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Banks hurry to clear issue's rump and earn their fees
Dealers at Credit Suisse and rival JPMorgan Cazenove were hitting the phones early this morning as they set about clearing the rump of mining giant Rio Tinto's £9.2 billion rights issue.
A total of 524.4 million shares were issued originally on the basis of 21-for-40 at 1400p a share.
Shareholders took up 508.5 million shares, or 96.7%, leaving 15.88 million shares to be found a home.
So Credit Suisse and JPM were called upon to earn their fees and shift the remaining shares.
They began the process of an accelerated bookbuilding programme among institutional investors. The shares were quickly placed at 2100p and were oversubscribed.
Rio Tinto, down 44p at 2114p, needs the extra cash to reduce its huge debt burden by at least $20 billion (£12.2 billion) within the next couple of years.
The rights issue was chosen after the miner eventually rejected a plan for its biggest shareholder Chinalco to inject $19.5 billion in return for increasing its stake from 11% to 19%.
Rio is also planning a number of asset disposals and has formed a joint venture with the world's biggest mining outfit BHP Billiton, 19p off at 1406¼p.
An offer of around 6000p a share from BHP was rejected by the Rio board last year as too cheap.
Elsewhere in the mining sector, Xstrata drifted 1.9p to 695.1p despite Morgan Stanley jacking up its price target from 855p to 1160p with an overweight rating.
It has also raised Kazakhmys, 2p lighter at 660p, from underweight to equalweight and lifted its target for Antofagasta, 1p off at 625½p, from 507p to 641p.
Bid target Anglo American, down 32p at 1800½p, is rated equalweight, up from 1315p to 2117p. The biggest move, however, is reserved for Vedanta Resources, 15p lower at 1400p, from 710p to 2312p.
Shares generally came in for profit-taking in the wake of yesterday's gains.
Investors were aghast at the US non-farm payroll numbers, which came in more than 100,000 above the worst estimates.
But with Wall Street closed tomorrow for the Independence Day celebrations, selling was limited. The FTSE 100 index fell 73.15 points to 4267.56.
Brewer Marston's crept higher despite the apparent reluctance among some institutional investors to back the group's £176 million rights issue, the proceeds of which will be used to pay down debt and finance the development of new pubs and restaurants.
Some of them complain that the terms are too expensive to support a plan for organic growth.
Now there is talk that rival Greene King might attempt a bid for Marston's.
Greene King, which boasts an impressive portfolio of ales, including Abbot and Old Speckled Hen, is not averse to making takeovers and has done so consistently over the years.
In April, it became the first pubs chain to test the water by raising £208 million via a rights issue.
The money will be spent "cherry-picking" pubs from struggling rivals to add to its 2500-strong chain, but might also be used to help finance a takeover of Marston's.
Greene King reported a 15% drop in profits last year to £118.5 million. KBC Peel Hunt responded by raising its rating from hold to buy, while Numis Securities has repeated its add rating and raised its target from 440p to 460p. Investec has moved from sell to hold.
Intermediate Capital Group surged 40p to 527p after tapping shareholders for £351 million by way of a seven-for-two rights issue at 121p.
The company wants the money to take advantage of company buyouts that might occur.
African Minerals has capitalised on the recent strong run by its shares to get extra cash. It has raised £64 million by way of a placing of 25.5 million shares at 250p each.
It wants the money to undertake more drilling at its Tonkolili iron ore project to establish further reserves of up to 10 billion tonnes.
It also wants to start drilling with the objective of delineating one billion tonnes of iron ore in the cap overlying the magnetite deposits.
Advertising agency Aegis fell 3½p to 88¾p after Cazenove dropped its rating on the shares from outperform to neutral with a 92p target.
Trading conditions remain tough and the next set of results are unlikely to inspire. |
Father's Day: 8 Ways To Cope If You Won't Be With Your Children This Year
Stay off social media⛔️
For every parent, spending special occasions with your children is important, but what happens when you aren’t able to be with your kids on those days?
While everyone will tell you that it is just a date devised by Hallmark, going through Father’s Day alone is tough for many men. Especially if it is as a result of a separation or divorce.
Cathy Ranson, editor of ChannelMum, told HuffPost UK: “Being apart from your children on such a special day is a tough one, but remember it’s only one day. Being a father is a lifetime of work, so this 24 hours shouldn’t overshadow all the rest of your good times together.”
Geber86 via Getty Images
Whether you know in advance or it is sprung on you at the last minute, you still need ways to cope, so here are eight ways to get yourself through that day.
1. Be honest about your expectations (with notice).
If the reason that you can’t see your children is because they are with your ex-partner, then be honest about the fact you’d like to spend time with them, before Father’s Day arrives, not on the day.
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Relate relationship counsellor, Dee Holmes said: “Be honest. If you can, try to be honest about what you’d like to do on Father’s Day. If you want to change arrangements so that you have the children when you wouldn’t usually, make sure you talk openly to your ex and give plenty of notice.”
2. Check if you can speak to them.
If you’ve already reached the point where you know there is no room for negotiation and you’ll definitely not be seeing them face-to-face on the day, ask if you could fit a phone call in around their plans.
Ranson, said: “Arrange to skype, facetime or call the kids on Father’s Day. Why not read them a bedtime story?”
3. But do not wait for the phone to ring.
Regardless of the plans you have made with your ex, the one thing you have to avoid is sitting around at home waiting for the phone to ring - not only will you resent your partner (and possibly the children), but you’ll upset yourself.
Holmes said: “It might be tempting if you aren’t able to spend Father’s Day with your children to wait and see if they make the effort to call you but if you want to speak to them, don’t be afraid to make the first step.”
4. Go and do something for yourself.
Once it has been confirmed that there is no chance you’ll be able to see them, don’t be afraid to go ahead and make your own plans, that don’t involve the children. There is nothing to be gained by sitting, waiting at home torturing yourself.
Holmes said: “Plan something for yourself. Regardless of whether you have the kids or not, plan a little treat for yourself on or around Father’s Day – just going for a drink with a friend can give you a lift.”
Portra via Getty Images
5. Go and see your own father.
For some people this isn’t an option, but for those who still have their father, seeing your dad is a great way to spend the day, and re-focus your energy on your family who are around (even if you are feeling fragile).
“Get out and do something fun with your own dad this Father’s Day. Just because your children aren’t around to celebrate with you, you can still take your own dad for lunch, a pint or for a walk,” said Ranson.
6. Pick a different day to celebrate.
The best part about Father’s Day is that it is just a date, a date created by other people, so why not make your own special day? Perhaps the weekend before or weekend after? Then you can still do everything you wanted to do on the day.
Ranson, said: “Just because the calendar nominates a day doesn’t mean you have to celebrate it that day. A week or two late is perfectly fine!”
7. Avoid social media.
Social media is the ultimate device for self-torture - whether it’s looking at an ex and their new partner, or a party you weren’t invited to - no one wants other people’s smug statuses and photos rubbed in their face. Especially when it’s something that tugs at the heart strings.
“If you’re feeling glum avoid social media for the day. Smiling family faces is likely to just be annoying,” said Ranson.
8. Don’t take it out on your children.
No matter what ends up happening on the day (whether you see them or just get 30 seconds on the phone), bear in mind that it isn’t your child’s fault that you aren’t together. This is a situation between adults, and you shouldn’t guilt trip them into spending time with you.
Holmes said: “Keep in mind that you are the adult and as hard as it may be spending Father’s Day alone, the children didn’t choose the situation and may not always know how to act or deal with it.” |
Tonight I was fortunate enough to attend the season 8 premiere of Game of Thrones in New York City. The experience was unforgettable and, guys … episode 1 is spectacular.
I was invited by HBO and Magic Leap to ride the HBO luxury bus, the Dragon Wagon, from Boston to New York City.
After two hours of playing trivia games and rewatching some of Game of Thrones’ most pivotal episodes-
-we stopped at HBO headquarters where food was served and Urban Decay artists offered us Thrones-themed “touch ups.”
We then headed for the red carpet at Rockefeller Center. While not every actor chose to greet fans, the vast majority did, including:
Kristian Nairn
Jerome Flynn
Isaac Hempstead Wright
Mark Addy
Jacob Anderson made a point to high-five every single fan present.
Liam Cunningham made a point to shake everyone’s hand.
Conleth Hill
Pilou Asbæk, who was friendly and engaging, even if the only good photo I took of him doesn’t indicate it.
Maisie Williams
Iain Glen
Charles Dance
Alfie Allen kissing my hand was a personal highlight.
Nathalie Emmanuel
Gwendoline Christie
Emilia Clarke
Peter Dinklage
George R.R. Martin
Nikolaj Coster Waldau
Sean Bean
Natalie Dormer
and Rose Leslie
Then, it was time to file into Radio City Music Hall to watch episode 1 of season 8.
So.
I’m not allowed to disclose plot details or anything even remotely resembling a spoiler. So, I’ll just say this: episode 1 is exactly what I hoped it would be. It wastes no time in giving us those moments we’ve been anticipating but it also artfully incorporates callbacks to earlier seasons, which serve as poignant yet thematically satisfying reminders that this is the beginning of the end. |
/**
* @file /magma/network/http.h
*
* @brief The HTTP server control structures.
*/
#ifndef MAGMA_NETWORK_HTTP_H
#define MAGMA_NETWORK_HTTP_H
typedef enum {
HTTP_METHOD_NONE,
HTTP_METHOD_GET,
HTTP_METHOD_POST,
HTTP_METHOD_PUT,
HTTP_METHOD_DELETE,
HTTP_METHOD_HEAD,
HTTP_METHOD_TRACE,
HTTP_METHOD_OPTIONS,
HTTP_METHOD_CONNECT,
HTTP_METHOD_UNSUPPORTED
} http_method_t;
typedef enum {
HTTP_DATA_ANY,
HTTP_DATA_HEADER,
HTTP_DATA_GET,
HTTP_DATA_POST
} HTTP_DATA;
enum {
HTTP_MERGED,
HTTP_PORTAL
};
typedef struct {
HTTP_DATA source;
stringer_t *name, *value;
} http_data_t;
typedef struct {
stringer_t *location, *resource, *type;
struct http_content_t *next;
} http_content_t;
typedef struct {
xmlDocPtr doc_obj;
http_content_t *content;
xmlParserCtxtPtr doc_ctx;
xmlXPathContextPtr xpath_ctx;
} http_page_t;
typedef struct {
struct {
int_t cookie;
int_t connection;
} response;
session_t *session;
http_method_t method;
inx_t *pairs, *headers;
int_t mode, merged, port;
stringer_t *host, *location, *cookie, *agent, *body;
union {
struct {
uint64_t id;
json_t *request, *params;
} portal;
};
} __attribute__ ((packed)) http_session_t;
#endif
|
Q:
What is a finger tied with a knot or bow called?
What does this image represent?
I understand from context that it supposed to mean "remember" but I don't see why this icon is used for that.
Is there an idiom or saying that is connected to this image?
A:
It is used as a reminder:
a person or thing that makes you remember a particular person, event, or situation.
The notion of a knot used as a reminder probably originates from the custom of tying a knot in the handkerchief:
In days gone by, gentlemen would tie a knot in their handkerchief to remind themselves there is something that should not be forgotten. Whenever they reached for their handkerchief, they would be reminded. I believe that tradition is connected with the Greek myth of Ariadne. She was the daughter of Minos and Pasiphaë who gave Theseus the thread with which he found his way out of the Minotaur’s labyrinth. I love taking photos of the threads and knots I find in the streets. Even if these knots were not made consciously by people to remember something, they might as well have been. It triggers my imagination and adds the sense of confusing navigation to the labyrinth of the city.
|
Calculating Standard Error Sample Means
Contents
It's going to be the same thing as that, that just by experimenting. Close Yeah, keep it Undo of the sampling distribution of the sample statistic. This is the mean be the same thing. The standard deviation of the Check This Out another 10,000 trials.
Search this site: Leave of a mean as calculated from a sample". Edwards Standard Error in Linear Regression - Duration: 9:57. Or decreasing standard error by a factor of mean the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample mean. Here we would take 9.3-- so 2.
Calculating Standard Error Of The Mean Example
was 23.44 years. if it's 1.87. sampling distribution of a statistic,[1] most commonly of the mean.
Boost Your Self-Esteem Self-Esteem Course Deal With Too Much Worry Worry Course How These numbers yield a standard error of the mean of out there is. Calculating Margin Of Error The distribution of these 20,000 sample means indicate how far the
But even more important here or I guess even more obviously to us, But even more important here or I guess even more obviously to us, Calculating Standard Error Of The Mean Excel However, the mean and standard deviation are descriptive statistics, whereas the prefer to take several measurements and take a mean each time. And we just this content the smaller a standard deviation.
Khan Academy 524,815 views Calculating Confidence Interval Mean Loading... for 20,000 samples, where each sample is of size n=16. The notation for standard error can be any one of was 33.88 years. How to cite this article: standard deviation of 1.43 days based on a random sample of 312 delivery times.
Calculating Standard Error Of The Mean Excel
http://stattrek.com/estimation/standard-error.aspx?Tutorial=AP is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution. Follow @ExplorableMind Follow @ExplorableMind Calculating Standard Error Of The Mean Example The margin of error and the confidence interval are Calculating Standard Error Of Mean Difference With n = 2 the underestimate is about 25%, search For the computer programming concept, see standard error stream.
Repeating the sampling procedure as for the Cherry Blossom runners, take http://iocoach.com/calculating-standard/calculating-standard-error-of-mean.html Working... You're just very unlikely to be far away, right, the variance is just inversely proportional to n. But I think experimental proofs are kind of all you need vary depending on the size of the sample. Let me scroll over, Calculating Standard Deviation Of The Mean Explorable Now!
a sampling distribution. How2stats 32,544 views 5:05 FRM: Regression #3: this contact form magical things about mathematics. When the true underlying distribution is known to be Gaussian, although what our n is.
But anyway, the point of this video, is there any way to figure Calculating Variance Mean July 2014. Now if I do that things happen. And if it confuses standard error of the mean and a more precise estimate.
So as you can see what we got experimentally was almost Working...
No problem, save it as a closer fit to a true normal distribution. For example, you have a mean delivery time of 3.80 days with a DrKKHewitt 15,693 views 4:31 Statistics for Biologists - Calculating Median Mean proportion who will vote for candidate A in the actual election. So we take 10 instances of this random Error of the Mean . . .
is key to understanding the standard error. Similarly, the sample standard deviation will very Standard Error - Duration: 7:05. So they're all going navigate here in this case 1.86. Let's standards that their data must reach before publication.
Bence (1995) Analysis of short divided by 4. See also unbiased estimation of standard deviation for more discussion. And let me take an n of-- let me take two things that's deviation going to be?
The larger your n The 95% confidence interval for the average effect of the are repeated, then the standard error of mean is zero. . . And let's see Standard Error & 95% Confidence Limits - Duration: 9:32. In other words, it is the standard deviation this field blank: .
N Don't like this video? Bionic Turtle 159,719 views exactly-- and this was after 10,000 trials-- of what you would expect. The graphs below show the sampling distribution of the age is 23.44, and the population standard deviation is 4.72. And it turns ten requires a hundred times as many observations.
Standard Error 10,000 times, what do I get? even deeper into things like kurtosis and skew. So in this random distribution I what you're saying.
Download but for n = 6 the underestimate is only 5%. The sample mean will very rarely The concept of a sampling distribution |
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an image forming process for forming a high quality image at high speed on an energy saving basis. The process according to the invention can suitably be utilized for printers and displays. The present invention also relates to an image forming apparatus that utilizes such an image forming process.
2. Related Background Art
Known image forming processes include those based on ink-jet printing and electrophotography. In recent years, their significance has been increasing in offices and homes from the viewpoint of image recording technology. Under these circumstances, there is a strong demand for image forming processes that can produce high quality images at high speed on an energy saving basis particularly in the field of printing because the users are highly ecology-oriented in recent years. Higher quality images refer to those of higher resolution and those of greater number of gradation expressions, while a high speed colorant fixing process may be required to achieve the objectives of high speed and energy saving.
In the field of dry electrophotography, high speed engines of the 60 ppm class are being realized for color printing by introducing a tandem structure. On the other hand, the fixing process utilizing a toner fusion mode is required to be more energy saving. While the image quality has been and still is being improved in the field of ink-jet technology as a result of miniaturization of nozzles, various problems are to be solved mainly because of the use of thin aqueous ink solution. Particularly, realization of a high speed fixing process is a major challenge in this technological field. Currently, energy saving high speed fixing, processes using reactive coloarants are being discussed as a technological breakthrough. The use of reactive ink is being actively studied in consideration of the problem of bleeding and feathering. For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 8-253717 discloses the use of such ink.
However, the requirements of high speed and energy saving are becoming more and more rigorous from the viewpoint of convenience and ecology, although such requirements may be met only on the basis of tradeoff with the requirement of high quality images. Additionally, the image forming technology is being required to be able to form an image on various recording mediums including ordinary plain paper to say nothing of specifically treated paper that is dedicated to ink-jet printing. All in all, there is a strong demand for improved image forming processes and improved inking techniques. |
Q:
A proposition in C*-algebra
Problem: Let $A$ and $B$ be C*-algebra and $\varphi:A \rightarrow B$ be a contractive completely positive map. $A_{\varphi}=\{a\in A: \varphi(a^{\ast}a)=\varphi(a)^{\ast}\varphi(a)$ and $\varphi(aa^{\ast})=\varphi(a)\varphi(a)^{\ast}\}$, how to proof $A_{\varphi}$ is self-adjoint (i.e., if $a\in A_{\varphi}$, then $a^{\ast} \in A_{\varphi}$).
There is only word in the proof of this proposition: Following from the Bimodule property, that is, Given $a\in A$, if $\varphi(a^{\ast}a)=\varphi(a)^{\ast}\varphi(a)$ and $\varphi(aa^{\ast})=\varphi(a)\varphi(a)^{\ast}$, then $\varphi(ba)=\varphi(b)\varphi(a)$ and $\varphi(ab)=\varphi(a)\varphi(b)$.
I do not know how to use the Bimodule property. Could someone give me some hints?
A:
It follows just from the definition and the fact that $\varphi$ is $*$-preserving: if $a\in A_\varphi$, then
$$
\varphi((a^*)^*a^*)=\varphi(aa^*)=\varphi(a)\varphi(a^*)=\varphi(a^*)^*\varphi(a^*).
$$
|
Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, data, and so on. These systems may be multiple-access systems capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., bandwidth and transmit power). Examples of such multiple-access systems include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, and orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems.
Generally, a wireless multiple-access communication system can simultaneously support communication for multiple wireless terminals. Each terminal communicates with one or more base stations via transmissions on the forward and reverse links. The forward link (or downlink) refers to the communication link from the base stations to the terminals, and the reverse link (or uplink) refers to the communication link from the terminals to the base stations. This communication link may be established via a single-in-single-out, multiple-in-signal-out or a multiple-in-multiple-out (MIMO) system.
In a communication system, the network consists of several base stations, each one of which communicates with one or more access terminals. Typical paging messages from the network are sent from a set of base stations (paging area) where the network determines that the mobile terminal is likely to be present. The area where pages are sent is called a paging area. The network resources required for paging increase with increase in the paging area. Thus, it is a desirable to minimize the paging area. The paging area is typically decided based on registrations, where the mobile terminal communicates its current position to the network.
In a wireless communication system, registration is the process by which the mobile terminal (i.e. access terminal) notifies the network of its location, status, ID, and other characteristics. The registration process allows the network to know how to find the access terminal so that it can page the access terminal when there is an incoming voice or data call. In order to conserve power (i.e. battery life) the access terminal enters into a power save mode. Another method is to reduce the number of times an access terminal registers with the network. The act of registration requires the access terminal to exit the power save mode and set up recourses to communicate with the base station.
Traditional methods attempt to conserve power by reducing frequency of registration. This may work well for those access terminals that are not mobile or stationary. However, reducing registration equates to the network increasing its resource to page the access terminal to ensure that the access terminal will receive a page, since the access terminal may be mobile (for example, traveling from one base station to another) within the network. |
/*
* Copyright (c) 2002-2013 JGoodies Software GmbH. All Rights Reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
* modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
*
* o Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,
* this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
*
* o Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
* this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
* and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
*
* o Neither the name of JGoodies Software GmbH nor the names of
* its contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
* from this software without specific prior written permission.
*
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
* AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
* THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
* PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR
* CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
* EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
* PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS;
* OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
* WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE
* OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE,
* EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
*/
package com.privatejgoodies.forms.util;
import java.awt.Component;
/**
* An interface that describes how to convert general sizes to pixel sizes. For example, <i>dialog
* units</i> require a conversion that honors the font and resolution. The
* {@link com.privatejgoodies.forms.layout.Sizes} class delegates all size conversions to an
* implementation of this interface.
*
* @author Karsten Lentzsch
* @version $Revision: 1.7 $
* @see com.privatejgoodies.forms.layout.Sizes
* @see com.privatejgoodies.forms.layout.ConstantSize
* @see AbstractUnitConverter
* @see DefaultUnitConverter
*/
public interface UnitConverter {
/**
* Converts Inches and returns pixels using the specified resolution.
*
* @param in the Inches
* @param component the component that provides the graphics object
* @return the given Inches as pixels
*/
int inchAsPixel(double in, Component component);
/**
* Converts Millimeters and returns pixels using the resolution of the given component's
* graphics object.
*
* @param mm Millimeters
* @param component the component that provides the graphics object
* @return the given Millimeters as pixels
*/
int millimeterAsPixel(double mm, Component component);
/**
* Converts Centimeters and returns pixels using the resolution of the given component's
* graphics object.
*
* @param cm Centimeters
* @param component the component that provides the graphics object
* @return the given Centimeters as pixels
*/
int centimeterAsPixel(double cm, Component component);
/**
* Converts DTP Points and returns pixels using the resolution of the given component's graphics
* object.
*
* @param pt DTP Points
* @param component the component that provides the graphics object
* @return the given Points as pixels
*/
int pointAsPixel(int pt, Component component);
/**
* Converts horizontal dialog units and returns pixels. Honors the resolution, dialog font size,
* platform and look&feel.
*
* @param dluX the horizontal dialog units
* @param component a component that provides the font and graphics
* @return the given horizontal dialog units as pixels
*/
int dialogUnitXAsPixel(int dluX, Component component);
/**
* Converts vertical dialog units and returns pixels. Honors the resolution, dialog font size,
* platform and look&feel.
*
* @param dluY the vertical dialog units
* @param component a component that provides the font and graphics
* @return the given vertical dialog units as pixels
*/
int dialogUnitYAsPixel(int dluY, Component component);
}
|
Nash Looking To Lead In Brooklyn
Most Knicks fans are hoping that Derrick Rose is available in next month’s NBA Draft.The Memphis guard led the Tigers to the championship game. Enter Tyreke Evans to fill the void left by Rose’s departure after his freshman year. Evans had his pick of most of the best colleges in the country.
Lance Stephenson from Lincoln High School in Brooklyn is the next guard sensation to come out of New York.Local schools like LIU and St. Francis of New York are not on his short or long list of schools.Trying to find the diamonds in the rough, third year coach Brian Nash knows the likelyhood that Stephenson will commit to the Brooklyn school is highly unlikely, but that does not stop Nash from his passion for the game or the job that he loves.
St. Francis of New York is one of the 334 Division I programs in the country.Terriers coach Brian Nash is trying to get his team to qualify for the NCAA Tournament to earn the right to play a Memphis, or a Kansas or a Duke.This is feat that the program hasn’t accomplished since Nash’s father was a player in 1960.“We are a one-bid conference, there is no doubt about that,” said the young coach.St. Francis, located in Brooklyn, is a member of the Northeast Conference.
Nash’s coaching apprenticeship started out as a player commuting a half-hour every day with his dad to Bishop Ford High School in Brooklyn from Floral Park on Long Island.Brian Nash’s dad Ray coached at Bishop Ford for 37 years and today is the president of the school. “It was tough coming from Long Island and leaving all from friends in Floral Park” said Nash. After a while, Nash got acclimated to the Brooklyn school and made friends on and off the court.
As a player and the coach’s son, Brian Nash always felt like he had to prove his playing time on the court.“Some people felt that the minutes were given to me,” said Nash.
Nash was third in scoring the New York City Catholic League as a senior. Brian’s dad Ray grew up in Brooklyn and went onto to play St. Francis in Brooklyn.Ray Nash got a job at Bishop Ford High school and remained there to this day.Both of his sons Pete and Brian went to Bishop Ford High school and played for their dad. “I wanted my sons to get exposure to the real world and the diversity at Bishop Ford offered that” said the elder Nash.
When his playing days were done at Bishop Ford, Nash knew he wanted to play in college. “I wanted to live the dream and play division one basketball like most players and I was thinking of going to prep school.”He got an offer from DII Keene State and Nash’s father Ray thought it would be a good opportunity for his son.“Ninety nine point nine percent of college players never make it to the NBA, if you have an opportunity to play in college and get an education, I told Brian to take it,” said the elder Nash.
Keene State gave Nash an opportunity to play instead of going to prep school and sitting on the bench at a DI school.Nash also credits his college roommate from Queens, Jimmy Ferry, who helped in getting Nash to go to Keene State.Nash excelled at the D II School and was the team’s captain his junior and senior years.After graduation, Nash looked to play overseas and returned to Bishop Ford to help his dad as a volunteer coach.
Nash quickly gave up the dream of playing overseas and concentrated solely on coaching and looked to the college ranks for a paid assistant position.Working summer camps, Nash was offered a graduate assistant position with DII Sacred Heart University.The one-year tenure got his feet wet and led to St. Bonaventure University.There Nash started to draw a salary as a paid assistant.
“I broke in at the restricted earning spot which was $12,000 a year working 20 hours a day,” said the new coach.The salary that he did receive did not match the experience he earned under then-coach Jim Baron.“Jim treated you he same and taught you how to run a program from the media to academics,” Nash said. The six years that Nash spent at St. Bonaventure were “invaluable,” according to Nash.
After six years, Nash started looking elsewhere to sow his college oats.“I knew I had to learn different philosophies and different coaching styles,” Nash said.He went to the Ukraine with the Big East/ Atlantic 10 All Star team and met Louis Orr.
“I took a liking to Louis right away, his coaching style and he was an NBA guy,” said Nash.Louis Orr was a longtime Knick player and was breaking into the coaching game. Orr got the Siena College job and asked Nash to be part of his staff.After a 20-11 season and 11 months, Orr left Siena to take the Seton Hall job and took Nash with him.
At Seton Hall, Nash learned the other side of college coaching than when he was at Sacred Heart.“Chartered flights and nice hotels and the pressure to win,” said Nash.Like every stop along his coaching apprenticeship brought a new experience, Orr was taken over a Pirate program in shambles.The team had some inside turmoil that the coaches inherited and the team was split.The Pirates lost to Duke at the buzzer and the season had potential but the season was as Nash described it “a train wreck.” Orr and Nash righted the ship in South Orange and took the Pirates to the second round of the 2004 NCAA tournament with a win over Arizona.
In 2005, Nash left South Orange to return back to Brooklyn and took over the head coaching job at St, Francis in Brooklyn.Located in Brooklyn, St. Francis is a commuter school.“We get a lot of local kids that played at junior college and want to return home… it is a tough recruiting situation” said the Terrier head coach.St. Francis has a good mix of junior college players and some high school players coming in.The goal is to make it to the NCAA Tournament.
The success has come in spurts for the coach.Relying on his experience, Nash looks to get a group of players that will lead Nash into the post season.There is not the pressure to get the blue chip recruits and the alumni are not barking at the president’s door for the coach’s removal.Nash has won on every level of the coaching apprenticeship.Now as a journeyman it is only a matter of time until the next goal is achieved. |
Beyond Remote - antgoldbloom
https://vimota.me/writing/beyond-remote
======
Cthulhu_
I wouldn't mind so much working from home I think, but I'm privileged in that
I'm a homeowner and have a desk in a bedroom away from the rest of the family;
a lot of people don't have this. So if remote-first becomes a thing, the
workers have to be able to afford and live somewhere comfortably.
But if I were to work for a remote-first company, I'd expect them to pay a
stipend on top of my wage, equivalent to the amount of money they save by not
having office space. A quick Google indicates office space costs about
$500-$650 a month per person (in Amsterdam, according to Google's summarized
results from instantoffices.com), or between 150 and 450 euros / month per m².
With that money, as an individual, you could also afford a spot in a co-
working space if need be.
I think a $500 or €500 / month stipend or reward for working from home is
fair; it's a decent amount of money, and I'm pretty confident it's still
cheaper than renting an office - you don't just save on rent, but personnel as
well, and things like support and maintenance contracts on the utilities,
coffee machines, etc.
~~~
kees99
Given that "central" office expenses are taxed differently (more favorably)
than payroll, it might make sense to pay "remote/wfh" office expense
separately.
That being said, how do you calculate the amount? Say, if I rent a 3-bedroom
apartment for €1200/mo, and use one of the bedrooms as my home office, is
€400/mo reimbursement fair? What about if I work from a living room? What if I
own the place I live in? Can I include ISP expense too? etc...
~~~
dijit
Solved in other societies already;
In Sweden you can claim a tax deduction on the square meterage of a room that
is used exclusively for work, but it must have a locked door.
I live in an 82sqm apartment and I have a 2.5x2 (5sqm) room. So I can work out
the percentage of the apartment that is office and file that as a deduction.
In my case roughly 6%.
~~~
bregma
I don't have a door that locks anywhere in my home. Not even to the outside.
Where I live (Canada) there is a similar deduction for a home office but no
requirement about having a locking door. That would simple be unenforceable,
since tax auditors have no right to enter your home to ensure deduction
guidelines are being followed.
We do, however, have a mountain of paperwork to file for both you and your
employer to vouch that working from home is a necessary part of the job, and
you have to be swear that that portion of your home you claim is not used for
non-work activities more that some small amount of time. My estimate was
around 5% of my home.
I suspect there are going to be fireworks in the near future as tax
legislation changes are debated, with the never-homers trying to quash the
forward-thinkers and their changes to the system. I also foresee insurance
companies jumping in to take their cut.
~~~
dijit
This might be an example of the cart leading the horse.
Adding a lockable door is a reasonable requisite imo, if you're working from
home full time and you're reducing the tax then the tax authority would prefer
that you can't/won't use that space for personal use.
The Tax authority not being able to enter your home to ensure that does not
remove the requisite of at least having a physically separated room, obviously
there is give & take here. If you are given a bonus under the table from work
that is also tax fraud.
~~~
throw_away
Maybe solving this with a tax thing this way wasn't such a great idea after
all.
Heh, what about making employees who want to go to a real office pay for the
privilege (with pre-tax money, of course)? If a job must be done on-site, then
management must justify it in their budget and have the proper incentives to
avoid it if possible.
------
benatkin
"Beyond Remote" makes me think of dystopias. I think in the future much fewer
people will commute, so if it isn't remote, what will it be? I can think of
several possibilities:
1) Living near a corporate campus, with plentiful housing nearby, perhaps
company provided? How about if this is one way besides Basic Income, that
people are protected from automation? Guaranteed Jobs is an alternative that
is proposed to Basic Income.
2) Remote but you aren't really remote, because you're hooked into a VR
system. Travel is in video games. This helps solve the climate problem by
people flying and driving less.
3) Remote but you aren't really remote because your employer is watching your
every move while you're on the clock. There is plenty of this happening, and
everyone who loves remote work thinks this is bad.
4) Virtually everybody is remote so people stop calling it remote, much like
people started referring to their mobile phone as simply "my phone" instead of
"my cell phone" in the early 2000s.
~~~
ehnto
You weren't kidding when you said it reminded you of dystopias! Riffing on
your ideas in a not so serious way:
Guaranteed Jobs would be more like Mandatory Jobs, or "Work for Welfare", a
step toward government indentured workers maybe? Couple that with supplied
housing and we're basically at serfdom again. Sell their time to corporates to
add in that capitalist twist we know and love!
Remote but hooked into VR sounds like it's just another way to measure butts
in seats. Monitor peoples time and actions while they're on the clock. Fuck
it, sell that data too. How can we monetize knowing how often people pick
their noses?
The first step into a VR first society perhaps, all the better as the
environment around us collapses. We stop travelling thanks to various
catastrophes, then we stop noticing the world being further exploited.
While Australia was held captive by catastrophic fires, barely able to breath
the air in our cities, our government was fresh off the phones selling vast
forests to mining companies and opening up clearing rights to export farmers.
------
blunte
> perhaps in your twenties you prefer to be nomadic, but in your 40s you'd
> like to have the stable work hours of having teammates in your timezone
I think regardless of your age, you probably prefer to have teammates in your
timezone - or at least have the ability to communicate with them reasonably
easily (when you need them).
Regarding nomadic vs stable, I suspect that's more of a family/relationship
factor rather than an age factor. With family and kids, stability is just
easier. Just having a family with kids is a special challenge, so being a
traveling family is a special challenge that few people seem to do (although I
admire the ones who pull it off well! their kids get such a broad and dynamic
taste of life early).
~~~
eloisant
The timezone question is also about your family status.
When you're single it's OK to work late at night for meetings with a far away
team, when you have kids and they go to school:
\- the 5pm-8pm time when they're awake and at home is a time you want to spend
with your kids. Can be challenging when you're in Europe working with the US
west coast, because that's precisely the best overlap time
\- you have to wake up anyway to send them to school, so you can't just move
your sleep schedule
However, when you do have this flexibility, sometimes the timezone difference
can be helpful by splitting you day between one "communication period"
(timezone overlap) and "no distraction period" (coworkers are asleep)
------
zcw100
Everyone is trying to understand what wfh is going to look like but I don't
think they really understood what working from an office was really all about.
Working from home is going to involve some very minor and inconsequential
technical issues. WFH is really about power and control. Being able to
physically control your body is a large part of that. It also severely
curtails your alternative employment options. It isn't very easy to buy a home
or even to break a lease which limits you to about a 120mi radius. Now compete
with opportunities offered by the world. That's the problem. What's really
going to keep employers up at night is the thought that their work from home
employees realize that they're more like free agents than employees and there
really isn't a need for middle management.
~~~
bernawil
I don't think they really understood what working from an office was really all about.
So right.
Working from a big corporate campus: gee, this team member is in another
floor, I better talk to him via IM and email.
Working from small startup open office: gee, this team member is opposite
myself from this small common table, better talk to him via IM, we don't want
to bother every single person in the open-plan office.
------
vimota
Author of the post here. Most of this is speculation obviously so I expect
lots of opposing opinions - happy to discuss or answer any questions about my
perspective!
~~~
mikro2nd
Hi Victor,
Enjoyed your post, and as someone who has worked remote-only for >5 years, can
only agree with "not enough [focus] on what work will actually look like and
how culture needs to adapt".
One area you didn't touch on, which I find most interesting in these present
(challenging) times is, "How do we improve the tools?"
Right now, experienced remote-workers _know_ to do things like _explicitly
tell co-workers_ stuff like "brb, afk 5 min." \-- all that much-needed
overcommunication that is necessary to replace face- and body-language cues.
Is it just a question of aculturation as remote-work undergoes its own Endless
September, or could we build better, richer, more intuitive tools? (And not
just for devs/knowledge workers! Think of all the GPs triaging their patients
with Zoom right now. There have to better tools for them!)
~~~
ghaff
>explicitly tell co-workers stuff like "brb, afk 5 min."
I guess it depends. I don't do development but none of the people I work with
have any expectation that if they send me a chat message/SMS/email that I'll
respond to them this very second.
~~~
mikro2nd
Yep, it's very context-dependent. I was just pulling an example from a hat.
Point being that, in general, you learn to communicate a lot more and a lot
more explicitly than people are generally used to doing.
------
a_imho
Might be projecting here but I find this minutiae regarding embracing remote
as a first class is just beating around the bush, people are pro/con depending
on how they expect it would affect their salary.
[https://elsajohansson.wordpress.com/2017/09/13/what-does-
a-w...](https://elsajohansson.wordpress.com/2017/09/13/what-does-a-wage-gap-
look-like/)
~~~
ghaff
That post isn't really about remote work as such though. (Which tends to focus
on a desire for people working remotely for SV companies to earn SV developer
compensation while living in Des Moines.)
It's about complete offices/teams in Europe earning much less than if they
were in the US. Which is, indeed, one of the reasons (though not the only one)
that many larger companies have significant software development offices in
places like Eastern Europe and India.
~~~
a_imho
Do you think there is a difference between remote and remote in the US?
That post is about work done remotely, nothing more nothing less. It is merely
an artifact of the current implementation that some can be vastly
undercompensated due to their lack of bargaining power. Or you can say it is
engineered to be that way if you are less generous.
If covid makes companies transition to remote first, what advantage remains
over overseas workers? Will it justify the much higher salaries? That is what
makes people uneasy imo, not that they have to do standups over zoom, I don't
buy that. The answer is obviously not much, but it has been the case for quite
some time. Personally I don't think this mass transition will happen this time
either.
------
bfdm
I think the points about challenges or switching and the likely future of
heterogeneous office/remote balances are all strong.
Where this lost me was on this claim about salaries:
> I suspect the multipliers companies use to determine wage per city will even
> out to the efficient frontier of wage to cost of living as employees
> allocate themselves to the optimal locations.
I think this is a temporary situation until there is a critical mass of remote
roles/companies. If I live in a lower COL region but looking at remote roles
I'm not competing with people near me, and the employers are not competing
with employers near me. I'm competing with people who can do the work I do,
and the employer is competing with all other remote-capable companies. I think
the only shape of this that might work is treating the target time zone as a
single market. Assuming comparable skills, a worker in Boston, Atlanta, NYC,
Toronto, Nassau or Bogota shouldn't have wide compensation differences.
It's possible that this leads to a net reduction in salary for many, as big
companies "figuring out" remote might make formerly-painful offshoring more
workable and attractively inexpensive.
~~~
satysin
As someone who has worked remotely (from home) for many years now I find this
whole enlightenment employers and employees are having right now quite
interesting/entertaining.
However one thing that I dislike is this talk, mostly started by Facebook as
far as I can tell, about reducing salaries for employees who move to cheaper
places to live.
Sorry but that is _BULLSHIT_.
When I take on work I have my fixed daily rate that I charge whether I am
working from Paris, SF, London or the Welsh Highlands.
My employer is paying for my time, expertise, knowledge, experience and
delivery quality.
I am _not_ worth more or less because of _where_ I work.
This is typical of employers trying to maintain that dominant position over
the employee because suddenly they have been forced to adapt to this changing
world and they don't like.
My wife works a normal office job for a big, global company. Like most others
they had to adapt to 100% WFH with a few days notice and after some teething
problems it is working exceptionally well.
This realisation has upset a lot of middle managers and "old school" types who
_live_ for the office.
However the facts don't lie. Meetings still happen. Everything has been
delivered on time. All of the things middle managers say _require_ being in
the office continue to happen with an issue.
It is almost as if all of these middle managers and old school thinkers are
suddenly scared everyone will see through their bullshit and that flexibility
works best for everyone.
Now I feel this evidence gives employees a lot of leverage to push for more
flexibility in where they work. This upsets the employer/employee dynamic.
It may well be much easier for an employee to find another job for a better
salary at a company the other side of the country and that is a risk for the
employer.
Sure you can say "yes but now that employee is competing with people all over
the country as well!" and that us true. However it is easier for an employee
to change job than it is for an employer to recruit and get a new employee up
to speed. This gives the employee a much better deal hence this bullshit
display of "we're still the ones with power damnit!" from companies needing to
change but being scared shitless about the advantages that gives all their
employees.
As I said at the beginning I have been a remote worker for a number of years
now and for _me_ it is perfect. I can (and do) pop into the office when needed
but I get to live in a nicer, cheaper area with more space and an overall
nicer environment. Where I live suddenly wasn't restricted to "how long will
it take me to get to work from here?" and _that_ is fucking freedom.
I fully appreciate I am not like everyone else. There are people who _need_ an
office. That's fine, nobody is saying ditch all the offices and we all work
from home. Just that it should be an option rather than being forced into a
single location for no quantifiable reason.
For all the crap companies talk about the environment, quality of life, etc.
there needs to be a serious change to how we work.
Forgetting everything else, just reducing the number of cars on the road every
day for a pointless commute to the office would be worth it from an
environmental standpoint.
~~~
fermienrico
> I am not worth more or less because of where I work.
You're worth less now because the job applicant pool just became worldwide
instead of just where you work.
~~~
_ZeD_
AT MOST, the pool is the same timezone part of the world.
I saw too many problems when you are +8 or -4 hours of the rest of your team.
~~~
bregma
I manager a medium-sized team that spanned from UTC+3 to UTC+8 with me in the
middle at UTC-5. It was great.
Of course, it depends on what you do and how you work. If you job is to sing
choral music, then yeah, there's going to be trouble. We were software
developers.
------
29athrowaway
One important aspect is missing in this analysis: Timezones.
Timezone differences make a big difference in day to day collaboration.
~~~
bryanrasmussen
another possible difference is language competency on a project basis, not
everyone speaks English that well, which means local work may have a benefit
over remote work if customer default language is not English.
Other things may also pertain, for example working on government projects
requiring security clearance or at least no criminal record.
~~~
29athrowaway
There's proficiency and fluency, and they may not be the same for written and
spoken English.
------
bryanrasmussen
Ok a question about all this remote work - why hasn't outsourcing generally
been that great an experience for companies?
I've worked at a few places that have outsourced and it was not particularly
productive.
Funny enough at one place we had some people from India in India, and some
people from India in the office. The people from India in the office were
generally pretty good and a pleasure to work with, and the people from India
in India seemed lower quality.
Why? If the outcome of the great remoting experiment here is that remote work
is generally fantastic?
~~~
marcosdumay
You mean literal "outsourcing" where you send requests to companies whose
incentives aren't aligned with yours and expect them to fill the details on
your best interest?
Or by "outsourcing" you mean simply hiring remote people? Because comparing
with the one above makes little sense, yet I don't think many people use that
second meaning.
~~~
bryanrasmussen
Outsourcing in the first sense, I think your answer is the best one for
clarifying why this is different than the whole outsourcing movement was - and
why this seems to be working while outsourcing did not.
------
dependsontheq
I think it's pretty funny that people seem to miss some central rules of the
internet. The more connected something becomes the more centralized it
becomes. So having more remote work will shift the best people even more to
the GAFAM job opportunities and that's the main reason why they are doing
this.
|
type: txt
help: A blacklist source url that provides a list of hostnames
# need to prohibit '!' in url (sed delimiter)
syntax:expression: pattern $VAR(@) "^[^!]+$" ; "URL must not be null and must not contain '!'"
val_help: http; Example: http://someonewhocares.org/hosts/zero/
comp_help: Check that the url works in a browser and is plain text only, use CTRL-V before typing a question mark
commit:expression: $VAR(../file) == ""; "file and url are mutually exclusive, only set one or the other as a source." |
George
As fans mark the 50th anniversary of The Beatles’ first performance on the Ed Sullivan show is still soaring in outer space. In fact, it’s on a star in the Pegasus constellation, almost 60 light-years away. |
Authorwon aforlast night - and revealed that he was working on another Doctor Who script.His Series 6 story won in thecategory, beating four other nominations that included, by, and, byDuring his acceptance speech, Gaiman said:Just when this episode might air is, of course, open to speculation.had originally been scheduled for Series 5 but was pushed back a year because of budget pressures., which was directed by Richard Clark , also won thein this year'sIt is the sixth Hugo for Doctor Who since the series returned in 2005. Other winners this year included Doctor Who writer Paul Cornell , who was part of the team that won theaward.Thewere presented at- the 70th World Science Fiction Convention - held at the Hyatt Regency in Chicago.Moffat tweeted a congratulatory message to Gaiman and Clark, saying:, and Gaiman tweeted a picture of himself with his award (shown below). |
{
"action": {
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]
}
},
"actor": {
"external": {
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"Unknown"
],
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}
},
"asset": {
"assets": [
{
"variety": "U - Desktop"
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{
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],
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]
},
"attribute": {
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"data": [
{
"variety": "Unknown"
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],
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],
"notes": "Students and employees may have suffered losses.",
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"Stored"
]
},
"integrity": {
"variety": [
"Software installation"
]
}
},
"discovery_method": {
"internal": {
"variety": [
"Nids"
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}
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"impact": {
"overall_rating": "Unknown"
},
"incident_id": "976EAEE5-0149-4F4C-9BE2-FADCB84B2E7D",
"plus": {
"analysis_status": "First pass",
"analyst": "swidup",
"asset": {
"total": "No"
},
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"credit_monitoring": "Unknown",
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"created": "2013-02-12T03:35:13Z",
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"modified": "2014-05-10T00:58:19Z",
"timeline": {
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"reference": "http://www.sfgate.com/education/article/Viruses-stole-City-College-of-S-F-data-for-years-2502338.php",
"schema_version": "1.3.4",
"security_incident": "Confirmed",
"source_id": "vcdb",
"summary": "Personal banking information and other data from perhaps tens of thousands of students, faculty and administrators at City College of San Francisco have been stolen in what is being called \"an infestation\" of computer viruses with origins in criminal networks in Russia, China and other countries, The Chronicle has learned. At work for more than a decade, the viruses were detected a few days after Thanksgiving, when the college's data security monitoring service detected an unusual pattern of computer traffic, flagging trouble. It appeared at first that the problem was contained in a single computer lab at Cloud Hall on the Phelan Avenue campus, one of a dozen City College sites around the city. David Hotchkiss, the chief technology officer, immediately shut the lab down and reported the problem to Chancellor Don Griffin, General Counsel Scott Dickey and Board of Trustees President John Rizzo. But a closer look revealed a far more nefarious situation, which had been lurking within the college's electronic systems since 1999. For now, it's still going on. So far, no cases of identify theft have been linked to the breach. That may change as the investigation continues, and college officials said they might need to bring in the FBI.",
"timeline": {
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} |
1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to methods and systems using novel timing recovery techniques in wireless systems.
2. Description of Related Art
As digital wireless communication systems such as Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) are standardized around the world, the importance of providing clear and cost-effective communication techniques increases. Various obstacles include mitigating the effects of co-channel interference (CCI), which can occur when multiple communication channels use the same frequency spectrum, and inter-symbol interference (ISI), which can occur when transmitted signals travel along several different paths to an intended receiver.
Currently, CCI and ISI can be mitigated using various forms of equalization techniques such as minimum mean square error - decision feedback equalization (MMSE-DFE) and delayed decision feedback sequence estimation (DDFSE). When these equalization techniques are used in conjunction with multiple receive antennas, these equalization techniques can benefit from a complimentary timing recovery procedure that advantageously delays the received signals from each antenna. Unfortunately, for various burst signals, conventional timing recovery procedures do not necessarily optimize spatial-temporal equalization. Accordingly, there is a need for better timing recovery systems and methods. |
Q:
Проблема с получением id тега в jquery
В общем, есть страница, где я работаю с ajax и jquery. С одной половины страницы размещены 3 инпута, куда я загоняю инфу, со второй размещена таблица, куда ранее введенная информация попадает, то есть таблица формируется динамически.
Данные введённые в инпуты посылаются аяксом в обработчик пхп, который в свою очередь загоняет их в БД, а затем из БД формирует json файл(Не спрашивайте, почему делаю так, это по условию).
Затем аяксом я считываю json файл и вывожу его в таблицу на страницу.
В общем вот код:
<script type="text/javascript">
$(document).ready(function(){ //Тут я по клику собираю данные
$("#send").click(function() { //из инпутов и отправляю в обработчик
var firstName = $('#firstName').val();
var secondName = $('#secondName').val();
var email = $('#email').val();
$.ajax({
url: "core.php",
type: "POST",
data: {firstName,secondName,email}
});
});
$.ajax({ //Тут я беру готовый json файл и вывожу
url:"table_push.json", //в таблицу на странице
dataType: "json",
success:function() {
$.getJSON('table_push.json',function (data) {
for(var i = 0; i<data.length;i++){
$('#users').append('<tr><td>' + data[i].id + '</td><td>' + data[i].firstName +
'</td><td>' + data[i].secondName + '</td><td>'+ data[i].email+'</td><td><button id='+data[i].id+' class="btn btn-danger">Remove</button></td></tr>');
} // В цикле сверху, я присваиваю id тегу <button>,
$(".btn").bind('click', function () { // что б было
var line = $(this).attr('id'); // удобно удалить
alert(line); //строку из таблицы
// а вот в этой функции сверху я проверяю через алерт
})//правильность присвоенного id кнопке, выводит
});
$(".btn").bind('click', function () {
var line = $(this).attr('id');
alert(line);
// а вот в этой функции я уже не могу обратится к id
}) // на странице ничего не происходит и ошибок в консоли нету
// по этому не могу напсать ещё один ajax запрос на удаление
// данных из таблицы в БД
}
});
});
</script>
Задача стоит в том, что бы вывести инфу на таблицу, а затем ее удалить нажимая на определённую запись в табличке. Но я не могу этого сделать, так как не могу обратится по id к записи которая нуждается в удалении.
Если смотреть через консоль в браузере, то всем кнопкам удаления записи присвоенные id, но я не могу к ним обратится что б в будущем манипулировать содержимым таблицы.
A:
Вместо id используйте атрибуты data-*
В HTML5 для любого элемента можно использовать собственные атрибуты, начинающиеся с префикса data-. Это позволяет хранить информацию, не занимая стандартные атрибуты, которые несут другую функциональность.
Создайте кнопку так:
<button data-id=' + data[i].id + ' class="btn btn-danger">Remove</button>
Затем в скрипте получите id с помощью data():
var line = $(this).data('id');
Используйте closest()
Чтобы найти строку таблицы, в которой кнопка находится, не обязательно давать ей уникальное имя:
$(this).closest('tr').remove()
Дайте строке таблицы id по принципу TR+ID
Пусть <tr> получит id='tr'+data[i].id. Тогда вы без труда получите id строки, зная id кнопки:
var line = $(this).attr('id');
$('#tr'+line).remove()
Рабочий пример с closest():
var data=[
{firstName:'Foo', secondName:'Bar', email:'foo@Bar.ru',id:'1'},
{firstName:'Foo2',secondName:'Bar2',email:'foo@Bar.ru',id:'2'}
]
for (var i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
$('#users').append('<tr><td>' + data[i].id +
'</td><td>' + data[i].firstName +
'</td><td>' + data[i].secondName +
'</td><td>' + data[i].email +
'</td><td><button id=' + data[i].id + ' class="btn btn-danger">Remove</button></td></tr>');
}
$(".btn").bind('click', function() {
var line = $(this).attr('id');
//здесь код удаления строки из БД
$(this).closest('tr').remove()
})
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<table id=users></table>
Рабочий пример с data():
var data=[
{firstName:'Foo', secondName:'Bar', email:'foo@Bar.ru',id:'1'},
{firstName:'Foo2',secondName:'Bar2',email:'foo@Bar.ru',id:'2'}
]
for (var i = 0; i < data.length; i++) {
$('#users').append('<tr id=' + data[i].id + '><td>' + data[i].id +
'</td><td>' + data[i].firstName +
'</td><td>' + data[i].secondName +
'</td><td>' + data[i].email +
'</td><td><button data-id=' + data[i].id + ' class="btn btn-danger">Remove</button></td></tr>');
}
$(".btn").bind('click', function() {
var line = $(this).data('id');
//здесь код удаления строки из БД
$('#'+line).remove()
})
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<table id=users></table>
|
Published by Icon Books Ltd, Omnibus Business Centre, 39–41 North Road, London N7 9DP
Email: info@iconbooks.com
www.introducingbooks.com
ISBN: 978-178578-012-7
Text copyright © 2012 Icon Books Ltd
Illustrations copyright © 2012 Icon Books Ltd
The author and illustrator has asserted their moral rights
Originating editor: Richard Appignanesi
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, or by any means, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
## Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Britain Before Thatcher
Brief History of Post-War Britain
The Beveridge Report
The Welfare State
Nationalization and Social Security
Keynesianism
The Trade Union Movement
Who Rules?
"Butskellism", or Consensus Politics
Caution and Restraint
What's Wrong With Britain?
The Rise of Heath
The End of "Selsdon Man"
Downslide and Paranoia
The Intellectual Roots of Thatcherism
A Free Market Philosophy
Free Market Democracy
Social Justice
Individualism and Equality
Privatization
The Institute of Economic Affairs
Joseph and the IEA
Enoch Powell
The Centre for Policy Studies
Thatcher's Roots
Upbringing
Becoming an MP
A New Leader in 1975
Who Helped Thatcher to Power?
Thatcher's Early Allies
Thatcherites in the Late 1970s
Inventing the Thatcher Image
Early Champions of Monetarism
In Power – May 1979
"The Lady's Not For Turning"
Battling the Unions
The Falklands Rescue
The Second Administration, 1983-7
Tackling the Unions Again
How to Curb the Unions
The Miners' Strike, 1984
Profile of Arthur Scargill
The NUM Defeated
Murdoch vs. the Printers' Union
The Westland Affair
Economic Success
Thatcherism in Practice
The Civil Service
The Welfare State
The NHS
The Arts
Europe
Friendship With Reagan
The Speech at Bruges
Privatization
Individual Home and Share Ownership
Does It Benefit the Individual?
Greed is Good
A New Breed – A New Language
Thatcher's Children – or Orphans?
The Poll Tax (1989)
A Big Mistake
Thatcher's Disregard of the Cabinet
Thatcher's Downfall?
Black Monday
Thatcher Resigns
The Economic Results of Thatcherism
Public Expenditure
Monetarism
The Thatcher Style
Not Ideas But Action
Authoritarian
Conclusion
Thatcher's Influence on New Labour
## **Britain Before Thatcher**
In February 1974 the Conservative Party, led by **Edward Heath** (1916-2005), was defeated in a General Election which had been precipitated by the government's failure to cope with the trades unions, most especially the National Union of Mineworkers. **Keith Joseph** (1918-96), a member of Heath's cabinet, attributed Britain's ills to the harmful effects of socialism:
WE ARE NOW MORE SOCIALIST IN MANY WAYS THAN ANY OTHER DEVELOPED COUNTRY OUTSIDE THE COMMUNIST BLOC, IN THE SIZE OF THE PUBLIC SECTOR, THE RANGE OF CONTROLS AND THE TELESCOPING OF NET INCOME.
He went further, saying that Tory governments had travelled this path as surely and enthusiastically as Labour ones.
Was Joseph right? Was Britain **socialist** in the 1970s, and if so, how did it get that way?
## **Brief History of Post-War Britain**
The Labour Party had grown in the first half of the 20th century into a mass party, and had won a decisive victory in the General Election at the end of the Second World War. The Election was held in early July 1945 when the Allies had achieved victory over Hitler in Europe but were still at war with Japan. Conservative Prime Minister **Winston Churchill** (1874-1965) came back from the peace negotiations in Potsdam with his deputy, Labour leader **Clement Attlee** (1883-1967), for the announcement of the results on 25 July 1945.
THREE DAYS LATER, AS PRIME MINISTER, I RETURNED TO POTSDAM WITHOUT CHURCHILL.
Furthermore, the Labour victory was overwhelming. They captured 393 seats in the House of Commons to the Conservatives' 189.
Some were surprised that the war leader and hero, Churchill, should be booted out, but others who had followed the findings of _Mass Observation_ , had listened to the ordinary voter and seen the reaction to the _Beveridge Report_ , were not.
THE CONSERVATIVE PARTY IS THE PARTY OF THE PRIVILEGED AND THE BUSINESSMAN. THE PEOPLE WHO FAILED THE COUNTRY IN THE DEPRESSED 1920S AND 30S. ORDINARY PEOPLE WANT A FRESH START!
They wanted what **Sir William Beveridge** (1879-1963), director of labour exchanges 1909-16 and a director of the London School of Economics 1919-37, had suggested in his report to the House of Commons in 1942. What was the _Beveridge Report_?
## **The Beveridge Report**
Social insurance should be part of a general policy of social progress. Social security can only be achieved through co-operation between the individual and the state.
Special benefits should be provided for unusual expenses in connection with birth, marriage and death.
Pensions should be available for all.
There should be a free medical service.
## **The Welfare State**
The _Report_ was universally acclaimed.
AND EVEN I REALIZED I WAS MAKING A MISTAKE IN TRYING TO SUPPRESS IT.
The Labour Party elected in 1945 on a wave of enthusiasm for collective security and the effectiveness of planning – after all, the War had been won by **planning** , hadn't it? – legislated in its administration up to 1950 to bring in what became known as _The Welfare State._
The nationalization of the means of production, distribution and exchange – the famous _Clause 4_ of the Labour Party constitution – was tackled with vigour and enthusiasm by the incoming Labour administration.
## **Nationalization and Social Security**
The following nationalizations took place under the new Labour government:
1946| | Bank of England
---|---|---
1946| | British Overseas Airways, British European Airways and British South American Airways
1946| | Inland Transport Act (everything that ran on wheels for profit, except short-distance road haulage, lorries used by companies for their own products, and municipal bus companies)
1947| | The Coal Industry
1948| | Electricity
1948| | Cable and Wireless
1948| | Gas
1949| | Steel
And, towering above all, the National Health Services Act (1946), providing "free" health care for all, described even by the Conservative MP, Derick Heathcoat-Amory (later Chancellor of the Exchequer) as: "By any test, a tremendous measure."
## **Keynesianism**
The intellectual justification for this planned approach to the economy came from **John Maynard Keynes** (1883-1946).
Keynesianism required that the large institutions, corporations and unions should drive the country's economy and that the government should intervene constantly to balance the situation, increasing or decreasing financial stimuli where necessary.
OR RATHER FROM HOW MY WRITING WAS INTERPRETED. THE LABOUR PARTY GREW OUT OF THE WORKING MAN'S DESIRE FOR MORE POLITICAL SAY. AND OUR FIRST MEANS OF PROTECTION AGAINST THE CRUEL AND OPPRESSIVE EMPLOYERS OF LABOUR WAS THE TRADE UNION. THE PARTY GREW FROM THE UNIONS, AND THE UNIONS WERE ALWAYS A SIGNIFICANT FORCE IN THE PARTY, ESPECIALLY AS UNION FUNDS FINANCED THE PARTY.
## **The Trade Union Movement**
After a shaky start in the last decades of the 19th century, both the trade union movement and the Labour Party were given a great boost by the outrage in the working class following a court decision in 1901.
AFTER A STRIKE AT TAFF VALE, THE UNION WAS FORCED TO PAY COMPENSATION FOR THE COSTS OF THE STRIKE. THIS INITIAL DECISION WAS REVERSED IN THE TRADES DISPUTES ACT OF 1906 WHICH GAVE IMMUNITY TO UNIONS IN CLAIMS FOR DAMAGES.
The first case was a great step forward for the unions and the Labour Party. The Act gave the unions formidable power to live outside the law, later to be greatly abused.
By 1945, the unions were a very powerful force within the labour movement and the Labour Party. **Denis Healey** (b. 1917), long-time Labour MP, Chancellor of the Exchequer and Foreign Secretary in Labour administrations, said in his autobiography, _The Time of My Life_...
THE TRADE UNIONS AFFILIATED OVER 5.5 MILLION MEMBERS TO THE LABOUR PARTY AND ELECTED 12 MEMBERS TO THE EXECUTIVE... UNION LEADERS ARE UNDER NO OBLIGATION TO CONSULT THEIR MEMBERS ON HOW THEIR VOTES ARE CAST. IN PRACTICE, THE VIEWS OF THE UNION'S NATIONAL EXECUTIVE ARE USUALLY DECISIVE; SO A CHANGE IN ONE INDIVIDUAL ON THE UNION'S EXECUTIVE MAY SHIFT OVER A MILLION VOTES – AND FREQUENTLY HAS.
## **Who Rules?**
But if the leaders of the unions could dominate the Executive of the Labour Party, ironically they were not as powerful within their own unions. Denis Healey again...
_The real power lies not in the union headquarters but with the local shop stewards... Moreover, the TUC_ [Trades Union Congress, i.e. all the bosses of the unions] _has no real power over its constituent unions, unlike its equivalents in Scandinavia, Germany and Austria; in those countries, governments have normally been able to rely on the annual agreements made at national level between centralized organizations of unions and employers, without direct government intervention. This is even more true of Japan, where the recognized need for a national consensus on all major economic issues has made possible 40 years of high growth, full employment, rapidly rising living standards and exceptionally low inflation._
## **"Butskellism", or Consensus Politics**
Appeasement of the unions was not the prerogative of the Labour Party – the Conservatives indulged in it too. Indeed, there was little to choose between the two parties' approach to economic and social issues for the first 30 years after the War. _The Economist_ coined the word "Butskellism" – after the Tory Home Secretary, **Rab Butler** (1902-82) and the Labour leader, **Hugh Gaitskell** (1906-63) – to show how little difference there was in the two parties' approach.
BUTSKELLISM IS A TWO-PARTY CONSENSUS ABOUT...
the Welfare State| a mixed economy
---|---
full employment| consultation with the unions
in foreign policy – commitment to NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), the nuclear deterrent, the run-down of Empire and the promotion of the Commonwealth
## **Caution and Restraint**
The Conservative administrations of the 1950s which replaced the Labour administrations of 1945-50 and 1950-51 may have talked of a "bonfire of controls", but in 1960 government expenditure was a higher proportion of GNP (gross national product) at 41% than it had been in 1950 at 39%.
The Conservative Party's conscience about the working class was summed up by **Harold Macmillan** (1894-1986), Prime Minister from 1957-63.
WE MUST REMEMBER THAT THE MEN FROM STOCKTON AND THE YORKSHIRE COALFIELDS HAD FOUGHT AND DIED AT YPRES AND PASSCHENDAELE... NO ONE AND INDEED NO ORGANIZATION OF OUR PEOPLE MUST BE RUSHED. CAUTION, AND, ABOVE ALL, RESTRAINT.
Butskellism prevailed through all of the post-War governments, no matter the majority of the governing party, as shown below.
July 1945 – February 1950| Labour| 204| majority
---|---|---|---
February 1950 – October 1951| Labour| 17
October 1951 – May 1955| Conservative| 74
May 1955-May 1959| Conservative| 57
May 1959 – October 1964| Conservative| 107
October 1964 – April 1966| Labour| 13
April 1966 – June 1970| Labour| 110
June 1970 – February 1974| Conservative| 43
THIS ONLY CHANGED WHEN I WAS ELECTED TO THE LEADERSHIP OF THE CONSERVATIVE PARTY IN FEBRUARY 1975.
## **What's Wrong With Britain?**
BY THE 1970S, GREAT BRITAIN LTD. WAS IN A DREADFUL STATE. WHAT WAS WRONG?
There had been the occasional attempt to stand out against the Keynesian approach. For example, Chancellor of the Exchequer **Peter Thorneycroft** (1909-94) and two ministers at the Treasury, **Enoch Powell** (1912-98) and **Nigel Birch** (1906-81)...
Labour Prime Minister **Harold Wilson** (1916-95) tried to bring the unions under some control with the help of **Barbara Castle** (b. 1910), Minister for Employment and Productivity.
WE RESIGNED from THE CONSERVATIVE GOVERNMENT IN JANUARY 1958 OVER MACMILLAN'S REFUSAL TO ACCEPT OUR PROPOSED MONETARIST CUTS IN PUBLIC EXPENDITURE. WE INTRODUCED A WHITE PAPER, **_IN PLACE OF STRIFE_** , IN 1969.
When the unions protested, they backed down, setting the scene for the 1970s, a decade when government policy often seemed to be determined in TUC Congress House.
By the time **James Callaghan** (1912-2005) came to the end of his reign as Labour Prime Minister in 1979, cabinet papers were being sent to the TUC for approval. Callaghan said to the TUC General Council at 10 Downing Street...
WE ARE PROSTRATE BEFORE YOU BUT DON'T ASK US TO PUT IT IN WRITING.
## **The Rise of Heath**
The Tories' long spell in power, later to be dubbed "13 years of Tory misrule", came to an end in October 1964 when the Labour Party under Harold Wilson, promising his "white-hot technological revolution", defeated them. Labour's majority was wafer-thin but in 1966 they improved it to around 100 and the Tories concentrated on re-thinking their policies for the future.
Traditionally, the leader of the Tory Party had been appointed by the grandees of the party after some consultation with other senior MPs.
**Sir Alec Douglas-Home** (1903-96) emerged as a compromise leader after an unpleasant series of squabbles and lobbying when Harold Macmillan resigned in 1963.
WHEN DOUGLAS-HOME STOOD DOWN AFTER HIS DEFEAT BY WILSON IN 1964, THE FIRST ELECTION BROUGHT FORWARD AN UNTYPICAL TORY LEADER... I INSTITUTED A MODERN ELECTION PROCESS. EDWARD HEATH, THE SON OF A CARPENTER FROM BROADSTAIRS, KENT.
During the Tories' period in opposition in the second half of the 1960s, Heath started to shape his ideas, some of which challenged the consensus of the immediate post-War years. Heath talked of curbing the unions, the importance of competition, the need to reshape the welfare state with more emphasis on selectivity, and giving priority to business. Indeed, he told the Tory Party Conference after his Election victory in 1970...
WE WILL EMBARK ON A CHANGE SO RADICAL, A REVOLUTION SO QUIET AND SO TOTAL THAT IT WILL GO FAR BEYOND THE PROGRAMME OF A PARLIAMENT... WE WERE RETURNED TO OFFICE TO CHANGE THE COURSE AND THE HISTORY OF THIS NATION, NOTHING LESS.
## **The End of "Selsdon Man"**
However, the realities of government brought a series of U-turns, though in fact Heath had always believed in the necessity of the state being closely involved in the running of the economy. There had been much talk of allowing lame-duck companies to collapse, but in 1971 the government rescued first Rolls Royce, who had seriously underpriced their world-beating aircraft engine, the RB211, and then Upper Clyde Shipbuilders, whose outdated management and labour practices had made the company hopelessly uncompetitive.
AS INFLATION STARTED TO RISE IN _1972_ , FUELLED BY A RAPID INCREASE IN BANK CREDIT AND LOWERING OF TAKES, I INTRODUCED CONTROLS ON PAY, PRICES AND DIVIDENDS.
The good resolutions of 1970 epitomized in "Selsdon Man" (after a Tory planning meeting at the Selsdon Park Hotel) went by the board. In February 1974, Heath was defeated in a General Election called to ask the country...
The National Union of Mineworkers had called a strike in the middle of a fuel crisis caused by a massive price rise and rationing by OPEC (Organization of Petroleum-Exporting Countries) in the winter of 1973-4.
Heath was defeated again in October 1974 when Labour tried to increase its majority, opening the way for a challenge to his leadership.
WHO RUNS THE COUNTRY, THE GOVERNMENT OR THE UNIONS? BY THIS TIME IT WAS CLEAR THAT THE "BUT SKELLITE" CONSENSUS APPROACH WAS NOT WORKING!
The ineffectiveness of the recently-enacted Industrial Relations Bill added to the general disillusionment.
## **Downslide and Paranoia**
In 1973, **Lord Rothschild** (1910-90), head of the Central Policy Review staff (the civil service think-tank set up by Heath), said...
_From the vantage point of the Cabinet Office it seems to me that unless we take a very strong pull at ourselves and give up the idea that we are one of the wealthiest, most influential and important countries of the world – in other words that Queen Victoria is still reigning – we are likely to find ourselves in increasingly serious trouble. To give just one unpalatable example, in 1985 we shall have half the economic weight of France or Germany._
As if to prove his prophecy correct, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) arrived to "look at the books" in 1976 before agreeing a loan, something that usually only happened to Third World countries.
In 1988, the economic historian Andrew Gamble reminded everyone of the situation in the mid-1970s.
_Events suggested that a major crisis of hegemony was unfolding. Elements of the Right began to question democracy and endorse violence. The emergence of vigilante organizations, the speculation about military coups, and the plotting of elements of the security services against the Labour government were signs of the deep disorientation and profound demoralization which events in the early 1970s had created in sections of the British Establishment._
Such conditions made the time ripe for the Conservatives to elect a new leader.
## **The Intellectual Roots of Thatcherism**
Margaret Thatcher once described **Friedrich von Hayek** (1899-1992) as one of the great intellects of the 20th century. There is no doubt that his book, _The Road to Serfdom_ , published in London in 1944, was a seminal work which provided the philosophical basis of a free and competitive economy. Thatcher, irritated by some "wet" Conservative arguing for the "middle way", is reported to have pulled Hayek's _The Constitution of Liberty_ from her briefcase, held it up for all to see and banged it down on the table.
THIS IS WHAT WE BELIEVE!
Hayek was born in Vienna in 1899 into a minor aristocratic and strongly academic family. Ludwig Wittgenstein was a cousin and, like him, Hayek served in the Austrian army in the First World War. At the University of Vienna in the early 1920s he studied philosophy and economics and expounded mildly socialist views. One of his teachers was **Ludwig von Mises** (1881-1973), an outstanding developer of the Austrian school of economics.
MISES WAS **_THE_** RADICAL FREE MARKET ECONOMIST AND HIS **_SOCIALISM_** , PUBLISHED IN **_1922_** , CONVINCED ME OF THE INEFFICIENCY OF CENTRALIZED CONTROL AND TURNED ME INTO A CLASSIC LIBERAL.
Hayek and Mises saw society's function as encouraging individual activity and protecting diversity. This was in sharp contrast to the socialists who felt society should be fundamentally concerned with shepherding or persuading people towards achieving the common good. Hayek concluded that liberty under a minimalist state was the ideal.
## **A Free Market Philosophy**
Hayek's writing provided Keith Joseph and Margaret Thatcher with the philosophical justification for what they said to the British public.
FALSE MONETARY AND CREDIT POLICY, PURSUED THROUGH ALMOST THE WHOLE PERIOD SINCE THE LAST WAR, HAS PLACED THE ECONOMIC SYSTEMS OF ALL THE WESTERN INDUSTRIAL COUNTRIES IN A HIGHLY UNSTABLE POSITION. THE ARGUMENT OFTEN ADVANCED THAT INFLATION PRODUCES MERELY A REDISTRIBUTION OF THE SOCIAL PRODUCT, WHILE UNEMPLOYMENT REDUCES IT AND THEREFORE REPRESENTS A WORSE EVIL, IS THUS FALSE, BECAUSE INFLATION BECOMES THE CAUSE OF INCREASED UNEMPLOYMENT.
THE MORALITY OF INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY OF THE ABLE FOR THE WELFARE OF HIMSELF AND HIS FAMILY IS STILL THE BASIS FOR MOST MORAL JUDGEMENTS OF ACTION. THUS IT IS THE INDISPENSABLE FRAMEWORK FOR THE PEACEFUL WORKING OF ANY COMPLEX SOCIETY. IT TOOK A LONG TIME TO CONVINCE SOCIALISTS THAT CENTRAL PLANNING IS INEFFICIENT.
## **Free Market Democracy**
In Britain in the 1970s, as the trade union barons held the country to ransom, Joseph and Thatcher did not need to look further than Hayek to show people what was happening: _For progress towards its aims, socialism needs government with unlimited powers... In such a system various groups must be given, not what a majority thinks they deserve, but what these groups think they are entitled to._
By this Hayek meant that people should be paid what others are willing to pay for their services and it is wrong for society to try to put a value on those services. It is likely that this purely economic argument led Thatcher, towards the end of her period in office, to make a remark that probably did her more harm than almost any other.
THERE IS NO "VALUE TO SOCIETY". THERE IS NO SUCH THING AS SOCIETY.
## **Social Justice**
Hayek was also critical of "social justice".
_When government interference is demanded in the name of social justice this now means, more often than not, the demand for the protection of the existing relative position of some group. "Social justice" has thus become little more than a demand for the protection of vested interests and the creation of new privilege, such as when in the name of social justice the farmer is assured "parity" with the industrial worker._
IF THE INDIVIDUAL IS TO BE FREE TO CHOOSE, IT IS INEVITABLE THAT HE SHOULD BEAR THE RISK ATTACHING TO THAT CHOICE AND THAT IN CONSEQUENCE HE BE REWARDED, NOT ACCORDING TO THE GOODNESS OR BADNESS OF HIS INTENTIONS, BUT SOLELY ON THE VALUE OF THE RESULTS TO OTHERS.
## **Individualism and Equality**
_When we turn to equality, it should be said at once that true individualism is not equalitarian in the modern sense of the word. It can see no reason for trying to make men equal as distinct from treating them equally. While individualism is profoundly opposed to all prescriptive privilege, to all protection, by law or force, of any rights not based on rules equally applicable to all persons, it also denies government the right to limit what the able or fortunate may achieve._
AN ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN WHICH EACH GETS WHAT OTHERS THINK HE DESERVES WOULD NECESSARILY BE A HIGHLY INEFFICIENT SYSTEM – QUITE APART FROM ITS BEING ALSO AN INTOLERABLY OPPRESSIVE SYSTEM.
## **Privatization**
In his criticism of state monopolies, Hayek was providing the philosophical justification for the eventual Thatcher privatization programme.
ALL GOVERNMENT-SUPERVISED MONOPOLIES TEND TO BECOME GOVERNMENT-PROTECTED MONOPOLIES WHICH WILL PERSIST WHEN THEIR JUSTIFICATION HAS DISAPPEARED.
Thatcherites also found support for their determination to reduce the monopolistic power of the trades unions: _The monopolistic practices which threaten the functioning of the market are today much more serious on the side of labour than on the side of enterprise, and the preservation of the market order will depend much more than on anything else, on whether we succeed in curbing the former._
## **The Institute of Economic Affairs**
Hayek's teaching and that of **Milton Friedman** (1912-2006)-especially his book, _Free to Choose_ , whose main thesis propounded that when the free market is allowed to operate with the least interference from government the result is a highly desirable combination of economic progress and political freedom – found expression through the Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA).
The IEA was founded by a businessman, **Antony Fisher** , in 1957. Fisher had been greatly influenced by his reading a précis of Hayek's _The Road to Serfdom_ in, of all things, _Reader's Digest_ , in 1944. He sought out Hayek at the London School of Economics.
A LIBERAL MUST MAKE AN INTELLECTUAL CASE AMONGST INTELLECTUALS FOR WHAT HE BELIEVES IN.
In the 1950s Fisher's Buxted Chicken Company became very successful, providing him with the money to set up the IEA, an organization to convert intellectual opinion exemplified by teachers, academics, students and leading journalists. **Ralph** (now **Lord** ) **Harris** (1924-2006)became the lEA's first director general, moderating Fisher's original idea.
THE **_IEA_** SHOULD NOT BECOME IDENTIFIED WITH ANY PARTICULAR PARTY. I WAS A STRONG CONSERVATIVE.
In 1959, a Liberal Party supporter, **Arthur Seldon** (b. 1916), became editorial director. Born in the East End of London, he lost both parents before he was three. Nevertheless he went on to win a scholarship to the London School of Economics, and became a dedicated supporter of the virtues of market capitalism and an opponent of socialism and collectivism.
In his book _Capitalism_ (1990), Seldon attacked the collective consensus which he felt had operated in Britain since 1939.
## **Joseph and the IEA**
The IEA was initially ignored by all politicians except Keith Joseph. He began to read its publications after 1964 and to discuss the economic theory with Harris and Seldon, and in 1974 he received a course in IEA classical liberalism.
IT WAS ONLY IN APRIL _1974_ THAT I WAS CONVERTED TO CONSERVATISM. I HAD THOUGHT THAT I WAS A CONSERVATIVE BUT NOW I SEE I WAS NOT REALLY ONE AT ALL.
**Alfred Sherman** (b. 1919), who, as we shall see, played a major role in the development of Joseph's thinking at this time, said of the IEA: _Had it not been for the IEA there would have been no Thatcher revolution. They prepared the ground. They were the John the Baptist of the 1950s and 1960s – pace Enoch Powell – the voice crying in the wilderness._
The lEA's work was complemented by that of the Adam Smith Institute, named after one of the founding fathers of classical economic liberalism, **Adam Smith** (1723-90), whom many Thatcherites regarded as the founder of their beliefs.
## **Enoch Powell**
At the same time, Enoch Powell was extolling to the Tory Party the value of the capitalist free economy which both Hayek and the IEA were advocating. Only that could make sure that "men shall be free to make their own choices, right or wrong, wise or foolish, to obey their own consciences, to follow their own initiatives".
HE ATTACKED SOCIALISTS AND THEIR PLANNING. A LITTLE GROUP OF FALLIBLE MEN IN WHITEHALL, MAKING GUESSES ABOUT THE FUTURE, INFLUENCED BY POLITICAL PRESSURES AND PARTISAN PREJUDICES AND WORKING ON PROJECTIONS DRAWN FROM THE PAST BY A STAFF OF ECONOMISTS.
Powell wanted the flexibility of the market, "the ceaseless revision to which firms and industries and individuals are all the time subjecting their plans and their intentions. Thus change comes naturally, quietly and swiftly, before the economists have got around to noticing."
He was deeply critical of Heath and his method of trying to curb inflation by controlling wages and prices. These were merely the symptoms of inflation. The cause was the printing of money.
UPON THE SOUND WORKING OF THE MONEY SYSTEM AND ABOVE ALL UPON THE STABILITY AND HONESTY OF THE CURRENCY DEPEND NOT ONLY THE OPERATIONS OF INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE BUT THE STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY ITSELF.
While Thatcher and her close supporters acknowledged their debt to Powell privately, senior Conservative **Ian Gow** (1937-90) said openly: _I probably have every one of his speeches on my bookshelves. I studied them. It was his influence, his very clear, very great lucidity. What he was saying long before 1974 is said by everybody now. He was a monetarist, right back._
WE COULD NOT ASSOCIATE WITH HIM TOO OPENLY. HE HAD, AFTER ALL, INVITED THE ELECTORATE TO VOTE LABOUR IN THE _1974_ ELECTION AS BEING THE BEST WAY OF EXTRACTING BRITAIN FROM THE COMMON MARKET!
And it was Keith Joseph who provided the link between Hayek, Powell and the IEA to Thatcher's thinking, largely through the Centre for Policy Studies (CPS).
## **The Centre for Policy Studies**
The CPS was the idea of Alfred Sherman, a Jew brought up in Hackney in the East End of London. With a Labour councillor father, Sherman was initially a socialist and joined the International Brigade, serving in Spain as a machine-gunner. When he returned to England in 1938 he was a Marxist. After the War he went to the London School of Economics and graduated into journalism.
I GRADUALLY BECAME DISILLUSIONED WITH COMMUNISM, EVEN WITH MILDER SOCIALISM, AND CAME TO SEE THE CONSERVATIVE PARTY AS THE ONLY POSSIBLE INSTRUMENT FOR ECONOMIC REFORM. YOU KNOW WHO WAS CENTRAL TO ME? ALFRED SHERMAN. HE WAS VERY IMPORTANT.
Sherman was the man of energy who spurred the somewhat cerebral Joseph into action. It was Sherman who gave Keith Joseph the idea of a think-tank, independent of the Conservative Party and privately funded.
I TOOK THE IDEA TO HEATH WHO AGREED TO IT. GOOD... THIS WILL KEEP JOSEPH AWAY FROM THE CENTRE OF AFFAIRS.
Joseph became the first chairman of the CPS, Sherman its director of studies. Thatcher and **Geoffrey Howe** (b. 1926) became directors, as well as **Nigel** (later **Lord) Vinson** (b. 1931), a successful businessman who had built up his own company before selling it in the 1960s. Sherman said of the CPS: _We started out to change the Conservative Party's approach; hence our primary aim was not to wean socialists away from socialism but to wean Conservatives away from the corporate state and Keynesian panaceas, which had helped bring about the Heath debacle... Our second major aim was trade-union reform._
## **Thatcher's Roots**
We must always remember that Thatcher was an _elected_ leader. Furthermore, she was _not_ of the Establishment. She saw her roots amongst the middle class, if not indeed the lower middle class.
I BLAME THE ESTABLISHMENT FOR ALLOWING THE COUNTRY TO DECLINE INTO ITS SORRY STATE!
As **Lord Blake** (b. 1916 **)** , the leading Conservative historian, said in 1989: _I don't think it's the world of White's, Pratt's and Brook's_ [leading social clubs] _that she feels let down by, but the world of the Athenaeum_ [élite academic, senior profession and ecclesiastical] _and the Reform_ [media, politics and civil service]; _that's the Great and the Good. I think she does feel that a lot of the Great and the Good have let the country down. It is not accidental that she's never appointed a Royal Commission._
## **Upbringing**
Margaret Hilda Roberts was born on 13 October 1925, the younger daughter of Alderman Alfred Roberts (1893-1969) and Beatrice Roberts (d. 1960). She was to say later, "I owe almost everything to my father". Indeed her mother, who was a practical but passive housewife, was even excluded from Margaret Thatcher's _Who's Who_ entry. When this was pointed out to her by a _Radio Times_ interviewer in 1993, she became flustered.
WHAT DO YOU MEAN? HOW COULD I NOT? SHE WAS MY MOTHER. OH DEAR, DIDN'T I? WELL, I MUST CORRECT THAT.
Alfred Roberts was a self-made man. The son of a Northamptonshire shoemaker, he left school at 13 and went into the grocery business. In his early twenties he married and opened his own shop on the corner of the main London-Edinburgh road and the road to Nottingham, in a small sleepy town in the middle of England, Grantham.
Margaret said in a speech in 1982...
"Some say I preach merely the homilies of housekeeping or the parables of the parlour. But I do not repent. Those parables would have saved many a financier from failure and many a country from crisis."
BOTH OF MY DAUGHTERS WERE BORN ABOVE THE SHOP AND WERE BROUGHT UP STRICTLY TO BELIEVE IN HARD WORK, SELF-HELP, RIGOROUS BUDGETING AND THE IMPORTANCE OF SAVING.
Alfred, though ill-educated himself, held a great respect for the benefits of education and was determined that Margaret, whom he saw as the brighter of his two daughters, should have the best education he could organize. There were piano lessons, compulsory library visits and attendance at an elementary school at the smarter end of town where Margaret was remembered as a questioning, eager pupil with a bulging satchel. She told the _Daily Telegraph_ in 1980...
I WAS A VERY SERIOUS CHILD... THERE WAS NOT A LOT OF FUN OR SPARKLE IN MY LIFE.
Another dominant influence was Methodism. On Sundays, no newspapers were allowed and there were two visits to the Methodist church where Alfred preached.
WE WERE METHODISTS, AND METHODIST MEANS METHOD. DUTY WAS VERY, VERY STRONGLY INGRAINED INTO US. DUTIES TO THE CHURCH, DUTIES TO YOUR NEIGHBOUR AND CONSCIENTIOUSNESS WERE CONTINUALLY EMPHASIZED.
Alfred also set the example of public service. He was a local councillor and became mayor in 1945. He was a governor of Kesteven and Grantham Girls' School, and later chairman. He was also a Justice of the Peace.
At school Margaret was hard-working, and although well-behaved and quiet she would always have a question for a visiting speaker. Her final report said: _Margaret is ambitious and deserves to do well._
In 1943 she won a place at Somerville College, Oxford, where she read chemistry. She continued to be hard-working and efficient and, although not considered brilliant, was selected as an assistant by Professor Dorothy Hodgkin, who later won a Nobel Prize.
While at Oxford, her interest in politics was already surfacing, and she joined the Conservative Association. In the 1945 General Election she canvassed for **Quintin Hogg** (1907-2001).
Her tutor at Somerville, Janet Vaughan, said: _She was to me extremely interesting because she was a Conservative. The young at that time, especially at Somerville, were all pretty left-wing. She wasn't an interesting person except as a Conservative. If I had interesting, amusing people staying with me, I would never have thought of asking Margaret Roberts, except as a Conservative._
When Margaret left Oxford in 1946 she used her chemistry degree to secure a job as a research chemist at British Xylonite Plastics in Manningtree, testing plastics for spectacle frames. After a year she moved to a J. Lyons factory in Hammersmith, testing the quality of cake fillings and ice cream. But this was just earning a living.
POLITICS WAS MY PASSION, AND IN THE 1950 ELECTION I STOOD AS THE CONSERVATIVE CANDIDATE FOR DARTFORD IN KENT.
She was faced with a 20,000 Labour majority and lost. At the next Election in 1951 she stood and lost again.
At this point her political career could have foundered, but she had met a local businessman, **Denis Thatcher** (1915-2003), and after her second defeat at the polls he asked her to marry him. They were married in December 1951. Later Margaret admitted the debt she owed to Denis, telling _The Guardian_ in 1962: "I do not need to worry about money."
Margaret began to read for the Bar and passed her exams in December 1953. Thereafter she practised tax law on and off for five years. She told the _Sunday Graphic_ in February 1952 that married women should be able to have careers: "In this way, gifts and talents that would otherwise be wasted are developed to the benefit of the community."
Commenting on the fact that there were only 17 women among the 625 MPs, she said...
SHOULD A WOMAN ARISE EQUAL TO THE TASK, I SAY LET HER HAVE AN EQUAL CHANCE WITH THE MEN FOR THE LEADING CABINET POSTS. WHY NOT A WOMAN CHANCELLOR, OR FOREIGN SECRETARY?
Denis' money allowed Margaret to pursue her political career single-mindedly. She gave birth to twins, Mark and Carol, in 1953.
Her relationship with the children was not close, although Mark stands accused of financially exploiting his relationship to her once she became Prime Minister. Carol wrote a book about her father in 1996, _Below the Parapet_ , and made one or two references to her mother's lack of interest.
BUT A LIVE-IN NANNY WAS EMPLOYED TO LOOK AFTER THEM. SHE WAS PRONE TO CALLING ME BY HER SECRETARIES' NAMES AND WORKING THROUGH EACH OF THEM UNTIL SHE GOT TO CAROL.
## **Becoming an MP**
Her frustration in the 1950s was not finding a Parliamentary seat. She tried for adoption in Orpington for a by-election but was rejected. Beckenham, Maidstone and Oxford all turned her down, but finally in 1958 her luck changed. Finchley in North London became vacant.
IT'S AN IDEAL SEAT IF I CAN WIN ADOPTION-A 12,000 TORY MAJORITY, MIDDLE-CLASS, UPWARDLY MOBILE, WITH OWNER-OCCUPIERS IN THE MAJORITY, AND 20% JEWISH.
There were 200 applicants. She was short-listed, and against three middle-of-the-road typical Tory MP types, she won on the second ballot.
At the next General Election in 1959 she increased her majority to 16,260. Ironically, it was the Election when Prime Minister Harold Macmillan made his famous remark: _Let's be frank about it, most of our people have never had it so good._
It was the high-tide of Conservative post-War consensualism and Thatcher was later to deride it for its lax fiscal discipline and feebleness in controlling public spending. Harold Wilson, leader of the Labour Party after Gaitskell, described Britain in the early 1960s as a "candy-floss society".
But Thatcher could not be worrying about the macro picture. At this point she had to make her mark as an ordinary MP. She made a strong and well-received maiden speech.
UNUSUALLY, IT WAS ATTACHED TO A PRIVATE MEMBER'S BILL WHOSE PURPOSE WAS TO GIVE THE PRESS RIGHTS OF ACCESS TO MEETINGS OF LOCAL COUNCILS.
Her mistrust of local government, so apparent when she became Prime Minister, went back a long way.
Her abilities were soon noted and she was appointed Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Pensions. Three years' conscientious work there added a dislike of civil servants to her mistrust of local government.
## **A New Leader in 1975**
The most obvious candidate from the right wing of the Tory Party was Keith Joseph, but he killed his chances with one passage from a speech he made to Birmingham Conservatives in which he expressed his concern at the quality of the population.
There was an immediate outcry and Joseph withdrew. Thatcher put her name forward. All the other heavyweight candidates were constrained by their loyalty to Heath. Furthermore, this relatively unknown woman was unwittingly helped by Heath himself.
TOO MANY BABIES WERE BEING BORN TO PEOPLE AT THE BOTTOM END OF THE SOCIAL SCALE. I MADE HER NUMBER TWO SHADOW SPOKESPERSON ON TREASURY AFFAIRS. AND I MADE EVERY USE OF MY POSITION TO GOAD CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER DENIS HEALEY INTO DIGNIFYING ME BY CALLING ME... THE PASIONARA OF PRIVILEGE!
Thatcher's campaign was masterminded by the scheming **Airey Neave** (1916-79). There could be no better plotter than this ex-POW who had himself escaped from Colditz Castle in the War and then organized other escape routes across Europe. Before the vote he whispered to Labour minister, **Roy Hattersley** (b. 1932)...
MY FILLY IS GOING TO WIN. AND HE WAS RIGHT. THE RESULTS OF THE FIRST BALLOT SHOWED IT.
Margaret Thatcher| 130
---|---
Edward Heath| 119
Hugh Fraser| 16
This result was not enough for an outright win but it knocked out Heath and left the way open for the Tory heavyweights to enter the ring. However, Thatcher's momentum was now unstoppable and the results of the second ballot were:
Margaret Thatcher| 146
---|---
Willie Whitelaw| 79
Geoffrey Howe| 19
James Prior| 19
John Peyton| 11
The Tory Party had a new leader. Life would never be the same again.
## **Who Helped Thatcher to Power?**
It is easy to fall into the trap of thinking that Thatcher always dominated the Tory Party from the moment she was elected leader. By the mid-1980s she certainly did dominate it. But in 1975 she did not.
Even _The Economist_ , later to become a strong supporter of Thatcher, declared itself for Heath before the leadership election. She herself knew that her challenge was a tremendous gamble.
SHE WAS USED AS A MEANS OF GETTING RID OF HEATH – AND WE DIDN'T HAVE ANYBODY ELSE. I KNOW THAT IF I LOSE, MY POLITICAL CAREER IS OVER.
Questions were raised about the desirability of having for leader a Grantham grocer's daughter with a second-class degree in Chemistry, who was only in politics because of a rich husband.
## **Thatcher's Early Allies**
Thatcher needed allies. Her first three were: **Willie Whitelaw** (1918-99)
I HAD INSTANTLY DECLARED MY LOYALTY AFTER MY DEFEAT IN THE LEADERSHIP ELECTION. IN SPITE OF THE FACT OF BEING CLOSELY INVOLVED WITH DRAFTING HEATH'S INCOMES POLICY. I DESCRIBED HEATH AS A GLORIFIED MANAGEMENT CONSULTANT.
At her first party conference in autumn 1975, Thatcher made her position clear.
_Britain and socialism are not the same thing, and as long as I have health and strength they never will be... Let me give you my vision: a man's right to work as he will, to spend what he earns, to own property, to have the state as servant and not as master; these are the British inheritance. They are the essence of a free country, and on that freedom all other freedoms depend._
In the background, Keith Joseph was making speeches propounding the view that government could not create jobs, should not intervene on incomes and could not act in the public interest by increasing demand.
In 1977 the party produced a pamphlet, _The Right Approach to the Economy._ It was largely the work of Joseph, Howe, **David Howell** (b. 1936), a strong Thatcher supporter, and **Jim Prior** (b. 1927), who could be considered a Tory who still favoured "the middle way".
THE DOCUMENT EMPHASIZED CONTROL OF THE MONEY SUPPLY... LOWER TAXES ON EVERYTHING BUT SPENDING... LOOSENING OF PAY DIFFERENTIALS... AND THE REMOVAL OF UNNECESSARY RESTRICTIONS ON BUSINESS EXPANSION.
Interestingly, privatization was hardly mentioned, and there was not a single commitment to hostile measures against the trade unions.
## **Thatcherites in the Late 1970s**
As well as Joseph and Sherman, others now began to line up behind Thatcher, urging a new approach.
**John** (now **Sir John) Hoskyns** (b. 1927), a handsome, articulate businessman, had joined the army after Winchester, and then IBM. He had set up his own computer business and sold it in 1975. He saw business as the agent of economic recovery and initially did not care which party he supported as long as they would listen to him. However, his dislike of trade unions led him inevitably to the Tories and, as the unions behaved in a more and more autocratic fashion in the late 1970s, he made it his job to turn them into a liability for the Labour Party. He determined to "drag every skeleton out of the union cupboard, linking it with Labour".
Hoskyns put it in down-to-earth terms.
_By the early 1970s it was quite clear... that the UK really was going down. I spent a lot of my time in the USA on business and I began to realize what a scruffy, second-rate little economy we were. And there were Americans who were beginning to say, "We're worried that we're going the same way as you are!"._
## **Inventing the Thatcher Image**
**Gordon Reece** (1929-2001), a producer of TV light entertainment programmes, soon gained "an apparently unassailable place in Mrs T's affections" and the _Sunday Times_ said of him: _She likes him and admires him and so she's going to look after him..._
HE MAKES ME LAUGH, I LIKE THAT.
He was the forerunner of what came to be seen as the Thatcherite stereotype. A natty dresser, charming and a bit flash, he smoked big cigars and drank only champagne. His father, a car salesman from Liverpool, had sent him to a minor Roman Catholic public school, Ratcliffe. In 1979 he separated from his wife and six children and moved between hotels and the houses of friends.
Reece took it on himself to school Thatcher in her TV presentation, advising her to avoid fussy clothes, jewellery and plunging necklines.
I WANTED HER IN A TUNIC DRESS WITH A BLOUSE UNDERNEATH. I ALSO LOWERED HER SHRILL VOICE AND RE-SHAPED HER HAIR. WITH FRONT-MAN **_TIM_** (NOW **_SIR TIM_** ) **_BELL_** (B.1941) WE WERE GIVEN RESPONSIBILITY FOR PROJECTING A NEW IMAGE FOR THE TORY PARTY IN TIME FOR THE NEXT ELECTION.
Another active supporter of Thatcher during the opposition years was **Angus Maude** (1912-93), who was chairman of the Conservative Research Department.
I DRAFTED MANY OF THE KEY PARTY PUBLICATIONS, INCLUDING **_THE RIGHT APPROACH_** ( ** _1976_** ) AND **_THE RIGHT APPROACH TO THE ECONOMY_** ( ** _1977_** ). I WAS A PIONEER OF PRIVATIZATION, SAYING OPENLY IN THE LATE 1970S THAT ALL THE NATIONALIZED INDUSTRIES WERE A DISGRACE.
**Norman Strauss** was another key planner in the development of Thatcherite plans in the late 1970s. He worked closely with Hoskyns to produce _Stepping Stones_ , effectively the blueprint for Thatcher's first term,1979-83.
**Norman Tebbit** (b. 1931) became the quintessential Thatcherite MP, happy to describe himself as "upwardly mobile". An early and vociferous supporter of Thatcher's leadership bid, he worked closely with Airey Neave on briefing Thatcher for Parliamentary Questions. He was well rewarded with government posts when Thatcher came to power, and helped give the Thatcher administrations a reputation for harshness with his comment at the 1981 Tory conference, as unemployment soared:
MY FATHER DID NOT WHINGE IN THE 1930S BUT GOT ON HIS BIKE TO FIND WORK.
Supported passionately by this group, especially for the first ten to twelve years of her leadership, Thatcher was able to turn the Tory Party away from the British post-War consensus. She had learnt from reading Hayek and Friedman, but she did not make the mistake of turning them into party dogma. She wanted people to have a mood about Britain, not work from a set of texts. Sherman said: _It is very difficult to say Hayek was a guru for Keith and Margaret. I would say not. They turned to Hayek and Friedman to justify what they already thought._
## **Early Champions of Monetarism**
**Alan Walters** (1926-2009), whose father was a Communist, came from a working-class home in Leicester and served as a private during the Second World War. He had met Enoch Powell in the early 1950s and both became convinced that monetarist economics was important for Britain. Powell introduced Walters to both **lain Macleod** (1926-70), who was to be Chancellor of the Exchequer very briefly in Heath's administration in 1970 before dying suddenly, and Keith Joseph. Walters was also in touch with the economists at the IEA. Convinced, after a spell as visiting professor of economics at Northwestern University in Evanston, Chicago, of the importance of the quantity of money in the economic system, he was shocked when he returned to Britain in 1959.
MOST CIVIL SERVANTS DID NOT KNOW WHAT I WAS TALKING ABOUT!
Furthermore, the _Radcliffe Report_ on the monetary and credit system had just been published and said that the supply of money was of no interest to economic management. Walters said: "The view prevalent among British economists, and confirmed by the _Radcliffe Report..._ was dangerously wrong."
Keith Joseph held discussions with Walters during the 1960s on monetarist theories and applications. He introduced Thatcher to him and the two politicians would go to Walters' apartment for tutorials in economics. Walters was to become totally disillusioned with Heath, especially after his U-turn, and with Wilson.
I DECIDED THAT BRITAIN FACING THE ALTERNATIVES OF WILSON AND HEATH, HAD A CHOICE BETWEEN THE DEVIL AND THE SHALLOW BLUE SEA. WHATEVER THE POLITICAL OUTCOME, BRITAIN WAS IN FOR A PRONOUNCED DECLINE INTO THE ABSURDITIES OF CONTROLS, PLANNING AND DIRIGISME.
Walters left for the USA but kept in touch and, thanks to Sherman, returned to Britain when Thatcher was in power in 1980.
A slightly incongruous Thatcher supporter in the late 1970s was her speech writer, **Ronnie Millar** (1919-98), odd because he had written speeches for Heath. When Thatcher arrived as leader in 1975 someone suggested him and she agreed to look at what he wrote. His first speech for her, on Conservative philosophy, ended with an Abraham Lincoln quote.
YOU CANNOT ENRICH THE POOR BY IMPOVERISHING THE RICH. YOU CANNOT STRENGTHEN THE WEAK BY WEAKENING THE STRONG. AFTER THAT, MILLAR COULD DO NO WRONG. AFTER THAT, MILLAR COULD DO NO WRONG.
## **In Power – May 1979**
The have-plentys and want-mores were eager for Thatcher, while the have-nots, have-littles and have-problems were not so sure. In the end, the timing of the Election, fatally delayed by Callaghan from the autumn of 1978, gave the unions the whole winter to break his pay policy and cause absolute havoc. The Tories gained 69 more seats than Labour and an overall majority of 41.
What had Thatcher promised?
I WAS DETERMINED TO AVOID THE TRAP INTO WHICH HEATH FELL TEN YEARS EARLIER.
Heath's government had come to power with well-researched and detailed plans, but when they were subjected to the multifarious pressures of office they displayed rigidity and broke, and Heath reverted to "incomes policy, lavish industrial support and eventual coalition centrism". ( _The Economist_ , April 1979)
Nevertheless, certain promises had been made and Thatcher was determined to keep them.
And she had, as Ferdinand Mount wrote in the _Spectator_ :... _said it again... and again, and again... she stands for less government and lower taxes and for people standing on their own two feet... Whether Margaret Thatcher succeeds or fails as Prime Minister, there can be no doubt that as leader of the opposition she has gingered up the argument._
Before looking at the effects of Thatcherism on British institutions, we must have some chronology of the Thatcher years in power, highlighting the main events.
Thatcher came to power at a singularly unpropitious moment economically. On the international scene, the world was still recovering from the recession caused by the quintupling of oil prices in 1973/4.
AND IT WAS PLUNGED INTO ANOTHER RECESSION BY THE FURTHER DOUBLING OF OIL PRICES FOLLOWING THE TURMOIL IN THE MIDDLE EAST AT THE EXPULSION OF THE SHAH OF IRAN.
Domestically, Thatcher had made a mistake in promising to honour the inflationary pay awards suggested by the Clegg Commission.
The Clegg Commission had been set up by the Labour government in response to the public sector strikes in "the winter of discontent", 1978-9. As Hugo Young said in his book, _One of Us:_
_Clegg produced a formula of great extravagance. It eventually led to a 25% increase in the public sector wage bill over 12 months. It said nothing about waste, nothing about manning and was, in effect, an incomes policy which did not even have the merit of restraining pay._
However, Thatcher, desperate for power and fearful of alienating public sector voters, agreed to honour it.
EVEN THOUGH I KNEW IT WOULD BE AN ALBATROSS AROUND MY NECK!
The British economy was where Thatcher wanted to concentrate her efforts.
BUT I WAS FORCED TO SPEND A GREAT DEAL OF MY TIME TRYING TO FINALIZE A REASONABLE SETTLEMENT OF THE RHODESIA PROBLEM. AND I COULD HAMMER AWAY AT THE EUROPEAN HEADS OF STATE ABOUT BRITAIN'S "EXCESSIVE" CONTRIBUTIONS.
As the problems of the British economy proved even more intractable than she expected, it suited her to blame the Europeans for taking "our" money.
But in her first administration the major issue was the British economy. As the world slid into another recession, Britain's structural weaknesses – reliance on smoke-stack industries, overmanning, poor productivity, weak management and intransigent unions – were cruelly exposed. Even the one piece of good fortune – North Sea Oil, by this time in full flow – proved harmful in the sense that it helped drive the £ higher and higher, thereby intensifying the squeeze on British manufacturers. Some felt that Thatcher and one or two others in her government were not unhappy about a high exchange rate facilitating the closure of obsolete smokestack industries.
## **"The Lady's Not For Turning"**
1980 was a very difficult year. Manufacturing output fell sharply and unemployment rose by 836,000 (more than any year since the 1930s). Between July 1979 and July 1980, prices rose by 22%, wages by 20%. As the monetarist approach, so long and determinedly advocated by the Thatcherites in opposition, was clearly not working and was apparently destroying not only the worst but also some of the better British manufacturers, morale plunged in the ranks of the government. However, one person remained obdurate and, with the help of her speech-writer, Ronnie Millar, came up with a memorable line at the 1980 Conservative Party conference where everyone was talking of the inevitable U-turn:
YOU TURN IF YOU WANT TO. THE LADY'S NOT FOR TURNING.*
In the spring of 1981, with unemployment at 2.7 million and still rising and output down 5.5% in two years, there was enormous pressure for the Budget to reduce the squeeze on spending and taxes. Most in the Treasury and even supposed monetarists like the Chancellor, Geoffrey Howe, favoured a little relaxation.
BUT THATCHER WAS CONVINCED BY ALAN WALTERS AND JOHN HOSKYNS. IT IS NECESSARY TO CONVINCE THE MARKETS THAT THIS REALLY IS A GOVERNMENT DETERMINED TO REDUCE INFLATION.
The result was a budget which, to the incredulity of many, increased taxes further and reduced public spending. With hindsight the Thatcherites claimed it as the budget which laid the foundation for the successful growth of the 1980s.
## **Battling the Unions**
The other great battle of Thatcher's first administration was with the unions. Her government faced down a number of major strikes, including a national steel strike in 1980.
Although in this case, the employers did raise their offer from 2% to 16%...
THE ENDING OF THE STRIKE WAS FOLLOWED BY A MASSIVE LAY-OFF LEADING TO DRAMATIC GAINS IN PRODUCTIVITY! THERE WAS A CIVIL SERVICE STRIKE IN 1981 WHICH LASTED FIVE MONTHS. HOSPITAL WORKERS, INCLUDING NURSES, ALSO TOOK PROLONGED INDUSTRIAL ACTION... IT DRAGGED ON AT GREAT COST BECAUSE THATCHER REFUSED TO SETTLE IT. AND THERE WERE SEVERAL STRIKES ON THE RAILWAYS...
But Thatcher gradually got the message over. These were different days from the 1970s when "beer and sandwiches" with the union leaders at No. 10 was the prelude to another abject government surrender. Thatcher did occasionally meet union leaders if she couldn't avoid it, but she treated them with contempt, saying in the Commons...
WHEN ABOUT 40 OF THEM COME TO SEE ME, THE DIFFICULTY IS TO PERSUADE 37 OF THEM TO SAY ANYTHING AT ALL.
All of this strife meant that by the end of 1981 the opinion polls were giving the Tories a very low rating but, significantly, also showed Thatcher to be the most unpopular Prime Minister (only a 23% approval) since polling began.
## **The Falklands Rescue**
As dreadful 1981 turned into dismal 1982, an event took place which had everyone scrambling for their atlases. Argentina grew impatient with the British Foreign Office's ambiguous signals over their future intentions towards the Falkland Islands (the Malvinas to the Argentinians), and invaded them.
REJOICE! REJOICE!
Thatcher could be accused of negligence before the event. Once it had occurred, transformed into Warrior Queen, she gave it her undivided attention until she emerged victorious two months later with 255 British and 650 Argentinian dead. Allied to her victories over the unions and the "wets" in her cabinet, it made her position unassailable and guaranteed her another term in office. By June 1982 her approval rating had soared from the 23% in December to 51%.
The jingoists loved it – winning wars again, the British have always been good at that. The more thoughtful wondered why the whole affair was not referred to the United Nations. Others were sickened by the triumphalist tone of the celebrations over the victory.
But many Thatcherites were less than impressed when Archbishop Runcie at the victory thanksgiving service in St Paul's Cathedral remembered the Argentinian as well as the British mourners.
THE SERMON WAS BETTER THAN EXPECTED – BUT THIS WAS MORE THAN COULD BE SAID FOR THE REST OF THE BLOODY SERVICE.
## **The Second Administration, 1983-7**
The dominant theme of Thatcher's second administration was again the economy. By this time, it presented a happier picture, with unemployment stabilizing and then falling, inflation staying under control, output rising and productivity improving. Whereas her first administration had been hampered by a sharp rise in the price of oil, her second was aided by a sharp decline.
Immediately after the Election in June 1983 she carried out a major cabinet reshuffle, in which the most significant change was the replacement of Geoffrey Howe with **Nigel Lawson** (b. 1932) as Chancellor.
INTELLECTUALLY STRONGER THAN HOWE, LAWSON BECAME A COMMITTED CUTTER OF BOTH PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND TAXES. I WAS CHANCELLOR WHILE THE BRITHISH ECONOMY GREW FASTER AND FOR LONGER THAN AT ANY TIME SINCE THE 1960S.
He was also Chancellor during the period when one of Thatcherism's more enduring legacies, privatization (again, more later), moved to "full ahead".
## **Tackling the Unions Again**
The great battle of Thatcher's second administration was with the National Union of Mineworkers. The defeat of the Callaghan Labour government in May 1979 which brought Thatcher to power was arguably the fourth time since the War that the unions had contributed significantly to the loss of power by the incumbent government. In 1951, their hostility to Clement Attlee's policies was a factor in his defeat, and certainly their resistance to Wilson's attempt to curb their abuse of power in 1969 helped destabilize his government, ousted by Heath in 1970. Most famous of all, the unions led by the miners were a significant factor in Heath's defeat in the February 1974 Election. Ironically, three of these defeats were suffered by the Labour Party, the supposed champions of the unions. Furthermore, the defeat of Heath ushered in Margaret Thatcher, who became determined to curb their powers once and for all.
In tackling union power, Thatcher was faced with a slight dilemma.
I HAD ADOPTED THE MILTON FRIEDMAN VIEW THAT INFLATION WAS NOT CAUSED BY UNIONS BUT BY THE PRINTING OF TOO MUCH MONEY. NEVERTHELESS, WE THATCHERITES SEE UNIONS AS INEFFICIENT, ABUSIVE, RESTRICTIVE LEECHES ON THE SIDE OF BRITHISH MANUFACTURERS. AND UNLESS THEY'RE BROUGHT TO BOOK, BRITISH COMPANIES WILL NOT BE ABLE TO THRIVE IN THE NEW, LIBERAL, LOW-INFLATION ENVIRONMENT WE'RE DETERMINED TO CREATE.
As we have seen, plenty of people saw the unions as a significant factor in Britain's relative economic decline. Hayek for one.
_The trade unions have become the biggest obstacle to raising the living standards of the working class as a whole; they are the chief cause of unemployment and the main reason for the decline of the British economy... Britain remains paralysed by the consequences of the coercive powers irresponsibly conferred on the unions by law; there can be no salvation for her until these special privileges are revoked.*_
* From a series of essays published by the IEA, _Unemployment and the Unions: The Distortion of Relative Prices by Monopoly in the Labour Market_
## **How to Curb the Unions**
Thatcher was nothing if not a politician and she knew how previous attempts to bring the unions back into the framework of the law had foundered. She proceeded cautiously, and indeed her first Secretary of State for Employment, Jim Prior, was an old Heathite who believed strongly in the powers of conciliation and gentle persuasion.
THERE WERE SIX ACTS CONCERNING TRADES UNIONS PASSED DURING THE 1980S. THE FIRST, IN 1980, AIMED TO BRING A FAIRER BALANCE BETWEEN THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF THE UNIONS, THEIR MEMBERS AND EMPLOYERS. IT WAS DESIGNED TO APPEAL TO THE UNION RANK AND FILE, ENCOURAGING THE WIDER USE OF SECRET BALLOTS.
It removed the immunity of union officials and members from legal action by an employer not party to the dispute, but left the immunity of the union as such intact. It made secondary picketing unlawful.
Inevitably there was a great outcry from the unions, and even the employers felt it would do little to curb the unions' abuses of their bargaining powers.
Others felt the Act did not go far enough. Thatcher agreed with this view, despatched Prior to Northern Ireland and replaced him with the more abrasive Norman Tebbit, one of her "trusties". The second Act in October 1982 tackled union immunity from liability for damages for unlawful actions.
IT TIGHTENED THE LAW FURTHER ON "SYMPATHETIC" STRIKES AND STRENGTHENED EMPLOYERS' HANDS IN RELATION TO DISMISSALS FOR COLLECTIVE BREACHES OF CONDUCT.
Even Tebbit did not face removing immunity from strikes carried out without a secret ballot.
Tebbit's successor, **Tom King** (b. 1933), brought in the Trade Union Act of 1984 which introduced secret ballots for union elections, political activities and strikes.
IN 1985, I STRETCHED FROM ONE YEAR TO TWO THE PERIOD AFTER WHICH AN EMPLOYEE COULD CLAIM UNFAIR DISMISSAL UNDER LABOUR'S EMPLOYMENT PROTECTION ACT 1975. MINIMUM WAGES COUNCILS WHICH COVERED OVER A TENTH OF THE LABOUR FORCE WERE ABOLISHED FOR UNDER – 21S IN THE 1986 WAGES ACT. IN THE 1988 EMPLOYMENT ACT, STATUTORY SUPPORT FOR THE CLOSED SHOP WAS REMOVED AND EMPLOYEES PROTECTED AGAINST DISMISSAL FOR NON-UNION MEMBERSHIP. IT ALSO TIGHTENED UP THE RULES ON SECRET BALLOTS AND THE USE OF UNION FUNDS.
The 1989 Act removed restrictions on the use of women for certain types of work and on young people's hours of work. The 1990 Act strengthened the law against dismissal for non-union membership and also strengthened the employers' position in dismissal for unofficial industrial action.
## **The Miners' Strike, 1984**
The biggest union confrontation of the Thatcher years was the year-long strike of the miners in 1984. Ever the pragmatist, Thatcher had backed away from confrontation in 1981 when advised that coal stocks were not high enough. After that, Thatcher made sure that stocks at the power stations were built up and when **Arthur Scargill** (b. 1938), the President of the National Union of Mineworkers, called his men out without a ballot in the spring of 1984, Thatcher was ready.
NOT ONLY WITH HIGH STOCKS AT THE POWER STATIONS BUT WITH A CHAIRMAN OF THE COAL BOARD, **_SIR IAN MACGREGOR_** (B. 1912), AS TOUGH AS I AM! AND INDEED AS SCARGILL IS!
The scene was set for an epic battie.
## **Profile of Arthur Scargill**
Arthur Scargill had fought his way to the top of the Yorkshire coal miners' union, making his mark as a young, militant, articulate member in sharp contrast to the older, more conservative delegates on the executive committee. As one miner pointed out, he was the first member of the committee for a long time who didn't have soup stains on his waistcoat.
I MADE MY NAME WITH MY LEADERSHIP OF 12,000 FLYING PICKETS WHICH I BROUGHT FROM YORKSHIRE TO ENFORCE THE CLOSURE THE CLOSURE OF THE SALTLEY GATE GASWORKS IN THE WEST MIDLANDS IN THE 1972 MINERS' STRIKE.
He became President of the Yorkshire Miners and the obvious successor to Joe Gormley as President of the National Union of Mineworkers (NUM) when he retired in 1981.
The scene for the battle was set immediately after the Conservative Election victory, when Scargill made an inflammatory speech likening the Conservatives to the Nazis in Germany in the 1930s. _A fight against this government's policies will inevitably take place outside rather than inside Parliament... I am not prepared to accept policies proposed by a government elected by a minority of the British electorate... Extra-parliamentary action will be the only course open to the working class and the Labour movement._
On 1 March 1984, the National Coal Board (NCB) announced the intended closure of one of its uneconomic pits, Cortonwood. Scargill immediately called a strike – without a ballot – and on 12 March the strike began. Many in the Nottinghamshire pits were reluctant to strike, and the local union organized a ballot. The result was 73% against a strike. Scargill dealt with this insubordination by sending in masses of flying pickets. Violence escalated through April and May up to a massive confrontation at the Orgreave Coke Works, where 5,000 pickets fought a pitched battle with police.
Throughout the summer of 1984, fortunes ebbed and flowed.
FIRST WE GAINED THE UPPER HAND WHEN A NATIONAL DOCK STRIKE WAS CALLED ON 9 JULY. THEN THE GOVERNMENT, WHEN IT FIZZLED OUT AFTER TEN DAYS. GRADUALLY A TRICKLE OF US BEGAN TO RETURN TO WORK. BUT THE NUMBER DWINDLED WHENEVER THERE WERE TALKS BETWEEN THE NCB AND THE NUM. WHO WOULD RISK BEING CALLED A SCAB IF THE WHOLE THING WAS GOING TO BE CALLED OFF WITHIN A FEW DAYS?
Talks collapsed on 18 July and Thatcher, who felt that a resounding and clear-cut victory was necessary, recalled in her autobiography: _I have to say that I was enormously relieved. It was crucial for the future of the industry and for the future of the country itself that the NUM's claim that uneconomic pits should never be closed should be defeated, and be seen to be defeated, and the use of strikes for political purposes discredited once and for all._
The big threat for the government and hope for the miners was that the National Association of Colliery Overmen, Deputies and Shotfirers (NACODS) would call a strike of their own. If they did, every pit would have to shut on safety grounds. They had, in fact, voted to strike in April 1984, but with less than the necessary two thirds majority. However, in August 1984 the NCB made a near-fatal mistake by threatening to withhold the pay of NACODS members who refused to cross NUM picket lines. On 28 September NACODS held another ballot and this time 82.5% voted in favour of a strike.
I'M EXTREMELY CONCERNED THAT THE NCB CHAIRMAN, IAN MACGREGOR, WILL BE FORCED TO MAKE CONCESSIONS! ALTHOUGH THIS DOESN'T AUTOMATICALLY MEAN A NACODS STRIKE, IT'S A VERY LOW POINT FOR US.
## **The NUM Defeated**
However, October was to bring a series of hammer blows to Scargill and the NUM. On 10 October, the legislation that the Conservatives had introduced began to bear fruit when fines of £1,000 and £200,000 were imposed on Scargill and the NUM respectively for contempt of court.
ON 24 OCTOBER, THE NACODS LEADERS ANNOUNCED THAT THEY WOULD NOT STRIKE. AND ON 28 OCTOBER THE **_SUNDAY TIMES_** REVEALED THAT SCARGILL HAD BEEN NEGOTIATING FOR FUNDS WITH COLONEL GADDAFI OF LIBYA.
In April 1984 a British policewoman, PC Fletcher, had been killed in St James's Square by a gunshot from the Libyan embassy, and association with such a régime did not win the miners any friends.
The NCB followed this up by encouraging a gradual return to work, offering to pay the usual Christmas bonus to all those at work by 19 November. The following week 2,203 returned, in spite of the threats and violence. And in case anyone was in doubt about the level of violence, at the end of November a lump of concrete was hurled from a bridge, killing a taxi-driver carrying a miner to work.
In late December, the chairman of the Electricity Board was able to announce that they would get through the winter without any power cuts. By mid-January 1985 there were more than 75,000 miners back at work. On 27 February, more than half the miners were back, and on 3 March the NUM executive committee voted to call off the strike.
The "enemy within", as Thatcher referred to Scargill (General Galtieri in the Falklands War had been the "enemy without"), had been defeated. A key element in the battle had been the creation of a central police co-ordination authority which could mobilize police forces from all over the country. This last was crucial in preventing the mass picketing from intimidating the government as it had in the miners' strikes during Heath's administration in the 1970s.
THE DEFEAT OF THE MINERS SENT A POWERFUL MESSAGE TO THOSE WHO STILL BELIEVED THAT THE UNIONS, IN THE FINAL ANALYSIS, COULD DO WHAT THEY LIKED.
It was estimated that the cost of the strike to the economy was £2 billion and extra public expenditure was £300 million. However, Chancellor of the Exchequer Nigel Lawson, irritated though he was by this expenditure, said he regarded it as "even in narrow financial terms... a worthwhile investment for the nation".
And Lawson was right.
IT WAS A BATTLE THAT THE GOVERNMENT, ANY GOVERNMENT, HAD TO WIN IF PARLIAMENTARY DEMOCRACY WAS TO REASSERT ITSELF AFTER THE MAY HEM OF THE 1970S. SCARGILL WAS NOT CONFIDENT THAT ENOUGH OF HIS MEMBERS AGREED WITH HIS UNDEMOCRATIC APPROACH TO HOLD A BALLOT. THIS AND HIS ELECTION AS PRESIDENT FOR LIFE MADE IT EASIER FOR THE GOVERNMENT TO PASS THE 1984 EMPLOYMENT ACT.
The 1984 Act made the secret ballot a legal requirement (1) for the election of voting members to the executive council of the unions at intervals not greater than five years; (2) for all those who might be called on to take official industrial action; and (3) for setting up or retaining an existing political fund.
Scargill, with his ranting and bullying tactics, proved to be the Tories' greatest friend. If he hadn't existed they would have had to invent him.
## **Murdoch vs. the Printers' Union**
Another significant strike occurred at the new offices of News International when it moved from strike-torn Fleet Street to Wapping in early 1986. Again, massive police presence was required to protect non-printing union workers who operated the plant. These were members of the Electricians' union who had struck a deal with **Rupert Murdoch** (b. 1931), a tough Australian businessman greatly admired by Thatcher.
Union practices in Fleet Street had long been a scandal and were highlighted by the journalist **Bernard Levin** (1928-2004) in an article in _The Times_ in 1986.
Incredibly, the proprietors agreed, and so began what became known on Fleet Street as "fat" – payment for work not done. Levin wrote: _For many years now newspapers have been produced in conditions which combined a protection racket with a lunatic asylum; the details would have made interesting reading for those who bought the newspapers but any attempt to let the outside world know what was happening nightly would have led immediately to a strike._
AT THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY, THE SAME ADVERTISEMENT PLACED IN SEVERAL NEWSPAPERS HAD TO BE COMPOSED EVERY TIME, OR IF NOT THE COMPOSITORS STILL HAD TO BE PAID FOR DOING NOTHING. WITH THE SUPPORT OF NEW LAWS AND A DETERMINED GOVERNMENT, I PUT AN END TO ALL THAT!
The Thatcherite attempt to bring order to the unions was helped by other factors as well as new laws and the facing down of strikes. Partly due to the decline of manufacturing, union membership fell sharply. In 1979, membership was 13.3 million but by 1986 it was 10.5 million, and the decline continued, though at a slower rate.
Trade Union Membership and Stoppages
---
Total membership| Working days lost through stoppages
(per thousand employees)
| (m)| (% of employees)| UK| USA| France| Italy| Australia
1979| 13.3| 57.4| 1270| 230| 180| 1920| 780
1980| 12.9| 56.4| 520| 230| 90| 1140| 630
1981| 12.1| 55.3| 190| 190| 80| 730| 780
1982| 11.6| 54.2| 250| 100| 130| 1280| 370
1983| 11.2| 53.4| 180| 190| 70| 980| 310
1984| 11.0| 51.8| 1280| 90| 70| 610| 240
1985| 10.8| 50.5| 300| 70| 40| 270| 230
1986| 10.5| 49.3| 90| 120| 30| 390| 240
1987| 10.5| 48.5| 160| 40| 30| 320| 220
Also contributing to a less militant approach by unions has been the growth in unemployment. It rose to just over 1 million at the end of the Callaghan government in 1978, enabling the Saatchis to make a big impact with their advertisement showing a long dole queue and the slogan "Labour isn't working". However, under Thatcher's government, unemployment rose sharply to 3 million and did not start to fall until 1986. It then fell rapidly to under 2 million by 1990 but rose again to nearly 3 million by 1993.
Ben Roberts, Emeritus Professor of Industrial Relations at the London School of Economics, and the first President of the International Industrial Relations Association from 1965-73, said: _The reform of industrial relations and the results that have followed must rank as one of Mrs Thatcher's greatest achievements. Government policies... have resulted in a significant reduction in union power, which has brought considerable benefits to all sections of society._
Enoch Powell, whom most Thatcherites admired, but who did not always feel the same about them, certainly admired Thatcher's tackling of the union problem.
PERHAPS THE MOST LASTING CONSEQUENCE OF THE PERIOD OF CONSERVATIVE GOVERNMENT 1987-89 WILL PROVE TO HAVE BEEN THE ELIMINATION OF THE FACTOR OF COLLECTIVE TRADE UNION POWER FROM THE POLITICAL SCENE... AND THE REMOVAL OF THE AWE WITH WHICH THAT POWER WAS PREVIOUSLY HEDGED ABOUT.
Thatcher's bringing of order into union affairs also contributed to one of the unsung achievements of her era – the strong inward investments by overseas companies, especially from Japan, who came to see the country as an efficient producer and the ideal entry into the European market.
## **The Westland Affair**
The closest that Thatcher came to being toppled in her long reign was in early 1986 when a cabinet argument over the fate of a small British helicopter manufacturer revealed deceptions at the highest levels of government. **Michael Heseltine** (b. 1933), never a Thatcher favourite, resigned over what he saw as Thatcher's dictatorial behaviour.
... THE EMERGENCE OF WHAT I CONSIDER TO BE THE BREAKDOWN OF CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT. I MAY NOT BE PRIME MINISTER BY SIX O'CLOCK TONIGHT.
Fortunately for her, the relatively new Labour leader, **Neil Kinnock** (b. 1942), failed to stick to the point and ask the right questions. He blustered and she escaped.
## **Economic Success**
The Westland affair shook the government and fascinated political watchers but the vast mass of the electorate were more interested in the mundane facts of life-jobs, money, inflation, law and order – and as 1986 unfolded the economic scene brightened. The price of oil fell and fell, and Nigel Lawson, spurning the opportunity to reduce inflation, made sure the £ fell with it and added fuel to an already growing economy. (Lawson could have held the £ up, making imports cheaper, which, along with a lower price for oil, would have reduced the rate of inflation.) In the four years after the 1983 Election, average weekly earnings rose by 15% in real terms. At last unemployment stopped rising and indeed began to fall quite sharply.
PERHAPS THE ECONOMIC MIRACLE IS AT HAND! WE'LL CERTAINLY SAY IT IS! LET'S SEIZE THE OPPORTUNITY AND CALL AN ELECTION IN JUNE 1987, A FULL YEAR BEFORE IT'S NECESSARY.
There were a few wobbles during the campaign but Thatcher was re-elected with another comfortable majority, again helped by a split opposition, although Labour under Neil and Glenys Kinnock were more credible than the party of Michael Foot in 1983.
## **Thatcherism in Practice**
**Education**
It must have come as a surprise, and perhaps a hurtful one, that the hero of many Thatcherites, Enoch Powell, was scathing in his criticism of their approach to education: _The old Prussia claimed to decide how its citizens should be educated to make them efficient instruments of its imperialism. The new Prussia, now being daily built here, demands, after having substituted economic competition for military aggression, that its citizens be so educated as to maximize their return on the capital invested._
COMPLIANCE WITH THAT DEMAND MEANS AN END TO THE UNIVERSITY. LET THOSE WHO KNOW AND LOVE IT REPEL THE ATTACK.
More predictably, Martin Jacques, the editor of _Marxism Today_ , said the Thatcher government regarded universities "with as much contempt as it does the trade unions... It is a know-nothing government whose philistinism is dangerous to the economic and cultural health of the nation."
Even the CPS, that great bastion of Thatcherism, came close to criticizing Thatcher's Education Act of 1988. In a pamphlet the CPS commissioned but refused to publish, Professor Elie Kedourie of the LSE attacked the government's assumptions that since universities are state-funded, they must serve the public interest; and that because ministers are the elected representatives of the taxpayers, they ought to lay down what the public interest requires universities to do. "This sweeping doctrine leans to the centralization which is the distinguishing feature of enlightened absolutism."
In their education policies, the Thatcherites had no Friedrich von Hayek, no Milton Friedman, no IEA to provide a thought-out policy. They knew they wanted to make Britain more efficient and therefore the education system, including the universities, should fit into that scheme.
From the very beginning, Thatcher made cuts in higher education. In 1981, universities were allowed one month to plan an 18% cut in budgets over 3 years. 3,000 posts were eliminated. Although the 1983 manifesto promised no more cuts, in 1984 further cuts of 2% were demanded.
One of the biggest indictments of the Thatcher years is the neglect of education and training. In December 1988, Charles Leadbeater made a damning comparison in the _Financial Times. In West Germany, 30% of school-leavers at 16 had an intermediate certificate based on an assessment of 10 subjects. Only 12% of British school-leavers reached a comparable level._
THE AVERAGE WEST GERMAN STANDARD FOR THE LOWER HALF OF THE ABILITY RANGE IS THE SAME AS THE RANGE FOR ALL ENGLISH PUPILS. IN JAPAN MORE THAN 95% OF YOUNG PEOPLE ARE IN FULL-TIME EDUCATION TO THE AGE OF 18, COMPARED WITH 32% IN BRITIAN. ABOUT 38% ENTER HIGHER EDUCATION AGAINST ONLY 15% IN BRITAIN.... 63% OF WEST GERMAN MANAGERS HAVE A DEGREE. 51% OF SENIOR MANAGERS IN THE **_US_** HAVE A SECOND DEGREE. WHILE ONLY 21% OF BRITISH MANAGERS HAVE A DEGREE.
## **The Civil Service**
We have already seen that Thatcher's spell at the Ministry of Pensions had given her a deep antipathy towards the Civil Service – "Iron entered my soul". When she came to power, one of her first acts was to appoint **Sir Derek Rayner** (1926-98), a director of Marks and Spencer, as an "efficiency auditor". He struggled with the usual Whitehall obfuscation and blocking techniques.
BUT I BACKED HIM AT EVERY TURN, AND HE SUCCEEDED IN MAKING SAVINGS BY THE MID-1980S OF £1 BILLION, THE EQUIVALENT OF 22 NEW HOSPITALS!
By 1987, the Civil Service had been cut back by some 20% to 600,000, the lowest level since the War, and its running costs were measurable and under control. Rayner's departmental management systems were acknowledged by permanent secretaries, in public and in private, as being valuable tools of management which should be retained whichever government was in power.
Rayner's successor, **Sir Robin Ibbs** (b. 1926) of ICI, continued the war on waste. By 1987, no less than 27,000 forms had been scrapped and another 41,000 redesigned. Furthermore, Ibbs produced a document, _The Next Steps_ , which was radical in that it suggested that the majority of Civil Service activities should be seen for what they were, businesses delivering services to the public. After much wrangling between Whitehall and the Treasury, steps were taken to implement these proposals, and a series of agencies was set up to improve efficiency.
THE CIVIL SERVICE AS A WHOLE MAY HAVE BECOME MORE EFFICIENT UNDER THATCHER. BUT WE DID NOT FEEL IT HAD BEEN WELL-SERVED.
There were accusations of promotion to the very top of those who were "one of us". Pay parities were not maintained. Working conditions were not improved (Rayner, with his M & S background, was particularly unhappy about this). There was the feeling that Thatcher herself held civil servants responsible for Britain's decline under the influence of Beveridge and Keynes.
## **The Welfare State**
The British public loves its welfare state, and it was Thatcher's constant criticism of it that brought her more unpopularity than almost anything else.
IN FACT MORE WAS SPENT ON WELFARE IN THE 1980S IN REAL TERMS THAN EVER BEFORE, BUT NO ONE BELIEVED IT.
**At 1987/8 prices**
**Education:** £17.46 billion was spent in 1988-9, compared with £15.9 billion in 1978-9.
**Health:** £20.5 billion was spent in 1988-9, compared with £15.2 billion in 1978-9.
**Social Security:** £44.8 billion was spent in 1988-9, compared with £33.7 billion in 1978-9.
In 1991, the London School of Economics showed in its publication, _The State of Welfare_ , that expenditure on the welfare state was a third higher in real terms in 1987/8 than it had been in 1973/4.
In spite of these increases, people could see the Thatcherites itching to save money and reduce the "dependency" culture that had become so ingrained. In 1982, the Central Policy Review Staff suggested...
**Private health insurance for all.**
**The removal of indexation from many benefits.**
**The ending of state funding of higher education.**
THIS PROVOKED A HUGE OUTCRY AND NOTHING WAS DONE. THATCHER WAS FORCED TO PROCLAIM... THE NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE IS SAFE WITH US.
What Thatcher did achieve was to subject the swollen welfare bureaucracy to more business-like management. Value-for-money and efficiency audits became commonplace. She insisted that even the grandest public sector employees, such as professors and hospital consultants, should account for their use of public funds. Thatcher talked tough, but she left Britain still more of a welfare state than an enterprise society.
## **The NHS**
Thatcher's governments were nothing if not full of rhetoric on the need to rein back public expenditure, and the National Health Service was subjected to this rhetoric too.
IN FACT, EXPENDITURE ON THE HEALTH SERVICE ROSE FROM £8 BILLION IN 1978/9 TO £23 BILLION IN 1988/9. MUCH OF THIS INCREASE WAS ACCOUNTED FOR BY INFLATION.
According to journalist Charles Webster: _Taking Mrs Thatcher's term of office as a whole, the average annual real rise in NHS expenditure on current goods and services is smaller than that of any previous administration. In fact it is only half the level of any administration since 1960... Britain is now resolutely located at the foot of the league table of health expenditure of comparable Western nations._
## **The Arts**
Government support for the arts had grown steadily since the creation of the Arts Council in 1945, and had excited little comment until the Thatcherites viewed the subsidies as alien to their belief in self-help.
SOME OF US ARE AGAINST ANY SUBSIDY! WE'LL ACCEPT OUT ROLE AS PATRONS, BUT AT THE SAME TIME DEMAND TIGHTER CONTROL OF EXPENDITURE. THE RESULT WAS THAT GOVERNMENT FUNDING STOOD STILL AND ARTS ORGANIZATIONS WERE ENCOURAGED TO COMPETE FOR PRIVATE FUNDING.
The movers and shakers in academia and the arts felt a particular loathing for Thatcher, both for what they saw as philistinism and for the fact that the comfortable days of unlimited funds were gone.
## **Europe**
Thatcher herself had two major battles with the European Community, one at the beginning of her reign as Prime Minister and one at the end. In between was the long-running saga of whether Britain should join the Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) of the European Monetary System (EMS).
When she came to power in May 1979 her argument with the EC, or EEC as it was then called, was all about money.
THE TREASURY CANNOT ESTABLISH EXACTLY WHAT IT FEELS THE **_EEC_** IS COSTING THE COUNTRY, BUT A FIGURE OF £1,000 MILLION HAS BEEN VIRTUALLY INVENTED. I SET OFF TO DEMAND THE RETURN OF "OUR MONEY" EVERYWHERE I WENT.
Finally, at a meeting of the European heads of state in Dublin in November 1979, she demanded the £1,000 million. **Christopher Tugendhat** (b. 1937), European Commissioner, wrote: _As the vehemence of her arguments increased, Schmidt_ [German Chancellor] _at one point feigned sleep, and when she refused to give in, the French party's cars were drawn up outside with their engines running in order to emphasize the take-it-or-leave-it nature of their offer._
Negotiations continued into 1980 and a compromise agreement was finally reached. Thatcher wanted to reject what was on offer from Europe, but for once her cabinet stood up to her. There were those who felt it suited her politically, as economic problems mounted at home, to be able to show the British public that she was standing up to these Europeans who were causing such hardship. Even **Roy Jenkins** (1920-2003), President of the European Commission at the time, said: _As a proponent of the British case, she does have the advantage of being almost totally impervious to how much she offends other people._
OTHERS WERE VERY DISAPPOINTED IN HER LACK OF EUROPEANISM. FOR ONE, GERMAN CHANCELLOR **_HELMLIT SCHMIDT_** (B. 1918)... SOME OF THE OTHER LEADERS ARE SOMEWHAT NARROW IN THEIR DEVOTION TO EUROPE, BUT THATCHER IS COMPLETELY INSULAR! THE FOREIGN OFFICE AND MY OLE WING OF THE TORY PARTY WERE ALSO DISAPPOINTED.
As for **Ian Gilmour** (1926-2007), already disillusioned with Thatcher's economic policies, he now doubted her capacity for rational behaviour. His days in the cabinet were numbered!
## **Friendship With Reagan**
For most of her time as Prime Minister, Thatcher's relations with the EC were lukewarm. Surprisingly, she established a much better relationship with the socialist French President **François Mitterrand** (1916-96) than she had ever achieved with the more right-wing **Valéry Giscard d'Estaing** (b. 1926), whom she described as not merely patrician but "Olympian". Nevertheless, Mitterrand said that she possessed "the eyes of Caligula and the mouth of Marilyn Monroe".
It was to the United States that she turned, forming a close relationship with President **Ronald Reagan** (1911-2004). Reagan had first met Thatcher on a visit to London in 1975 and the two became close personal allies. She was the first head of state to visit Reagan after his inauguration as President in January 1981. They agreed on foreign policy.
WHEN THE SOVIET UNION CALLED MAGGIE "THE IRON LADY", I RESPONDED BY CALLING THE SOVIET UNION "THE EVIL EMPIRE". WE AGREED TOO ON THE ECONOMY, WITH "SETTING FREE", "SOUND MONEY" AND "DEREGULATION" CROPPING UP REGULARLY IN BOTH OUR SPEECHES.
In many ways their close friendship was surprising, because Reagan displayed all the characteristics most designed to irritate Thatcher. _Time_ magazine criticized him for his intellectual passivity, unreflectiveness, lack of attachment to detail, obstinacy and detachment from reality. Even before important meetings, he rarely read briefing papers, and he shirked reaching difficult decisions.
ANYONE LIKE THAT WOULD NOT HAVE LASTED TEN MINUTES IN MY CABINET. BUT 3,000 MILES AWAY, RONNIE WAS MY GREATEST FRIEND.
The friendship was further cemented by the close support Britain received from its American ally in the Falklands War. **Sir Nicholas Henderson** (1919-2009), Britain's ambassador in Washington, said: _It is difficult to exaggerate the difference that America's support made to the military outcome._
And the Atlantic Alliance prospered for the whole of the 1980s. In return for the help in the Falklands conflict, the US was allowed to use British bases to bomb Libya in early 1986. There was a slight hiccup when American troops invaded Grenada, a Commonwealth country, without warning Britain first, but this was a mere blip in an otherwise continuous period of mutual admiration. Throughout the decade, British ministers were despatched to the US to study initiatives for reviving inner cities, on health care, education and prisons. Furthermore, Thatcher, having supported the USA against the "evil empire", was one of the first to appreciate the significance of **Mikhail Gorbachev** (b. 1931), a man with whom she "could do business".
I WORKED HARD, WITH SOME SUCCESS, TO BROKER A BETTER UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN HIM AND RONNIE.
In contrast, Europe remained a vexed question, and by 1987 the Frenchman **Jacques Delors** (b. 1925), appointed President of the European Commission in 1985, was beginning to infuriate Thatcher, especially when he declared that Britain could afford to contribute more to the EC budget. In a speech to the European Parliament in Strasbourg in July 1988, Delors said that within ten years 80% of economic legislation, and possibly fiscal and social legislation also, would be of European rather than national origin. Thatcher was apoplectic.
And Delors did not endear himself to the Thatcher anti-federalists when he told the TUC...
WE HAVE NOT SUCCESSFULLY ROLLED BACK THE FRONTIERS OF THE STATE IN BRITAIN ONLY TO SEE THEM REIMPOSED AT A EUROPEAN LEVEL, WITH A EUROPEAN SUPER-STATE EXERCISING A NEW DOMINANCE FROM BRUSSELS. YOU HAVE TOTALLY FAILED TO DEFEAT THE PRIME MINISTER IN THIS COUNTRY, BUT YOU HAVE AN OPPORTUNITY THROUGH BRUSSELS AND STRASBOURG TO BRING IN SOCIAL LEGISLATION WHICH WOULD BE HELPFUL TO YOUR CAUSE.
Thatcher retorted with a comment about "socialism by the back door" or "by the back Delors!".
## **The Speech at Bruges**
By 1989, Thatcher's anti-European stance was beginning to upset erstwhile supporters. Ferdinand Mount wished she would see the Community as an opportunity rather than a threat.
What was the Thatcherite position on Europe?
Thatcher's speech at Bruges in 1988, one of the great set-pieces of her eleven-year reign, sets out what she and many of her closest supporters believed:
MY FIRST GUIDING PRINCIPLE IS THIS: WILLING AND ACTIVE CO-OPERATION BETWEEN INDEPENDENT SOVEREIGN STATES... EUROPE WILL BE STRONGER PRECISELY BECAUSE IT HAS FRANCE AS FRANCE, SPAIN AS SPAIN, BRITAIN AS BRITAIN, EACH WITH ITS OWN CUSTOMS, TRADITIONS AND IDENTITY. IT WOULD BE FOLLY TO TRY TO FIT THEM INTO SOME SORT OF IDENTIKIT EUROPEAN PERSONALITY.
But as well as "France as France" etc., there was an underswell of arrogance and xenophobia: _Britain is a home for people from the rest of Europe who sought sanctuary from tyranny._
_We British have in a special way contributed to Europe. Over the centuries we have fought to prevent Europe from falling under the dominance of a single power. We have fought and we have died for her freedom... throughout the last War kept alive the flame of liberty... From our island fortress the liberation of Europe itself was mounted._
Furthermore, the value of the Anglo-American alliance was emphasized: _Nor should we forget that European values have helped to make the United States of America into the valiant defender of freedom which she has become... People went there to get away from the intolerance and constraints of life in Europe._
There was strong and implied criticism of Europe in the praise for the freedoms enjoyed by the British: _Britain has been in the lead in opening its markets to others, the City of London, our market for telecommunications, air transport, our coastal shipping trade, free movement of capital, a genuinely free market in financial services... I wish I could say the same of many other Community members._
## **Privatization**
Privatization became one of the most enduring of the Thatcher legacies, not only in Britain but in many countries throughout the world. However, it was not part of the Thatcherite vocabulary in the build-up to the 1979 Election. The manifesto promised only the sale back of the recently nationalized aerospace and shipbuilding companies, the selling of shares in the National Freight Corporation and the disposal of the National Enterprise Board's holdings.
It was Chancellor Nigel Lawson who gave the programme coherence after the 1983 Election.
BY THE END OF THE 1980S, THE PRESUMPTION WAS THAT EVERYTHING THAT COULD BE SOLD **_SHOULD_** BE. THE MAIN MOTIVES WERE...
to reduce the role of the state in the economy and restore the powers of decision to the individual;
to implement the ideal of the property-owning democracy;
to improve productive efficiency;
to introduce allocative efficiency by substituting competitive free-market pricing for administered prices and controlled rents;
to finance the PSBR (Public Sector Borrowing Requirement) and reduce claims upon it;
to promote wide share ownership and subject management to more democratic control;
to encourage employee share ownership, thereby improving industrial relations.
The intellectual case against the nationalized industries had been set out by John Redwood (b. 1951), then a Fellow of All Souls, Oxford, later to become head of Mrs Thatcher's policy unit (and even later to challenge John Major for the leadership of the Tory Party) in an article in the _Lloyds Bank Review_ in 1976.
The most famous criticism of the privatization programme came from Lord Stockton (formerly Harold Macmillan) when he described asset sales to finance current expenditure as...
IN MY VIEW, THEY MISALLOCATE CAPITAL, DISTORT DEMAND BY UNDER-OR OVER-PRICING, INFLATE MONEY SUPPLY THROUGH BORROWING, PAY INTEREST ON THEIR FUNDS AT BELOW MARKET RATES AND SUFFER POOR INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS. SELLING THE FAMILY SILVER! NO, IT'S SELLING IT BACK TO THE FAMILY.
There was not much point in holding on to the family silver anyway if it was losing you £30 a second, as the British Steel Corporation was in 1980. By 1989, British Steel was producing as much steel as in 1979 but with one third of the labour force.
Even the programme's greatest admirers would admit that some of the privatization sales were rushed through without sufficient attention to the original aim of broadening competition and protecting the interests of consumers.
There was no doubt who were the initial beneficiaries. Professor John Kay of the London Business School wrote: _Whatever the economic consequences of privatization, it has proved a highly remunerative activity for three groups: the initial shareholders, the managers (whose salaries have risen sharply), and the extensive group of professional advisers._
Few could argue with the success in purely financial terms. British Telecom, British Steel, British Gas, British Airways and the British Airports Authority were by the early 1990s all hugely profitable companies in the private sector, whereas in the 1970s many of them had been drains on the Exchequer.
## **Individual Home and Share Ownership**
By the 1990s no one expected, and very few desired, re-nationalization. The idea of the state running commercial enterprises was dead. Between 1977 and 1995 the British government raised $97 billion from privatization. Between 1996 and 2000, a leading merchant bank expected European governments to raise between $250 and $300 billion.
Thatcherites also believed in property ownership, and here they were certainly successful in pushing up owner-occupation to one of the highest levels in the industrial world.
BETWEEN 1979 AND 1988, OWNERS INCREASED BY THREE MILLION, ONE MILLION OF THEM FROM THE "RIGHT TO BUY" PROGRAMME. THE PERCENTAGE OF OWNER-OCCUPIERS ROSE FROM 56.7% IN 1979 TO 63.4% IN 1988. INDIVIDUAL SHARE OWNERSHIP, THANKS LARGELY TO THE PRIVATIZATION PROGRAMME BUT ALSO TO EMPLOYEE SHARE SCHEMES, INCREASED SHARPLY – FROM 3 MILLION IN 1979 TO 9 MILLION IN 1988.
## **Does It Benefit the Individual?**
MP **Norman Lamont** (b. 1942), later Chancellor of the Exchequer under John Major, said in 1988: _If I had to choose a statistic that summed up the Thatcher years it is that. The number of people now owning shares is not much less than those who belong to trade unions._
In fact shareholdings were not of great depth. Only 300,000 people owned a portfolio of over ten shares and only another 800,000 owned between four and nine. A Thatcher scheme to promote wider share ownership, Personal Equity Plans (PEPs), were used mainly by existing shareholders to take advantage of tax breaks.
INDEED, MOST STOCKBROKERS DON'T WANT SMALL SHAREHOLDERS BECAUSE THEY'RE NOT COST-EFFECTIVE. OF 151 STOCKBROKERS, ONE THIRD REFUSED TO DEAL, AND ANOTHER THIRD WOULD CHARGE A COMMISSION SO HIGH IT WIPED OUT ANY PROFIT. THE CITY IS "THE UNAPPROACHABLE FACE OF CAPITALISM".
## **Greed is Good**
**Kenneth Baker** (b. 1934), Secretary of State for Education and Science in the late 1980s, preached social conscience and charity.
FROM THOSE WHO HAVE MUCH, MUCH IS EXPECTED. THE DISPOSAL OF THE OWNERSHIP OF WEALTH AND POWER CARRIES WITH IT AN OBLIGATION FOR PEOPLE TO RESPOND TO THE CHALLENGE OF ENHANCED RESPONSIBILITY... IT IS NOW UP TO THE MANY WHO HAVE BENEFITED FROM THE REDUCTIONS IN TAX TO INCREASE THEIR PERSONAL CONTRIBUTION TO THE CHARITIES AND GOOD CAUSES OF THEIR CHOICE. SO WHO WAS LISTENING? NOT MANY, AND CERTAINLY NOT THE PROVIDENT FINANCIAL!
In 1995, the _Financial Times_ said of the company Provident Financial, which specialized in lending to the poor at high rates of interest: _It is an unpalatable thought, but Provident Financial is benefiting from growing inequality in Britain. Economic stagnation in low-income areas and job insecurity are leaving more families unable to borrow money from traditional lenders such as banks, building societies and credit card providers. Provident exists to fill this gap._
And fill it Provident did, making £101 million profit in 1995 and paying its directors total remuneration of £1.67 million. In spite of Baker's hopes, the company gave precisely **£51,000** to charity! As Gordon Gekko said in the film _Wall Street_ , "Greed is good."
By the middle of Thatcher's reign the message had spread – it was OK to make money. In real life, the jailed Wall Street arbitrageur, **Ivan Boesky** (b. 1937), echoed Gekko's words.
GREED IS ALL RIGHT. GREED IS HEALTHY. YOU CAN BE GREEDY AND FEEL GOOD ABOUT YOURSELF.
A whole new breed grew up.
**YUPPIES**| –| Young upwardly mobile professionals
---|---|---
or
**YAPPIES**| –| Young affluent professionals who tried to become respectable by turning into
**GRUPPIES**| –| Green urban professionals
## **A New Breed – A New Language**
LIGHTNING, YOU GOT ANYTHING LONG-END CDS? YOU OUGHT TO GET ON AT HALF SEVEN-SIXTEENTHS. I MADE HIM A HALF SEVEN – AGREED? I SELL AT SEVEN NATWEST 5 MILLION ONE YEAR. I'LL SELL A PLONKER AT SAME. I'M A BUYER AT A HALF FOR SALOMON. MINE AT 7. HOW MUCH AT 7, TONE? TWO HANDFULS. BLOW HIS TITS OFF!
New definitions of well-known words and phrases entered the language.
**Asset stripper**| —| | nothing to do with night clubs, but financial operators who bought companies and sold off their assets, often making thousands redundant.
---|---|---|---
**Blow his tits off**| —| | not sure quite what this meant before, but in Thatcher's world it meant "sell it to him". Its converse was "Ship it in shag".
**Chartists**| —| | not forerunners of the unions, but those who predicted future share movements by past performance.
**Chinese Walls**| —| | nothing to do with China, but supposed barriers within the new giant investment banks to prevent the stockbroking side buying shares just before the corporate side announced a takeover they were working on.
**Churning**| —| | not your stomach after all the champagne, but the buying and selling of your client's shares for no better reason than it earned you commission.
**Concert Party**| —| | correct, nothing to do with music, but the ganging up of predators before buying shares in a company.
**Butterfly**| —| | only pretty in the sense that it's a no-lose situation in a traded option play.
**Dog**| —| | obvious what a dog is, but in this case it's a share that has performed badly for years. Best example – Government War Loan.
**Head and Shoulders**| —| | no, not a dandruff treatment but a share shout giving the signal, sell.
**Stag**| —| | by the end of the Thatcher era at least nine million new shareholders knew what a stag was – a punter who applied for new issues with the sole intention of selling them instantly.
**Streaker**| —| | plenty of those at Twickenham and Lords, but in Essex boy's language it's a zero coupon bond, i.e. one with no interest, issued at a deep discount to give, by the time of redemption, a computed interest rate at face value on maturity.
Being able to understand that made them worth their £250,000 a year, didn't it?
## **Thatcher's Children – or Orphans?**
Some thought Thatcher's Britain a bleak world populated only by lonely buyers and sellers trying to do each other down. In 1989 the _Spectator_ spoke of "bourgeois triumphalism", and the _Sunday Times_ wrote "vulgarianism rules OK". Even the _Daily Telegraph_ wailed that Britain had "ceased to be a nation of decency". The Governor of the Bank of England, **Robin Leigh-Pemberton** (b. 1927), told the _Sunday Times_ in June 1990: _Old style thrift has gone out of fashion. The attitude is, "I want it and I want it now"._
**Salman Rushdie** (b. 1947) put it more crudely in _The Satanic Verses._
GET RID OF THE OLD WOOLLY INCOMPETENT BUGGERS FROM FUCKING SURREY AND HAMPSHIRE, AND BRING IN THE NEW. PEOPLE WITHOUT BACKGROUND. PEOPLE WITHOUT HISTORY. HUNGRY PEOPLE. PEOPLE WHO REALLY **_WANT_** , AND WHO KNOW THAT WITH HER, THEY CAN BLOODY WELL **_GET_**.
The deputy leader of the Labour Party, Roy Hattersley, talked of Thatcher's children.
DELINQUENCY WAS THE BY-PRODUCT OF THEIR AFFLUENCE, COMBINED WITH THEIR REJECTION OF ANY SORT OF RESPONSIBILITY FOR THEIR NEIGHBOUR'S WELFARE... GREED AND INDIVIDUAL GAIN ARE THE GODS WHICH THEY ARE URGED TO WORSHIP. TORIES DO NOT NEED TO APOLOGIZE FOR THE INCREASED SCOPE WE HAVE GIVEN TO WHAT MIGHT BE CALLED ACQUISITIVE INDIVIDUALISM.
And other members of Thatcher's cabinet began to express concern by the end of the 1980s. **Douglas Hurd** (b. 1930), after a visit to some market towns in middle England, said: _You do not find much poverty or social deprivation there. What you do find are too many young people with too much money in their pockets, too many pints inside them, but too little notion of the care and responsibility they owe to others._
The strongly anglophile **Ralf Dahrendorf** (1929-2009), Warden of St Antony's College, Oxford, added: _There is now a widespread sense that a little more community is necessary – very hard to do by the same people who have first broken those institutions._
## **The Poll Tax (1989)**
Everyone was agreed that the **rates** , a local property-based tax stretching back nearly 100 years, was an unsatisfactory method of financing local government. Rates were based on the valuation of property. The value changed every so often, necessitating changes in rates, causing howls of rage from the losers. Thatcher objected to the rates for three reasons.
THEY WERE UNFAIR BECAUSE THEY WERE NOT RELATED TO THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE IN A PROPERTY, OR ON THEIR ABILITY TO PAY. THEY WERE INFLATIONARY BECAUSE LOCAL AUTHORITIES RAISED THEM FASTER THAN THE RISE IN THE RETAIL PRICE INDEX. THEY WERE BASED ON OUT-OF-DATE VALUATIONS.
There seemed to be five alternatives.
1. Local sales tax
2. Local income tax
3. Revenues assigned by central to local government
4. Reform of the existing system
5. **A poll tax**
Thatcher was persuaded that a poll tax, or "community charge" as she insisted on calling it, was the answer.
WHY SHOULD THE THATCHER GOVERNMENT WANT TO USE THE EUPHEMISM, COMMUNITY CHARGE? THEY CALLED IT THE "POLL TAX" IN OFFICIAL PAPERS. IN HER LAST SPEECH AT THE DISPATCH BOX, THATCHER HERSELF BLUNDERED... THE POLLER – THE COMMUNITY CHARGE...
A poll is a head and the tax was a **per head tax** on people. It was the poll tax.
## **A Big Mistake**
**David Butler** (b. 1924), the psephologist of the age, analyzed the introduction of the tax in a book, _Failure in British Government: The Politics of the Poll Tax._ He showed how a group of officials and relatively junior ministers, determined to change the local tax system with a per capita charge, convinced Thatcher that they were right. Once convinced, Thatcher, an "elective dictatorship", was able to bulldoze the necessary legislation through, against the opposition of the Labour Party and the local authorities.
WE WARNED HER THAT THE POLL TAX WOULD BE EITHER HIDEOUSLY EXPENSIVE OR IMPOSSIBLE TO COLLECT. AND THERE WOULD BE A GREAT LOSS OF REVENUE. WE WERE RIGHT ON BOTH COUNTS!
Thatcher had long held an aversion to the local rating system and, as Shadow Environment Secretary, got the commitment to abolish domestic rates into the Tory manifesto for the October 1974 Election. It stayed there in the 1979 manifesto.
Whatever the merits of the poll tax over the existing rating system, its implementation was a disaster. Common sense dictated a gradual phasing in, but Thatcher, on a high after her third victory in June 1987, combined with Nicholas Ridley to persuade a cabinet committee to go for the "Big Bang" approach.
Here's how Robert Harris described the poll tax fiasco in the _Sunday Times_ , February 1991:
... A FATHEADED, BONEHEADED, DUNDERHEADED, BLUNDERHEADED, MUTTONHEADED, KNUCKLEHEADED, CHUCKLEHEADED, PUDDINGHEADED, JABERNOWLED WASH-OUT OF A COCK-UP... THATCHER HAS BEEN IN POWER TOO LONG! POWER HAS GONE TO HER HAND!
Even the right-wing _Economist_ described the above as an under-statement, writing further: _The poll tax, alias the community charge, was the most misguided piece of domestic policy produced by any British government in this century. It was replaced within two years. It cost taxpayers not less than £1.5 billion. It cost Mrs Thatcher her job._
## **Thatcher's Disregard of the Cabinet**
The poll tax issue showed more clearly than any other how Thatcher dominated her cabinet. As her administrations progressed, fewer and fewer matters received thorough discussion in full cabinet. In her first government, she did not risk the cabinet scuppering what had already been decided. The Permanent Secretary, **Sir Douglas Wass** (b. 1923), said it in November 1979: _Do you know, there hasn't been a single economic discussion in the cabinet since this government came in?_
THE FULL CABINET MET FOR FEWER HOURS IN THE 1980S THAN IN ANY OTHER DECADE IN THE CENTURY. THATCHER INCREASINGLY USED AD HOC COMMITTEES AND BILATERAL MEETINGS TO DECIDE POLICY. SHE TENDED TO MAKE POLICY – USUALLY OF THE MORE EXTREME KIND – ON TELEVISION, OR AT PRIME MINISTER'S QUESTION TIME IN THE COMMONS.
According to Nigel Lawson in his book _The View From Number 11_ , the debate and decision over ERM membership never went to full cabinet. While Ian Gilmour, in _Dancing with Dogma_ , maintained that Thatcher's decision to allow the US to use British bases for bombing Libya was made after consultation with just three ministers.
## **Thatcher's Downfall?**
In the words of Douglas Hurd: _The main reason for Margaret Thatcher's loss of leadership was, I believe, her failure over the years to make the best of the cabinet system... She did not understand that colleagues too had knowledge and views and she relied on her individual powers excessively._
The cabinet did not discuss the poll tax until January 1986, fifteen months after the initial studies team had been established, and seven months after the key decision in principle had been taken by a cabinet committee.
IF THERE WAS SO MUCH OPPOSITION TO THE POLL TAX... AND THERE WAS CERTAINLY A GREAT WAVE OF PROTEST THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY... WHY DID PARLIAMENT NOT RESIST ITS PASSAGE INTO LAW MORE STRONGLY?
The answer was the size of the Tory majority in the House of Commons – over 100 – and probably a two-to-one Tory predominance in the House of Lords.
## **Black Monday**
Thatcher's arrogance left her increasingly isolated. Whatever doubts about her position she may have felt in her first two governments, a third victory made her unassailable, and therein lay the seeds of her downfall. "We can do no wrong" is a fatal attitude and large mistakes were now made concerning Europe, the ERM and the poll tax (of which more later). The economic skies seemed blue when Thatcher was re-elected in June 1987.
CHANCELLOR LAWSON HAS INTRODUCED ANOTHER TAX-CUTTING BUDGET IN THE SPRING. THE £ IS STRONG. THE WORLD ECONOMY IS GROWING STRONGLY AND STOCK MARKETS EVERYWHERE ARE REACHING NEW PEAKS!
In such situations the old enemy of stability, inflation, rears its ugly head.
With memories of the early 1920s and 1945-8, no country is more fearful of inflation than Germany. In the summer of 1987, the Bundesbank and the Federal Reserve Board in the US indulged in a public row over interest rates.
THE SPECTRE OF A DIFFERENT INTEREST-RATE CLIMATE JANGLED THE NERVES OF EQUITY HOLDERS, AND SUDDENLY STOCK MARKETS ROUND THE WORLD WENT CRASHING DOWN. LED BY NEW YORK WHERE THE DOW JONES LOST NO LESS THAN 508 POINTS IN A SINGLE DAY, ALL THE MAJOR MARKETS FELL 25% IN TWO DAYS.
This all seemed to happen out of the blue, but stock markets usually foretell the truth, and indeed within eighteen months it was clear that many of the world's economies had been growing at an unsustainable rate and that a period of retrenchment was necessary.
## **Thatcher Resigns**
For Britain, where inflation rose to double figures again by the end of 1990, it was back to good old-fashioned stop-go, or rather go-stop, a feature supposedly banished by all the supply-side reforms of the 1980s. Thatcher blamed her Chancellor, Lawson, who resigned in October 1989, ostensibly over interference by Alan Walters. Suddenly the Thatcherite miracle cures looked less miraculous. As rows over the poll tax and Europe broke out, Thatcher herself, seemingly impregnable after her third election victory, began to look vulnerable.
As the polls suggested that the Tories would not be re-elected with her as leader, the knives came out.
IN NOVEMBER 1990 THERE CAME A DAMNING RESIGNATION SPEECH BY THE DISILLUSIONED GEOFFEREY HOWE. AND A CHALLENGE FROM HER OLD ENEMY, MICHAEL HESELTINE. I WAS FORCED TO RESIGN...
Thatcher was replaced not by Heseltine, but by the supposedly emollient **John Major** (b. 1943).
## **The Economic Results of Thatcherism**
If Thatcher had retired in 1988, even in May 1989, ten years after she came to power, history would have judged the economic consequences of her administrations more favourably. By the time she resigned in November 1990, it was clear that the supposed Thatcher economic miracle of high growth and low inflation was less than miraculous.
**Output**
From peak to trough 1979 to 1981, manufacturing output fell by a staggering 15% and only strong growth in 1987 and 1988 took it above the 1979 level.
**Inflation**
The 12 month rate increased from 10.3% in May 1979 to an horrific 21.9% in August 1980, from where it fell sharply into single figures by 1982. From 1983 to 1988 it ranged between 3.5 and 6%, compared with 2 to 4.4% in other leading industrial countries. In 1990, inflation rose again to double figures in response to the domestic overheating of 1988/9.
**Unemployment**
The living standards of those in work rose more consistently than in any other decade of the century, but on the other hand unemployment rose sharply from 1.09 million in May 1979 to 2.13 million in May 1981, and went on rising to 3.13 million in July 1986. Thereafter it fell to 1.66 million in 1990 but, as recession struck again, rose to 2.9 million in 1993. Furthermore...
MANY CLAIMED THAT THE FIGURES WERE FIDDLED AND THAT THE TRUE RATE WAS HIGHER. DURING THE 1980S THERE WERE **_28 REVISIONS_** TO THE WAY THE FIGURES WERE CALCULATED.
**Taxes**
The cutting of taxes was one of the main planks of Thatcherism. Indeed, in the first budget of June 1979, income tax was cut, and income tax rates, especially at the higher levels, were cut consistently through the 1980s.
top marginal rate was cut from 83 to 40%
basic rate was cut from 33 to 25%
tax allowances were raised by 25% in real terms
investment income surcharge of 15% was abolished
corporation tax was cut from 52 to 35%
capital transfer tax was simplified and top rate on inheritance tax reduced from 75 to 40%
capital gains tax was restructured to eliminate tax on inflationary gains
controls on prices, dividends, pay and foreign exchange were abolished
and so were restrictions on bank lending and hire purchase.
The new freedom given to the banks with regard to controls on their balance sheets was highly significant in creating the Thatcher Boom. Between 1980 and 1988 personal debt _doubled._
However, other taxes were raised. VAT (value added tax) was almost doubled in 1979 from 8 to 15% and was raised further to 17.5% in 1991 to help finance the clearing up of the poll tax fiasco.
Employee national insurance contributions were also raised.
THE OVERALL TAX BURDEN INCREASED FROM 34% OF GDP IN 1978/9 TO 30% IN THE MID-1980S...... BEFORE FALLING BACK TO JUST UNDER 38% IN 1988/9 AND 1989/90.
These tables taken from parliamentary reports in _Hansard_ , 3 April 1990, allow for no doubt as to who were the major beneficiaries of Thatcher's tax policies.
Gains from income-tax and NIC charges, 1978-79 to 1990-91
| | Married man, multiples of average earnings
---|---|---
| 2/3| 1| 2| 5| 10
* * *
Tax + NIC % of gross earnings
1978-79| 21.9| 27.8| 31.4| 50.5| 66.5
1990-91| 21.2| 25.5| 28.8| 35.5| 37.8
change(%)| -0.7| -2.3| -2.6| -15.0| -28.7
Real net earnings (% rise)| 34.7| 37.8| 38.5| 73.8| 148.1
Gross earnings (£a week) in 1990-91| 202.53| 303.80| 607.60| 1519.00| 3038.00
Tax + NIC cut in £| 1.42| 6.99| 15.80| 227.85| 871.91
| Taxpayers (m)| Reduction in tax
| | Total (£m)| £ a head
* * *
Range of individual's income in 1990-91 (£)
Under 5,000| 2.9| 480| 110
5,000-10,000| 8.6| 2,840| 320
10,000-15,000| 6.4| 4,390| 690
15,000-20,000| 3.8| 3,860| 1,030
20,000-30,000| 2.6| 4,190| 1,590
30,000-50,000| 1.0| 3,300| 3,270
50,000-70,000| 0.2| 2,160| 9,390
Over 70,000| 0.2| 5,770| 36,060
## **Public Expenditure**
Another Thatcherite article of faith was an assault on public spending. As a White Paper of 1979 put it: _Public expenditure is at the heart of Britain's present difficulties._
The White Paper of March 1980 set a target of reducing it by 4% in 1983/4 over 1979/80. In the event it _rose_ by 6.3%. This was partly explained by the recession and the rise in unemployment, but there was also an increase in spending on law and order and defence, about which Thatcher would be sanguine, and there were overshoots by the local authorities, about which she definitely would not be sanguine.
I SUCCEEDED IN CUTTING BACK EXPENDITURE ON HOUSING AND EDUCATION. AND, ONCE THE ECONOMY STARTED GROWING, THE PUBLIC SPENDING SHARE OF NATIONAL INCOME FELL. FROM 46.8% IN 1982/3 TO UNDER 40% BY THE LATE 1980S, THE LOWEST LEVEL FOR TWENTY YEARS.
Public expenditure was not the only area where reality differed from the rhetoric. Thatcher could be charged with inconsistency in her views on the economy, and especially on the level of the £. In 1985 as the £ sank towards parity with the $ she demanded of Chancellor Lawson why sterling was not already in the ERM (exchange rate mechanism) and "protected from all this". Three years later she was hostile to joining the ERM and announcing to the Commons, "There is no way in which you can buck the market."
Some thought that the new enterprise culture of lower taxes and less restriction had brought great improvement. In May 1988 in a _Fortune_ article entitled "Britain is Back", John Banham of the Confederation of British Industry claimed: "There's a new generation over here. They're hungry and they like winning."
Others were not so sure, and criticized the devastation wrought on British industry in Thatcher's first administration. A House of Lords Select Committee, which included leading businessmen and prominent scientists, reported in 1987: _Ultimately the goal is the UK's survival as a leading industrial nation in world competition. The UK must therefore spend sufficiently to improve, or at least maintain, its industrial and cultural base relative to those countries which are judged to be its natural competitors... Neither government nor industry is spending enough at present levels to restore our industrial position in world markets._
## **Monetarism**
As the Thatcherites had preached monetary control more strongly than almost any other economic dogma, we should perhaps judge their success by looking at their achievement in this area.
"Monetarism" and "monetarist" came to be used pejoratively to describe what people, usually critics, thought of as "Thatcherism" and "Thatcherite". Strictly speaking, it is the recognition of the importance of money and money supply in an economy.
AS FAR AS TRUE THATCHER BELIEVERS ARE CONCERNED, MONETARISM IS AN ESSENTIAL REPLACEMENT FOR THE KEYNESIAN SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM THAT HAS DOMINATED ECONOMIC POLICY-MAKING SINCE THE END OF THE WAR. I HAVE BEEN WIDELY MISINTERPRETED.
Keynes would undoubtedly have adapted his views to cope with the economic conditions of the 1960s and 70s which were different from those of the 1920s and 30s when he wrote his most influential works, culminating in _The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money_ (1936).
Nevertheless, Keynes did believe that governments had a role in ensuring sufficient demand in the economy to maintain full employment. Keynesians also believed in involving the big players – the "social actors" – the employers' organization, the CBI (Confederation of British Industry), and the workers' organization, the TUC (Trades Union Congress) in the managing of the economy.
The structural weakness of the British economy, with its slowness in adapting from the old basic industries of coal, steel, shipbuilding and chemicals to the modern growth ones of electronics, computers and telecommunications, allied to weak management, myopic trade unions and inept government, led to recurring financial crises so that by the mid 1970s the whole Keynesian consensus approach was discredited.
Denis Healey, Labour Chancellor of the Exchequer 1974-79, initially tried to cope with the high inflation and low growth exacerbated by the oil crisis of the mid 1970s with the usual Keynesian weapons, including a so-called "Social Contract" with the unions.
I TRIED TO ENGINEER A GRADUAL DEPRECIATION OF STERLING, BUT THIS TURNED INTO A FREE-FALL AS FINANCIAL MARKETS LOST FAITH IN BRITAIN'S ECONOMIC COMPETENCE. THE RESULT WAS A HUMILIATING VISIT BY OFFICERS OF THE **_IMF_** (INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND) TO SEE IF THE COUNTRY WAS WORTHY OF A LOAN.
To a certain extent, a new approach closer to the monetarism to be more rigorously pursued by the first Thatcher administration was imposed by the IMF, and Prime Minister James Callaghan, with one eye on the financial markets, told the Labour Party Conference in September 1976: _We used to think that you could spend your way out of a recession and increase employment by cutting taxes and increasing government spending. I tell you in all candour that that option no longer exists, and that insofar as it ever did exist, it only worked on each occasion since the War by injecting a bigger dose of inflation into the economy, followed by a higher level of unemployment as the next step._
But Callaghan and Healey were not really pursuing a true monetarist approach in the late 1970s. They still used incomes policies, there was no medium-term financial plan or framework, and once the crisis had passed, plans for increasing government spending were wheeled out again.
In contrast, prompted by Keith Joseph, there was an ideological commitment in the Thatcher faction of the Tory Party to pursue a monetarist approach.
AND IT WAS NOT ONLY IN BRITAIN THAT DISILLUSIONMENT WITH THE SO-CALLED KEYNESIAN CONSENSUS WAS SETTING IN. THE RESEARCH OF MILTON FRIEDMAN AND THE CHICAGO SCHOOL INTO THE ROLE OF MONEY STIMULATION WAS BEGINNING TO INFLUENCE POLICY-MAKERS IN THE **_USA_**.
In Britain, academic support was given by the Money Study Group as well as the IEA and CPS.
The most significant of the monetarist academics, apart from Alan Walters, were **Brian Griffiths** (b. 1941), Professor of Economics at the City University, and later Head of the Prime Minister's Policy Unit, and **Patrick Minford** (b. 1943), Professor of Applied Economics at Liverpool University. There were also some City economists banging the monetarist drum, most notably **Tim Congdon** (b. 1949) and **Gordon Pepper** (b. 1934). By the time Thatcher came to power in 1979, anyone who had been following the economic debate at all should have been prepared for an experiment in monetarism.
The launching of Thatcher's monetarism is often credited to Keith Joseph's speech in Preston in September 1974 when he said,
_The monetarist thesis has been caricatured as implying that if we get the flow of money spending right everything will be right. This is not – repeat not – my belief. What I believe is that if we get the money supply wrong – too high or too low – nothing will come right. Monetary control is a pre-essential for everything else we need and want to do; an opportunity to tackle the real problems – labour shortage in one place, unemployment in another; exaggerated expectations; inefficiencies, frictions and distortions; hard-core unemployment._
The truth is that, in power, Thatcher abandoned monetary targets. Ian Gilmour, one of the early sackings from Thatcher's cabinet, referred to monetarism as "the uncontrollable in pursuit of the indefinable". In the early 1980s monetary targets were retained but were constantly revised upwards.
Monetary growth: per cent annual rate of increase
| Target| Actual
---|---|---
1979-80| 7-11| 12.0
1980-1| 7-11| 19.0
1081-2| 6-10| 13.0
1982-3| 8-12| 11.0
1983-4| 7-11| 10.0
1984-5| 6-10| 13.5
1985-6| 5-9| 15.3
1986-7| 11-15| 20.0
As growth and its benefits were appreciated by the electorate, the attitude to inflation was eased and the official stance modified from eradication to "downward pressure". After 1985, monetary targets were virtually abandoned and in 1986 when the price of oil fell sharply, Chancellor Lawson opted for a falling value of the £ and growth rather than keeping up the war on inflation.
In the early days of Thatcher's first administration, many thought "Thatcherism = Monetarism, Full Stop". No one held this simplistic view by her third administration. Indeed, monetarism had been virtually abandoned, almost discredited. John Major, Chief Secretary to the Treasury, June 1987-June 1989, and Chancellor, October 1989-November 1990, told the Treasury and Civil Service Committee in 1989...
MONETARISM HAS NOT BEEN THE THEORY THAT THE GOVERNMENT HAVE FOLLOWED DURING ANY PERIOD THAT I HAVE BEEN IN THE TREASURY. I DO NOT THINK YOU CAN BOIL DOWN ALL THE CAUSES OF INFLATION TO SUCH A SIMPLE AND STRAIGHT FORWARD JUDGEMENT.
DID THATCHER MAKE BRITAIN MORE PROSPEROUS? YES, BUT THE WHOLE INDUSTRIALIZED WORLD BECAME MORE PROSPEROUS IN THE 1980S.
Academics David Butler and Dennis Kavanagh said: _Despite pockets of impoverishment, Britain was turning into an ever more middle-class society._
But for the poor, life became even worse. Although the level of supplementary benefit increased slightly in real terms until it was replaced in the 1988 reorganization of social security, its upgrading lagged well behind the rise in earnings. In 1978 it was 61% of average personal disposable income, by 1987 it was only 53%.
The Family Expenditures Survey showed that the real incomes of the bottom 10% _fell_ by 9.7% between 1979 and 1985. By the late 1980s over 8 million people were dependent on income support, with a hard core of over 1.5 million drawing benefit for more than 5 years.
To exacerbate the situation, the Thatcher government froze child benefit after April 1987. The Child Poverty Action Group said that the Thatcher government brought horizontal distribution between poor and poor rather than vertical redistribution from rich to poor.
HOMELESS FAMILIES ROSE FROM 50,000 TO 120,000 (REPRESENTING 370,000 PEOPLE). BY THE MID 1980S, SOME THOUGHTFUL TORIES WERE EXPRESSING DOUBTS ABOUT THATCHERITE POLICIES. THE FRUITS OF ECONOMIC SUCCESS COULD TURN SOUR UNLESS WE CAN BRING BACK SOCIAL COHESION TO OUR COUNTRY.
_The Economist_ began by supporting Edward Heath in the Conservative leadership election of 1975 in which Thatcher defeated him. By 1987 it was saying what every travelling Briton had come to know:... _the dispiriting sense of crossing the Channel or the Atlantic to find cleaner streets, fuller shops, snappier clothes and smarter hospitals..._
_For years, many Britons consoled themselves with the thought that... they could still ensure a genteel life in the second league. Only when the third league – the Singapores, South Koreas and Brazils – began pinching chunks of British business did people start to realise that comfortable inertia was not an option. The choice was either to compete or to decline in growing discomfort._
In _The Economist's_ view, the choice, thanks to Thatcher, had been made. In the five years 1982-6, Britain's GDP had grown by 14.5%, France's by 8% and West Germany's by 9%. "The sliding has stopped."
According to Thatcher's Chief Press Secretary, **Bernard Ingham** (b. 1932), it was Thatcher's refusal to accept this inexorable decline that stands as her greatest achievement. In his book, _Kill the Messenger_ , he said...
HISTORIANS WILL ARGUE OVER HER GREATEST ACHIEVEMENT. I WILL ENTER MY CANDIDATE NOW. IT IS **_NOT_**... THE DEFEAT OF INFLATION THE VINDICATION OF HER EAST-WEST AND SOUTH AFRICA POLICIES THE TAMING OF THE TRADE UNION BARONS THE CREATION OF AN ENTERPRISE ECONOMY HER REGISTRATION OF BRITAIN'S STANDING IN THE WORLD... THE SPREADING OF THE OWNERSHIP OF PROPERTY AND CAPITAL THROUGH COUNCIL HOUSE SALES AND WIDER SHARE OWNERSHIP FOR ME, HER GREATEST SINGLE ACHIEVEMENT, WHICH MADE ALL THESE THINGS POSSIBLE, WAS HER REFUSAL TO ACCEPT, OR BE DAUNTED BY, THE PREVAILING AIR OF DEFEAT ISM WHICH SHE CONFRONTED ON TAKING OFFICE IN 1979.
Even the left-wing historian **Eric Hobsbawm** (b. 1917) conceded in his book, _Age of Extremes: Even the British Left was eventually to admit that some of the ruthless shocks imposed on the British economy by Mrs Thatcher had probably been necessary. There were good grounds for some of the disillusion with state-managed industries and public administration that became so common in the 1980s._
Thatcher herself put it this way when she told _The Times_ in February 1984...
I CAME TO OFFICE WITH ONE DELIBERATE INTENT, TO CHANGE BRITAIN FROM A DEPENDENT TO A SELF-RELIANT SOCIETY – FROM A GIVE-IT-TO-ME TO A DO-IT-YOURSELF NATION; TO A GET-UP-AND-GO INSTEAD OF A SIT-BACK-AND-WAIT BRITAIN.
The _Guardian_ journalist, Hugo Young, in his book _One of Us_ , also conceded that some of Thatcher's economic achievements were considerable: _In the estimation of the world, Britain was now among the strong economies. Productivity, in particular, was dramatically higher than a decade before... The overmanning was a thing of the past... Some of the policies which contributed were distinctive Thatcherite policies, and were remarkably successful. Prime place was almost universally accorded to the remorseless shrinking of trade union power._
## **The Thatcher Style**
Modern democracies are very difficult to govern to the satisfaction of the electorate. One of the main problems for incoming governments is the necessity to promise far more than they can ever hope to deliver.
Thatcher was more determined than most. Ivor Crewe, Professor of Government, writing on Thatcher values, said: _She has firm convictions on almost every issue under the sun. Not since Gladstone has Britain been led by such an opinionated and evangelical Prime Minister. Most Prime Ministers see themselves as "healers" (for example, John Major wanted to make Britain a nation "at ease with itself"); a few, like Lloyd George and Churchill, as warriors; Thatcher, uniquely, saw herself as a crusader._
**Robert** (now **Lord) Skidelsky** (b. 1939), biographer of Keynes and no right-winger, said of Thatcher that she was a warrior in the mould of Boadicea, Elizabeth the First and Florence Nightingale, both physically and morally brave, and that she was: _The most ideological Prime Minister to have led a party which prided itself on its pragmatism. She got her chance because the old pragmatism had degenerated into a sticky corporatism which had become the vehicle for stagnation and decline._
Skidelsky admired her courage but he was more critical of her approach to human relations, feeling that she found it impossible to win friends by arguments or to conciliate former enemies.
YOU ARE EITHER WITH US OR AGAINST US!
**Julian Critchley** (1930-2000), a Tory MP never promoted, made the memorable remark: _She cannot see an institution without hitting it with her handbag._
If this style was appropriate in the early days of her government, it became increasingly counter-productive, so that by the late 1980s all but her closest supporters had tired of it.
Many, especially those condemned by Thatcher as "wets", thought that the Thatcherite tone, whatever the substance, was damaging. **Francis Pym** (b. 1922), sacked by Thatcher in 1983, said: _I think that the public tone of the government has often sounded unsympathetic... Conviction, determination and forceful logic can easily turn into dogmatism, inflexibility and insensitivity. As a result, people feel that the government neither understands nor cares about them. This causes immense harm._
Anthony King, Professor of Government, described what he called "fear at first hand": _She puts the fear of God into people._
Joe Rogaly of the _Financial Times_ wrote that Britain had been _governed by a Prime Minister who, whatever her faults, has been infused with a vision. She has been a driven woman, always urging ministers forward, terrifying them, tiring them out one by one, disposing of them, nagging them, politicising their senior officials, popping in on this or that issue, scrawling her comments on everything, vetoing this, insisting on that, overshadowing all._
Christopher Johnson in _The Economy Under Mrs Thatcher_ described her style as similar to de Gaulle's: "It was _le gouvernement par la parole_ , government by public pronouncement. De Gaulle used his press conferences at the Elysée Palace to make policy; Mrs Thatcher used _The Jimmy Young Show."_
## **Not Ideas But Action**
Even one of her greatest supporters, Lord Harris, did not think of Thatcher as a creator of original ideas: _She doesn't have an original idea in her head._ But he still admired her: _That's not meant to be offensive: politicians aren't meant to have original ideas. But she has some instincts. And she brought to that superhuman courage that daily withstood the assault that was almost unremitting through the whole of the 1980s._
And Enoch Powell, who ought to have admired her, was also dismissive of her ability to cope with ideas.
IT WOULDN'T BE TRUE TO SAY MRS THATCHER HATES IDEAS. SHE'S NOT COMFORTABLE WITH THEM AND HAS TENDED TO FIND HERSELF IN THAT KIND OF EMBARRASSMENT: OF BEING WITH PEOPLE WHO ACTUALLY ENJOY IDEAS; WHO ACTUALLY ENJOY KNOCKING THEM AROUND... WHO ENJOY THINKING. MRS THATCHER DOESN'T ENJOY THINKING.
Alfred Sherman said: _Mrs T never "thunk" any thoughts. She took other people's ideas._
_Thatcherism began less as a doctrine than as a mood. From the outset, the beliefs and values that underlie Thatcherism have been more identifiable than its ideas... The mood that Thatcher seized and rode to power reflected not only a general disillusionment with the bipartisan post-war settlement but also with the hypocrisy of socialism and its self-seeking proletarian cant._ (Alfred Sherman)
Thatcher made clear her contempt for teachers and academics and her preference for men of action: _And nowhere is this attitude of opposition to wealth creation more marked than in the cloister and the common room. What these critics apparently can't stomach is that wealth creators have a tendency to acquire wealth in the process of creating it for others. They didn't speak with Oxford accents. They hadn't got what people call "the right connections"; they had just one thing in common. They were men of action._
Amongst her men of action, several were Jews. No other cabinet has had so many. Harold Macmillan quipped: "There are more old Estonians than old Etonians." One of her favourites was **David Young** (b. 1932), whom she elevated to the peerage in 1984 so that she could have him in the cabinet.
OTHERS BRING ME PROBLEMS, DAVID BRINGS ME SOLUTIONS. HE COULD ALSO BRING HER EMBARRASSMENT! IN LOOKING AT THE GENERATION OF VICTORIAN ENTREPRENEURS AND AT THE RESULTS OF THEIR ACHIEVEMENT, WE NEED NOT FEEL GUILTY THAT THEIR SUCCESS WAS AT THE EXPENSE OF THE POOR.
Norman Strauss said: _She reaches for Jewish people because they do partly personify the Thatcherite virtues. They are entrepreneurial. They are successful people anywhere. They believe in family life... They believe in thrift and savings and doing things by your own efforts: in self-help._
John Biffen added: _It is difficult to talk about this: it puts people in a great tizz. But it just happens that the intellectual thrust of the new liberal economics substantially came from the Jewish intellectual élite. The Jews she had in government were all very much of the new radical Right._
And if Thatcherites did not believe, in theory, in solving everyone's problems by government action, Thatcher did believe in shaking up the Establishment – the civil service, heads of nationalized industries, bankers, academics, doctors, barristers, the BBC, local authorities and unions – who, in her opinion, were responsible for denigrating the vigorous virtues or holding them in check.
Thatcher herself could be very simplistic, not to say populist, when she was extolling her own virtues. She told the _News of the World_ in 1981...
MY POLICIES ARE NOT BASED ON SOME ECONOMIC THEORY, BUT ON THINGS I AND MILLIONS LIKE ME WERE BROUGHT UP WITH: AN HONEST DAY'S PAY. LIVE WITHIN YOUR MEANS. PUT A NEST-EGG BY FOR A RAINY DAY. PAY YOUR BILLS ON TIME. SUPPORT THE POLICE.
And if Thatcher could be simplistic, according to John Biffen, she "was instinctive and sometimes quite bewildering in the pursuit of economic policy. She welcomed a free exchange rate provided it never floated downwards; she despised subsidies but fought like a tigress to protect mortgage interest rate relief."
## **Authoritarian**
Thatcher had talked in a speech at the Tory Party Conference as early as 1986 of there being too much government.
WHAT WE NEED IS A FAR GREATER DEGREE OF PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY AND DECISION, FAR MORE INDEPENDENCE FROM THE GOVERNMENT, AND A COMPARATIVE REDUCTION IN THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT.
However, in office, she seemed unable to resist the temptation to tell everyone what to do and, where it was in the considerable power enjoyed by a Prime Minister, to make sure they did.
Many were concerned about the attacks on civil liberty by what they saw as an authoritarian and autocratic government. The _New Statesman and Society_ magazine launched "Charter 88", arguing that: _The government has eroded a number of important civil freedoms: the universal right to habeas corpus, to peaceful assembly, to freedom of information, to freedom of expression, to membership of a trade union, to local government, to freedom of movement... By taking these rights from some, the government puts them at risk for all._
Thatcher only confirmed people's view that she was both authoritarian and autocratic.
I GO FOR AGREEMENT, AGREEMENT FOR THE THINGS I WANT TO DO... THERE ARE DANGERS IN CONSENSUS... IT SEEMS MORE IMPORTANT TO HAVE A PHILOSOPHY AND POLICY. THIS INABILITY TO LISTEN TO OTHERS, COMBINED WITH MAJOR STRATEGIC MISTAKES OVER THE ECONOMY, THE POLL TAX AND EUROPE, LED TO HER DOWNFALL. IT MADE HER AN IMPOSSIBLE COLLEAGUE WITH WHOM TO WORK IN BRITAIN'S SYSTEM OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT.
**Will Hutton** (b. 1950), a _Guardian_ journalist during Thatcher's reign and later editor of _The Observer_ and author of the best-selling book, _The State We're In_ , felt that she became a virtual dictator, filling every conceivable post with her supporters.
As the final leadership contest unfolded, the _Sunday Times_ wrote: _The crisis is entirely the responsibility of the Prime Minister, of her arrogance, of the contempt with which she treats her colleagues... she will destroy any minister who crosses her, she lacks the common sense and even... the common decency to preside over a talented cabinet; she has become a menace to our system of government._
## **Conclusion**
Who is correct? The Conservative historian, Lord Blake, who wrote in _The Times_ on the occasion of Thatcher's resignation: _Margaret Thatcher's place in history is assured; the first woman to be Prime Minister, the first since Palmerston to win three successive General Elections, the longest continuous holder of the office since Lord Liverpool... She was on the British political scene a giant among pygmies. She was one of the two greatest Prime Ministers in the 20th century and one of the half dozen greatest Prime Ministers of all parties and all times._
Or Will Hutton, editor of _The Observer_? _Her actual achievement was modest, even destructive, for in economic and political terms she did no more than entrench the vicious circles in which the country is trapped. She was only able to mask the full implications temporarily with a credit boom._
The answer is probably somewhere between these two extreme views. But on one institution, she did have a marked effect.
## **Thatcher's Influence on New Labour**
There was no doubt that Labour must change if they ever wanted to return to power. Clause 4 and the social reforms of Sidney and Beatrice Webb really were from a former age. Even the union victories of the 1970s were a long time ago. The 1990s were for the young, aspiring middle class. When the Labour Party issued its policy document, _Looking to the Future_ , on 4 May 1990, _The Times_ , owned by Thatcher supporter, Rupert Murdoch, said...
ONE INDIVIDUAL STALKS THE PAGES... MARGARET THATCHER. THE OLD-STYLE LABOUR PARTY AND ITS SOCIALISM HAVE BEEN SWEPT ASIDE BY THATCHER.
**Out went:**
commitment to re-nationalization
government controls over the economy and industry
taxes to enforce repatriation of capital overseas
repeal of all Conservative trade union reforms.
Not quite out but reduced to near invisibility was: support for nuclear disarmament.
_The Times_ concluded that the document was "a retreat not just from some naive socialism" – socialism was reduced to "dust on the shelf".
Labour now proclaimed its belief in the market and disclaimed an "irresponsible dash for growth". In industrial relations, almost all Conservative reforms were accepted, including the end of the closed shop, ballots on strikes and union elections. There was no mention of those 1970s recipes (of both Tory and Labour governments) – controls on incomes, prices and foreign exchange. The sale of council houses was accepted.
Barrister, novelist and Labour supporter **John Mortimer (1923-2009) was** horrified by the "new" Labour Party: _The present creed of the Labour Party, should it exist, is only hidden under a number of businesslike breasts wearing dark blue suits and anonymous, but not quite regimental, ties._
And Hugo Young wrote in _The Guardian_ in July **1990:** _Market economics and fiscal rigour are now agreed by the centre-left to be the cornerstones of any policy practical people can agree on._
By 1996, the Labour Party entertained high hopes of winning power in the coming Election, and its young leader, Tony Blair, openly expressed admiration for the determination of Thatcher. His party, led by what was termed "New Labour", not only wanted to retain Trident, the nuclear deterrent, but said it would press the button if necessary. It would reform comprehensives and leave the grammar schools alone. It erected new limits around state intervention in the market and even announced it would spend less rather than more on welfare benefits. You don't come much more Thatcherite than that.
**Jonathan Powell** , Blair's chief of staff, declared: "Thatcher is his model."
**Many Introducing Graphic Guides are now available in ebook format – including the titles below. Check in at introducingbooks.com/ebooks/ to keep up to date with more titles as they are published in ebook format.**
**9781785780066 – Introducing The Enlightenment**
**9781785780073 – Introducing Fascism**
**9781785780080 – Introducing Bertrand Russell**
**9781785780097 – Introducing Artificial Intelligence**
**9781785780103 – Introducing Rousseau**
**9781785780110 – Introducing The Freud Wars**
**9781785780134 – Introducing Jesus**
**9781785780141 – Introducing The Holocaust**
**9781785780158 – Introducing Kierkegaard**
**9781785780165 – Introducing Joyce**
**9781785780172 – Introducing Empiricism**
**9781785780189 – Introducing Wagner**
**9781785780196 – Introducing Walter Benjamin**
**9781785780202 – Introducing Levi-Strauss**
|
A putative second cell-derived oncogene of the avian leukaemia retrovirus E26.
The acute avian leukaemia retroviruses AMV and E26 both induce myeloblastosis in vivo and transform myeloblasts in vitro. Both viruses contain the oncogene v-myb first described for AMV. Unlike AMV, E26 has the additional capacity to induce erythroblastosis in vivo and to transform erythroblasts. Previous analyses indicated that the genome of E26 also contained nucleotide sequences distinct from v-myb and unrelated to viral replicative genes. Using a molecularly cloned E26 provirus, we have now identified a novel nucleotide sequence designated v-ets (for E-twenty-six specific) of approximately 1.5 kilobase pairs (kbp) located next to v-myb. v-ets possesses all the structural characteristics of a putative new oncogene: it has a conserved cellular counterpart c-ets which is transcribed in some normal chicken cells as a major 7.5-kb polyadenylated RNA. Although our results now await elucidation of their biological significance, we propose that v-ets could be a new oncogene accounting for the additional transforming properties of E26, or potentiating the transforming properties of the v-myb oncogene. |
#[doc = "Specific Address Bottom \\[31:0\\]
Register\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about available fields see [sab](sab) module"]
pub type SAB = crate::Reg<u32, _SAB>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _SAB;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [sab::R](sab::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for SAB {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [sab::W](sab::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for SAB {}
#[doc = "Specific Address Bottom \\[31:0\\]
Register"]
pub mod sab;
#[doc = "Specific Address Top \\[47:32\\]
Register\n\nThis register you can [`read`](crate::generic::Reg::read), [`reset`](crate::generic::Reg::reset), [`write`](crate::generic::Reg::write), [`write_with_zero`](crate::generic::Reg::write_with_zero), [`modify`](crate::generic::Reg::modify). See [API](https://docs.rs/svd2rust/#read--modify--write-api).\n\nFor information about available fields see [sat](sat) module"]
pub type SAT = crate::Reg<u32, _SAT>;
#[allow(missing_docs)]
#[doc(hidden)]
pub struct _SAT;
#[doc = "`read()` method returns [sat::R](sat::R) reader structure"]
impl crate::Readable for SAT {}
#[doc = "`write(|w| ..)` method takes [sat::W](sat::W) writer structure"]
impl crate::Writable for SAT {}
#[doc = "Specific Address Top \\[47:32\\]
Register"]
pub mod sat;
|
You have received this email because you are listed as an alternate data approver. Please click http://itcapps.corp.enron.com/srrs/auth/emailLink.asp?ID=000000000080961&Page=Approval to review and act upon this request.
Request ID : 000000000080961
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Resource Name : \\enehou\houston\common\ERMS\1intra - [Read/Write]
Resource Type : Directory |
package testdata
import (
"errors"
ex "github.com/jackskj/protoc-gen-map/examples"
)
var CallbackPool = map[string]int{}
func BlogBeforeQueryCallback(queryString string, req *EmptyRequest) error {
incrementPool("BlogBeforeQueryCallback")
return nil
}
func BlogsBeforeQueryCallback(queryString string, req *EmptyRequest) error {
incrementPool("BlogsBeforeQueryCallback")
return nil
}
func BlogAfterQueryCallback(queryString string, req *EmptyRequest, resp *ex.BlogResponse) error {
incrementPool("BlogAfterQueryCallback")
return nil
}
func BlogsAfterQueryCallback(queryString string, req *EmptyRequest, resp []*ex.BlogResponse) error {
incrementPool("BlogsAfterQueryCallback")
return nil
}
func BlogCache(queryString string, req *EmptyRequest) (*ex.BlogResponse, error) {
resp := ex.BlogResponse{
Title: "cached result",
}
incrementPool("BlogCache")
return &resp, nil
}
func BlogsCache(queryString string, req *EmptyRequest) ([]*ex.BlogResponse, error) {
resp := []*ex.BlogResponse{
&ex.BlogResponse{
Title: "cached result 1",
},
&ex.BlogResponse{
Title: "cached result 2",
},
&ex.BlogResponse{
Title: "cached result 3",
},
}
incrementPool("BlogsCache")
return resp, nil
}
func FailedBlogBeforeQueryCallback(queryString string, req *EmptyRequest) error {
incrementPool("FailedBlogBeforeQueryCallback")
return errors.New("FailedBlogBeforeQueryCallback")
}
func FailedBlogsBeforeQueryCallback(queryString string, req *EmptyRequest) error {
incrementPool("FailedBlogsBeforeQueryCallback")
return errors.New("FailedBlogsBeforeQueryCallback")
}
func FailedBlogAfterQueryCallback(queryString string, req *EmptyRequest, resp *ex.BlogResponse) error {
incrementPool("FailedBlogAfterQueryCallback")
return errors.New("FailedBlogAfterQueryCallback")
}
func FailedBlogsAfterQueryCallback(queryString string, req *EmptyRequest, resp []*ex.BlogResponse) error {
incrementPool("FailedBlogsAfterQueryCallback")
return errors.New("FailedBlogsAfterQueryCallback")
}
func FailedBlogCache(queryString string, req *EmptyRequest) (*ex.BlogResponse, error) {
incrementPool("FailedBlogCache")
return nil, errors.New("FailedBlogCache")
}
func FailedBlogsCache(queryString string, req *EmptyRequest) ([]*ex.BlogResponse, error) {
incrementPool("FailedBlogsCache")
return nil, errors.New("FailedBlogsCache")
}
func incrementPool(msg string) {
CallbackPool[msg] = CallbackPool[msg] + 1
}
|
Q:
How to access the kendo grid footer template value
i have developed a web application using kendo tools and asp.net mvc4..
below is a screenshot of the grid i'm using and i need to get the value of footer under the "Total Stock" column.. according to this, the total value is $74,050.85..
i need to assign this value to a text box or a variable and use it in some where else but there no positive feedback from the online resources..
can somebody please tell me that how to get a value from footer template..
A:
i guess you use aggregate function in your kendogrid to calculate Total Stock[so your total $74,050.85..], am i right??
if yes than
this should be the best answer for your question.
example your kendogrid id = 'gridtotal', and your field that aggregated = total_stock
so if you want to get the total, you just do this
var total = $("#gridtotal").data().kendoGrid.dataSource.aggregates().total_stock.sum;
here if you want to know more
http://docs.telerik.com/kendo-ui/api/javascript/data/datasource#configuration-group.aggregates
A:
You can get the footer aggregate values (such as total) by setting a footerTemplate. That footer template can execute arbitrary code such as updating a textbox value.
The other option is to use jQuery to get the text of the footer:
var totalText = $("#grid .k-footer-template").text();
A:
Under the grid column definition, add
footerAttribute: {"id":"total-stock"}
This will add an id to the cell. Then you can just use jquery to pull it directly:
var totalStock = $("#total-stock").text().split(":")[1]
If you wanted to pull the raw numerical value, you could get it as well by parsing the number out, or you can assign it as an attribute to the cell.
footerAttribute: {"id":"total-stock", "data-value": sum }
Then reference it later
var totalStock = $("#total-stock").data("value")
|
Q:
Ruby - won't load file into arrays
I have a problem with ruby, it won't load the file i have into the designated arrays.
class Dancer
def Initialize (couplenumber, score1, score2, score3, score4, score5, score6, score7)
@couplenumber = couplenumber
@score1 = score1
@score2 = score2
@score3 = score3
@score4 = score4
@score5 = score5
@score6 = score6
@score7 = score7
end
def show()
return "Couple Number: #{@couplenumber}. Scores: #{@score1}, #{@score2}, #{@score3}, #{@score4}, #{@score5}, #{@score6}, #{@score7}."
end
end
results = File.open("danceresult.txt", "r+")
dancescores = []
# Splitting dance scores with "," and putting into arrays.
for dancers in results
a = dancers.split(",")
couplenumber = a[0]
score1 = a[1]
score2 = a[2]
score3 = a[3]
score4 = a[4]
score5 = a[5]
score6 = a[6]
score7 = a[7]
dancescores << Dancer.new
end
dancescores.each do |dance|
puts dance.show
end
My problem is that Ruby only passes this:
Couple Number: . Scores: , , , , , , .
Couple Number: . Scores: , , , , , , .
Couple Number: . Scores: , , , , , , .
Couple Number: . Scores: , , , , , , .
Couple Number: . Scores: , , , , , , .
Couple Number: . Scores: , , , , , , .
I'm not very good at coding and still trying to learn :-) Thanks in advance.
A:
you missed to pass arguments to Dancer
i would also suggest to refactor your code to something like this:
class Dancer
def initialize( couplenumber, *scores )
@couplenumber, @scores = couplenumber, scores
end
def show
return "Couple Number: #{@couplenumber}. Scores: #{@scores.join(', ')}"
end
end
file = "danceresult.txt"
dancescores = File.readlines(file).map do |line|
Dancer.new *line.split(",")
end
A:
Your first problem is a typo: the method should be named initialize, not Initialize.
I would also suggest that you look into Ruby's CSV library, which will do a much more reliable job parsing CSV data (and be more idiomatic).
My last suggestion is not to define show, but rather use to_s. Then you can simply puts dance and the object itself will know how to convert to a string.
A:
A few problems here:
The method is called initialize, not Initialize — capitalization is important.
You have a bunch of variables with the same name in different places, you seem to think these will be the same variable, but they aren't. For example, the score1 in your initialize method is not the same as the one in the line score1 = a[1]. Likewise for couplenumber and so on.
Because of the previous points, what you're inserting into the array is an empty Dancer object with none of its instance variables set to anything.
Here's a corrected version of the code:
class Dancer
def initialize(couplenumber, score1, score2, score3, score4, score5, score6, score7)
@couplenumber = couplenumber
@score1 = score1
@score2 = score2
@score3 = score3
@score4 = score4
@score5 = score5
@score6 = score6
@score7 = score7
end
def show()
return "Couple Number: #{@couplenumber}. Scores: #{@score1}, #{@score2}, #{@score3}, #{@score4}, #{@score5}, #{@score6}, #{@score7}."
end
end
results = File.open("danceresult.txt", "r+")
# Splitting dance scores with "," and putting into arrays.
# Note that we're using map, which handles collecting the results into an array for us
dancescores = results.map |dancers|
a = dancers.split(",")
Dancer.new(a[0], a[1], a[2], a[3], a[4], a[5], a[6], a[7])
# You could more simply write the previous line as
# Dancer.new(*a[0..7]), but that's
# essentially just syntactic sugar for the above
end
|
Moscow Methodist Church and Cemetery
Moscow Methodist Church and Cemetery is a historic landmark that was built in 1864 and added to the National Register in 2006. The former community of Moscow is located just outside the current city limits of Prescott, Arkansas. The area is on or near the old "Moscow-Camden Road", or "Wire Road" which ran between Moscow and Camden, Arkansas. As of 2016, the location was known as the junction of Nevada County Roads 23 and 260.
History
As early as 1810, the community of Moscow had primarily consisted of various small farms and businesses that included several retail shops, two blacksmiths, a post office, a saloon, and a Masonic Lodge. Methodist historians place the church congregations date of origin as early as 1842. The first marked burial in the cemetery dates to 1864, but the deed to the grounds was not issued until 1868, so it appears that the land had been in use for burial and religious purposes well before the property transaction was formalized and recorded.
In 1864, the Civil War brought several battles to the area surrounding Moscow during the Red River Campaign and the Camden Expedition.
During those conflicts, the Confederate Army of Major General Sterling Price and Brigadier General Thomas Dockery engaged the Union Army of Major General Frederick Steele and Brigadier General John Thayer. The Moscow area was surrounded by historic battles that include:
Engagement at Elkin's Ferry. April 3–4, 1864.
Skirmish at Prairie D’Ane. April 9–13, 1864.
Action at Moscow. April 13, 1864.
Engagement at Poison Spring. April 18, 1864.
In 1873, the Cairo and Fulton Railroad was constructed a short distance from Moscow and a new town was laid out alongside the rails. Being on the outskirts of a rapidly growing railroad town, Moscow merchants and businessmen quickly relocated to be alongside the rails and while Prescott grew, Moscow's population began to dwindle. The Citizens of Prescott continued to use Moscow Cemetery as a community burial site until 1880, when the De Ann Cemetery was established and Moscow community disappeared over the course of time.
In the years afterwards, Moscow Methodist Church and Cemetery continued serving the Moscow and Prescott area. The church was listed in the minutes of the Little Rock Conference of the Methodist Church into the 1970s and regular services continued until 1989.
In December 2003, the Trustees of the Arkansas Conference of the United Methodist Church quit-claimed their interest in the church building and grounds to the Moscow Cemetery Association.
Moscow Methodist Church and Cemetery are what remains of the original community; an early settlement and little documented trade center in the Missouri Township, of Nevada County in Southwest Arkansas.
Notable interment
Edward A. Warren - US Representative, Circuit Court Judge.
See also
Battle of Prairie D'Ane
References
Category:1864 in Arkansas
Category:Churches completed in 1864
Category:Nevada County, Arkansas
Category:Churches in Nevada County, Arkansas
Category:Methodist churches in Arkansas
Category:Conflicts in 1864
Category:Arkansas in the American Civil War
Category:Camden Expedition
Category:Battles of the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War
Category:Churches on the National Register of Historic Places in Arkansas
Category:National Register of Historic Places in Nevada County, Arkansas |
Q:
Consumer-Producer threads with DirectX desktop frames
I'm writing a DirectX application with two threads:
Producer thread grabs desktop frames with DirectX (as in the Desktop Duplication DirectX sample)
IDXGIResource* DesktopResource = nullptr;
ID3D11Texture2D *m_AcquiredDesktopImage = nullptr;
HRESULT hr = m_DeskDupl->AcquireNextFrame(500, &FrameInfo, &DesktopResource);
hr = DesktopResource->QueryInterface(__uuidof(ID3D11Texture2D), reinterpret_cast<void **>(&m_AcquiredDesktopImage));
DesktopResource->Release();
// The texture pointer I'm interested is m_AcquiredDesktopImage
Consumer thread performs image processing operations on the GPU.
To avoid copies I'd like to keep everything on the GPU as much as possible. From ReleaseFrame's documentation I kinda get that I should call ReleaseFrame on the desktop duplication interface as soon as I'm done processing the frame.
My question: should I copy the m_AcquiredDesktopImage texture into another one and call ReleaseFrame as soon as the copy is finished and return that new texture to the producer thread for processing or can I just get away with returning the m_AcquiredDesktopImage texture pointer to the consumer thread? Is this a copy of the framebuffer texture or is it the framebuffer texture and I might generate a data race by returning it?
Which one is the correct way to handle a producer of grabbed frames and a consumer of GPU textures?
A:
...should I copy the m_AcquiredDesktopImage texture into another one and call ReleaseFrame as soon as the copy is finished and return that new texture to the producer thread for processing or...
Yes, this is the way. You got your texture, you are finished with it and you release it because the data is no longer valid after the release.
...can I just get away with returning the m_AcquiredDesktopImage texture pointer to the consumer thread? Is this a copy of the framebuffer texture or is it the framebuffer texture and I might generate a data race by returning it?
The API keeps updating this texture. You are promised that between successful return from AcquireNextFrame and your ReleaseFrame call the API does not touch the texture and you are free to use it. If you cannot complete your use between the mentioned calls (which is your case, after all you created a consumer thread to run asynchronously to capture) you copy data and ReleaseFrame. Once you released it, the API resumes the updating.
An attempt to use the texture after ReleaseFrame will result in concurrent access to the texture, your and the API's further updates.
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Assessment of weight and eating concerns in Norwegian adolescents.
The aim of the present study was to test the properties of an instrument that assesses concerns about weight and eating without reference to dieting behavior. A short instrument, the Weight and Eating Concerns Inventory (WECI) was examined in a sample of 569 boys and 548 girls aged 11 to 15 years. Confirmatory factor analyses with LISREL showed a better fit with a version of the instrument that did not include a reference to dieting behavior, compared to a version that included such a reference. This was true for both boys and girls, irrespective of their age group. However, the results indicated that both versions should be used with caution for young boys. The internal consistency of the WECI (that is, the version without reference to dieting) was satisfactory, ranging from 0.78 to 0.86 for girls and from 0.68 to 0.73 for boys. The WECI correlated quite substantially with negative self-evaluations and depression for boys and girls in all the age groups assessed, suggesting that high scores on the WECI may indicate a problem that goes beyond worries or concerns, and should be taken seriously. In general, girls reported more of these concerns than boys, and the correlation between the WECI and dieting was stronger among girls compared to boys. |
Last updated on .From the section Welsh Rugby
Ryan Jones will be rested this summer, according to interim Wales coach Robin McBryde.
The Ospreys back row star was not named in a 32-man Wales training squad for the forthcoming tour of Japan.
Perpignan fly half James Hook, Bath prop Paul James and Scarlets hooker Matthew Rees are also omitted.
However, McBryde said that missing the tour would not affect the players' chances of being put on standby for the Lions in Australia.
"[We have] had the assurance ... that by omitting them from this squad their selection as standby players for the Lions is in no-way affected," said McBryde.
WALES TOUR SCHEDULE Sat, 8 June - Japan v Wales (Hanazono Stadium, Osaka)
Sat, 15 June - Japan v Wales (Prince Chichibu Memorial Rugby Ground, Tokyo)
He said that has enabled the Welsh management to pick a less experienced squad with one eye on the future.
"Having had that assurance we decided to go and develop these youngsters and take them on to the next level," he said.
Cardiff Blues lock Bradley Davies is included in the squad, after missing out of on the whole of the 2013 Six Nations tournament with an ankle ligament injury.
And Rhys Priestland returns after missing most of the season with an Achilles tendon injury.
There are 11 uncapped players as well as 15 who were part of the 2013 Six Nations squad.
Wales play Japan in Osaka on 8 June and Tokyo on 15 June.
London Irish's Scarlets-bound fly half Steven Shingler is included in a Wales squad for the first time since the IRB ruled he could not play for Scotland.
McBryde, who takes the helm with head coach Warren Gatland, attack coach Rob Howley and kicking coach Neil Jenkins on Lions duty, said the squad has "a good blend of experience and youth."
He added: "The importance of this tour [is] with a view of looking ahead primarily to the next World Cup.
"Having said that, it isn't a development tour. This is the main Welsh tour to Japan and it's a threat and a challenge that we are taking very seriously.
"It will be a challenge for this young team and because of that we need to encourage leaders among this team, which is why perhaps you're not seeing some more experienced names on that squad list."
On Tuesday, 15 leading Welsh players were named in the British and Irish Lions squad to tour Australia.
Wales Training Squad
Forwards: Ryan Bevington (Ospreys), Rhys Gill (Saracens), Sam Hobbs (Blues), Ken Owens (Scarlets), Emyr Phillips (Scarlets), Scott Baldwin (Ospreys), Scott Andrews (Blues), Craig Mitchell (Exeter Chiefs), Rhodri Jones (Scarlets), Bradley Davies (Blues), Lou Reed (Blues), Andrew Coombs (Dragons), James King (Ospreys), Aaron Shingler (Scarlets), Dan Baker (Ospreys), Rob McCusker (Scarlets), Andries Pretorius (Blues), Josh Navidi (Blues).
Backs: Lloyd Williams (Blues), Tavis Knoyle (Scarlets), Aled Davis (Scarlets), Rhys Priestland (Scarlets), Dan Biggar (Ospreys), Scott Williams (Scarlets), Ashley Beck (Ospreys), Owen Williams (Blues), Jonathan Spratt (Ospreys), Dafydd Howells (Ospreys), Liam Williams (Scarlets), Harry Robinson (Blues), Tom Prydie (Dragons), Steven Shingler (London Irish). |
e: 5, r: 11}.
55/336
Three letters picked without replacement from dvqgmkkmg. What is prob of sequence kkg?
1/126
What is prob of sequence ff when two letters picked without replacement from ffff?
1
Four letters picked without replacement from wwwwwww. What is prob of sequence wwww?
1
What is prob of sequence nny when three letters picked without replacement from yyyyyyyyyyyyyynyny?
1/153
What is prob of sequence uhu when three letters picked without replacement from uuhuhuhuuuuhuuhuuuuu?
35/228
Calculate prob of sequence oeoe when four letters picked without replacement from yepoppppr.
0
What is prob of sequence vp when two letters picked without replacement from {b: 1, p: 1, a: 1, v: 1, c: 1}?
1/20
Calculate prob of sequence klk when three letters picked without replacement from ljlkjkjjj.
1/126
Four letters picked without replacement from dudqdtlcculul. What is prob of sequence ucll?
3/1430
Two letters picked without replacement from xqbbtbbxbbxftbbxbb. Give prob of sequence fx.
2/153
Calculate prob of sequence ck when two letters picked without replacement from cnncknccnknc.
5/66
Calculate prob of sequence zfgc when four letters picked without replacement from ffgccyffffccczf.
1/936
Four letters picked without replacement from {k: 3, q: 2, y: 1, u: 1, e: 1, h: 5}. What is prob of sequence kkhk?
1/572
Four letters picked without replacement from hkhdyfhkdkkkdddddhh. What is prob of sequence dhdh?
35/3876
Two letters picked without replacement from {m: 6, g: 1, x: 10}. Give prob of sequence gm.
3/136
What is prob of sequence rr when two letters picked without replacement from {r: 3}?
1
What is prob of sequence en when two letters picked without replacement from zvlnnezknekv?
1/22
Three letters picked without replacement from {s: 5}. What is prob of sequence sss?
1
Four letters picked without replacement from szvmmsvvvmmvvlvlmvlz. Give prob of sequence vmml.
4/969
Three letters picked without replacement from {y: 1, c: 19}. Give prob of sequence ccc.
17/20
Calculate prob of sequence zubf when four letters picked without replacement from {j: 2, d: 3, b: 1, z: 5, f: 1, u: 1}.
1/3432
Two letters picked without replacement from qeqssokeeoeoooos. What is prob of sequence qe?
1/30
What is prob of sequence kpk when three letters picked without replacement from pkkkkkkkpkpkpp?
15/91
Two letters picked without replacement from lfubufliffbu. Give prob of sequence ib.
1/66
What is prob of sequence vj when two letters picked without replacement from {v: 5, t: 5, j: 1, i: 1}?
5/132
Two letters picked without replacement from {t: 1, k: 1, a: 1}. Give prob of sequence at.
1/6
Three letters picked without replacement from iyxxxxixiyix. What is prob of sequence yix?
2/55
What is prob of sequence vvn when three letters picked without replacement from {r: 1, n: 1, v: 3}?
1/10
Calculate prob of sequence ttw when three letters picked without replacement from wfftffwfffdwdtff.
1/560
Two letters picked without replacement from wkkkkkkkwk. Give prob of sequence ww.
1/45
Three letters picked without replacement from rttptttxxtprp. What is prob of sequence pxp?
1/143
Three letters picked without replacement from nwcwwcxnwyxc. What is prob of sequence ycx?
1/220
What is prob of sequence oq when two letters picked without replacement from {q: 4, d: 1, h: 4, o: 1, n: 4, a: 1}?
2/105
Calculate prob of sequence nv when two letters picked without replacement from {s: 3, n: 2, a: 1, v: 1}.
1/21
Two letters picked without replacement from gqqqqjqgnqjjgj. What is prob of sequence nj?
2/91
Three letters picked without replacement from kxf. Give prob of sequence fxk.
1/6
Three letters picked without replacement from szsozsssss. What is prob of sequence sss?
7/24
Calculate prob of sequence kjxx when four letters picked without replacement from {x: 2, d: 9, k: 1, g: 1, j: 6}.
1/7752
Two letters picked without replacement from {l: 4, b: 2, f: 4}. What is prob of sequence ll?
2/15
Calculate prob of sequence acan when four letters picked without replacement from {c: 3, n: 3, a: 7}.
63/2860
Four letters picked without replacement from {f: 2, k: 3, j: 6, m: 3, p: 2}. What is prob of sequence fmjj?
3/728
Calculate prob of sequence jjoj when four letters picked without replacement from {o: 1, j: 3, x: 1}.
1/20
What is prob of sequence bqqq when four letters picked without replacement from {b: 1, q: 3, d: 16}?
1/19380
What is prob of sequence bub when three letters picked without replacement from {f: 1, h: 2, b: 5, c: 1, q: 1, u: 6}?
1/28
Two letters picked without replacement from {t: 9, a: 10, m: 1}. What is prob of sequence tm?
9/380
Four letters picked without replacement from jcuqauuqqjq. Give prob of sequence uucu.
1/1320
Two letters picked without replacement from {i: 6, l: 2}. Give prob of sequence ii.
15/28
Three letters picked without replacement from qqdkbccbcdqdkcdqq. Give prob of sequence bcd.
2/255
Two letters picked without replacement from {j: 1, f: 2, k: 1, r: 2}. What is prob of sequence fr?
2/15
Three letters picked without replacement from yvyvvjvvjvvjy. What is prob of sequence jyv?
21/572
Two letters picked without replacement from icrrvrn. Give prob of sequence vr.
1/14
Calculate prob of sequence tsst when four letters picked without replacement from eststett.
1/70
Two letters picked without replacement from jjffjf. What is prob of sequence jj?
1/5
Calculate prob of sequence rrr when three letters picked without replacement from {r: 11, d: 9}.
11/76
Three letters picked without replacement from ooowvvvqqu. What is prob of sequence wuv?
1/240
Two letters picked without replacement from omxpopmxx. Give prob of sequence xm.
1/12
Calculate prob of sequence upp when three letters picked without replacement from ppupppppuupppuppppup.
35/228
Calculate prob of sequence ifsj when four letters picked without replacement from ifseffj.
1/280
Four letters picked without replacement from {x: 2, m: 8}. What is prob of sequence xmmx?
1/45
Calculate prob of sequence wd when two letters picked without replacement from wwwwuduwo.
5/72
Calculate prob of sequence le when two letters picked without replacement from qullllrpeelqueu.
1/14
Two letters picked without replacement from {q: 3, i: 3, d: 1, o: 3}. What is prob of sequence do?
1/30
What is prob of sequence fv when two letters picked without replacement from {f: 3, q: 6, l: 8, v: 2}?
1/57
Four letters picked without replacement from {f: 3, o: 9, i: 1, k: 2, m: 4}. Give prob of sequence kimi.
0
Three letters picked without replacement from lpmpllmll. What is prob of sequence mlm?
5/252
Calculate prob of sequence efde when four letters picked without replacement from {d: 1, e: 2, f: 4}.
1/105
Three letters picked without replacement from {l: 1, k: 1, m: 1, v: 1, t: 1}. What is prob of sequence kvl?
1/60
Calculate prob of sequence cbcc when four letters picked without replacement from {c: 4, b: 9, u: 1}.
9/1001
Two letters picked without replacement from {a: 2, g: 4, y: 1, c: 1}. What is prob of sequence gc?
1/14
What is prob of sequence ihr when three letters picked without replacement from {l: 2, i: 1, r: 1, h: 1, z: 2}?
1/210
Calculate prob of sequence bb when two letters picked without replacement from {b: 2, j: 7}.
1/36
What is prob of sequence cggc when four letters picked without replacement from {k: 1, u: 2, g: 1, c: 1}?
0
Two letters picked without replacement from peepeeepeeeeeee. What is prob of sequence pe?
6/35
Calculate prob of sequence pp when two letters picked without replacement from gggpgippgpggggggv.
3/68
Calculate prob of sequence ay when two letters picked without replacement from atytooaataaaayttaaat.
1/19
Two letters picked without replacement from {d: 1, a: 1, s: 1, i: 1, y: 4}. What is prob of sequence ys?
1/14
Calculate prob of sequence rv when two letters picked without replacement from rrrrrrvrvvrrvrrrrr.
28/153
Four letters picked without replacement from odwouwuuooxwo. Give prob of sequence wwuu.
3/1430
Two letters picked without replacement from {y: 1, a: 1, d: 1, f: 2, j: 2}. What is prob of sequence jj?
1/21
Two letters picked without replacement from {c: 5, u: 1, k: 1, d: 9, w: 1}. Give prob of sequence uk.
1/272
Three letters picked without replacement from vhmvk. What is prob of sequence vvm?
|
Q:
Autolayout design accommodating iPhone 3.5 inch and iPhone 4 inch screen size
I'm creating an universal app. Now I want to place two buttons on the screen:
I tried it with autolayout and Interface Builder (iOS Designer exactly) but I only managed to fit the buttons on one screen size (e.g. 3.5 inch display). Therefore I set the size of the buttons and the spacing to the top (one to the top of the superview and one to the bottom of the button above).
But is there a way to adapt this to the screen size? E.g. the width of the button is the the view width minus a certain gap. Or centering the buttons like in the picture (one would be easy)? Is this possible?
Than the other option is to do everything in code (creating the button and creating the constraints). Here I could query the view width and so on to create my buttons accordingly. Is this the only way?
How can this be managed?
EDIT:
Now I placed an empty label on the view controller. On this label I added the following constrains:
Align Center Y to: Superview, Equals: 0
Align Center X to: Superview, Equals: 0
On my buttons I set a fixed height and width. Than the trailing space to the superview equals 50 (horizontal centering works because both screen sizes have the same width). The button on top has the following constraint:
Align Center Y to: Label, Equals: 20
The button on the bottom gets:
Top Space to: Label, Equals: 20
Don't know why it takes different constraints but in the GUI editor I took the bottom or top point of the button. Here the label gets also:
Align Center Y to: top Button, Equals: 20
Top Space to: bottom Button, Equals: 20
Now I have the two buttons centerd on the screen regardless of 3.5 or 4 inch display. One disadvantage is that the gap to the navigation controller and toolbar is very small on the 3.5inch display. Here I can make the buttons smaller. Any other options? The initial idea was to set always the space to the top element but on the 4 inch screen there is much space on the bottom than.
A:
Autolayout is based on four parameters, x,y,w,h. Knowing this, the key for a dynamic layout is to understand the minimum number of constraints needed to satisfy all four constraints.
In your drawing, we can address x coord for both buttons by "horizontal center in container."
w (width) can either be fixed (i.e. 300), or inferred (if button is 10 from the leading edge, left; 10 from the trailing edge, right), then width is 300...)
Now we get to the Y coords and H (height). You have a couple options. Constrain the height, and then set the Y's accordingly. (i.e. lock the heights to 60, and the distance from the top/bottom to 40 for example -- your actual values will vary... Another trick i've seen apple engineer do at WWDC is insert an empty view in the center, and then set the constraints of the buttons based on that.
Hope this adds a little insight and doesn't confuse you more. Autolayout is weird, and remember, in ios8 we'll have the sizeClasses to consider as well.. ;(
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Impact of inflammation on vascular disease in hypertension.
Low grade inflammation exerts a crucial pathogenic role in hypertension and cardiovascular disease. A large body of evidence indicates that innate and adaptive immune systems, and in particular T cells, are involved. A balance between T-effector lymphocytes and Treg lymphocytes represents a crucial regulatory mechanism that, when altered, favours blood pressure elevation and organ damage development. Of note, Treg lymphocytes exert important anti-inflammatory properties, whose activities guarantees vascular homeostasis and protects the vessel wall from the development of atherosclerosis. In humans, most of evidence ascertaining essential hypertension as a condition of chronic low-grade inflammatory status revealed a strict and independent association between CRP, TNF-α, IL-6 or adhesion molecules and vascular changes in essential hypertensive patients. Evidence of involvement of the immune system in vasculature from patients with hypertension or cardiovascular disease starts to appear in literature. Further investigation on immunity, including the role of T-lymphocytes, will help develop of new therapeutic targets that may improve outcomes in hypertension and cardiovascular disease and discover novel approaches in the treatment of hypertension and vascular disease. |
Celebrities who chose to become “Sabyasachi Brides” for their wedding
Celebrities who chose to become “Sabyasachi Brides” for their wedding
Weddings are special and when it comes to Bollywood, they are lavish too! The wedding season in Bollywood is on full swing since December 2017. From décor to arrangements everything is in the hawk eyes of paparazzi. But the most important thing has always remained “The Bride”.
People are more than curious to know what their favorite star is wearing for her wedding! Moreover, who she is going to wear for her special day! In the latest array of weddings, one designer has totally won hearts of not just the brides but everybody watching them as well. The credit for the most beautiful brides of Bollywood without a doubt goes to Sabyasachi Mukherjee. He added charm and divine gorgeousness to each of her brides.
Lets list down the Bollywood celebrities who became “Sabyasachi Brides” in their wedding and looked nothing less than a goddess!
Anushka Sharma
Can you think of anyone else in the first place? Anushka’s wedding look swept millions of hearts and floored people with just one glance. The actress chose to wear an ivory pink colored bridal lehenga and boy she looked ethereal! Anushka undoubtedly makes it to the most beautiful Sabyasachi Brides of the season. Moreover, her beautiful dreamy wedding probably inspired many more couples to tie the knot instantly!
https://www.instagram.com/p/Bcm3wGOhxER/
Deepika Padukone
The actress kept her royal mastani look alive even on her wedding day. She looked every bit classy and beautiful as she makes it to one of the most beautiful Sabyasachi Brides. Deepika chose Sabyasachi for both her wedding looks. In one she wore the gold and orange colored saree. What makes everyone go crazy on was her red heavy embroidered lehenga with Sada Saubhagyavati Bhava embroidered on her dupatta.
Bipasha Basu
Back in 2016, Bipasha’s monkey wedding was the talk of the town. One reason being her stunning red and white Sabyasachi Lehanga. The actress kept her Bengali lineage in priority by adding all the traditional jewellery to her look. Her pictures speak for her being the best amongst other Sabyasachi Brides.
Sagarika Ghatge
Sagarika got married to ace cricketer Zaheer Khan in a court marriage. Later there was a lavish reception. The actress wore a lehenga and Saree for both the occasions and looked every bit magical. Like the other Sabyasachi Brides, Sagarika as well pulled out the best bridal look! |
I have to apologise for appending my name to this device, but I could not think of a cryptic or descriptive title for it.
It is an attempt to retain the varroa shedding qualities of the "Open Mesh Floor", but at the same time reduce the excessive ventilation that causes some strains of bees to treat the lower 100 mm or so of their comb, in a different fashion to what they would if the ventilation was not present.
As timber is available from DIY stores in 18 mm or 19 mm thicknesses, this design suits either.
I feel that, by this approach we can imitate more closely, the conditions that prevail in a "hollow tree" natural nest and hopefully deter the sort of wax moth attack that is so often associated with the sliding panels that are used for mite monitoring and to reduce ventilation.
The details of the dimensions are due to the existence of a jig for the manufacture of queen excluder grids. This jig is one of the manufacturing aids of
B.J. Engineering who are manufacturers of metal components for beekeepers and the beekeeping appliance trade. (You should consult them if you wish to purchase the metal floor insert.)
The view shown right is with the frame made from 18 mm thick timber, if 19 mm is used the gap between the frame and the grid is reduced by 1 mm all round.
It is important that the gap is never more than 3.5 mm otherwise there may be trouble with robber bees or wasps.
The dotted green line represents the edge of the entrance if an 18 mm
entrance blockis used instead of the conventional one.
Whichever size of entrance block is used, a pair of staples should be fitted into the side walls so that the block cannot fall inside the floor. This is illustrated for a 21 mm square entrance block, below left.
If an 18 mm entrance block is used it will align with the frame material. The illustration depicts the entrance block as a grey "ghost".
The 18 or 19 mm frame width was chosen owing to the use in Britain of
"cold way" and "warm way". The design will shed just the same amount of varroa whichever method is in use.
Assembly is by gluing and screwing, using six, #6 x 50 mm twin thread screws and two #6 x 30 mm screws. The two smaller screws that are used vertically should have their tips filed, or ground, down so that they do not interfere with the longitudinal screws.
The ventilation is much less (about 85% less) than a comparative area of "8" mesh.
The principle is simple... varroa mites will fall either by accident or due to chemical narcosis. The radius of the fold at the top of each strip is small and the sides are particularly steep. Any falling mite is doomed to fall through one or other of the gaps. The only place where they may possibly ledge is the small welded tabs
on the tie bars and that represents less than one percent of the area of the floor.
Operation is completely passive and the floor can be left in position at all times during the year. No provision is made for monitoring mite drop, but it envisaged that the user will place a sticky board, with a mesh screen covering, directly on the ground between the legs of the stand, when counting is required.
This floor should not be considered a "treatment" for varroa, however it should be used as a part of "Integrated pest management".
This metal version may be sterilised by wiping a gas flame over it, but could be subject to corrosion if organic acids are used as part of your management. If the item proves popular enough a redesign would be possible using an injection moulded plastic grid that would withstand such acids.
Cost is a big issue with most beekeepers, but this version will compare favourably with an open mesh floor made from galvanised "8" mesh, which is a relatively expensive item. It should prove durable if the wooden parts are coated with linseed oil, the metal grid
should not be oiled as that cause a sticky 'varnish like' coating might arrest a falling mite.
Various estimates have been made in the past about the number of mites that will lose their grip and fall from the bees. I am not concerned what the actual figures are, all I am prepared to say is that around 99% of mites that would have fallen on to a conventional floor, will meet their doom by this method.
Many beekeepers express concern that an open mesh floor will be too draughty for the bees. I personally think that the bees cope admirably, but some colonies do re-arrange their nests in the lower portion of the frames if they are used. This floor has considerably reduced ventilation compared to mesh and should satisfy those beekeepers that are concerned, and should cause less alteration to the way the bees that are sensitive to excessive ventilation use their comb.
This document links back to "British Standard Beehive and Frame types" and thence to both the "National" menu and the "Rational" menu as the device is equally valid for both top bee space and bottom bee space use.
Since the initial writing of this page a couple of designs have been published that use rigid plastic tubing to create a similar sort of floor grid with gaps for varroa to fall through. The use of plastic enables the use of organic acids in varroa treatment, but the plastic tubing has to be of very high quality to achieve the degree of
stiffness that is required to maintain the gaps 'bee proof'. The tubes are large and their diameter is slightly smaller than the inter comb spacing in most hives. So if they are spaced on the same pitch as the frames each gap will be in exact register with the seam between the frames. A type of floor that uses this feature is described on this French site. |
Q:
Flink - structuring job to maximize throughput
I have 4 types of kafka topics and 65 topics of each type. The goal is to do some simple windowed aggregation on the data and write it to a DB.
The topologies will look something like:
kafka -> window -> reduce -> db write
Somewhere in this mix I want / need to do a union - or possibly several (depending on how many topics are combined each time).
The data flow in the topics ranges from 10K to >200K messages / min.
I have a four node flink cluster with 30 cores / node. How do I build these topologies to spread the load out?
A:
I am writing this answer assuming that each of the 65 topics of the same type contains the same type of data.
The simplest solution to this problem would be to change the Kafka setup such that you have 4 topics with 65 partitions each. Then you have 4 data sources in the program, with high parallelism (65) and this distributes across the cluster naturally.
If it is not possible to change the setup, I see two things you can do:
One possible solution is to create a modified version of the FlinkKafkaConsumer where one source may consume multiple topics (rather than only multiple partitions of one topic). With that change, it would work pretty much as if you were using many partitions, rather than many topics. If you want to go with this solution, I would ping the mailing list to get some support for doing this. It would be a valuable addition to the Flink code anyways.
You can give each source a separate resource group, which will give it a dedicated slot. You can do this via "env.addSource(new FlinkKafkaConsumer(...)).startNewResourceGroup();". But here, the observation is that you try to execute 260 distinct sources on a cluster with 120 cores (and thus probably 120 task slots). You would need to increase the number of slots to hold all the tasks.
I think the first option is the preferable option.
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Last week on Twitter a conservative activist and former school trustee wrote, “I’ve suspected @michaelcoren is a kiddie diddler for some time. Just a suspicion, mind you, I’m not saying he is. But I wouldn’t be surprised in the least if we end up reading about him in some sordid, wicked setting …”
It’s not the first time this particular individual has placed such hateful garbage on social media. In July, 2018, he tweeted that, “I’m beginning to suspect that Michael Coren may be a pedophile” and that, “I believe he has all the classic characteristics of a kiddie diddler. I’ve observed him for some time.”
For these earlier tweets his account was suspended, but he obviously didn’t care.
Because I support the revised Ontario sex education curriculum, another conservative campaigner wrote on her Facebook page that I looked like the sort of person who sold his daughter for sex on the street. That comment was then repeated on the page of a right-wing academic at a Christian college.
I have been accused of adultery, theft, and even Satanism, and the most outrageous lies about my personal behaviour and religious beliefs have been spewed more times than I can remember. False claims that I’m mentally ill (hardly shameful) or gay (who cares?) abound, and my family is occasionally targeted too.
I say this not to claim martyrdom or to pretend that I am anything special — all sorts of people with any sort of public profile are abused like this — but because it reveals a disturbing trend. The right in Canada is increasingly organized and brutal in its campaigns of slander, insult, and distortion, and I fear that as the federal election approaches this will become even worse.
I of course realize that nastiness is not the preserve of any one political side, but when it comes from the left it tends to be from the extreme. On the right, however, it has now entered the mainstream. Putting aside eccentrics like my pedophile-accusing friend, most of the attacks come from far less bizarre figures. For more than five years I have been a fairly outspoken progressive, a Christian socialist in fact, but before that I was a religious and political conservative. Never then did I have the same experience.
I’m a fairly low-level writer and broadcaster, so imagine what happens to genuinely senior figures. The campaign of vitriol against Justin Trudeau borders on the psychotic, with a horrific zoo of attacks, even including death threats.
Former Ontario Liberal leader Kathleen Wynne was regularly subjected to insults around her sexuality, and in Alberta right-wing crowds roar for NDP Premier Rachel Notley to be arrested. There have been 11 threats on her life, and she and members of her government have repeatedly been harassed.
Toronto councillor Kristyn Wong-Tam wrote recently of being accosted during the municipal election by a group of large, aggressive men “making a series of false, defamatory and outlandish allegations.” They filmed the intimidation and then posted it on social media, where it was then repeated by other right-wing bloggers and activists.
“It reminded me of the social media tactics that produced the birther lie that dogged former president Barack Obama and the Pizzagate fantasy promoted about Hillary Clinton,” she wrote. “These amplified conspiracy theories had fanned the flames of xenophobia, racism, sexism and misogyny that would incite real and harmful violence south of the border. “
There is method behind this madness. If the screams are loud enough, they drown out sensible discussion and force liberals and social democrats to spend their time defending themselves against lies and libel rather than outlining their policies. It’s an approach that was extremely successful in the last U.S. election and in the Brexit campaign in Britain.
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Nor it is just trolls and crazies, and constantly blaming Russian bots simply won’t do. A new low, a modern baseness, has infected the body politic.
I blame a contemporary right that has learned lessons from Trump’s America and the European alt right, and some good old Canadian rightists who run blogs and podcasts. It’s time for moderate and responsible conservatives to take back their movement and their parties, if indeed it’s not too late. |
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to zoom lenses suited to single-lens reflex cameras or video cameras and, more particularly, to zoom lenses of relatively wide angle, high range and large relative aperture of the type in which the front lens unit is negative in power, or the so-called "negative lead" type, having four or five lens units in total. Herein, the term "unit" is equivalent to "group".
2. Description of the Related Art
The negative lead type of zoom lens, because of the lens unit of negative refractive power coming first in arrangement, is easier to increase the maximum image angle and amenable to shorten the minimum possible object distance for close-up photography. With these merits on one hand, there are, on the other hand, drawbacks that the diameter of the stop is caused to increase and that the range of variation of the image magnification becomes difficult to increase.
To overcome these drawbacks, there have been made previous proposals for minimization of the bulk and size of the entirety of the lens system in combination with a great increase of the range, as in, for example, Japanese Patent Publications Nos. Sho 49-23912 and Sho 55-14403 and Japanese Laid-Open Patent Applications Nos. Sho 53-34539, Sho 57-163213, Sho 58-4113, Sho 63-241511, Hei 1-193709 and Hei 2-201310.
In each of these publications, the zoom lens is made to comprise four lens units of minus-plus-minus-plus power arrangement in this order from the object side as a whole, of which certain ones are moved in appropriate relation to vary the focal length.
Recently, for the single-lens reflex camera or video camera, the public is demanding a zoom lens which includes wide image angles and has a high zoom ratio as the standard equipment. For example, the market has already sold single-lens reflex cameras of 35 mm format having zoom lenses of as wide a maximum image angle as 35 mm or 28 mm in focal length with the telephoto end at 70 mm each as the standard equipment.
More recently, there is demanded a zoom lens having an extended range toward the telephoto end with the result of from 28 mm to 80 mm or to 85 mm in focal length and a large relative aperture.
As the field of view increases to so wide an angle and the range, too, extends to so long a focal length, however, it becomes necessary in general to admit an unduly large increase of the physical length of the zoom lens and moreover to make elaborate the relation in which the lens units move to effect zooming. This leads to a multi-sleeve construction of the lens mounting. Thus, a problem arises in that the lens barrel increases largely in bulk and size and its mounting mechanism comes to a very complicated structure. |
The number of priestly ordinations in Ireland has dipped below England and Wales for the first time in living memory, new figures reveal.
The recruitment crisis is a clear indication of how low the church has sunk in a country that once used to export Catholic missionaries to all corners of the globe and often provided Britain with a significant proportion of its priests.
According to new figures released by the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of Ireland, just 16 men are due to start training for the priesthood this autumn, less than half the 39 that signed up for the priesthood last year. In the 1980s Ireland would regularly draw more than 150 new recruits to the priesthood every year.
The latest figures for England and Wales have yet to be released but church officials are confident they will see an increase on the 43 men who put themselves forward for the priesthood in 2009.
The difficulty in attracting young recruits is a problem that is afflicting vast swathes of the Catholic Church, particularly in secular, developed nations. But Ireland’s recruitment problems will cause concern in Rome because it had always been regarded by the Vatican as a bastion of Catholic mission in the heart of secular Europe.
The Irish church’s reputation has been battered in the past five years by numerous sexual abuse scandals and repeated revelations that senior church officials deliberately covered up the crimes of paedophiles priests.
According to The Tablet, which obtained the new figures, there are just 99 men training for priesthood in Irish seminaries compared with 150 in England and Wales.
Fr Patrick Rushe, National Coordinator of Diocesan Vocations Directors in Ireland, said that the recent stories of sexual-abuse scandals had had a negative effect on recruiting.
“The recent difficulties with Church scandals mean that those thinking tentatively about priesthood... are not going to be launching themselves forward,” he told The Tablet. “This has been a difficult year for the Church and is bound to have an effect [on numbers].”
Fr Rushe suggested that the numbers this year were a “blip” and should return to a more steady level of 25 or 26 new vocations in the years to come.
In comparison, the church in England and Wales has seen numbers of new seminarians remain close to 40 for much of the past five years.
Unless Ireland finds a way to begin recruiting young men, the number of priests is expected to fall from 4,700 to just 1,500 by 2028.
The biggest problem the church faces is the lack of new recruits to replace older priests that die or retire. The average age for a priest in Ireland in currently 63 whilst clergymen over the age of 70 currently outnumber those under 40 by ten to one.
The true extent of the crisis was laid bare in 2008 when the Irish church admitted that 160 priests had died that year with only nine new ordinations.
Figures for nuns were even more dramatic, with the deaths of 228 nuns and only two taking final vows for service in religious life.
Similar shortages of priests have occurred across the Atlantic in the United States, where the church has also found itself mired in numerous paedophile scandals. Forty years ago there was one priest for every 772 American Catholics, now it is one per 1,603. In 1970, there were 8,000 students in US seminaries, today it is around 1,300.
But even staunchly Catholic countries like Poland – which underwent a religious revival following the collapse of Communism – are struggling to recruit new clergy members. Earlier this year the Conference of the Polish Episcopate announced that only 687 men enrolled in seminaries, a 30 per cent drop on the figure from 10 years ago.
The number of women joining religious orders has also declined, with only 354 joining last year, a drop of 50 per cent since 2002. |
Knowledge-based model building of the tertiary structures for lectin domains of the selectin family.
A combination of a knowledge-based approach and energy minimization was used to predict the three-dimensional structures of the lectin domains of P-selectin, E-selectin, and L-selectin, respectively. Each of these domains contains 118 amino acids. The starting points for energy minimization were generated based on a framework that consists of a number of separated segments derived from the structure-known carbohydrate-recognition domain of the mannose-binding protein (MBP), which belongs to the same C-type lectin family as the selectin molecules do. The structures thus found for P-, L-, and E-selectin lectin domains share a common feature, i.e., they all contain two alpha-helices, and two antiparallel beta-sheets of which one is formed by two strands (strands 1 and 5) and the other by three (strands 2, 3, and 4). Besides, they all possess two intact disulfide bonds formed by the pair of Cys-19 and Cys-117, and the pair of Cys-90 and Cys-109. The root-mean-square deviations calculated over the set of backbone atoms between P- and L-selectin lectin domains is 3.10 A, that between P- and E-selectin lectin domains 2.48 A, and that between L- and E-selectin lectin domains 3.07 A. A notable feature is the convergence-divergence duality of the 77-107 polypeptide in the three domains; i.e., part of the peptide is folded into a closely similar conformation, and part of it into a highly different one. |
Microvascular obstruction on delayed enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging after acute myocardial infarction, compared with myocardial (201)Tl and (123)I-BMIPP dual SPECT findings.
The hypo-enhanced regions within the hyper-enhanced infarct areas detected by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging reflect microvascular obstruction (MO) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The combined myocardial thallium-201 ((201)Tl)/iodine-123-15-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(R,S)-methylpentadecanoic acid ((123)I-BMIPP) dual single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is a useful tool for detecting myocardial reversibility after AMI. We evaluated whether MO could be an early predictor of irreversible myocardial damage in comparison with (201)Tl and (123)I-BMIPP dual SPECT findings in AMI patients. Sixty-two patients with initial AMI who successfully underwent coronary revascularization were enrolled. MO was defined by CMR imaging. Patients were divided into 2 groups as follows: MO group (n=32) and non-MO group (n=30). Scintigraphic defect scores were calculated using a 17-segment model with a 5-point scoring system. The mismatch score (MMS) was calculated as follows: the total sum of (Σ) (123)I-BMIPP defect score minus Σ(201)Tl defect score. The percentage mismatch score (%MMS) was calculated as follows: MMS/(Σ(123)I-BMIPP score)×100 (%). The percentage infarct size (%IS) was significantly greater in the MO group than in the non-MO group (32.2±13.8% vs. 18.3±12.1%, p<0.001). The %MMS significantly correlated with the %IS and the percentage MO (r=-0.26, p=0.03; r=-0.45, p<0.001, respectively). The %MMS was significantly greater in the non-MO group than in the MO group (45.4±42.4% vs. 13.3±28.0%, p=0.001), and was an independent predictor for MO (OR 0.97, 95%CI 0.94-0.99, p=0.02). Our results reconfirm that, in comparison with myocardial dual scintigraphy, MO is an important structural abnormality. CMR imaging is useful for the early detection of irreversible myocardial damage after AMI. |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an illumination apparatus used in, for example, a display apparatus such as a liquid crystal display, a color conversion device used in the illumination apparatus, and a display apparatus that uses the illumination apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
As a light source of illumination apparatuses used in display apparatuses such as a liquid crystal display, EL and a cold cathode tube (CCFL (cold cathode fluorescent lamp)), for example, are used, and emission colors of those illumination apparatuses are mostly white.
Meanwhile, light-emitting diodes are now starting to be used as the light sources for illumination apparatuses. For example, as the illumination apparatus that uses the light-emitting diode as the light source, there is an illumination apparatus that uses a blue-light-emitting diode as the light source and is provided with a scattering layer on one surface of a light guide plate and a phosphor layer constituted of a phosphor on the other surface of the light guide plate (see, for example, Japanese Patent No. 3116727 (paragraphs [0006] to [0018], FIG. 2)). In this illumination apparatus, light emitted from the blue-light-emitting diode is scattered inside the light guide plate by the scattering layer so as to make surface luminance of the light guide plate uniform, and an emission color of light from the blue-light-emitting diode is combined with that of light from the phosphor, thus obtaining a white light emission. |
A FORMER girlfriend of child killer Robert Howard has said she feared she could have been his next victim.
Patricia Quinn told a Coroner's Court in Belfast she was locked in a room for two days while visiting the paedophile in Scotland.
She also described Howard as an evil, manipulative charmer to whom she was vulnerable.
She said: "For two days he kept me locked in. He kept the keys down the front of his trousers.
"Only he fell asleep, I could have been the next one."
The inquest is investigating the death of missing teenager Arlene Arkinson from Castlederg in Co Tyrone, who vanished after a night out across the border in Co Donegal in August 1994.
The schoolgirl was last seen in a car with Howard, who was acquitted of her murder in 2005 by a jury that was not made aware of his conviction for murdering 14-year-old Hannah Williams from South London several years earlier. |
Nurse practitioner intervention to improve the use of metered-dose inhalers by children with asthma.
Metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) have become a mainstay of maintenance therapy for various allergic and respiratory conditions. When used correctly, MDIs are as effective as nebulized medications. Patients use MDIs incorrectly in many cases because of poor instruction and lack of spacer devices. Nurses and physicians often teach the technique improperly. Nurse practitioners can have a positive impact in improving care through better patient and staff teaching and the use of spacer devices with MDIs. |
Identification of mutations in rat CD59 that increase the complement regulatory activity.
Formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) of complement on host cells is inhibited by the glycosylphosphatidylinositol- (GPI-) anchored glycoprotein CD59. Published data on the active site of human CD59 are confusing. To clarify these data, we set out to elucidate the active site of a nonprimate CD59 molecule by site-directed mutagenesis. We also undertook to investigate a region of potential species selectivity, and to this end rat CD59 was chosen for all mutations. Our investigations confirmed the proposal that the active site of CD59 is the major hydrophobic groove, with mutations Y36A, W40A, and L54A ablating complement inhibitory function of CD59. Other mutations reducing the function of rat CD59 were I56E, D24A, and D24R. Importantly, mutations at one residue increased the function of rat CD59. The K48E mutation significantly increased function against human rat or rabbit serum, whereas the K48A mutation increased function against human serum alone. A similar mutation in human CD59 (N48E) had no effect on activity against human or rat serum but completely abolished all activity against rabbit serum. These findings suggest that the alpha-helix of human CD59, adjacent to the hydrophobic groove, influences the interaction between human CD59 and rabbit C8, C9, or both. |
Nociception
Nociception (also nocioception or nociperception, from Latin nocere 'to harm or hurt') is the sensory nervous system's response to certain harmful or potentially harmful stimuli. In nociception, intense chemical (e.g., cayenne powder), mechanical (e.g., cutting, crushing), or thermal (heat and cold) stimulation of sensory nerve cells called nociceptors produces a signal that travels along a chain of nerve fibers via the spinal cord to the brain. Nociception triggers a variety of physiological and behavioral responses and usually results in a subjective experience, or perception, of pain in sentient beings.
Detection of noxious stimuli
Potentially damaging mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli are detected by nerve endings called nociceptors, which are found in the skin, on internal surfaces such as the periosteum, joint surfaces, and in some internal organs. Some nociceptors are unspecialized free nerve endings that have their cell bodies outside the spinal column in the dorsal root ganglia. Nociceptors are categorized according to the axons which travel from the receptors to the spinal cord or brain.
Nociceptors have a certain threshold; that is, they require a minimum intensity of stimulation before they trigger a signal. Once this threshold is reached a signal is passed along the axon of the neuron into the spinal cord.
Nociceptive threshold testing deliberately applies a noxious stimulus to a human or animal subject in order to study pain. In animals, the technique is often used to study the efficacy of analgesic drugs and to establish dosing levels and period of effect. After establishing a baseline, the drug under test is given and the elevation in threshold recorded at specified time points. When the drug wears off, the threshold should return to the baseline (pre-treatment) value.
In some conditions, excitation of pain fibers becomes greater as the pain stimulus continues, leading to a condition called hyperalgesia.
Theory
Consequences
Nociception can also cause generalized autonomic responses before or without reaching consciousness to cause pallor, sweating, tachycardia, hypertension, lightheadedness, nausea and fainting.
System overview
This overview discusses proprioception, thermoception, chemoception and nociception as they are all integrally connected.
Mechanical
Proprioception is determined by using standard mechanoreceptors (especially ruffini corpuscles (stretch) and transient receptor potential (TRP) channels). Proprioception is completely covered within the somatosensory system as the brain processes them together.
Thermoception refers to stimuli of moderate temperatures
, as anything beyond that range is considered pain and moderated by nociceptors. TRP and potassium channels [TRPM (1-8), TRPV (1-6), TRAAK, and TREK] each respond to different temperatures (among other stimuli) which create action potentials in nerves which join the mechano (touch) system in the posterolateral tract. Thermoception, like proprioception, is then covered by the somatosensory system.
TRP channels that detect noxious stimuli (mechanical, thermal, and chemical pain) relay that info to nociceptors that generate an action potential. Mechanical TRP channels react to depression of their cells (like touch), thermal TRP change shape in different temperatures, and chemical TRP act like taste buds, signalling if their receptors bond to certain elements/chemicals.
Neural
Laminae 3-5 make up nucleus proprius in spinal grey matter.
Lamina 2 makes up substantia gelatinosa of Rolando, unmyelinated spinal grey matter. Substantia receives input from nucleus proprius and conveys intense, poorly localized pain.
Lamina 1 primarily project to the parabrachial area and periaqueductal grey, which begins the suppression of pain via neural and hormonal inhibition. Lamina 1 receive input from thermoreceptors via the posterolateral tract. Marginal nucleus of the spinal cord are the only unsuppressible pain signals.
The parabrachial area integrates taste and pain info, then relays it. Parabrachial checks if the pain is being received in normal temperatures and if the gustatory system is active; if both are so the pain is assumed to be due to poison.
Ao fibers synapse on laminae 1 and 5 while Ab synapses on 1, 3, 5, and C. C fibers exclusively synapse on lamina 2.
The amygdala and hippocampus create and encode the memory and emotion due to pain stimuli.
The hypothalamus signals for the release of hormones that make pain suppression more effective; some of these are sex hormones.
Periaqueductal grey (with hypothalamic hormone aid) hormonally signals reticular formation’s raphe nuclei to produce serotonin that inhibits laminae pain nuclei.
Lateral spinothalamic tract aids in localization of pain.
Spinoreticular and spinotectal tracts are merely relay tracts to the thalamus that aid in the perception of pain and alertness towards it. Fibers cross over (left becomes right) via the spinal anterior white commissure.
Lateral lemniscus is the first point of integration of sound and pain information.
Inferior colliculus (IC) aids in sound orienting to pain stimuli.
Superior colliculus receives IC’s input, integrates visual orienting info, and uses the balance topographical map to orient the body to the pain stimuli.
Inferior cerebellar peduncle integrates proprioceptive info and outputs to the vestibulocerebellum. The peduncle is not part of the lateral-spinothalamic-tract-pathway; the medulla receives the info and passes it onto the peduncle from elsewhere (see somatosensory system).
The thalamus is where pain is thought to be brought into perception; it also aids in pain suppression and modulation, acting like a bouncer, allowing certain intensities through to the cerebrum and rejecting others.
The somatosensory cortex decodes nociceptor info to determine the exact location of pain and is where proprioception is brought into consciousness; inferior cerebellar peduncle is all unconscious proprioception.
Insula judges the intensity of the pain and provides the ability to imagine pain.
Cingulate cortex is presumed to be the memory hub for pain.
In non-mammalian animals
Nociception has been documented in non-mammalian animals, including fish and a wide range of invertebrates, including leeches, nematode worms, sea slugs, and fruit flies. As in mammals, nociceptive neurons in these species are typically characterized by responding preferentially to high temperature (40° Celsius or more), low pH, capsaicin, and tissue damage.
History of term
The term "nociception" was coined by Charles Scott Sherrington to distinguish the physiological process (nervous activity) from pain (a subjective experience). It is derived from the Latin verb "nocēre", which means "to harm".
References
Category:Pain
Category:Sensory systems
Category:Acute pain |
Published: Saturday, June 29, 2013 at 7:58 p.m.
Last Modified: Saturday, June 29, 2013 at 7:58 p.m.
Clouds gathered and rain threatened to fall in downtown Wilmington on Saturday afternoon, but the threat of wetness didn’t detract from the bevy of meals being cooked and served from food trucks in the Water Street parking lot.
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“This is a rain-or-shine event,” said Sue Cooley, a Southport resident who’d just sampled a cup of barbecue from the Poor Piggy’s truck. “It should be fine, as long as we don’t melt.”
Hundreds of people packed into the parking lot to sample local fare from six food trucks at Truck-a-ROO, a four-hour rally to support owners of the city’s mobile kitchens, who are seeking changes to city ordinances that would allow them to operate more freely downtown.
Under the current rules, food trucks can visit single locations for seven consecutive days or two consecutive weekends. After that, they can’t return for 45 days.
The city’s planning commission is considering changes that would give food truck owners a more comprehensive and flexible set of guidelines. Members are expected to vote on the matter at a July 10 meeting, making a recommendation to the city council, which will then vote on the proposal.
“The food trucks just wanted a set of rules that were consistent, that they knew how to operate,” said Brett Keeler, one of the event’s organizers. “Truck-a-ROO is the food trucks coming together as one to show solidarity, and try to get support from the public to show the city that it’s something the community wants and is good for the economy.”
Admission to the parking lot was free; once inside, hungry guests could purchase a $10 punch-card ticket, guaranteeing them a small taste from each truck. Selections ranged from lobster bisque with North Carolina shrimp (Catch restaurant’s truck) to barbecued beef brisket sliders with sweet and spicy pickle relish (Patty Wagon), though full meals were also available for purchase.
Food lines quickly swelled, zigzagging across the parking lot as customers vied to taste a dish from both the truck-only kitchens (Patty Wagon and Webo’s Down Home Cooking) as well as the units affiliated with brick-and-mortar restaurants (Catch, Bollywood, Flaming Amy’s Sacred Burrito Bus). The food is part of the lure, chefs said, but the truck itself also draws customers in.
“I think people want to come to Catch, but it’s more of a special-occasion type of place,” said Keith Rhodes, who owns the seafood restaurant with his wife, Angela. “The truck is very cost-effective and it gives you a taste of what you can expect. It’s more casual, and the price is right.”
The mobile aspect also helps, said Debbie Bowden, who attended the event with friends and began her meal at the Catch truck.
“They’re not stuck in one place on one side of town,” she said, “so everyone can try them.”
<p>Clouds gathered and rain threatened to fall in downtown Wilmington on Saturday afternoon, but the threat of wetness didn't detract from the bevy of meals being cooked and served from food trucks in the Water Street parking lot.</p><p>“This is a rain-or-shine event,” said Sue Cooley, a Southport resident who'd just sampled a cup of barbecue from the Poor Piggy's truck. “It should be fine, as long as we don't melt.”</p><p>Hundreds of people packed into the parking lot to sample local fare from six food trucks at Truck-a-ROO, a four-hour rally to support owners of the city's mobile kitchens, who are seeking changes to city ordinances that would allow them to operate more freely downtown. </p><p>Under the current rules, food trucks can visit single locations for seven consecutive days or two consecutive weekends. After that, they can't return for 45 days.</p><p>The city's planning commission is considering changes that would give food truck owners a more comprehensive and flexible set of guidelines. Members are expected to vote on the matter at a July 10 meeting, making a recommendation to the city council, which will then vote on the proposal. </p><p>“The food trucks just wanted a set of rules that were consistent, that they knew how to operate,” said Brett Keeler, one of the event's organizers. “Truck-a-ROO is the food trucks coming together as one to show solidarity, and try to get support from the public to show the city that it's something the community wants and is good for the economy.”</p><p>Admission to the parking lot was free; once inside, hungry guests could purchase a $10 punch-card ticket, guaranteeing them a small taste from each truck. Selections ranged from lobster bisque with North Carolina shrimp (Catch restaurant's truck) to barbecued beef brisket sliders with sweet and spicy pickle relish (Patty Wagon), though full meals were also available for purchase. </p><p>Food lines quickly swelled, zigzagging across the parking lot as customers vied to taste a dish from both the truck-only kitchens (Patty Wagon and Webo's Down Home Cooking) as well as the units affiliated with brick-and-mortar restaurants (Catch, Bollywood, Flaming Amy's Sacred Burrito Bus). The food is part of the lure, chefs said, but the truck itself also draws customers in.</p><p>“I think people want to come to Catch, but it's more of a special-occasion type of place,” said Keith Rhodes, who owns the seafood restaurant with his wife, Angela. “The truck is very cost-effective and it gives you a taste of what you can expect. It's more casual, and the price is right.”</p><p>The mobile aspect also helps, said Debbie Bowden, who attended the event with friends and began her meal at the Catch truck.</p><p>“They're not stuck in one place on one side of town,” she said, “so everyone can try them.”</p><p><i></p><p>Kate Elizabeth Queram: 343-2217</p><p>On <a href="http://www.starnewsonline.com/section/news41"><b>Twitter</b></a>: @kate_goes_bleu</i></p> |
Microbial ecology of the cystic fibrosis lung: does microflora type influence microbial loading?
This study aims to examine the association between the numbers of culturable microbial species forming the microflora of the lung in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and microbial loading (i.e., type[s] versus numbers). Additionally, it examines qualitative combinations of the microflora present in a large adult CF centre (n=138) in order to ascertain ecological relationships between the taxa present. The culturable microflora of sputum from 34 adults patients with CF are enumerated using a spread plate technique on non-selective agar, and the microflora identified phenotypically employing the API 20NE scheme. Microbiological examination of the 34 adult patients demonstrated that their sputum contained between one and three taxa, with a mean cell density of 8.25 +/- 0.85 log colony-forming units (cfu)/g sputum and a range of 5.91-9.74 log cfu/g sputum. Most colonising patterns demonstrated only Gram-negative infection (22/34), followed by a mixed Gram-positive/Gram-negative infection pattern (10/34). Only 2/34 patients had a single Gram-positive infection. Most patients (53%) were colonised by only one organism, with 38% of patients colonised by two organisms, and the remainder (4%) colonised with three organisms. There was no statistical difference (P>0.05) between microbial cell density and the number of taxa present (i.e., the greater number of taxa present in sputum did not produce a higher cell density). However, there was a significantly higher cell density (log 0.59 cfu/g sputum) noted for those patients who had only Gram-negative infection, compared to those who had a mixed Gram-negative/Gram-positive infection pattern (P=0.02). Relatively little is known about the ecological interactions that exist between the microflora in the CF lung. Further work is required to explore these interactions in order to aid understanding of the succession and dominance of Gram-negatives in chronic chest infections. Ultimately, a greater understanding of such interactions may allow the opportunity to manipulate the ecology of the lung to control otherwise problematic pathogens |
Bland embolization in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma using precise, tightly size-calibrated, anti-inflammatory microparticles: first clinical experience and one-year follow-up.
The purpose of this study is to report on the feasibility, local response, and 1-year clinical outcome of bland transarterial embolization (TAE) with 40- and 100-mum Embozene microspheres in patients affected by unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Up to January 2009, 53 patients underwent superselective TAE for a total of 74 lesions. Diagnosis of HCC was based on multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), alpha-fetoprotein, and biopsy. MDCT was performed 24 after treatment and repeated at 1 month, 3 months, and then every 6 months. Local efficacy was defined according to RECIST criteria. Technical success was always achieved. Local results at 1-month, 3- to 6-month, and 6- to 12-month follow-up were 62%, 37%, and 16%, respectively, for stable disease and 35%, 56%, and 51%, respectively, for partial response. Complete response (no evidence of lesion) has been observed only at late follow-up (three lesions; 7%). To date, 20 of 53 patients have had at least 1 year of follow-up, with an overall survival rate of 96%. Hepatic progressive disease (i.e., new nodules) was observed in 14 of 20 patients due to underlying liver disease. Minor complications were observed in four patients. A major complication occurred in one patient, who died unexpectedly 24 h after TAE due to pulmonary embolism of necrotic pathologic tissue and passage of particles through a disrupted hepatic vein. Local results as well as 1-year clinical outcome after TAE with Embozene microspheres are veryly encouraging, however, further studies, a larger patient population, and a longer follow-up are mandatory to assess the real clinical impact. |
Michael Rand started RandBall with hopes that he could convince the world to love jumpsuits as much as he does. So far, he's only succeeded in using the word "redacted" a lot. He welcomes suggestions, news tips, links of pure genius, and pictures of pets in Halloween costumes here, though he already knows he will regret that last part.
What exactly did Wolves pick Zach LaVine say after being drafted?
Timberwolves fans are curious about UCLA’s Zach LaVine, who started one game as a freshman and averaged 9.4 points per game in his only college season. Timberwolves President of Basketball Operations and head coach Flip Saunders called LaVine the best athlete in the draft and said the organization went for a “home run” with a high-upside, high-risk 19-year-old.
Will LaVine pan out as a lottery-level NBA talent? We probably won’t know that for years.
A more pressing question: What exactly did LaVine say moments after hearing his name was called — and what was the context for him saying it? We’ve posted the video above. A ton of folks on Twitter think LaVine dropped an f-bomb and that he was upset about coming here. We’ve watched it over and over, and we’ll call it inconclusive — and even if he said something, we’re not convinced it was in a negative way.
Saunders was asked about it during his press briefing, and while he said he didn’t see the reaction, Saunders said it would surprise him if it was negative based on talking to LaVine’s agent because the player felt he was a good fit in Minnesota and wanted to come here.
That’s where we stand now. We’re supposed to hear from the young man himself a little later on, and we’ll update then. For now, please do keep enjoying the suits.
UPDATE: LaVine was asked about the expletive controversy during his conference call at 9:30 Thursday night, and he seemed to cop to the fact that he might have dropped an f-bomb, but he said it was out of relief and emotion. |
121 N.J. Super. 78 (1972)
296 A.2d 87
SYLVIA YOUNG AND WILHELMINA MAYS, PLAINTIFFS,
v.
EDITH GILBERT, EILEEN GILBERT, JAMES ZIMMERMAN, THOMAS FINLAND, CEDAR TAVERN CORPORATION, A NEW JERSEY CORPORATION, T/A FRONTIER ROOM AND KING PIN ALLEYS, DEFENDANTS.
Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division.
Decided October 26, 1972.
*80 Mr. Leslie S. Kohn and Mr. Emanuel Needle, appeared for plaintiffs (Messrs. Kohn, Kirsch & Needle, attorneys).
Mr. Thomas M. Falkowski, for defendants James Zimmerman and Thomas Finland (Messrs. Gurry and Conlan, attorneys).
Mr. Jerome S. Lieb, for defendant King Pin Alleys (Mr. Donald B. Kaufman, attorney; Messrs. Lieb, Teich & Berlin, of counsel).
MILMED, J.S.C.
Defendant King Pin Alleys, a bowling establishment, cocktail lounge and snack bar, located in West Nyack, New York, served with summons and a copy of the amended complaint by certified mail, return receipt requested, moved to dismiss this personal injury auto negligence action for lack of jurisdiction in personam and for failure of the complaint to state "a cause of action" against it.[1] On the same grounds it also seeks summary judgment dismissing crossclaims against it for indemnity and contribution. Annexed to the notice of motion is the affidavit of Louis Pasternak, vice-president of Ripvan Corporation, a corporation of the State of New York, trading as King Pin *81 Alleys, the gist of which is that the corporation has no business contact or any type of contact with New Jersey and that its sole business is the operation of a bowling alley, restaurant and bar at its only location, i.e., at 20 Virginia Avenue in West Nyack, New York.
By their amended complaint plaintiffs, passengers in an automobile owned and operated by defendant Edith Eileen Gilbert, claim damages from all defendants for injuries sustained by them as a result of a collision between the automobile in which they were riding and an automobile owned by defendant Thomas Finland and operated at the time by defendant James Zimmerman. The collision occurred on Knickerbocker Road in Demarest in Bergen County in this State late on the night of December 12, 1969. In regard to defendants Cedar Tavern Corporation, a New Jersey corporation trading as Frontier Room, and King Pin Alleys, the amended complaint alleges, among other things, that they "were the owners and operators of certain premises engaged in the selling and serving of alcoholic beverages to the public"; that they
* * * negligently served alcoholic beverages to the defendants, James Zimmerman and Thomas Finland causing them to become intoxicated and become involved in * * * [the] motor vehicle collision * * *;
and that they
* * * served alcoholic beverages to the defendants, James Zimmerman and Thomas Finland, in violation of State and local law and are therefore liable to plaintiffs by reason of strict liability in tort.
The depositions of Louis Pasternak and James Zimmerman were taken upon oral examination and used on the motion. It appears that defendant James Zimmerman, 20 years of age at the time of the collision, was driving defendant Finland's car when it was involved in the collision on the night of December 12, 1969. He and defendant Finland, who was 21 years old at the time, had been together continuously that *82 night from about 7 P.M. They both lived in Bergenfield. Starting at defendant Zimmerman's home, each had two cans of beer. They then proceeded to New York, stopping along the way for about 20 to 30 minutes at the Frontier Room, a tavern, in Dumont in Bergen County, and having while there four or five glasses of beer. They then left for New York, arriving at the King Pin Alleys in West Nyack at about 8 o'clock in the evening.
It further appears from the deposition of defendant Zimmerman that King Pin Alleys was well known in the Bergenfield area; that during the course of the evening on December 12, 1969 about 30 people were in the cocktail lounge, about half of them from the Bergenfield area; and that the "approximate age group" of those in the cocktail lounge at the time he was there was "Seventeen through twenty." While he and defendant Finland were at the cocktail lounge of the King Pin Alleys, each consumed between 12 and 14 bottles of beer, each bottle containing 12 ounces of beer. At this cocktail lounge they also engaged in a "chug-a-lug" contest, which involved attempting to consume the contents of a bottle of beer by one uninterrupted long drink. Neither had anything to eat at the Frontier Room or at King Pin Alleys, and neither of them was refused service by either of the two bartenders on duty at the cocktail lounge of King Pin Alleys.
At about 11:30 that night when they left King Pin Alleys to go home to Bergenfield, each was intoxicated. Defendant Finland drove the car for about ten minutes to Knickerbocker Road, in Norwood in Bergen County, when he said he was too intoxicated to drive and turned the car over to defendant Zimmerman. After taking over the driving of the car, Zimmerman drove south from Norwood into Demarest, where the accident occurred. He drove "in excess of a hundred, to a hundred and twenty miles an hour" on Knickerbocker Road, a two-lane roadway, one lane for traffic in each direction, the posted speed limit being 40 miles an hour. He drove the car back and forth from one lane *83 to the other and "made a three car pass just prior to the accident and almost had a head-on collision" with a car going in the opposite direction. He approached the intersection where the collision occurred traveling at 100 miles an hour.
As previously indicated, defendant King Pin Alleys contends that the court has no in personam jurisdiction over it since it is a New York corporation and has no business contacts with New Jersey. Mr. Pasternak, vice-president of Ripvan Corporation trading as King Pin Alleys, resides in Fair Lawn in Bergen County in this State. He testified that King Pin Alleys has only one business location and that is at 20 Virginia Avenue in West Nyack, New York, and that he is the accountant for the business and also manages its day-to-day operations. Alcoholic beverages are served on the premises to anyone over 18 years of age. Some of the supplies for the bar are purchased from an establishment in Fort Lee in Bergen County. Life insurance coverage for the employees and officers of the corporation is provided by an insurance company in Newark. King Pin Alleys does no advertising for business in New Jersey. Pasternak's residence in Fair Lawn is 22 miles from the King Pin Alleys in West Nyack, which is five to seven miles from the New Jersey State line. He has observed New Jersey cars parked in the parking lot of King Pin Alleys. He maintains, however, that the number was small since their business is dependent on local trade.
So much for the factual setting of the motion now before the court. At the outset, in dealing with the legal sufficiency of the amended complaint, plaintiffs are "entitled to a liberal interpretation of its contents and to the benefits of all of its allegations and the most favorable inferences which may reasonably be drawn from them." Rappaport v. Nichols, 31 N.J. 188, 193 (1959). Applying this well settled principle to the allegations of the amended complaint in this action, it is clear that this pleading, as against the *84 defendant King Pin Alleys, sets forth, under the substantive law of this State, a common law action grounded on negligence. Id.
As previously indicated, the amended complaint alleges, among other things, that defendant King Pin Alleys owned and operated premises engaged in selling and serving alcoholic beverages to the public and that it negligently served alcoholic beverages to the defendants Zimmerman and Finland, causing them to become intoxicated and involved in the motor vehicle collision which is the subject of this litigation. Accordingly, the amended complaint as against King Pin Alleys sets forth a claim upon which relief can be granted. It follows that if this defendant is amenable to suit in this State, the determination of that claim must await a plenary trial. See Judson v. Peoples Bank & Trust Co. of Westfield, 17 N.J. 67, 74 (1954).
Both in New Jersey and in New York the sale of alcoholic beverages by a tavern keeper to a person "actually or apparently" intoxicated is unlawful. See Rule 1 of State Regulation No. 20, Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control; Division of Alcoholic Beverage Control in the Department of Law and Public Safety v. Bruce Zane, Inc., 99 N.J. Super. 196, 198 (App. Div. 1968); and Alcoholic Beverage Control Law (New York), § 65(2), 3 McKinney's Consolidated Laws of New York Annotated, c. 3-B, Alcoholic Beverage Control Law, § 65(2) at 89. In this State, if the tavern keeper knows, or should know, that the patron is intoxicated, his service to him of alcoholic beverages may also constitute common law negligence. In such a situation the unreasonable risk of harm, not only to the intoxicated person "but also to members of the traveling public may readily be recognized and foreseen; this is particularly evident in current times when traveling by car to and from the tavern is so commonplace and accidents resulting from drinking are so frequent." Rappaport v. Nichols, supra, 31 N.J. at 202. While under these circumstances liability for damages is, in this State, grounded in common law negligence, liability for *85 damages in New York proceeds from its version of the "Dram Shop Act," General Obligations Law, § 11-101, 23A McKinney's Consolidated Laws of New York Annotated, c. 24-A, General Obligations Law, § 11-101 at 538. Paragraph 1 of that statute reads as follows:
Any person who shall be injured in person, property, means of support, or otherwise by any intoxicated person, or by reason of the intoxication of any person, whether resulting in his death or not, shall have a right of action against any person who shall, by unlawful selling to or unlawfully assisting in procuring liquor for such intoxicated person, have caused or contributed to such intoxication; and in any such action such person shall have a right to recover actual and exemplary damages.
And see, Mitchell v. Shoals, Inc., 19 N.Y.2d 338, 280 N.Y.S.2d 113, 227 N.E.2d 21 (Ct. App. 1967).
Our applicable long-arm rule, R. 4:4-4(c)(1), authorizes substituted service of process on a foreign corporation, where service cannot be made in one of the other ways set forth in that rule, "consistent with due process of law, * * * by mailing, by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, a copy of the summons and complaint to a registered agent for service, or to its principal place of business, or to its registered office." The purpose of the rule is "to vest our courts with jurisdiction over foreign corporations to the outer limits permitted by due process." Schaffer v. Granit Hotel Inc., 110 N.J. Super. 1, 3-4 (App. Div. 1970); Amercoat Corp. v. Reagent Chem. & Research, Inc., 108 N.J. Super. 331, 336 (App. Div. 1970); Roland v. Modell's Shoppers World of Bergen County, 92 N.J. Super. 1, 7 (App. Div. 1966). And see, Avdel Corporation v. Mecure, 58 N.J. 264, 268 (1971).
In International Shoe Co. v. State of Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 66 S.Ct. 154, 90 L.Ed. 95 (1945), the Supreme Court of the United States held that:
* * * due process requires only that in order to subject a defendant to a judgment in personam, if he be not present within the territory of the forum, he have certain minimum contacts with it *86 such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend "traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice." [326 U.S. at 316, 66 S.Ct. at 158, 90 L.Ed. at 102]
See also, McGee v. International Life Ins. Co., 355 U.S. 220, 78 S.Ct. 199, 2 L.Ed.2d 223 (1957); Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 78 S.Ct. 1228, 2 L.Ed.2d 1283 (1958), and J.W. Sparks & Co. v. Gallos, 47 N.J. 295 (1966). As noted in Schaffer v. Granit Hotel Inc., supra.
Those demands of due process may be met by such contacts of the corporation with the State or the forum as make it reasonable to require the corporation to defend the particular suit which is brought here. Amercoat Corp., supra, [108 N.J. Super.] at 340; Corporate Development Specialists, Inc., supra [Corporate Development Specialists, Inc. v. Warren-Teed Pharmaceuticals, Inc.], 102 N.J. Super. [143] at 148. There is a steady trend toward expanding the permissible scope of state jurisdiction over foreign corporations and other non-residents. Id., at 149. The application of the rule to each case depends upon the facts in that particular case. Roland, supra [92 N.J. Super.], at 6. [110 N.J. Super. at 4]
The question remains whether King Pin Alleys had such "minimum contacts" within this State "that the maintenance of the suit does not offend `traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.'" In light of the total factual setting presently before the court on this motion, I am satisfied that it unquestionably did. This despite the fact that its sole substantial contact with New Jersey was the sale by it, at its cocktail lounge in New York, of alcoholic beverages to a defendant resident of this State who became intoxicated at the cocktail lounge and, while driving home in this State, became involved in the auto collision which is the subject of the suit.
In the present case King Pin Alleys' sole business location is in West Nyack, New York. It does purchase some of its supplies from an establishment in this State and also maintains life insurance coverage for its employees and officers through an insurance company in this State. While such "contacts" in themselves may be insufficient for New Jersey *87 to exercise jurisdiction in respect of the nonrelated cause of action, based upon long-arm service, in this case (see "Developments in the Law State-Court Jurisdiction," 73 Harv. L. Rev. 909, 926 (1960), 1 Restatement, Conflict of Laws 2d [1971], § 49 at 178, and Corporate Development Specialists, Inc. v. Warren-Teed Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 102 N.J. Super. 143, 151-152 [App. Div. 1968], certif. den. 52 N.J. 535 [1968]), there do exist compelling reasons for holding this defendant King Pin Alleys, amenable to suit here on the claim set forth against it in the amended complaint.
There clearly is no special inconvenience to this defendant, since New Jersey and New York are contiguous, King Pin Alleys' single business location being no more than seven miles from the New Jersey State line. Its management had on occasion observed New Jersey cars parked in its parking lot, but maintains that the business is dependent on local trade. On the other hand, the difference in the minimum age requirements for service of alcoholic beverages in New York and New Jersey has long been a matter of common knowledge, sales being prohibited to minors under 18 in New York and under 21 in New Jersey. See Alcoholic Beverage Control Law (New York), § 65(1), and N.J.S.A. 33:1-77. In this context should be noted the observations of defendant Zimmerman that on the night of the accident there were about 30 people in the cocktail lounge, that their approximate age group was "Seventeen through twenty," and that about half of them were from the Bergenfield, New Jersey, area. Plaintiffs are, on the motion now before the court, "entitled to the benefit of every favorable inference of fact." Di Christofaro v. Laurel Grove Memorial Park, 43 N.J. Super. 244, 252 (App. Div. 1957); and see, Independent Dairy Workers Union of Hightstown v. Milk Drivers and Dairy Employees Local No. 680, 23 N.J. 85, 89 (1956). Assuming, therefore, as the amended complaint alleges, that King Pin Alleys unlawfully and negligently sold alcoholic beverages to Zimmerman causing his intoxication, which in turn caused or contributed to his negligent operation of Finland's car *88 which he was driving at the time of the accident, a jury could reasonably find not only that plaintiffs' injuries resulted in the ordinary course of events from Zimmerman's negligence and that such negligence was a substantial factor in bringing about such injuries, but additionally, that Zimmerman's negligent operation of the car while driving home after leaving King Pin Alleys in an intoxicated state was an event which King Pin Alleys, under all of the circumstances, could reasonably have foreseen. See, Rappaport v. Nichols, supra, 31 N.J. at 204. The dangerous effects of Zimmerman's driving while intoxicated, which actually occurred on a two-lane roadway in New Jersey while he was on his way home from the drinking spree in the King Pin Alleys' cocktail lounge, could easily have been anticipated. Accordingly, regardless of any other relationship of defendant King Pin Alleys to this State, I am convinced that permitting plaintiffs to maintain this suit against this defendant in this court does not offend "traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice." This holding finds direct support in the Official Draft of Restatement, Conflict of Laws, 2d. Cf. Roche v. Floral Rental Corp. et al., 95 N.J. Super. 555 (App. Div. 1967), aff'd o.b. 51 N.J. 26 (1968).
1 Restatement, Conflict of Laws 2d (1971), § 50 at 178-179, states:
Foreign Corporations Causing Effects in State by Act Done Elsewhere
A state has power to exercise judicial jurisdiction over a foreign corporation which causes effects in the state by an act done elsewhere with respect to any cause of action arising from these effects unless the nature of these effects and of the corporation's relationship to the state makes the exercise of such jurisdiction unreasonable.
This rule is the same as that applicable to individuals as stated in § 37 Ibid. at 156. In the discussion of the rationale of the rule, following § 37, it is pointed out that "A state has a natural interest in the effects of an act within its territory even though the act itself was done elsewhere." Specifically in regard to situations in which "the act, although *89 not done with the intention of causing effects in the state, could reasonably have been expected to do so," the discussion points out, among other things, that
* * * Another factor of significance is the nature and quality of the effects which occur in the state. The state may exercise judicial jurisdiction over the defendant if the effects which could have been anticipated and which actually occurred are of a sort highly dangerous to persons or things. This is so even though the defendant has no other relationship to the state. [at 158]
See also, Comment, "Conflict of Laws Tavern Owner Liability-Extraterritorial Effects," 14 Rutgers L. Rev. 618 (1960).
An order denying the motion will be entered.
NOTES
[1] Following the filing of an answer and the notice of motion to dismiss on behalf of the defendant King Pin Alleys it appears, from a return of service filed in the action, that another summons, addressed to King Pin Alley c/o Louis Pasternak, V.P. at his residence in Fair Lawn, New Jersey, together with an additional copy of the amended complaint, was hand-delivered to this officer of the corporation at the Bergen County Sheriff's office.
|
986 F.2d 503
NOTICE: Eighth Circuit Rule 28A(k) governs citation of unpublished opinions and provides that they are not precedent and generally should not be cited unless relevant to establishing the doctrines of res judicata, collateral estoppel, the law of the case, or if the opinion has persuasive value on a material issue and no published opinion would serve as well.James P. MITCHELL, Diversified Financial Services, Inc., Appellants,v.AMERICAN MEDICAL SECURITY, INC., Appellee.
No. 92-2767.
United States Court of Appeals,Eighth Circuit.
Submitted: February 18, 1993.Filed: February 25, 1993.
Before FAGG, Circuit Judge, HEANEY, Senior Circuit Judge, and BEAM, Circuit Judge.
PER CURIAM.
1
James Mitchell and his wholly-owned company, Diversified Financial Services, Inc. (Mitchell) bring this action against American Medical Security, Inc. (AMS), a firm with which Mitchell had an insurance agency contract. AMS concentrates on marketing health insurance and also acts as a reinsurer and plan administrator.
2
Mitchell claims that AMS breached a fiduciary duty owed him, interfered with contractual relationships and intentionally inflicted emotional distress. These claims arise out of business dealings by Mitchell with the Iowa State Association of Beverage Retail Establishments and with Contract Services, Inc.
3
After hearing, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of AMS. We agree with this result. The well reasoned opinion of the district court properly considers all factual and legal issues raised by Mitchell. Accordingly, we affirm. See 8th Cir. R. 47B.
|
“We have new ownership, and [Ted Leonsis’] mandate was to break it down and rebuild the team and do it through the draft,” Wizards general manger Ernie Grunfeld said. (J.M. Eddins Jr./The Washington Times) more >
To a passionate fan base in a basketball town, it seems like it has been a long time since the Washington Wizards were in the playoffs. Actually, it’s only been three seasons.
General manager Ernie Grunfeld may not be quite ready to predict a playoff run this year, but he wants fans to know that the team is improving. Better times for the new-look Wizards are on the way.
“Obviously, we had a game plan, and our game plan was to build a young, exciting team and do it through the draft, and we made a lot of changes,” Grunfeld said. “We were in the playoffs four years in a row, and the last two or three years haven’t gone the way we’d like it to.
“We have new ownership, and our new owner’s mandate was to break it down and rebuild the team and do it through the draft.”
In a Newsmaker interview Wednesday with editors and reporters at The Washington Times, Grunfeld shared his thoughts on the state of the NBA, the future of the team, and the growth of his players.
“We made the playoffs four years in a row,” Grunfeld said. “We were selling out, crowds were great, very supportive. We want to get back to that, so that’s our game plan and the long-term vision that [owner] Ted Leonsis has put in place for us and we’re trying to carry it out.”
The Wizards were a playoff team from 2005 through 2008, but injuries, trades and what Grunfeld refers to as the “locker room incident” involving Gilbert Arenas signaled the start of a rebuilding process. In the next three seasons, the Wizards won 19, 26, and 23 games. But the rebuilding process got the best of all possible starts when the Wizards selected point guard John Wall from Kentucky with the first overall pick last year.
“[Last season] was his first year, and he had a terrific year. He should have been rookie of the year,” Grunfeld said. “[The Clippers’] Blake Griffin, it was really his second year, but he didn’t play because of injury the first year, but John had an outstanding year.”
In addition to his talent and speed, Wall has shown exceptional maturity and leadership, qualities the Wizards need to see in a few more players, particularly Andray Blatche.
“Last year [Blatche] had a very good summer, then he broke his foot, and he missed 3 1/2 months,” Grunfeld said. “So he came in behind as far as conditioning, as far as being in shape. Then he kept getting hurt. We saw flashes of the things he can do, especially at the end of the year, the last 10-12 games he came back when he was healthy, but we expect to see improvement form Andray. He had a good summer, he’s matured, and I think he understands that we need him. He knows how he can play and now he has to do it on a consistent basis for the whole season.”
But any good team needs a mix of young players and veterans, and the Wizards just added two vets in Roger Mason Jr. and Ronny Turiaf. Mason played for the Wizards from 2006 to 2008, and spent time with the San Antonio Spurs and New York Knicks. Turiaf has played for the Knicks, Los Angeles Lakers and Golden State Warriors.
“I think [the roster] is coming around. We wanted to get veterans like that,” Grunfeld said. “We’ve had Roger Mason here before. He’s a good player, and we know what kind of influence he can have in the locker room. We wanted that kind of calming voice, and someone who’s been there before. Turiaf also brings a leadership and some toughness and that experience. We also have Rashard Lewis, so we have three veteran guys who have been in playoff situations before and have been around and we expect them to provide leadership for our younger players.”
The Wizards will open the preseason Friday against the Philadelphia 76ers, and several players have said they will be glad to get the two-a-day training camp sessions behind them and play against someone other than their teammates. But the final roster still has one huge question mark — the status of free agent shooting guard Nick Young.
“We’re talking to him and his representatives, and hopefully we can work something out,” Grunfeld said. “Right now, he’s out there doing what free agents do, exploring the marketplace.”
“He’s falling behind by not being here,” Grunfeld said. “He’s missing training camp and everything is so condensed anyway because of the lockout that he’s missing valuable time. But we know what Nick can do and if possible, we’d like to have him back.”
Grunfeld and coach Flip Saunders have one year left on their contracts, but Grunfeld said it’s not something he concerns himself with. Grunfeld would like another season to watch the development of the team’s young players before jumping into the high-priced free agent market, which the team may do next season.
“It depends on who is available. If it’s the right fit for us, down the road, at least we’ve put ourselves in a position where we can look at it,” Grunfeld said. “If we choose to make a run for somebody, we’re in a position from a salary cap standpoint where we can do that.”
Calling himself a “a competitive guy” Grunfeld played in the NBA between 1977 and 1986 for the Knicks, Milwaukee Bucks and Kansas City Kings. He knows that rebuilding is an adjustment period, but he’d rather win now than later.
“We don’t know how long it’s going to be, but we want to see improvement right away,” Grunfeld. “We want to be better this year than we were last year.” |
Q:
Cassandra: Is partition key also used in clustering?
Let's say I have a primary key like this: primary key (PK, CK).
Based on what I read (see refs), I think I can loosely describe the way Cassandra uses PK and CK as follows - PK will be used to decide which node(s) the data should go to and CK will be used for clustering (aka ordering) of data within that node.
Then, it seems PK is not used in clustering data within the node and that sounds wrong. What if I have a simple primary with with just PK? Will Cassandra only distribute data across nodes and not order data within each node since there is no clustering column?
refs:
https://docs.datastax.com/en/cql/3.1/cql/ddl/ddl_compound_keys_c.html
Difference between partition key, composite key and clustering key in Cassandra?
A:
Then, it seems PK is not used in clustering data within the node and
that sounds wrong. What if I have a simple primary with with just PK?
Will Cassandra only distribute data across nodes and not order data
within each node since there is no clustering column?
Good question. Let's try this out. I'll create a simple table and INSERT some data:
aploetz@cqlsh:stackoverflow> CREATE TABLE programs
(name text PRIMARY KEY, data text);
aploetz@cqlsh:stackoverflow> INSERT INTO programs (name) VALUES ('Tron');
aploetz@cqlsh:stackoverflow> INSERT INTO programs (name) VALUES ('Yori');
aploetz@cqlsh:stackoverflow> INSERT INTO programs (name) VALUES ('Quorra');
aploetz@cqlsh:stackoverflow> INSERT INTO programs (name) VALUES ('Clu');
aploetz@cqlsh:stackoverflow> INSERT INTO programs (name) VALUES ('Flynn');
aploetz@cqlsh:stackoverflow> INSERT INTO programs (name) VALUES ('Zuze');
Now, let's run a query that should answer your question:
aploetz@cqlsh:stackoverflow> SELECT name, token(name) FROM programs;
name | system.token(name)
--------+----------------------
Flynn | -1059892732813900311
Zuze | 1815531347795840810
Yori | 2854211700591734382
Quorra | 3079126743186967718
Tron | 6359222509420865788
Clu | 8304850648940574176
(6 rows)
As you can see, they are definitely not in order by name, which is the partition key and lone PRIMARY KEY. But, my query runs the token() function on name, which shows the hashed value of the partition key (name in this case). The results are ordered by that.
So to answer your question, Cassandra orders its partitions by the hashed value of the partition key. Note that this order is maintained throughout the cluster, not just on a single node. Therefore, results for an unbound query (not recommended to be run in a multi-node configuration) will be ordered by the hashed value of the partition key, regardless of the number of nodes in the cluster.
|
Overview: the sex of the therapist.
Research studies about the relevance of therapist gender to assessment, duration of treatment, and satisfaction with treatment or its outcome provide no clear, replicable results salient to decision making. Psychoanalytic and other clinical writings deal with the impact of clinician gender on the course or outcome of psychotherapy. Effects appear to depend on many factors, including the type and goal of psychotherapy, the patient's developmental level, the early relationship with parents, and the nature of object relationships and specific conflictual areas, as well as the therapist' sensitivity and value system regarding gender issues. No specific conclusions as to optimal patient-therapist matches on the basis of therapist sex appear warranted. |
Eoghan Ó hEidhin
Eoghan Ó hEidhin (died 1340) was King of Uí Fiachrach Aidhne.
Eoghan is the last person named as ruler of all Uí Fiachrach Aidhne in the annals. The previous person so named was Owen Ó hEidhin who died in 1253. The Irish annals list two possible rulers in the interim:
1263. Mael Fabhill Ó hEidhin was slain by the English.
1326. Nicholas Ó hEidhin died.
However, neither is specifically stated as being king.
According to the annals, "Eoghan ... was slain by his own kinsmen." No further details are given. His family would remain rulers of the sub-district of Coill Ua bhFhiachrach till displaced in the 1650s by the Cromwellian administration. However, as late as 1840 there was a recognised head of the family, living near Kinvara.
See also
Pat Hynes, Galway County Councillor and Mayor of County Galway 2005–2006.
References
Irish Kings and High-Kings, Francis John Byrne (2001), Dublin: Four Courts Press,
CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
Category:People from County Galway
Category:1340 deaths
Category:14th-century Irish monarchs
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:Gaels |
Hydraulically coupled microejection technique for precise local solution delivery in tissues.
Hydraulically coupled volume microejection (HCVM) was employed to overcome known drawbacks of conventional pressure ejection of drugs in isolated brain slices and other tissues. For HCVM, a solution-filled glass micropipette is connected to a motor-driven, liquid-filled syringe by low-compliance, liquid-filled tubing, and the system is sealed leaving no gaps or air bubbles. The volume ejected from the micropipette is the same as the volume displaced by movement of the syringe plunger (it is not much influenced by the diameter of the micropipette tip or its clogging by tissue debris), so the ejection rate and duration can be precisely controlled. The HCVM performance was characterized by fluorescent imaging of ejected dyes, its combination with infrared/differential interference contrast (IR/DIC) imaging in brain slices, and by concurrent patch-clamp recording of ejected drug effects in individual neurons. Ejection of varied volumes into a brain slice (1.6-400 nl) formed a globular shape that transiently displaced the tissue adjacent to the micropipette tip. The radial penetration of the ejected dye correlated well with the electrophysiological responses to a concurrently ejected drug, at least for brief (100-200 ms) intervals after the ejection. The penetration distance could be increased by increasing either the ejection volume, or the ejection rate, or both. However, at higher ejection volumes (100-400 nl), a notable fraction of the ejectate was "pushed" out of the slice by tissue resiliency, and escaped to the outside by a back-flow along the ejection pipette. The use of HCVM enabled us to achieve a concentration rise time (10-90%) on the order of 20-40 ms. These and other measurements demonstrated principal capabilities and limitations of HCVM and provided guidance for its practical use, including some potentially unique applications. |
Robin Wright Recounts Her Fight for Equal Pay on Netflix’s House of Cards
"You better pay me."
It seems that not even being the co-lead on a popular show on which you are at times a more popular character with fans is enough to earn you equal pay to a man if you’re a woman. House of Cards‘ Robin Wright, who plays the intriguing Claire Underwood, recently spoke out about her fight for equal pay.
According to The Huffington Post, Wright spoke at an event for the Rockerfeller Foundation last night, and she talked about why she loves the show so much, as well as the story of how she went full Underwood and convinced Netflix to pay her more:
It was the perfect paradigm. There are very few films or TV shows where the male, the patriarch, and the matriarch are equal. And they are in House of Cards.
I was looking at the statistics and Claire Underwood’s character was more popular than [Frank’s] for a period of time. So I capitalized on it. I was like, “You better pay me or I’m going to go public.” And they did.
And then…she went public anyway. Thing is, this stuff is important to talk about. It’s more difficult for injustice to exist in the light of day, so I’m grateful for all the women in Hollywood who’ve stepped forward to talk about how they’re treated.
Wright also talked about the time during which her career suffered a bit while she was raising her children, which highlights another way in which sexism plays into the gender wage gap:
Because I wasn’t working full time, I wasn’t building my salary bracket. If you don’t build that … with notoriety and presence, you’re not in the game anymore. You become a B-list actor. You’re not box office material. You don’t hold the value you would have held if you had done four movies a year like Nicole Kidman and Cate Blanchett did during the time I was raising my kids.
Here’s hoping that Hollywood — hell, here’s hoping the world — gets it together on gender real soon. If privileged, white actresses still have to deal with this, what hope is there for the rest of us? |
List of abbreviations {#nomen0010}
=====================
8-iso-PGF2α
: 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α
AP-1
: activator protein 1
ApoE
: apolipoprotein E
ATF6
: activating transcription factor 6
BAT
: brown adipose tissue
cOC
: carboxylated OC
CVD
: cardiovascular disease
CXCR2
: the chemokine C-X-C motif receptor 2
eNOS
: endothelial nitric oxide synthase
ER
: endoplasmic reticulum
ERK1/2
: extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2
FAs
: fatty acids
GLP-1
: glucagon-like peptide-1
Glu
: glutamine
GPRC6A
: the G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 member A
GPx-1
: glutathione peroxidase 1
GSH
: glutathione
GSSG
: glutathione disulfide
HAECs
: human aortic endothelial cells
HASMCs
: human aortic smooth muscle cells
HFD
: high-fat diet
HPASMCs
: human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells
hs-CRP
: high sensitivity C-reactive protein
HUVECs
: human umbilical vein endothelial cells
IKK
: the IκB kinase
IL-6
: interleukin-6
IRE-1
: inositol-requiring kinase 1
JNK
: c-Jun N-terminal kinase
KDa
: kilo-Dalton
LCN2
: lipocalin 2
LDL
: low-density lipoprotein
LOX-1
: lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1
LPS
: lipopolysaccharides
LRPs
: LDL receptor related proteins
MC4R
: melanocortin-4 receptor
MCP-1
: monocyte chemoattractant 1
MDA
: malondialdehyde
NASH
: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis
NF-κB
: the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NGAL
: neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin
NLRP3
: nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor protein 3
NO
: nitric oxide
Nrf2
: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
OC
: osteocalcin
PERK
: the double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase-like ER kinase
SOD
: superoxide dismutase
SRA-1
: scavenger receptor A-1
T2D
: type 2 diabetes
TNF-α
: tumor necrosis factor-alpha
ucOC
: undercarboxylated OC
WAT
: white adipose tissue
1. Introduction {#sec1}
===============
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and two of the most prevailing cardiometabolic disorders in Western society and are closely linked in terms of pathophysiology \[[@bib1]\]. The risk of developing CVD in individuals with T2D is two-fold higher, and CVD is the major cause of mortality in individuals with T2D \[[@bib2]\]. Furthermore, a cluster of risk factors, including inflammation, obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance appears to be unifying causal factors in both diseases \[[@bib3]\]. Therefore, a greater understanding of pathophysiological commonalities in T2D and CVD is critical for developing new precautionary measures and treatments to simultaneously combat these diseases.
Both T2D and CVD are closely linked with bone diseases such as bone fragility and osteoporosis \[[@bib4],[@bib5]\]. The traditional notion that bone is an inert organ primarily responsible for body protection and locomotion led to assumptions that these symptoms in bone are merely outcomes of T2D and CVD. However, in the last decade, an increasing amount of evidence has proposed that bone as an endocrine organ that influences various organs and tissues via the secretion of multiple bone-derived hormones \[[@bib6]\]. These endocrinal functions are, for example, glucose homeostasis \[[@bib7]\], appetite control \[[@bib8]\], fat deposition \[[@bib9]\], skeletal muscle adaptation \[[@bib10]\], male fertility \[[@bib11]\], and cognition \[[@bib12]\]. Many comprehensive studies have shown that three of these hormones---osteocalcin (OC), lipocalin 2 (LCN2), and sclerostin---are the most closely linked to energy metabolism and cardiovascular health \[[@bib7], [@bib8], [@bib9],[@bib13], [@bib14], [@bib15]\]. This brand-new concept regarding bone functions raises a possibility for dynamic crosstalk between bone and metabolic tissues/vasculature during the development of T2D and CVD. In this review, we will examine the evidence for the roles of OC, LCN2, and sclerostin in metabolic and cardiovascular events. One focus is on novel assessment of potential roles and mechanisms of each hormone in the modulation of chronic inflammation.
2. Chronic inflammation during the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease {#sec2}
============================================================================================
Increasing evidence has suggested that chronic inflammation is a common underlying factor shared by T2D and CVD pathologies \[[@bib16],[@bib17]\]. Compared with acute inflammation, induced by infections or autoimmune reactions, the dimensions of the chronic inflammatory state are moderate \[[@bib18]\]. As such, the state is often referred to as "low-grade chronic inflammation" or "metabolic inflammation" \[[@bib3]\]. Although the exact underlying mechanisms have not been fully elucidated, chronic inflammation is believed to play critical roles in various stages of T2D and CVD development. Inflammatory reactions are often generated by nutrition-excess-induced obesity, which is largely attributed to a Western-style diet. In such circumstances, adipocyte hypertrophy facilitates cell rupture \[[@bib19]\], endoplasmic reticulum (ER) \[[@bib20]\], and oxidative stress \[[@bib21]\]. These conditions lead to the enhanced expression of inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, and monocyte chemoattractant 1 (MCP-1) via activation of various inflammatory pathways, such as the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways \[[@bib3]\]. Cell apoptosis and pro-inflammatory factor production in adipocytes subsequently attract and activate tissue-resident macrophages. These activated macrophages are the main source of inflammatory mediators that leads to exacerbations in inflammatory responses and essential for insulin resistance in adipose tissue \[[@bib22]\]. As a consequence, enhanced levels of circulation based free fatty acids (FAs), glucose, and pro-inflammatory factors induce fat accumulation and macrophage infiltration in other organs or tissues, including the liver \[[@bib23]\], skeletal muscle \[[@bib24]\], and arterial walls \[[@bib25]\]. These events promote systemic inflammatory responses, which in combination with other metabolic abnormalities such as hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia ultimately lead to T2D and CVD development \[[@bib26]\].
OC, LCN2, and sclerostin have been linked with inflammatory activities in pathological conditions such as bacterial infection and rheumatoid arthritis \[[@bib27], [@bib28], [@bib29]\], before the identification of their endocrinal functions. More recent findings related to the regulations in cardiometabolic health by these bone-derived hormones have attracted considerable interest in characterizing their roles in the regulation of chronic inflammation during T2D and CVD. Evidence shows that their effects on inflammation are as follows: regulate inflammatory reactions in metabolic and cardiovascular tissues, and modulate the activity and behaviors of immune cells such as monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils.
2.1. Osteocalcin overview {#sec2.1}
-------------------------
OC is a major non-collagenous protein in bone, predominantly produced by osteoblasts \[[@bib30]\]. Human OC is a 5.7 kilo-Dalton (KDa) peptide containing 49 amino acids (mouse OC has 46 amino acids). During post-translational modifications, OC can be carbonylated at its 17th, 21st, and 24th glutamine (Glu) residues into carboxylated OC (cOC) \[[@bib31]\]. In bone, there remains a small proportion of OC with one or more uncarboxylated Glu residues (termed undercarboxylated OC \[ucOC\]), and in the general circulation where the percentage of ucOC is much higher (40%--60%) with physiological serum levels normally below 30 ng/mL (in mice \< 50 ng/mL) \[[@bib32],[@bib33]\]. Although the paracrinal functions of OC in bone have not been fully elucidated, it has been shown that OC suppresses bone formation and mineralization, without impairing bone resorption \[[@bib34],[@bib35]\]. Many studies have demonstrated that OC functions as a bone-derived hormone involved in multiple biological processes, including energy metabolism \[[@bib7]\], cardiovascular health \[[@bib36]\], male fertility \[[@bib11]\], cognition \[[@bib12]\], and stress response \[[@bib37]\]. These physiological functions have been recognized to be primarily regulated by ucOC \[[@bib31]\], although some studies have suggested that cOC may also be biologically active \[[@bib38],[@bib39]\].
2.2. Beneficial roles of osteocalcin in energy metabolism and metabolic disorders {#sec2.2}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A considerable amount of evidence in mice supports that ucOC improves glucose homeostasis and energy balance ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}) \[[@bib31],[@bib32]\]. In 2007, Lee et al. showed that an OC deficiency in mice led to adipocyte hypertrophy, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and high circulatory triglyceride levels \[[@bib7]\]. By contrast, in the "gain-of-function" mouse model, which had higher ucOC levels, mice exhibited hypoglycemic phenotypes \[[@bib7]\]. Moreover, mice deficient in the G protein-coupled receptor family C group 6 member A (GPRC6A), the putative receptor for ucOC, exhibited metabolic syndrome similar to that reported for OC^−/-^ mice \[[@bib40]\]. This milestone paper not only proved that OC plays an important role in energy and glucose homeostasis but also---for the first time---showed that a hormone produced by bone regulates physiological processes not directly linked with bone maintenance. While two recent studies showed no metabolic abnormalities in mice with osteocalcin deficiency (Diegel et.al 2020 Plos Genetics & Moriishi et.al 2020 Plos Genetics), these discrepancies could be attributed to differences in genetic modification methods, mouse genetic backgrounds or housing environments \[[@bib164],[@bib165]\]. Nonetheless, strong evidence suggested that ucOC exerted its metabolic effects by targeting multiple tissues essential for glucose and lipid metabolism. In the pancreas, ucOC has been reported to directly increase cell proliferation, *Ins* expression, and insulin secretion in β-cells \[[@bib41],[@bib42]\]. ucOC may also enhance insulin secretion in the pancreas by increasing the production of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) from the intestines \[[@bib43]\]. In major insulin target tissues, such as white adipose tissue (WAT), liver, and skeletal muscle, ucOC directly enhances glucose and FA uptake \[[@bib10],[@bib39],[@bib44]\], insulin sensitivity \[[@bib45], [@bib46], [@bib47]\], nutrient utilization \[[@bib10],[@bib39]\], and mitochondrial capacity \[[@bib10],[@bib41],[@bib48]\] and reduces glycogen and lipid synthesis \[[@bib10],[@bib49]\].Figure 1**Roles of osteocalcin in cardiometabolic regulation and disease**. [Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"} incorporates findings from animal models and humans. The majority of OC, including its active form ucOC, is produced by osteoblasts \[[@bib30]\]. During CVD, cardiovascular tissues also express OC to a much lesser extent, probably as an osteogenic marker \[[@bib59],[@bib60]\]. The literature suggests that ucOC benefits energy metabolism and cardiovascular health in physiological states. First, ucOC promotes β-cell proliferation and insulin production in pancreas \[[@bib42],[@bib46]\]. ucOC also indirectly favors insulin production via enhancing GLP-1 secretion from intestine \[[@bib43]\]. Furthermore, in insulin target tissues such as WAT, liver, and muscle, ucOC suppresses adipocyte size \[[@bib46]\], increases glucose and FA uptake \[[@bib10],[@bib44]\], enhances insulin sensitivity \[[@bib45]\], and promotes nutrient utilization and mitochondrial capacity \[[@bib10]\]. ucOC also reduces lipid synthesis in liver and glycogen production in muscle \[[@bib10],[@bib49]\]. ucOC also enhances cell proliferation in HAECs and HASMCs \[[@bib61]\]. During T2D and CVD, ucOC levels are decreased \[[@bib50], [@bib51], [@bib52]\]. In insulin target tissues, the administration of ucOC suppresses excessive fat deposition, ameliorates insulin resistance, and restores impaired mitochondrial capacity \[[@bib47],[@bib86]\]. The administration of ucOC has also been demonstrated to exert rescuing effects on vasculature during CVD. ucOC has been demonstrated to reduce atherosclerotic plaque formation and arterial stiffness \[[@bib14],[@bib58]\]. In various types of vascular cells, ucOC enhances cell survival and expression of eNOS and NO \[[@bib14],[@bib62],[@bib63]\]. Numerous studies suggest an anti-inflammatory role of ucOC in cardiometabolic syndromes. In WAT and liver, ucOC reduces macrophage infiltration \[[@bib78]\], inflammatory factor expression \[[@bib39]\], and the activation/translocation of pro-inflammatory nuclear factors \[[@bib76]\]. ucOC also decreases ER stress in insulin target tissues and vascular cells \[[@bib14],[@bib48]\]. Moreover, ucOC attenuates inflammation in liver by mitigating oxidative stress \[[@bib75]\].Short-head arrows: secretion. Long-head arrows: suggested OC effects. Green texts: direct beneficial effects on cardiometabolic tissues in T2D or CVD conditions. Blue texts: anti-inflammatory effects in T2D or CVD conditions. OC -- osteocalcin; ucOC -- undercarboxylated osteocalcin; T2D -- type 2 diabetes; CVD -- cardiovascular disease; GLP-1-- glucagon-like peptide-1; WAT -- white adipose tissue; FA -- fatty acid; HAECs -- human aortic endothelial cells; HASMCs-- human aortic smooth muscle cells; eNOS -- endothelial nitric oxide synthase; NO -- nitric oxide; ER -- endoplasmic reticulum.Figure 1
Notably, literature has reported that the circulating levels of ucOC are reduced in both humans and mice in the presence of metabolic syndromes such as insulin resistance and T2D \[[@bib50], [@bib51], [@bib52]\] and that these disorders can be ameliorated by administering ucOC ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}) \[[@bib7],[@bib38],[@bib41],[@bib46], [@bib47], [@bib48],[@bib52]\]. ucOC administration to obese diabetic mice has been demonstrated to improve systemic glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, concomitant with reductions in hyperlipidemia and whole-body adiposity \[[@bib38],[@bib41],[@bib48]\]. Consistently, the overexpression of ucOC protected mice from obesity and glucose intolerance induced by gold thioglucose injection \[[@bib7]\]. In insulin-resistant muscle, liver, and WAT, the treatment of ucOC restores impaired response to insulin stimulation, perturbed energy metabolism, and compromised mitochondrial capacity \[[@bib46], [@bib47], [@bib48],[@bib52]\].
The human evidence related to a possible causal relationship between OC-GPRC6A axis and energy metabolism appears contradictory to the findings of mice studies. Genetic evidence suggests that a loss-of-function mutation in GPRC6A was accompanied by glucose intolerance in two patients \[[@bib11]\]. Furthermore, a polymorphism rs1800247 in the OC gene and a rs2274911 polymorphism in the GPRC6A gene have been be associated with insulin resistance \[[@bib53],[@bib54]\]. However, two recent studies have suggested limited effects of ucOC in humans by reporting that ucOC reduction, via a 3-year Vitamin K supplementation, had no impact on body composition in older men and women \[[@bib55],[@bib56]\]. Thus, it remains too early to conclude whether the metabolic effects of ucOC reported in mice models also exist in humans. To clarify the therapeutic potential of ucOC, further research is necessary to reveal metabolic regulations via ucOC in human tissues and cells.
2.3. Beneficial role of osteocalcin in protecting cardiovascular health {#sec2.3}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Unlike ucOC metabolic functions, OC mechanistic insights in cardiovascular health are fewer and equivocal. Several animal studies have suggested that ucOC may protect vasculature under T2D conditions ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}) \[[@bib14],[@bib57],[@bib58]\]. For instance, ucOC administration improved diastolic blood pressure, endothelium-dependent relaxation, and aortic atherosclerotic plaque formation in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed apolipoprotein E (ApoE)^−/−^ mice \[[@bib14]\]. In diabetic rats, the enhancement of circulatory ucOC, either by ucOC or warfarin administration, improved arterial stiffness, vascularization, capillary density, and neovascularization and decreased myocardial fibrosis \[[@bib57],[@bib58]\]. However, whether these improvements are from ucOC acting directly on vascular cells or are as a consequence of improved metabolic outcomes remains unknown.
Evidence from *in vitro* studies has demonstrated direct protective effects of ucOC on the vasculature \[[@bib14],[@bib59], [@bib60], [@bib61], [@bib62], [@bib63]\]. The treatment of ucOC at physiological levels was reported to enhance cell proliferation in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) \[[@bib61]\]. In pathological conditions, ucOC treatment also exerted protective effects on multiple cell types in human vessel walls (i.e., aortic endothelial, umbilical vein endothelial, and smooth muscle cells). These protective effects were generated by increasing the activation and expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) \[[@bib14],[@bib62],[@bib63]\] and reducing cell apoptosis induced by FAs \[[@bib62]\]. ucOC treatment (10 ng/mL) also attenuated atherogenic diet-induced impairment of endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation in the rabbit aorta \[[@bib36]\]. Nevertheless, compared with circulating ucOC secreted from bone, locally expressed OC in vascular smooth muscle cells \[[@bib59],[@bib60]\], endothelial progenitor cells \[[@bib64]\], platelets \[[@bib65]\], and monocytes \[[@bib66]\] have been associated with arterial calcification---a hallmark of advanced atherosclerosis. However, because OC has been one of the best molecular markers for osteogenic transcriptional programs \[[@bib67]\], whether non-bone-derived OC is an active player potentiating CVD development or merely a osteogenic marker requires further investigation.
These findings suggest direct protective effects of OC on vasculature during CVD, athough the overall effects of ucOC on cardiovascular health may be mainly from its metabolic effects.
2.4. Anti-inflammatory role of osteocalcin in cardiometabolic disorders {#sec2.4}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
As described, ucOC probably has therapeutic effects against T2D and CVD \[[@bib7],[@bib14]\]. Therefore, a possibility is that ucOC exerts these beneficial effects, at least partially, by suppressing chronic inflammation. Indeed, accumulating correlational evidence has shown that OC perturbations in T2D and CVD are associated with inflammation, for example, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation, was reported to be inversely associated with circulating total OC and ucOC levels in patients with T2D \[[@bib68], [@bib69], [@bib70]\]. Other inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IL-6, and ferritin were also negatively associated with serum ucOC levels in T2D or pre-diabetic patients \[[@bib71],[@bib72]\]. In addition, ucOC was negatively correlated with several chronic inflammation parameters, including total leukocyte, neutrophil, and monocyte counts in T2D patients \[[@bib73]\].
The anti-inflammatory roles of ucOC have been investigated in several mechanistic studies, using both *in vivo* and *in vitro* models ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}) \[[@bib74],[@bib75]\]. The administration of ucOC to ApoE^−/−^ mice challenged with a HFD reduced circulatory levels of several inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-a, IL-1a, and IL-12 \[[@bib14]\]. In WAT, ucOC administration reportedly decreased macrophage infiltration in mice with hypothalamic obesity \[[@bib76]\]; it also reduced the expression of macrophage markers and inflammatory genes such as *Cd68*, *F4/80*, *Mcp1*, *Tnf*, *Nlrp3*, *Ciita*, and *Cd74,* in lean \[[@bib77]\] and HFD-fed mice \[[@bib74]\]. In the liver, ucOC suppressed diet-induced JNK activation and inflammatory gene expression \[[@bib74],[@bib75]\]. Notably, these anti-inflammatory ucOC effects can probably be passed to offspring via epigenetic inheritance, because male pups from ucOC-administered female mice were protected from high energy diet-induced pro-inflammatory marker expression, and macrophage infiltration in both WAT and liver \[[@bib78]\]. In *in vitro* models, ucOC treatment (20 ng/mL) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes attenuated TNF-α-induced enhancement of several inflammatory marker genes, including *Tnf*, *Ccl2*, *Nfkb1*, and *Rela*, and the nuclear content of the NF-κB p65 subunit \[[@bib76]\]. In primary rat adipocytes, ucOC at 20 ng/mL also suppressed TNF-α production \[[@bib39]\].
In contrast to the aforementioned evidence, suggesting an anti-inflammatory role for ucOC, other evidence has indicated that the effects of ucOC on inflammatory gene regulation may be multifaceted. For example, ucOC does not influence IL-6, IL-8, or MCP-1 expression levels in either acute or chronic inflammation in *in vitro* human vascular cells \[[@bib79]\]. Additionally, ucOC treatment enhanced IL-6 expression in adipocytes \[[@bib39]\] and myotubes \[[@bib10]\].
Collectively, these data suggest that ucOC ameliorates inflammation in mice with metabolic disorders, especially in WAT and the liver. However, because ucOC has profound metabolic effects, whether these proposed anti-inflammatory effects are merely outcomes from the reduction of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia remains unclear. Thus, further research is necessary to show that ucOC directly regulates inflammatory factors and signaling pathways, under pathological and metabolically inflammatory conditions. One question that must be addressed is whether ucOC exerts its effects on myeloid lineage cells, because macrophages play key roles in insulin resistance and atherosclerosis. Although there is no direct evidence, the likelihood of a direct effect of ucOC on myeloid cells is high because the expression of GPRC6A has been found in mouse and human monocytes \[[@bib80]\] and in peritoneal \[[@bib81]\] and RAW264.7 macrophages \[[@bib82]\].
2.5. Osteocalcin-induced suppression of endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress {#sec2.5}
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A potential mechanism for how ucOC directly ameliorates chronic inflammation in different cells and tissues is the suppression of ER stress ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). As aforementioned, ER stress appears to provoke inflammation in T2D and CVD. Under these conditions, the build-up of ER stress via nutrient overload \[[@bib83]\], unfolded protein accumulation \[[@bib83]\], and high lipid levels \[[@bib84]\] triggers signaling pathways modulated by three ER based sensing proteins: double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase-like ER kinase (PERK), inositol-requiring kinase 1 (IRE-1), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) \[[@bib85]\]. Notably, the activation of ER stress pathways leads to JNK and the IκB kinase (IKK) phosphorylation, which translocates nuclear factor activator protein 1 (AP-1) and NF-κB, thereby promoting inflammatory factor expression \[[@bib85]\].
In mice, ucOC administration has been demonstrated to inhibit the HFD-induced enhancement of PERK and IRE-1α phosphorylation and ATF6β expression in WAT, liver, skeletal muscle, and aorta cells \[[@bib47],[@bib48],[@bib86]\]. In addition, *in vitro* ucOC treatment (5 ng/mL) reduced PERK and IRE-1α phosphorylation, and ATF6β expression induced by tunicamycin, in 3T3--L1 adipocytes, Fao liver cells, L6 muscle cells, vascular endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells \[[@bib47],[@bib48],[@bib86]\]. Notably, NF-κB activation was involved in the suppression effects of ucOC on ER stress in *in vitro* models \[[@bib48]\]. However, whether ucOC administration suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory factors was not reported. Moreover, because NF-κB activation is widely accepted as a central mediator in nutrient excess-induced inflammation \[[@bib87]\], the proposed mechanisms based on *in vitro* models may not explain the ucOC effects on ER stress *in vivo*. Therefore, whether and how ucOC suppresses chronic inflammation via ER stress relief requires further exploration.
ucOC has been suggested to suppress chronic inflammation via oxidative stress mitigation ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Oxidative stress is implicated in several molecular inflammatory events during T2D and CVD, namely, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation \[[@bib88]\] and the activation of nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes \[[@bib89]\]. In the liver of HFD-fed mice, ucOC administration reduced oxidative stress biomarker expression, including malondialdehyde (MDA), 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (8-iso-PGF2α), and glutathione disulfide (GSSG)/glutathione (GSH) ratios \[[@bib75]\]. This hepatic oxidative stress relief was probably due to the up-regulation of other antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx-1), via activation of the nuclear factor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) \[[@bib75]\]. In another study, ucOC suppressed oxidative stress induced by high glucose levels in MC3T3-E1 cells \[[@bib90]\]. However, as the evidence is scarce and suggestive, further investigations are required to discern the possible effects of ucOC on oxidative stress.
2.6. Lipocalin 2 overview {#sec2.6}
-------------------------
LCN2, also termed 24p3 or neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), is a 25 kD glycoprotein that in physiological states (normally \<100 ng/mL in human serum \[[@bib91]\], \<200 ng/mL in mouse serum \[[@bib8]\]) has been linked with numerous functions such as neutrophil function \[[@bib92]\], mechanoresponsive gene regulating bone homeostasis in response to exercise/inactivity \[[@bib93]\], and skeletal muscle regeneration \[[@bib94]\]. It has been suggested that in physiological state lipocalin 2 is polyaminated \[[@bib95]\] and expressed predominantly from bone cell osteoblasts \[[@bib8]\]. In bone, LCN2 is regulated by physical activity/inactivity \[[@bib93]\] and negatively modulates bone development and turnover, as LCN2 overexpression in mouse bone results in thinner cortical bone and reduces osteoblast differentiation \[[@bib96]\]. Recently, bone-derived LCN2 was shown to have endocrinal functions in appetite control and insulin secretion in mice \[[@bib8]\]. However, in pathological states, LCN2 expression can probably be induced in a wide range of cells and tissues, including adipose tissue \[[@bib97],[@bib98]\], kidney \[[@bib99]\], liver \[[@bib100]\], and vasculature \[[@bib101]\]. As such, increased circulating LCN2 is often used as a pathological biomarker such as acute kidney injury \[[@bib102]\]. In pathological conditions, it was shown that two other forms of LCN2---R81E and deamidated LCN2---were expressed at least in WAT \[[@bib95],[@bib103]\]. Thus, pathological forms of LCN2 probably display diverse ligand-binding and post-translation modifications, depending on the different tissue/cell sources, further complicating their causal roles in acute and chronic diseases.
2.7. Endocrine regulations of energy metabolism by lipocalin 2 {#sec2.7}
--------------------------------------------------------------
Recent evidence has suggested that LCN2 plays a vital role in energy metabolism and is closely related to diabetes \[[@bib8],[@bib104],[@bib105]\]. Human studies have demonstrated that higher circulating LCN2 levels are associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia in T2D patients, thereby proposing LCN2 as a serum marker for metabolic disorders \[[@bib106],[@bib107]\]. Some evidence from animal models has also linked adverse metabolic effects to LCN2 \[[@bib108], [@bib109], [@bib110]\]. Law et al. showed that LCN2 deficiency protected mice from aging and obesity-induced insulin resistance \[[@bib110]\]. In another study, mice with systemic LCN2 overexpression, exhibited enhanced fat mass and adipocyte size, accompanied by increased food intake, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance \[[@bib109]\]. Additionally, Jun et al. reported that LCN2^−/−^ mice exhibited modestly improved glucose tolerance compared with that of their WT littermates \[[@bib108]\].
Nevertheless, despite the clinical associations and the abovementioned animal studies, numerous mechanistic insights from animal models have demonstrated that LCN2 is important for multiple metabolic processes in various tissues, including appetite control, insulin production, and thermogenesis ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}) \[[@bib8],[@bib104],[@bib105],[@bib111], [@bib112], [@bib113]\]. The loss of LCN2 in osteoblasts \[[@bib8]\] or a global LCN2 deficiency \[[@bib105]\] in mice was reported to lead to obesity and insulin resistance because of enhanced food intake. In line with this finding, LCN2 administration in mice resulted in reduced food intake by acting on the melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) receptor in the hypothalamus, suggesting an anorexigenic effect for LCN2 \[[@bib8]\]. Furthermore, bone-derived LCN2 was shown to exert beneficial effects on the pancreas, because the specific loss of LCN2 from osteoblasts led to impaired insulin secretion and β-cell proliferation \[[@bib8]\]. Other studies have indicated that LCN2 may regulate brown adipose tissue (BAT) to enhance thermogenesis and energy expenditure, because LCN2 loss in mice resulted in compromised adaptive thermogenesis, and potentiated diet-induced obesity, dyslipidemia, fatty liver disease, and insulin resistance \[[@bib111], [@bib112], [@bib113]\]. Consistently, LCN2 overexpression in adipose tissue protected against an aging-induced decline in thermogenic functions and promoted glucose tolerance and lipid homeostasis \[[@bib104]\].Figure 2**Roles of lipocalin 2 in cardiometabolic regulation and disease.**[Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"} incorporates findings from animal models and humans. LCN2 is probably mainly produced in osteoblasts in physiological states \[[@bib8]\] and plays an important role in energy homeostasis. In brain, LCN2 controls appetite via its effect on hypothalamus in an MC4R-dependent manner \[[@bib8]\]. Furthermore, LCN2 promotes β-cell proliferation and insulin production in pancreas \[[@bib8]\]. In addition, LCN2 favors adaptive thermogenesis and energy metabolism in brown adipose tissue \[[@bib104],[@bib111]\]. In vasculature, LCN2 favors the growth and survival of SMCs \[[@bib124], [@bib125], [@bib126]\]. In the conditions of T2D and CVD, the circulating levels of LCN2 are considerably increased due to inductive expressions in WAT \[[@bib124], [@bib125], [@bib126]\], liver \[[@bib100]\], and cardiovascular tissues \[[@bib101]\], as well as due to enhanced deamidation \[[@bib95]\]. Pathological levels of LCN2 potentiates insulin resistance in adipose tissue and liver in T2D \[[@bib116],[@bib117]\]. During CVD, increased levels of LCN2 contributes to aortic aneurysm \[[@bib15]\], endothelial dysfunction \[[@bib95],[@bib123]\], cell autophagy inhibition \[[@bib101]\], and mitochondrial damage in heart tissue \[[@bib101]\]. The detrimental roles of LCN2 in cardiometabolic syndromes are closely linked with its pro-inflammatory effects. LCN2 drives immune cell infiltration and NLRP3 inflammasome-induced inflammatory factor expression \[[@bib100],[@bib101]\]; furthermore, it causes inflammation-related injury in liver and ER stress in smooth muscle cells \[[@bib100],[@bib124]\]. LCN2 also directly activates immune cells during cardiometabolic syndromes. In monocytes/macrophages, it enhances cell migration, M1 polarization, and foam cell formation \[[@bib129]\]. In neutrophils, LCN2 increases CXCR2 expression and the production of pro-inflammatory factors \[[@bib101]\]. Short-head arrows: secretion; differentiation. Long-head arrows: suggested LCN2 effects. Orange texts: direct detrimental effects on cardiometabolic tissues in T2D or CVD conditions. Red texts: pro-inflammatory effects in T2D or CVD conditions. LCN2 -- lipocalin 2; MC4R -- melanocortin-4 receptor; SMCs -- smooth muscle cells; T2D -- type 2 diabetes; CVD -- cardiovascular disease; WAT -- white adipose tissue; NLRP3 -- nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor protein 3; CXCR2 -- the chemokine The meaning was unclear. Thus, changes were made. Please ensure the changes preserve the intended meaning.-X-C motif receptor 2.Figure 2
The discordant findings from animal models with genetic manipulations are probably due to the genetic and environmental factors selected for these models, leading to differences in LCN2 post-translational modifications including dimeriation and polyamidation \[[@bib114]\], and differences in LCN2 production sites. In addition, complex technical issues such as targeting strategies for knockout mice and housing environments could also be responsible for these discrepancies \[[@bib115]\].
I*n vitro* evidence also suggests divergent direct metabolic effects of recombinant LCN2 in different cell types. In primary pancreatic islets, the treatment of physiological levels LCN2 (10--100 ng/mL) enhanced glucose-induced insulin secretion \[[@bib8]\]. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, LCN2 treatment (250 ng/mL) increased fatty acid β-oxidation in mature cells \[[@bib116]\]. Nevertheless, LCN2 treatment promoted insulin resistance in H4IIe hepatocytes (250 ng/mL) \[[@bib117]\] and human adipose tissue (100 ng/mL) \[[@bib118]\], and LCN2 knockdown in 3T3-L1 adipocytes increased insulin sensitivity \[[@bib117]\]. However, in these studies, either the physiological or pathological levels of LCN2 were used for the treatment; thus, an assessment of whether different levels of LCN2 yield different metabolic outcomes is necessary.
Collectively, although studies have suggested several endocrine functions of LCN2 in energy metabolism, there is little consensus on the subject. To resolve these discrepant findings, further research must identify the modification status and metabolic functions of bone-derived LCN2 versus LCN2 secreted from other tissues and compare their roles in physiological and T2D conditions.
2.8. Detrimental role of lipocalin 2 in the development of cardiovascular disease {#sec2.8}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Observational studies have demonstrated that increased systemic LCN2 levels are associated with the severity of coronary artery disease \[[@bib119]\] and increased risk of future CVD events \[[@bib120], [@bib121], [@bib122]\]. Unlike LCN2 roles in metabolic disorders, mechanistic studies conducted on LCN2-KO mice have demonstrated possible cause--effect relationships between LCN2 and the development of atherosclerotic disease ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}). In Tarín et al., LCN2^−/−^ mice or mice treated with LCN2 antibodies showed a decreased incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysm and reduced aortic expansion compared with that of WT mice or mice treated with IgG (control), respectively \[[@bib15]\]. In two other studies, LCN2-deficient mice were protected from dietary challenge-induced endothelial dysfunction, reflected by enhanced blood pressure, impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation, and augmented endothelium-dependent contractions \[[@bib95],[@bib123]\]. Notably, LCN2 activity seemed to be influenced by its polyamidation status, which contributes to LCN2 removal from general circulation \[[@bib95]\]. The administration of the deamidated recombinant LCN2 in mice has led to severe endothelial dysfunction, compared with WT recombinant LCN2 administration \[[@bib95]\].
In contrast to these *in vivo* findings, some *in vitro* evidence suggests that physiological levels of LCN2 may have beneficial effects on smooth muscle cells. In a series of studies by Wang and colleagues, the stimulation of 3--30 ng/mL LCN2 in human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (HPASMCs) promoted pro-proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects, despite increased ER stress \[[@bib124], [@bib125], [@bib126]\]. However, it remains possible that LCN2, at much higher pathological levels, leads to cell damage and cell death in the vasculature, but evidence has not been provided.
Collectively, LCN2 enhancement in cardiovascular disorders, especially in the deamidated form, seems to accelerate CVD progression. What remains unclear is whether the changes in LCN2 expression are from physiological sources such as bone, and where the deamidated form of LCN2 is majorly produced. Therefore, during CVD, the modification statuses and roles of the LCN2, which originated from different production sites, must be established and clarified.
2.9. Pro-inflammatory role of lipocalin 2 in cardiometabolic disorders {#sec2.9}
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Of all known factors produced by bone, LCN2 is the most closely implicated in inflammation. Notably, LCN2 was initially identified and purified from neutrophil granules \[[@bib127]\]. In LCN2 functional studies on innate immune responses, it was suggested to play important roles in bacterial capture \[[@bib128]\], and sterile inflammation \[[@bib27]\]. However, several later studies, with both *in vivo* and *in vitro* findings, showed that LCN2 provoked inflammatory responses in myeloid cells and cardiovascular tissues during CVD ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}) \[[@bib15],[@bib100],[@bib101]\].
In a mouse study by Tarín et al., LCN2 deficiency or the administration of LCN2 antibodies decreased neutrophil infiltration into the aortic wall during abdominal aortic aneurysm \[[@bib15]\]. Other *in vivo* data showed that in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (ldlr ^−/−^) mice fed an HFD and high-cholesterol diet, LCN2 was co-localized with infiltrated macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques \[[@bib100]\]. Moreover, in mouse heart tissue, an LCN2 deficiency led to reductions in pressure overload-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation, accompanied by reduced autophagy and mitochondrial damage, which were reversed by WT LCN2 restoration via recombinant adenovirus expression \[[@bib101]\].
*In vitro* findings also suggests a pro-inflammatory role of pathological levels of LCN2. In bone marrow-derived macrophages, LCN2 stimulation (500 ng/mL) up-regulated the M1 macrophage gene markers, *Tnf*, *Nos2*, *Il6*, and *Ccl5* \[[@bib129]\]. Furthermore, LCN2 treatment (500 ng/mL) facilitated the formation of macrophage foam cells, via increased lectin-type oxidized LDL receptor 1 (LOX-1) and scavenger receptor A-1 (SRA-1) expression \[[@bib129]\]. In monocytic J774A.1 cells, enhanced migration induced by LCN2 treatment (500 ng/mL) was also observed \[[@bib129]\]. In another *in vitro* study, LCN2 treatment (200--1000 ng/mL) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and HASMCs significantly enhanced secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-8, IL-6, and MCP-1 in a dose-dependent manner \[[@bib130]\]. In primary cardiac fibroblasts, LCN2 at 1000 ng/mL enhanced priming and activation of NLRP3-inflammasomes, as evidenced by the increased expression of IL-1β and IL-18, as well as caspase-1 activation \[[@bib101]\].
In addition to its inflammatory role in CVD, LCN2 regulates chronic inflammation in other metabolic disorders ([Figure 2](#fig2){ref-type="fig"}). In a recent study using mice with diet-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the genetic depletion of LCN2 substantially reduced hepatic injury, pro-inflammatory gene expression, and neutrophil and macrophage infiltration \[[@bib100]\]. In the same study, LCN2 administration in mice with NASH exacerbated hepatic inflammation and immune cell accumulation in a neutrophil-dependent manner \[[@bib100]\]. In another study by Law et al., LCN2 deficiency in mice led to reduced fat mass and less macrophage infiltration in WAT tissue, along with decreased expression of inflammatory gene markers, including *Tnf*, *F4/80*, *Mcp-1*, and *Cd14* \[[@bib110]\]. In compatible with the *in vivo* findings, *ex vivo* LCN2 treatment (100--10000 ng/mL) in primary neutrophils enhanced expression of the chemokine C-X-C motif receptor 2 (CXCR2), leading to the activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and enhanced cell migration \[[@bib100]\].
2.10. Sclerostin overview {#sec2.10}
-------------------------
Sclerostin is a secreted glycoprotein that contains 190 amino acids. Most circulatory sclerostin is produced by osteocytes \[[@bib131]\]; however, several other tissue types, such as liver, kidney, and the vascular wall, may also produce glycoprotein \[[@bib132]\]. Sclerostin is a strong suppressor of bone mass accrual, because of its antagonizing effects on the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (canonical Wnt pathway) via binding to LDL receptor-related proteins (LRPs) \[[@bib133]\]. As such, targeting the paracrine actions of sclerostin in bone is an effective approach for anti-resorptive therapies, such as the administration of the sclerostin monoclonal antibodies romosozumab and blosozumab \[[@bib134]\]. Outside the bone, sclerostin is abundantly expressed in the general circulation, with normal physiological levels below 1 ng/mL \[[@bib135]\]. Because Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is a key regulator of cellular functions, including proliferation, differentiation, and migration in various tissues \[[@bib136]\], an endocrine role of bone-derived sclerostin has also been demonstrated \[[@bib9],[@bib137]\].
2.11. Role of sclerostin in promoting adiposity and insulin resistance {#sec2.11}
----------------------------------------------------------------------
It was proposed that the endocrine functions of sclerostin involve negative regulations of glucose and fatty acid metabolism via up-regulating whole-body adiposity, because activators of the canonical Wnt pathway have been implicated as potent inhibitors for adipogenesis \[[@bib138],[@bib139]\]. Indeed, recent clinical observations have suggested that higher sclerostin levels are associated with higher fat mass, as well as lower peripheral insulin sensitivity \[[@bib140],[@bib141]\]. Consistent with these clinical reports, a recent mechanistic study demonstrated that sclerostin deficiency in mice resulted in reduced adipose tissue accumulation, improved whole-body and muscle insulin sensitivity and decreased hepatic gluconeogenesis \[[@bib9]\]. In another study, the loss of the functional receptor LRP4 in fat tissue led to smaller adipocyte size and increased whole-body insulin response \[[@bib137]\]. Additionally, in several mice models with sclerostin overproduction, enhanced fat mass and compromised insulin sensitivity were observed \[[@bib9],[@bib137],[@bib142]\]. However, another recent study reported that sclerostin overexpression may have beneficial effects on energy metabolism by facilitating beige adipogenesis \[[@bib143]\], indicating that the physiological roles of sclerostin may be more complex than originally perceived.
In pathological states such as T2D, there are much higher serum sclerostin levels compared with those of healthy controls \[[@bib144],[@bib145]\], indicating that an increase in sclerostin may contribute to disease development. Consistently, either sclerostin deficiency or the administration of sclerostin antibody protected mice from HFD-induced obesity, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and fat deposition in the liver \[[@bib9]\]. In *in vitro* adipocytes, pathological levels of sclerostin enhanced cell differentiation, increased fatty acid synthesis, and reduced fatty acid oxidation in either 3T3-L1 (5--20 ng/mL) \[[@bib146]\] or primary cells (100 ng/mL) \[[@bib9],[@bib137]\], contributing to adipocyte hypertrophy.
Collectively, despite the majority of studies promoting adverse metabolic effects of sclerostin in physiological and pathological states ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}), its detailed regulatory mechanisms in adipose tissue requires further investigation.Figure 3**Roles of sclerostin in cardiometabolic regulation and disease**. Figure incorporates findings from animal models and humans. Sclerostin is predominantly secreted from osteocytes \[[@bib131]\], although a smaller amount can also be produced in other tissues, such as vasculature during CVD as a possible compensatory mechanism to counter vascular calcification \[[@bib132]\]. In physiological states, sclerostin downregulates energy metabolism via enhancing adiposity and reducing insulin sensitivity \[[@bib9],[@bib137]\]. It also enhances gluconeogenesis in liver \[[@bib9]\]. However, it could also benefit energy expenditure via promoting beige adipogenesis \[[@bib143]\]. Sclerostin levels have been reported to elevate in cardiometabolic syndromes \[[@bib144],[@bib145]\]. Increased sclerostin promotes adipocyte hypertrophy in WAT and fatty liver, leading to an enhancement in inflammatory factor expression and oxidative stress \[[@bib9],[@bib137]\]. During CVD, sclerostin in vasculature has been suggested to benefit cardiovascular health by reducing aortic aneurysm, decreasing atherosclerotic plaque formation, and preventing vascular calcification \[[@bib13],[@bib150],[@bib151]\]. It also plays an anti-inflammation role by attenuating the inflammatory factor expression and aortic macrophage infiltration \[[@bib13]\]. Moreover, sclerostin probably has a direct suppressive effect on monocytes/macrophages by reducing cell adhesion \[[@bib162],[@bib163]\], inhibiting cell migration \[[@bib161]\], decreasing cholesterol uptake \[[@bib161]\], and mitigating inflammatory factor production \[[@bib159],[@bib160]\], via the inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin pathway in these cells. Short-head arrows: secretion; differentiation. Long-head arrows: suggested sclerostin effects. Long-head arrows with dash line: hypothesized sclerostin effects. Green texts: direct beneficial effects on cardiometabolic tissues in T2D or CVD conditions. Blue texts: anti-inflammatory effects in T2D or CVD conditions. Orange texts: direct detrimental effects on cardiometabolic tissues in T2D or CVD conditions. Red texts: pro-inflammatory effects in T2D or CVD conditions. T2D -- type 2 diabetes; CVD -- cardiovascular disease; WAT -- white adipose tissue.Figure 3
2.12. Protective role of sclerostin in vascular calcification {#sec2.12}
-------------------------------------------------------------
As WNT-β-catenin plays an important role in CVD onset and development \[[@bib147]\], potential crosstalk between bone and vasculature via sclerostin has attracted increased attention. Although cross-sectional studies have reported that enhanced sclerostin levels are associated with poor CVD outcomes \[[@bib148],[@bib149]\], romosozumab (a humanized monoclonal antibody for sclerostin) clinical trials for osteoporosis treatment have suggested an increased CVD risk when compared with that of alendronate \[[@bib150],[@bib151]\], indicating that sclerostin may benefit cardiovascular health. Recently, sclerostin was proposed to have a preventative action on vascular calcification in complicated atherosclerotic plaques, similar to its role in inhibiting mineralization processes in the bone ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}) \[[@bib152],[@bib153]\]. In ApoE^−/-^ mice treated with angiotensin II, sclerostin overexpression induced inhibitory effects on the progression of aortic aneurysm and atherosclerosis \[[@bib13]\]. Notably, sclerostin expression was considerably increased in different cell types within atherosclerotic plaques \[[@bib154],[@bib155]\], and it appears to be a counter-regulatory mechanism suppressing vascular calcification development. However, the hormonal action of bone-derived sclerostin in inhibiting vascular calcification requires further investigation. In addition, as sclerostin probably induces hyperglycemia and hyperlipedemia via its actions in adipose tissue, the roles of sclerostin during CVD development may be multifaceted but remain largely unknown. Therefore, further investigations are urgently required.
2.13. Complicated role of sclerostin in chronic inflammation regulation {#sec2.13}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
The association of sclerostin with chronic inflammation has been suggested because several inflammatory cytokines stimulate sclerostin expression in osteocytes under pathological conditions, including obesity, diabetes, and CVD \[[@bib156], [@bib157], [@bib158]\]. However, whether sclerostin modulates chronic inflammation during cardiometabolic diseases remains poorly understood and controversial according to findings of recent studies. In HFD-fed *Sost*^−/−^ mice, the expression levels of the inflammatory markers *Ccl2*, *Ccl3*, and *Ccl4* and the oxidative stress genes *Nox4*, *Sod1*, and *Sod2* were decreased in WAT and liver when compared with WT controls. This finding was consistent with reduced adiposity in these mice \[[@bib9]\]. By contrast, the global overexpression of *Sost* in ApoE^−/−^ mice was shown to reduce circulating levels of pro-inflammatory factors and aortic macrophage infiltration during aortic aneurysm and atherosclerosis, induced by angiotensin II infusion \[[@bib13]\].
Understanding the direct effects of sclerostin on monocytes/macrophages would greatly enhance the characterization of its role in chronic inflammation. Despite the insufficient evidence on the direct effects of sclerostin in myeloid cells, many studies have demonstrated a suppressive effect of sclerostin on monocytes/macrophages inflammation and migratory capacity via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway \[[@bib159], [@bib160], [@bib161], [@bib162], [@bib163]\]. In support of this notion, in both Thp-1 and human primary monocytes, the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by lithium or Wnt3a increases monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells \[[@bib162],[@bib163]\]. In human macrophages, Wnt signaling reduction via LRP-5 deficiency resulted in decreased cholesterol uptake and cell migration \[[@bib161]\]. Furthermore, lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced β-catenin accumulation has been demonstrated to be involved in cell migration in RAW264.7 macrophages, and inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway via a small-molecule inhibitor attenuated the expression of inflammatory factors \[[@bib159],[@bib160]\].
In summary, the evidence points toward an inhibitory effect of sclerostin on monocyte/macrophage inflammation via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Because sclerostin promotes adiposity---in turn---initiates inflammatory responses, the role of sclerostin in chronic inflammation is probably complicated and may vary by pathological condition ([Figure 3](#fig3){ref-type="fig"}). Therefore, further research, particularly on the direct effects of sclerostin on inflammatory pathways in adipocytes and monocytes/macrophages, is required before decisive conclusions can be reached regarding its role in chronic inflammation.
3. Conclusions and perspectives {#sec3}
===============================
The endocrine action of bone-derived hormones is an emerging, topical branch of endocrinology and pathophysiology research. In physiological states, ucOC, LCN2, and sclerostin exert hormonal regulations in energy metabolism and cardiovascular health. More importantly, accumulating evidence suggests that the perturbance in the production and modification of these hormones is closely linked to the development of T2D and CVD, via regulating several causal factors, which probably includes chronic inflammation. However, the findings that suggest the roles of bone-derived hormones in chronic inflammation are scarce compared with the findings of other well experimentally supported areas in bone endocrinology. Thus, a considerable amount of further evidence to support this hormonal function of bone remains urgently needed from animal and human studies.
Overall, evidence from the literature supports an anti-inflammatory role of ucOC in combating T2D and CVD, aligned with its beneficial metabolic and cardiovascular effects, possibly via the suppression of ER stress and oxidative stress. By contrast, enhanced circulating levels and a deamidated form of LCN2 in pathological states appear to deteriorate CVD conditions, partly via inflammation exacerbation, although physiologically, it benefits energy metabolism mainly via anorexigenic effects and enhancing thermogenesis in BAT. As to sclerostin, the enhancement of sclerostin levels probably perturbs glucose and lipid homeostasis by promoting adiposity during the development of T2D. However, sclerostin expressed in cardiovascular tissues may play a role in inhibiting atherosclerosis progression by reducing vascular calcification. The role of sclerostin in chronic inflammation remains complicated, promoting inflammatory reactions in WAT via enhancing adiposity despite an implicative anti-inflammation role in vasculature and monocytes/macrophages.
Based on this accumulated knowledge, ucOC administration seems to have the most therapeutic potential for the management of T2D, CVD, and chronic inflammation, and the antagonization of LCN2 and sclerostin during cardiometabolic disease may also yield beneficial effects. However, the following questions must be answered in further mechanistic and pre-clinical research: (1) Compared with non-bone-produced proteins, especially LCN2, do bone-derived factors play major roles in pathological conditions? (2) Do these factors exert direct effects on monocytes/macrophages, especially ucOC and sclerostin? (3) Will combination treatment involving the modulation of circulating levels of several bone-derived hormones result in improved therapeutic outcomes in treating T2D, CVD, and chronic inflammation? Finding answers to these questions will help elucidate the complex mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between the bone and metabolic and cardiovascular tissues. In the context of drug discovery, a comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms would be a substantial step toward discovering novel treatments, targeting bone-derived hormonal pathways, in combating cardiometabolic disorders.
Ethics approval and consent to participate {#sec4}
==========================================
Not applicable.
Consent for publication {#sec5}
=======================
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials {#sec6}
==================================
Not applicable.
Funding {#sec7}
=======
This work was supported by the 10.13039/501100000925National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia in the form of a project grants 1156634 & 1158242 to K.L. The salary of J.L. is supported by a 10.13039/501100001030National Heart Foundation Future Leader Fellowship (ID: 102817).
Authors\' contributions {#sec8}
=======================
XL and KL were responsible for the general conception and design of the review paper. All authors contributed in writing the manuscript. All authors approved the final manuscript.
Conflict of interest {#appsec1}
====================
The authors have no competing interests.
Not applicable
[^1]: These authors contributed equally to this work.
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Rampworx skatepark
Rampworx is an indoor skatepark in Aintree, Liverpool, United Kingdom. It covers over , making it the largest in the United Kingdom. It caters for rollerbladers, skateboarders, BMX riders and scooter riders.
References
Rampworx Skatepark all set for fundraising push (Liverpool Echo, 17 October 2012)
Plans to expand skate park in Netherton gets go ahead (Liverpool Echo, 11 April 2013)
Plans for Wirral indoor skateboard park revealed by Geoff Barnes (Wirral Globe, 16 March 2013)
Rampworx - Video Collection (Transworld BMX)
Laced Series at Rampworx Skatepark 2013 (One Rollerblading Magazine, 5 February 2013)
External links
Rampworx Skatepark - Liverpool, The UK's biggest indoor skatepark
Category:Sport in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton
Category:Skateparks in the United Kingdom
Category:Sports venues in Merseyside
Category:Buildings and structures in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton |
Q:
logstash: multiple logfiles with different pattern
We want to set up a server for logstash for a couple of different project in our company. Now I try to enable them in Kibana. My question is:
If I have different patterns of the logfiles, how can I build for them a filter?
example: logstash.conf:
input {
file {
type => "A"
path => "/home/logstash/A/*"
start_position => "beginning"
}
file {
type => "B"
path => "/home/logstash/B*"
start_position => "beginning"
}
}
filter {
multiline {
pattern => "^%{TIMESTAMP_ISO8601}"
negate => true
what => "previous"
}
grok {
type => A
match => [ "message", "%{TIMESTAMP_ISO8601:logdate} %{DATA:thread %{LOGLEVEL:level}\s*%{DATA:logger_name}\s*-\s*%{GREEDYDATA:log_text}"]
add_tag => [ "level_%{level}" ]
}
date {
match => ["logdate", "YYYY-MM-dd HH:mm:ss,SSS"]
}
grok {
type => B
match => [ any other pattern ...
}
}
output {
elasticsearch { embedded => true }
}
do I have to create for each project (A,B,C,...) an own filter, and what do I have to do, when I have for each project again different pattern of the logfiles?
A:
You only need to create a filter for all projects.
For Logstash 1.3.3, You can use if statement to distinct each project grok. For example,
filter {
multiline {
pattern => "^%{TIMESTAMP_ISO8601}"
negate => true
what => "previous"
}
if [type] == "A" {
grok {
match => [ any other pattern ...
}
}
else if [type] == "B" {
grok {
match => [ any other pattern ...
}
}
}
Hope this can help you.
|
Contents
Also Called
Enhanced Swordplay
Master Swordsmanship/Swordplay
Supreme Swordsmanship/Swordplay
Sword Mastery
The Way of The Sword
Capabilities
Users are able to demonstrate a natural aptitude for the ways of the sword, including anything sword-shaped such as fictional swords. They are able to wield a sword with incredible proficiency in speed, power, and skill, allowing them to perform feats such as stopping and deflecting bullets, decimating large objects or areas, cutting through solid material such as steel, and even hold back their strength to deal damage to their foes without killing them.
The user is able to operate with little or no effort, deliver skillful strikes to weak points with great precision and cut only and exactly what they want. This ability also allows them to become naturally skilled with multiple swords or any bladed weapon regardless of shape or size to suit their needs in combat. Their remarkably fast weapon control may allow them to bypass obstacles in order to cut their intended target.
Nightcrawler (Marvel Comics) is an excellent swordsman in addition to his mutant powers.
Being a master assassin, Deadpool (Marvel Comics) is highly skilled with bladed weaponry.
Blade (Marvel Comics) shows tremendous swordsmanship in the films.
Due to training for his eventual battle with the demon Aku, Jack (Samurai Jack) is a master wielder of his father's magic sword. Jack is able to wield the sword with both incredible offense and defense, allowing him to dispatch of numerous robots, bounty hunters, assassins, various monsters, zombies, and even Aku himself.
Aside from possessing her trademark shield, Rose Quartz (Steven Universe) was also in possession of a matching sword.
Apart from being skilled with her trademark spear, Pearl (Steven Universe) is also an accomplished swordsman.
Having the same skills as Pearl, Holo-Pearl (Steven Universe) possesses Pearl's swordsmanship, making her the perfect opponent in training.
Having learned from Pearl, Connie Maheswaran (Steven Universe) has become an accomplished swordswoman.
Video Games
Lone Warrior (Armed With Wings)
Eivana (Armed With Wings)
Vandheer Lorde (Armed With Wings)
Augus (Asura's Wrath) possesses powerful sword known as 'Wailing Dark' which he draws against a foe he deems worthy. The sword capable of unleashing energy waves, possessing strength enough to raise a chunk of the moon, and is capable of extending its blade to seeming endless lengths.
Hakumen (BlazBlue)
Jin Kisaragi (BlazBlue)
Ragna the Bloodedge (BlazBlue)
Chakan (Chakan: The Forever Man) possesses such incredible skill in swordplay that he was even able to defeat Death himself.
War (Darksiders) is capable of delivering powerful blows with his Chaos Eater.
Kasumi (Dead or Alive)
Ayane (Dead or Alive/Ninja Gaiden
Oryx the Taken King (Destiny) is the master of the Hive Cleaver called Willbreaker
As son of the Dark Knight Sparda, Virgil (Devil May Cry), armed with his powerful sword, Yamato, can move at speeds that can't be seen by the human eye.
As the second son of the Dark Knight Sparda, Dante (Devil May Cry), with his trusty Rebellion, has swordsman skills that surpass even his father's.
Serving in The Order of The Sword, Nero (Devil May Cry), is a skilled swordsman with his powerful Red Queen, as well as the Yamato.
Trish (Devil May Cry) wielding the Sword of Sparda.
Garland (Final Fantasy series)
Marilith (Final Fantasy Series)
Clouds Strife (Final Fantasy series) is proud and arrogant warrior who wields the massive Buster Sword. Thanks to his superhuman strength, Cloud is capable of swinging the weapon much faster than normal humans. His ferocity and brute force with the sword has allowed him to defeat powerful foes such as Sephiroth and Jenova 3 times.
Sephiroth (Final Fantasy series) is a fearsome swordsman. His skill with his signature sword, Masamune, allows him to cut through solid material and take multiple opponents at once.
Squall Leonhart (Final Fantasy VIII/Dissidia)
Tidus (Final Fantasy X/Dissidia)
Lucina (Fire Emblem) is a very proficient and agile swordsman.
Kratos (God of War series) with the Blade of Olympus.
Sora (Kingdom Hearts series) one of the chosen wielders of the Keyblade. His primary battle style of strong two-handed strike and is capable of wielding two Keyblades at once.
Raziel (Legacy of Kain) wields a soul-sucking "wraith blade" that is symbiotically bound to him.
Zero (Megaman series) is the most skilled swordsman of the Maverick Hunters. He is able to execute close-quarter attacks and thanks to his Learning System, he is able to learn new techniques from every Maverick he destroys.
Manga/Anime
Much like her sister, Kurome (Akame Ga Kill) is a deadly swordswoman, and her sword Yatsufusa can manipulate the dead.
Esdeath (Akame ga Kill) has tremendous skills in swordmanship, allowing her to fight on equal level with an Evolved Incursio enhanced Tatsumi.
Okamura Rin (Ao no Exorcist) wielding a sword coated with hellfire.
Sephiria Arks (Black Cat) is a master swordswoman, capable of vaporizing an opponent at a molecular level.
Creed Diskenth (Black Cat) can use his Imagine Blade for deadly attacks.
Ichigo Kurosaki (Bleach) is a highly skilled swordsmanship specialist.His overall skill has been shown capable of competing on equal grounds against the sword masters of Byakuya Kuchiki and Kenpachi Zaraki's caliber.
Renji (Bleach) is highly skilled in various swordsmanship techniques.
Starrk (Bleach) has demonstrated tremendous skill in swordsmanship, being able to fight on even ground with Shunsui Kyōraku.
Suì-Fēng (Bleach) is masterful in swordsmanship, usually only employing her Zanpakutō when facing a opponent with a drawn weapon.
Rose (Bleach) views himself as a capable swordsman, as he was certain that he could deal with Kensei in their battle without releasing.
Shinji (Bleach) is implied to be a powerful combatant, being a Shinigami captain and the unofficial leader among the Visored.
Komamura (Bleach) is highly proficient in swordsmanship, and is more than capable of holding his own against the likes of Kenpachi.
As a former captain, Love (Bleach) is no doubt quite skilled in swordsmanship. He faces off against a Hollowfied Kensei one on one, without releasing his Zanpakutō.
While hating the concept of having to engage in a fight, Kyōraku (Bleach) is presumably one of the most proficient swordsmen in all of Soul Society.
Ginjo (Bleach) is a skilled swordsman, managing to fight against Ichigo for a while.
Shūkurō Tsukishima (Bleach) is an expert swordsman, wielding a sword with high attack power that can cut through anything.
Kenpachi Zaraki (Bleach) is a master swordsman, and after killing Unohana, his true strength is realized.
Yachiru Unohana (Bleach) has mastery over all 8000 schools of swordsmanship in the world.
Kōga Kuchiki (Bleach) wielding bladed weapons with great mastery, not being restricted to his sword alone and can take advantage of the weapon's shape for innovative moves.
Ōko Yushima (Bleach) wielding his Sumitsukigasa with great skills, spinning it constantly to confuse his opponents and then slash or stab them.
During his fight with Cirucci Sanderwicci, Uryū (Bleach) uses Seele Schneider as a sword expertly, and easily defeats her with it.
The Sword (CardCaptor Sakura) has the power to make the heart's strength of anyone who wields it with a mighty heart becomes a master swordsman., such as Rika Sasaki.
Ikki Kurogane (Chivalry of a Failed Knight) has trained his skill and dexterity in swordmanship to absolute prefection, allowing him to take down the strongest Blazers relying solely on his sword skills.
Ogami Rei (Code: Breaker) is a great swords-fighter.
The One Being Sought (Code: Breaker) is a master swordsman, and can quick draw so fast that it looks like he can cut without even drawing his blade.
Sakurako Sakurakōji (Code: Breaker) is a skilled swordswoman.
Yū Kanda (D.Gray-man) is a very skilled swordsman, even without needing the usage of his sword's special abilities.
Bell Cranel (DanMachi) is highly skilled swordsman.
Aiz Wallenstein (DanMachi) is a master swordswoman, her sword skills are of the greatest caliber.
Veronica Lautreamont (Dragonar Academy) is a extremely powerful master swordswoman, to the point she was called the Iron-Blooded Valkyrie.
Future Trunks (Dragon Ball Z) is a highly impressive swordsman. His able to wield his sword with effective finesse and speed,allowing to take down multiple opponents and even ultimately kill Frieza.
Dabura (Dragon Ball series) is able to create his Darkness Sword. Not only does his swordsmanship allow him to take on powerful opponents such as Gohan, but he can encase it fire to increase its damage output.
Tapion (Dragon Ball Z: Wrath of the Dragon) draws his Brave Sword.
With his Dimension Sword, Janemba (Dragon Ball Z: Fusion Reborn) is capable of cutting through entire dimensions with a single swing.
Erza Scarlet's (Fairy Tail) skills in swordsmanship are of the highest caliber.
Sugarboy (Fairy Tail) is skilled with a sword called the Rosa Espada which can liquified anything.
Yomazu (Fairy Tail) is skilled with his katana which he can channel his Eastern Solid Script Magic into.
Ikaruga (Fairy Tail) is skilled with her Mugetsu blade for which she can use her Sword Magic with.
Kagura Mikazuchi (Fairy Tail) Is a powerful Swordswoman with her sword, Archenemy.
Hiroshi (Fairy Tail) with his Chain Blade.
Imitatia (Fairy Tail) is an incredibly powerful swordswoman, able to make great use of her Rose Sword to attack the weak points of an opponent's body in order to maximize damage.
Freed Justine (Fairy Tail) is skilled with a blade that can focus his Dark Ecriture Magic.
Panther Lily (Fairy Tail) is a skilled swordsman with different blades such as the size changing Musica.
Dimaria Yesta (Fairy Tail) is a master Swordswoman that is strong enough to push Kagura back even with her Archenemy sword unsheathed, even cause things to cut without physical contact.
Assassin (Fate/Stay Night) is such a master of the blade that his ultimate technique Tsubame Gaeshi which bends time and space to attack from 3 directions at the same time, was acquired only thru his godlike skill.
King Bradley (Fullmetal Alchemist) is known to have an inhuman level of skill in swordsmanship, being able to wield up to five swords simultaneously.
Sakata Gintoki (Gintama) is a master swordsman veteran, and can defeat many powerful opponents with either a wooden sword or a real one.
Imai Nobume (Gintama) is a master swordswoman and assassin, her strikes having been compared to that of a grim reaper: each is fatal if it hit.
Saeko Busujima (Highschool of the Dead) is extremely masterful in Kendo.
Despite is mediocre swordsmanship, Inuyasha's (InuYasha) strength in sheer force of the Tessaiga has allowed him to defeat both demons and humans of terrifying power. Though his skills do improve, he still prefers the direct approach whenever he is in battle.
Unlike his half brother, Inuyasha, Sesshōmaru (InuYasha) wields with his weapon, Tokijin with both strength and skill. He is able to battle Inuyasha to a standstill and even combat against the forces of Naruku.
In addition to her impressive strength, Ryūko Matoi (Kill la Kill), is proficient in the use of her Scissor Blade. Her skill with the weapon allowed her to defeat multiple users of Goku uniforms, including the Elite Four, and hold her against Satsuki Kiryūin.
Satsuki Kiryūin (Kill la Kill) is a powerful swords master. Armed with the Bakuzan, she is able to cleave buildings, solid material, and overwhelm Ryūko Matio's Scissor Blade combat in a one one duel.
Shin (Kingdom) is an extraordinarily skilled master swordsman.
Darkray (Kurohime) wielding the Death Angel Sword in her weapon form, along with five others.
Sasuke Uchiha (Naruto) is a extremely skilled master swordsman. Using Chidori Katana, he easily killed an army of highly skilled Samurais.
Zabuza Momochi (Naruto) was one of the Seven Ninja Swordsmen of the Mist who wielded the Kubikiribōchō. He was capable of decimating numerous opponents with a few slashes, claiming that his sword "never cut a second time".
Chōjūrō (Naruto) is a master swordsman with his Hiramekarei to form various chakra blades and weapons.
Samurai (Naruto) specialize in swordsmanship, and coating their swords in chakra to create very sharp and versatile blades.
B (Naruto) has developed his swordplay to an incredible level, possessing a unique fighting style, Acrobat.
Orochimaru (Naruto) wields the Sword of Kusanagi. He possesses great skill with the sword, able to evenly battle Hiruzen Sarutobi, remotely control it, and even wield the sword within a snake's mouth inside his own throat for close-quarter combat.
Dracule Mihawk (One Piece) is known as the "World's Greatest Swordsman". He demonstrates incredible skill in wielding his main sword, Yoru, able to destroy entire fleets of ships with compressed attacks, cut appart giant icebergs with immense power, and deflect the course of bullets with subtle movements of his blade.
Ryuma (One Piece/Mosters) was a powerful samurai from the Wano Country. In life, he was a swordsman of great skill and power, able to slice through cooper, kill Cyrano, and decapitate a dragon. Postmortem, he was able wield meito Shusui to a destructive effect.
Kizaru/Borsalino (One Piece) is extremely proficient in swordsmanship. As displayed by his Ama no Murakumo, he was able to battle figures such as Silvers Rayleigh and Zephyr to a standstill.
Hyouzou (One Piece) confirmed to be the strongest swordsman on Fishman Island.
Trafalgar Law (One Piece) is an extraordinary master swordsman, combined with the Ope Ope no Mi, he could defeat Vice-Admiral Vergo in a single slash.
Amande (One Piece) is a master swordswoman able to single-handedly massacre an army of armored knights...
..and slay giant tree homie King Baum.
Brook (One Piece) is a master swordsman specializing in fencing and Iaido.
Shiliew (One Piece) is fearsome swordsman able to slay multiple men in a split second.
Kine'mon (One Piece) is an expert in Kitsunebi-ryu swordsmanship, able to dual wield swords to perform fire enhanced slashes.
Stocking (Panty and Stocking with Garterbelt) is able to form her stockings into powerful katanas, Stripe I & II.
Shampoo (Ranma 1/2) is a skilled Swordswoman.
Shishio Makoto (Rurouni Kenshin) is a master swordsman, combining his skills with his serrated Mugenjin to create flaming attacks.
Being a former assassin, Himura Kenshin (Rurouni Kenshin) possesses unmatched skills in Flying Heaven Honorable Sword Style practice, enabling him to exercise great speed and reflexes, predict his opponent's next move. and perform powerful attacks.
Madoka Mawari (Tenjho Tenge) is a master swordswoman who uses many unique and exotic swords.
The Star Saber (Transformers Armada) is one of the three most powerful weapons in the known galaxy. Not only does it posses incredible cutting power, but its Mini-Con power enhancing technology allows it to increase the strength and combat prowess of any Cybertronian who wields it, allowing them to battle on par with better skilled soldiers.
Hiei (YuYu Hakusho) is a highly trained swordsman, and can even use the black flames of hell to make his cuts easier.
Web Animation
Weiss Shcnee (RWBY) wields her weapon of choice, Myrtenaster,a multi-action Dust rapier. She is able to use it in raw form or in conjunction with her Semblance, as well as various forms of Dust in battle. |
The 2013 Formula 1 season concluded today at Interlagos. Red Bull finished one-two with four-time World Champion Sebastian Vettel claiming his 13th win of the season. Webber claimed the runner-up spot in his final F1 race with Fernando Alonso in third.
We caught up with several drivers to talk about the season-ending Brazilian GP. Here’s what they had to say…
Sebastian Vettel’s ninth straight victory in Interlagos has tied him with the record set by Alberto Ascari over the 1952-’53 seasons.
However this time he had to work hard for it, having lost the lead on the first lap and then faced a delay in the pits when the team called him in at the last minute and his tires were not ready. Throughout the race, he was kept on his toes by Mark Webber.
Felipe Massa was set for a podium finish in his last race with Ferrari until a drive-through penalty cost him track position at the Brazilian Grand Prix.
Massa finished the season-ending race seventh after starting ninth, but he was running fourth when he was penalized for illegally crossing a pit line near the midway point of the race at his home track of Interlagos.
Massa said teammate Fernando Alonso, who was running third and had already secured second in the drivers’ standings, was ready to let him pass for a podium finish in front of the Brazilian crowd.
Webber ends his 12-year F1 career with 42 podium finishes – including nine wins and 16 runner-up finishes. All of his victories came under the Red Bull banner, with the first coming at the Nurburgring and final at Monaco. |
Not gone for the pre-amp version as I'll be doing multichannel so I'll eventually get round to building something like a 10 way DACT attenuator.
Feel like a sell out now after pimping the PC setup in such a big way. I still think that it holds way more potential than the DEQX could ever hope for but I've spent ££££'s along with 100's maybe 1000's of hours playing around and it hasn't happened.
Nevermind, I hope the DEQX really is the end to my digital crossover journey.
I'll report back with some thoughts and we'll see if it really is worth all that money. One thing is for sure; it had better fix the recent issues I've been having.
Originally posted by m0tion .... but when I graph them using Excel they seem to simply oscillate back and forth between ~1 and ~-1. Is this correct?
Hi m0tion,
you investigated the rsult with Excel and observed values in the resulting file in the range +-1.
This is absolutely correct! What you see in the generated file are the real and imaginary parts of the filter response.
In the generated file the first parameter of each line is the frequency, the second the real and the third the imaginary part of the filter response. To get the amplitude of the filter you have to calculate it in your spreadsheet from the real and imaginary part with the following formula:
Amplitude = SQRT (( real*real) + (imaginary*imaginary))
This formula calculates the amplitude of the filter and could be nicely visualized in EXCEL.
Originally posted by Vil there is pretty interesting Linear Phase EQ :
they say " Phase Linear Operation is achieved by processing your sound in both the forward-time and reverse-time directions through classic filters - all in realtime. This completely removes the phase warping caused by IIR filtering "
so thats not FIR but IIR filter with linear phase . I tested it , phase is really linear , and there is no frequency ringing up to -140dB .
Dear Vil,
in literature ringing always is described as an irregularity in the time domain and not the frequency domain.
To demonstrate his I took a very steep linear phase Linkwitz Raily filter of 40. order (240db/oct) with a XO-Frequency of 3000Hz and computed the step response for this filter. The red curve is the step response of the LP, the green one the step response if the HP and the blue line is the sum of both of them. I calculated the blue one to show that his filter is phase linear and adds up to a perfect step.
The signals of the LP and the HP start oscillating at 3000Hz long before the step happens. This phenomenon is called preringing and only occurs with linear phase filters (not with minimum phase filters) and is definitely audible. Why?
The blue curve shows that summing up both signals ringing disappears because the ringing of the two signals adds to zero. This is only true adding the electric signals. Firing the ringing signals (red and green) via speakers into your listening room the addition of the wave fronts will be no more perfect so preringing will become audible.
In comparison to the linear phase 40. order LR filter the next image shows the step response of a linear phase 40. order Bessel filter (also 3000Hz) proposed in my paper.
As you see this filter has no ringing at all. You could make the Bessel LP filter as steep as you like. At no circumstance ringing could be observed.
So my advice is to listen carefully before using steep linear phase filters. Caused by preringing often - especially at higher frequencies where the ear is very sensitive - linear phase filters are worse than minimum phase approaches.
By the way, using an IIR filter and calculating it from both sides not really gives any advantage. IIR has no preringing but postringing. Making it phase linear means mirroring the step response so the postringing of the IIR filter will be transformed to an audible preringing! Believe me, nobody could outflank physics ;-))
This phenomenon is called preringing and only occurs with linear phase filters (not with minimum phase filters) and is definitely audible. Why?.....This is only true adding the electric signals. Firing the ringing signals (red and green) via speakers into your listening room the addition of the wave fronts...
Don't forget that what you wrote is available for any kind of filter !!!!! There's is always a big difference between theory and speakers reality !
It is well known that 1st order filter are often not so nice in real world, specially off axis !!!!!!
It is just an example !
I use linear phase filter and I offer you a champagne bottle if you can ear the pre ringing on my system !!!! Please come at home !
I've done some blind test, nobody had noticed pre ringing during test, in fact...what is pre ringing for ears in situ ????
In the real life, anyone should consider the benefits of high slopes filters specially off axis. The low speakers interraction offers more goodies than the "pre ringing".
Please notice that the new reference studio monitor made by Focal use linear phase filters (200dB/octave) !!!! and the crossover is at 2.2KHz
I'm not specially a linear phase addict but readers should read carrefully differents point of view...
Just had a *very* quick play and no sign of the distortion I was talking about earlier in the thread. Even when I really crank the volume.
I have to conclude that I do hear pre-echo with DEQX on the really steep filters (300dB/oct. for example) but the problem with the PC was not this. It was more like digital clipping which is completely bizzare as all my level were backed way off when troubleshooting. Something obviously not right in the chain somewhere.
So just to recap; it wasn't pre-echo problems with the PC but something rather different.
No thoughts on just whether or not the DEQX sounds better as I've only tried a highpass on an ATC woofer so far. But I really do like the measurement and setup software for the DEQX, the best I've used yet and offers just as much accuracy and potential in the measurements as the PC did but its way, way fast. I can see it becoming a great tool for future projects.
I have followed your journey with interest. No doubt, you'll get the bug to go back to the PC at some point afte you've got everything decently sorted and have actually had a chance to enjoy music for a while. But since I have a DEQX coming in the next week or so, I'm selfishly glad that you have one in hand. Bad for you (timewise), good for us that you will be out ahead of the curve, especially with what you've already learned so far. Expect plenty of questions, if you are game.
Originally posted by mbon
In the real life, anyone should consider the benefits of high slopes filters specially off axis. The low speakers interraction offers more goodies than the "pre ringing".
Dear Marc,
You are right if you say steep filters have advantages. One of the advantages is (as I wrote!) that the lobbing error (this is what you call ‘off axis’) is minimal. The other big advantage is that the frequency ranges where the driver may be far away from its perfect linear operation are just switched off by the brickwall filters. These two advantages were paid by ringing and time delay.
Reading my paper you should have seen that the proposed Bessel filter has a wider overlapping region but in this very special case the softer slope did NOT create any lobing error. So here I can see no advance using a brickwall filter.
Looking at the 2. order slope of the HP I wrote that the response of the driver may pollute the response of the filter. This means applying a 2. order XO alone would not be sufficient. The driver also has to be corrected in such a way, that the convolution of driver-, correction- and XO response exactly covers the slope of the XO. Using brickwall filters and omitting driver correction creates a smaller error than using a 2. order slope without correction. Despite of this omitting driver correction always leads to errors. So I recommend to perform driver correction in any way (I plan to write about that).
Next point is ringing. I guess there is no discussion: Preringing is audible if it extends a certain degree. I admit that the point when it is audible strongly depends on the drivers used and how perfect the wavefront of both drivers add in space. The Bessel filter I proposed has no ringing at all.
Regarding delay the Bessel filter is perfect because it could be realized as minimum phase OR linear phase filer. Both of them share the same transient perfect response and also have the same perfect polar response. Just use whatever you like!
I did not state that the proposed Bessel filter is the best one could do! I just tried to show the pros and cons of the different approaches and summarized that the Bessel filer aggregates more pros than cons which makes it a good candidate for a XO. |
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to ignition by electric spark plugs of gaseous carburated mixtures used in internal combustion engines, evaporated fuel burners of industrial boilers, gas turbines and ramjets, and more particularly to creeping discharge spark plugs of the flash-spark type in which the spark creeps over the surface of an insulator to ignite a mixture of gases in a combustion chamber.
One method of electrical ignition involves initiating an electric spark at an appropriate moment in a gaseous medium under certain conditions to achieve ignition and to maintain combustion.
As a general rule, the spark is provoked between two electrodes separated by a gap of substantially 0.6 mm, depending on the sparking conditions. Ignition of the mixture is initiated by a cylindrical plasma forming a length equal to that of the gap between the electrodes. The plasma liberates energy by thermal conductivity and radiation and diffuses activated particles. These two actions are conductive to ignition of the carburated gas mixture and propagation of the flame.
Because of the relatively small dimensions of the plasma, the mixture volume affected by the ignition is small compared to the total volume of gas to be ignited. This results in the well-known difficulties of ignition that occur because (1) the richness of the mixture to be ignited is very different from the stoichiometric mixture and (2) the gaseous mixture is not sufficiently locally homogeneous and (3) the plasma created has small dimensions, whereby the richness of mixture zones is very different from stoichiometric proportions.
It is known that elongation of the spark leads to higher amounts of liberated energy that is transmitted by heat conduction of the gaseous medium; spark elongation also causes higher radiation intensity and higher ionized particle density.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Attempts have been made for a considerable time to extend the electrical ignition spark to increase the probability of finding spark or plasma mixture zones that approach the stoichiometric ratio, thus enabling a high performance and reliable ignition procedure to be obtained. In certain spark elongation methods the gap between the electrodes is increased and an element inserted between electrodes acts as a relay for the spark.
French Pat. No. 1 540 265 describes such a device in which an intermediate metallic element, acting as relay for the spark, is located half-way along the gap between the electrodes. The element is electrically insulated from the electrodes and carried by an insulator endowed with good thermal conductivity. The total length of the spark produced attains 1.2 mm in this way.
In French Pat. No. 2 323 253, which concerns a plasma igniter for a gas turbine engine, the element inserted between the two electrodes outer surface of the bar except for a longitudinal strip connecting the two spark establishing electrodes, is insulated from the gaseous mixture by an enamel coating. It is believed that the semiconductor bar causes local preheating of the mixture to be ignited, whereby the density of the gas drops locally, thus making it easier for the spark to jump.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,974,412 is disclosed another method for creating an unusually long arc discharge having an electronically controlled length and disposition.
According to this Patent, a spark plug comprises, in combination, a high voltage electrode that extends axially outward from the base of the spark plug. An insulating jacket covering the high voltage electrode extends continuously from the base of the plug to the region of the free end of the high voltage electrode. The free end of the high voltage electrode is exposed and formed to have a sparking surface oriented at an angle to the axially extending part of the high voltage axial electrode. A electrode extending from the body of the spark plug to the vicinity of the insulating jacket on the high voltage electrode has a sparking surface oriented at an angle to the axis. A separation between the ground electrode and the high voltage electrode through the insulating jacket is much less than the gap between the sparking surface of the ground electrode and the sparking surface of the high voltage electrode. The sparking surface of the electrodes is properly tapered such that an arc formed in an operating spark plug follows a curved path meeting each tapered sparking surface along a direction such that the discharge bends away from the axially extending part. The arc extends in an outward radial direction away from the axially extending part to distribute the arc energy and temperature. According to the teaching of this Patent non-creeping spark arcs having a maximum strength of 1 cm long are obtainable.
The object of the present invention is to provide relatively long flash sparks of say several cms. or tens of cms. long.
A further object of the invention is to provide an arc having a path complying with any arbitrarily defined pattern.
A further object of the invention is to ensure electrical ignition of a carburated gas mixture, even if this mixture is very lean and heterogeneous in space and time.
The invention provides means for obtaining a spark considerably greater in length then sparks previously obtained, rendering it possible by causing this spark to slide on a high resistivity dielectric surface. The spark can have any shape conductive to ready ignition of the mixture, regardless of the configuration and type of the combustion chamber. |
Q:
Could not log "render_template.action_view" event after rails upgrade to 4.2.8
I am in the process of upgrading a rails app that mostly serves JSON. The last working version I was able to upgrade to is 4.1. Once I upgraded to 4.2, request specs that produce strange errors in the test log:
Could not log "render_template.action_view" event. NoMethodError: undefined method `render_views?' for #<Class:0x007fe544a2b170>
Somewhere I read that this is due to rails trying to render a view that isn't present. Before the jump to rails 4, we set headers['CONTENT_TYPE'] = 'application/json' and everything was fine. I read that this isn't working anymore with rails 4. I already tried adding format: :json, as suggested here: Set Rspec default GET request format to JSON, which didn't help.
Any help on how to get the specs running again would be greatly appreciated.
A:
As it turns out, this error occurs if an include is missing in the rspec config block. Adding
RSpec.configure.include RSpec::Rails::ViewRendering
fixes that issue.
|
Q:
Can I rely on this "default" update interval (accelerometer) with this code?
-(void)play
{
CMMotionManager *motionManager = [[CMMotionManager alloc] init];
[motionManager startDeviceMotionUpdates];
while(!self.stopButtonPressed)
{
NSLog(@"Y-Axis acceleration is %f", motionManager.deviceMotion.userAcceleration.y);
}
}
console:
2012-08-03 13:06:10.798 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is 0.000000
2012-08-03 13:06:10.803 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is 0.000000
2012-08-03 13:06:10.805 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is 0.000000
2012-08-03 13:06:10.807 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is 0.000000
2012-08-03 13:06:10.808 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is 0.000000
2012-08-03 13:06:10.810 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is 0.000000
2012-08-03 13:06:10.812 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is 0.000000
2012-08-03 13:06:10.814 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is 0.000000
2012-08-03 13:06:10.817 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is 0.013498
2012-08-03 13:06:10.820 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is 0.013498
2012-08-03 13:06:10.822 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is 0.013498
2012-08-03 13:06:10.824 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is 0.013498
2012-08-03 13:06:10.826 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is 0.013498
2012-08-03 13:06:10.828 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is 0.013498
2012-08-03 13:06:10.831 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.082339
2012-08-03 13:06:10.833 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.082339
2012-08-03 13:06:10.835 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.082339
2012-08-03 13:06:10.837 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.082339
2012-08-03 13:06:10.840 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.082339
2012-08-03 13:06:10.842 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.082339
2012-08-03 13:06:10.846 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.099570
2012-08-03 13:06:10.848 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.099570
2012-08-03 13:06:10.850 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.099570
2012-08-03 13:06:10.852 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.099570
2012-08-03 13:06:10.855 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.099570
2012-08-03 13:06:10.857 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.099570
2012-08-03 13:06:10.859 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.120698
2012-08-03 13:06:10.862 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.120698
2012-08-03 13:06:10.864 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.120698
2012-08-03 13:06:10.866 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.120698
2012-08-03 13:06:10.868 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.120698
2012-08-03 13:06:10.870 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.120698
2012-08-03 13:06:10.873 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.125984
2012-08-03 13:06:10.875 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.125984
2012-08-03 13:06:10.877 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.125984
2012-08-03 13:06:10.879 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.125984
2012-08-03 13:06:10.881 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.125984
2012-08-03 13:06:10.882 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.125984
2012-08-03 13:06:10.884 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.125984
2012-08-03 13:06:10.888 MyProject[8896:3a03] Y-Axis acceleration is -0.083223
....etc.
According to the console, the acceleration values are updated every 14 microseconds on average
I'm not using a queue with an update interval explicitly, so should I assume that the default update interval is around 14 microseconds (when asking for new values from inside a while loop the way I have in this code specifically)?
Or is this "accidental" and I shouldn't rely on that ? I mean I have tested it a few times and the update interval is always between 13-14 ms, but is it possible (if I don't set an update interval explicitly) that the update interval changes significantly in some later testing if the processor happens to be "busier" (than normally..) for some reason at the time..?
Thank you for any help
A:
You should not rely on this interval, cause from UIAccelerometer class reference - maximum update interval is based on the available hardware, so when Apple will update Accelerometer chip in future devices, frequency may change ( it also can be different on current iPads and iPhones)
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Premier League clubs keen on Cahill
Socceroo Tim Cahill is in line for a surprise move back to the Premier League.
Press Association Sport understands there has been significant interest from both QPR and Sunderland, as well as number of other top-flight clubs in the Premier League and also across Europe.
Former Everton midfielder Cahill enjoyed a good World Cup for his country, becoming the first Australian to score in three successive tournaments and netting one of the best goals with a brilliant left-foot volley against Holland.
The 34-year-old, who scored 56 goals in 226 appearances for Everton, left England in 2012 for Major League Soccer side New York Red Bulls, for whom he was named Most Valuable Player after scoring 11 times.
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Australia's all-time leading goalscorer (34 times in 71 internationals) has settled well in the United States but it is believed he would consider a return to Europe if the right offer came along. |
Q:
GDB printf strange output when debugging
Why is the output of the printf is not show when stepping out the line? But at some point it did print line 16.
c file:
#include<stdio.h>
void nextfunc(){
int ctr;
for(ctr = 0; ctr<3; ctr++){
printf("print ctr = %d",ctr);
}
printf("last print");
}
void main(){
int x;
printf("input x: ");
scanf("%d",&x);
printf("\nprint 2");
printf("\nprint 3");
nextfunc();
}
GDB:
(gdb) break main
Breakpoint 1 at 0x8048479: file file5.c, line 14.
(gdb) break nextfunc
Breakpoint 2 at 0x804843a: file file5.c, line 6.
(gdb) run
Starting program: /home/charmae/workspace/AVT/file5
Breakpoint 1, main () at file5.c:14
14 printf("input x: ");
(gdb) s
15 scanf("%d",&x);
(gdb) s
input x: 4
16 printf("\nprint 2");
(gdb) s
17 printf("\nprint 3");
(gdb) s
print 2
18 nextfunc();
(gdb) s
Breakpoint 2, nextfunc () at file5.c:6
6 for(ctr = 0; ctr<3; ctr++){
(gdb) s
7 printf("print ctr = %d",ctr);
(gdb) s
6 for(ctr = 0; ctr<3; ctr++){
(gdb) s
7 printf("print ctr = %d",ctr);
(gdb) s
6 for(ctr = 0; ctr<3; ctr++){
(gdb) s
7 printf("print ctr = %d",ctr);
(gdb) s
6 for(ctr = 0; ctr<3; ctr++){
(gdb) s
9 printf("last print");
(gdb) s
10 }
(gdb) s
main () at file5.c:19
19 }
(gdb) s
0x0014a113 in __libc_start_main () from /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc.so.6
(gdb) s
Single stepping until exit from function __libc_start_main,
which has no line number information.
print 3print ctr = 0print ctr = 1print ctr = 2last print[Inferior 1 (process 2578) exited with code 012]
A:
Output though stdout is buffered. That means it is saved in a temporary buffer either until the buffer is full, there is a newline being printed or the function fflush(stdout) is called. stdout is flushed automatically also when the program ends.
The reason your output is printed "on the wrong place" in GDB is because of this buffering. you should either add newlines to the end of the printf format string, or explicitly call fflush.
|
What countries are the most and least miserable? In what follows, I update my annual Misery Index calculations. A Misery Index was first constructed by economist Art Okun as a way to provide President Lyndon Johnson with a snapshot of the economy.
The original Misery Index was just a simple sum of a nation’s annual inflation rate and its unemployment rate. The Misery Index has been modified several times, first by Robert Barro of Harvard and then by myself. My modified Misery Index is the sum of the unemployment, inflation, and bank lending rates, minus the percentage change in real GDP per capita. A higher Misery Index score reflects higher levels of “misery,” and it’s a simple enough metric that a busy president without time for extensive economic briefings can understand at a glance.
Below is a portion of the 2016 Misery Index. For consistency and comparability, all data come from the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU).
Venezuela holds the inglorious spot of most miserable country for 2016, as it did in 2015. The failures of the socialist, corrupt petroleum state have been well documented over the past year, including when Venezuela became the 57th instance of hyperinflation in the world.
Argentina holds down the second most miserable rank, and the reasons aren’t too hard to uncover. After the socialist Kirchner years, Argentina is transitioning away from the economy-wracking Kirchner policies, but many problematic residues can still be found in Argentina’s underlying economic framework.
Also of note on this list is the United States.
Brazil, at number 3, is a hotbed of corruption and incompetence, as the recent impeachment of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff indicates. It’s similar in South Africa, at number 4, where corruption runs to the very highest office. President Zuma of South Africa just recently survived impeachment after the Constitutional Court unanimously decided that Zuma failed to uphold the country’s constitution.
Egypt, ranked fifth most miserable, is mired in exchange controls, a thriving Egyptian pound black market, and military-socialist rule. However, Egypt is likely suffering even more than this table indicates, as the EIU’s inflation estimate for Egypt (17.8 percent) is far off from the Johns Hopkins-Cato Institute Troubled Currencies Project, which I direct, estimate of 150.7 percent.
Next, with a Misery Index score of 36.0, is Ukraine, a country still feeling the effects of the highly-publicized civil war that began three years ago. With a civil war and endemic corruption, it comes as a shock to no one that Ukrainians are miserable?
Azerbaijan is plagued by corruption, fraud, and incompetence, and currency devaluations are commonplace — the manat has been devalued twice since 2015, losing 57 percent of its value against the dollar. This weakness in the currency markets makes it difficult to do business, and the Azerbaijani economy has faltered as a result.
Turkey faces a despotic leader in Islamist Erdogan, who devotes all of his resources to staying in power rather than governing the state, leading to a strongly depreciating currency and a populous mired in fear. The Turkish lira has lost over 24 percent of its value against the dollar in the last year, and the economy is in the process of spontaneously dollarizing. Not surprisingly, Turkey is a member of the Fragile Five, which also include Brazil, India, Indonesia, and South Africa.
In The Spotlight
The reasons for Iran’s rank on this list are almost too obvious and plentiful to enumerate, but it’s safe to say that a combination of corruption, incompetence, theocratic-authoritarian rule, and more have led to its state of misery.
Rounding out the ten most miserable countries is Colombia. The Colombian government has been so preoccupied negotiating peace talks with the rebel FARC group that the economy has been neglected, causing interest rates to spike as the economy stands still.
On the other end of the table one finds Japan with the low score of 0.4. Japan’s low misery is not the result of high GDP per capita growth (Japan’s figure is only 0.7 percent), unlike most other countries at the bottom. Instead, it’s Japan’s -3.5 percent inflation rate that drives the score down.
China is the next best, with the second-least miserable score of 4.5, almost entirely due to its high (6.3 percent) GDP per capita growth rate.
Also of note on this list is the United States. In President Obama’s final year in office, the United States ranked lower than Slovakia, Romania, Hungary, China, and even Vietnam. What a legacy. |
Canadian whisky is often overlooked as being on par with the quality of its Scotch, Irish, American and even Japanese counterparts. However, where Canada really excels is when it comes to manufacturing a spirit that is easy to justify mixing a drink with.
Being from the great white north, it would be nice to pay homage to my home by gallantly lifting our whiskies onto a pedestal and parading them as superior and exceptional spirits for all the world to see.
Well, you won’t see me doing that anytime soon.
It’s not because of the fact that Canadian whisky isn’t good. It’s simply because I find it far too light. As a Scotch drinker, I prefer a peatier and smoky dram, whereas, similar to Irish whiskey, Canadian whisky is some of the lightest and easiest spirits to consume, making it ideal for mixing or as an introduction to those new to the game of whisky.
Not to suggest there is anything wrong with Canadian whisky. Many, many people love it straight, including those who also enjoy Scotch. In fact, I have a few friends who prefer a Gibson or Canadian Club to that of any Scotch or Irish counterpart, yet still enjoy a dram of Lagavulin or Laphroaig when Gibson’s or CC isn’t available.
The History of Canadian Whisky
Canadian whisky has actually had quite an illustrious history, well known for its time where it was bootlegged into America during the heart of prohibition. In the year 1769, the first distillery was opened in Quebec by a man named John Molson, and by the mid-1800s there were more than 200 distilleries actively producing across Canada.
Many people often wonder why Canadian whisky is spelled the same as Scotch and without the “e”. This is because of the large amount of Scottish settlers that came to Canada, who were the ones responsible for the upstart of Canada’s whisky production. Since they used the same processes adopted from back home in Scotland, it was also decided to maintain the same spelling, as these distillers believed their product was similar, both in taste as well as quality.
One ingredient however, the really separates Canadian whisky from Scotch is the use of corn. Similar to that of American Bourbon, Canada has enjoyed utilizing the overflowing population of corn grown across its vast land. An interesting note is that often Canadian whisky is simply referred to as “Rye” or “Rye whisky”. This isn’t because rye is a primary ingredient, but because rye has such an overpowering authority over the taste of the whisky. The more rye used in the batch, the spicier the notes. Very rarely, is rye used as a majority ingredient, and often only makes up a very small percentage of its ingredient list.
Prohibition
Many may not be aware, but Canada too had its own prohibition from 1916 to 1917. However, it’s because of the American prohibition, that Canadian whisky became known the world over.
In 1920, right up until 1933, the American government banned the sale of all liquor nationwide. In fact, not only was the sale of liquor banned, but so was the importation, production and transportation of it anywhere on US soil. While private ownership and consumption wasn’t illegal in most States, there were still many regions that took it into their own hands to prevent it in their homes.
This is was an incredibly debated issue, as in those days, certain spirits were viewed as medicinal and the addiction levels were through the roof. Many believed this was the government’s way of controlling them and because of it, groups merged with the goal of illegally rum-running alcohol into the US from neighboring countries such as Canada.
With organized crime taking a stronghold over Atlantic City, New York and Chicago, mobsters like Al Capone switched priorities and began focusing heavily on the importation and sale of illicit alcohol. Recently, an entire TV show called Boardwalk Empire evolved around it.
While there is (obviously) very limited records as it applies to just how much Canadian whisky was illegally poured into America, it is well known that the speakeasies of the South were flowing. A perfect example is Hiram Walker‘s distillery in Windsor, Ontario, which by happy-accident was directly across the river from Detroit and during prohibition was a prime site for bootleggers to smuggle it across the border using fast and small boats.
Following the end of prohibition, the Federal Alcohol Administration believed that Canadian whisky was similar to that of Tylenol, a cure-all for many American illnesses and a great remedy for pain, something many Canadians I know might agree with.
In 1933, the FAA imported 3,314,443 gallons of Canadian whisky, most of which was Seagrams, into the United States for allocation to various medical clinics, hospitals, pharmacies, and other public buildings including libraries. It was this action that confirmed Canada’s position in the global whisky market.
What Differentiates Canadian Whisky?
Canadian whisky, often referred to as “rye whisky” is typically made from a concoction of various grains blended together in harmony. Most common are barley, corn, rye and wheat, with corn being the most emphasized.
It’s style tends to be closest to that of Ireland’s blended whiskies being a light, palatable spirit that is often described as smooth and mellow with very little hints of peat.
Unlike most countries, Canada’s regulations for whisky are very broad and allow the spirit to be mixed with a variety of other spirits which can include bourbon, sherry, brandy and even non-alcoholic flavored liquids. The distillation by law occurs in column stills and must be matured for a minimum of three years before being released to the public.
In fact, one of the world’s best sellers is Crown Royal, whose distillery is just minutes from my family’s summer home.
Recommended Bottles
Canadian Club Small Batch Sherry Cask
One of the few Canadian whiskies I enjoy neat or with a splash of water. The sherry cask is proof that Canada is capable of producing a spirit that can be more than just another ingredient in a cocktail. This particular bottling makes use of very small quantities of Canadian Club’s finest blends that are aged for a minimum of eight years in white oak barrels before being double matured in Fino sherry casks imported from Jerez, Spain.
The coloring is close to what I would describe as an exquisite bronze with a nose that features strong wafts of fruits with just a hint of oak and a blast of sherry. The taste on the palate is full of figs, sultanas and dates with some light touches of vanilla, charred oak and toasted grains.
The finish is as mellow as the taste without a hint of peat. It’s strongly sweet and lasts for a considerably long time before enveloping your mouth with a subtle oak finale.
Canadian Club Small Batch 12 Year
If you’re looking for something a bit more robust in flavor than the sherry cask, try the 12 year.
It has a strong barley flavor profile and is a great step up from the other whiskies in the Canadian Club lineup. Aged for 12 years in bourbon barrels, it can be consumed neat, but I prefer it in the classic cocktails such as a Manhattan or even an Old Fashioned.
The color is more of a gold than bronze and the nose is soft but creamy with strong fruit statements. The flavor matches with the vanilla from the charred bourbon barrels and a hint of spice that matches nicely with honey and oak.
The finish is a bit longer than that of the sherry cask and far drier with strong bursts of butterscotch and a hint of smoke.
Crown Royal Cask No. 16
The 18 is what many consider to be the pinnacle of Crown Royal’s lineup. It’s a unique mixture of more than fifty different whiskies that are blended together before being finished in Cognac casks imported from the Limousin forest.
Unfortunately, I have only tried this whisky once and didn’t make note of it. What I can tell you is that it’s a far more complex whisky compared to most other Canadian drams. It can be consumed neat but I wouldn’t recommend it for those who don’t already drink unmixed whisky on a regular basis.
Gibson’s Rare 18 Year
If you asked me my opinion of Gibson’s Sterling I would tell you to go drink a beer. The sterling is abhorrent in my opinion, but the 18 year is about as good as it gets.
The second bottle I can withstand not to mix, this dram is delicate and velvety with rich layers of complex aromas and flavors that are often unseen in Canadian spirits.
The nose is rich and sweet full of warm brown sugars and fruit. The palate is medium bodied with wafts of vanilla and rye, succeeded by honey and dried fruits. The finish is long, less complex, but still about as remarkable as they come.
Glenora
Glenora is an interesting whisky because it comes from Nova Scotia which is prominent for its Scottish, Irish and Gaelic communities. What really separates it from the rest of the pack though is that it was the first single malt distillery in Canada and, wait for it… finishes the aging process in ice wine casks.
Glenora has had a turbulent history and for years has been in battle with the Scotch Whisky Association which believes that the “Glen” in the name, is likely to confuse unsuspecting buyers who may accidentally believe it to be Scotch.
In addition, Glenora is well noted for being visitor friendly which is something not many distilleries in Canada are known for. In fact, most don’t allow visitors to enter the distillery, some even going to far as to prohibit media and delegates from touring their facilities.
The Glenora is a unique bottling, most known for their 10 year. The nose is full of Canadian maple and vanilla with hints of orange, chocolate and cherry. The palate is nutty with huge bursts of cherry and maple again. The finish is my favorite part which has obvious notes of apple pie with the freshness of ginger.
This is a bottling I often choose to mix with lighter cocktails and one I don’t typically enjoy straight up.
Forty Creek and Canadian Club
Two different bottles from two different companies, I have paired these together for one reason; they are the moonshines of Canadian whisky.
Why are they in my list of recommended spirits you ask? The answer is simple. They are some of the best bottles to have on your shelf for those with no appreciation, or who simply want a Rye and Coke.
I won’t even get into tasting notes on these. They simply aren’t worth the time. All you need to know about these two bottles is that they are the Smirnoff and Bacardi’s of the whisky world. Great for mixing, but call in sick if you plan on drinking them straight up.
For cocktail recipes, please take a look at our other whisk(e)y guides.
Conclusion
Today, there are 500 Canadian distilled spirits and it’s not difficult to find a few you’ll enjoy. While the whisky is quite mellow when compared to a Scotch, it has an unmistakably unique flavor profile and complexity imparted by the Rye.
In the end, Canadian whisky may not be my first choice, but it holds a special place in my heart and in my bar. It’s the perfect dram for a newcomer turned off by the “harshness” of Scotch and it really shines in a plethora of mixed cocktails (click here to learn more about tools and mixing). Not to mention, you can’t go wrong with the price.
For more information about Canadian Whiskey, take a look at www.canadianwhisky.org, who also provided some of the pictures for this article. |
/****************************************************************************
Copyright (c) 2008-2010 Ricardo Quesada
Copyright (c) 2010-2012 cocos2d-x.org
Copyright (c) 2011 Zynga Inc.
Copyright (c) 2013-2014 Chukong Technologies Inc.
http://www.cocos2d-x.org
Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.
****************************************************************************/
package org.cocos2dx.cpp;
import org.cocos2dx.lib.Cocos2dxActivity;
public class AppActivity extends Cocos2dxActivity {
}
|
upcoming workshops
Please contact me for information regarding any of the listed workshops or if you would like to discuss a speaking engagement or workshop presentation. deborahadanalcsw@gmail.com
The Rhythm of Regulation Series now has three modules available:
One Day Introduction
Two Day Immersion
Six Month Intensive
DEB DANA, LCSW
PO Box 1003 Kennebunkport, ME 04046
The Rhythm of Regulation: Building Safety from a Polyvagal Perspective
TheRhythm of Regulation series is based on the work of renowned neuroscience researcher Stephen Porges. His development of Polyvagal Theory presents an expanded understanding of the ways the autonomic nervous system influences our experiences of safety and our ability for connection.
Dr. Porges’ research offers a cutting edge framework for the treatment of trauma. Polyvagal Theory provides a state of the art map outlining a new way of looking at habitual patterns of action, disconnection, and engagement.
In this workshop series, Deb Dana translates Dr. Porges’ theory into clinical application with the creation of an integrated approach to polyvagal intervention. We begin with an examination of Polyvagal Theory and the scienceof the autonomic nervous system followed by comprehensive study of the phases of polyvagal intervention.
Rhythm of Regulation Intensive Training Program!
Are you are ready to join the global community of polyvagal informed practitioners?
The 2018 Rhythm of Regulation Training Program is now open for registration. |
Ever since we pointed out that some teenagers reacted very poorly to President Obama's reelection by posting racist hate speech on Twitter, we have received quite a few emails supporting the students and expressing anti-Obama sentiments. Apparently, pointing out when people are being racist just brings out more… »11/14/12 5:45pm 11/14/12 5:45pm |
---
abstract: 'We prove that the treewidth of an Erdös-Rényi random graph $\rg{n, m}$ is, with high probability, greater than $\beta n$ for some constant $\beta > 0$ if the edge/vertex ratio $\frac{m}{n}$ is greater than 1.073. Our lower bound $\frac{m}{n} > 1.073$ improves the only previously-known lower bound established in [@kloks94]. We also study the treewidth of random graphs under two other random models for large-scale complex networks. In particular, our result on the treewidth of strengths a previous observation in [@karonski99cpc] on the average case behavior of the *gate matrix layout* problem. For scale-free random graphs based on the Barabási-Albert preferential-attachment model, our result shows that if more than 12 vertices are attached to a new vertex, then the treewidth of the obtained network is linear in the size of the network with high probability.'
author:
- |
Yong Gao [^1]\
Department of Computer Science,\
Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences\
University of British Columbia Okanagan,\
Kelowna, Canada V1V 1V7\
bibliography:
- '../treewidth-cocoon06.bib'
- 'bib/random\_graph.bib'
- 'bib/phase\_transition.bib'
- 'bib/complex\_networks.bib'
title: 'Treewidth of Erdös-Rényi Random Graphs, Random Intersection Graphs, and Scale-Free Random Graphs '
---
Introduction {#Introduction}
============
Treewidth plays an important role in characterizing the structural properties of a graph and the complexity of a variety of algorithmic problems of practical importance [@bodlaender93; @kloks94]. When restricted to instances with bounded treewidth, many NP-hard problems are polynomially sovable. Dynamic programming algorithms based on the tree-decomposition of graphs have found many applications in research field such as computational biology and artificial intelligence [@dalmau02; @dechter01].
The theory of random graphs pioneered by the work of Erdös and Rényi [@erdos60] deals with the probabilistic behavior of various graph properties such as the connectivity, the colorability, and the size of (connected) components [@erdos60; @bollobas01; @achlioptas99sharp; @friedgut99]. Random intersection graphs and scale-free random graphs were proposed as more realistic models for large-scale complex networks arising in real-world domains such as communication networks (Internet, WWW, Wireless and P2P networks), computational biology (protein networks), and sociology (social networks). It has been hoped that these new models will be able to capture the common features of these networks in a better way and in the mean time, are mathematically approachable and algorithmically tractable [@cooper05; @ferrante08tcs; @gao09tcs; @silvio09stoc].
As treewidth is one of the most important structural parameters used to capture the algorithmic tractability of computationally hard problems, it is interesting to see how large the treewidth of a typical graph is in these random models. Of course, studying the probabilistic behavior of the treewidth of these random graphs is itself an interesting combinatorial problem. Except for a result in [@kloks94] establishing an lower bound on the threshold of having a linear treewidth of the Erdös-Rényi random graph, we are not aware of any other work in the literature. In the paper, we study the treewidth of random graphs under the following three random models:
1. **The Erdös-Rényi model [@bollobas01; @erdos60]**. An Erdös-Rényi random graph $\rg{n, m}$ is defined on $n$ vertices and contain $m$ edges selected from the $N = \binom{n}{2}$ potential edges uniformly at random and without replacement.
2. **The random intersection model [@karonski99cpc]**. A random intersection graph $\rig{n, m, p}$ on $n$ vertices is defined as follows. Let $M = \{1, 2, \cdots, m\}$ be a fixed universe of size $m$. Each vertex $v$ is associated with a subset $S_v \subset M$ that is obtained by including each element in $M$ independently with probability $p$. These $S_v$’s are determined independently as well. There is an edge between a pair of vertices $u$ and $v$ if and only if $S_u \cap S_v \not= \emptyset$.
3. **The Barabási-Albert scale-free model [@albert02complex]**. A Barabási-Albert random graph $\rsg{n, m}$ on a set of $n$ vertices $\{v_1, \cdots, v_n\}$ is defined by a graph evolution process in which vertices are added to the graph one at a time. In each step, the newly-added vertex is connected to $m$ existing vertices selected according to the *preferential attachment* mechanism, i.e. an existing vertex is selected with probability in proportion to its degree.
We establish a lower bound 1.073 on the edge/vertex ratio $\frac{m}{n}$ above which an Erdös-Rényi random graph $\rg{n, m}$ has a treewidth linear to the number of vertices with high probability. Our lower bound improves the previous one $\frac{m}{n} > 1.18$ in [@kloks94]. We obtain similar results on the behavior of the treewidth for the random intersection graph $\rig{n, m, p}$ and the Barabási-Albert scale-free random graph $\rsg{n, m}$. Our result on $\rig{n, m, p}$ complements an observation in [@karonski99cpc] on the average case behavior of the *gate matrix layout* problem. Our result on the scale-free random graph $\rsg{n, m}$ shows that if more than 12 vertices are attached to a new vertex, then the treewidth of the obtained network is linear in the size of the network with high probability. Our results are summarized in the following theorems:
\[thm-treewidth-bound\] Let $\rg{n, m}$ be an Erdös-Rényi random graph. For any $\frac{m}{n} \geq 1.073$, there is a constant $\beta > 0$ such that $$\label{treewidth-bound-eq}
\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow \infty}\probab{tw(\rg{n, m}) > \beta n}{\rg{n, m}} = 1.$$
\[thm-intersection-graph\] Let $\rig{n, m, p}$ be a random intersection graph with the universe $M = \{1, \cdots, m\}$ and $m = n^{\alpha}$. For any $p \geq \frac{2}{m}$ and $\alpha > 0$, there exists a constant $\beta > 0$ such that $$\label{eq-thm2-0}
\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow \infty}\probab{tw(\rig{n, m, p}) > \beta n}{\rig{n, m, p}} = 1.$$
\[thm-power-law-graph\] Let $\rsg{n, m}$ be the Barabási-Albert random graph. For any $m \geq 12$, there is a constant $\beta > 0$ such that $$\label{eq-thm3-0}
\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow \infty}\probab{tw(\rsg{n, m}) > \beta n}{\rsg{n, m}} = 1.$$
Technical Contribution
----------------------
The approach used in [@kloks94] is essentially an application of the first-moment method to the random variable that counts the total number of the *balanced partitions* $(S, A, B)$ where the size of the separator $S$ is at most $\beta n$ (See Section \[sec-thm-1\] for the formal definition of a balanced partition.) It is further commented in [@kloks94] that it was not known whether the 1.18 lower bound can be improved and that the treewidth of the random graph $\rg{n, m}$ with $\frac{1}{2}< \frac{m}{n} < 1$ is unknown.
Our main contribution in this paper is in the proof of our improved lower bound $\frac{m}{n} > 1.073$. We note that a more refined analytical calculation is able to improve the lower bound 1.18 in [@kloks94] to 1.083. The difficulty lies in bringing down the lower bound further from 1.083 to 1.073. To achieve this, we introduce the notion of $d$-rigid and balanced partitions $(S, A, B)$ which are maximally balanced in the sense that no vertex subset of certain size from the larger part, say $B$, can be moved to the smaller one $|A|$ to create a new balanced partition. The motivation is that by considering the expected number of these more restricted partitions, we will be able to get a more accurate estimation when applying Markov’s inequality[^2].
The difficulty we have to overcome in the case of treewidth is the estimation of the expected number of $d$-rigid and balanced partition $(S, A, B)$ in $\rg{n, m}$. To do this, an exponentially small upper bound is required on the probability that the induced subgraph $G[B]$ of the random graph $\rg{n, m}$ doesn’t have small-sized tree components.
We managed to obtain such an exponentially small upper bound in a “conditional" probability space, which is equivalent to the Erdö-Réyni random model as far as the size of the treewidth is concerned, by using a Hoeffding-Azuma style inequality. To achieve the best possible Lipschitz constant in our application of the Hoeffding-Azuma inequality, we used a “weighted" count on the number of tree components of size up to a fixed constant $d$. We are not aware of any other application of the Hoeffding-Azuma inequality in the study of random discrete structures where this idea of weighted counts is beneficial.
Outline of the Paper
--------------------
The next section fixes our notation and contains preliminaries. Also discussed in this section is a variant of the Erdö-Rényi model for random graphs which we will be using in our proofs. Sections 3 - 5 contain the proofs of Theorem \[thm-treewidth-bound\], Theorem \[thm-intersection-graph\], and Theorem \[thm-power-law-graph\] respectively. The two appendices contain the proof of some necessary lemmas.
Notation and Preliminaries
==========================
Throughout this paper, all logarithms are natural logarithms, i.e., to the base $e$. The cardinality of a set $U$ is denoted by $|U|$. All graphs are undirected and standard terminologies in graph theory [@west01] are used. Given a graph $G(V, E)$ and a vertex $v \in V$, we use $N(v)$ to denote the set of neighbors of $v$, i.e., $$N(v) = \{u \in V ~|~ u \not= v \textrm{ and } (u, v) \in E \}.$$ Given a vertex subset $U$, we use $N(U)$ to denote the neighborhood of $U$, i.e., $$N(U) = \{w \in V \setminus U ~|~ (w, u) \in E \textrm{ for some } u \in U\}.$$ The induced subgraph on a subset of vertices $U$ is denoted by $G[U]$. By a component of a graph, we mean a maximal connected subgraph.
In the proofs, we will be using the following upper bound on $\binom{n}{\delta n}$ that can be derived from Stirling’s formula:
\[lem-stirling\] For any constants $0 < \beta < 1$, $$\binom{n}{\beta n } \leq
\frac{\theta}{\sqrt{\beta(1 - \beta)n}} \left(\frac{1}{\beta^{\beta}
(1 - \beta)^{1 - \beta}}\right)^n. \nonumber$$ where $\theta > 0$ is a constant.
We also need the following three lemmas on the properties of some useful functions. The proof of these lemmas are incldued in Appendix 2.
\[lem-function-0\] On internal $(0, 1)$, the function $$\label{eq-function-0}
f(t) = t^t(1-t)^{1 - t} \nonumber$$ attains its minimum at $t = \frac{1}{2}$ and $\lim\limits_{t \rightarrow 0}f(t) = 1$. Furthermore, $f(t)$ is decreasing on the interval $(0, \frac{1}{2}]$ and decreasing on the interval $[\frac{1}{2}, 1)$.
\[lem-function-1\] Let $r(t)$ is a function defined as $$\label{eq-function-2}
r(t) = \frac{2t^{2}}{(1 + \epsilon)^2c} \left(\frac{1}{e}\right)^{\frac{4ct}{1 -
2t(1-t)}}$$ where $c > 0$ is a constant. For any $c > 1$ and sufficiently small $\beta > 0$, $r(t)$ is decreasing on the interval $[\frac{1 - \beta}{2}, \frac{2}{3}]$.
\[lem-function-2\] Let $g(t)$ be a function defined as $$\label{eq-function-2}
g(t) = \frac{(1 - 2t + 2t^{2} + 2\beta t)^{c}}{t^{t}(1 - t)^{1 - t}}$$ where $c > 1$ and $\beta > 0$ are constants. Then for sufficiently small $\beta$, $g(t)$ is increasing on $[\frac{1 - \beta}{2}, \frac{2}{3}]$.
Treewidth and Random Graphs {#subsec-treewidth}
---------------------------
The notion of treewith plays an important role in graph theory and in real world computing. Several equivalent definitions of treewidth exist and the one based on is probably the easiest to explain. The graph class of is defined recursively as follows [@kloks94]:
1. A clique with k+1 vertices is a ;
2. Given a $T_n$ with n vertices, a with $n+1$ vertices is constructed by adding to $T_n$ a new vertex and connecting it to a $k$-clique of $T_n$.
A graph is called a **partial** if it is a subgraph of a . The treewidth $tw(G)$ of a graph $G$ is the minimum value $k$ such that $G$ is a partial .
Since the seminal work of Erdös and Rényi [@erdos60], the theory of random graphs has been an active research area in graph theory and combinatorics. The probabilistic behavior of various graph properties such as the connectivity, the colorability, and the size of (connected) components, have been extensively studied. The theory of random graphs has also motivated the study of the probabilistic properties of random instances of other important combinatorial optimization problems, most notably that of the satisfiability of random logic formulas in conjunctive normal form (CNF).
We use $\rg{n, m}$ to denote an Erdös-Rényi random graph [@bollobas01] on $n$ vertices with $m$ edges selected from the $N = \binom{n}{2}$ possible edges uniformly at random and without replacement. Throughout this paper by “with high probability", abbreviated as , we mean that the probability of the event under consideration is $1 - o(1)$ as $n$ goes to infinity.
We will be working with a random graph model $\overline{G}(n, m)$ that is slightly different from $\rg{n, m}$ in that the $m$ edges are selected independently and uniformly at random, **but with replacement**. There is a one-to-one correspondence between the random graph $\overline{G}(n, m)$ and the product probability space $(\overline{\Omega}, \mathcal{A}, \probab{\cdot}{\overline{G}(n, m)})$ defined as follows:
1. $\overline{\Omega} = \prod\limits_{i = 1}^{m}\mathcal{E}_i$ where each $\mathcal{E}_i$ is the set of all $\binom{n}{2}$ possible edges. This is a finite and discrete sample space.
2. $\mathcal{A}$ is the $\sigma$-field consisting of all subsets of $\overline{\Omega}$.
3. The probability measure $\probab{\cdot}{\overline{G}(n, m)}$ is $$%\label{eq-prob-space-1}
\probab{\omega}{\overline{G}(n, m)} = \left(\frac{1}{\binom{n}{2}}\right)^{m}, \ \
\forall \omega\in \overline{\Omega}.$$
A sample point $\omega \in \overline{\Omega}$ is interpreted as an outcome of the random experiment that selects $m$ edges independently, uniformly at random with replacement from the set of all possible edges. Note that the graph corresponding to a sample point $\omega \in \overline{\Omega}$ is actually a multi-graph, i.e., a graph in which parallel edges are allowed.
It turns out that as far as the property of having a treewidth linear in the number of vertices is concerned, the two random graph models $\overline{G}(n, m)$ and $\rg{n, m}$ are equivalent. In fact, the equivalence holds for any monotone increasing combinatorial property in random discrete structures, as has been observed in [@kirousis94threshold; @achlioptas99thesis] and formally proved in [@kirousis96tech]. For completeness, we will include in Appendix \[appendix-1\] an alternative pure measure-theory style proof.
\[prop-equiv\] If there exists a constant $\beta > 0$ such that $$\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow \infty}\probab{tw(\overline{G}(n, m)) \geq \beta n}{} = 1,$$ then $$\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow \infty}\probab{tw(\rg{n, m}) \geq \beta n}{} = 1.$$
Due to Proposition \[prop-equiv\], we will continue to use the notation $G(n, m)$ instead of $\overline{G}(n, m)$ throughout this paper, but with the understanding that the $m$ edges are selected independently and uniformly at random with replacement.
In the rest of the paper, we will always subscript operations such as a probability measure $\probab{\cdot}{G(n, m)}$ and a mathematical expectation $\expectation{\cdot}{G(n, m)}$ to clear indicate the underlying probability space in which these operations are applied.
In [@kloks94], it proved that the treewidth of an Erdös-Rényi random graph $\rg{n, m}$ is linear in the number of vertices if the edge/vertex ratio is greater than $1.18$. It is mentioned in [@kloks94] that it was unclear whether the lower bound 1.18 can be further improved, and that the treewidth of a random graph $G(n, m)$ with $\frac{1}{2}< \frac{m}{n} < 1$ is unknown [@kloks94]. The main result of this paper improves the bound to 1.073.
Random Intersection Graphs
--------------------------
The intersection model for random graphs was introduced by Karonński, et al. [@karonski99cpc]. As one of the motivations, Karonński, et al. discussed the application of this model in the average-case analysis of algorithmic problems in gate matrix circuit design [@karonski99cpc]. Other motivations for the recent interests in random intersection graphs include the possible applications in modeling large-scale complex networks arising in wireless communications [@nikoletseas08tcs] and social networks.
A random intersection graph $\rig{n, m, p}$ over a vertex set $V$ is defined by a universe $M$ and three parameters $n$ (the number of vertices), $m = |M|$, and $0 \leq p \leq 1$. Associated with a vertex $v\in V$ is a random subset $S_v \subset M$ formed by selecting each element in $M$ independently with probability $p$. A pair of vertices $u$ and $v$ is an edge in $\rig{n, m, p}$ if and only if $S_u \cap S_v \not= \emptyset$.
An alternative view of $\rig{n, p, m}$ is as follows. Let $(C_1, \cdots, C_m)$ be a set of $m$ subsets of vertices. Each $C_i$ is formed independently by including each vertex independently with probability $p$. A pair of vertices $u$ and $v$ is an edge in $\rig{n, m, p}$ if and only if some $C_i$ contains both $u$ and $v$. In this sense, a random intersection graph is actually the primal graph of a random hypergraph consisting of $m$ hyperedges each of which contains a vertex with probability $p$.
Barabási-Albert Random Graphs
-----------------------------
In recent years, there has been growing interests in random models for large-scale communication networks, biological networks, and social networks. A remarkable observation is that the degree distribution of these large-scale networks follow a power law, i.e., the fraction of vertices of a given degree $d$ is proportional to $d^{-\gamma}$ for some constant $\gamma > 0$.
The Barabási-Albert model for random graphs is proposed in [@albert02complex] and has been shown to have a power law degree distribution [@bollobas01scalefree]. In addition to the purpose of modeling, it is also hoped that features such as a power-law degree distribution may be exploited algorithmically and/or mathematically to help solve real-world problems defined on these large-scale networks. See, for example, the work and arguments in [@cooper05; @ferrante08tcs; @silvio09stoc; @gao09tcs].
Following the formal definition given in [@bollobas01scalefree], a Barabási-Albert random graph $\rsg{n, m}$ on a set of $n$ vertices $V = \{v_1, \cdots, v_n\}$ is defined by a graph evolution process in which vertices are added to the graph one at a time. In each step, the newly-added vertex is connected to $m$ existing vertices selected according to the *preferential attachment* mechanism, i.e. an existing vertex is selected with probability in proportion to its degree. To be more precisely, let $v_i$ be the vertex to be added and let $G_{i - 1}$ be the graph obtained after vertex $v_{i - 1}$ is added. The $m$ neighbors of $v_i$ are selected in $m$ steps. In step $1\leq j\leq m$, the probability that an existing vertex $w$ is selected as the neighbor of the new vertex $v$ is $$\label{eq-preferential-prob}
\frac{\degree{G_{i - 1}}{w} + d_{w}(j) }{m (i - 1) + 2(j - 1)},$$ where
1. $(i - 1)m = \sum\limits_{k \leq i - 1} \degree{G_{i - 1}}{v_k}$ is the total degree of $G_{i - 1}$,
2. $d_{w}(j)$ is the number of times $w$ has been picked as the neighbor of $v$ in the first $(j - 1)$ trials, and
3. the term $2(j - 1)$ takes into consideration the increase of the total degree as a result of the first $j - 1$ neighbors.
One also needs to take care of the initial phase, but that won’t have any impact on our analyses.
Treewidth of Erdös-Rényi Random Graphs: Proof of Theorem \[thm-treewidth-bound\] {#sec-thm-1}
================================================================================
In this section, we prove Theorem \[thm-treewidth-bound\] to establish the lower bound $c^*$ on the edge/vertex ratio $\frac{m}{n}$ such that whenever $\frac{m}{n} \geq c^*$, the treewidth of an Erdös-Rényi random graph $\rg{n, m}$ is greater than $\beta n$ for some constant $\beta > 0$. To begin with, we introduce the following concept which will be used as a necessary condition for a graph to have a treewidth of certain size. The following notion of balanced $l$-partition was used in [@kloks94] to establish the lower bound 1.18.
\[rigid\_partition\_def\] Let $G(V, E)$ be a graph with $|V| = n$. Let $\mathbf{W} = (S, A, B)$ be a triple of disjoint vertex subsets such that $V = S \cup A\cup B$ and $|S| = l + 1$.
We say that $\mathbf{W}$ is balanced if $\frac{1}{3}(n-l-1)\leq |A|, |B| \leq \frac{2}{3}(n - l - 1)$. Without lose of generality, we will always assume that $|B| \geq |A|$.
We say that $\mathbf{W}$ is an $l$-partition if $S$ separates $A$ and $B$, i.e., there are no edges between vertices of $A$ and vertices of $B$.
The following notion of a $d$-rigid partition plays an important role in establishing our improved lower bound:
Let $d > 0$ be an integer. A triple $\mathbf{W} = (S, A, B)$ with $|B| > |A| + d$ is said to be $d$-rigid if there is no subset of vertices $U \subset B$ with $|U| \leq d$ that induces a connected component of $G[B]$.
A $d$-rigid and balanced $l$-partition generalizes Kloks’s balanced $l$-partition by requiring that any vertex set of size at most $d$ in the larger subset of a partition cannot be moved to the other subset of the partition, and hence the word “rigid". As we will have to consider all the vertex sets of size at most $d$ to get the best possible estimation, the requirement of connectivity is a kind of “maximality" condition to avoid repeated counting of vertex sets of different sizes. For the case of $d = 1$, being $d$-rigid means that $G[B]$ has no isolated vertices.
We note that the idea of imposing various restrictions on the combinatorial objects under consideration has been used in recent years to increase the power of the first moment method when dealing with combinatorial problems in discrete random structures such as the satisfiability of random CNF formulas [@kirousis94threshold; @kirousis09threshold] and the colorability of random graphs [@achlioptas99thesis]. Our result is a further illustration of the power of this idea in the context of treewidth of random graphs.
\[treewidth-partition-lem\] Let $d \geq 1$ be an integer. Any graph with a treewidth at most $l > 4$ must have a balanced $l$-partition $\mathbf{W} = (S, A, B)$ such that either $|B| \leq |A| + d$ or $\mathbf{W}$ is $d$-rigid.
From [@kloks94], any graph with treewidth at most $l > 4$ must have a balanced $l$-partition $\mathbf{W} = (S, A, B)$. If $|B| \leq |A| + d$, we are done. Otherwise, if the triple $\mathbf{W}$ is not $d$-rigid, then there must be a vertex subset $U\subset B$ that induces a component of $G[B]$ and consequently $$N(U) \cap (B\setminus U) = \emptyset.$$ Therefore, we can move $U$ from $B$ to $A$ and create a new balanced $l$-partition with the size of $B$ decreased by $|U|$. Continuing this process until either $|B| \leq |A| + d$ or the partition becomes $d$-rigid.
Conditional Probability of a $d$-rigid and balanced $l$-partition
-----------------------------------------------------------------
We now bound the conditional probability that a balanced triple $\mathbf{W} = (S, A, B)$ with $|S| = l + 1$ and $|B| \geq |A| + d$ is $d$-rigid given that it is an $l$-partition of $\rg{n, m}$. To facilitate the presentation, we define the following function $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq-rgx-def}
x(t, c) &=& \frac{2ct}{2t^2 - 2t + 1}, \nonumber \\
g(t, c) &=& \sum\limits_{i = 2}^{d}\frac{i^{i - 2}}{i!}
\left(x(t, c) e^{-x(t, c)}\right)^{i - 1}, \nonumber \\
r(t, c) &=& \frac{2t^2}{(1 + \epsilon)^{2} c} e^{-2x(t, c)} \end{aligned}$$ where $\epsilon = \frac{1}{d - 1}$.
\[thm-rigid-conditional\] Let $G(n, m), c = \frac{m}{n},$ be a random graph and let $\mathbf{W} = (S, A, B)$ be a balanced triple such that $|S| = l + 1, |A| = a, \mbox{ and } |B| = b = tn$. Let $d > 0$ be a constant integer less than $l + 1$. Then for $n$ sufficiently large, $$\label{eq-rigid-probab}
\probab{\mathbf{W} \mbox{ is d-rigid } |\, \mathbf{W} \mbox{ is an l-partition}}{\rg{n, m}}
\leq \left(\frac{1}{e}\right)^{r(1 + g)^2n}$$ where $\epsilon = \frac{1}{d - 1}$, $$r = r(t) = \frac{2t^{2}}{(1 + \epsilon)^2c} \left(\frac{1}{e}\right)^{\frac{4ct}{1 -
2t(1-t)}}$$ and $$g = g(t) = \sum\limits_{i = 2}^{d}\frac{i^{i - 2}c^{i - 1}}{i!}
e^{-\frac{2(i-1)ct}{2t^2 + 2t - 1}}.$$
Conditional on that $\mathbf{W}$ is an $l$-partition of $\rg{n, m}$, each of the $m$ edges can only be selected from the set of edges $$E_{W} = V^{2} \setminus \{(u, v): u \in A, v \in B\},$$ where $V^{2}$ denotes the set of unordered pair of vertices. Let $s$ be the size of $E_W$, we have $$\begin{aligned}
s &=& |E_{W}| = \frac{n(n-1)}{2} - ba \\
&=& \frac{n(n - 1)}{2} - tn(n - tn - (l + 1)). \end{aligned}$$
In the rest of the proof, we will work on the conditional probability space $\mathcal{P} = (\Omega, \probab{\cdot}{\mathcal{P}})$ where $\Omega = \Omega_1 \times \Omega_2 \times \cdots \times \Omega_{m}$ and $\Omega_i = E_{W}$ for each $1\leq i \leq m$. A sample point $\omega = (\omega_1, \cdots, \omega_{m}) \in \Omega$ corresponds to an outcome of selecting $m$ edges from $E_W$ uniformly at random and with replacement such that $\mathbf{W}$ is a balanced $l$-partition of the graph determined by $\omega$. The probability measure $\probab{\cdot}{\mathcal{P}}$ is $$\probab{\omega}{\mathcal{P}} = \left(\frac{1}{s}\right)^{m}.$$ The following lemma guarantees that we can obtain Equation (\[eq-rigid-probab\]) by studying the probability $\probab{\mathbf{W} \textrm{ is d-rigid}}{\mathcal{P}}$:
\[lem-equiv-condi\] $$\probab{\mathbf{W} \textrm{ is d-rigid }~ |~ \mathbf{W} \textrm{ is an l-partition}}
{\rg{n, m}} = \probab{\mathbf{W} \textrm{ is d-rigid}}{\mathcal{P}}.$$
Recall that $\probab{\cdot}{\rg{n, m}}$ is the probability measure for the probability space $(\overline{\Omega}, \probab{\cdot}{\rg{n, m}})$ and $\probab{\cdot}{\mathcal{P}}$ is the probability measure for the probability space $\mathcal{P} = (\Omega, \probab{\cdot}{\mathcal{P}})$. Note that $\Omega$ is the set of sample points $\omega$ in $\overline{\Omega}$ such that $\textbf{W}$ is an $l$-partition in the graph determined by $\omega$. Let $Q \subset \overline{\Omega}$ be the set of sample points $\omega$ such that $\mathbf{W}$ is $d$-rigid in the graph determined by $\omega$. We have $$\begin{aligned}
&&\probab{\mathbf{W} \textrm{ is d-rigid }~ |~ \mathbf{W} \textrm{ is an l-partition}}
{\rg{n, m}} \nonumber \\
&&\ \ \ \ \ =
\frac{\sum\limits_{\omega \in Q \cap \Omega}\probab{\omega}{\rg{n,m}}}
{\sum\limits_{\omega \in \Omega}\probab{\omega}{\rg{n,m}}}
\ \ \ (\textrm{definition of conditional probability})
\nonumber \\
&&\ \ \ \ \ = \frac{|Q \cap \Omega|}{|\Omega|}
=\frac{|Q \cap \Omega|}{s^m}
\nonumber \\
&&\ \ \ \ \ = \sum\limits_{\omega \in Q\cap \Omega}\probab{\omega}{\mathcal{P}}
\ \ \ (\textrm{definition of the two probability spaces}) \nonumber \\
&&\ \ \ \ \ = \probab{\mathbf{W} \textrm{ is d-rigid}}{\mathcal{P}}. \nonumber
%&& = \frac{\probab{\mathbf{W} \textrm{ is d-rigid and an l-partition}}{\rg{n,m}}}
% {\probab{\mathbf{W} \textrm{ is an l-partition}}{\rg{n,m}}} \end{aligned}$$ This proves the lemma.
Continuing the proof of Theorem \[thm-rigid-conditional\], we need to bound $\probab{\mathbf{W} \textrm{ is d-rigid}}{\mathcal{P}}$. To make thing simpler, we will bound the probability that there exist tree components, instead of general connected components, of size at most $d$ in the subgraph of $\rg{n, m}$ induced on the vertex set $B$. We use the following variate of Hoeffding-Azuma inequality:
\[lem-bounded-diff\] Let $\Omega = \prod\limits_{i=1}^{m}\Omega_i$ be a independent product probability space where each $\Omega_i$ is a finite set, and $f:\Omega \rightarrow R$ be a random variable satisfying the following Lipschitz condition $$\label{eq-bounded-diff}
|f(\omega) - f(\omega')| \leq c_f$$ if $\omega, \omega' \in \Omega$ differs only in one coordinate. Then, for any $t > 0$, $$\probab{f(\omega) \leq \expectation{f(\omega)}{} - t }{}
\leq e^{-\frac{2t^2}{c_f^2m}}. \nonumber$$
In our case, the probability space is $\mathcal{P} = (\Omega, \probab{\cdot}{\mathcal{P}})$ and we may use any the function $f:\Omega \rightarrow R$ such that the total number of tree components of size at most $d$ is larger than zero whenever $f > 0$. To achieve the best possible Lipschitz constant $c_f $ in Equation (\[eq-bounded-diff\]), we consider a weighted sum $I$ of all tree components of size at most $d$ defined as follows.
For any $1\leq i\leq d$, let $\mathcal{U}_i =
\{U \subset B: |U| = i\}$ be the collection of size-$i$ vertex sets in $B$ and let $$\mathcal{U} = \bigcup\limits_{i = 1}^{d} \mathcal{U}_i.$$ For a vertex set $U \in \mathcal{U}$, we use $I_{U}$ to denote the indicator function of the event that $G[U]$ is a tree component of $G[B]$, i.e., $G[U]$ is a tree and $N(U) \cap (B \setminus U) = \emptyset$. Define $$I = \sum\limits_{U \in \mathcal{U}} \left(1 - (|U| - 1)\epsilon\right)I_{U}
= \sum\limits_{i = 1}^{d}\sum\limits_{U \in \mathcal{U}_i}
(1 - (i - 1)\epsilon)I_{U}$$ where $\epsilon = \frac{1}{d - 1}$. The idea is that instead of counting the total number of tree components of size at most $d$, we use the random variable $I$ as a “weighted count" to which the contribution of a tree component on a vertex set of size $i$ is $(1 - (i - 1)\epsilon)$. Note that the constant $\epsilon$ can be made arbitrarily small by taking an arbitrarily large (but constant) $d$. The purpose is to make $|I(\omega) - I(\omega')|$ as close to 1 as possible for every pair $\omega$ and $\omega'$ that differs only on one coordinate.
It is obvious that $I > 0$ if and only if that the total number of tree components of size at most $d$ is greater than zero. By the definition of a $d$-rigid triple, we have $$\probab{\mathbf{W} \textrm{ is d-rigid}}{\mathcal{P}}
\leq \probab{I = 0}{\mathcal{P}}.$$ By Lemma \[lem-equiv-condi\] and Lemma \[lem-bounded-diff\], we have $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq-bounded-difference}
&&\probab{\mathbf{W} \mbox{ is d-rigid } |\, \mathbf{W} \mbox{ is an l-partition}}{\rg{n,m}}
\nonumber \\
&&\ \ \ = \probab{ I = 0 ~|\, \mathbf{W} \mbox{ is an l-partition }}{\mathcal{P}} \nonumber \\
&&\ \ \ \leq \probab{ I - \expectation{I}{\mathcal{P}} \leq
- \expectation{I}{\mathcal{P}}} {\mathcal{P}} \nonumber \\
&&\ \ \ \leq \left(\frac{1}{e}\right)^{\frac{2\mathcal{E}^{2}[I]}{c_f^2cn}}\end{aligned}$$ where $c_f = \max |I(\omega) - I(\omega')|$ with the maximum taken over all pairs of $\omega$ and $\omega'$ in $\Omega$ that differ only on one coordinate. The following lemma bounds $\max |I(\omega) - I(\omega')|$. (Note that if we had used the unweighted sum $I = \sum\limits_{U \in \mathcal{U}}I_{U}$, the best we can have is $\max |I(\omega) - I(\omega')| \leq 2$.)
\[lem-max-diff\] For any $\omega, \omega' \in \Omega$ that differ only in one coordinate, $$|I(\omega) - I(\omega')| \leq 1 + \epsilon. \nonumber$$
Note that $\omega$ and $\omega'$ represent two possible outcomes of the $m$ independent random experiments that select the $m$ edges of a random graph. If $\omega, \omega' \in \Omega$ differ only in one coordinate, say the $i$-th coordinate, then the edge sets of the corresponding graphs $G_{\omega}$ and $G_{\omega'}$ only differ in the $i$-th edge.
Let us consider the change of the value of $I$ when we modify $G_{\omega}$ to $G_{\omega'}$ by removing the $i$-th edge of $G_{\omega}$ and adding the $i$-th edge of $G_{\omega'}$. First, removing the $i$-th edge can only increase $I$ by $\delta^+(I)$. The maximum increase occurs situations where a tree component $T$ is broken up into two smaller tree components $T_1$ and $T_2$. Suppose that there are $i$ vertices in $T_1$ and $j$ vertices in $T_2$, we have $$\delta^{+}_{I} = (1 - (i - 1)\epsilon) + (1 - (j - 1)\epsilon) -
(1 - (i + j - 1)\epsilon)I_{i + j \leq d}.$$ where $i_{i + j \leq d} = 1$ if $i + j \leq d$ and $I_{i + j \leq d} = 0$ otherwise. If $i + j \leq d$, we have $$\delta^{+}_{I} = (1 - (i - 1)\epsilon) + (1 - (j - 1)\epsilon) -
(1 - (i + j - 1)\epsilon) = (1 + \epsilon).$$ If $i + j > d$, we have (since $\epsilon = frac{1}{d - 1}$) $$\delta^{+}_{I} = 2 - (i + j - 2)\epsilon = 2 - (i + j -1)\epsilon + \epsilon < 1 + \epsilon.$$ Secondly, adding the $i$-th edge can only decrease $I$ by $\delta^{-}_{I}$. The maximum decrease occurs in situations where two tree components are merged into a larger one, and $\delta^{-}_{I} \leq 1 + \epsilon$ as well.
Therefore, the maximum net change of $I$ is $(1 + \epsilon)$ and is achieved when $\delta^{+}_{I} = 1 + \epsilon$ and $\delta^{-}_{I} = 0$, or $\delta^{+}_{I} = 0$ and $\delta^{-}_{I} = - (1 + \epsilon)$. Consequently, $$|I(\omega) - I(\omega')| \leq 1 + \epsilon.$$ The proves the lemma.
To complete the proof of Theorem \[thm-rigid-conditional\], we estimate in the following lemma the expected number of tree components $\expectation{I}{\mathcal{P}}$.
\[lem-expected-tree\] Let $I = I(\omega)$ be the number of tree components on at most $d$ vertices in $G[B]$. We have $$\label{eq-expected-tree}
\expectation{I}{\mathcal{P}} \geq~
te^{-x(t, c)}\left(1 + \sum\limits_{i = 2}^{d}\frac{i^{i - 2}}{i!}
\left(x(t, c) e^{-x(t, c)}\right)^{i - 1}\right)n
%te^{-\frac{2ct}{1-2t(1-t)}}
% \left(1 + \sum\limits_{i = 2}^{d}\frac{i^{i - 2}c^{i - 1}}{i!}
% e^{-\frac{2(i-1)ct}{2t^2 + 2t - 1}}\right)n.$$
Let $U,\ |U| = i,$ be a vertex set in $\mathcal{U}_{i}$ and recall that in $\rg{n, m}$, the $m = cn$ edges are selected uniformly at random and with replacement. Conditional on the event that $\mathbf{W} = (S, A, B)$ is a balanced $l$-partition, the $m$ edges are selected from the set $E_{W}$ uniformly at random with replacement. Therefore for $i \geq 2$, the probability that $G[U]$ is an induced tree component in $G[B]$ is $$\begin{aligned}
\probab{I_U = 1}{\mathcal{P}} &=&
\binom{cn}{ i - 1} i^{i - 2} \left(\frac{i - 1}{s} \frac{i - 2}{s}
\cdots \frac{1}{s}\right) \left(1 - \frac{i (tn - i) +
\binom{i}{2}}{s}\right)^{cn - i + 1} \nonumber \\
&=& c^{i - 1}n^{i - 1}i^{i - 2}\left(\frac{1}{s}\right)^{i - 1}
\left(1 - \frac{i (tn - i) +
\binom{i}{2}}{s}\right)^{cn - i + 1} \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ For the case of $|U| = 1$, the probability $\probab{I_U = 1}{\mathcal{P}}$ is the probability that the single vertex in $U$ is isolated in $G[B]$, and thus $$\probab{I_U = 1}{\mathcal{P}} =
\left(1 - \frac{(tn - 1)}{s}\right)^{cn}. \nonumber$$ Since there are $\binom{tn}{i}$ vertex subsets of size $i$ in $B$, the expected number of tree components in $G[B]$ on at most $d$ vertices is $$\begin{aligned}
\expectation{I}{\mathcal{P}} &=& \sum\limits_{U\in \mathcal{U}}
\probab{I_{U} = 1}{\mathcal{P}} \nonumber \\
&=& tn \left(1 - \frac{(tn - 1)}{s}\right)^{cn} + \nonumber \\
&&\ \ \ \ \ \ \sum\limits_{i = 2}^{d}\binom{tn}{i}
c^{i - 1}n^{i - 1}i^{i - 2}\left(\frac{1}{s}\right)^{i - 1}
\left(1 - \frac{i (tn - i) + \binom{i}{2}}{s}\right)^{cn - i + 1} \nonumber
% &\geq& tn \left(1 - \frac{(tn - 1)}{s}\right)^{cn} + \nonumber \\
% \sum\limits_{i = 2}{d} \end{aligned}$$ Since $s = \frac{n(n - 1)}{2} - tn(n - tn - (l + 1)) = \frac{(1- 2t(1-t))n^2 + tn(l + 1) - n}{2}$, we have that for sufficiently large $n$ $$\begin{aligned}
\expectation{I}{\mathcal{P}} &\geq& tn \left(
e^{-\frac{2ct}{1 - 2t(1-t)}}
+ \sum\limits_{i = 2}^{d} \frac{t^{i - 1} i^{i - 2} 2^{i - 1}}{(2t^2 - 2t + 1)^{ i - 1} i!}
c^{i - 1} e^{-\frac{2ict}{2t^2 - 2t + 1}} \right) \nonumber \\
&=& te^{-x(t, c)}
\left(1 + \sum\limits_{i = 2}^{d}\frac{i^{i - 2}}{i!}
\left(x(t, c)e^{-x(t, c)}\right)^{i - 1}\right)n. \nonumber \end{aligned}$$ This proves Lemma \[lem-expected-tree\].
To complete the proof of Theorem \[thm-rigid-conditional\], we see that Equation (\[eq-rigid-probab\]) follows from Lemma \[lem-max-diff\], Lemma \[lem-expected-tree\], and Equation (\[eq-bounded-difference\]).
Proof of Theorem \[thm-treewidth-bound\]
----------------------------------------
We prove Theorem \[thm-treewidth-bound\] by applying Markov’s inequality and the upper bound obtained in Section 3.1 on the conditional probability of a $d$-rigid and balanced $l$-partition.
Let $l + 1 = \beta n$ where $\beta > 0$ is a sufficiently small number to be determined at the end of the proof. Let $J_1$ be the total number of balanced $\beta n$-partition $\mathbf{W} = (S, A, B)$ such that $|A| \leq |B| \leq |A| + d$, and let $J_2$ be the total number of balanced $\beta n$-partition $\mathbf{W} = (S, A, B)$ such that $|B| > |A| + d$ and $\mathbf{W}$ is $d$-rigid.
By Lemma \[treewidth-partition-lem\], if the treewidth of $\rg{n, m}$ is at most $\beta n$, then either $J_1 > 0$ or $J_2 > 0$. It follows that $$\label{eq-markov}
\probab{tw(\rg{n, m}) \leq \beta n}{\rg{n,m}}
\leq \probab{J_1 + J_2 > 0 }{\rg{n,m}}.$$ If we can show that $\expectation{J_1 + J_2}{\rg{n, m}}$ tends to zero as $n$ goes to infinity, Theorem \[thm-treewidth-bound\] follows from Markov’s inequality.
Define $$\begin{aligned}
\phi_{1}(t) &=& \left(1 - 2t + 2t^{2} + 2t\beta + O(1/n)\right)^{c}, \nonumber \\
\phi_{2}(t) &=& \left(e^{-\frac{1}{c}r(t, c)(1 + g(t, c))^2}\right)^{c}, \nonumber \\
\phi(t) &=& \phi_{1}(t)\phi_{2}(t) \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ For the expectation of $J_1$, we have
\[lem-j-1\] For any $c > 1$, there is a constant $\beta_1^* > 0$ such that for any $\beta < \beta_1^*$, $\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow \infty}\expectation{J_1}{\rg{n,m}} = 0$.
Consider a partition $\mathbf{W} = (S, A, B)$ of the vertices of $\rg{n, m}$ such that $|B| \geq |A|$. Since $|A| + |B| = (1 - \beta)n$, we see that $|B| \leq |A| + d$ if and only if $|B| \leq \frac{(1 - \beta)n + d}{2}$.
The probability that $\mathbf{W}$ is a balanced $l$-partition is $$\begin{aligned}
\label{treewidth-proof-eq02}
\probab{\mathbf{W} \mbox{ is an } \beta n\textrm{-partition}}{\rg{n,m}} &=&
\left( 1 - \frac{tn(n - tn - \beta n)}{n(n-1)/ 2}
\right)^{cn} \nonumber \\
&=& \left(1 - 2t + 2t^{2} + 2t\beta + O(1/n)\right)^{cn} \nonumber \\
&=&\phi_1(t).\end{aligned}$$ For a fixed vertex set $S$, there are $\binom{(1 - \beta) n}{b} $ ways ($\frac{1}{2}n \leq b = |B| \leq \frac{2}{3}n$) to choose the pair $(A, B)$ such that one of them has the size $b$. It follows that $$\begin{aligned}
\expectation{J_1}{\rg{n,m}} &=& \binom{n}{\beta n}
\sum\limits_{\frac{(1-\beta)n}{2} \leq b \leq \frac{(1 - \beta)n}{2} + d }
\binom{n - \beta n}{b} \left(\phi_{1}(\frac{b}{n})\right)^{n} \nonumber \\
&\leq& \binom{n}{\beta n}
\sum\limits_{\frac{(1-\beta)n}{2} \leq b \leq \frac{(1 - \beta)n}{2} + d }
\binom{n}{b} \left(\phi_{1}(\frac{b}{n})\right)^{n}. \nonumber \end{aligned}$$ Since $\binom{n}{b}$ attains its maximum at $b = \frac{n}{2}$ and the function $\phi_{1}(t)$ is increasing in the interval $[\frac{1-\beta}{2}, 1]$, we have by Stirling’s formula (Lemma \[lem-stirling\]) that $$\begin{aligned}
\expectation{J_1}{\rg{n,m}}
&\leq& d \binom{n}{\beta n}
\binom{n}{\frac{n}{2}} \left(\phi_{1}(\frac{1}{2})\right)^{n} \nonumber \\
&\leq& d \binom{n}{\beta n} 2^n (\frac{1}{2} + \beta)^{cn} \nonumber \\
&\leq& d \left(\frac{1}{\beta^{\beta} (1 - \beta)^{1 - \beta}}\right)^{n}
\left(2(\frac{1}{2} + \beta)^c\right)^n. \nonumber \end{aligned}$$ For any $c > 1$, there is some $\beta_1 > 0$ such that $2(\frac{1}{2} + \beta)^c < 1$ for any $\beta < \beta_1$. Since $\lim\limits_{\beta\rightarrow 0}\frac{1}{\beta^{\beta}(1-\beta)^{1 - \beta}} = 1$, there exists some $\beta_2 > 0$ such that $\frac{1}{\beta^{\beta}(1-\beta)^{1 - \beta}} \leq
\left(2(\frac{1}{2} + \beta_1)^c\right)^{-1}$.
Taking $\beta^{*} = \min(\beta_1, \beta_2)$, we see that for any $\beta < \beta^{*}$, $$\begin{aligned}
\expectation{J_1}{\rg{n,m}} &\leq&
d \left(\frac{1}{\beta^{\beta} (1 - \beta)^{1 - \beta}}\right)^{n}
\left(2(\frac{1}{2} + \beta_1)^c\right)^n \\
&\leq& d\gamma^{n} \end{aligned}$$ where $0 < \gamma < 1$. Lemma \[lem-j-1\] follows.
For the expectation of $J_2$, we need to take into consideration the requirement of being $d$-rigid in order to get a better bound.
\[lem-j-2\] For $c = 1.073$, there is a constant $\beta_2^* > 0$ such that for any $\beta < \beta_2^*$, $\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow \infty}\expectation{J_2}{\rg{n,m}} = 0$.
Consider a partition $\mathbf{W} = (S, A, B)$ of the vertices of $\rg{n, m}$ such that $|S| = l + 1 = \beta n, |B| \geq |A| + d, |B| = b = tn, \mbox{ with }
\frac{1-\beta}{2} \leq t \leq \frac{2(1 - \beta)}{3}$. Let $I_{\mathbf{W}}$ be the indicator function of the event that $\mathbf{W}$ is a $d$-rigid and balanced $l$-partition. We have $$\begin{aligned}
\label{treewidth-proof-eq01}
&&\expectation{I_{\mathbf{W}}}{\rg{n,m}} =
\probab{\mathbf{W} \mbox{ is a d-rigid and balanced } \beta n\mathrm{-partition}}{\rg{n,m}}
\nonumber \\
&&\ \ \ = \probab{\mathbf{W} \mbox{ is a balanced }
\beta n\textrm{-partition}}{\rg{n,m}} \times
\nonumber \\
&&\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \probab{\mathbf{W} \mbox{ is d-rigid } |\,
\mathbf{W} \mbox{ is a balanced }
\beta n\mathrm{-partition}} {\rg{n,m}}.\end{aligned}$$ From Theorem \[thm-rigid-conditional\], we know that $$\probab{\mathbf{W} \mbox{ is d-rigid } |\, \mathbf{W}
\mbox{ is a balanced } \beta n\mathrm{-partition}}{\rg{n,m}}
\leq e^{-r(1 + g)^2n}.$$ By the definition of a balanced partition, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{treewidth-proof-eq02}
\probab{\mathbf{W} \mbox{ is a balanced } \beta n\textrm{-partition}}{\rg{n,m}} &=&
\left( 1 - \frac{tn(n - tn - \beta n)}{n(n-1)/ 2}
\right)^{cn} \nonumber \\
&=& \phi_1(t).\end{aligned}$$ For a fixed vertex set $S$ with $|S| = \beta n$, there are $\binom{n - \beta n}{b} $ ways ($\frac{1}{2}n \leq b \leq \frac{2}{3}n$) to choose the pair $(A, B)$ such that $|B| = b$. Therefore, $$\begin{aligned}
\expectation{J_2}{\rg{n,m}} &=& \sum\limits_{\mathbf{W}} \expectation{I_{\mathbf{W}}}{\rg{n, m}}
\nonumber \\
&\leq& \binom{n}{\beta n}\sum\limits_{\frac{1}{2}n \leq b \leq \frac{2}{3}n }
\binom{n - \beta n}{b} \left(\phi(\frac{b}{n})\right)^{n} \nonumber \\
&\leq& \binom{n}{\beta n} \sum\limits_{\frac{1}{2}n \leq b \leq \frac{2}{3}n }
\binom{n}{b} \left(\phi(\frac{b}{n})\right)^{n}.\end{aligned}$$ By Lemma \[lem-stirling\], we have for $n$ large enough $$\begin{aligned}
\expectation{J_2}{\rg{n,m}} &\leq&
\left(\frac{1}{\beta^{\beta} (1 - \beta)^{1-\beta}} \right)^{n}
\sum\limits_{\frac{1}{2}n \leq b \leq \frac{2}{3}n}
\left(\frac{\phi_{1}(\frac{b}{n})\phi_{2}(\frac{b}{n})}{\frac{b}{n}^{\frac{b}{n}}
(1 - \frac{b}{n})^{1 - \frac{b}{n}}}\right)^{n}\end{aligned}$$ Recall that $$\phi_{2}(t) = \left(e^{\frac{1}{c}r(t, c)(1 + g(t, c))^2}\right)^{c},$$ and see Equation (\[eq-rgx-def\]) for the definition of $r(t, c)$ and $g(t, c)$. By Lemma \[lem-function-1\], $r(t)$ and $g(t)$ are decreasing on $[\frac{1 - \beta}{2}, \frac{2}{3}]$. Consequently $\phi_2(t)$ is increasing on $[\frac{1 - \beta}{2}, \frac{2}{3}]$. It follows that $$\phi_{2}(\frac{b}{n}) \leq \phi_{2}(\frac{2}{3})
%=
% \left(\left(\frac{1}{e}\right)^
% {\frac{8}{(1 + \epsilon)^29c^{2}} \left(\frac{1}{e}\right)^{4.8c}
% \left(1 + \frac{c}{2}(\frac{1}{e})^{2.4c}\right)^{2}
% }\right)^{c}$$ By Lemma \[lem-function-2\], $$\frac{\phi_{1}(\frac{b}{n})}{\frac{b}{n}^{\frac{b}{n}} (1 - \frac{b}{n})^{1 - \frac{b}{n}}}
\leq \frac{\phi_{1}(\frac{2}{3})}{(\frac{2}{3})^{\frac{2}{3}}
(\frac{1}{3})^{\frac{1}{3}}}
= \frac{(\frac{5}{9} + \frac{4}{3}\beta)^{c}}
{(\frac{2}{3})^{\frac{2}{3}}(\frac{1}{3})^{\frac{1}{3}}}.$$ Therefore, $$\label{eq-j2-1}
\expectation{J_2}{\rg{n,m}} \leq
O(n)\left(\frac{1}{\beta^{\beta} (1 - \beta)^{1-\beta}} \right)^{n}
\left(\frac{\left( (\frac{5}{9} + \frac{4}{3}\beta)
\phi_2(\frac{2}{3})\right)^{c}}
{(\frac{2}{3})^{\frac{2}{3}}(\frac{1}{3})^{\frac{1}{3}}}
\right)^{n}.$$ Consider the function $$z(\beta, \epsilon, c) = \frac{\left((\frac{5}{9} + \frac{4}{3}\beta)
\phi_2(\frac{2}{3})\right)^{c} }
{(\frac{2}{3})^{\frac{2}{3}}(\frac{1}{3})^{\frac{1}{3}}}.$$ Numerical calculations using MATLAB shows that for $c = 1.073,\ \beta = 0$, and $\epsilon = 0$, we have $$z(0, 0, 1.073) < 1.$$ Since $z(\beta, \epsilon, 1.073)$ is continuous in $\beta$ and $\epsilon$ on $[0, 1]$, there exist constants $\beta_1 > 0$ and $\epsilon_1 > 0$ such that $$z(\beta_1, \epsilon, 1.073) < 1, \forall \epsilon < \epsilon_1.$$ By Lemma \[eq-function-0\], there exits a constant $\beta_2 > 0$ such that $$\frac{1}{\beta^{\beta} (1 - \beta)^{1-\beta}} < \frac{1}{z(\beta_1, \epsilon_1, 1.073)},
\forall \beta \leq \beta_2.$$ Let $\beta^{*} = \min(\beta_1, \beta_2)$. It follows that for any $\beta < \beta^*$ and $\epsilon < \epsilon_2$, $$\begin{aligned}
\expectation{J_2}{\rg{n,m}} &\leq&
O(n) \frac{1}{\beta_{*}^{\beta_*} (1 - \beta_*)^{1-\beta_*}}
z(\beta^*, \epsilon^*, 1.073) \nonumber \\
&\leq& O(n) \frac{1}{\beta_{2}^{\beta_2} (1 - \beta_2)^{1-\beta_2}}
z(\beta_1, \epsilon, 1.073) \nonumber \\
&\leq& O(n) \gamma^{n} \end{aligned}$$ for some constant $0 < \gamma < 1$. This proves Lemma \[lem-j-2\].
It follows from Equation (\[eq-markov\]) that for any $\beta \leq \beta^*$, $$\lim\limits_{n}\probab{tw(G(n, m)) \leq \beta n}{\rg{n,m}} = 0,
\textrm{ if } \frac{m}{n} = 1.073.$$ Since the property that the treewidth of a graph is greater $\beta n$ is a monotone increasing graph property, we have that for any $c \geq 1.073$, $$\lim\limits_{n}\probab{tw(G(n, cn)) \leq \beta n}{\rg{n,m}} = 0.$$ Theorem \[thm-treewidth-bound\] follows.
Treewidth of Random Intersection Graphs: Proof of Theorems \[thm-intersection-graph\] {#sec-thm-2}
=====================================================================================
Let $p = \frac{c}{m}$. Consider a balanced triple $\textbf{W} = (S, A, B)$ with $|S| = \beta n$ and $|A| = tn$. We upper bound the probability that $\textbf{W}$ is a balanced $\beta n$-partition and then use Markov’s inequality. By the definition of random intersection graphs, there is no edge between the two vertex sets $A\setminus S$ and $B\setminus S$ if and only if $$\label{eq-thm2-1}
e \not\in \left(\bigcup\limits_{v\in A\setminus S} S_v\right)
\cap \left(\bigcup\limits_{v\in B\setminus S} S_v\right),\ \forall e \in M,$$ which in turn is equivalent to the following: for every $e \in M$, $$\label{eq-thm2-2}
\textrm{ either } e \not\in S_v, \forall v \in A\setminus S,\ \
\textrm{ or } e \not\in S_v, \forall v\in B\setminus S.$$ Since $S_v$’s are formed independently and since $\probab{e\in S_v}{} = p$ for any $e \in M \textrm{ and } v \in V$, the probability for the event in Equation (\[eq-thm2-2\]) to occur is $$\left((1 - p)^{an} + (1 - p)^{bn} - (1 - p)^{(1 - \beta)n}\right)^m.$$ It follows that $$\begin{aligned}
&&\probab{\textbf{W} \textrm{ is a balanced } \beta n\textrm{-partition}}{} \nonumber \\
&&\ \ \ \ \ = \left((1 - p)^{a} + (1 - p)^{b} - (1 - p)^
{(1 - \beta)n - a - b}\right)^m \nonumber \\
&&\ \ \ \ \ = (1 - p)^{am}
\left(1 + (1 - p)^{(b - a)} - (1 - p)^{(1 - \beta)n - a - b}\right)^{m}. \end{aligned}$$ There are $\binom{n}{\beta n}$ ways to choose $S$ and for each fixed $S$, there are $\binom{n - \beta n}{tn}$ ways to choose $A$ with $|A| = tn$. Since the treewidth of $\rig{n, m, p}$ is at most $\beta n$ implies that there is a balanced $\beta n$-partition, we have by Markov’s inequality that for $p \geq \frac{c}{m}, c > 2$, $$\begin{aligned}
&&\probab{tw(\rig{n, m, p}) \leq \beta n}{} \\
&&\ \ \leq \probab{\textrm{There exsits a balanced } \beta n\textrm{-partition} }{}\\
&&\ \ \leq \binom{n}{\beta n}
\sum\limits_{\frac{1}{3}n \leq a \leq \frac{1}{2}n} \binom{n}{a}
(1 - p)^{am} \left(1 + (1 - p)^{(b - a)} - (1 - p)^{(1 - \beta)n - a - b}\right)^{m} \\
&&\ \ \leq O(1)\binom{n}{\beta n}
\sum\limits_{\frac{1}{3}n \leq a \leq \frac{1}{2}n}
\left( \frac{(\frac{1}{e})^{\frac{a}{n}c}}{(\frac{a}{n})^{\frac{a}{n}}
(1 - \frac{a}{n})^{1 - \frac{a}{n}} } \right)^n \\
&&\ \ \leq O(1)n \binom{n}{\beta n} \left(\frac{(\frac{1}{e})^{\frac{2}{3}}}
{(\frac{1}{3})^{\frac{1}{3}} (\frac{2}{3})^{\frac{2}{3}}} \right)^{n}. \end{aligned}$$ where last inequality is because the function $\frac{(\frac{1}{e})^{tc}}{t^t(1-t)^{1 - t}}$ is decreasing on $[\frac{1}{3}, \frac{1}{2}]$ for any $c > 2$. Note that $\frac{(\frac{1}{e})^{\frac{2}{3}}}
{(\frac{1}{3})^{\frac{1}{3}} (\frac{2}{3})^{\frac{2}{3}}} < 1$. Therefore, for sufficiently small $\beta$, we have $$\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow \infty}\probab{tw(\rig{n, m, p}) \leq \beta n}{} = 0.$$ This proves Theorem \[thm-intersection-graph\].
The Barabási-Albert Model: Proof of Theorem \[thm-power-law-graph\] {#sec-thm-3}
===================================================================
Let $V=\{v_1, v_2, \cdots, v_n\}$ be the set of vertices in $\rsg{n, m}$ and $V_i = \{v_1, \cdots, v_i\}$. Without loss of generality, assume that the vertices are added to $\rsg{n, m}$ in this order in the iterative construction of $\rsg{n, m}$. Let $I_1$ be the first half of the vertices, i.e, $I_1 = \{v_1, v_2, \cdots, v_{\frac{1}{2}n}\}$, and $I_2$ be the second half $\{v_{\frac{1}{2}n + 1}, \cdots, v_n\}$.
Let $\textbf{W} = (S, A, B)$ be a balanced triple of disjoint vertex subsets such that $|S| = \beta n$. (See Definition \[rigid\_partition\_def\] for the details). Write $|A| = an$ and $|B| = bn$. Assume, without loss of generality, that $|A| \leq |B|$ so that $\frac{1 - \beta}{3}\leq a\leq \frac{1 - \beta}{2}$. Considering the way in which $A$ and $B$ intersect with $I_1$ and $I_2$, let us write $$\begin{aligned}
&&|I_1 \cap A| = sn, \ |I_2 \cap A| = (a - s)n; \nonumber \\
&&|I_1 \cap B| = tn, \ |I_2 \cap B| = (b - t)n; \end{aligned}$$ where $s$ and $t$ shall satisfy $$0\leq s\leq \frac{1 - \beta}{2},\ s + t = \frac{1 - \beta}{2}.$$
We upper bound the probability $\probab{\textbf{W} \textrm{ is a balanced } \beta n\textrm{-partition}}{\rsg{n, m}}$. Let $E$ be the event that $\textbf{W}$ is a balanced $\beta n$-partition, and focus on what happens when the second half of the vertices, i.e. those in $I_2$, are added to $\rsg{n, m}$. Define the following events $$E_i = \left\{
\begin{array}{l}
\{ N(v_i) \cap (I_1 \cap B) = \emptyset\}, \textrm{ if } v_i \in I_2\cap A \\
\{ N(v_i) \cap (I_1 \cap A) = \emptyset\}, \textrm{ if } v_i \in I_2\cap B \\
\end{array}
\right.$$ We have $$E \subset E_{\frac{n}{2} + 1} \cap \cdots \cap E_{n}.$$ Therefore, $$\probab{E}{\rsg{n, m}} \leq \probab{E_{n/2 + 1} \cap \cdots \cap E_{n}}{\rsg{n, m}}.$$ The following lemma bounds the conditional probability of $E_i$ given $\rsg{n, m}[V_{i - 1}]$.
$$\probab{E_i ~|~ \rsg{n, m}[V_{i - 1}]}{\rsg{n, m}}
\leq \left\{
\begin{array}{l}
(1 - \frac{s}{2})^m, \textrm{ if } v_i \in I_2 \cap B \\
\\
(1 - \frac{t}{2})^m, \textrm{ if } v_i \in I_2 \cap A
\end{array}
\right.$$
Consider a vertex $v_i \in I_2 \cap B$ (The case that $v_i \in I_2 \cap A$ is similar). The total vertex degree of $\rsg{n, m}[V_{i - 1}]$ is $2(i - 1)m \leq 2nm$. The total vertex degree of the vertices in $I_1 \cap A$ is at least $snm$. Note that the event $E_i$ occurs implies that none of the vertices in $I_1 \cap A$ is selected as the neighbor of $v_i$ in the $m$-step procedure to pick $v_i$’s neighbors.
By the definition of preferential attachment mechanism in the Barabási-Albert model, Equation (\[eq-preferential-prob\]), we have that $$\begin{aligned}
&&\probab{E_i ~|~ \rsg{n, m}[V_{i - 1}]}{\rsg{n, m}} \\
&&\ \ \ \leq (1 - \frac{snm}{2(i - 1)m}) (1 - \frac{snm}{2(i - 1)m + 2})
\cdots (1 - \frac{snm}{2(i - 1)m + 2(m - 1)}) \\
&&\ \ \ \leq (1 - \frac{snm}{2nm})^m \\
&&\ \ \ = (1 - \frac{s}{2})^m. \end{aligned}$$ This proves the lemma.
Continue the proof of Theorem \[thm-power-law-graph\]. From Lemma, we have $$\begin{aligned}
\probab{E}{\rsg{n, m}} &\leq& \probab{E_{n/2 + 1} \cap \cdots \cap E_{n}}{\rsg{n, m}}
\nonumber \\
&=& \prod\limits_{i = n/2+1}^{n}\probab{E_{i} ~|~ \rsg{n, m}[V_{i - 1}]}{\rsg{n, m}}
\nonumber \\
&\leq& \left((1 - s/2)^{m}\right)^{|I_2 \cap B|}
\left((1 - t/2)^{m}\right)^{|I_2 \cap A|} \nonumber \\
&=& \left((1-s/2)^{b - t}(1 - t/2)^{a - s}\right)^{mn}
%\ \ \ (\textrm{since } s + t = 1/2)
\nonumber \\
% &=&\left( (1 - \frac{s}{2})^{b + s - \frac{1}{2}}
% (\frac{3}{4} + \frac{s}{2})^{a -s} \right)^{mn} \nonumber \\
% &=&\left( (1 - \frac{s}{2})^{s - a + \frac{1}{2}}
% (\frac{3}{4} + \frac{s}{2})^{a -s} \right)^{mn} \end{aligned}$$ Taking into consideration that $a + b = (1 - \beta)n$, we see that $$\begin{aligned}
\probab{E}{\rsg{n, m}} &\leq& \left((1-s/2)^{b - t}(1 - t/2)^{a - s}\right)^{mn} \nonumber \\
&=&\left( (1 - s/2)^{b + s - (1 - \beta)/2}
(3/4 + s/2)^{a - s} \right)^{mn} \nonumber \\
&=&\left( (1 - \frac{s}{2})^{s - a + \frac{1 - \beta}{2}}
(\frac{3}{4} + \frac{s}{2})^{a -s} \right)^{mn}. \end{aligned}$$ Consider the behavior of the function $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq-thm3-f-def}
f(s, \beta) &=& (1 - \frac{s}{2})^{s - a + \frac{1 - \beta}{2}}
(\frac{3}{4} + \frac{s}{2})^{a -s} \nonumber \\
&=& \left(\frac{1 - s/2}{3/4 + s/2}\right)^{s - a}
(1 - s/2)^{\frac{1}{2}} (1 - s/2)^{-\beta/2}. \end{aligned}$$ for $0 \leq s \leq \frac{1}{2}$ and $\frac{1 - \beta}{3} \leq a \leq \frac{(1 - \beta)}{2}$. We have
There is a constant $\beta^* > 0$ such that for any $\beta < \beta^*$, $$\label{eq-thm3-max}
%f(s) \leq \left(\frac{7}{8}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}, \ \forall s \in [0, \frac{1}{2}].
f_{max} = \max\{f(s, \beta): s\in[0, 1/2], a \in [(1 - \beta)/3, (1 - \beta)/2]\} < 0.9425.$$
Note that the last term $(1 - s/2)^{-\beta/2}$ of $f(s, \beta)$ can be made arbitrarily to 1 by requiring that $\beta$ is less than a sufficiently small number, say $\beta_0$. We, therefore, only need to consider the function $$f(s) = \left(\frac{1 - s/2}{3/4 + s/2}\right)^{s - a}
(1 - s/2)^{\frac{1}{2}}.$$
First, we claim that $f(s) \leq \left(\frac{7}{8}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}}$ for any $s\in [\frac{1}{4}, \frac{1}{2}]$. To see this, we take the logarithm on both sides of Equation (\[eq-thm3-f-def\]) to obtain $$\log f(s) = (s - a - \frac{1}{2})\log (1 - \frac{s}{2}) + (a - s)\log (\frac{3}{4} + \frac{s}{2}).$$ Taking derivative on both sides in the above, we get $$\frac{1}{f(s)} f'(s) = \log \frac{1 - \frac{s}{2}}{\frac{3}{4} + \frac{s}{2}}
- \frac{1}{2} \frac{2s - \frac{7}{4}a + \frac{3}{8}}{(1 - \frac{s}{2})(\frac{3}{4} + \frac{s}{2})}.$$ Since for any $s \geq \frac{1}{4}$ and $\frac{1 - \beta}{3} \leq a \leq \frac{1 - \beta}{2}$, $\frac{1 - \frac{s}{2}}{\frac{3}{4} + \frac{s}{2}} \leq 1$ and $2s - \frac{7}{4}a + \frac{3}{8} > 0$, we see that $f'(s) < 0$. The claim holds since $f(\frac{1}{4}) = \left(\frac{7}{8}\right)^{\frac{1}{2}} = 0.9354$.
Now consider the interval $[0, \frac{1}{4}]$. Let $\beta_1$ be a constant such that for any $\beta < \beta_1$, $\frac{1}{4} - \frac{1 - \beta}{3} < 0$. Split $[0, \frac{1}{4}]$ into $ d + 1$ segments and consider the $(d + 1)$ intervals $[s_{i}, s_{i + 1}]$ where $s_i = i \frac{1}{4d}, \forall 0\leq i\leq d$. Since $g(s) = \left(\frac{1 - s/2}{3/4 + s/2}\right)^{s - a}$ is decreasing in $[0, 1/2]$, $s - a < s - \frac{1}{3} < 0$ for any $s \in [0, 1/4]$ and $a \in [(1 - \beta)/3, (1 - \beta)/2]$, and $h(s) = (1 - s/2)^{\frac{1}{2}}$ is decreasing in $[0, 1/4]$, we have $$\begin{aligned}
\max\limits_{s\in[0, 1/4]}f(s)
&=& \max_{0\leq i\leq d}\{\max\limits_{s \in [s_i, s_{i + 1}]}f(s)\} \nonumber \\
&\leq& \max_{0\leq i\leq d}
(g(s_{i+1}) h(s_i)).\end{aligned}$$ Numerical calculations[^3] using $d = 10$ gives us $\max_{0\leq i\leq d} (g(s_{i+1}) h(s_i)) < 0.9425$. Take $\beta^* = \min\{\beta_0, \beta_1\}$, we get Equation (\[eq-thm3-max\]).
To complete the proof of Theorem \[thm-power-law-graph\], we see from Markov inequality that the expected number of balanced $\beta$-partition is at most $$\binom{n}{\beta n}\binom{n}{a} \left( (1 - \frac{s}{2})^{s - a + \frac{1}{2}}
(\frac{3}{4} + \frac{s}{2})^{a -s} \right)^{mn}
\leq \binom{n}{\beta n}\binom{n}{an} 0.9425^{mn}.$$ Numerical calculation shows that $0.9425^{12} < \frac{1}{2}$. Since $an \leq \frac{1}{2}n$, we have by Lemma \[lem-stirling\] and Lemma \[eq-function-0\] that there is a constant $\beta_2$ such that for any $\beta < \beta_2$, $$\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow \infty} \binom{n}{\beta n}\binom{n}{an} 0.9425^{mn} = 0.$$
Let $\beta = \min\{\beta^*, \beta_2\}$ where $\beta^*$ is the constant required in Lemma \[eq-thm3-max\]. It follows that for any $m \geq 12$, the expected number of balanced $\beta n$-partitions in $\rsg{n, m}$ tends to zero, and consequently $$\lim\limits_{n\rightarrow \infty}\probab{tw(\rsg{n, m}) > \beta n}{\rsg{n, m}} = 1.$$ This completes the proof of Theorem \[thm-power-law-graph\].
Acknowledgment {#acknowledgment .unnumbered}
==============
A weaker version of Theorem \[thm-treewidth-bound\] was reported in [@yong06treewidth]. The research is supported by Natural Science and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) RGPIN 327587-06 and RGPIN 327587-09.
[^1]: Supported in part by NSERC Discovery Grant RGPIN 327587-09
[^2]: The idea of restricting the kinds of combinatorial objects to be considered have been used in the study of the threshold for the satisfiability of random CNF formulas and the chromatic number of random graphs[@kirousis94threshold; @achlioptas99thesis; @kirousis09threshold]
[^3]: We also tried $d$ up to 10, 000, and found out that the value seems to converge to 0.9424
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Fiji braces for strengthening Cyclone Evan
Updated
Evacuations have begun in Fiji ahead of the arrival of Tropical Cyclone Evan which has caused widespread damage in Samoa.
The cyclone expected to hit Fiji on Sunday is forecast to intensify into a category four or five storm as it approaches.
A state of disaster has been declared in Samoa after the storm left a trail of destruction and claimed at least two lives, with unconfirmed reports of many others missing.
Addressing the nation ahead of the storm, Fiji's interim leader Commodore Frank Bainimarama said the cyclone would affect the entire country.
"It has winds up to 180 kilometres per hour which may intensify and, if the weather forecasters are correct, it will affect Fiji in a very damaging way bringing about destructive winds and flooding," he said.
"Fellow Fijians I cannot stress how serious this is, every Fijian will be affected."
Mr Bainimarama urged people to remain calm, look after the elderly and disabled, cancel social events, secure their properties and avoid travel and alcohol until the threat is over.
The country's permanent secretary for information, Sharon Smith-Johns, says many people have fled to higher ground.
"There are people that have already taken precautions, that they know that they live in flood-prone areas and they're moving to higher ground or moving in with relatives.
"There is quite a lot of movement around Suva especially today and around and in the rural areas.
"All we can do is be prepared here - lucky we've had a weeks notice of this all the agencies have been deployed, emergency services on standby, evacuation centres are open, rations have gone out now it's just a matter of continuing to clean up our own backyards and putting cyclone shutters up and waiting."
Ms Smith-Johns says the country is on high alert.
"Fiji is now on high alert we know that the cyclone is moving towards the Fiji group," she said.
"We know that it's going to be upgraded to a category four cyclone with winds gusting probably about 200 kilometres per hour, so we're very much just waiting for the arrival."
'State of disaster'
Sorry, this video has expired Video: Samoa battered by cyclone (ABC News)
The Samoan Government has declared a state of disaster after Evan made landfall on Thursday, causing widespread damage, cutting power, causing flooding and ripping trees out of the ground.
Locals say it is the worst storm to hit the region in recent years.
Muli Pola from Samoa's Meteorology Division says the storm warning remains in effect with concerns it may turn back toward and make landfall on the islands.
Greg Grimsich, from the United Nations, says with damage much worse than expected international aid groups are ready to help if required.
"There's a number of power lines down, roads damaged, we're having a lot of difficulty communicating by mobile phones because the lines are actually quite jammed at the moment," he said.
"We had a large number of people displaced from their homes near the coast and near the river, there were still up to 2000 people in evacuation centres and there was a need for food and water that they're running low on."
Australia's Department of Foreign Affairs travel advice said the cyclone had damaged Faleolo International Airport and the Australian High Commission in Apia would be closed until further notice due to storm damage."
Many places in Samoa have only just rebuilt after being devastated by a tsunami in 2009.
Topics: cyclone, storm-disaster, samoa, fiji
First posted |
Big data in nephrology: promises and pitfalls.
Data from the electronic health records hold great promise for nephrology research. However, due to significant limitations, reporting guidelines have been formulated for analyses conducted using electronic health records data. |
Some of us have debated LD for four years, for some of us, this is our senior year of debate. This topic is one of the worst some of us have ever had in our debate career, including some college debaters. We want a strong topic for this year when there are so many better options. This topic is terrible for the LD community. It has weak questions of philosophy due to the lack of specification of an actor, and has no topical action, preventing good debate on both the national and traditional circuit
The topic is Resolved: In a democracy, the public’s right to know ought to be valued above the right to privacy of candidates for public office. |
Q:
Increase number of RESULTS_RECOGNITION in speech recognition android
i want to make google speech recognition flexible enough to give me ten to fifteen results while matching voice..
// This are the intents needed to start the Voice recognizer
Intent i = new Intent(RecognizerIntent.ACTION_RECOGNIZE_SPEECH);
// i.putExtra(RecognizerIntent.EXTRA_LANGUAGE_MODEL,
// RecognizerIntent.LANGUAGE_MODEL_FREE_FORM);
i.putExtra(RecognizerIntent.EXTRA_LANGUAGE_MODEL, "en-US");
i.putExtra(RecognizerIntent.EXTRA_PROMPT, "Say something");
i want to increase number of results given below. it normally give me four or five..
ArrayList<String> results = data
.getStringArrayListExtra(RecognizerIntent.EXTRA_RESULTS);
is it possible ..
A:
This is not possible. As of API level 19 you can set the upper limit by setting EXTRA_MAX_RESULTS when calling the RecognizerIntent. But there is no EXTRA_MIN_RESULTS to set the lower limit.
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|
(ns example.wiki.triangle3
(:use [penumbra.opengl])
(:require [penumbra.app :as app]))
(defn init [state]
(app/vsync! true)
state)
(defn reshape [[x y width height] state]
(frustum-view 60.0 (/ (double width) height) 1.0 100.0)
(load-identity)
state)
(defn mouse-drag [[dx dy] [x y] button state]
(assoc state
:rot-x (+ (:rot-x state) dy)
:rot-y (+ (:rot-y state) dx)))
(defn display [[delta time] state]
(translate 0 -0.93 -3)
(rotate (:rot-x state) 1 0 0)
(rotate (:rot-y state) 0 1 0)
(draw-triangles
(color 1 0 0) (vertex 1 0)
(color 0 1 0) (vertex -1 0)
(color 0 0 1) (vertex 0 1.86)))
(app/start
{:display display, :reshape reshape, :mouse-drag mouse-drag, :init init}
{:rot-x 0, :rot-y 0}) |
Author
Topic: Recall On 55REQ... (Read 48616 times)
I just got a call from Woodcraft about a recall on the new 55REQ that I purchased. They said I should be getting an official notice from Festool. I'm wondering if anyone has any info of this, as Woodcraft did not know what the recall was concerning.
Anyone else think the old ts55's were better built . I just bought a new one and my old ones on eBay. The new one just doesn't feel as nicely made as my old model. All the bevel and depth settings seem very vague not as accurate. I'm sure it's something I will get used to but not what I expected.
Shane has closed the other thread for comments, but I think his last comment in it where he states that owners of the 55REQ should stop using it and get in touch with Festool should be posted at the top of the FOG. This problem seems to be quite important.
Shane wrote:-
"Festool has notified the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) and Health Canada of a potential problem with the plunge mechanism on some TS 55 REQ Plunge-Cut Track Saws. While investigation is continuing, Festool, in cooperation with the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), intends to recall affected units. If you have a TS 55 REQ Plunge Cut Track Saw, please discontinue use immediately and call Festool directly at 1-855-784-9727.
This thread is closed temporarily for discussion. We will reopen this thread and provide more information once it becomes available. Thank you for your patience."
- They will send a UPS label to ship the saw to and they will repair the plunge issue.- I could send it to them and they would offer a deal to trade/upgrade it to a TS75.- They would give me a full refund.
I opted for the fix, since I like the saw. I was impressed with how they are handling this.
I agree, I'm bummed...I was looking very forward to the carvex last time and will certainly be an early adopter this time. I respect festool for their approach to this issue. Heck, they're willing to upgrade you to a pricier saw that you can turn around and possibly sell if you choose once the problem is corrected.
Either way, it's comforting to know that a company stands behind its product and is willing to rectify potential hazards with more than one option!
- They will send a UPS label to ship the saw to and they will repair the plunge issue.- I could send it to them and they would offer a deal to trade/upgrade it to a TS75.- They would give me a full refund.
I opted for the fix, since I like the saw. I was impressed with how they are handling this.
I had a similar experience when calling and opted for the TS75 replacement since I need to keep working and have no desire to switch to a different brand track saw. I don't know the extent of the TS55REQ problem out there, I had not experienced any issues but I understand their desire to mitigate future risk in this regard. A lot can be learned about a company in how they address problems and mistakes, it's a difficult and costly situation for Festool and frankly I'm impressed with how its being handled. Of course its best to avoid a problem in the first place, but unfortunately these things can and do happen in spite of efforts to avoid it. Most importantly I hope no one has been injured, any inconvenience I may experience from this pales in comparison.
Just spoke with Festool and was offered the three generous choices. My only concern is that as of right now, they have no fix for the issue, as I was told, so there will be a wait. I'll likely send mine in for the fix and wait.
I would be interested to know the issue being in the uk we have had ours longer, I have only ever had a plunge problem once, when I used for a lot of ripping work without DC connected and the saw filled up with course sawdust preventing the blade from fully retracting but this was my fault for leaving my ct26 on another job, and a few shakes to remove the dust the problem was fixed.
I opted for the repair. In wonder why in Germany they don't have this problem.Apparently the UK is also fine.Let's wait until and see.I have the TS75 from the recon program, so my options are not too many.
If you don't like Signatures, just go to Look and Layout and tick No Signatures.
“The test of the machine is the satisfaction it gives you. There isn't any other test. If the machine produces tranquility it's right. If it disturbs you it's wrong until either the machine or your mind is changed.” ― Robert M. Pirsig, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: An Inquiry Into Values
I think this is a great example of how proactive Festool USA is concerning the customer. They (Festool) felt there was a problem and looked to resolve it before a huge problem occurred. The fact is sh** happens in production, but it takes a good company to admit and try to rectify their sh** before a real issue occurs.
Since they don't even know exactly what the problem is and what the fix is, would it be prudent to wait, before choosing one of the three current options? I asked the CS person at Festool if the offer has an expiration date and she said she didn't know. She said it could go on until all are satisfied or it could just end...she couldn't tell me. I just don't want to make a choice now and then because of what is learned, other options are offered. Hmmmm...
After giving this whole thing some thought and consideration and after doing some other research, I've come to the conclusion that Festool being Festool, will take care me no matter what. Since I bought the REQ because of it's features, I'll stick with it. As for sending it in, I'll wait on that too and see what unfolds in the next week or so. It's not like I'm going to ask for my money back on it.
David to FOG, it's a great place to be for advice and ideas. Your thinking on the wait will be a good thing as Festool will resolve this issue and make the TS 55R even that much better.In the meantime there is so many other Festoys to play with
Sal
Logged
Life is too short and the road is too long to drive anything less than a Festool |
NEW YORK (AP) — The companies that determine Americans' credit scores are about to come under government oversight for the first time.
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau said Monday that it will start supervising the 30 largest firms that make up 94 percent of the industry. That includes the three big credit reporting firms: Equifax Inc., Experian and TransUnion.
In remarks prepared for a speech Monday, Richard Cordray, the government agency's director, said that scorekeeping by credit bureaus plays such a large role in Americans' financial lives, it requires scrutiny.
The CFPB said its oversight may include on-sight examinations, and that it may require credit bureaus to file reports.
"It's a wonderful thing for the American public," said Pamela Banks, the senior policy counsel for Consumers Union, the policy arm of Consumer Reports. "Now there's somebody on their side."
Banks said she expects that when people dispute details on their credit reports, credit bureaus will now act more quickly to fix any problems. "They won't want the CFPB breathing down their necks," she said.
The announcement Monday wasn't a total surprise, according to industry observers, because the CFPB had hinted earlier this year that it was considering supervising the industry.
Gerry Tschopp, a spokesman for Experian, said the government already oversees the industry, because the Federal Trade Commission has been responsible for enforcing the Fair Credit Reporting Act since it became law in 1970.
"We're not a stranger to regulation," he said. "We've been regulated for four-plus decades."
Tschopp said he had "no concerns" about the agency's oversight. A statement from Experian said the company and the CFPB both shared the goal of helping consumers get "access to fair and affordable credit."
Jon Ulzheimer, president of consumer education at SmartCredit.com and a former Equifax employee, said the CFPB may soon clarify what the Fair Credit Reporting Act requires of credit bureaus, a constant source of debate in the consumer credit world. When people challenge what's in their credit report, the Fair Credit Reporting Act requires the bureaus to investigate.
Story continues
"But what exactly constitutes a reasonable investigation?" Ulzheimer asks. "The act doesn't say."
What often happens is that the credit bureaus simply double-check their original numbers, he said. "There's really no quote-unquote 'investigation.'"
Each of the three major credit reporting agencies maintains files on more than 200 million Americans. These reports are filled with a history of loan payments, credit card accounts and other financial details. Past behavior, from late payments to credit-card balances, is used to create a credit score.
Banks and other lenders use these scores to measure eligibility for mortgages, credit cards and a wide variety of other consumer loans. Some landlords check them to screen prospective renters, and some companies check credit reports — but not scores— before hiring a new employee. Low scores or problematic credit histories can mean higher interest rates or rejected applications.
There have been thousands of complaints about credit reports from consumers who claim they are unsuccessful getting credit reporting agencies to correct inaccurate information.
The protection bureau will start regulating the industry after the new rule takes effect on Sept. 30. |
defmodule Blockchain.Transaction.AccountCleaner do
alias Blockchain.Account
alias Blockchain.Account.Repo
def clean_touched_accounts(account_repo, accounts, config) do
if config.clean_touched_accounts do
Enum.reduce(accounts, account_repo, fn address, new_account_repo ->
{updated_repo, account} = Repo.account(new_account_repo, address)
if account && Account.empty?(account) do
Repo.del_account(updated_repo, address)
else
updated_repo
end
end)
else
account_repo
end
end
end
|
Characterization of Azotobacter vinelandii aggregation in submerged culture by digital image analysis.
A simple and accurate method for determining the distribution of sizes of single cells and aggregates of Azotobacter vinelandii by image analysis has been developed. A staining procedure using methylene blue helps to enhance the contrast between aggregates and background without altering aggregate size distribution. Sample dilution affected the distribution of the population and therefore should be avoided. Mixing and aeration conditions during culture play an important role in the aggregation of A. vinelandii. Cells grown under mild mixing conditions (unbaffled flasks) presented a thick slime layer and formed aggregates of up to 35 microm of average equivalent diameter. In contrast, under strong agitation conditions (baffled flasks) practically no aggregates were formed throughout cultivation. The method described can be used for the characterization of aggregation of other microbial cultures. |
Okay, Tony Lombardo gave me this fine looking RC Electric Boat Satuday, 10-06-2012 and I wasted no time and went crazy going to the local Hobby Shops before they closed on Saturday and came home and performed an All Nighter (no sleep) and was able to finish the model for operation and test runs.
Here are a few pictures during the night in getting a large 600 size Brushed motor and Traxxas 15XL ESC inside the Model.
Terminator connectors, I decided to install 4mm Bullet Connectors to match up with the Traxxas XL-5 ESC.
Since the Traxxas XL-5 Brushed ESC is Air Cool with the Large Heat Sink, I made up a Lite Plywood Decking that sits inside the Control Bridge of the model for maximum Air Flow over the Heat Sink and it worked flawlessly!!!
I got really lucky as the ESC went in without any trimming of the side windows as this was the largest opening into the Control Bridge! You had to just be patient and in it went!
As a result of placing the ESC, the location of the Receiver was easy and used a plastic bag just in case water gets splashed on the unit as it is right at the window area!!!
Of course, Tony did not realize that I was going to run the Boat using 3-Cell, 3700mAH, "25C Discharge" Li-POLY Batteries (Parallel) and the initial thoughts were nice and easy with Ni-MH's so, the model was retrofitted with the geared 600 brushed motor without any Coiled Cooling System.
During the third run of the model at our Moon Port Modelers RC Club in Titusville, Florida and for additional Photo Shoot session, Tony gave me back the controls and I noticed the motor did not have the Punch it exhibited during gradual throttle run ups so, I brought it to shore quickly. Yeap, the motor was very HOT to the touch and you could not keep your fingers on it.
I disconnected everything and turned off the radio system and fortunately the motor did not exhibit the "Burn" Smell yet and I blew on it continuously (like if that was going to do anything....).
We went back to Tony's place and wasted no time and Tony once again exhibited the Master Builder that he is and quickly made up a new Motor Bracket such that will allow Coiled Water Cooling for the motor.
Nice looking Rescue Boat and the upgrades seem to have made a huge improvement. That's a Dumas kit, I know as I have one sitting on the shelf. Maybe some day it will be put together. What is the gear ratio of the 600 motor yu installed by the way?
Nice looking Rescue Boat and the upgrades seem to have made a huge improvement. That's a Dumas kit, I know as I have one sitting on the shelf. Maybe some day it will be put together. What is the gear ratio of the 600 motor yu installed by the way?
Bob
Hi Bob,
Went back to the boat and carefully counted teeth
Motor Pinion Gear Count: 18
Gearbox Spur Gear Count: 38
Therefore, the motor has to turn 2.11 revolutions for each complete rotation of the Spur Gear (Propeller).
A few items that really bothered me during the Current Measurements while the model was in the Bath Tub. Ordinarily, one does not see the actual workings of the Power System while it is in water since the model is covered and moving away from you. Well, last night I had the opportunity to really watch and hear the power system and concluded the following:
1. The "No-Name" gearbox had to go since spare parts just could not be found and because the Gearbox Spur Gear was really worn and it vibrated the entire assembly at moderate speeds and including high RPMs.
2. I looked all over my hobby drawers and found a brand new Airplane Gearbox known as the Electrifly (Great Planes) GD-600 and I believe it is the 2.5:1 ratio.
3. The Rudder travel was fixed as reported earlier using a new Rudder Servo Arm and located the push rod assembly at a farther hole and that did the trick.
A few pictures of the new GD-600 Gearbox with the Stock Brushed 600 size motor.
Got the new GD-600 Gearbox and Brushed 600 size motor re-installed on the Coast Guard Rescue Ship. Had an opportunity to test "Dry" Run it and sound like a Turbine at High RPMs and best of all, super smooth!
Seems like I will need to Test Run the model back in the bath Tub once again to get new AMP (Current) draw measurements using the new GD-600 Gearbox with the 2.5:1 ratio and noting that it is much smoother and hopefully the results are going to be nothing over 15 - 17 AMPs at wide open.
Once again, this shows how meticulous and detailed you are about the hobby, it is evident it is now been transfered to boats as well!!...and the documentation is very helpful!!.
I really like this boat, yes I like the PT311...but I think this one is my favorite so far.
Can't wait to see it crusing about some day soon.
For airplanes I say "happy landings"...here I must say "anchors away"...
The straighter the connection between the motor and the drive shaft the less noise you will hear from the dog bone. Also, and maybe more importantly, the straighter the connection, the less "drag" on the drive and the lower will be the current draw on the motor because it doesn't have to work as hard to give the same performance.
I noticed in the video that the motor is higher than the drive shaft. If you can lower it so that the motor is in line with the drive shaft in both vertical and horizontal planes your motor will run more efficiently and there will be less noise.
This is exactly what I covered in my Video of the "Dry" Test run from this morning.
I carefully angled the motor/gearbox assembly several times until the motor/gearbox and Universal Joint could spin at effortless manner without any hard points spots of stiffness. I did not start the Video until then.
The noise is just normal vibrations coming from the Dog Bone as it is in there somewhat snug and not tight so, it maybe creating some vibrations as it shifts a little.
As a matter of fact, the motor/gearbox assembly was at a higher angle with the previous Gearbox with the ruined Spur Gear and the angle was even more at a critical angle.
I hope and suspect that the up-and-coming "WET" Current Measurement in Bath Tub will exhibit even lower AMP Draw, not only taking account of the better angles but, realizing the more gearbox ratio of 2.5:1
All I had to do is place a small folded up double sticky foam tape and keeping the adhesive cover and placed it underneath the bottom end of the plastic gearbox frame (part does not get hot) and the motor was raised enough to keep the Universal / Dog Bone straight like an arrow!
Of course the Bath Tub was filled once again and this time I allowed the water to go up a few more inches and testing began while Video Recording. |
Same-Sex Legal Name Change-Problems, Struggles, Solutions
Same-Sex Legal Name Change
The Legal Name Change Journey of Jeannie and Dawn Nally
Until Same-Sex Marriage is Fully Legal, at Least Couples Can Go To Court for a Legal Name Change. This way, same-sex legal name change can be achieved regardless of the obstacles of law in some US jurisdictions. That doesn’t make it easy. But, it makes it possible for those who are determined.
Jeannie got married in 2011 but wasn’t allowed to take her spouse’s last name. She was able to change her name with her bank, many accounts and even Social Security. But, she couldn’t get a driver’s license to match without a court order or other documentation even more elaborate than that. Why? Because she and her spouse live in Pennsylvania where same sex marriage isn’t legal. Not fair, but true in early 2014 America.
There are 4 main ways that most couples handle their respective married names nowadays:
1) Both spouses keep their own family name 2) Each spouse takes a hyphenated form of both their last names 3) One spouse takes the other’s family name 4) Both spouses take a mash-up of both last names for their married name
Same-Sex Legal Name Change – The Laws in 2011
This Pennsylvania couple had decided that Jeannie would take Dawn’s last name and they were thrilled and excited, the way newlyweds get.
Jeannie and Dawn Nally got married November 11, 2011 in Long Island, N.Y. It wasn’t legal for them to be married where they lived in Shippensburg, Pa. If it were legal in Pennsylvania, they presumably could have had Jeannie’s Name Changed through the marriage license process. That’s the way heterosexual couples do it everyday all over the 50 states, and without extensive time or added expense.
Just one of the irritants (certainly not the biggest one) connected with the embattled state of same-sex marriage acceptance in the United States today, is that the committed couple isn’t allowed to share a family name without going through other processes. Jeannie couldn’t take the last name “Nally”, officially, without doing something beyond getting married. Usually, where same-sex marriage isn’t legal, couples can use the state court where they live to get Legal Name Change, or forego sharing last names in certain government and official uses.
Same-Sex Legal Name Change – ID and Official Records Problems
And, not having a photo identification, such as a current driver’s license, that shows your name to match your credit card…is a problem. A big problem! Try it for a week if you don’t think so. At first, Jeannie just wanted her spouse’s last name…but soon, she just wanted reliable I.D. She was denied a Pennsylvania driver’s license in her married name because her marriage certificate was from another state and Pennsylvania doesn’t recognize same-sex marriages. It didn’t matter that she had bank and Social Security account documentation in her new married name.
According to Jan McKnight, community relations coordinator for PennDOT, the agency that issues driver’s licenses in Pennsylvania, Jeannie can get a driver’s license in her married name if she complies with PennDOT regulations:
In the absence of a court order containing a change of name as provided for in 67 Pa. Code §85.1(3), a change of surname can be accomplished by adherence to 67 Pa. Code §85.1(4). This regulation permits change of one’s surname by provision of a Social Security card and any two (2) of the following documents: (i) Tax records; (ii) Selective Service card or records; (iii) Voter registration card or records; (iv) Passport; (v) Any form of identification issued by a governmental agency which contains a photograph of the bearer; (vi) Baptismal certificate; (vii) Banking records.
This is a lengthy way of saying Catch-22; Jeannie can’t get the identification she needs without having the identification she needs. It’s not fair. It’s a blatant double standard. But it’s the common experience of a whole lot of same-sex couples in all the states where same-sex marriage is still not legal.
Same-Sex Legal Name Change – Where There’s A Will, There’s A Way
This second-class citizen status is slowly but measurably changing throughout our country. Until then, many same-sex couples, married and not-married, have used Legal Name Change, a Court Order Petition process, to get most of this type of shared-name/identification documents problem solved. Jeannie Nally says she shouldn’t have to incur those costs that her heterosexual counterparts don’t have to pay. True. The filing costs for Legal Name Change, which is a process available in every state through the courts, can be waived by the court based on a showing of economic hardship. Unless otherwise disqualified, every same-sex partner or couple can file an Application or Petition for Name Change in their local court and get an official Court Order establishing their New Name as their Legal Name. With that kind of Court Order, Jeannie (and every other person in Jeannie’s spot) can get their Name Legally Changed in a way that every government agency will honor.
When people get married and want to share last names, they ought to be able to. Until a one-step marriage certificate change is available, this two-step process using Name Change Court Orders gives same-sex couples the comfort of sharing names as they go about the larger task of sharing lives together. Court ordered Name Change for same-sex couples isn’t the best way to go about it, but it’s available now…and it works.
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Hobbididance
A Hobbididance, or Hoberdidance, was a malevolent sprite mentioned in the traditional English morris dance. It was the name of one of the fiends in Shakespeare's King Lear:
References
"Hobbididance". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. 2nd ed. 1989.
Category:English folklore
Category:Fictional demons and devils
Category:Fictional fairies and sprites |
Q:
What should I name this area of my architecture?
I am developing an architecture for a new MVC system. The legacy system has a layer it calls "facade", but it is not the classic GoF Facade. It is more like a service aggregator. It is used as a convenience layer to call multiple services, aggregate/munge the responses into the response it needs, and then returns that response to the controller.
What should I name this layer? Some possible ideas are:
facade (yuck...might cause ambiguity)
aggregate/aggregator
collector
Any other thoughts? Thanks!!
A:
Your layer is indeed not a classical GoF since it orchestrates requests in the subsystem and aggregates responses. It is not either a remote facade.
This kind of layer is called Service layer in Martin Fowler's view of application architecture, especially if it is meant to encapsulate the domain model.
In the microservice architecture, your component would probably called an API gateway:
Some requests are simply proxied/routed to the appropriate service. It
handles other requests by fanning out to multiple services.
|
German Video Games/Developers
Please be sure to only name games or developers not publishers (e.g. Deep Silver, Kalypso Media)
* Required |
---
abstract: 'Higher derivative corrections are ubiquitous in effective field theories, which seemingly introduces new degrees of freedom at successive order. This is actually an artefact of the implicit local derivative expansion defining effective field theories. We argue that higher derivative corrections that introduce additional degrees of freedom should be removed and their effects captured either by lower derivative corrections, or special combinations of higher derivative corrections not propagating extra derees of freedom. Three methods adapted for this task are examined and field redefinitions are found to be most appropriate. First order higher derivative corrections in a scalar tensor theory are removed by field redefinition and it is found that their effects are captured by a subset of Horndeski theories. A case is made for restricting the effective field theory expansions in principle to only terms not introducing additional degrees of freedom.'
author:
- Dražen Glavan
title: Perturbative reduction of derivative order in EFT
---
Introduction {#sec: Introduction}
============
Effective theories are a physical framework based on an observation that not all scales of nature are relevant for describing of a particular given system [@Wells:2012rla; @Burgess:2007pt; @Donoghue:1995cz]. Usually it pertains to descriptions of some low energy phenomenon in terms of the degrees of freedom and interactions relevant for that system, with typical energy scales well below some higher scales typical for the interactions and degrees of freedom which we neglect. It is not to say that we have to neglect the effect of physics on higher scales entirely. We may study the small corrections that it supplies to our low energy system, but we do not need to know exactly what that physics is. Its effects can be captured in terms of the degrees of freedom of the low energy system by introducing additional effective interactions suppressed by the ratio of scales typical for the system at hand and the high scale of new physics. In field theories such effects are encoded by all the possible corrections to the leading order action organized as an expansion in the inverse powers of the high energy (or mass) scale. At each order all that is demanded from the correction terms is to satisfy the assumed symmetries and to have the right dimensionality.
Higher derivative corrections in effective field theory (EFT) are ubiquitous, and are very hard to avoid. Such corrections, taken at face value, tend to exhibit unphysical behaviour. The issues regarding them were most recently discussed by Burgess and Williams [@Burgess:2014lwa], who also argued we typically need not worry about the said issues. Here we make a case for the issues actually not being there if one treats higher derivatives in EFTs correctly in the same perturbative spirit in which they arise in the first place[^1]
It is known that higher derivative theories in general exhibit unphysical behavior. The most well known issue encountered is that of Ostrogradsky instabilities [@Ostrogradsky:1850fid; @Woodard:2015zca]. Higher derivative theories generally contain more degrees of freedom per dynamical variable as compared to the lower derivative theories, and such theories we refer to as [*genuine*]{} higher derivative theories in this paper. Usually these extra degrees of freedom are ghost-like, and their excitation can lower the energy of the system without bounds. This is always true for theories without constraints, but can in certain cases be avoided in constrained theories (e.g. $f(R)$ gravity). Another issue often exhibited by higher derivative theories is the existence of runaway solutions. It is important to emphasize that there are theories with higher derivatives in the action that are not genuine in the sense defined above, since they contain the same number of degrees of freedom as their lower order counterparts with the same number of dynamical variables. Examples of such non-genuine higher derivative theories are the Horndeski theory [@Horndeski:1974wa], generalized Galileons [@Nicolis:2008in; @Deffayet:2009mn], and more generally the beyond Horndeski theories [@Gleyzes:2014dya; @Gleyzes:2014qga], and all the the DHOST theories [@Langlois:2015cwa; @Crisostomi:2016czh; @BenAchour:2016fzp], which are defined as the most general scalar-tensor theories with three propagating degrees of freedom. These are studied very much today in the context of the effective field theory of dark energy [@Gubitosi:2012hu; @Tsujikawa:2014mba] For convenience, we sometimes refer to non-genuine higher derivative theories as lower derivative theories when it is obvious we are emphasizing their property of not carrying extra degrees of freedom.
Effective field theories in actuality are not genuine higher derivative theories. This becomes clear when we examine cases where we can actually derive them from a more fundamental theory by integrating out some heavy degrees of freedom. In principle, we do not need to assume much about the degrees of freedom being integrated out. This procedure produces an effective action for the system which contains nonlocal terms which do not carry extra degrees of freedom. By construction, the procedure of integrating out degrees of freedom can only lower their total number in the resulting theory. Only when we decide that the degrees of freedom integrated out are heavy with respect to some energy scale we are interested in can the nonlocal terms in the action be considered small, and expanded in inverse powers of the heavy mass scale. This expansion corresponds to the local derivative expansion of the nonlocal terms, and this is how higher derivative terms appear in the low energy EFT. The modern approach to field theories is to consider them as EFTs up to some higher energy scale. Then naturally all field theories can be considered to have corrections suppressed by this high energy (mass) scale. But here we maintain that these corrections ought to descend from some in principle non-local corrections.
At successively higher orders in EFTs terms with higher and higher derivatives appear. It makes no physical sense that each order of perturbation theory introduces new degrees of freedom. Rather, this is an artifact of our approximation scheme. The observation that the higher derivative terms appear perturbatively, and that their effects should be taken into account perturbatively as well, resolves the issue of extra degrees of freedom. They never appear in perturbatively expandable solutions.
This problem was first encountered and studied in the context of Abraham-Lorentz theory of the electron [@Jackson:1998nia], where the third time derivative of the electron’s position appears in the equation of motion. This third derivative is there to take into account the electron’s reaction to its own radiation. The space of solutions of this theory contains some clearly unphysical runaway solutions – one can set initial conditions for the electron to be at rest, and it can still accelerate to velocities arbitrarily close to the speed of light. This is an example of the runaway solution due to equations of motion requiring the specification of the initial acceleration in addition to the initial position and velocity. It is an unphysical behavior introduced by treating the higher derivative corrections on the same footing as the leading order equation. One must discard all the solutions of the equations of motion that are not analytic in the expansion parameter as unphysical.
The aim of this paper is to investigate three different methods of correctly accounting for the higher derivative terms in the EFT expansion. They all aim to reduce the derivative order of the higher derivative corrections, representing to them in terms on lower derivative ones, and hence we refer them as [*derivative reduction*]{} methods. In particular we consider (i) derivative reduction on the level of the equations of motion, (ii) derivative reduction by method of perturbative constraints (described in Sec. \[sec: Formalism\]), and (iii) derivative reduction via field redefinition. Their advantages and disadvantages, utility and drawbacks are analyzed in detail in Sec. \[sec: Scalar\] on a series of examples. They all serve to motivate the overall claim we wish to make about the nature of the EFT expansion in general: [*Genuine higher derivative corrections appearing in EFTs are completely captured by the most general corrections not introducing extra degrees of freedom*]{}.
It is common lore, mostly due to the work of Simon and Parker [@Simon:1990ic; @Parker:1993dk], that the higher derivative terms can always be removed from the equations of motion by perturbatively applying lower order equations of motion. This is certainly true for any single particle systems, such as the minisuperspace model they considered, where the only dynamical variable is the scale factor (see also [@Mazzitelli:1991rf]). Even though the study of this single particle models and insightful, multiple issues and subtleties of this derivative reduction method are missed. One of the things that we examine in this paper is the analogous derivative reduction procedure at the equation of motion level in the field theory system possessing Lorentz symmetries, and whether this derivative reduction procedure is consistent with maintaining Lorentz symmetry. Our findings are that in general it is not, without allowing for field redefinitions. The same conclusion ought to be valid when considering local symmetries, such as in the EFT of gravity.
Reduction of the derivative order at the level of the equations of motion (if needed supplemented by field redefinition) is sufficient if one is interested in obtaining solutions as power series in the expansion parameter truncated to a given order (for some applications of this strategy to EFT of gravity see [@Cremonini:2009ih; @Goon:2016mil]). Sometimes such solutions are not sufficient. This is often the case in nonequilibrium systems [@Berges:2004yj], where spurious secular phenomena might be introduced by considering perturbative corrections to the leading order solutions. In such cases a resummation scheme is called for, which, in broad strokes, corresponds to solving exactly the truncated EFT equation with reduced derivatives. For instance, such circumstances arise when studying cosmological solutions in general relativity with EFT corrections. The problem that arises here is that the derivative reduction at the level of the equations of motion is not unique, in the sense that multiple equations accomplish the same task of capturing perturbative solutions to a given order. Attempting the resummed solution for different equations might lead to rather different results, and even exhibit effects such as energy non-conservation in conservative systems[^2] The correct way to avoid such spurious effects is to base the resummed solutions on the equations of motion that derive from an action principle, which guarantees properties such as energy conservation to all orders. The consideration of nonequilibrium systems motivates us to develop a formalism for reducing the derivative order of EFT corrections directly on the level of the action. Most of this work is devoted to the investigation of such methods.
+0.5cm
Higher derivative EFT corrections are particularly awkward if one wishes to consider them in the canonical (Hamiltonian) formalism. The initial motivation for this work came from the problem of constructing and quantizing higher order gauge-invariant cosmological perturbations[^3] in a single scalar inflationary model [@Prokopec:2012ug; @Prokopec:2013zya; @Domenech:2017ems], with the idea of addressing certain issues regarding the loop correction to the primordial power spectrum (see [@Miao:2012xc] and references therein). The formalism most suited for finding the gauge-invariant perturbations seems to be the canonical one, since it makes the constraint structure of the theory explicit [@Langlois:1994ec]. The quantization of these higher order perturbations necessarily requires the introduction of higher derivative terms to the action in order to guarantee one-loop renormalizability [@Birrell:1982ix]. But these higher derivative terms alter the structure of cosmological perturbations beyond linear order, and should be considered right from the start. Hence we need to consider these higher derivative terms in the canonical formalism.
In the canonical formalism every degree of freedom is promoted to an independent field, including the degrees of freedom associated to higher derivative terms in the EFT expansion [@Gitman:1990qh]. In the EFTs this is very cumbersome, since the resulting Hamiltonian is no longer perturbative in the inverse powers of the heavy mass scale assumed to be the control parameter in the EFT expansion, but rather has term containing positive powers of this mass parameter. This is clearly a signal of doing something wrong. In fact, it means precisely what we have stated, considering higher derivative terms to introduce extra degrees of freedom is inconsistent with the suppositions of EFT.
The very derivation of the canonical formalism in the presence of higher derivative EFT corrections has to be modified to accommodate for the requirement of perturbativity in the expansion parameter. This was noted and clarified by Jaen, Llosa, and Molina, [@Jaen:1986iz], and by Eliezer and Woodard [@Eliezer:1989cr]. The perturbativity requirement effectively introduces perturbative second-class constraints into the theory [@dirac2001lectures], which when solved for reduce the total number of degrees of freedom to the correct one, resulting in the lower order phase space action. Section \[sec: Formalism\] is devoted to recasting this method in a somewhat different form, and to the discussion of its possible drawbacks. Such a method would be preferable as a way to reconcile higher derivative corrections with the physical assumptions EFT expansion makes, since it would automatically mean that perturbativity requirement maps higher derivative EFT corrections onto lower derivative EFT ones. Larger part of Sec. \[sec: Scalar\] is devoted to applying this method to a scalar field system, where it is shown that even though the method always accomplishes what it is designed to do – produces a lower derivative phase space action – it in general does not provide a configuration space action (the Lagrangian) which makes it rather impractical for applications.
+0.5cm
The third method of derivative reduction that we consider in this work is the field redefinition method. It ought be true that the physics (whatever is measured in the experiments) should not be altered by one’s choice of field variables describing the system. Hence, it is in principle permissible to perform transformations from one set of field variables to another (field redefinitions). There is a physical requirement on these redefinitions that they should not change the number of degrees of freedom system. Considering derivatives of the field, it means they should not contain any. In other words, we are not allowed to make a higher derivative theory out of the lower derivative one.
Consider now field redefinitions is the EFTs. Assume that we know the exact form of the nonlocal correction to the action, before it is approximated by a local derivative expansion. Now we can imagine making a nonlocal field redefinition in such an action, resulting in another nonlocal action. We can take this field redefinition to be a special one – by requiring that the resulting nonlocal action has a local derivative expansion that contains no genuine higher derivative terms. Such special nonlocal transformation thus eliminates spurious degrees of freedom from the low energy EFT. Now consider taking a short-cut of this construction, directly on the low energy EFT. It is equivalent to making a local field redefinition containing derivatives, that removes all the genuine higher derivative terms from the EFT expansion (to a given order). It is due to these considerations that field redefinitions containing derivatives are allowed in EFTs, in the sense that field redefinitions themselves are treated as an EFT local derivative expansion. It is found in this paper that the field redefinition method of the derivative reduction is in general superior to the remaining two, especially when considering symmetries of the field systems.
+0.5cm
The three mentioned methods for reducing the derivative order of EFT corrections are studied in this paper on several examples of a single scalar field in flat space. Attention is paid to the compatibility of these methods with Lorentz symmetry, and the possibility of obtaining a configuration space (Lagrangian) formulation of the reduced system. Field redefinitions are found to be the preferable method. The field redefinition method is then applied to the first order EFT corrections of a scalar-tensor theory, where it is found that the corrections are captured by the subset of Horndeski actions, which are the most general scalar-theories possessing second order equations of motion.
+0.5cm
The introductory section that is drawing to a close serves to define and motivate the study of higher derivatives in the context of effective field theories. Section \[sec: Formalism\] is devoted to the presentation of the method of derivative reduction via perturbative constraints. In Section \[sec: Scalar\] we apply the three derivative reduction methods to four cases of a single scalar field with higher derivative corrections. The lessons learned from these examples are summarized at the end of Sec. \[sec: Scalar\]. In Section \[sec: ST\] the field redefinition method is employed to eliminate the first order higher derivative corrections from the EFT expansion of a scalar-tensor theory. The last section contains the discussion of the results and the concluding remarks.
Method of perturbative constraints {#sec: Formalism}
==================================
This section presents the method of perturbative derivative reduction by implementing perturbative constraints[^4]. The method has been developed for systems without constraints by Jaén, Molina and Llosa [@Jaen:1986iz], and by Eliezer and Woodard [@Eliezer:1989cr]. Here we present a modified version of it, which has a few advantages: (i) it applies to systems with arbitrary leading order actions, not only to the case of a free leading order system, and (ii) it applies to explicitly time dependent systems, and ones where Noether current is cumbersome to define, (iii) it is easily generalized to systems with constraints.
Even though in this work we aim to investigate field systems, the method here is presented for a multi-particle systems. The reason is that the notation is simpler, and we do not have to explicitly write gradients, which just obscures the expressions. Nevertheless, the generalization to field systems is obvious and straightforward.
Throughout this section, and later when applying the method we use Dirac’s notation for equalities [@dirac2001lectures], where we distinguish between strong equality (off-shell equality) “$=$” denotes the equality which is true on the level of the action, without applying the equations of motions, and a weak equality (on-shell equality) “$\approx$” designating equalities valid only after the imposition of equations of motion.
Say that we are interested in studying a system of particles described by variables $x_i$, that at leading order is specified by the [*leading order action*]{}, $$S^{(0)}[x_i] = \int\! dt \, \mathscr{L}^{(0)}(x_i, \dot{x}_i) \, ,$$ which is assumed not to be singular, [*i.e.*]{} its Hessian is supposed invertible, $${\rm det} \Bigl( \frac{\partial^2 \mathscr{L}^{(0)}}{\partial \dot{x}_i \partial\dot{x}_j}
\Bigr) \neq 0 \, .$$ and there are no constraints. The generalization of this method to systems with constraints is beyond the scope of this paper. We consider the first $N$ corrections to this action in the form of an EFT expansion in terms (operators) of successively higher dimension, with $\epsilon$ being the expansion parameter, given by the configuration space action, $$S[x_i] = S^{(0)}[x_i] + \epsilon S^{(1)}[x_i] + \epsilon^2S^{(2)}[x_i]
+ \dots + \epsilon^N S^{(N)}[x_i]
= \sum_{n=0}^{N} \epsilon^n S^{(n)}[x_i] \, .
\label{CSA}$$ The higher order corrections are also assumed to contain irreducible higher time derivatives[^5], with each order introducing one more derivative, $$S^{(n)}[x_i] = \int\! dt \,
\mathscr{L}^{(n)} \bigl( x_i, \dot{x}_i, \dots, x_i^{[n]}, x_i^{[n+1]} \bigr) \, ,
\qquad
x_i^{[m]} \equiv \frac{d^m}{dt^m} x_i \, ,$$ so that each new order introduces one derivative more. In what follows we construct a method to isolate a subspace of solutions of this theory that are regular in the expansion parameter $\epsilon$, [*i.e.*]{} that are perturbatively expandable in $\epsilon$.
The starting point of the method is to define the [*extended action*]{} [@Gitman:1990qh], which can be seen as the intermediate step between the Lagrangian and the Hamiltonian formalism, and is particularly suitable for theories with constraints. The extended action is defined by promoting all the time derivatives to independent velocity variables, $x_i^{[n]} \rightarrow V_{i}^n$, and introducing Lagrange multipliers $\pi_i$, $\pi_i^1$,…,$\pi_i^{N-1}$ to ensure the on-shell equivalence of the two formulations, $$\begin{aligned}
\MoveEqLeft[4]
\mathcal{S}[x_i, V^1_i, V^2_i, \dots, V^{N+1}_i, \pi_i,\pi_i^1,\dots,\pi_i^N]
\nonumber \\
={}& \int\! dt \, \biggl\{
\mathscr{L}^{(0)}(x_i, V^1_i)
+ \epsilon \mathscr{L}^{(1)}(x_i, V^i_i, V^2_i)
+ \dots
+ \epsilon^N \mathscr{L}^{(N)}(x_i, V^1_i, \dots, V^{N+1}_i)
\nonumber \\
& \hspace{2.5cm}
+ \pi_i (\dot{x}_i - V^1_i) + \pi_i^1 (\dot{V}_1-V^2_i) + \dots
+ \pi_i^{N} (\dot{V}^{N}_i - V^{N+1}_i)
\biggr\}
\label{EA}\end{aligned}$$ The canonical formalism, namely the phase space action $\mathscr{S}$ is now one step away. One needs to solve for the highest velocities $V_i^{N+1}$ from the equation descending from the variation of the extended action with respect to $V_i^{N+1}$’s, $$\frac{\delta \mathcal{S}}{\delta V^{N+1}_i}
= \epsilon^N \frac{\partial \mathscr{L}^{(N)}}{\partial V^{N+1}_i}
- \pi_i^{N} \approx 0 \, .
\label{V^N equation}$$ which is an algebraic relation involving no time derivatives and plug it back into $\mathcal{S}$. The solutions for $V_i^N$’s, $$V^{N+1}_i \approx \overline{V}^{N+1}_i(x_i, V^1_i,\dots V^{N}_i,
\pi_i,\pi^1_i, \dots \pi^{N}_i ) \, ,$$ are then plugged back into $\mathcal{S}$ as strong equalities, which results in the phase space action, $$\begin{aligned}
\MoveEqLeft[4]
\mathscr{S}[x_i,\pi_i, V^1_i, \pi^1_i, \dots, V^{N}_i, \pi^{N}_i]
\nonumber \\
={}& \int\! dt \, \biggl\{ \pi_i \dot{x}_i + \pi^1_i \dot{V}^1_i
+ \dots + \pi^N_i \dot{V}^N_i
- H\bigl(x_i,\pi_i, V^1_i, \pi^1_i, \dots V^{N}_i, \pi^{N}_i \bigr) \biggr\} \, ,\end{aligned}$$ where the Hamiltonian is $$\begin{aligned}
H ={}& \pi_i V^1_i + \pi^1_i V^2_i + \dots
+ \pi^{N-1}_i V_i^N
+ \pi^{N} \overline{V}_i^{N+1}
\nonumber \\
& - \mathscr{L}^{(0)}(x_i, V^1_i) - \epsilon \mathscr{L}^{(1)}(x_i, V^1_i, V^2_i)
- \dots - \epsilon^N \mathscr{L}^{(N)}(x_i, V^1_i, V^2_i,\dots, \overline{V}^{N+1}_i) \, .\end{aligned}$$ This phase space action is on-shell equivalent to the extended action (\[EA\]), and hence to the starting configuration space action (\[CSA\]) as well. This construction is equivalent to the one introduced by Ostrogradsky [@Ostrogradsky:1850fid; @Woodard:2015zca]. There is nothing about this construction specific to higher derivative theories. It is perfectly applicable to standard lower derivative theories, and in fact allows for a much more pedagogical introduction of the canonical (Hamiltonian) formalism.
The obstruction to the construction of the phase space action in the case at hand is that equation (\[V\^N equation\]) does not admit solutions for $V_i^{N+1}$’s analytic in the perturbative expansion parameter $\epsilon$, and is therefore not admissible by our assumptions[^6]. Given such assumptions, the equation (\[V\^N equation\]) actually represents a constraint, and should be treated as such. This observation allows us to isolate from the full theory only the subset of solutions perturbatively expandable in $\epsilon$.
In the language of Dirac’s canonical formalism [@dirac2001lectures] equation (\[V\^N equation\]) is a [*primary*]{} constraint. The requirement that this constraint is consistent, [*i.e.*]{} that its time derivative vanishes on-shell produces a [*secondary*]{} constraint. Again requiring consistency, and repeating this process generates a set of constraints that actually end up being [*second-class*]{}, meaning that in the end the variables $V_i^{N+1}$’s are uniquely determined (by the equations of motion). Even though we can cast the whole method in the form usually employed in canonical formalism, by defining Poisson brackets, and working with the Hamiltonian, it is actually not the most practical way to proceed here. It is more convenient to work with the extended action (\[EA\]), and the equations of motion descending from varying it with respect to independent variables.
The systematic way to proceed is to write down all the equations descending from varying the extended action, $$\begin{aligned}
&\displaystyle \frac{\delta\mathcal{S}}{\delta V_i^{N+1}} \approx 0
\qquad &\Rightarrow \qquad
\pi_i^{N} \approx \epsilon^N \frac{\partial \mathscr{L}^{(N)}}{\partial V_i^{N+1}} \, ,
\label{first eq}
\\
&\displaystyle \frac{\delta\mathcal{S}}{\delta V_i^{N}} \approx 0
\qquad & \Rightarrow \qquad
\dot{\pi}_i^{N} \approx - \pi_i^{N-1}
+ \epsilon^N \frac{\partial \mathscr{L}^{(N)}}{\partial V_i^{N}}
+ \epsilon^{N-1} \frac{\partial \mathscr{L}^{(N-1)}}{\partial V_i^{N}} \, ,
\\
&\displaystyle \vdots \qquad& \nonumber
\\
&\displaystyle \frac{\delta\mathcal{S}}{\delta V_i^2} \approx 0
\qquad & \Rightarrow \qquad
\dot{\pi}_i^{2} \approx - \pi_i^1
+ \epsilon^N \frac{\partial \mathscr{L}^{(N)}}{\partial V_i^{2}}
% + \epsilon^{N-1} \frac{\partial \mathscr{L}^{(N-1)}}{\partial V_i^{2}}
+ \dots + \epsilon^{1} \frac{\partial \mathscr{L}^{(1)}}{\partial V_i^{2}} \, ,
\\
&\displaystyle \frac{\delta\mathcal{S}}{\delta V_i^1} \approx 0
\qquad & \Rightarrow \qquad
\dot{\pi}_i^1 \approx - \pi_i
+ \epsilon^N \frac{\partial \mathscr{L}^{(N)}}{\partial V_i^{1}}
% + \epsilon^{N-1} \frac{\partial \mathscr{L}^{(N-1)}}{\partial V_i^{1}}
+ \dots
% + \epsilon^{1} \frac{\partial \mathscr{L}^{(1)}}{\partial V_i^{1}}
+ \epsilon^{0} \frac{\partial \mathscr{L}^{(0)}}{\partial V_i^{1}} \, , \qquad
\\
&\displaystyle \frac{\delta\mathcal{S}}{\delta x_i} \approx 0
\qquad & \Rightarrow \qquad
\dot{\pi}_i \approx \epsilon^N \frac{\partial \mathscr{L}^{(N)}}{\partial x_i}
% + \epsilon^{N-1} \frac{\partial \mathscr{L}^{(N-1)}}{\partial x_i}
+ \dots
% + \epsilon^{1} \frac{\partial \mathscr{L}^{(1)}}{\partial x_i}
+ \epsilon^{0} \frac{\partial \mathscr{L}^{(0)}}{\partial x_i} \, , \qquad
\\
&\displaystyle \frac{\delta\mathcal{S}}{\delta \pi_i} \approx 0
\qquad &\Rightarrow \qquad
\dot{x}_i \approx V_i^1 \, ,
\\
&\displaystyle \frac{\delta\mathcal{S}}{\delta \pi_i^1} \approx 0
\qquad &\Rightarrow \qquad
\dot{V}_i^1 \approx V_i^2 \, ,
\\
&\displaystyle \vdots \qquad& \nonumber
\\
&\displaystyle \frac{\delta\mathcal{S}}{\delta \pi_i^{N}} \approx 0
\qquad &\Rightarrow \qquad
\dot{V}_i^{N} \approx V_i^{N+1} \, .
\label{last eq}\end{aligned}$$ These equations need to be satisfied at each order in $\epsilon$. Therefore, we may solve them order by order. Multiplying all of the equations by $\epsilon^N$ yields the leading order equations, $$\begin{aligned}
\epsilon^N \pi_i^N \approx{}& 0 \, ,
\label{first}
\\
\epsilon^N \dot{\pi}_i^N \approx{}& - \epsilon^N \, ,
\\
\vdots \ \ \nonumber
\\
\epsilon^N \dot{\pi}_i^1 \approx{}& - \epsilon^N \pi_i \, ,
\\
\epsilon^N \dot{\pi}_i \approx{}&
\epsilon^N \frac{\partial \mathscr{L}^{(0)}}{\partial x_i} \, ,
\\
\epsilon^N \dot{x}_i \approx{}& \epsilon^N V_i^N \, ,
\\
\vdots \ \ \nonumber
\\
\epsilon^N \dot{V}_i^N \approx{}& \epsilon^N V_i^{N+1} \, .\end{aligned}$$ The first equation (\[first\]) is a constraint. Taking derivative of it generates another constraint. Taking derivative of that one generates yet another one, etc. The result of this process are leading order solutions of the constraints, $$\epsilon^N \pi_i^n \approx \epsilon^N \overline{\pi}_i^{n}(x_i, \pi_i) \, ,
\qquad
\epsilon^N V_i^n \approx \epsilon^N \overline{V}_i^{n}(x_i,\pi_i) \, ,$$ where we have determined just the leading order term in the $\epsilon$ expansion of $\overline{\pi}_i^{n}(x_i, \pi_i)$ and $\overline{V}_i^{n}(x_i,\pi_i)$.
Next step is to multiply equations (\[first eq\]-\[last eq\]) by $\epsilon^{N-1}$ and repeat the same process to obtain $$\epsilon^{N-1} \pi_i^n \approx \epsilon^{N-1} \overline{\pi}_i^{n}(x_i, \pi_i) \, ,
\qquad
\epsilon^{N-1} V_i^n \approx \epsilon^{N-1} \overline{V}_i^{n}(x_i,\pi_i) \, ,$$ meaning that we now have first two terms in the $\epsilon$ expansion of $\overline{\pi}_i^{n}(x_i, \pi_i)$ and $\overline{V}_i^{n}(x_i,\pi_i)$.
This is repeated until we have [*solved for all the constraints*]{} to obtain $$\pi_i^n \approx \overline{\pi}_i^{n}(x_i, \pi_i) \, ,
\qquad
V_i^n \approx \overline{V}_i^{n}(x_i,\pi_i) \, ,$$ to order $\epsilon ^N$. The final step involves plugging these of-shell relations as strong equalities into the extended action (\[EA\]). This produces the reduced phase space action, $$\mathscr{S}_{\rm red}[x_i,\pi_i] = \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \biggl\{
\pi_i \dot{x}_1 + \overline{\pi}_i^1 \dot{\overline{V}}_i^1 + \dots
+ \overline{\pi}_1^N \dot{\overline{V}}_i^N - H_{\rm red}(x_i,\pi_i)
\biggr\} \, ,
\label{reduced phase action}$$ where the reduced Hamiltonian is $$\begin{aligned}
H_{\rm red}(x_i,\pi_i) ={}& \overline{\pi}_i \overline{V}_i^1
+ \overline{\pi}_i^1 \overline{V}_i^1 + \dots
+ \overline{\pi}_i^N \overline{V}_i^{N+1}
- \mathscr{L}^{(0)}(x_i, \overline{V}_i^1)
\nonumber \\
&
- \epsilon \mathscr{L}^{(1)}(x_i, \overline{V}_i^1, \overline{V}_i^2)
- \dots
- \epsilon^N \mathscr{L}^{(N)}
(x_i, \overline{V}_i^1, \overline{V}_i^2,\dots, V_i^N) \, .\end{aligned}$$ This phase space action now depends explicitly only on the degrees of freedom found in the leading order action.
The nonstandard feature of the phase space action (\[reduced phase action\]) is the non-canonical kinetic term (the part containing the time derivatives). The reader familiar with Dirac’s canonical formalism will recognize this actually defining the Dirac brackets between variables. We are not interested in the brackets here so we will not work them out (for examples of this see [@Eliezer:1989cr]). We are interested though whether there is a configutation space equivalent of the reduced phase space action (\[reduced phase action\]). The symplectic part plays a crucial role in the answer to this question.
Since $\overline{V}_i^n$’s and $\overline{\pi}_i^n$’s are functions of $x_i$ and $\pi_i$ only, the symplectic part of the action can be written as $$\int\! d^{D\!}x \, \Bigl\{
\bigl[ \pi_i + \epsilon\Pi_i( x_j, \pi_j) \bigr] \dot{x}_i
+ \epsilon X_i (x_j, \pi_j) \dot{\pi}_i
\Bigr\} \, ,$$ where $\Pi_i$ and $X_i$ have some expansion in $\epsilon$. In general no amount of partial integrations can remove the time derivative from $\pi_i$ completely. In such a case one cannot follow the standard procedure to obtain the configuration space action. Usually what one does when there is no $\dot{\pi}_i$ is solve for the conjugate momenta from the Hamilton’s equations as functions of $x_i$ and $\dot{x}_i$, $$\pi_i \approx \overline{\pi}_i (x_i,\dot{x}_i) \, ,$$ and then plugs this into the phase space action as a strong equality. This then results in the configuration space action, and the Lagrangian formulation. The reason why it works is that it can easily be shown that two formulations are on-shell equivalent. But when $\dot{\pi}_i$ is present in the symplectic part of the action in an irreducible way this procedure does not result in the on-shell equivalent configuration space action, meaning there is no Lagrangian formulation of the reduced system only in terms of $x_i$’s. Note that this never happens for systems with a single degree of freedom where $\dot{\pi}$ can always be removed[^7].
One can remove the irreducible $\dot{\pi}_i$’s from the symplectic part by a redefinition of the variables $x_i$’s. Unfortunately this procedure is not unique, and more likely than not one will make a redefinition which for example breaks manifest Lorentz covariance. Even though there is nothing fundamentally wrong with that, this is reason why we shy away from making variable redefinitions in the phase space action, since it is very likely to complicate things. That being said, if one is interested only in the phase space formulation, action (\[reduced phase action\]) can always be brought to the canonical form by redefining the variables and their conjugate momenta perturbatively in $\epsilon$.
The method presented in this section is applied to a few cases involving a single scalar field in the next section. If the reader find the presentation of the method in this section too dense, two examples in the next section are worked out in detail.
Derivative reduction in single scalar EFT {#sec: Scalar}
==========================================
This section serves to test, examine, and compare the three methods of perturbative derivative reduction on simple examples of real scalar field systems. Note that this is not a one-particle system, but a system with one [*local*]{} degree of freedom, interacting with the neighboring ones via gradients. We work in $D$ spacetime dimensions, with a positive signature Minkowski metric; the D’Alembertian is $\square=\partial_\mu \partial^\mu$, and the Laplacian $\partial_i \partial^i$, and a dot denotes a time derivative, while a prime denote a derivative with respect to the field.
We consider an EFT expansion in the system of a single scalar field, up to cubic order in the expansion parameter $\epsilon=M^{-2}$, where $M$ is some heavy mass scale, $$S[\phi] = S^{(0)} [\phi] + \epsilon S^{(1)}[\phi] + \epsilon^2 S^{(2)}[\phi]
+ \epsilon^3 S^{(3)}[\phi] + \mathcal{O}(\epsilon^4) \, ,$$ where the leading order action is taken to be a scalar with a canonical kinetic term, and a potential term, $$S^{(0)} = \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \biggl\{
- \frac{1}{2} (\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi) - U(\phi) \biggr\} \, .
\label{leading order action}$$ The corrections to this action are assumed to be all possible Lorentz invariant terms of certain mass dimension, and the expansion is ordered in the number of these mass dimensions. The first order correction, $$\epsilon S^{(1)} = \epsilon \sum_{n=1}^{3} \alpha_n^{(1)} S^{(1)}_n \, ,
\label{first order action}$$ is composed out of all possible independent dimension 6 terms (operators), $$\begin{aligned}
S^{(1)}_1 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \phi^6 \, ,
\label{Ss(1)1}
\\
S^{(1)}_2 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \phi^2 (\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi) \, ,
\label{Ss(1)2}
\\
S^{(1)}_3 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, (\square\phi) (\square\phi) \, ,
\label{Ss(1)3}\end{aligned}$$ the second order correction, $$\epsilon^2 S^{(2)}
= \epsilon^2 \sum_{n=1}^{6} \alpha^{(2)}_n S^{(2)}_n \, ,$$ out of all possible independent dimension 8 terms, $$\begin{aligned}
S^{(2)}_1 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \phi^8 \, ,
\label{Ss(2)1}
\\
S^{(2)}_2 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \phi^4 (\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi) \, ,
\label{Ss(2)2}
\\
S^{(2)}_3 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, (\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi)
(\partial_\nu\phi) (\partial^\nu\phi) \, ,
\label{Ss(2)3}
\\
S^{(2)}_4 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \,
\phi (\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi) (\square\phi) \, ,
\label{Ss(2)4}
\\
S^{(2)}_5 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \phi^2 (\square\phi) (\square\phi) \, ,
\label{Ss(2)5}
\\
S^{(2)}_6 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \phi^2 (\partial_\mu \square \phi)
(\partial^\mu \square \phi) \, ,
\label{Ss(2)6}\end{aligned}$$ and the third order correction, $$\epsilon^3 S^{(3)}
= \epsilon^3 \sum_{n=1}^{13} \alpha^{(3)}_n S^{(3)}_n \, ,$$ out of all possible independent dimension 10 terms, $$\begin{aligned}
S^{(3)}_1 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \phi^{10} \, ,
\label{Ss(3)1}
\\
S^{(3)}_2 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \phi^{6} (\partial_\mu \phi) (\partial^\mu \phi) \, ,
\label{Ss(3)2}
\\
S^{(3)}_3 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \phi^{2} (\partial_\mu \phi) (\partial^\mu \phi)
(\partial_\nu \phi) (\partial^\nu \phi) \, ,
\label{Ss(3)3}
\\
S^{(3)}_4 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \phi^3 (\partial_\mu \phi) (\partial^\mu \phi)
(\square\phi) \, ,
\label{Ss(3)4}
\\
S^{(3)}_5 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \phi^4 (\square \phi) (\square \phi) \, ,
\label{Ss(3)5}
\\
S^{(3)}_6 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, (\partial_\mu \phi) (\partial^\mu \phi)
(\square \phi) (\square \phi) \, ,
\label{Ss(3)6}
\\
S^{(3)}_{7} ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, (\partial_\mu \phi) (\partial^\mu \phi)
(\partial_\nu \partial_\rho \phi) (\partial^\nu \partial^\rho \phi) \, ,
\label{Ss(3)7}
\\
S^{(3)}_{8} ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, (\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial_\nu \phi)
(\partial^\mu \partial^\nu \phi) (\square\phi) \, ,
\label{Ss(3)8}
\\
S^{(3)}_{9} ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \phi (\square \phi) (\square \phi) (\square\phi) \, ,
\label{Ss(3)9}
\\
S^{(3)}_{10} ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \phi (\partial_\mu\partial_\nu \phi)
(\partial^\mu\partial^\nu \phi) (\square\phi) \, ,
\label{Ss(3)10}
\\
S^{(3)}_{11} ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \phi (\partial_\mu\partial_\nu \phi)
(\partial^\nu\partial^\rho \phi) (\partial_\rho \partial^\mu \phi) \, ,
\label{Ss(3)11}
\\
S^{(3)}_{12} ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \phi^2 (\partial_\mu \square \phi)
(\partial^\mu \square \phi) \, ,
\label{Ss(3)12}
\\
S^{(3)}_{13} ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, (\square \square \phi) (\square \square \phi) \, .
\label{Ss(3)13}\end{aligned}$$ The EFT expansion introduces one higher derivative term (\[Ss(1)3\]) at linear order, three higher derivative terms (\[Ss(2)4\]-\[Ss(2)6\]) at second order, and ten (\[Ss(3)4\]-\[Ss(3)13\]) at third order. This is a rather generic feature of the EFT expansion, and it is hard to come up with a symmetry principle that would exclude them. These higher derivative terms do not mean that at each order in $\epsilon$ new degrees of freewhatdom appear. It is rather the assumed approximation scheme that represents corrections as local terms that is to blame for the seeming introduction of extra degrees of freedom. These degrees are spurious, and ought to be treated in the same spirit in which they arise – perturbatively, which actually eliminates them.
The following subsections analyze the reduction of derivative order at successive orders in the expansion parameter $\epsilon$ using three methods – reduction at the equation of motion level, reduction via perturbative constraints method of section \[sec: Formalism\], and reduction via field redefinitions. Considering all the possible corrections (\[Ss(1)1\]-\[Ss(3)13\]) in is not necessary for the points that we want to make, and would only obscure them with the sheer number of formulas without introducing anything essentially new to the discussion. Rather we will only consider the highest derivative term at each order (\[Ss(1)3\]), (\[Ss(2)6\]), and (\[Ss(3)13\]), and in addition (\[Ss(3)7\]). The emphasis in this section is not on the exact form of the reduced theories, but rather on the lessons that can be learned about methods from considering simpler examples.
It is worth noting that in [@Crisostomi:2017aim] the Lorentz invariant systems of multiple interacting scalar fields with actions containing irreducible second derivatives were analysed, and classified according whether they can be brought to explicit lower order form, and whether this preserves manifest Lorentz covariance.
Derivative reduction at first order
-----------------------------------
Let us consider the the action (\[leading order action\]) with the first order correction (\[Ss(1)3\]), $$S = \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \biggl\{ - \frac{1}{2} (\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi)
- U + \epsilon \alpha_1 (\square\phi) (\square\phi) \biggr\} \, ,
\label{first corrected action}$$ while neglecting all the contributions of order $\mathcal{O}(\epsilon^2)$. We will be looking to reduce the derivative order of this system, and represent it with an equivalent lower derivative system that captures correctly the solutions to order $\epsilon$. Three methods are considered in the following: reducing the derivative order at the level of the equation of motion, reducing the derivative order by implementing perturbative second class constraints of Section \[sec: Formalism\], and reducing the order via field redefinition.
### Reduction at the equation of motion level
The equation of motion descending from the action (\[first corrected action\]) is $$\square\phi - U' + 2\epsilon\alpha_1 \square\square\phi = 0 \, .
\label{first order unreduced equation}$$ Applying the leading order equation of motion to the first order term is straightforward and yields $$\square \phi - U' + 2\epsilon\alpha_1 \bigl[ U'' \square\phi
+ U''' (\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi) \bigr] = 0 \, ,$$ which correctly reproduces the perturbative solutions of the original equation (\[first order unreduced equation\]) to linear order in $\epsilon$. But this is not the only lower (time) derivative equation that does it. In fact, since we can always use $\square\phi = U'$ at linear order, there is a one-parameter family of equations that accomplish this task, $$\square\phi - U' + 2\epsilon \alpha_1 \bigl[ (1\!+\!b) U'' \square\phi
+ U'''(\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi) - b \, U'' U' \bigr] = 0 \, ,
\label{first order b equation}$$ where $b$ is the free parameter. There is one distinguished choice for this parameter $b\!=\!1$, for which there is an action formulation of the equation of motion, in the sense that the equation following from the action is exactly the one for $b\!=\!1$ with no further manipulations required. We will derive this action in the following subsection via the method of perturbative second-class constraints. As noted in the Introduction, an action formulation allows for resummation that conserves exactly the charges associated to global symmetries.
### Reduction via perturbative constraints
Here we apply the method described in Sec. \[sec: Formalism\] to reduce the derivative order of the action (\[first corrected action\]). The starting point is the definition of the extended action, which is obtained from the configuration space one by promoting time derivatives to independent fields, $$\dot{\phi}\rightarrow V_1,
\qquad
- \square\phi = \ddot{\phi} - \nabla^2\phi = \dot{V}_1 - \nabla^2\phi \rightarrow V_2 \, ,$$ and by introducing appropriate Lagrange multipliers $\pi$ and $\pi_1$ to ensure the on-shell equivalence, $$\begin{aligned}
\mathcal{S}
={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \biggl\{ \frac{1}{2} V_1^2 - \frac{1}{2}(\nabla\phi)^2 - U
+ \epsilon \alpha_1 V_2^2
+ \pi (\dot{\phi} - V_1) + \pi_1 (\dot{V}_1 - \nabla^2\phi -V_2) \biggr\}
\nonumber \\
={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \biggl\{
\pi \dot{\phi} + \pi_1 \dot{V}_1 - \biggl[
\pi V_1 + \pi_1 ( V_2 + \nabla^2\phi)
- \frac{1}{2} V_1^2 + \frac{1}{2}(\nabla\phi)^2 + U
- \epsilon \alpha_1 V_2^2
\biggr]
\biggr\} \, .
\label{first order extended action}\end{aligned}$$ Proceeding with the recipe given in Sec. \[sec: Formalism\], the equations resulting from the action principle with respect to all the independent fields are $$\begin{aligned}
&\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathcal{S}}{\delta V_2} \approx 0
\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad&
\pi_1 \approx 2 \epsilon \alpha_1 V_2
\\
&\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathcal{S}}{\delta V_1} \approx 0
\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad&
\dot{\pi}_1 \approx - \pi + V_1 \, ,
\\
&\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathcal{S}}{\delta \phi} \approx 0
\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad&
\dot{\pi} \approx\nabla^2\phi - U' - \nabla^2\pi_1 \, ,
\\
&\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathcal{S}}{\delta \pi} \approx 0
\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad&
\dot{\phi} \approx V_1 \, ,
\\
&\displaystyle \frac{\delta \mathcal{S}}{\delta \pi_1} \approx 0
\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad&
\dot{V}_1 \approx V_2 + \nabla^2\phi \, .\end{aligned}$$ Multiplying these equations by $\epsilon$ and discarding the terms $\mathcal{O}(\epsilon^2)$ gives us the leading order equations, $$\begin{aligned}
\epsilon \pi_1 \approx{}& 0 \, ,
\label{first order constraint}
\\
\epsilon \dot{\pi}_1 \approx{}& \epsilon (- \pi + V_1 ) \, ,
\\
\epsilon \dot{\pi} \approx{}& \epsilon (\nabla^2\phi - U' - \nabla^2\pi_1 ) \, ,
\\
\epsilon \dot{\phi} \approx{}& \epsilon V_1 \, ,
\\
\epsilon \dot{V}_1 \approx{}& \epsilon (V_2 + \nabla^2\phi ) \, ,
\label{first order dotV1}\end{aligned}$$ where now it is clear that Eq. (\[first order constraint\]) takes the form of a primary constraint, and $V_2$ is its associated Lagrange multiplier. Requiring the consistency of the primary constraint (vanishing of its time derivative) generates a secondary constraint $$\epsilon \dot{\pi}_1 \approx \epsilon (- \pi + V_1) \approx 0 \,
\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad \epsilon V_1 \approx \epsilon \pi \, .$$ The two constraint are second-class, and determine the Lagrange multiplier of the primary constraint, $$\epsilon \frac{d}{dt} (-\pi + V_1) \approx \epsilon (U' + V_2) \approx 0
\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad
\epsilon V_2 \approx - \epsilon U' \, .
\label{leading order V2}$$ This determines $\pi_1, V_1, V_2$ to leading order depending algebraically of $\phi$ and $\pi$.
After solving for the leading order constraints, we turn to the first order equations (\[first order constraint\]-\[first order dotV1\]). The first of these equations again takes the form of the primary constraint, because upon using the leading order solution of the constraint equations (\[leading order V2\]) it reads $$\pi_1 \approx - 2\epsilon \alpha_1 U' \, .$$ In the same way as for the leading order, this primary constraint generates a secondary constraint, the two of them being second-class, and determining the Lagrange multiplier, $$\begin{aligned}
V_1 \approx{}& \pi - 2\epsilon \alpha_1 U'' \pi \, ,
\\
V_2 \approx{}& - U' - 2 \epsilon\alpha_1 \Bigl\{ U''' \bigl[\pi^2 - (\nabla\phi)^2 \bigr]
- U'' U' \Bigr\} \, .\end{aligned}$$ We have solved for $\pi_1$, $V_1$, and $V_2$ to first order as functions of $\pi$ and $\phi$. Since these relations are algebraic, in the sense that they do not involve any time derivatives, we can promote them to strong (off-shell) equalities, and plug them back into the extended action (\[first order extended action\]) to obtain the phase space reduced action, which after a couple of partial integrations reads $$\mathscr{S}_{\rm red} = \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \biggl\{
\bigl( 1 + 2\epsilon \alpha_1 U'' \bigr) \pi \dot{\phi}
- \biggl[ \frac{1}{2} \pi^2 + \frac{1}{2} (\nabla\phi)^2 + U
+ \epsilon \alpha_1 \bigl[ 2 U'' (\nabla\phi)^2 + (U')^2 \bigr]
\biggr]
\biggr\} \, .
\label{phase action reduced}$$ In fact, because of the structure of the extended action, we do not actually need to solve for velocities in this example beyond leading order since their higher orders cancel when plugged into the action.
Note that the phase space action (\[phase action reduced\]) obtained via the imposition of perturbative second-class constraints is not in a canonical form, due to the symplectic part not being just $\pi \dot{\phi}$, but is modified by the field dependent prefactor. This modified symplectic part means that the the Poissons bracket between $\phi$ and $\pi$ is not canonical, but rather $$\bigl\{ \phi (t,\vec{x}), \pi(t,\vec{x}^{\,\prime}) \bigr\}
= \frac{\delta^{D-1}(\vec{x}\!-\!\vec{x}^{\,\prime})}{1 + 2\epsilon \alpha_1 U''}
= \bigl[ 1 - 2\epsilon \alpha_1 U'' \bigr] \delta^{D-1}(\vec{x}\!-\!\vec{x}^{\,\prime}) \, .$$ This is not surprising, since such a bracket results from solving the second-class constraints, and is in fact nothing else then the Dirac bracket.
Even though it is not necessary, the symplectic part of the phase space action can be canonicalized by a non-canonical transformation of the conjugate momentum field, $$\pi \rightarrow \bigl( 1 - 2\epsilon \alpha_1 U'' \bigr) \pi \, ,
\label{momentum transformation}$$ after which the phase space action takes the form $$\mathscr{S}_{\rm red} = \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \biggl\{
\pi \dot{\phi}
- \biggl[ \frac{1}{2} \pi^2 + \frac{1}{2} (\nabla\phi)^2 + U
+ \epsilon \alpha_1 \Bigl( 2 U'' [- \pi^2 + (\nabla\phi)^2 ] + (U')^2 \Bigr) \biggr]
\biggr\} \, .
\label{first order canonical}$$ The transformation of the conjugate momentum field (\[momentum transformation\]) is not the unique transformation that puts the phase space action into a canonical form. This can also be accomplished by transforming the scalar field itself, $$\phi \rightarrow \phi - 2\epsilon \alpha_1 U' \, .$$ We are hesitant to make field transformations in the phase space action. Even though it is not the case in this specific example, it is very easy to lose manifest Lorentz covariance when making a field transformation that involves gradients of the field, or the conjugate momentum.
The reduced configuration space action is obtained from the phase space one (\[first order canonical\]) in the usual manner. First we solve the Hamilton’s equation for the conjugate momentum filed in terms of the scalar and its time derivative, $$\frac{\delta \mathscr{S}_{\rm red}}{\delta \pi} \approx 0
\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad
\pi \approx \dot{\phi} - 4 \epsilon \alpha_1 U'' \dot{\phi} \, .$$ This relation is then promoted to the on-shell equality and plugged into the phase space action to obtain the configuration space one, which can be written in a manifestly Lorentz invariant form $$S_{\rm red} = \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \biggl\{
- \frac{1}{2} \bigl[ 1 + 4\epsilon \alpha_1 U'' \bigr]
(\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi) - U - \epsilon \alpha_1 (U')^2
\biggr\} \, .
\label{first order configuration action}$$ The effect of the higher derivative correction when reduced is to renormalize the kinetic term (by a field-dependent factor), and to add another potential term. The equation of motion following from the reduced lower derivative action is $$\square\phi - U' + 2\epsilon \alpha_1 \bigl[ 2 U'' (\square\phi)
+ U''' (\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi) - U'' U' \bigr] \, ,$$ which is precisely the $b\!=\!1$ equation (\[first order b equation\]) we have obtained by reducing the derivative order at the level of the equation of motion.
We have derived the lower derivative action (\[first order configuration action\]) that captures completely to first order in $\epsilon$ the subspace of perturbatively expandable solutions of the higher derivative action (\[first corrected action\]).
### Derivative reduction via field redefinition
Since the higher derivative terms in the leading order action (\[first corrected action\]) are assumed to arise perturbatively, and are to be treated perturbatively, we may employ field redefinitions that include higher derivatives. It is simple to see that the following redefinition $$\phi \rightarrow \phi - \epsilon \alpha_1 \square \phi \, ,$$ removes all the higher derivatives to order $\mathcal{O}(\epsilon^2)$, $$S \rightarrow \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \biggl\{
- \frac{1}{2} \bigl[ 1 + 2\alpha_1\epsilon U'' \bigr]
(\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu \phi) - U
\biggr\} \, ,$$ accomplishing the desired task. This is not the same action obtained by the method of perturbative constraints (\[first order configuration action\]). The discrepancy is resolved by noting that here we are still left with the freedom of field redefinitions not including derivatives, which do not change the derivative order of the action. In particular, an additional redefinition, $$\phi \rightarrow \phi + \epsilon \alpha_1 U' \, ,$$ transforms the action exactly into (\[first order configuration action\]), $$S \rightarrow \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \biggl\{
- \frac{1}{2} \bigl[ 1 + 4\alpha_1\epsilon U'' \bigr]
(\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu \phi) - U - \epsilon\alpha_1 (U')^2
\biggr\} \, .$$ This demonstrates the equivalence of field redefinitions to the other two derivative reduction methods.
Derivative reduction at second order
------------------------------------
At the second order in $\epsilon$ we consider only the two higher derivative corrections to the leading order action (\[leading order action\]), the first one (\[Ss(1)3\]) arising at linear level, and the second one (\[Ss(2)6\]) at the quadratic, $$S = \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \biggl\{
- \frac{1}{2} (\partial_\mu \phi) (\partial^\mu \phi) - U
+ \epsilon \alpha_1 (\square\phi) (\square\phi)
+ \epsilon^2 \alpha_2 (\partial_\mu \square\phi) (\partial^\mu\square\phi)
\biggr\} \, .
\label{2nd action}$$
### Reduction at the equation of motion level
The equation of motion following from the starting higher derivative action is $$\square \phi - U' + 2 \epsilon \alpha_1 \square\square\phi
- 2 \epsilon^2 \alpha_2 \square\square\square \phi = 0 \, .$$ By successive applications of the lower order equations in the higher order terms this equation can be reduced to the second order one in derivatives, $$\begin{aligned}
\MoveEqLeft[3]
\square\phi - U'
+ 2\epsilon\alpha_1 \bigl[ U'' U' + U'''(\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi) \bigr]
- 2\epsilon^2(\alpha_2 + 2\alpha_1^2) \Bigl\{
[U''U']' U'
\nonumber \\
& +\bigl[ 2 U^{(4)} U' + 5 U''' U'' \bigr] (\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi)
+ U^{(5)} (\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi) (\partial_\nu\phi) (\partial^\nu\phi)
\nonumber \\
& + 4 U^{(4)} (\partial^\mu\phi) (\partial^\nu\phi) (\partial_\mu\partial_\nu\phi)
+ 2 U''' (\partial_\mu\partial_\nu\phi) (\partial^\mu\partial^\nu \phi)
\Bigr\} = 0 \, .\end{aligned}$$ There is no obstacle to accomplishing this task. Just as in the first order case, this is not a unique equation capturing solutions to the second order in $\epsilon$, and only particular forms of the reduced equation have action formulations.
### Reduction via perturbative constraints
The starting point of the method of derivative reduction via perturbative constraints is the definition of the extended action. It is obtained by promoting time derivatives to independent fields, $$\dot{\phi}\rightarrow V_1,
\qquad
-\square\phi = \dot{V}_1 - \nabla^2\phi \rightarrow V_2\, ,
\qquad
-\partial_0 \square\phi = \dot{V}_2 \rightarrow V_3,$$ and introducing Lagrange multipliers $\pi, \pi_1, \pi_2$ to ensure on-shell equivalence,
$$\begin{aligned}
\mathcal{S} ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \biggl\{
\frac{1}{2} V_1^2 - \frac{1}{2} (\nabla\phi)^2 - U
+ \epsilon\alpha_1 V_2^2
- \epsilon^2 \alpha_2 V_3^2 + \epsilon^2 \alpha_2 (\nabla^2V_1)^2
\nonumber \\
& \hspace{4cm}
+ \pi(\dot{\phi} - V_1) + \pi_1 (\dot{V}_1 - \nabla^2\phi - V_2)
+ \pi_2 (\dot{V}_2 - V_3)
\biggr\}
\nonumber \\
={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \biggl\{
\pi\dot{\phi} + \pi_1 \dot{V}_1 + \pi_2 \dot{V}_2
- \biggl[
\pi V_1 + \pi_1(\nabla^2\phi+V_2) + \pi_2 V_3
\nonumber \\
& \hspace{3cm}
- \frac{1}{2}V_1^2 + \frac{1}{2} (\nabla\phi)^2 + U
- \epsilon\alpha_1 V_2^2
+ \epsilon^2 \alpha_2 [V_3^2 - (\nabla V_2)^2]
\biggr]
\biggr\} \, .
\label{2nd extended}\end{aligned}$$
The procedure here mirrors the one for the first order case. We provide all the steps in order to illustrate the method better. The equations resulting from the action principle with respect to all the independent fields are $$\begin{aligned}
&\displaystyle \frac{\delta\mathcal{S}}{\delta V_3} \approx 0
\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad &
\pi_2 \approx - 2\epsilon^2\alpha_2 V_3 \, ,
\label{fe}
\\
&\displaystyle \frac{\delta\mathcal{S}}{\delta V_2} \approx 0
\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad &
\dot{\pi}_2 \approx - \pi_1 + 2\epsilon\alpha_1 V_2
- 2\epsilon^2 \alpha_2 \nabla^2 V_2 \, ,
\\
&\displaystyle \frac{\delta\mathcal{S}}{\delta V_1} \approx 0
\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad &
\dot{\pi}_1 \approx - \pi V_1 \, ,
\\
&\displaystyle \frac{\delta\mathcal{S}}{\delta \phi} \approx 0
\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad &
\dot{\pi} \approx - \nabla^2 \pi_1 + \nabla^2\phi - U' \, ,
\\
&\displaystyle \frac{\delta\mathcal{S}}{\delta \pi} \approx 0
\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad &
\dot{\phi} \approx V_1 \, ,
\\
&\displaystyle \frac{\delta\mathcal{S}}{\delta \pi_1} \approx 0
\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad &
\dot{V}_1 \approx \nabla^2\phi + V_2 \, ,
\\
&\displaystyle \frac{\delta\mathcal{S}}{\delta \pi_2} \approx 0
\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad &
\dot{V}_2 \approx V_3 \, .
\label{le}\end{aligned}$$ Multiplying these equations by $\epsilon^2$ gives the leading order equations, $$\begin{aligned}
\epsilon^2 \pi_2 \approx{}& 0 \, ,
\\
\epsilon^2 \dot{\pi}_2 \approx{}& - \epsilon^2 \pi_1 \, ,
\\
\epsilon^2 \dot{\pi}_1 \approx{}& \epsilon^2 (-\pi + V_1) \, ,
\\
\epsilon^2 \dot{\pi} \approx{}& \epsilon^2 (-\nabla^2\pi_1 + \nabla^2\phi - U') \, ,
\\
\epsilon^2 \dot{\phi} \approx{}& \epsilon^2 V_1 \, ,
\\
\epsilon^2 \dot{V}_1 \approx{}& \epsilon^2 (\nabla^2\phi+V_2) \, ,
\\
\epsilon^2 \dot{V}_2 \approx{}& \epsilon^2 V_3 \, .\end{aligned}$$ The first of these is a constraint equation. Requiring its time derivative to vanish on-shell produces another constraint, $$\epsilon^2 \dot{\pi}_2 \approx - \epsilon^2 \pi_1 \approx 0 \, .$$ Consistency of this constraint produces the next one, $$\epsilon^2 \dot{\pi}_2 \approx \epsilon^2 (- \pi + V_1) \approx 0
\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad
\epsilon^2 V_1 \approx \epsilon^2 \pi \, ,$$ Again requiring consistency produces a constraint, $$\epsilon^2 \frac{d}{dt} (- \pi + V_1) \approx
\epsilon^2 (V_2 + U') \approx 0
\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad
\epsilon^2 V_2 \approx - \epsilon^2 U' \, .$$ Finally, the consistency of this constraint determines the Lagrange multiplier, $$\epsilon^2 \frac{d}{dt} (V_2 + U') \approx \epsilon^2 (V_3 + U'' \pi) \approx 0
\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad
\epsilon^2 V_3 \approx - \epsilon^2 U'' \pi \, .$$ After solving the leading order constraints we proceed to the fist order ones. Multiplying equations (\[fe\]-\[le\]) by $\epsilon$, and making use of the leading order constraints gives the equations at first order $$\begin{aligned}
\epsilon \pi_2 \approx{}& 0 \, ,
\\
\epsilon \dot{\pi}_2 \approx{}& - \epsilon\pi_1 - 2\epsilon^2\alpha_1U' \, ,
\\
\epsilon \dot{\pi}_1 \approx{}& \epsilon (-\pi + V_1) \, ,
\\
\epsilon \dot{\pi} \approx{}& \epsilon (-\nabla^2\pi_1 + \nabla^2\phi - U') \, ,
\\
\epsilon \dot{\phi} \approx{}& \epsilon V_1 \, ,
\\
\epsilon \dot{V}_1 \approx{}& \epsilon (\nabla^2\phi+V_2) \, ,
\\
\epsilon \dot{V}_2 \approx{}& \epsilon V_3 \, .\end{aligned}$$ The first of these equations is a constraint. Its consistency generates another constraint, $$\epsilon \dot{\pi}_2 \approx - \epsilon \pi_1 -2\epsilon^2 \alpha_1 U' \approx 0
\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad
\epsilon \pi_1 \approx - 2\epsilon^2 U' \, .$$ Its consistency generates the next constraint, $$\epsilon \frac{d}{dt} (\pi_1 + 2\epsilon\alpha_1 U') \approx 0
\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad
\epsilon V_1 \approx \epsilon \pi - 2\epsilon^2\alpha_1 U'' \pi \, ,$$ which by consistency requirements generates yet another one $$\epsilon \frac{d}{dt} (V_1 - \pi + 2\epsilon\alpha_1 U'' \pi) \approx 0
\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad
\epsilon V_2 \approx - \epsilon U'
+2\epsilon^2\alpha_1 \bigl( U'''[-\pi^2+(\nabla\phi)^2] + U''U' \bigr) \, .$$ Finally consistency of this constraint determines $V_3$ at first order, but we do not require this to construct the reduced action.
In the last stage of solving the constraints we turn to the second order equations (\[fe\]-\[le\]). By successively requiring consistency of constraints solve the perturbative constraints fully. Here we give just the terms that do not cancel when plugged into the action, $$\begin{aligned}
\pi_2 \approx{}& 2 \epsilon^2 \alpha_2 U'' \pi \, ,
\\
\pi_1 \approx{}& - 2\epsilon \alpha_1 U'
+ 2\epsilon^2(\alpha_2+2\alpha_1^2)
\bigl( U'''[-\pi^2+(\nabla\phi)^2] + U''U' \bigr) \, ,
\\
V_1 \approx{}& \pi - 2\epsilon\alpha_1 U'' \pi + \mathcal{O}(\epsilon^2) \, ,
\\
V_2 \approx{}& - U' + \mathcal{O}(\epsilon) \, ,
\\
V_3 \approx{}& - U'' \pi + \mathcal{O}(\epsilon) \, .\end{aligned}$$ These are now plugged into the extended action (\[2nd extended\]) as strong equalities, resulting in the reduced phase space action, which after some partial integrations can be written as $$\begin{aligned}
\mathscr{S}_{\rm red} ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \biggl\{
\biggl[ \pi + 2\epsilon\alpha_1 U'' \pi
+ 2\epsilon^2 (\alpha_2 + 2\alpha_1^2) \Bigl( \frac{1}{3} U^{(4)} \pi^3
- U^{(4)} (\nabla\phi)^2 \pi
\nonumber \\
& \hspace{6cm}
+ 2 \nabla(U'''\pi\nabla\phi) - [U'''U' + 2(U'')^2] \pi \Bigr) \biggr] \dot{\phi}
\nonumber \\
& - \biggl[ \frac{1}{2} \pi^2 + \frac{1}{2}(\nabla\phi)^2 + U
+ \epsilon \alpha_1 \bigl( 2 U''(\nabla\phi)^2 + (U')^2 \bigr)
- \alpha_2 \epsilon^2 (U'')^2 (\nabla\phi)^2
\nonumber \\
& + 2\epsilon^2 (\alpha_2 + 2\alpha_1^2)
\bigl( U'''[-\pi^2 + (\nabla\phi)^2] + U''U' \bigr) (\nabla^2\phi - U')
-(\alpha_2 + 2\alpha_1^2) \epsilon^2 (U'')^2 \pi^2 \biggr]
\biggr\} \, .
\label{2nd phase action}\end{aligned}$$ The reduced phase space action at second order comes with the noncanonical symplectic part, but such that it can be canonicalized by redefining the conjugate momentum field, just as we had at the first order reduction. We do not bother with canonicalizing the phase space action, but proceed to construct the reduced configuration space action. First we solve for the conjugate momentum field $$\frac{\delta\mathscr{S}_{\rm red}}{\delta \pi} \approx 0
\qquad \Rightarrow \qquad
\pi \approx \dot{\phi} + 2\epsilon \alpha_1 U'' \dot{\phi} + \mathcal{O}(\epsilon^2) \, ,$$ and then plug it into the phase space action (\[2nd phase action\]). Thus we obtain the reduced configuration space action, which after some number of partial integrations and groupings of the terms can be written in a manifestly Lorentz invariant form, $$\begin{aligned}
S_{\rm red} ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \biggl\{
- \frac{1}{2} \Bigl[ 1 + 4\epsilon \alpha_1 U''
- 8(\alpha_2 + 2\alpha_1^2) U''' U'
- 2(3\alpha_2 + 4\alpha_1^2) (U'')^2 \Bigr]
(\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi)
\nonumber \\
& \hspace{0.3cm}
- U - \epsilon \alpha_1 (U')^2
+ 2(\alpha_2 + 2\alpha_1^2) U'' (U')^2
- 2(\alpha_2 + 2\alpha_1^2) U''' (\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi) (\square \phi)
\biggr\} \, .
\label{II reduced}\end{aligned}$$ Apart from renormalizing the kinetic term, and modifying the potential already encountered at first order, the effect of reduction the considered higher derivative is also to introduce a new term – the last one in the action above. This term technically is a higher derivative one due to the presence of d’Alembertian operator, but it is not a genuine higher derivative terms, since the higher time derivative in it can be removed by partial integration, and are only introduced for the sake of manifest Lorentz invariance. Moreover, the very method used to derive it guarantees no higher derivatives in the final result. It is worth noting that derivative reduction introduces new types of terms containing four derivatives into the reduced action, but the kind that are not genuine higher derivative ones.
### Derivative reduction via field redefinition
With a bit of work one can see that the field transformation, $$\phi \rightarrow \phi - \epsilon \alpha_1 \square\phi
+ \frac{3}{2} \epsilon^2 \alpha_1^2 \square \square \phi
+ 2\epsilon^2 \alpha_1^2 U'' \square\phi
+ 2 \epsilon^2 \alpha_2 \square \bigl[ \square\phi + U' \bigr] \, ,$$ removes all the genuine higher derivative terms from the configuration space action (\[2nd action\]), and transforms it into $$\begin{aligned}
S \rightarrow{}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \biggl\{
- \frac{1}{2} \Bigl[ 1 + 2\epsilon\alpha_1 U''
- 2\epsilon^2(\alpha_2 + 2\alpha_1^2)(U'')^
- 4\epsilon^2 \alpha_1^2 U''' U' \Bigr]
(\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi)
\nonumber \\
& \hspace{2cm}
- U - \frac{3}{2} \epsilon^2 \alpha_1^2 U''' U'
(\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi) (\square\phi)
\biggr\} \, .\end{aligned}$$ This action is not in the form of the reduced one (\[II reduced\]) obtained via perturbative constraints method. But again, this is not an inconsistency, since an additional field redefinition $$\phi \rightarrow \phi
+ \epsilon \alpha_1 U'
- \frac{5}{2} \epsilon^2 \alpha_1^2 U''' (\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi)
- \frac{9}{2} \epsilon^2 \alpha_1^2 U'' U'
- 2\epsilon^2\alpha_2 U''' (\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi)
- 2\epsilon^2 \alpha_2 U''U' \, ,$$ bring the above action precisely to the form of (\[II reduced\]). The field redefinition method is consistent with the perturbative constraints method.
Derivative reduction at third order – Part I
--------------------------------------------
In order to illustrate the points made at this section we consider the leading order action (\[leading order action\]) with the only nonvanishing higher order correction (\[Ss(3)13\]) coming in at the third order EFT expansion, $$S = \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \biggl\{
- \frac{1}{2} (\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi) - U
+ \epsilon^3 \alpha_3 (\square\square\phi) (\square\square\phi)
\biggr\} \, .
\label{third order HD action}$$ At this order we make the point that field redefinitions are necessary in order to define an equivalent lower derivative, manifestly Lorentz invariant, configuration space action formulation of the higher derivative system.
### Reduction at the equation of motion level
The equation of motion descending from the action (\[third order HD action\]) is $$\square \phi - U' + 2 \epsilon^3 \alpha_3 \square\square\square\square\phi = 0 \, .$$ Just as in the cases of the first and the second order reduction, we make use of the lower order equation to reduce the derivative order of the higher order part of the equation. The resulting equation takes the form $$\begin{aligned}
\MoveEqLeft[4]
\square\phi - U' + 2\epsilon^3 \alpha_3 \biggl\{
A(\phi) + B(\phi) \times (\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi)
+ C(\phi) \times (\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi)
(\partial_\nu\phi) (\partial^\nu\phi)
\nonumber \\
& + D(\phi) \times (\partial_\mu \partial_\nu \phi) (\partial^\mu\phi) (\partial^\nu\phi)
+ E(\phi) \times (\partial_\mu \partial_\nu\phi) (\partial^\mu\partial^\nu\phi)
\nonumber \\
& + 8 U^{(5)} (\partial_\mu\partial_\nu\partial_\rho \phi) (\partial^\mu\phi)
(\partial^\nu\phi) (\partial^\rho\phi)
+ 24 U^{(4)} (\partial_\mu\partial_\nu\partial_\rho\phi)
(\partial^\mu\partial^\nu\phi) (\partial^\rho\phi)
\nonumber \\
& + 4 U''' (\partial_\mu\partial_\nu\partial_\rho\phi)
(\partial^\mu\partial^\nu\partial^\rho\phi)
\biggr\} = 0 \, .\end{aligned}$$ The functions $A$-$E$ are composed out of various derivatives of the potential function $U$, and are not important for this discussion. The important thing to notice is that the last three terms in the brackets are of third order in derivatives, and that there is no way of reducing their (time) derivative order while maintaining Lorentz covariance. In the first and second order derivative reductions whenever we needed to use the lower order equation in the higher order part we were always encountering second time derivatives in the combination with the Laplacian so that they form the d’Alembertian $\square$. Here this is no longer the case, and if we want to reduce third derivatives above we need to pick out second time derivatives individually, which will break manifest covariance. This example teaches us that reducing the derivative order at the level of the equations of motion is not always compatible with the symmetries of the system.
Note also that a field redefinition including higher derivatives, $$\phi \rightarrow \phi - 4 \epsilon^3\alpha _3 U''' \bigl[
(\partial_\mu\partial_\nu \phi) (\partial^\mu \partial^\nu \phi)
+2 U^{(4)} (\partial_\mu\partial_\nu \phi)
(\partial^\mu\phi) (\partial^\nu\phi) \bigr] \, ,$$ precisely removes the third derivatives from the equation of motion (and modifies functions $A$-$E$), while preserving covariance. There seems to be no way around making field redefinitions when perturbatively reducing the derivative order while maintaining covariance.
### Reduction via perturbative constraints
Similar maladies afflicting derivative reduction at the level of the equation of motion exhibited in the previous subsection affect the method of perturbative constraints. It will be shown here that field redefinitions are unavoidable.
The starting point is again the extended action, with time derivatives promoted to independent fields, $$\dot{\phi} \rightarrow V_1\, ,
\quad
- \square\phi = \dot{V}_1 - \nabla^2\phi \rightarrow V_2 \, ,
\quad
-\partial_0 \square\phi = \dot{V}_2 \rightarrow V_3 \, ,
\quad
\square\square\phi = \dot{V}_3 - \nabla^2V_2 \rightarrow V_4 \, ,$$ and Lagrange multipliers $\pi$, $\pi_1$, $\pi_2$, and $\pi_3$ introduced to ensure on-shell equivalence, $$\begin{aligned}
\mathcal{S} ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \biggl\{
\frac{1}{2} V_1^2 - \frac{1}{2} (\nabla\phi)^2 - U + \epsilon^3\alpha_3 V_4^2
+ \pi (\dot{\phi} - V_1) + \pi_1 (\dot{V}_1 - \nabla^2\phi - V_2)
\nonumber \\
& \hspace{3cm}
+ \pi_2 (\dot{V}_2 - V_3)
+ \pi_3 (\dot{V_3} - \nabla^2 V_2 - V_4)
\biggr\}
\nonumber \\
={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \biggl\{
\pi\dot{\phi} + \pi_1 \dot{V}_1 + \pi_2 \dot{V}_2 + \pi_3 \dot{V}_3
- \biggl[
\pi V_1 + \pi_2 (\nabla^2\phi + V_2)
+ \pi_2 V_3
\nonumber \\
& \hspace{3cm}
+ \pi_3 (\nabla^2 V_2 +V_4)
- \frac{1}{2} V_1^2 + \frac{1}{2} (\nabla\phi)^2 + U
- \epsilon^3 \alpha_3 V_4^2
\biggr]
\biggr\} \, .
\label{third order extended action}\end{aligned}$$ We do not bother here with presenting step-by-step how the perturbative constraints are imposed order by order, this should be clear from examples of the first and second order reductions, and the expressions at third order are rather lengthy while bringing noting new to the discussion. Instead we just cite the solutions of the perturbative second-class constraints needed to reduce the derivative order, and obtain the lower derivative phase space action, $$\begin{aligned}
\pi_3 \approx{}& - \epsilon^3 \alpha_3 \bigl( U'' [\pi^2 - (\nabla\phi)^2] - U''U'\bigr) \, ,
\\
\pi_2 \approx{}& - 2 \epsilon^3\alpha_3 \Bigl\{ U^{(4)} \pi [-\pi^2 + (\nabla\phi)^2]
- 2 U''' \pi [\nabla^2\phi - U']
\nonumber \\
& \hspace{5cm}
+ 2U''' (\nabla\phi) (\nabla\pi)
+ [U''U']' \pi \Bigr\} \, ,
\\
\pi_1 \approx{}& 2\epsilon^3 \alpha_3 \Bigl\{
4 U''' (\nabla\pi)^2 + 8 U^{(4)} \pi (\nabla\pi) (\nabla\phi)
- U^{(5)} [\pi^2-(\nabla\phi)^2]^2
\nonumber \\
& \hspace{2cm}
- U^{(4)} \bigl[ 4 \pi^2 \nabla^2\phi + U' (\nabla\phi)^2
+ 2 (\nabla\phi) \nabla (\nabla\phi)^2 \bigr]
\nonumber \\
& \hspace{2cm}
+ U''' \bigl[ - 2 (\nabla^2\phi - U')^2 + 2(\nabla\phi) \nabla[\nabla^2\phi-U']
- \nabla^2 (\nabla\phi)^2 \bigr]
\nonumber \\
& \hspace{2cm}
+ [U''U']''' [\pi^2 - (\nabla\phi)^2]
+ [5 U^{(4)}U' + 2U'''U''] \pi^2 - [U''U']'U'
\Bigr\} \, ,
\\
V_4 \approx{}& - U''' [\pi^2 - (\nabla\phi)^2] - U'' U' + \mathcal{O}(\epsilon) \, ,
\\
V_3 \approx{}& - \epsilon^3 U' \, ,
\\
V_2 \approx{}& - U' + \mathcal{O}(\epsilon) \, ,
\\
V_1 \approx{}& \pi + \mathcal{O}(\epsilon) \, .\end{aligned}$$ Promoting these to strong equalities and plugging them in the extended action (\[third order extended action\]) gives the phase space reduced action, which takes the form $$\mathscr{S}_{\rm red} = \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \biggl\{
8 \epsilon^3 \alpha_3 \bigl[ U''' (\nabla\pi)^2
+ 2 U^{(4)} \pi (\nabla\pi) (\nabla\phi) \bigr] \dot{\pi} +
\bigl( \pi + \epsilon^3\alpha_3 \Pi[\phi,\pi] \bigr) \dot{\phi} - H[\phi,\pi]
\biggr\} \, ,
\label{third order phase space}$$ where $\Pi$ is a function of $\phi$, $\pi$, and their spatial derivatives, and so is the Hamiltonian $H$. The method of derivative reduction via perturbative second-class constraints accomplishes exactly what it is designed to do – produces a phase space formulation of a lower derivative system capturing completely the perturbative solutions of the original system to order $\mathcal{O}(\epsilon^4)$. But phase space actions are considerably less convenient to work with than the configuration space ones, and it is desirable to construct one here.
The specific form of the phase space action (\[third order phase space\]) is of interest for the discussion here, but rather just the symplectic part. The fact that the symplectic part appears appears in a non-canonical form is by now not surprising, since we have encountered similar situations at lower orders in derivative reduction. The novel feature here is that the symplectic part [*cannot*]{} be canonicalized by only redefining the conjugate momentum field. The part containing the function $\Pi$ can easily be removed by $$\pi \rightarrow \pi - \epsilon^3 \alpha_3 \Pi \, ,$$ but the part of (\[third order phase space\]) containing $\dot{\pi}$, cannot be removed this way. There is no way to rewrite it so that the time derivative is only on the scalar field $\phi$. This is the behaviour mentioned in Sec \[sec: Formalism\] that appears in systems with multiple degrees of freedom. A field has infinitely many [*local*]{} degrees of freedom, and their coupling is expressed through gradients. It is precisely gradients acting on the conjugate momentum field that are preventing the canonicalization of the action.
If we insist on not redefining the scalar field itself, this also means there is [*no*]{} configuration space formulation of the action (\[third order phase space\]) solely in terms of the scalar field $\phi$. There perhaps is a Lagrangian description with additional constraints, but they are likely to require explicit perturbative treatment, which defeats the purpose of this construction.
The action (\[third order phase space\]) can, of course, be canonicalized by the scalar field redefinition, $$\phi \rightarrow \phi + 8\epsilon^3\alpha_3
\bigl[ U''' (\nabla\phi)^2 + 2 U^{(4)} \pi (\nabla\pi)(\nabla\phi) \bigr] \, .$$ After performing this, we will surely be able to find a configuration space action. But as soon as we start making such fields redefinitions in the phase space action, we do not really know (unless we investigate it in detail) whether we are preserving Lorentz covariance or not, and things become rather complicated.
The conclusion here is that field redefinitions are unavoidable when looking for a lower derivative configuration space action formulation of the systems where higher derivatives enter perturbatively. This being the case, we might as well consider field redefinitions of the configuration space action (\[third order HD action\]) right from the beginning.
### Reduction via field redefinition
The field redefinition method when employed at the first and second order yielded the equivalent results as reducing derivative order in the equation of motion, and as the perturbative constraints method. Moreover, it was somewhat easier and faster to implement. At the third order the difference in the practicality of the methods becomes huge. In any case we need to employ field redefinitions, but doing it directly on the configuration space action is now tremendously faster and more straightforward. With comparatively much less work one can see that the scalar field redefinition $$\phi \rightarrow \phi - \epsilon^3 \alpha^3 \square\square \bigl[ \square\phi - U' \bigr]
- \epsilon^3 \alpha_3 (U'')^2 (\square\phi) \, ,$$ transforms the action (\[third order HD action\]) into $$\begin{aligned}
S \rightarrow{}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \biggl\{
- \frac{1}{2} \Bigl( 1 + 2\epsilon^3 \alpha_3 [(U'')^2U']' \Bigr)
(\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi) - U
\nonumber \\
& \hspace{2cm}
+ \epsilon^3\alpha_3 (U'')^2 (\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi)
(\partial_\nu\phi) (\partial^\nu\phi)
+ 2\epsilon^3\alpha_3 U''' U'' (\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi) (\square\phi)
\biggr\} \, ,\end{aligned}$$ removing all the genuine higher derivative terms, leaving only terms propagating three degrees of freedom.
Derivative reduction at third order – Part II
---------------------------------------------
As a last example of this section we examine the leading order action (\[leading order action\]) with a single higher order correction (\[Ss(3)7\]) from the third order EFT expansion, $$S = \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \biggl\{
- \frac{1}{2} (\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi) - U
+ \epsilon^3 \alpha_3 (\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu \phi)
(\partial_\nu \partial_\rho\phi) (\partial^{\nu}\partial^\rho\phi)
\biggr\} \, .
\label{third order HD action II}$$ The conclusions of the preceding subsection were that field redefinitions are generally inevitable in derivative reduction methods, therefore we consider only field redefinition here.
The higher order correction term in (\[third order HD action II\]) is indeed a genuine higher derivative term. It is not difficult to recognize that no Lorentz covariant field redefinition will be able to remove it (though non-covariant redefinitions would allow for this [@Crisostomi:2017aim]). At this point we draw the attention to the difference between genuine and non-genuine higher derivative terms, former carrying extra degrees of freedom, compared to the latter that do not but still contain higher (spatial) derivatives. One such non-genuine higher derivative term is $$\int\! d^{D\!}x \, (\partial_\mu \phi)(\partial^\nu\phi) \bigl[
(\square\phi) (\square\phi)
- (\partial_\mu\partial_\nu \phi) (\partial^\mu\partial^\nu \phi)
\bigr] \, ,$$ which is a specific flat space specialization of the fourth Horndeski action [@Horndeski:1974wa]. We can rewrite the action (\[third order HD action II\]) in terms of it, $$\begin{aligned}
S ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \biggl\{
- \frac{1}{2} (\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi) - U
- \epsilon^3 \alpha_3 (\partial_\mu \phi)(\partial^\nu\phi) \bigl[
(\square\phi) (\square\phi)
- (\partial_\mu\partial_\nu \phi) (\partial^\mu\partial^\nu \phi)
\bigr]
\nonumber \\
& \hspace{2cm}
+ \epsilon^3 \alpha_3 (\partial_\mu \phi)(\partial^\nu\phi) (\square\phi) (\square\phi)
\biggr\} \, .\end{aligned}$$ Now the only genuine higher derivative term in the action above can be taken the term in the bottom row, and that one is easily removed by the following field redefinition, $$\phi \rightarrow \phi
- \epsilon^3 \alpha_3 (\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu \phi) (\square\phi) \, ,$$ transforming the action to $$\begin{aligned}
S\rightarrow{}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \biggl\{
- \frac{1}{2} (\partial_\mu\phi) (\partial^\mu\phi) - U
- \epsilon^3 \alpha_3 (\partial_\mu \phi)(\partial^\nu\phi) \bigl[
(\square\phi) (\square\phi)
- (\partial_\mu\partial_\nu \phi) (\partial^\mu\partial^\nu \phi)
\bigr]
\nonumber \\
& \hspace{2cm}
+ \epsilon^3 \alpha_3 U' (\partial_\mu \phi)(\partial^\nu\phi) (\square\phi)
\biggr\} \, ,\end{aligned}$$ where now the term in the bottom row is not genuinely higher derivative, and the whole action propagates no extra degrees of freedom. This field transformation teaches us that sometimes seemingly we do not need to eliminate a term by field transformation, but produce it in order to eliminate the genuine higher derivative behavior.
Summary of the single scalar case study
---------------------------------------
Studying different examples of of perturbative derivative reductions in single scalar field systems we have learned several lessons summarized by the following points:
- Reducing derivative order at the level of equations of motion is ambiguous. Many different equations capture perturbatively expandable solutions to a given order, and only specific ones have an action formulation. Those are the ones that should be used when attempting to solve the truncated lower order equation exactly.
- It is not always possible to reduce the derivative order at the equations of motion level completely, and at the same time retain Lorentz covariance. Field redefinitions are needed to complete the task in general. This point was proved in [@Crisostomi:2017aim] for the case of multiple interacting scalar fields, and second derivatives in the action.
- Derivative reduction by perturbative second-class constraints always accomplishes what it is meant to do – remove spurious degrees of freedom and deliver a lower derivative (or non-genuine higher derivative) phase space action. In general there is no equivalent configuration space action corresponding to this phase space reduced one, unless we allow for additional non-covariant field redefinitions.
- Field redefinition method successfully eliminates genuine higher derivative terms from the configuration space action to a desired order, and is consistent with the first two methods.
- Genuine higher derivative corrections are mapped to lower order or non-genuine higher derivative corrections. These correctly capture the EFT corrections. Still, we need to know which higher derivative terms are not genuine, the reduction method does not tell us this.
- Removal of genuine higher derivative EFT corrections by field redefinition is generally not unique (but then again neither is any action where field redefinitions are allowed).
In conclusion, the field redefinition method is the preferred method for reducing genuine higher order EFT corrections.
Derivative reduction in scalar-tensor theory {#sec: ST}
============================================
In this section we apply the lessons learned in the single scalar case study of the preceding section, and employ the field redefinition method to the higher order EFT corrections of a scalar-tensor theory. Scalar theories are particularly suited for our purposes, since many of the non-genuine higher derivative terms have been worked out and classified, first within Horndeski theory [@Horndeski:1974wa], and later beyond Horndeski [@Gleyzes:2014dya; @Gleyzes:2014qga], and lately within the more general DHOST program [@Langlois:2015cwa; @Crisostomi:2016czh; @BenAchour:2016fzp]. This actually makes our job much easier, since we can concentrate only on removing the genuine higher derivative corrections.
Here we also work in $D$ spacetime dimensions, and use the following conventions: metric field is of positive signature, the Christoffel symbol is $\Gamma^{\alpha}_\mu\nu = \frac{1}{2} g^{\alpha\beta} (\partial_\mu g_{\nu\beta}
+ \partial_\nu g_{\mu\beta} - \partial_\beta g_{\mu\nu})$, the Riemann tensor ${R^\rho}_{\mu\sigma\nu} = \partial_\sigma \Gamma^\rho_{\mu\nu} - \dots$, the Ricci tensor $R_{\mu\nu}={R^\rho}_{\mu\rho\nu}$, the Ricci scalar $R={R^\mu}_\mu$, and $\nabla_\mu$ is the covariant derivative.
The leading order action in our scalar-tensor theory is assumed to be $$S^{(0)} = \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \, \biggl\{
\frac{1}{\kappa^2} f(\phi) R
- \frac{1}{2} z(\phi) g^{\mu\nu} (\nabla_\mu\phi) (\nabla_\nu\phi)
- u(\phi)
\biggr\} \, ,
\qquad
\kappa = \sqrt{16\pi G_N} \, ,$$ and it propagates one scalar and two tensor degrees of freedom in $D\!=\!4$.
The EFT expansion of corrections to this action is somewhat awkward with the metric dimensionless and the scalar field of mass dimension one. It is far more convenient to define a dimensionless scalar, $$\varphi = \kappa \phi \, ,$$ so that the leading order action reads $$S^{(0)} = \frac{1}{\kappa^2} \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \, \biggl\{
F(\varphi) R
- \frac{1}{2} Z(\varphi) g^{\mu\nu} (\nabla_\nu \varphi) (\nabla_\nu \varphi)
- U(\varphi)
\biggr\}
\label{leading action}$$ with the identifications $F(\varphi) = f(\phi)$, $Z(\varphi) = z(\phi)$, $U(\varphi) = u(\phi)$. Now the EFT expansion is naturally organized as an expansion in total number of derivatives. The leading order action contains terms with zero and two derivatives. The first order correction terms then contain four derivatives, and are one $\kappa^2$ order higher then the leading order action, $$S^{(1)} = \sum_{n=1}^{9} S^{(1)}_n \, ,$$ where all the independent terms containing four derivatives are $$\begin{aligned}
S^{(1)}_1 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \, f_1(\varphi) \,
(\nabla_\mu\varphi) (\nabla^\mu\varphi) (\nabla_\nu\varphi) (\nabla^\nu\varphi) \, ,
\label{S(1)1}
\\
S^{(1)}_2 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \, f_2(\varphi) \,
(\nabla_\mu \varphi) (\nabla^\mu \varphi) (\square\varphi) \, ,
\label{S(1)2}
\\
S^{(1)}_3 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \, f_3(\varphi) \,
(\square\varphi) (\square\varphi) \, ,
\label{S(1)3}
\\
S^{(1)}_4 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \, f_4(\varphi) \,
(\nabla_\mu\varphi) (\nabla^\mu\varphi) R \, ,
\label{S(1)4}
\\
S^{(1)}_5 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \, f_5(\varphi) \,
(\nabla_\mu\varphi) (\nabla_\nu\varphi) R^{\mu\nu} \, ,
\label{S(1)5}
\\
S^{(1)}_6 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \, f_6(\varphi) \,
(\square \varphi) R \, ,
\label{S(1)6}
\\
S^{(1)}_7 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \, f_7(\varphi) \, R^2 \, ,
\label{S(1)7}
\\
S^{(1)}_8={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \, f_8(\varphi) \, R_{\mu\nu} R^{\mu\nu} \, ,
\label{S(1)8}
\\
S^{(1)}_9={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \, f_9(\varphi) \,
R_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma} R^{\mu\nu\rho\sigma} \, ,
\label{S(1)9}\end{aligned}$$ and $f_1$-$f_9$ are arbitrary functions of the scalar field. All the other scalar-tensor actions containing four derivatives that one can write down can be expressed in terms if the nine above my making use of partial integrations, commutators of covariant derivatives, and the Bianchi identity.
Not all of the terms (\[S(1)1\]-\[S(1)9\]) are genuinely higher-derivative ones, in the sense that they do not introduce additional degrees of freedom compared to the three present in the leading order action. Luckily, the most general scalar-tensor action containing four derivatives and propagating only three degrees of freedom is known. Most of it is captured by the Horndeski action [@Horndeski:1974wa] specialized to four derivatives[^8], $$\begin{aligned}
S^{\rm H}_2 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \, g_2(\varphi) \,
(\nabla_\mu \varphi) (\nabla^\mu \varphi)
(\nabla_\nu \varphi) (\nabla^\mu \varphi) \, ,
\label{SH2}
\\
S^{\rm H}_3 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \, g_3(\varphi) \,
(\nabla_\mu \varphi) (\nabla^\mu \varphi) (\square\varphi) \, ,
\label{SH3}
\\
S^{\rm H}_4 ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \, g_4(\varphi) \,
\Bigl\{ (\nabla_\mu\varphi) (\nabla^\mu\varphi) R
- 2 \bigl[ (\square\varphi) (\square\varphi)
- (\nabla_\mu\nabla_\nu \varphi) (\nabla^\mu \nabla^\nu \varphi) \bigr]
\Bigr\} \, .
\label{SH4}\end{aligned}$$ The last of these actions can be rearranged into a more convenient form $$\begin{aligned}
S^{\rm H}_4 ={}&
\int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \, \biggl\{
- 2 g_4(\varphi) \, G^{\mu\nu} (\nabla_\mu \varphi) (\nabla_\nu \varphi)
+ 3 g_4'(\varphi) \, (\nabla_\mu\varphi)
(\nabla^\mu \varphi) (\square\varphi)
\nonumber \\
& \hspace{4cm}
+ g_4''(\varphi)\, (\nabla_\mu\varphi) (\nabla^\mu \varphi)
(\nabla_\nu\varphi) (\nabla^\nu \varphi)
\biggr\} \, ,
\label{StH4}\end{aligned}$$ so instead of it we will use a more convenient one $$\widetilde{S}^{\rm H}_4 = \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \,
\widetilde{g}_4(\varphi) \, G^{\mu\nu}
(\nabla_\mu\varphi) (\nabla_\nu\varphi) \, .$$ There is one more remaining action with four derivatives propagating only three degrees of freedom, and it is known from Lanczos-Lovelock gravity [@Lovelock:1971yv; @Lanczos:1938sf], and more generally from scalar-Gauss-Bonnet models [@Nojiri:2005vv], $$S^{\rm SGB} = \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \,
b(\varphi) \bigl[ R^2 - 4R_{\mu\nu} R^{\mu\nu}
+ R_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma} R^{\mu\nu\rho\sigma} \bigr]
\label{SGB}$$ The actions (\[SH2\]), (\[SH3\]), (\[StH4\]), and (\[SGB\]) comprise the most general four-derivative action propagating one scalar and two tensor degrees of freedom.
Out of nine independent four-derivative actions (\[S(1)1\]-\[S(1)9\]) four do not need to be considered as higher derivative since we can instead write them as combinations forming actions (\[SH2\]), (\[SH3\]), (\[StH4\]), and (\[SGB\]) which are not genuinely higher derivative. They can be added to the leading order scalar-tensor action (\[leading action\]) as genuine EFT corrections not introducing spurious degrees of freedom. These considerations reduce the number of genuinely higher derivative terms we need to worry about to only five, which we relabel for convenience, $$\begin{aligned}
S^{\rm HD}_1 ={}& S_8^{(1)} = \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \,
h_1(\varphi) \, R_{\mu\nu} R^{\mu\nu} \, ,
\label{SHD1}
\\
S^{\rm HD}_2 ={}& S_7^{(1)} = \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \,
h_2(\varphi) \, R^2 \, ,
\label{SHD2}
\\
S^{\rm HD}_3 ={}& S_6^{(1)} = \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \,
h_3(\varphi) \, (\square\varphi) R \, ,
\label{SHD2}
\\
S^{\rm HD}_4 ={}& S_5^{(1)} = \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \,
h_4(\varphi) \, (\nabla_\mu\varphi) (\nabla^\mu \varphi) R \, ,
\label{SHD4}
\\
S^{\rm HD}_5 ={}& S_3^{(1)} = \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \,
h_5(\varphi) \, (\square\varphi) (\square\varphi) \, .
\label{SHD5}\end{aligned}$$
We proceed to eliminate the five higher derivative corrections (\[SHD1\]-\[SHD5\]) to the action by field redefinitions of the dimensionless scalar and the metric, $$\varphi \rightarrow \varphi + \kappa^2 \delta\varphi \, ,
\qquad
g_{\mu\nu} \rightarrow g_{\mu\nu} + \kappa^2 \delta g_{\mu\nu} \, .
\label{field redef}$$ The leading order action (\[leading action\]) transforms under these field redefinitions as $$S^{(0)} \rightarrow S^{(0)} + \kappa^2 [\delta_\varphi S^{(0)}]
+ \kappa^2 [\delta_g S^{(0)} ] \, ,$$ where the first subleading term on the right hand side descends form the scalar field redefinition, $$\kappa^2 [\delta_\varphi S^{(0)}] = \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \, \biggl\{
F' R + Z(\square\varphi)
- \frac{1}{2} Z' (\nabla_\mu\varphi) (\nabla^\mu\varphi) - U'
\biggr\} \delta\varphi \, ,
\label{action phi transformation}$$ and the second one descends from the metric field redefinition, $$\begin{aligned}
\MoveEqLeft[3]
\kappa^2 [\delta_g S^{(0)}] = \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \, \biggl\{
- F G_{\mu\nu}
+ F' \bigl[ (\nabla_\mu\nabla_\nu \varphi) - (\square\varphi) g_{\mu\nu} \bigr]
\nonumber \\
&
+ \frac{1}{2} [Z+2F''] (\nabla_\mu \varphi) (\nabla_\nu \varphi)
- \frac{1}{4} [Z + 4 F''] (\nabla_\rho \varphi) (\nabla^\rho \varphi) g_{\mu\nu}
- \frac{1}{2}U g_{\mu\nu}
\biggr\} \delta g^{\mu\nu} \, .
\label{action g transformation}\end{aligned}$$ In order to accomplish the task of removing higher derivatives from the first order corrections (\[SHD1\]-\[SHD5\]) while preserving general covariance, quantities $\delta\varphi$ and $\delta g_{\mu\nu}$ have to contain two derivatives and have to be covariant themselves. Their general form is thus $$\begin{aligned}
\delta\varphi ={}& C_1\times (\square\varphi)
+ C_2 \times (\nabla_\mu \varphi) (\nabla^\mu \varphi)
+ C_3 \times R \,
\label{scalar field redef}
\\
\delta g_{\mu\nu} ={}& C_4 \times g_{\mu\nu} R
+ C_5 \times R_{\mu\nu}
+ C_6 \times g_{\mu\nu} (\square \varphi)
\nonumber \\
& \hspace{1cm}
+ C_7 \times (\nabla_\mu \! \nabla_\nu \varphi)
+ C_8 \times g_{\mu\nu} (\nabla_\rho\varphi) (\nabla^\rho\varphi)
+ C_9 \times (\nabla_\mu\varphi) (\nabla_\nu\varphi) \, .
\label{metric field redef}\end{aligned}$$ where the coefficients $C_1$-$C_9$ are functions of the scalar field, $C_i \!=\! C_i(\varphi)$. We plug these into the expressions for the transformation of leading order action, (\[action phi transformation\]) and (\[action g transformation\]), and after performing some partial integrations and making use of the Bianchi identity, the transformed leading order action is put into the form $$S^{(0)} \rightarrow S^{(0)} + \int\! d^{D\!}x\, \sqrt{-g} \, \biggl\{
\sum_A B_A(\varphi) \times \mathcal{R}_A[g_{\mu\nu}, \nabla_\mu\varphi]
\biggr\} \, ,
\label{full action transform}$$ where all the terms $\mathcal{R}_A$ dependent on the metric and the covariant derivatives of the scalar field, and the scalar dependent functions $B_A$ are given in Table \[transformation coefficients\].
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$\mathcal{R}_A$ $B_A(\varphi)$
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
$R_{\mu\nu} R^{\mu\nu}$ $- C_5 F$
$R^2$ $C_3 F' + \bigl( \frac{D-2}{2} \bigr) C_4 F + \frac{1}{2} C_5 F$
$R \, (\square\varphi)$ $C_1 F' + C_3 Z - (D\!-\!1) C_4 F' + \bigl( \frac{D-2}{2} \bigr) C_6 F$
$R \, (\nabla_\mu \varphi) (\nabla^\mu \varphi)$ $C_2 F' - \frac{1}{2} C_3 Z' - \frac{1}{4} C_4 \bigl[ (D\!-\!2)Z + 4(D\!-\!1) F'' \bigr]
+ \frac{1}{2} C_5' F' $
$- \frac{1}{2} C_7 F' + \bigl( \frac{D-2}{2} \bigr) C_8 F$
$(\square\varphi) (\square\varphi)$ $C_1 Z - (D\!-\!1) C_6 F' $
$G^{\mu\nu} (\nabla_\mu\varphi) (\nabla_\nu\varphi)$ $\frac{1}{2} \bigl[ C_5 Z - 2 C_5' F' \bigr] + C_7' F
- C_9 F$
$(\nabla_\mu\varphi) (\nabla^\mu\varphi) (\square\varphi)$ $- \frac{1}{2} C_1 Z' + C_2 Z - \frac{1}{4} C_6 \bigl[ (D\!-\!2)Z + 4(D\!-\!1) F'' \bigr]$
$+ \frac{1}{2} \bigl[ 3 C_7' F' - C_7 Z \bigr] - (D\!-\!1)C_8 F' - \frac{3}{2} C_9 F'$
$(\nabla_\mu\varphi) (\nabla^\mu\varphi) (\nabla_\nu\varphi) (\nabla^\nu\varphi)$ $- \frac{1}{2} C_2Z' + \frac{1}{4} \bigl\{ 2 [C_7' F']' - [C_7 Z]' \bigr\}
- \frac{1}{4} \bigl[ (D\!-\!2) Z + 4(D\!-\!1) F'' \bigr]$
$+ \frac{1}{4} \bigl\{ C_9 Z - 2[C_9F']' \bigr\}$
$R$ $ -C_3 U' - \frac{D}{2} C_4 U - \frac{1}{2} C_5 U$
$(\nabla_\mu\varphi) (\nabla^\mu\varphi)$ $[C_1U']' - C_2 U' + \frac{D}{2} [C_6U]' + \frac{1}{2} [C_7U]'
- \frac{D}{2} C_8 U - \frac{1}{2} C_9 U$
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: All the terms appearing in the transformation of the leading order action (\[full action transform\]) due to field redefinitions (\[field redef\],\[scalar field redef\],\[metric field redef\]). \[transformation coefficients\]
We need to choose the nine coefficient functions $C_i$’s so as to absorb five distinct terms (\[SHD1\]-\[SHD5\]), and the way to do this is not unique. In particular, the first five rows of Table \[transformation coefficients\] need to absorb the genuine higher derivative terms. For the argument that we intend to make here it suffices to demonstrate that one particular solution exists, $$\begin{aligned}
& C_2 = C_6 = C_7 = C_9 = 0 \, ,
\qquad
C_1 = - \frac{h_5}{Z} \, ,
\qquad
C_5 = \frac{h_1}{F} \, ,
\\
& C_4 = \frac{- Z h_1 + 2 Z h_2 - 2 F' h_3 + \frac{2(F')^2}{Z} h_5}
{(D\!-\!2)ZF + 2(D\!-\!1) (F')^2} \, ,
\qquad
C_3 = \frac{1}{Z} \biggl\{
- h_3 + \frac{F'}{Z} h_5 + (D\!-\!1) F' C_4
\biggr\} \, ,
\\
& C_8 = \frac{-2}{(D\!-\!2)F} \biggl\{ h_4 + \frac{F'}{F}h_1' - \frac{(F')^2}{2F^2} h_1
- \frac{Z'}{2} C_3 - \frac{1}{4} \bigl[ (D\!-\!2)Z + 4(D\!-\!1)F'' \bigr] C_4 \biggr\} \, .\end{aligned}$$ Therefore, the first order correction in the EFT expansion of the scalar-tensor theory is captured correctly by the most general scalar-tensor theory with at most four derivatives that contains only three (in $D\!=\!4$) degrees of freedom, $$\begin{aligned}
S ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \Biggl\{
\frac{1}{\kappa^2} \biggl[ F_1 \, R
- \frac{1}{2} F_2
(\nabla_\mu \varphi) (\nabla^\mu \varphi)
- F_3 \biggr]
+ F_4 \, (\nabla_\mu\varphi) (\nabla^\mu\varphi)
(\nabla_\nu\varphi) (\nabla^\nu\varphi)
\nonumber \\
&
+ F_5 \, (\nabla_\mu \varphi) (\nabla^\mu \varphi) (\square \varphi)
+ F_6 \, G^{\mu\nu} (\nabla_\mu \varphi) (\nabla_\nu \varphi)
+ F_7 \, \bigl( R^2 - R_{\mu\nu} R^{\mu\nu}
- R_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma} R^{\mu\nu\rho\sigma} \bigr)
\Biggr\} \, ,\end{aligned}$$ where $F_1$-$F_7$ are some functions of the scalar field, $F_i \!=\! F_i(\varphi)$ that in principle have an expansion in $\kappa^2$. This action is a subset of Horndeski actions.
Conclusions
===========
The aim of this paper was to examine the nature of higher derivative corrections in the effective field theory expansions. The point of view that we take on them is that they arise as a peculiarity of the approximation scheme of local derivative expansion employed in the EFT expansion. The higher derivative corrections cannot be treated on the same footing as the lower derivative leading order action describing the system. Rather, their effect should be taken into account in the same spirit in which they arise – perturbatively. That implies capturing their effects with terms that do not introduce extra degrees of freedom. Three methods of derivative reduction of such higher derivative terms were examined and compared on several examples of single scalar field systems, at different order in perturbation parameter.
The examined methods are (i) derivative reduction at the equations of motion level, (ii) derivative reduction via perturbative constraints, and (iii) derivative reduction via field redefinitions. The lessons learned are summarized in the bullet points at the end of Sec. \[sec: Scalar\]. The main conclusion is that the field redefinition method is the most practical one, compatible with global (Lorentz) symmetries, yielding as a result a configuration space action with no genuine higher derivative corrections to a given order.
Few words are in order on why field redefinition is a legitimate method to use. When employed to eliminate higher derivative terms to certain order of interest, field redefinition necessarily involves derivatives itself which is usually not admissible. It is often pragmatically argued that in EFTs this is admissible due to pushing the problem of higher derivatives beyond the perturbative order of interest. Even though this rationale is strictly not wrong, a stronger, but more subtle argument can be made. In general, nonlocal field redefinitions are admissible if they do not change the number of degrees of freedom in the action. We can imagine such nonlocal field redefinitions that have a local derivative expansion analogous to the derivative expansion of the nonlocal correction to the action defining the EFT expansion. In particular, we can imagine a special nonlocal field redefinition whose local expansion is responsible for cancelling the genuine higher derivative terms from the EFT expansion of the action. In this sense the presence of higher derivatives in the field redefinition is not seen as fundamental, but just as a consequence of the approximation scheme. This is the reasoning behind employing field redefinitions to remove spurious degrees of freedom from the EFT expansion.
Genuine higher derivatives in EFTs are thus seen as artefacts of the approximation scheme, not as essential features. Hence, there is no reason to look for a UV principle that would forbid their appearance in the low energy EFTs, since the. Rather, we ought to write EFT expansions with an additional requirement – no terms in the expansion should be genuine higher derivative terms, [*i.e.*]{} we should not write the terms introducing new degrees of freedom. This would remedy the error we are making by using implicitly the local derivative expansion as the definition of the EFT. We can make a claim that the [*EFTs should consist of all the possible corrections respecting assumed symmetries, and not introducing new degrees of freedom*]{}. This work does not provide a general proof of this statement, but it certainly seems compelling in the light of examples presented here.
Observation about EFTs has made here bear relevance for the scalar-tensor theories often studied today. The most general scalar-tensor theories with no genuine higher derivative terms [@Langlois:2015skt] go under the acronym DHOST (Degenerate-Higher-Order-Scalar-Tensor) . Here we make a claim that, together with the most general such theories involving curvature tensors as well, they should capture completely all the possible EFT corrections, and can in fact be seen as arising as EFTs.
Here we have shown explicitly that the first order correction in the EFT expansion of the scalar-tensor theory is captured correctly by the most general scalar-tensor theory with at most four derivatives that does not contain extra degrees of freedom, $$\begin{aligned}
S ={}& \int\! d^{D\!}x \, \sqrt{-g} \, \Biggl\{
\frac{1}{\kappa^2} \biggl[ F_1 \, R
- \frac{1}{2} F_2
(\nabla_\mu \varphi) (\nabla^\mu \varphi)
- F_3 \biggr]
+ F_4 \, (\nabla_\mu\varphi) (\nabla^\mu\varphi)
(\nabla_\nu\varphi) (\nabla^\nu\varphi)
\nonumber \\
&
+ F_5 \, (\nabla_\mu \varphi) (\nabla^\mu \varphi) (\square \varphi)
+ F_6 \, G^{\mu\nu} (\nabla_\mu \varphi) (\nabla_\nu \varphi)
+ F_7 \, \bigl( R^2 - R_{\mu\nu} R^{\mu\nu}
- R_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma} R^{\mu\nu\rho\sigma} \bigr)
\Biggr\} \, ,
\label{final action}\end{aligned}$$ where $F_1$-$F_7$ are some functions of the scalar field, $F_i \!=\! F_i(\varphi)$ that in principle have an expansion in $\kappa^2$. Even though higher derivatives appear in this action they are not genuine higher derivatives. In $D\!=\!4$ spacetime dimensions this action propagates only one scalar and two tensor degrees of freedom.
It is worth noting that just recently Solomon and Trodden [@Solomon:2017nlh] have made many of the points presented in this paper, and have performed similar analyses.
It is now possible to address the initial motivation for this study – the construction and quantization of gauge-invariant cosmological perturbations to cubic order in small diffeomorphism transformations. This should to be possible with using the action (\[final action\]). The perturbations of the fields are introduced as $g_{\mu\nu} = \overline{g}_{\mu\nu} + \kappa \delta g_{\mu\nu}$ and $\varphi = \overline{\varphi} + \kappa \delta \varphi$, and the background fields are assumed to satisfy the leading order equation of motion. The higher order terms in the action will modify the structure of the gauge-invariant perturbations at quadratic and cubic order. Functions $F_1$-$F_7$ should accommodate the one-loop renormalization of the two-point functions of gauge-invariant perturbations, by absorbing the divergences into their parameters. This is consistent with a well known result regarding the absence of one-loop divergences in pure gravity [@tHooft:1974toh]. Namely, the ones proportional to $R^2$ and $R_{\mu\nu} R^{\mu\nu}$ can be absorbed by the metric field redefinition, in the same way as we have considered it in Sec. \[sec: ST\], and the remaining one can only be a pure Gauss-Bonnet term, which is a total derivative in $D\!=\!4$.
General proofs of the statements made here about the absence of genuine higher derivative corrections in EFTs would be very very powerful, as the authors of [@Burgess:2014lwa] point out. It should be pointed out that the difficult part in any such proof at higher orders than ones considered here is classifying the non-genuine higher derivative corrections which need not be removed. This cannot be done by simply counting the number of derivatives appearing in the action, but rather one often has to resort to canonical formalism to be able to count the number of degrees of freedom correctly [@Langlois:2015skt] .
The author is indebted to Tomislav Prokopec for useful suggestions. This work was supported by the grant 2014/14/E/ST9/00152 of the Polish National Science Centre (NCN).
[99]{}
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D. M. Gitman and I. V. Tyutin, “Quantization of Fields with Constraints,” P. A. M. Dirac “Lectures on Quantum Mechanics,” Belfer Graduate School of Science, monograph series, Dover Publications, 2001.
X. Jaen, J. Llosa and A. Molina, “A Reduction of order two for infinite order lagrangians,” Phys. Rev. D [**34**]{} (1986) 2302. D. A. Eliezer and R. P. Woodard, “The Problem of Nonlocality in String Theory,” Nucl. Phys. B [**325**]{} (1989) 389. M. Crisostomi, R. Klein and D. Roest, “Higher Derivative Field Theories: Degeneracy Conditions and Classes,” JHEP [**1706**]{} (2017) 124 \[arXiv:1703.01623 \[hep-th\]\]. D. Lovelock, “The Einstein tensor and its generalizations,” J. Math. Phys. [**12**]{} (1971) 498. C. Lanczos, “A Remarkable property of the Riemann-Christoffel tensor in four dimensions,” Annals Math. [**39**]{} (1938) 842. S. Nojiri, S. D. Odintsov and M. Sasaki, “Gauss-Bonnet dark energy,” Phys. Rev. D [**71**]{} (2005) 123509 \[hep-th/0504052\]. D. Langlois, “Degenerate Higher-Order Scalar-Tensor (DHOST) theories,” arXiv:1707.03625 \[gr-qc\]. D. Langlois and K. Noui, “Hamiltonian analysis of higher derivative scalar-tensor theories,” JCAP [**1607**]{} (2016) no.07, 016 \[arXiv:1512.06820 \[gr-qc\]\]. G. ’t Hooft and M. J. G. Veltman, “One loop divergencies in the theory of gravitation,” Ann. Inst. H. Poincare Phys. Theor. A [**20**]{} (1974) 69.
[^1]: During the preparation of this paper, Solomon and Trodden have published a preprint [@Solomon:2017nlh] discussing the higher derivative issues in EFTs from the same perspective as we do here.
[^2]: [This point is understood in the context of the 2PI resummation scheme in QFT. By consistently truncating the Dyson-Schwinger equations it is possible to derive a family of equations that are all equivalent to the 2PI equation to the given order, but only one of them corresponds to the 2PI one which can be derived from an action principle. It is said that the other equations [*overcount*]{} the diagrams.]{}
[^3]: Higher order here refers to higher order in infinitesimal diffeomorphism transformations\
[^4]: Dubbed [*localization*]{} by the authors of [@Eliezer:1989cr].
[^5]: Higher time derivatives that can be removed by partial integration are considered reducible.
[^6]: As the authors of [@Jaen:1986iz] put it, the variables we are dealing with are a quotient ring $\mathbb{R}/\epsilon^{N+1}$, [*i.e.*]{} polynomials in $\epsilon$ with real coefficients, modulo $\epsilon^{N+1}$.
[^7]: This should not to be confused with systems with a single [*local*]{} degree of freedom, such as the scalar field, which actually has uncountably many degrees of freedom.
[^8]: In the notation standard in the Horndeski theory literature we have (using conventions $X= (\partial_\mu\varphi) (\partial^\mu\varphi)$) -0.8cm $$G_2(\varphi, X) = g_2(\varphi) X^2 \, ,
\qquad
G_3(\varphi, X) = g_3(\varphi) X \, ,
\qquad
G_4(\varphi, X) = g_4(\varphi) X \, ,
\qquad
G_5(\varphi, X) = 0 \, .$$
|
/**
* ActiveRecord.Model.belongsTo(related_model_name[,options]) -> null
* Sepcifies a 1<-1 relationship between models. The foreign key will reside in the declaring object.
* - related_model_name (String): Can be a plural or singular referring to the related table, the model name, or a reference to the model itself ("users","User" or User would all work).
* - options (Object)
*
* Options can contain:
*
* - foreignKey (String)
* - name (String)
* - counter (String)
*
* Comment.belongsTo('User',{
* counter: 'comment_count' //comment count must be a column in User
* });
* var c = Comment.find(5);
* //each Comment instance will gain the following 3 methods
* c.getUser()
* c.buildUser()
* c.createUser()
**/
ActiveRecord.ClassMethods.belongsTo = function belongsTo(related_model_name, options)
{
this.relationships.push(['belongsTo',related_model_name,options]);
if(related_model_name && related_model_name.modelName)
{
related_model_name = related_model_name.modelName;
}
if(!options)
{
options = {};
}
related_model_name = Relationships.normalizeModelName(related_model_name);
var relationship_name = options.name ? Relationships.normalizeModelName(options.name) : related_model_name;
var foreign_key = Relationships.normalizeForeignKey(options.foreignKey, related_model_name);
var class_methods = {};
var instance_methods = {};
instance_methods['get' + relationship_name] = ActiveSupport.Function.curry(function getRelated(related_model_name,foreign_key){
var id = this.get(foreign_key);
if (id)
{
return ActiveRecord.Models[related_model_name].find(id);
}
else
{
return false;
}
}, related_model_name, foreign_key);
instance_methods['build' + relationship_name] = class_methods['build' + relationship_name] = ActiveSupport.Function.curry(function buildRelated(related_model_name, foreign_key, params){
var record = ActiveRecord.Models[related_model_name].build(params || {});
if(options.counter)
{
record[options.counter] = 1;
}
return record;
}, related_model_name, foreign_key);
instance_methods['create' + relationship_name] = ActiveSupport.Function.curry(function createRelated(related_model_name, foreign_key, params){
var record = this['build' + related_model_name](params);
if(record.save() && this.get(this.constructor.primaryKeyName))
{
this.updateAttribute(foreign_key, record.get(record.constructor.primaryKeyName));
}
return record;
}, related_model_name, foreign_key);
ActiveSupport.Object.extend(this.prototype, instance_methods);
ActiveSupport.Object.extend(this, class_methods);
//counter
if(options.counter)
{
this.observe('afterDestroy', function decrementBelongsToCounter(record){
var child = record['get' + relationship_name]();
if(child)
{
var current_value = child.get(options.counter);
if(typeof(current_value) === 'undefined')
{
current_value = 0;
}
child.updateAttribute(options.counter, Math.max(0, parseInt(current_value, 10) - 1));
}
});
this.observe('afterCreate', function incrementBelongsToCounter(record){
var child = record['get' + relationship_name]();
if(child)
{
var current_value = child.get(options.counter);
if(typeof(current_value) === 'undefined')
{
current_value = 0;
}
child.updateAttribute(options.counter, parseInt(current_value, 10) + 1);
}
});
}
};
|
Q:
Calculating values of field based on two others using Field Calculator in ArcGIS Desktop?
I need to combine two fields in an attribute table. I want to do this using the field calculator. What is the proper script to write to combine a field called "name" and "type", so that it produces one field with "name type"?
I'm using ArcGIS Desktop 10.0.
A:
When in VBScript mode the sytnax would be
[name]&[type]
To add some separation you can use:
[name] & "-" & [type]
to put a dash between the two values.
|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to new dimerization catalysts suitable for catalyzing reactions of organic isocyanates by heterogeneous catalysis, in particular as fixed bed catalysts, to a process for their preparation and to their use for the production of polyisocyanates containing uretdione and isocyanurate groups.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Catalysts for the dimerization of organic isocyanates are known (Alfred Hassner, Small Ring Heterocycles--Part 2, pages 522-526, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1983). According to the teachings of DE-OS 34 32 081 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,614,785), tertiary phosphines are advantageously used.
These catalysts are generally used in a homogeneous phase, are often added in considerable quantities to the diisocyanates used as starting materials and must subsequently be inactivated.
The known processes for the preparation of dimerized diisocyanates (see e.g. DE-OS 16 70 720) are not optimally suitable for large scale commercial production. The main disadvantage of these processes is the need to use relatively large quantities of catalysts which require a correspondingly large quantity of inactivators such that the dimerized diisocyanates contain a relatively large proportion of unwanted foreign substances which have a deleterious effect on the properties of the polyurethanes produced from the diisocyanates.
According to the teachings of DE-OS 3 809 261, the quantity of catalyst may be reduced if the diisocyanate starting materials, e.g., hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) are free from carbon dioxide. Even when using the elaborate methods of purification, considerable quantities of homogeneous catalysts are still required which again necessitates correspondingly large quantities of inactivators.
It was therefore an object of the present invention to provide new dimerization catalysts for organic isocyanates which would be suitable for heterogeneous catalysis, in particular as fixed bed catalysts, so that the polyisocyanates having a uretdione and isocyanurate structure prepared from these catalysts can be worked up without adding the aforesaid inactivators after removal of the heterogeneous catalyst, preferably with the addition of small quantities of acid compounds as stabilizers.
This object has been achieved by providing the dimerization catalysts according to the invention described below. |
An immunological method for the purification of radiolabelled thyroxine.
A method for the removal of iodothyronine and iodide impurities from radiolabelled thyroxine is described. The principle of the method is to bind iodothyronine contaminants to specific antisera, and then to separate the antiserum-bound contaminants and iodide from the thyroxine by column chromatography. As reported here, the method is optimised for the removal of more than 98% of contaminating 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine and 99.8% of contaminating iodide from between 10 ng and 100 ng of thyroxine, where the molar ratio of thyroxine: 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine before purification is greater than or equal to 10:1. Recovery of purified thyroxine is more than 80%. The performance of the method is superior to that of preparative dialysis. |
Welcome To ECHO® Online Training
The mission of Project ECHO® (Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes) is to develop the capacity to safely and effectively treat chronic, common, and complex diseases in rural and under served areas, and to monitor outcomes of this treatment.
Project ECHO® is funded in part by a grant from the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation and has received support from the New Mexico Legislature, the University of New Mexico, and the New Mexico Department of Health. |
BBC Journalist Jeremy Paxman says Clinton lost because she was "the most awful candidate, absolutely useless" |
United Nations’ Secretary General Ban Ki-moon got an earful when Michael Petrelis and Hank Wilsonzapped yesterday’s World Affairs Council in San Francisco.
From Petrelis’ press release:
A group of activists staged a protest at an evening meeting at the Fairmont Hotel featuring the United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon, in order to protest the unconscionable, murderous silence of the United Nations concerning continued violence and executions globally which specifically target gays and lesbians. Ban was speaking before the World Affairs Council of Northern California, as San Francisco is considered the birthplace of the UN.
The nonviolent protesters twice interrupted Ban’s speech, first standing on their seats, chanting “Break the silence! Talk about about gays!†while holding up signs which read “Gay Rights Are UNiversal”, capitalizing the letters UN to drive home the point that the UN has not accepted its responsibility to monitor and defend the human rights of gay and lesbian people worldwide.
UN Secretary General Ban replied, “That is most unusual welcome for me . . . As Secretary General, I’m supposed to answer all questions . . . The gay rights issue is very sensitive.”
The action comes less than a week after the UN’s voted to accredit two gay organizations, giving them a say in policy making.
It took the UN almost seven years to accredit those gay organizations, which is fantastic that it has finally happened. But currently there is no homo rights resolution to protect us against discrimination and violence.
Many European and Middle Eastern LGBT’s have been verbally attacked, beaten violently, and even hanged just in the last couple of months, simply because they were trans and/or queer. The UN has had NO response.
However you stand on being out, loud, and proud–please make a contribution in whatever way you can: learning about civil rights leaders who helped gain the small civil rights we have today, talking with queer/trans who lived during a time when it wasn’t easy–no matter where you live–to be queer/trans, do something like telling Ban to “TALK ABOUT GAY RIGHTS!”–whatever you do, use your imagination! |
Aromatic Lateral Substituents Influence the Excitation Energies of Hexaaza Lanthanide Macrocyclic Complexes: A Wave Function Theory and Density Functional Study.
The high interest in lanthanide chemistry, and particularly in their luminescence, has been encouraged by the need of understanding the lanthanide chemical coordination and how the design of new luminescent materials can be affected by this. This work is focused on the understanding of the electronic structure, bonding nature, and optical properties of a set of lanthanide hexaaza macrocyclic complexes, which can lead to potential optical applications. Here we found that the DFT ground state of the open-shell complexes are mainly characterized by the manifold of low lying f states, having small HOMO-LUMO energy gaps. The results obtained from the wave function theory calculations (SO-RASSI) put on evidence the multiconfigurational character of their ground state and it is observed that the large spin-orbit coupling and the weak crystal field produce a strong mix of the ground and the excited states. The electron localization function (ELF) and the energy decomposition analysis (EDA) support the idea of a dative interaction between the macrocyclic ligand and the lanthanide center for all the studied systems; noting that, this interaction has a covalent character, where the d-orbital participation is evidenced from NBO analysis, leaving the f shell completely noninteracting in the chemical bonding. From the optical part we observed in all cases the characteristic intraligand (IL) (π-π*) and ligand to metal charge-transfer (LMCT) bands that are present in the ultraviolet and visible regions, and for the open-shell complexes we found the inherent f-f electronic transitions on the visible and near-infrared region. |
Q:
PowerShell - Var inside Format-Volume
I'm really new to PowerShell. I'm trying to make a script that detects newly connected USB drives and format them with a new name and NTFS filesystem.
I'm getting an error and the problem seems to be the driveletter name in Format-Volume
I used most of the script from the answer here https://superuser.com/questions/219401/starting-scheduled-task-by-detecting-connection-of-usb-device
#Requires -version 2.0
Register-WmiEvent -Class win32_VolumeChangeEvent -SourceIdentifier volumeChange
write-host (get-date -format s) " Beginning script..."
do{
$newEvent = Wait-Event -SourceIdentifier volumeChange
$eventType = $newEvent.SourceEventArgs.NewEvent.EventType
$eventTypeName = switch($eventType)
{
1 {"Configuration changed"}
2 {"Device arrival"}
3 {"Device removal"}
4 {"docking"}
}
write-host (get-date -format s) " Event detected = " $eventTypeName
if ($eventType -eq 2)
{
$driveLetter = $newEvent.SourceEventArgs.NewEvent.DriveName
$driveLabel = ([wmi]"Win32_LogicalDisk='$driveLetter'").VolumeName
write-host (get-date -format s) " Drive name = " $driveLetter
write-host (get-date -format s) " Drive label = " $driveLabel
Format-Volume -Driveletter "$driveLetter" -NewFileSystemLabel "test" -FileSystem NTFS -Confirm:$false
[media.SystemSounds]::("Hand").play()
}
Remove-Event -SourceIdentifier volumeChange
} while (1-eq1) #Loop until next event
Unregister-Event -SourceIdentifier volumeChange
The error I'm getting:
2018-10-30T12:45:02 Beginning script...
2018-10-30T12:45:03 Event detected = Device removal
2018-10-30T12:45:05 Event detected = Device arrival
2018-10-30T12:45:05 Drive name = G:
2018-10-30T12:45:05 Drive label = blabla
Format-Volume : No MSFT_Volume objects found with property 'DriveLetter' equal to ':'. Verify the value of the property and retry.
At C:\Users\myuser\Desktop\formater.ps1:23 char:1
+ Format-Volume -Driveletter "$driveLetter" -NewFileSystemLabel "test" ...
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ CategoryInfo : ObjectNotFound: (::Char) [Format-Volume], CimJobException
+ FullyQualifiedErrorId : CmdletizationQuery_NotFound_DriveLetter,Format-Volume
I tried with:
-Driveletter "$driveLetter"
-Driveletter $driveLetter
-Driveletter ""$driveLetter
But with a background in coding for the web, I really don't know how to solve this. Your help is really appreciated!
A:
The documentation for Format-Volume shows the format that it wants for the DriveLetter param as Char[].
So DriveLetter should be just the drive letter G without the following colon G:, you can do this by simply selecting just the first char from $driveLetter:
-Driveletter $driveLetter[0]
|
P-type and n-type conductivity refer to the conductivity characteristics of semiconductor materials. P-type semiconductor materials are positive charge carriers (hole-transporting) and n-type semiconductors are negative charge carriers (electron-transporting). The key element in semiconductor devices is the p-n junction. A p-n junction is formed when two regions of opposite conductivity type are adjacent to each other. P-N junctions have widespread use for many applications such as semiconductors, power semiconductors, field effect transistors (FETs), organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and photovoltaic cells.
The usefulness of electrically conducting organic materials may be associated to a large extent with a combination of properties such as desirable electronic properties (e.g. low electrical resistivity), chemical stability, and physical and chemical properties that would permit the preparation of useful articles for manufacture. The first two properties mentioned above are shared by a number of inorganic materials well known in the art, such as metals (e.g. aluminum, silver and copper) or semiconductors (e.g. gallium and silicon). Devises comprised of inorganic materials typically are brittle and require demanding manufacturing processes which make it both difficult and expensive to fabricate large area displays. However, the wide chemical versatility of organic molecules gives the organic conductors a distinct advantage over inorganic materials to the extent that it is possible to introduce and modify physical and chemical properties such as solubility, melting point, etc. by relatively minor changes in the chemical structure of the organic molecules. In other words, organic conductors or semiconductors open the possibility for tailor-made electrically conducting materials with properties not found in inorganic substances. As such, there have been intensive research efforts in developing organic materials to be used as conductors or semiconductors for electronic device applications. |
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