipids than did eggs from MD or RI (mean percentage of nonpolar lipids: 22.3%, 22.5%, and 31.8% in RI, MD, and SC, respectively). Thus, female terrapins in SC are laying larger eggs with increased lipid content to provide more energy for the developing embryo. Interestingly, total triacylglycerol (energetic lipid) was greater in southern populations but occurred in higher proportions in northern populations (total triacylglycerol: 88.0%, 85.4%, and 81.9% in RI, MD, and SC, respectively). This variation in triacylglycerol levels demonstrates the necessity for quantifying each lipid component. These data indicate a difference in reproductive strategy by which females in northern populations invest in higher fecundity with less energetic resources per offspring, whereas females in southern populations invest in larger eggs with considerably greater energy reserves. |
Frontal cortex projections to the amygdaloid central nucleus in the rabbit.
Evidence has recently been presented which demonstrates that the amygdaloid central nucleus projects directly upon cardiovascular/autonomic regulatory nuclei of the dorsal medulla and that in the rabbit this nucleus may influence cardiovascular activity during emotional states. The present study is one of a series of investigations designed to provide information on the innervation of the central nucleus in the rabbit and describes the topography and origin of frontal cortex projections to the nucleus based upon retrograde and anterograde axonal transport techniques. Injections of horseradish peroxidase or the fluorescent dyes, Bisbenzimide or Nuclear Yellow, into the central nucleus resulted in abundant numbers of retrogradely labeled neurons in three regions of the frontal cortex: the insular cortex on the lateral surface and areas 25 and 32 on the medial surface of the hemisphere. The majority of labeled neurons in the insular cortex were located in layer V of the dorsal and posterior agranular insular regions, although labeled neurons were observed in layer V of the granular insular cortex as well as in layers II and III of the posterior agranular insular cortex. Labeled neurons in areas 25 and 32 were located throughout all layers and the total number of these neurons was substantially less than that observed in the insular cortex. Autoradiographic experiments in which amino acids were injected into the insular cortex resulted in a dense pattern of transported label within the central nucleus that extended rostrally into the sublenticular substantia innominata and lateral component of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Label was also observed in the cortical, lateral, basolateral and basomedial amygdaloid nuclei. In contrast to the projections from the insular cortex, amino acid injections into areas 25 and 32 resulted in only relatively light labeling within the most rostral region of the central nucleus; otherwise the nucleus was partially encapsulated and virtually devoid of label. These results suggest that the insular cortex possesses the potential to directly influence the central nucleus projection to cardiovascular/autonomic regulatory nuclei of the dorsal medulla and thus, together with the amygdaloid central nucleus, appears to be an important component of a forebrain system involved in cardiovascular/autonomic regulation. |
Hej och välkomna tillbaka till "Crumbs & Doilies" (smulor och bordsdukar) huvudkvarter
Jag vet inte hur det är för en men de flesta av mina vänner håller på att bli vegetarianer
eller till och med veganer.
Så mycket att vi gör en helt ny vegansk serie på "Crumbs and Doilies SOHO", vilket är väldigt spännande!
Och ni frågar mig om veganska recept hela tiden, så jag tänkte att jag skulle visa er ett jättelätt, superfylligt och
ûber-chokladigt recept på veganska brownies!
Allt ni behöver är en bunke och en visp, för att blanda ihop detta, så det kunde inte bli enklare
och jag kommer börja med att lägga "linfrö-ägg" i min bunke!
Linfrö-ägg, om ni har hört om dem förut, är helt enkelt ett substitut för ägg
som är gjort med linfrö och vatten.
Jag har använt 2 msk krossat linfrö, vilket ser ut så här, och jag har blandat det med 5 matskedar vatten
och låter det stå i ungefär 5 minuter tills det får en kletig och geggig konsistens som den här
Så jag lägger det i min bunke till att börja med. Sedan häller jag över 115 gr smält veganskt sojasmör
Jag har använt sojasmör men ni kan använda olivoljebaserat också, så länge det är veganskt......uppenbarligen!
Sen har jag 160 gram av gammalt hederligt strösocker!
60 gram kakao av hög kvalitet
och sen 1/3 tsk salt och 3/4 tsk bakpulver, och sen använder man en visp för att blanda ihop allting.
Slutligen vill vända ner mjölet. Här har jag 115 gram vanligt mjöl, och om ni vill kan ni lägga till
nötter eller liknande, Jag kommer använda chokladknappar, så jag har 15 gram av det här.
Och om ni använder nötter, så är det 15 gram med nötter. Så vänd ner det i smeten!
Ni borde ha en ganska tjock smet nu, som är redo att hällas i formen.
Jag använder en 7 inch (ca 20-21 cm) fyrkanting form, smörad och klädd med bakplåtspapper
så ni klickar i smeten och jämnar ut den.
När ytan är jämn sätter ni in den i ugnen på 170 C grader i 15-18 minuter.
Jag skulle ta en titt vid 15 minuter, för om den är inne för längre kan den bli lite smulig i konsistensen,
Så kolla den vid 15-minuterssträcket och lägg till en minut i taget om den skulle behöva mer tid!
Den här är helt genombakad, den ser jättegod ut och den luktar jättegott! Nu behöver den svalna helt,
och om ni lagt märke till mina tjusiga ugnsvantar, så kan ni få ett par egna om ni besöker cupcakejemma.com
där alla mina produkter bor!
Nu behöver den bara svalna i en halvtimme!
Nu har jag låtit mina brownies svalna men det faktiskt JÄTTEGODA dagen efter!
De har fått sätta lite, så för all del spara den till nästa dag innan ni hugger in. Det är att rekommendera!
men jag..... tänker hugga in nu! Jag kommer skära den med min stora vassa kniv!
Och det är faktiskt bara så enkelt som det går till! Detta är de kladdigaste, chokladigaste, fylligaste
godaste brownies OCH....... de är helt veganska! Så jag hoppas att du gillade denna video, och om du gör det,
skriv en kommentar och ge mig en tummen upp!
Vill ni se mer veganska recept, skriv gärna en kommentar
Är du är i SOHO, så gör vi veganska smaker varje dag, så titta förbi butiken, ta dig en vegansk muffin!
Jag är tillbaka nästa vecka med ett nytt recept, så vi ses då! Hejdå!
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In the first of his three-part series on how to be a great SEM account manager, contributor Ted Ives discusses some basic mistakes newbies make that could cost them their jobs.
This is the first of a three-part series about SEM account management. SEM is a fun and constantly changing online marketing channel. There are numerous things that account managers can do to improve their account performance, and even to excel and get more responsibility from their organization.
However, the first requirement of being a good SEM Manager is to be one. If you get fired by your boss, you can’t really work on excelling, can you? I have some pretty substantial experience in this area — both in being fired myself and in being on the scene when other account managers have been removed from accounts.
This article details some of the most common career-limiting ways that an SEM account manager can run into trouble, and how to avoid them. Parts 2 and 3 focus on how to “deliver the goods” and gain more responsibilities.
The first way to get fired: Letting your budget get out of control
Most organizations budget yearly and quarterly. Within the quarter, you tend to have some leeway as to how to spend. In some organizations, though, a simple monthly limit is the guidance one gets from management. The surest way to get fired is to blow through that budget in a big way. Factors that can contribute to this can be:
launching new campaigns with incorrect targeting or budgeting and allowing them to get out of hand.
not having provable result tracking in place to justify the spending.
generally failing to keep an eye on spend.
Of course, if you have proper tracking in place and are achieving an acceptable Cost Per Acquisition (if you’re lead-focused) or Return On Ad Spend (if you’re transaction-focused), then the reward for blowing through your budget limit is often… an increased budget. Spending $12K out of a $10K budget may simply result in the budget being increased by your boss to $15K next quarter. But this will only happen if you’re “delivering the goods” — and can prove it.
The second way to get fired: Failing to protect your brand
A company’s brand is a precious resource that should be leveraged but treated with the utmost respect. There were several articles in various media a few years back about a new Mickey Mouse game where Mickey was going to be mischievous and how everyone involved with the project was thrilled to be involved in updating and making Mickey more “edgy.”
Are you kidding me? Disney invested in the brand consistently for over 75 years, and they then allowed people to play with the brand like that? It’s hard to fathom why they would do that.
A brand should be reinforced and recommunicated constantly, and its positioning should only be tweaked after incredibly careful consideration. If you’re going to mess with your brand, you should read every book by Al Ries and Jack Trout you can get your hands on first. Start with “Positioning: The Battle for Your Mind.”
In SEM, protecting the brand involves three things: being careful with the content of your messaging; aggressively defending the brand against any use by competitors; and being careful where your messaging is displayed.
Brand protection: Messaging content
For the content of your messaging, a simple rule is this: Always have someone else review your creatives.
As far as defending the brand against usage by competitors, you should make sure your company has applied for trademarks around its brand name. If you see competitors using your brand name in ads, research the process for filing a complaint with Google to get them to stop — and keep your corporate legal folks in the loop when you’re going through it.
Brand protection: Messaging placement
Being careful where your messaging is displayed probably deserves an entire article, but the basic question here is, do you even know where your ads are running?
AdWords lets you place ads on the Google Display Network (for instance, remarketing ads), and you should run “placement reports” to see what sites your ads are showing on. If you’re showing on a crappy viral site next to some terrible unmentionable click-bait article, don’t be surprised when your chairman of the board sends an email to the CEO… who sends it to the VP of marketing… who sends it to your boss… who sends it to you… saying, “Why is our ad showing on this site?”
You should run placement reports frequently and update your placement negative lists. Yes, I know it’s a pain, but try not doing it. Fortunately, there are tools available to help identify poor placements.
The third way to get fired: Someone checking the account history & noticing you’ve been doing nothing
I once audited a company with a six-digit monthly AdWords spend, where the results were not considered adequate by the internal customers. The AdWords GUI showed that only 17 changes had been made in the entire previous year (i.e., keywords added, bids changed, or ads changed). As you can imagine, this discovery caused quite a ruckus.
If you’re using a system that tracks what you’re doing, and you haven’t been doing much, eventually, that will become a problem! The simple remedy is this: Make sure you’re generating an appropriate amount of activity for the spend involved.
Congratulations, you’re not fired!
In a world where layoffs are a periodic fact of life, it’s important to make sure you have your ducks in a row. If you can get a grip on your budget, protect your brand and show that you’re actively managing your accounts, you have a pretty good shot at riding out any bad times at your company.
The great thing is, if you can stick around, you can work on improving performance and getting more responsibility. Read the next installments in this series to discover how to achieve success in those areas — now that you’re assured of actually being around to work on them! |
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How do you know what you know? What does ‘know’ even mean? What does ‘mean’ mean? What?
You’re just a material composite of chemical reactions or physical interactions, or biological processes, or a figment of Descartes’ imagination.
How does your mind understand the words you just read? Can anyone understand anything? Let’s look at a thousand cases of very localised brain-damage to understand how the undamaged brain works.
There are no moral phenomena, only moral interpretation of phenomena…but that depends on how you define “moral”.
Look, let’s just agree that philosophy is the process of testing the logic and internal coherence of all the sh!t people say. Put your brain through a sieve, and you’ll know at least that your brain is 100% sievable.
Why would you want to sieve your brain? Because maybe all you have is a sieve…and a brain…and a whole lot of time on your hands.
(And you love the idea of being intellectually superior to others and the university used to be an awesome place to live and work).
All that matters is reasons. Reasons. No thought, claim or idea is off limits, so long as its supported. Nothing is unacceptable bar the insupportable.
Support = reasons….reasons other people can follow.
Reasons other people can follow = Te
That’s not perfect, it’ll never be perfect, because philosophy is just a game for intellectuals who enjoy arguing for their competing imperfect attempts to square the circle.
Philosophy doesn’t take into account fundamental differences in temperament because that would totally **** with the game.
What if you prefer theory A over theory B, not because A is more logical or well-supported than B, but because it suits your temperament better?
“The history of philosophy is, to a great extent, that of a certain clash of human temperaments…Of whatever temperament a philosopher is, he tries, when philosophizing, to sink the fact of his temperament…
Yet his temperament really gives him a stronger bias than any of his more strictly objective premises…He trusts his temperament. Wanting a universe that suits it, he believes in any representation of the universe that suits it…
Yet in the forum he can make no claim, on bare ground of his temperament, to superior discernment or authority. There arises thus a certain insincerity in our philosophic discussions; the potentest of all our premises is never mentioned.”
Object to it if you like, but philosophers don’t really agree on anything anyway.
Arriving at consensus is not the most important thing in philosophy. The most important thing in philosophy – as with any hobby – is having the time and resources to pursue it.
Subjective feeling is the ultimate insupportable claim
This education in philosophy compounded upbringing and added the academic standard of “unsupported truth-claims are worse than useless” to the privately ingrained ethos “your feelings don’t matter”.
And I’ve spent the best part of twenty years excluding Fi as much as possible from my decision-making, imagining, and disposition.
I’ve bricked up this living, dynamic, changeable, flowing object and tried to contain it in a cold, hard, unchanging environment.
Water, treasure, and dreams of spiders
I had an iconic dream many years ago in which I was diving for treasure (gold coins) in a shallow pool.
But I dug too deep and out of the depths arose a menacing black spider.
That spider has been a recurring theme in dreams ever since.
But I finally understand it: the search for treasure beneath the water (unconscious) is the lure of Te, my inferior function, and the promise of its mysterious wisdom and knowledge (the treasure).
The spider is the awful feeling that comes with suppressing or disrupting Fi, my dominant function.
The resolution doesn’t come with escaping the spider, killing it, or making it go away. The resolution comes with embracing Fi, the contemptible “baseless opinion” or “insupportable feeling”. It comes with giving up the illusory treasure beneath the water, the false promise of objective reasoning that proved pointless and wearying and endlessly bleak.
For an INFP, Fi is freedom. We aren’t meant to be rational analysts, dispassionate observers or efficient, responsible organisers.
We’re meant to be wanderers, poets, hippies, shamans, all the disgustingly unconstrained and freely-feeling tropes I’ve recoiled from in scorn because they have no power or standing in a Te world.
But that’s the whole point: this isn’t a Te world. This is my world, and it’s a world of Feeling.
Te belongs, but it belongs at the bottom, at the end, an afterthought a finishing touch, an ability but not an obligation. A capacity, but only a small one.
Lately I’ve been thinking about and discussing the two basic types of choleric. I’ve also been watching a lot of Kung Fu Panda with my son. So let’s use the villains of Kung Fu Panda to explore the two types of choleric and how they function!
The villain of KFP1 is Tai Lung, an orphan snow-leopard adopted and trained by Master Shifu in the Jade Palace, who so excels at martial arts that he and his teacher both assume Tai Lung will become the Dragon Warrior.
But when Grand Master Oogway decides Tai Lung is not Dragon Warrior material, Tai Lung is outraged. He goes on a rampage and is eventually defeated by Oogway and imprisoned.
In simple temperament terms, Tai Lung is clearly choleric. He is proud, ambitious, confident, angry and vengeful against those who have wronged him.
He pursues his revenge with the determination and focus of a choleric, having already displayed extraordinary patience, biding his time until the opportunity to escape presents itself.
Having escaped, he immediately returns to his goal of obtaining the Dragon Scroll, convinced that he is – or deserves to be – the Dragon Warrior.
Lord Shen
Lord Shen, the villain of KFP2, is the scion of a family of peacocks who ruled Gongmen City and brought joy to the people through their mastery of fireworks.
When Shen begins experimenting with fireworks as a potential weapon, his parents consult a soothsayer who warns that if Shen doesn’t alter his course, he will be defeated by “a warrior of black and white”.
Interpreting the prophecy, Shen takes his army to wipe out all the pandas in China and thereby avoid his fate. On his triumphant return Shen’s parents are horrified and banish him.
Like Tai Lung, Shen is proud, ambitious, confident, angry and vengeful. He bides his time while further developing his explosive new weapons and awaits the opportunity to exact revenge (symbolically) against his now deceased parents, returning to his ancestral home before setting out to conquer all of China.
Using MBTI to unpack temperament
The similarities between Shen and Tai Lung as cholerics are obvious. Of course they are also villains, which makes the comparison very direct.
Disclaimer: Not all villains are choleric and of course not all cholerics are villains. But cholerics have qualities that lend them to being either great heroes or great villains….great anything, potentially.
But there are specific areas of difference between Tai Lung and Shen that can be observed in real-world cholerics too.
Power in oneself vs power over others
One of the most fundamental distinctions between cholerics is the nature of their ambition, which directly relates to their underlying skills or cognitive functions in an MBTI context.
Tai Lung is a skilled warrior. He is very nearly the most skilled warrior in the world of KFP1, which is the foundation of his pride and also the means by which he pursues his ambition to be recognised as the Dragon Warrior.
In MBTI terms, Tai Lung has introverted intuition (Ni).
Like all the cognitive functions, it’s hard to understand Ni if you don’t have it. As a non-Ni user, the best I can grasp is that Ni-users intuitively know how to do things.
Intuition is simply unconscious mental processing. The difference between Ni and Ne (extroverted intuition) is that Ne unconsciously processes information and patterns about the external world, while Ni unconsciously processes the user’s own actions, skills, and “how to do things”.
Strong Ni users seem to have a knack or talent in at least one area, sometimes many. They know how to dress well and present well. They take to hobbies and skills with instinctive sureness.
They might not be able to explain to others how they know, because the processing is unconscious, but in art, music, sports, or martial arts, their skill is evident.
For an Ni choleric (INTJ or ENTJ) ambition is channeled through this innate facility.
Hence Tai Lung’s pride and ambition are all about his own excellence, being the best. In his own mind he is the Dragon Warrior, and therefore deserves the Scroll that promises to further enhance his already superlative skill.
Non-villainous cholerics with Ni might describe their ambition in terms of being the best they can be, or wanting to compete with themselves (as an INTJ friend put it).
After all, Tai Lung doesn’t want to conquer all of China, he just wants to be the best.
The kind of choleric who does want to conquer all of China
While Tai Lung is the embodiment of kung fu as an individual skill honed to near-perfection, Lord Shen will happily destroy kung fu in the pursuit of his own ambition.
Instead of the power within himself, Lord Shen cultivates power over others, beginning with his intuitive realisation that the fireworks created by his parents could be used for violence.
This detail of Shen’s origin story is a perfect clue to the kind of intuition he wields: extroverted intution (Ne).
Ne is all about patterns and connections in the external world. As an Ne-user I can fully appreciate Shen’s recognition that the explosive power of fireworks could be “repurposed”. NB: but as a melancholic the idea doesn’t appeal to me!
Shen’s power is almost totally externalised, as represented by the cannons he invented and the army of wolves and gorillas he commands. While he has kung fu skills of his own, they are clearly insufficient to achieve his true aims and ambition.
Lacking the innate talent of the Ni choleric, Lord Shen’s ambitions are not grounded in his own personal attributes. This is reflected in his willingness to destroy his own ancestral home in pursuit of something greater.
Instead of being motivated by his own innate skill, what motivates an Ne choleric like Shen is the self-evident truth that bigger is better:
Soothsayer: “Are you certain it is the panda who is a fool? You just destroyed your ancestral home, Shen!”Shen: “A trivial sacrifice, when all of China is my reward.”
Yet at the same time, Shen’s Ne is apparent in his respect for the Soothsayer, a fellow Ne user whom he spares in part to prove her wrong, but also in recognition of her own gifts.
As a fellow Ne user, Shen is intrigued by the Soothsayer’s predictions and insights. He sends her away only when he is confident that his own path is certain.
The weakness of cholerics
In temperament terms, an Ni choleric would be choleric with a secondary temperament of sanguine, and an Ne choleric would have a secondary temperament of phlegmatic. But that’s an “all things being equal” scenario.
In practice we can see that different cognitive functions can be exaggerated or diminished through circumstances, formation, and our own choices.
Tai Lung’s excessive ambition was fostered by Shifu, his adoptive father and teacher. Shifu encouraged Tai Lung’s desire to be the Dragon Warrior:
Tai Lung to Shifu: Who filled my head with dreams?! Who drove me to train until my bones cracked?! Who denied me my DESTINY?!?
Things get a bit subtle at this point, but I think the “filled my head with dreams” aspect would relate to Tai Lung’s introverted Feeling function (Fi) in either a tertiary or inferior position; my guess would be inferior.
Fi is all about ideals, meaning, and “dreams”. But in an inferior position, Fi is very rudimentary.
At various stages in life our inferior function is more influential, and it’s common for people to suppress their dominant function and be driven by their inferior.
In Tai Lung’s case, that would mean his dominant extroverted Thinking (Te) was suppressed, and his inferior Fi was engaged and stimulated by Shifu’s excessive encouragement.
So when Tai Lung is denied the long-expected meaning of becoming the Dragon Warrior he is enraged and goes on a pointless and destructive attack on the valley, ending in his defeat by Oogway and imprisonment.
Living under the shadow of rudimentary Fi, he actually weakens his “efficiency”, his Te, and loses everything of value.
A healthier choleric would have had a clearer sense of his own goals to begin with. He would have found a different way to excel, even if that meant spurning the Jade Palace altogether.
Ironically his loss of control showed that he had less confidence in his own abilities, because he had tied them so strongly to the specific “dream” of becoming the Dragon Warrior.
The search for meaning is his downfall not only in this first instance, but in his subsequent effort to obtain the Dragon Scroll.
The weakness of Lord Shen
As an Ne choleric, Lord Shen has extroverted Feeling (Fe) and introverted Sensing (Si) in his tertiary and inferior positions; but in which order?
There’s a case to make for either option: ENTP or INTP. Honestly, I’m not sure which is correct.
But his character flaws certainly relate to extroverted Feeling, which is all about harmony with others. For Lord Shen it was his parents’ horror and rejection following his attempted genocide of pandas that scarred him. Shen thinks his parents hated him, and is unable to reconcile their repudiation of his actions with their parental love.
But even prior to the incident, it is curious that Shen didn’t buy into the foundation of his parents’ power – the colour and joy that their fireworks brought to the lives of ordinary people. If Shen had more well-developed Fe he ought to have been more appreciative of that relationship between his parents and their subjects.
The frightening aspect of Lord Shen’s Fe is that he massacred the pandas without realising the effect this would have on his parents, and without having previously heeded their worries and fears about his attempts to weaponise fireworks.
It’s suggestive of psychopathy – not only that he would massacre the pandas but more importantly that he would fail to understand his parents response!
What went wrong with Shen?
Unlike Tai Lung, there is no indication that Lord Shen was misled, or that his head was “filled with dreams”.
What seems more likely is his parents’ failure to properly educate their son and instill in him more compassion or care for others. By the time he was willing and able to massacre all the pandas in China, it was already too late in his development.
While this indicates a failure to develop Fe, it also suggests (or rather, my brother suggested while discussing this question) an Si-related failure to fill a young Shen with formative memories that would reinforce the virtues of compassion, benevolence, and mercy.
Shen’s attempt to use his intellect (Ti and Ne) to conquer China with gunpowder is a merciless and violent recapitulation of his parents’ “conquering” Gongmen City through the joy and wonder accomplished by their fireworks.
Without an appreciation for the happiness of the people and the virtues that go along with that, Shen would see his own path as a bigger, better, and more glorious version of his own parents’ success.
Cholerics in real life
Learning about the four temperaments helped me understand myself, but it also helped me understand how and why some people act like complete a***holes when it seems like they should (and maybe do) know better.
Cholerics in general are weaker in the “feeling” functions of the MBTI. In Big 5 terms, they are more “disagreeable” than “agreeable”.
Villains with troubled origin stories aside, cholerics tend to be proud, which they might prefer to describe as being objective about their own strengths.
For Ni cholerics, their strength is the innate talent facilitated by introverted intuition, coupled with extroverted thinking (Te) that helps them be very goal-directed and efficient.
For Ne cholerics, their strength is the systematic world-modelling comprehension of introverted thinking (Ti), enabled and given full-flight by extroverted intuition.
Being strong and disagreeable is advantageous if life is a competition. But cholerics struggle when they seek to “win” at non-competitive goals or attributes such as being agreeable.
A common trope for successful cholerics (villainous or not) is to reach the pinnacle of success only to realise that they have neglected or even harmed the things they valued but did not excel at.
That’s why the choleric “solution” is essentially a softening or slowing down where it might otherwise be easier for them to fight, compete, and perhaps win. It’s for cholerics, I think, that we have the spiritual advice to embrace weakness, meekness, humility, and poverty of spirit.
I’ve gone into a lot of depth in the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, albeit haphazardly as befits a P-type, right?
But lately I’ve been looking at the simpler measure of the P and the J, and what that means for how we ideally function in the world.
I’m an INFP, who has ended up sharpening his J approach to life in order to “get s*** done!”, because if I stay in P mode I’m afraid life will just blend into some kind of seamless, mysterious whole without my understanding or control.
Actually that sounds kinda nice.
My wife is a genuine J type, yet somehow we’ve ended up inverted. I’m usually in control, deciding what we’ll do and when we’ll do it, while she’s been seemingly content to follow my lead and see what happens.
Which has worked. But it’s been a lot of work, with each of us using our weaker functions to get through life.
Embrace your P-ness
Logically the answer is to revert to our genuine types. That means I should relax, accept that I’m intrinsically disorganized by worldly standards, and let my wife take up some of the slack.
Become the feckless hippie my MBTI results suggest I ought to be, (or more flattering but therefore less therapeutic, the Wanderer above the Sea of Fog…thanks INTJ!)
But it’s really hard to go against years of training and conditioning.
It’s really hard to stop J-ing, to just let go and not even write blog posts summing up the awesome insights that come to me.
And perhaps that’s because the simple P-J message is a little too simple after all.
It’s meant to tell us which of our functions is extroverted – the perceiving one, or the judging one.
But if you’re an introvert, your extroverted function will be auxiliary, subordinate to and weaker than your dominant.
So I may be a P-type, but since my dominant function is a judging function, I’m not the most P that a P could be.
Likewise, my wife is a J-type, but her dominant is a perceiving function, so she’s not the most J kind of J either.
IP types have a dominant introverted judging function, which will make them seem more like judgers (J types) than other P types.
And for IJ types vice-versa.
Typical of an INFP (apparently), these kinds of renovations of my theoretical model come easily and frequently, but they don’t change the underlying “feel” I have for what is important.
When I act or think like a J-type, I might be relying too much on my inferior Te (extroverted Thinking) function, as I previously thought, but another way of looking at the whole situation is that I have unhealthy Fi (introverted Feeling) pushing me to accomplish things.
When too many possibilities proliferate, I get tired and want to put away my MBTI toys because I sense that achieving perfect understanding will not yield proportional benefits to me.
Yet this in turn reflects an aspect of my inferior Te – taking single variables and enlarging them until they seem to account for everything. Yes! That’s the one-single mistake I make! (ironic laughter).
The good news is that for an introverted Feeler the actual thoughts don’t need to be nailed down. Despite my past attempts to find all the answers to everything and be right all the time, I don’t really need to know anything, so long as I know how I feel.
I’ve been using the MBTI functions as a way of sharpening focus on the four temperaments.
This is because pragmatically the functions allow a finer-grained analysis of the temperaments.
For example, what’s the difference between a melancholic-phlegmatic and a melancholic-sanguine?
Both are NF types. Melancholic-phlegmatics are xNFP and melancholic-sanguines are xNFJ.
This means that melancholic-phlegmatics are using extroverted intuition (Ne) and introverted feeling (Fi), whereas melancholic-sanguines are using introverted intuition (Ni) and extroverted feeling (Fe).
So in the first instance, although both are melancholic with the combination of feeling and intuition, the NeFi combo is already a more introverted way of being than the NiFe combo. Fe is externally oriented, meaning that the melancholic-sanguine makes decisions according to their sense of how others are feeling, for the sake of group harmony.
Fe types want to connect with others and maintain good relationships, whereas Fi types are more motivated by internal coherence and authenticity.
In addition to the orientation of the feeling function, the third and fourth functions of either type also play a role in describing the difference in temperament.
The significant part here is that Si and Se are the determining functions of the phlegmatic and sanguine temperaments respectively. Si gives the phlegmatic their inward, mnemonic focus. Se gives sanguines their sensory, outward, experiential focus.
That’s why these two types of melancholic can be similar, yet in other ways so distinct. What makes one melancholic partly phlegmatic is the inward orientation of their Feeling function plus their introverted sensing (Si) in third or fourth place. What makes the other melancholic more sanguine is the extroversion of their Feeling, plus the extroverted sensing (Se) in their third or fourth place.
Or is it…
But the functions are just useful, finer-grained descriptions. No one knows if they are actually different cognitive functions, and so we can ask which is the underlying reality: MBTI functions, or temperamental factors?
What I mean by temperamental factors is that the four temperaments are typically described as combinations of two factors – the clearest of which (in my opinion) are excitability and duration of impression.
Given that a melancholic has low excitability with enduring impressions, but that melancholics differ by degrees, we can ask the following interesting (but not very pragmatic) question:
Are the differing degrees of melancholic due to real differences in cognitive function, or are supposed differences in cognitive function just ways of describing varying degrees of melancholy?
In other words, are Fi and Fe different things, or are they just different degrees of the same thing?
As far as I can tell, it’s quite possible that Fi is really just a less excitable form of Feeling, and Fe a more excitable one.
But going a step further, I’m not sure that Feeling and Thinking are necessarily different things either.
It’s plausible that F and T represent less excitable and more excitable forms of the same cognitive process. In effect, F is like a blurred and impressionistic version of the sharper, detail-oriented T.
There’s a widespread perception that feelings are an untrustworthy guide.
I think this probably comes from situations where people have bucked the conventional trends and rules of life and justified it rightly or wrongly on the basis of feelings that defy scrutiny and interrogation.
“It just feels right to me!”
But the same thing happens all the time with thinking. Thinking too can be an untrustworthy and dangerous guide for many people, but in those instances we tend to label them “stupid” or “irrational” or “stubborn” rather than criticise them for thinking per se.
The truth is that there’s such a thing as good and bad feeling, just as there is good and bad thinking.
What makes either one good or bad is the degree of honesty with oneself, and the knowledge in and around the thought or feeling that guides us.
For example, if we think that vaccination is bad for us, or that raw chicken is okay to eat, then we are being guided by thoughts that are either insufficiently scrutinised or else coloured by some ulterior motive.
Similarly, our feelings can be coloured by deeper motives, or we can be mistaken in our own interpretation of them.
In accord with temperament, I think we can use either thinking or feeling to work out what we want to do. But it’s up to us to be honest with ourselves and clear about the nature of the thoughts or feelings we are following.
Perhaps the best way to put it is that both our thoughts and feelings should be genuine or authentic. In my own life I seem to get into trouble when – either thinking or feeling – my words and actions are coloured by ulterior motives of which I am not fully conscious.
Things like insecurity, escapism, avoidance and so on.
I might have a desire to say something, but what is driving that desire? Is it the genuine expression of a good feeling, or is it a shady evasion of a bad one?
The problem for INFPs is that society privileges Te and Si over Ne and especially Fi.
This means that focusing on effectiveness and outcomes (Te),
or on past experience and “what worked before” (Si)
is more rewarding than
seeing abstract connections between things (Ne),
or having a deep and mysterious nonverbal inner landscapethat tells you what you like and don’t like (Fi).
Yeah, that last one is a bit of a mouthful and I’ll have to unpack it later if possible.
So from childhood most INFPs are taught to put their tertiary and inferior functions ahead of their dominant and auxiliary.
This is problematic because our tertiary and inferior functions are generally weaker, less developed, and require more energy to use than our dominant and auxiliary. Depending too much on your tertiary and inferior functions means you’re not working with your strengths.
For the INFP it also means we’re not being authentic. We’re living according to the imposed values of Si and Te…demands we can meet, but at an awful cost.
The cost is that we feel awful.
Our dominant function of introverted feeling doesn’t go away. It keeps telling us “this is bad…this is bad…” even while we persist in letting our tertiary and inferior functions drive us.
We end up in this unfortunate state because for most of our lives we’ve been asked to justify and explain ourselves in terms that the broader society will appreciate; yet the very nature of introverted feeling is that it’s extremely difficult to describe or communicate to others.
Sometimes the best we can say is “I don’t feel like it”, which is not considered valid by many people.
So we stretch ourselves to come up with “reasons” that actually feel (to us) like excuses. But excuses are the only language some people will listen to. And if you can be reasonable enough, you can convince these people of your position.
They might disagree, but they’ll at least acknowledge that you’re playing their game. At least you’re giving them something to disagree with.
It’s a formative experience for an INFP to be relentlessly pushed for an answer, explanation, or justification, when really we were operating on feeling the whole time.
The people pushing for “reasons” aren’t necessarily bullies, they’re likely operating from a different function. They’re assuming that the INFP has clear and concise reasons for their behaviour, reasons that are easy to articulate and communicate.
So when the INFP struggles to communicate these reasons, the interrogator doesn’t understand the apparent reluctance or resistance. From the interrogator’s point of view, the INFP must be too afraid or too embarrassed or too malicious to share their reasons.
For the INFP, the interrogator’s scrutiny itself comes across as an indictment, an implicit charge that the vague, inarticulate world of introverted feeling is faulty and inadequate. The prolonged and persistent attempts to get an INFP to explain themselves just reinforce the INFP’s sense of being incomprehensible to others.
From what I’ve seen of other INFPs, I’m guessing I’ve gone pretty far down the road of training and depending on my tertiary and inferior functions.
But these tertiary and inferior functions are crippling when they exceed their station. I’ve begun to notice the many occasions in which Si and Te states of mind or impulses surface, to detrimental effect.
In my writing, these manifest as the internal pressure to arrive at decisive conclusions, explain my points exhaustively, be unassailable in the position I take, consider all possible objections, research everything to ensure I make no mistakes, and try repeatedly to communicate my meaning as effectively as possible.
None of these are bad things to aim for. But what happens so often is that my initial burst of inspiration is crushed and suffocated by the sheer burden of these demands.
I might have a meaningful idea I feel strongly about (Fi), that draws on some abstract connections or patterns I’ve noticed (Ne), but a third of the way in I’m already wondering “who cares about this? What’s the point?” (Te), or I’ve researched the issue in question and utterly derailed my train of thought by overloading it with new data (Si), or I’ve tried to adhere too closely to conventions of genre and the light-hearted piece I started with has turned into a weighty, leaden recount (Si).
There’s nothing wrong with Si and Te, but if what really drives you is Fi and Ne, then denying those functions is going to make you feel drained, worn out and depleted.
Some people say you should follow your feelings, “listen to your heart” and so on.
Others say that this is terrible advice. You need to think clearly, reasonably, objectively, before you act.
So which is it? Are your feelings an infallible inner guide, or bound to lead you astray?
Different personality types
We can find exemplars and tragic cases to illustrate either side: people who follow their feelings…and leave a trail of destruction in their wake, or those who ignore their feelings only to end up leading hollow, empty lives.
But if we take seriously a personality theory like the MBTI, it quickly becomes clear that feeling and thinking play different roles in people’s personalities.
In the MBTI feeling and thinking are distinct cognitive functions. Those who are “good at” thinking tend to be bad at feeling and vice-versa. But throughout the course of our lives we also tend to go through a process of embracing our weaker, “inferior” function, relying on it too much, and finally coming to accept its subordinate role in our personality.
So for example, a feeling-dominant person discovers the untapped potential of their inferior thinking function and embraces it. Thinking seems mysterious and powerful, but they’re not naturally adept at it and are blind to the weaknesses and flaws in their use of it.
Eventually they will come to realise the limitations of thinking, and return to their dominant feeling function.
Someone who goes through this journey may well describe it as the discovery that they should have “followed their heart” all along. That’s because denying their feelings and pursuing their weaker thinking function was essentially a self-limiting and flawed approach to life.
By the end of this journey, the individual should be more balanced and centred, and objectively happier.
Thinking-dominant
A thinking-dominant person will go through the inverse process – embracing their inferior feeling function at some point in their early life, and pursuing it beyond its natural limits in their personality.
For the thinking-dominant person, their feeling function really will lead them astray.
Eventually they too will reach a point where the limits of feeling become clear to them, and they resolve to return to their dominant thinking function.
Someone who goes through this journey may well reject the illusory wisdom of “follow your feelings”. They will reassert the merits of their thinking function. The image they project and the narrative they recount will be at odds with the feeling-dominant person, but the general shape of the journey should be analogous.
If you put these two different personalities side-by-side they will describe the same kind of process of disintegration and reintegration, of abandoning and then rediscovering their strength, but they may nonetheless still argue with each other and vehemently disagree about the role of thinking versus feeling.
Intuition and sensing
The same process should theoretically occur for people who are either intuition-dominant or sensing-dominant according to the MBTI. This dichotomy might be described as “follow your intuition” versus “stick to the facts”.
Depending what is called your “functional stack” both dichotomies will emerge throughout your life.
For example, if your functional stack is FiNeSiTe (INFP), you’ll experience a major pull toward your inferior thinking function, and an eventual return to your dominant feeling function. But at the same time you may also experience a more muted struggle to make sense of your auxiliary intuition and your tertiary sensing functions.
By contrast, an INFJ has a different functional stack: NiFeTiSe. They’ll experience a strong pull toward their inferior sensing function, distracting from or overriding their dominant intuition. At the same time they will struggle to work out the balance between their feeling and thinking functions, though on a less dramatic level than the struggle experienced by the INFP.
Who should you listen to?
The problem is that people can make compelling cases for either side in the two dichotomies…because people generally are experiencing both sides of the struggle.
If we don’t know our own personality, we can become confused about which direction we’re meant to be headed.
A feeling-dominant person struggling in ignorance to suppress their feeling function may find encouragement in the advice of thinking-dominant people who have overcome their struggle with inferior feeling.
But that would be a mistake.
The two circumstances are quite different. Feeling-dominant people will not be led astray by their feelings. Thinking-dominant people will be.
What makes these struggles even more confusing is that stress, abuse, and suffering in early life will contribute to the embrace of the inferior function as people seek out adaptive strategies to survive difficult circumstances.
So some people will find that embracing their inferior function is the only way they know how to live. You might be a feeling-dominant personality, but if you feel terrible you aren’t exactly going to revel in the rediscovery of your dominant function.
Perhaps the best we can do is to become aware of the limitations in our inferior functions. We might enjoy using them, we might even be very good at them, but they will have serious deficiencies or blind-spots, and take significantly more energy to use than the functions that ought to come more naturally.
I’ve known for a while that there’s something wrong with my posture, but it’s only in the last year that I’ve resorted to learning basic functional anatomy to troubleshoot the problems for myself.
I’ve been learning about extension and flexion of the various joints, bony landmarks, specific muscles and their antagonists, as well as common postural deficiencies like forward head posture, excessive lordosis of the lumbar spine, kyphosis of the thoracic spine, pelvic tilt, rib flare, and so on.
There are lots of variables to examine and many of them are inter-dependent. For example: I started with the issue of rounded shoulders, which is really about protraction of the scapulae. I worked on trying to fix that for a while, but with limited success. Eventually I realised I was flaring out my ribs too much, which is really an issue of excessive extension at the thoraco-lumbar spine – the middle of the spine.
To correct the rib flare requires engaging abdominal muscles to pull the ribs down, but this in turn is not feasible unless the pelvis is correctly aligned. Anterior pelvic tilt tends to weaken the abdominals and the gluteals, while shortening the lower back muscles and the hip flexors.
By the time I’d worked all this out I’d forgotten about the shoulder protraction issue, so it’s come full-circle again.
Beyond anatomy
I think there’s also a symbolic or psychological aspect to these postural issues.
Posture is directly linked to the psyche in two main ways: first, we use posture to communicate with others. Defensive and submissive postures indicate to others that we wish to avoid confrontation. Hunching or rounding the shoulders, dropping the head, collapsing the chest all communicate submission by making us appear physically smaller and weaker.
Second, bad posture feels awful. It makes us irritable and stressed, takes more energy to maintain, and discourages us from the physical exertion required to accomplish daily activities and meaningful projects.
Forward head posture
So let’s take forward head posture as an example.
There’s a simple behavioural component, in that we spend a lot of time sitting at computers or staring at mobile phones or tablets. These activities tend to encourage forward movement of the head.
But moving your head forward to stare at the computer screen isn’t necessary. Perhaps it’s a by-product of intense focus, or maybe it’s a result of the conflict between a sedentary seating position combined with active visual attention.
Even before I began looking into posture I knew I had problems with my neck. It feels incredibly stiff at times, and occasionally it would ache from the tension. Symbolically, I used to relate this tension to my analytical and overly-intellectual approach to life.
I think a lot. I think about everything, all the time. 80-90% of my waking hours involve thinking about something, and this hasn’t changed in over a decade.
I’ve tried a lot of things to let go of this excessive intellection, but I’ve never found a simple solution. The complex solution has been to keep thinking about it, or at least try to improve the efficiency of my thinking in hopes that I’d eventually find the answer.
Trying to think of a solution to excessive thinking may sound counter-intuitive. As Maslow wrote:
“I suppose it is tempting, if the only tool you have is a hammer, to treat everything as if it were a nail.”
But if the only tool you have is a hammer, it’s not too outrageous to prioritise all your hammering tasks…maybe see how far hammering alone will get you.
Nonetheless, I can’t ignore the symbolism of forward head posture as a psychosomatic effort to lead with one’s head – putting one’s mind out in front.
And compared to what?
Well if I try to correct my head position, I immediately feel that my throat, chest, and whole torso are more open and exposed. That’s why dropping the head is a defensive position: better to get hit in the chin than in the throat.
If the head is associated with thinking, the chest or the heart is associated with feeling. Perhaps the symbolism of forward head posture is an attempt to use thinking, intellect, and analysis, to get out in front of feeling?
Melancholics are, after all, feeling-oriented. The effort to analyse life rather than feeling it directly is an established trope or cliche, and it makes sense that a feeling-oriented person would compromise their posture through such an effort. Feeling can be a confusing and seemingly ineffectual function. It gives long, slow answers when what we might prefer are short, convenient, and maybe conventional solutions. Feeling often points a direction with no hint as to the final destination.
We can easily blame behaviour for bad posture, and it certainly plays a role. But our psychology also makes us more susceptible to particular behaviours. Maintaining a postural deficiency takes constant effort, and trying to explain it as merely the outcome of certain behaviours like staring at a computer screen is question-begging.Why, after all, am I spending so much time happily staring at a computer screen if it is damaging my posture?
Looking at a postural problem in the broader context of one’s behaviours, psychology, and temperament can reveal symbolic relationships and even solutions.
Not that I found the solution by examining the symbolism, mind you. It’s eight to ten years since I first thought my neck trouble might be linked to my intellectual outlook, but the more I hammered away at that question, the more ingrained my intellectual efforts became.
It’s taken life experience, grudging and sometimes grueling lessons to reveal the real meaning and importance of feeling in my life, and how this mysterious function is to be embraced.
So now my old speculations about the symbolism of posture have come to mind, more like a memory or a realisation than a solution. The solution has happened on a deeper level, and now the recognition of it comes like an afterword, tying up loose ends when the real story is done.
I’ve often been told I think too much, but it has – with no sense of irony – taken years of thinking for me understand what this means.
I would have said that in fact I do not think enough, and I continue thinking precisely because I have not yet arrived at the answers I seek.
Recently I have been thinking about the difference between training and performance, specifically in a martial arts context. My natural tendency upon encountering failure or less-than-ideal circumstances is to think about it. I think because experience has shown that thinking often helps me to understand, and that understanding helps me to do, and to do better than I would if I didn’t understand.
But there are exceptions, and martial arts is one of them. Because, if instead of ‘performing’ the moves I go back to thinking about them and analysing them, the actual quality of the move changes dramatically. It turns out you cannot both perform a move and analyse a move at the same time. Then the question arises: what are you actually practicing when you practice your martial art? Are you practicing ‘performing’ or doing the moves, or are you practicing thinking about and analysing the moves?
By analogy, it’s as though I’ve found driving a car to be uncomfortable, confusing, and overall dissatisfying, and so I’ve resolved to stay on my learner’s permit for as long as it takes for me to “work it out”. Sixteen years later, my instructor is thoroughly sick of me, and I’ve finally had to admit that there aren’t really any secrets or revelations to acquire from the learner’s stage, and that I will only ever be good at driving normally if I practice driving normally.
This has particular relevance in martial arts where various luminaries have extolled having a beginner’s mind a la Zen Buddhism, and others have admitted amidst the heights of their skill to be nonetheless always learning.
We obviously aren’t talking about the same thing.
I don’t really know what to make of having spent so long in a flawed approach to practicing a martial art. And paradoxically I still have to credit analysis and “thinking” with having brought me to these realisations. The best I can say is that previously I was thinking about the wrong things. Or I lacked information that I could only come across via the frustration built up through years of dissatisfying practice.
It took years of failure to break through the assumption that kung fu is somehow not dependent first and foremost on a sound physique, or that being bad at sport generally would have nothing to do with being bad at a martial art. Or that the esoteric allure of kung fu might be glossing over a number of more mundane requirements.
Ironically, if I had seriously thought about kung fu in the way that I have learned to think about philosophy, ethics, and other subjects, I would have known to start without assumptions, without desired outcomes. I would have been highly suspicious of the wishful thinking at the heart of my motivation. At the same time, being more detached from the object of my desire might have left me more open to improvements and inspiration “out of left field”. Instead, my doggedness to pursue this long-standing ideal has been thoroughly detrimental to my development.
All I can say in favour of it is that I have persevered for a long time; but paradoxically, if I had not stuck to this unexamined ideal for so long I might not have needed to be so blindly perseverant.
Craving or desire warps the intellect. We tend to cling to our cravings and desires because they feel so deeply a part of us. But there is always something deeper and more wholesome that is not dependent on external conditions, and if I had been more honest with myself I would have recognised that the very appeal of esoteric martial arts was in fact a symptom of a deeper and more constant awareness that I was not physically strong, balanced, or at ease.
Sertillanges writes in The Intellectual Life:
Do you want to do intellectual work? Begin by creating within you a zone of silence, a habit of recollection, a will to renunciation and detachment which puts you entirely at the disposal of the work; acquire that state of soul unburdened by desire and self-will which is the state of grace of the intellectual worker. Without that you will do nothing, at least nothing worthwhile.
I am familiar with this “zone of silence”, and it is the natural answer to the problem of “thinking too much” and thinking not enough. It is not thinking that matters or that gives answers; we do not arrive at truth by thinking about it, rather thinking is merely a manifestation of the work of attending to the truth in its entirety and without holding anything back.
This is our noble and excellent calling, and it is only in stupidity and vanity that I have failed to turn it to other areas of my life, somehow imagining that truth has no bearing on the mundane or strictly personal, perhaps afraid of what I might find when turning that brightest of lights onto the mess and darkness of my own orbit; or intimidated by the magnitude of the task ahead, bringing my own admittedly pathetic self into the same domain as exalted abstractions, principles and truths.
It’s one thing to know truth, quite another to know that you do not measure up to it, or how far you fall short; better not to ask that question, isn’t it?
Indeed, the prospect of bringing my own deeply held desires and ideals, the very personal themes with which I identify, and submitting them to this “zone of silence” is immediately terrifying. And that, more than anything, indicates that I should do it.
In the literature on temperaments I’ve read that melancholics seem to be less coordinated, less ‘at home’ in their bodies, and more prone to illness and minor ailments.
Even before I came across the temperament theory, I’d concluded that as someone who thinks a great deal, spending so much time “in my head” upsets things like balance, coordination, proprioception, and my awareness of minor aches and pains, tension, thirst, and bad posture.
It’s no exaggeration to say that I spend nearly every waking moment thinking. And while I’ve tried various methods to ‘quiet’ my mind in line with generic meditation advice, I think that such advice is not necessarily appropriate for a melancholic idealist philosopher.
After all, I’m not just thinking about what I’m going to have for dinner. My mind is inquiring, analysing, speculating, and critiquing. My mind composes speeches, stories, articles and even conversations; it welcomes inspiring new ideas and elaborates on intriguing problems and dilemmas. It’s always working, and while it can be exhausting, I feel I’ve found the right kinds of creative directions for this mental energy.
So while I used to think this constant thinking was excessive and needed to be shut down, I now see it as a skill and a creative process that needed to be trained, disciplined, and given appropriate work to do.
Nonetheless, there are times when being so ‘head-centred’ becomes too much, and I’ve found over the years that it’s possible to shift the focus away from thoughts and towards other aspects of embodied awareness, such as the aforementioned proprioception, breathing, or just the feel of my feet on the floor. But more important is the sense of dimming the focus on my thoughts, of deciding that my thoughts are not important for the time being, and I won’t miss anything by letting go of them for a while.
We talk about lowering our centre of gravity, but this is more like lowering the centre of awareness. As strange as it sounds, it has an immediate impact on perception, making everything around me seem a little more real and substantial. It’s as though being focused on one’s thoughts and dwelling in abstraction leaves the world feeling somewhat unreal.
The world of thoughts is a valuable one, but this conflict between thinking and being troubles me. It leaves me wondering what a true balance would look like; am I really overdoing the thinking, and is it undermining my health in ways of which I am oblivious? If you’ve ever had the experience of getting up from a computer desk after hours craning over a keyboard, you’ll understand that we can easily lose touch with bodily discomfort when engrossed in mental activity. How much more so if we spend most of each waking day lost in thought?
That’s a telling idiom after all: no one ever claims to find themselves in thought. Am I, a thinker, more myself when I am thinking? Or am I just someone who’s gotten used to losing himself in entertaining, instructive, ever-more-engaging thoughts? |
This paper explains the similarities and differences between European and U.S. net neutrality rules.
This paper was originally published in the Colorado Technology Law Journal, Volume 14 – Issue 2.
In November 2015, the European Union enacted new binding rules for network neutrality under Regulation 2015/2120. This was the culmination of a process that began in September 2013, with roots that go back nearly ten years. In the United States, the Federal Communications Commission adopted the current incarnation of its Open Internet Order several months earlier, in February 2015.
The new European network neutrality rules are not a carbon copy of those implemented in the FCC’s Open Internet Order of 2015. They reflect very different regulatory, competition policy, and market realities than those in the United States; moreover, they were motivated to a significant degree by different concerns. The rules are similar in most respects; a possibly significant difference, however, is that the European approach is arguably more innovation-friendly to the extent that it does not specifically prohibit paid prioritization. Given the rarity of problematic incidents in Europe, the net effect of the network neutrality provisions of the Regulation is likely to be minimal in any case.
This brief paper is intended to explain the similarities and differences to a North American and global audience. |
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Where the Fraser River runs through Surrey, its shores are mostly given over to industry, from rail and ports, to forest products and metal recycling.
It’s an area that the Surrey Board of Trade thinks isn’t being used to its full potential.
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“On the Surrey side we have been so behind in terms of creating good opportunities, whether it’s from an industrial focus or even a tourism focus,” said Anita Huberman, the board of trade’s chief executive officer.
That’s why the organization is hosting a discussion June 4 about how Surrey’s side of the Fraser River — from Port Kells to Delta — can be diversified, what barriers there are to growing the area, which businesses can thrive in the market and what benefits can come from diversification.
Improving livability and making the area somewhere that people want to visit — adding more parks and optimizing existing ones, making the riverfront more friendly to pedestrians and cyclists, and improving the river itself — is something Huberman would also like to see. |
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