text stringlengths 8 5.77M |
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Pertussis vaccine and pertussis toxin increase lithium levels in rats: possible role of G-proteins.
A single dose of lithium was injected intravenously or intraperitoneally in rats. Lithium levels in serum and tissues 5 or 24 hours later were elevated when the rats were pretreated with pertussis vaccine (PV). The vaccine was effective whether given locally (subcutaneous) or systemically (intravenous). Tests of heated (inactivated) PV suggested that pertussis toxin might be responsible for the effects of PV. Injection of purified pertussis toxin (PT) confirmed this suggestion. Elevation of serum urea nitrogen suggested that lithium levels were increased because the combination of PV or PT with lithium reduced renal excretory function which could cause retention of lithium. Inasmuch as PV and PT are known to inactivate the inhibitory G-proteins, these data suggest G-protein involvement in the elevation of lithium levels by PV and PT. |
// Copyright 2019 Maintainers of NUKE.
// Distributed under the MIT License.
// https://github.com/nuke-build/nuke/blob/master/LICENSE
using System;
using System.Linq;
using JetBrains.Annotations;
namespace Nuke.Common
{
[PublicAPI]
public enum SpecialFolders
{
ProgramFiles = Environment.SpecialFolder.ProgramFiles,
ProgramFilesX86 = Environment.SpecialFolder.ProgramFilesX86,
LocalApplicationData = Environment.SpecialFolder.LocalApplicationData,
ApplicationData = Environment.SpecialFolder.ApplicationData,
CommonApplicationData = Environment.SpecialFolder.CommonApplicationData,
Windows = Environment.SpecialFolder.Windows,
System = Environment.SpecialFolder.System,
UserProfile = Environment.SpecialFolder.UserProfile
}
public static partial class EnvironmentInfo
{
[CanBeNull]
public static string SpecialFolder(SpecialFolders folder)
{
return Environment.GetFolderPath((Environment.SpecialFolder) folder);
}
}
}
|
CronNET
---------------------------
CronNET is a simple C# library for running tasks based on a cron schedule.
Cron Schedules
===============
CronNET supports most cron scheduling. See tests for supported formats.
```
* * * * *
┬ ┬ ┬ ┬ ┬
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ │
│ │ │ │ └───── day of week (0 - 6) (Sunday=0 )
│ │ │ └────────── month (1 - 12)
│ │ └─────────────── day of month (1 - 31)
│ └──────────────────── hour (0 - 23)
└───────────────────────── min (0 - 59)
```
```
`* * * * *` Every minute.
`0 * * * *` Top of every hour.
`0,1,2 * * * *` Every hour at minutes 0, 1, and 2.
`*/2 * * * *` Every two minutes.
`1-55 * * * *` Every minute through the 55th minute.
`* 1,10,20 * * *` Every 1st, 10th, and 20th hours.
```
Console Example
===============
``` c#
using System.Threading;
using CronNET;
namespace CronNETExample.Console
{
class Program
{
private static readonly CronDaemon cron_daemon = new CronDaemon();
static void Main(string[] args)
{
cron_daemon.add_job(new CronJob("* * * * *", task));
cron_daemon.start();
// Wait and sleep forever. Let the cron daemon run.
while(true) Thread.Sleep(6000);
}
static void task()
{
Console.WriteLine("Hello, world.")
}
}
}
```
Windows Service Example
=======================
``` c#
using System.Threading;
using CronNET;
namespace CronNETExample.WindowsService
{
public partial class Service : ServiceBase
{
private readonly CronDaemon cron_daemon = new CronDaemon();
public Service()
{
InitializeComponent();
}
protected override void OnStart(string[] args)
{
cron_daemon.add_job(new CronJob("*/2 * * * *", task));
cron_daemon.start();
}
protected override void OnStop()
{
cron_daemon.stop();
}
private void task()
{
Console.WriteLine("Hello, world.")
}
}
}
```
|
Hello Guest!
Welcome to the official Square Foot Gardening Forum.
There's lots to learn here by reading as a guest. However, if you become a member (it's free, ad free and spam-free) you'll have access to our large vermiculite databases, our seed exchange spreadsheets, Mel's Mix calculator, and many more members' pictures in the Gallery. Enjoy.
From what I've read. . the yellowing and dying of leaves at the bottom is either due to root rot or lack of nitrogen. However I thought peas were actually nitrogen "fixers" . . These were transplanted from indoor so I thought maybe they did not harden off but I planted a new row right next to them from seed and the largest one now has the same problem. I have not really been using the soaker hose shown as I thought the problem maybe be root rot so I've been spray watering.
My only other thought was that this is a converted sandbox, I laid down landscape fabric, then Mel's Mix. Maybe it's not draining? I would think fabric on top of sand with Mel's Mix should drain just fine. If I pull one up can I tell if it has root rot?
It CAN be done but peas do not always do well when transplanted (direct seeding is less stressful). Yours look like they did grow well for a while but the leaves seem too small.
I have not tried the advice I a giving (get out a grain of salt to take the advice with).
You can cut your peas down. When the weather is right they should come back for late season pods. Refresh the soil with compost after you cut them (like a mulch). The reason I have not done this on purpose (it worked accidently when I cut out old vines instead of pulling them out) is because I need the space for brussels sprouts or sprouting broccoli.
Too late is relative...I think it it all depends on the weather (soil temps, daytime highs, nightime lows, etc.)
I actually soaked my peas for a day or two before planting in the soil...I had great germination but poor growth. I gave them a couple of months to do something before I ripped them out to make room for tomatoes. Out of 32 plants I only picked 4-5 pea pods.
People near you can advice on this better... But even here with a colder climate May is getting late for peas, though transplants should of given you some edge on that. I planted my first row on April 7th and they are starting to bloom now. Second planting was may 1rst and they will be blooming in a bit. But that was as late as I dare for here with peas. They hate hot.
Hmmm,,,, I have often left pea plants looking horrible almost dead on the trellis and had them revive in the fall to do a last flush of growth and blooms. Maybe this year I will cut them down and see if they do that in a tidier fashion.
Hmmm,,,, I have often left pea plants looking horrible almost dead on the trellis and had them revive in the fall to do a last flush of growth and blooms. Maybe this year I will cut them down and see if they do that in a tidier fashion.
My peas always come up looking ill and then just take off.....I gave them some seaweed fertilizer and laid some compost around the bases and they are doing great now
Hmmm,,,, I have often left pea plants looking horrible almost dead on the trellis and had them revive in the fall to do a last flush of growth and blooms. Maybe this year I will cut them down and see if they do that in a tidier fashion.
My peas always come up looking ill and then just take off.....I gave them some seaweed fertilizer and laid some compost around the bases and they are doing great now
SOrry I was being confusing again. My plants do great (barring attack of the chickens or sheep etc ) until some point in late July/early August. At that point I tell myself to pull them out because they are done for the year. But I am too lazy and they then reward me in September/October. This year I will try cutting them down and giving them some compost and see if that does better than ignoring them.
Hmmm,,,, I have often left pea plants looking horrible almost dead on the trellis and had them revive in the fall to do a last flush of growth and blooms. Maybe this year I will cut them down and see if they do that in a tidier fashion.
My peas always come up looking ill and then just take off.....I gave them some seaweed fertilizer and laid some compost around the bases and they are doing great now
SOrry I was being confusing again. My plants do great (barring attack of the chickens or sheep etc ) until some point in late July/early August. At that point I tell myself to pull them out because they are done for the year. But I am too lazy and they then reward me in September/October. This year I will try cutting them down and giving them some compost and see if that does better than ignoring them.
I live in southern Minnesota and by July 4th my peas are usually begging to be pulled out (dead from the ground up--brown and dry vines) What many of the gardening books recommend is to pull up the vines at that point then re-plant a "fall crop" of peas in late July to early August?? Although I have not tried a fall crop before, I intend to do one this year. I am hoping it will go well?
@patrad wrote:From what I've read. . the yellowing and dying of leaves at the bottom is either due to root rot or lack of nitrogen. However I thought peas were actually nitrogen "fixers" . . These were transplanted from indoor so I thought maybe they did not harden off but I planted a new row right next to them from seed and the largest one now has the same problem. I have not really been using the soaker hose shown as I thought the problem maybe be root rot so I've been spray watering.
My only other thought was that this is a converted sandbox, I laid down landscape fabric, then Mel's Mix. Maybe it's not draining? I would think fabric on top of sand with Mel's Mix should drain just fine. If I pull one up can I tell if it has root rot?
To me it looks like the peas have suffered a temperature and drought shock at transplanting time .
I grew/ grow my peas in MM in 4 inch pots .. two peas per pot after soaking the seed for 24 hrs changing the weater and soaking a further 24 hrs then putting them in a pot of MM that has been standing in water for 2 hrs or more. Once the peas were through and an inch tall they got taken to the glashouse to acclimatise till two inches tall, then taken out still in the pots for another three days ( fleeece covered the first tow nights ) . On planting day the pots are soaked in water for two hours or so and the wet MM with the peas is gently slid out the plant pot into a premade well watered hole using an old desert spoon as a scoop take care not to damage the roots. from then onn it was a watering of a cup full per day per pea plant till i got the auto watering system upmand going . They have taken off like rockets , giving me the most peas I've ever had from 12 peas sown & they are still producing for me .Yes my climate is different to yours but the system of sowing and planting out etc should work for you as well . |
Credit: Microsoft
Microsoft is making progress toward its goal of closing the Universal Windows Platform (UWP) and Win32 divide. Next week, timed with Microsoft's Ignite conference, the company is planning to release an alpha version of Win UI 3.0, its next-generation user interface platform for Windows.
As I noted a few months back at Build, Microsoft's days of trying to push Windows developers to build or repackage their apps to be UWP/Store apps seemingly are over. Microsoft is changing the definitions and goalposts so it ultimately will just designate everything as "Windows apps."
The WinUI 3.0 alpha will be for testing and feedback and fairly rough. After the alpha is out, Microsoft is planning to get the full Win UI 3 Xaml platform migrated over to GitHub in open source form. A more complete preview of WinUI 3.0 is coming in the first half of 2020, according to the team's roadmap, and the final release of WinUI 3.0 will happen sometime next year, as well.
The WinUI 3.0 alpha will start with UWP. Among the features not yet implemented will be WebView. Credit for all this information goes to enterprise software developer Ginny Caughey (@gcaughey on Twitter), who has tweeted a thread with an update on WinUI 3.0 today, October 30. Developers will be able to create new WinUI apps using the new Visual Studio 2019 project templates. For existing UWP Xaml apps, "there will be some updates required when migrating to WinUI 3.0," however, Microsoft is acknowledging.
WinUI 3.0 will result in the full Windows 10 native UI platform being fully decoupled from the UWP software development kit. This means users who want to build new Windows apps will have a choice of using Win32 or UWP and .NET Core or C++. Microsoft also will be enabling other frameworks like React Native when running on Windows. Developers who are still interested in "modernizing" their existing Win32 apps with the Windows 10 UI can do so at their own pace using the latest version of Xaml Islands, the roadmap notes.
Microsoft plans to ultimately replace WinUI 2 with WinUI 3. Microsoft is telling developers the existing UWP Xaml programming interfaces that ship as part of the OS will no longer receive new feature updates as part of the move to WinUI 3.0; instead, they will receive security updates and critical fixes only. The roadmap notes that "all-new Xaml features will just be developed and ship as part of WinUI instead."
Microsoft has a significant number of developer-focused sessions on the Ignite docket, which is unusual given the show's traditional history as an IT pro-focused event. One of the most anticipated sessions next week is "Windows App Development Roadmap: Making Sense of WinUI, UWP, Win32, .NET." Several attendees are hoping they will hear more about Microsoft's vision toward bridging the UWP/Win32 divide there.
Some of us also are wondering if Microsoft will share more about its developer story/strategy for its newly announced Windows 10X Neo dual-screen tablet and Duo Android phone during Ignite. Caughey tweeted today that while Microsoft isn't yet sharing when it will make a 10X emulator available, more information is likely coming at Ignite next week. |
[Treatment and prognosis of 77 cases of small cell lung cancer].
To investigate the clinical treatment modality and prognosis of small cell lung cancer(SCLC). We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 77 SCLC patients who were admitted to our department after 2002. The disease was limited in 43 patients and extensive in 34 patients. For patients with limited SCLC, the 1-year, 2-year, and 5-year survival rate was 80%, 56%, and 21%, respectively. Four patients who had undergone surgical resection were all alive. Among patients who underwent adjuvant chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy, salvage chemotherapy, and salvage chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy, the median of survival period was 51 months, 12 months, and 28 months, respectively. For patients with extensive SCLC, the 1-year and 2-year survival rate was 56% and 25%, respectively. The median of survival period was 14.3 months. Stage was an independent factor in multifactor COX regression. Monofactor COX regression showed that radiotherapy and resection were factors correlated with survival. Brain metastasis had no impact on survival. Chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy is preferred for limited SCLC, while surgical resection remains questionable for early-stage patients. For extensive SCLC, multi-line chemotherapy may be helpful to improve the overall survival. Stage is an independent factor for predicting the prognosis. |
Determination of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol as contaminant in drinking water.
An analytical procedure for the determination of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol (2-EH) in drinking water is presented. The method is based on volatile-compound stripping, adsorption on activated-charcoal-filled tubes, solvent elution, identification by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and determination by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Bottled samples with undesirable organoleptic characteristics were analyzed to determine a possible correlation with the presence of 2-EH. The presence of 2-EH at 2-10 micrograms/L was confirmed in several samples. The presence of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (D2EHP) was also checked in all samples. This compound was always found at 2-30 micrograms/L. Hydrolysis of D2EHP was carried out for 2 weeks to evaluate its possible contribution to water contamination by 2-EH. Tests did not show measurable amounts of the alcohol. Nonetheless, the hydrolysis of phthalates in the weakly acidic conditions of the examined waters would not justify the presence of 2-EH at the observed levels, and so it is reasonable to hypothesize a direct contamination from packaging materials containing 2-EH as residue from D2EHP synthesis. |
A Creative Forum for the Audio Arts
Contact a PF Staff Member
Equipment for Making Archival Digital Copies of an LP Phonorecord, Part 1
This is a fascinating new series from our good friend John Marks, editor of The Tannhauser Gate. In it, John proposes to provide a reasonably simple and affordable method for converting LPs to digital files for playback on computer-based systems. I think that his comments will be quite helpful for those of our readers here at PF who would like to do this, but need some recommendations.
John's series should meet that need quite nicely.
Dr. David W. Robinson, Ye Olde Editor
Berlin the Bear staying on top of things in LP-Land. (Photo by John Marks)
Time for a new project!
Over the past few years, a new consumer-audio product category has emerged, that of phonorecord playback equipment with the added capability of outputting a digital datastream via USB connection. (I.e., a phono playback stage that also has analog-to-digital conversion and a USB digital output.) The ultimate expression of that concept is a turntable with onboard phono playback equalization and digitization. Such a turntable has both analog outputs for listening and a USB output for recording via a computer or other compatible digital device. Such a package has the advantages of low or low-ish cost, and easy setup. But its cost constraints will lead to sonic compromises, and such setups cannot accommodate pre-RIAA LP discs or 78 rpm records.
So I set myself on a quest to find a Pareto-Principle solution. This will be a four- or five-part series wherein I will discuss alternatives to USB turntables for people who want better performance, or who already have a non-USB turntable they are happy with. Along the way there will be some history lessons, and some practical advice too.
What "Pareto-Principle solution" means; some background on the challenges of storing music on analog physical media; and more, below.
Rega's new Planar 3 package may be the Pareto-Optimal solution. (Photo by John Marks)
Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923) was an Italian economist with a vegetable garden. Pareto noticed that about 80% of the pea production in his garden came from about 20% of the peapods; and from that, both a Business Shibboleth and a Business Security Blanket were born. The usual form is, of course, "20% of your customers account for 80% of your sales." Applying this (hotly disputed in some quarters) concept to resource allocation in engineering, a Pareto-Principle solution delivers 80% of the performance of the most expensive solution at 20% of the cost.
Obviously, that is painting with a brush so broad that the paintbrush won't fit into a one-gallon can… especially in a world where there is an LP turntable with a US MSRP greater than the price of a Mercedes S-Class sedan (that means, over $100,000). So, for the purposes of sanity, when I write "Pareto-Principle solution" in this context, I am disregarding turntables that "normal people" are not likely to buy. My Impressionistic survey of turntables on offer suggested that the range between $6000 to $7500 was the watershed above which incremental improvements were likely overtaken by prices that increased far more rapidly. Applying the Pea Patch Rule, I then went looking for a turntable/arm/cartridge solution under $1500.
I will write separate posts about each of the components in this LP playback and archiving system. But before turning to that, a few words about the challenges of storing music on analog physical media.
In theory, (purely mechanical) sound recording could have been invented during the reign of Napoleon Bonaparte (1804-1814/15). There were megaphones and diaphragms and needles and wax and bearings and even clockworks. Except, nobody put all the pieces together properly. That said, some people got tantalizingly close… .
British physician Thomas Young made tracings of tuning-fork vibrations in 1807, and French printer Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville in 1857 invented the "Phonautograph." But both were record-only devices that inscribed media that could be studied visually, but could not be played back acoustically. At least at that time… .
In 2008, however, scientists at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Berkeley, California used optical scanning and image-to-sound conversion software to create digital audio files of the earliest known recordings of human voice and speech, and they are truly awful. In large part because the phonautograph's barrel was hand-cranked.
Here's the inventor, slowly singing the French song "Au clair de la lune" in 1860:
A little-known aspect of early mechanical phonorecord recording (by which I mean before 1926) was that many recording studios were located on the upper floors of buildings because the recording lathes were powered by drop-weights, as in a cuckoo clock. Drop-weight mechanisms had steady speed and abundant torque. And such mechanisms were well-known long before Thomas Edison put all the pieces together.
I have heard acoustically-recorded 78 rpm records played back on high-quality acoustical-only phonographs, and the midrange impact can be startling. But acoustical recording systems are hampered by the conflict between the logarithmic (orders of magnitude) nature of sound waves of differing pitches and the physical limitations of the media.
Mechanical recordings aim to create an analog model of sound waves, but that project runs afoul of the fact that sounds of different pitches have different wavelengths. The highest note "A" (3520 Hz) on a full-size piano keyboard has a wavelength of 3.85 inches, whereas the lowest "A" (27.5 Hz) has a wavelength of 44.1 feet. Even Middle C (261.6 Hz) has a wavelength of 4.3 feet. That acoustical recording works as well as it does is rather amazing, and owes largely to the facts that the horn is too small to capture very low frequencies, and that the moving parts of the recording mechanism are massy and lossy.
The invention of the vacuum tube for amplifying electrical signals led to the development of electrical recording, which, starting circa 1926, quickly took over from the earlier acoustical system. However, in order to record properly, the music signal had to be cut in the bass frequencies (so that the needle of the playback machine would not jump the grooves), and boosted in the high frequencies (to overcome inertia in the cutting head and mechanical resistance in the medium being inscribed, either wax or shellac or later acetate). Playing back those equalized (or actually, distorted) frequencies properly is a major issue in playing back all phonorecords, but especially those from the time before the treble-pre-emphasis-and-bass-cut EQ curve became standardized as the RIAA curve. (The linked-to Wiki article is a very good introduction to that.)
In following weeks, I will focus on each component in turn.
John Marks's System
All components in BOLD are loaned; all components in standard face are owned by me as of fall 2016
The essential sound of this system is determined first by the loudspeakers, prototypes called Esperanto Parolantos. That's something of a pun, in that it means "Esperanto Speakers." (Esperanto, from the audio company I started after leaving Stereophile magazine.)
Mike Zisserson designed the Esperanto Parolanto loudspeaker while taking into account my "Wish List" of desired characteristics and capabilities. In that list I tried to express both in technical terms and in musical terms what I believe a music lover's relatively affordable two-way non-mini monitor loudspeaker should sound like.
One example from that list being that I wanted the top note of a grand piano's bottom octave (A = 55Hz) to ring out fully, while the rolloff in bass response below that point to be as smooth and non-lumpy as possible (within cost constraints). From 400Hz down to 40Hz, the Esperanto Parolanto is twice as linear as the "target" loudspeaker I set out to improve upon. (Mike's crossover design is innovative in more than one respect.)
The Esperanto Parolanto's bass response is so deep and clean that more than one listener has looked around for a subwoofer. Audio nerds take note, if you wish: the Esperanto Parolanto loudspeaker's cabinet is 8.625 inches (w) x 14 (h) x 10.5 (d), which gives a displacement of 1,267.9 cu. in.
The front panel is, by design, to Golden Ratio "Portrait" picture-frame proportions. It is the cabinet volume below the lower edge of the woofer-mid (as well as the characteristics of the port) that provides the satisfying bass extension.
However, the prime directive always was that the midrange—especially in the crossover region—be as phase-coherent as possible, in order to enable the "shock of recognition" from well-recorded human voice, classical guitar, or piano.
The result is a loudspeaker I can listen to for hours. There is enough bass extension for most music; the timbral balance (the fruit of work carried on, on-and-off, over the course of three years) is near perfect; and the imaging is exceptional.
Luxman's M-200 power amplifier drives the Esperanto Parolantos. The M-200's output is "only" 25Wpc, but I found it completely capable of driving the Parolantos, a moderately inefficient load (83dB/1W/1m). The Luxman amp is beguilingly smooth, but not at all lacking in top end. Loudspeaker cables are Audioquest's Type 44. They represent exceptional value for money. Analog interconnects are Cardas Audio's Clear.
The heart of the system is Bricasti's class-leading M1 DAC (the regular version, not the gold-plated one…). I wrote about the M1 DAC and its various upgrades and improvements several times during my tenure at Stereophile. If you have not heard it, you should.
That said, if your budget does not quite extend into Greater Bricastistan, Grace Design's m920 DAC/pre/HPA amp in my opinion provides 80% of the Bricasti's performance at about 20% of the price.
The prime digital source is Parasound's CD1, which is not so much a CD player or transport as a dedicated computer with a photography-quality CDROM drive spinning four times as fast as a normal CD player's, while employing a proprietary software-based read-until-right error-correction and jitter reduction system.
(In the event I need to hear digital sound files, I connect my iMac to the Bricasti DAC, using a USB cable from Staples.)
Connecting the CD1 to the Bricasti is an Esperanto Audio S/PDIF cable "Black," which is the upgrade model from the "Blue" S/PDIF cable. The Black has more frequency extension and greater resolving power than the Blue. (Perhaps that is because while the Blue's wood block is American Walnut, the Black's is made from Olivewood from the Holy Land… .)
The primary virtues of this system are realism and musicality. There is a sense of depth – not in bass extension, but that the music is dimensional in space and in time.
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Positive Feedback, A Premier High-End Audio Magazine – articles and reviews of high-end loudspeakers, amplifiers, preamplifiers, cables, tweaks, CD/SACD players, turntables, tubes, music, and more! All material within this site is copyrighted and can not be reprinted or used in any form without our express written permission. For problems with the site contact the webmaster. |
Q:
Update file in DB, React Native
I'm using CouchDB/PouchDB to update a document in the database.
this.state = {
FirstName: "",
LastName: "",
DateOfBirth: "",
City: ""
};
}
//.....
global.utente.db
.localdb()
.find({
selector: params
})
.then(response => {
let utente = response.docs[0];
utente.Person.FirstName = this.state.firstName;
utente.Person.City = this.state.city;
//.....
render() {
console.log(this.state.firstName)
console.log(this.state.city)
return (
<View style={style.container}>
<View style={style.page}>
<KeyboardAwareScrollView>
<View style={style.inputContainer}>
<TextInput
style={style.inputs}
placeholder="Nome"
placeholderTextColor="#64c7c0"
keyboardType="email-address"
underlineColorAndroid="grey"
onChangeText={FirstName => this.setState({ firstName: FirstName })}
/>
</View>
<View style={style.inputContainer}>
<TextInput
style={style.inputs}
placeholder="Citta"
placeholderTextColor="#64c7c0"
keyboardType="email-address"
underlineColorAndroid="grey"
onChangeText={City => this.setState({ city: City })}
/>
</View>
<TouchableOpacity
style={[style.button, style.buttonOK]}
onPress={() => this.findUtente(this.props.cf)}
>
<Text style={style.buttonTesto}>Modifica</Text>
</TouchableOpacity>
</KeyboardAwareScrollView>
</View>
</View>
I Don't understand how I can pass the value from the form.
Because when I print the console.log(FirstName) it is empty.
I Have tried to print the response and it's right, the problem in my opinion is how I pass the value.
Can you help me? Thank you.
A:
You need to use state variables when updating text, so changing the onChangeText to:
onChangeText={FirstName => this.setState({ firstName:FirstName })}
After that yuo need to change also the way you define the variable after response:
utente.Person.FirstName = this.state.firstName;
|
Type of Mammal Quiz: From Canids to Sheep
This online type of mammal quiz allows elementary, middle and high school students and teachers to test their knowledge on the characteristics of types of mammals from Canids to Sheep
This online quiz on mammal type entitled the Mammals From Canids to Sheep Quiz enables elementary, middle and high school students and teachers to test their knowledge on the characteristics of a variety of mammal types from Canids to Sheep.
Use the Mammals from Canids to Sheep Quiz to test your knowledge of why wolves are really very affectionate animals and not the ferocious killers they are reputed to be and the animal kingdom from the order Carnivora, the meat eaters, to the order Artiodactyla, the ungulates. This online Mammal quiz will also test your knowledge about dogs, bears, giant pandas, jaguars, seals, elephants, horses, camels, deer, moose, bison, sheep, and much more. |
Contrary to the frequent predictions that we will one day live in a "paperless society", paper, and other printed mediums, are playing an increasingly important role as an inexpensive, effective and convenient means for communication. A fundamental limitation with paper, however, is that from a computer standpoint, it is currently an output-only format. While paper may be the preferred medium for displaying information for human use, it is difficult, if not impossible, for a computer to recover data reliably once it has been printed. Optical character recognition (OCR) attempts to solve this problem in a relatively simple domain, such as text rendered using standard fonts, but has met with only limited success thus far. While accuracy rates of ninety-nine (99%) percent are perhaps achievable and may seem impressive, a page with 3,000 characters will still incur an average of thirty (30) OCR errors and hence requires expensive and time consuming manual post-processing.
Another approach uses computer readable barcodes which may be included directly on paper (or other printed medium such as microfilm). Once encoded, such barcodes can be used by the computer to recover information evident to the human reader but difficult for a computer to recognize (e.g., printed text), information implicit to the creation of page but essentially invisible to the human reader (e.g., spreadsheet formulas), or any other information desired, whether or not dependent on the actual character text on the paper.
Computer readable barcodes, wherein digital data is recorded directly on paper, are known and have been utilized to provide document or product identification given a fixed set of values using simple numeric encoding and scanning technologies. Document or product identification systems which have been employed in the past include barcode markers and scanners which have found use in a wide range of arenas. With respect to paper documents, special marks or patterns in the paper have been used to provide in formation to a related piece of equipment, for example the job control sheet for image processing as taught by Hikawa in U.S. Pat. No. 5,051,779. Similarly, identifying marks comprising encoded information have been printed on the face of preprinted forms as described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,060,980 to Johnson, et al. The Johnson, et al. system provides for a user entering hand drawn information in the fields on a paper copy of the form and then scanning the form to provide insertions to the fields in the duplicate form that is stored electronically in the computer. Still another system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,966 of Bloomberg, et al., which teaches the decoding of glyph shape codes, which codes are digitally encoded data on paper. The identifying codes can be read by a computer and thereby facilitate computer handling of the document, such as identifying, retrieving and transmitting such document.
Besides the various shaped barcodes described above, two-dimensional barcodes called "data strips" having a plurality of rows of "data lines" that represent information digitally encoded on printed media are also known in the art. Each data line row consists of a series of black and white pixels each representing binary "0"s and "1"s. The ordering of the bits in each row determines the digital data stored therein. The data stored within the totality of the rows define the data contained in the two-dimensional barcode. Typically, to read the barcode, the user passes a hand scanner, which simultaneously reads the information in each data line row, vertically along the length of the barcode to read all of the data line rows.
An example of a prior art system using a data strip two-dimensional barcode having rows of data lines with paper media, is found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,692,603, 4,754,127 and 4,782,221 of Brass, et al. In this system, two-dimensional barcodes consist of data line rows which are used to encode computer programs and data on paper and are scanned by use of a hand scanner. In addition to encoding the computer programs and data, these data lines also contain tracking and synchronization bits, hereinafter referred to as "clock bits". The requirement for use of numerous clock bits directly within each data line row, significantly reduces the amount of digital data that can be stored within each row. Further, if data line rows having clock bits are damaged, which is common if such barcodes are photocopied or transmitted by facsimile systems, such clock bits would be lost making it difficult, if not impossible, to decode the information encoded in the barcode. Other examples of two-dimensional barcodes include: (1) U.S. Pat. No. 5,083,214 to Knowles, which describes a two-dimensional barcode system that requires clock bits embedded within the encoded data itself; and (2) U.S. Pat. No. 4,924,078 to Sant'Anselmo et al., which describes a two-dimensional barcode system in which an orientation and/or timing cell border is included within the body of the barcode itself.
In addition, in co-pending patent application "A Clock-Free Two-Dimensional Barcode and Method for Printing and Reading the Same", (Ser. No. 08/569,280, filed Dec. 8, 1995) ("the '280 Application"), the contents of which are explicitly incorporated by reference herein, a clock-less two-dimensional barcode with a border on at least one of the four sides of the barcode is described, which border is placed outside the confines of the barcode itself. The two-dimensional barcodes are sometimes called "PanaMarks".RTM.. As depicted in FIG. 1A herein, two-dimensional barcode 10 is printed in the low right hand corner of printed page 11, although this position is completely arbitrary. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1A, the remaining portion of printed page 11 is occupied by printed text 12. However, as one skilled in the art will appreciate, any type of computer-generated printed material, for example a spreadsheet or graphics, can be substituted for the printed text 12. The two-dimensional barcode 10 depicted in FIG. 1B herein includes a border 13 that is present on all four of its sides. As is fully described in the '280 Application, although the border 13 is only needed on one of the four sides of the two-dimensional barcode 10, for aesthetic reasons it is typically included on all four sides.
Also, in co-pending patent application "A Borderless Clock-Free Two-Dimensional Barcode and Method for Printing and Reading the Same", (Ser. No. 09/088,189, filed Jun. 1, 1998) ("the '189 Application"), the contents of which are explicitly incorporated by reference herein, a clock-less two-dimensional barcode without a border (shown in FIG. 2 herein) is described, along with methods of printing and reading the same. Two alternate symbologies for the barcode are presented in the '189 Application, a first symbology which requires that the four corner bits 21 to be black (when printed on a white background), and a second symbology in which no black corner bits 21 are required. As such, two alternate methods for reading the barcode of FIG. 2 are described in the '189 Application, a first method which operates on the barcode which does not require corner bits, as described by the flowchart in FIG. 8A therein and the description related thereto, and a second method which operates on the barcode which is required to have corner bits, as described by the flowchart in FIG. 8B therein and the description related thereto. Although the two methods of reading the barcode described in the '189 Application provide satisfactory results, it was found that when the barcode was printed on a page with a complex background, the results provided by the locate step 70 of FIGS. 8A and 8B of the '189 Application, which is described therein in conjunction with FIGS. 9A and 9B, were less than optimal, particularly in the presence of single line noise conditions (i.e., an arbitrarily line across the barcode having a width less than or equal to the width of a bit block within the barcode, which can often occur in faxed documents and documents printed by poorly maintained printers). In addition, it was found that changes in the Hough Transform skew angle estimation step 71 of FIGS. 8A and 8B of the '189 Application could be made to increase processing speed. Also, because of the increased processing speed of the Hough Transform skew estimation step of the present invention, the template matching skew angle estimation step 71 of FIG. 8B of the '189 Application, which requires that the barcode include corner bits, decreasing the number of bits that could be stored within the barcode, and has a less than optimal processing speed, is no longer required.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method of decoding information digitally encoded in the form of a border-less clock free two-dimensional barcode printed on a printed medium which is able to operate in the presence of complex backgrounds.
It is an additional object of this invention to provide a method of decoding information digitally encoded in the form of a border-less clock free two-dimensional barcode printed on a printed medium which has an improved processing speed.
It is yet a further object of this invention to provide a method of decoding information digitally encoded in the form of a border-less clock free two-dimensional barcode printed on a printed medium which does not include corner bits.
It is another object of this invention to provide a method of decoding information digitally encoded in the form of a two-dimensional barcode printed on a printed medium which may or may not include a border.
Various other objects, advantages and features of the present invention will become readily apparent from the ensuing detailed description and the novel features will be particularly pointed out in the appended claims. |
Enhanced photoelectrocatalytic decomposition of copper cyanide complexes and simultaneous recovery of copper with a Bi2MoO6 electrode under visible light by EDTA/K4P2O7.
Simultaneous photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) oxidation of cyanides and recovery of copper in a PEC reactor with a Bi(2)MoO(6) photoanode was investigated at alkaline conditions under visible light irradiation. The surface variation of the Bi(2)MoO(6) photoanode and titanium cathode was characterized. The Cu mass distribution onto the anode, in the solution, and onto the cathode was fully investigated. In the individual PEC oxidation of copper cyanides, the formation of a black copper oxide on the anode occurred. By keeping the initial cyanide concentration at 0.01 mM, the effect of EDTA/K(4)P(2)O(7) was examined at different molar ratios of EDTA/K(4)P(2)O(7) to cyanide. It was indicated that the oxidation of cyanides increased and simultaneous copper electrodeposition with zero value onto the cathode was feasible at pH 11. Under the optimal conditions, the total cyanide concentration was lowered from 250 to 5.0 mg/L, and the Cu recovery efficiency deposited onto the cathode was higher than 90%. Cyanate was the only product. The role of the photogenerated hole in the oxidation of cyanide ions was confirmed. |
None of the officers involved in fatal confrontations with some 40 civilians shot and killed at the hands of San Francisco police since 2000 has stood a criminal trial.
On Monday, anti-police-brutality advocates, city leaders, and family members of police shooting victims gathered on the steps of the Hall of Justice at 850 Bryant St. to demand that the city’s District Attorney, George Gascon, bring criminal charges against two officers who shot and killed Mission resident Amilcar Perez Lopez in 2015.
The District Attorney’s office is tasked with deciding whether officers should be criminally charged for shootings.
“We have not, after two years, seen all the facts in this case or had a decision about whether or not the officers will be prosecuted in the killing of Amilcar Perez Lopez,” said Mission District Supervisor Hillary Ronen. “Two years to wait for a response in a tragic case that has broken all of our hearts is not justice.”
February 26 marked the two-year anniversary of the night that Perez Lopez, a 21-year-old Guatemalan immigrant, was killed. Two plainclothes officers, Eric Reboli and Craig Tiffe, had confronted him on the Folsom Street block where he lived, between 24th and 25th streets.
On Sunday night, some 50 people gathered at the site for a vigil honoring the young man’s life, despite heavy rain.
Florencia Rojo, an activist with the Justice for Amilcar Perez Lopez Coalition, read from a statement made by the Perez Lopez’ father.
“With the money he sent us we managed to get a corn sheller, electricity, potable water – but he will never see these things,” read Rojo. “[My son] was earning a living and they took his life.”
Candles illuminated posters carrying images of the young man, including a photograph of his family in Guatemala.
“I hope we can keep them at the front of our hearts and minds tonight,” said Father Richard Smith, vicar at St. John’s Episcopal Church at 15th and Julian Streets, who has spearheaded the Justice for Amilcar Perez Lopez movement.
Tomorrow, Smith said, the group would demand justice from the city, but “tonight we are doing the ‘heart work.’ This is about healing for our community – we all need this.”
Two years after Perez Lopez’ shooting, Gascón continues to stall on a decision about filing charges. In response, activists have held weekly vigils in front of Mission Police station to demand a decision for the past ten months.
“There needs to be a new sense of justice in this community,” said San Francisco Public Defender Jeff Adachi to the group of protesters on Monday.
Since Perez Lopez’ death, the police department has received a new chief and faced a string of reform initiatives.
Still, “unless you have accountability, unless you have people being brought to justice, no matter if you are a perpetrator of crime on the street or whether you’re a police officer,” said Adachi, “we will never ever see true change and justice.”
Max Szabo, a spokesperson for the District Attorney’s office, said that a charging decision by the district attorney is “forthcoming,” though he did not give specifics.
“I would categorize the timeline in weeks, not months,” said Szabo. He cited the refusal of eyewitnesses to come forward until a year after the shooting and a six-month wait on Perez Lopez’ autopsy report by the Medical Examiner as reasons for the delay.
In September, San Francisco Mayor Ed Lee approved funding for an Independent Investigation Bureau within the District Attorney’s office, which will be tasked with investigating officer-involved shootings and in-custody deaths. The bureau is being developed in order to avoid having the police department investigate its own officers.
Still, the creation of the bureau is currently stalled by negotiations between the district attorney’s office and the police department. It has been five months since funding was approved for the bureau, and it’s unclear when it will begin work.
“That’s not something we can control,” said Szabo. “We are ready to go and want to make sure in future that cases are investigated in new process in a way that ensures objectivity.”
Immediately after Perez Lopez’ death, former Police Chief Greg Suhr told community members that officers Reboli and Tiffe had acted in self-defense after Perez Lopez lunged at them with a knife.
But two independent autopsy reports and the testimonies of eyewitnesses contradicted these claims. Perez Lopez, the reports revealed, was shot in the back.
On Monday afternoon, protesters reenacted the night of Perez Lopez’ shooting in front of the Hall of Justice at 850 Bryant Street.
“Someone had just stolen Amilcar’s cellphone and he took off on a bike – Amilcar chased him him up the street,” narrated activist Jackie Barshak.
Upon retrieving his cell phone, Barshak told onlookers, Perez Lopez “started walking home, when he sees a car pull up.”
Sirens from a recording activists had queued up blared through loudspeakers at the protest.
As the sirens faded away, about a dozen activists sprawled out across the concrete stairs in front of 850 Bryant St. There, they laid motionless as several police officers and members of the media looked on – the action was meant to symbolize the lives taken by the police force.
“We are not naive, we know we are David going against Goliath,” said Smith in reference to the activism. “But we still care and we are not going away – we want our day in court.” |
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using Recipes.Ado.Models;
using Recipes.Pagination;
namespace Recipes.Ado.Pagination
{
[TestClass]
public class PaginationTests : PaginationTests<EmployeeSimple>
{
protected override IPaginationScenario<EmployeeSimple> GetScenario()
{
return new PaginationScenario(Setup.SqlServerConnectionString);
}
}
}
|
MICHAEL GUIDRY AND WANDA GUIDRY INDIVIDUALLY AND ON BEHALF OF THEIR MINOR CHILD, JONATHON GUIDRY
v.
LIVINGSTON PARISH SHERIFF'S DEPARTMENT, ST. PAUL FIRE AND MARINE INSURANCE COMPANY, LIVINGSTON PARISH SCHOOL BOARD, CHILDREN'S EDITION DAYCARE, GAYBE HORNER, INTERSTATE INSURANCE UNDERWRITER'S INC., JOE SASSO, ROBERT DICKS AND STATE FARM MUTUAL AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE COMPANY
2008 CA 1976
Court of Appeals of Louisiana, First Circuit.
August 18, 2009.
Not Designated for Publication
LEWIS O. UNGLESBY, Baton Rouge, Louisiana and JUSTIN A. DAY, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, Counsel for Plaintiffs/Appellees, Michael Guidry and Wanda Guidry, individually and on behalf of their minor child, Jonathon Guidry.
STEPHEN D. ENRIGHT, Jr., Metairie, Louisiana and JAMES L. PATE, MELISSA L. THERIOT, PHILIP H. BOUDREAUX, Jr., Lafayette, Louisiana Counsel for Defendants/Appellants, Livingston Parish Sheriff's Office, Joe Sasso, Robert Dicks, and St. Paul, Fire and Marine Insurance Company.
Before: PARRO, McCLENDON, and WELCH, JJ.
McCLENDON, J.
The defendants appeal the judgment of the trial court in favor of the plaintiffs awarding damages resulting from an automobile accident. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On December 18, 2003, Michael Guidry was traveling northbound in his pickup truck on Highway 16 in Denham Springs, Louisiana. Highway 16 is a four-lane highway with a median between the northbound and southbound lanes. Gaybe Horner, an employee of Children's Edition Daycare, was traveling west in the daycare's van on Cecil Drive, a two-lane street. As she approached Highway 16 and attempted to make a left turn onto the southbound lane of Highway 16, an accident occurred between the two vehicles.
At the time of the accident, two Livingston Parish Sheriff deputies, Joseph J. Sasso and Robert L. Dicks, were directing traffic at the intersection, which was in a school zone. Deputy Dicks walked out to the northbound lanes of Highway 16 to stop traffic. Deputy Sasso had already stopped the southbound traffic on Highway 16 and signaled Ms. Horner to proceed across the northbound lanes of Highway 16 through the intersection; however, Deputy Dicks had not yet stopped traffic on Highway 16, resulting in the collision between Ms. Horner's van and Mr. Guidry's pickup truck. Neither Ms. Horner nor any of the children in the van were injured. Mr. Guidry did not immediately seek medical assistance and did not believe that he sustained any injuries in the accident until sometime later.
Subsequently, Michael Guidry and Wanda Guidry, individually and on behalf of their minor child, Jonathon Guidry, filed suit against the Livingston Parish Sheriff's Office (LPSO);[1] its insurer, St. Paul Fire and Marine Insurance Company (St. Paul); Deputy Sasso; Deputy Dicks; Livingston Parish School Board;[2] Ms. Horner; Children's Edition Daycare; the van's insurer, Republic Vanguard Insurance Company (Republic);[3] and Mr. Guidry's uninsured motorist insurer, State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, asserting that they suffered damages as a result of the accident. Specifically, Mr. Guidry contended he suffered injuries to his neck and back, for which he has received extensive medical treatment. Mrs. Guidry and Jonathon Guidry each asserted a loss of consortium claim as a result of Mr. Guidry's injuries.
A two-day bench trial was held on August 29-30, 2007. At the start of the second day of trial, the trial court was informed that a settlement had been reached with Ms. Horner, Children's Edition Daycare, and Republic.[4] At the conclusion of trial, the trial court rendered judgment in favor of the plaintiffs and against LPSO and St. Paul, assessing 100% of the fault against LPSO.[5] Damages were awarded as follows:
Future Medical Expenses $ 32,000.00
Past Medical Expenses $ 28,752.38
Past Loss Wages $ 152,999.00
Future Loss Wages $ 572,085.00
Pain and Suffering/Loss of
Enjoyment of Life Past/Future $ 100,000.00
Disability $ 75,000.00
Loss of Consortium for
Wanda Guidry $ 55,000.00
Loss of Consortium for
Jonathon Guidry $ 10,000.00
_____________
Total Judgment $1,025,836.38
Judgment was signed on October 2, 2007. LPSO and St. Paul's (the defendants) suspensively appealed, assigning as error the award of past and future lost earnings and the lack of any allocation of fault as to Ms. Horner.
DISCUSSION
The defendants initially assert that the trial court erred in awarding damages for the loss of past and future earnings, contending that Mr. Guidry was already disabled at the time of the December 18, 2003 accident and was scheduled for back surgery later that month. Specifically, the defendants allege that the trial court erred in holding that the neck injuries sustained in the accident were sufficient to prevent Mr. Guidry from returning to work in his previous capacity, rather than requiring the plaintiffs to prove that Mr. Guidry was capable of working absent the accident. In other words, Mr. Guidry's preexisting and ongoing back problems prevented him from returning to work, regardless of the accident with Ms. Horner. Thus, according to the defendants, the plaintiffs failed in their burden of proving that Mr. Guidry was capable of gainful employment but for the accident. Therefore, the defendants contend that the trial court applied the incorrect legal standard regarding lost wages, requiring a de novo review by this court.
To recover for actual wage loss, a plaintiff must prove positively that he would have been earning wages but for the accident in question. Boyette v. United Services Auto. Assn., 00-1918, p. 5 (La. 4/3/01), 783 So.2d 1276, 1280. Further, a trial court's award of lost wages is subject to the manifest error standard of review because such damages must be proven with reasonable certainty. Boudreaux v. State, Dept. of Transp. and Development, 04-0985, p. 13 (La.App. 1 Cir. 6/10/05), 906 So.2d 695, 705, writs denied, 05-2164 (La. 2/10/06), 924 So.2d 174, and 05-2242 (La. 2/17/06), 924 So.2d 1018.
In this matter, Dr. Rand M. Voorhies, Mr. Guidry's treating neurosurgeon, testified by deposition. He stated that he first saw Mr. Guidry in July of 2001, at which time Mr. Guidry complained of severe intermittent low back pain radiating down his leg for the past five years. A CT scan revealed a disc herniation at the L5-S1 level and mild annular disc bulging at the L3-4 and L4-5 levels. Additionally, Mr. Guidry had undergone a disc excision at the L4-5 level in 1989.[6] Therefore, on August 7, 2001, Dr. Voorhies placed Mr. Guidry on work restrictions of no lifting more than 40 pounds, no frequent lifting of more than 20 pounds, and no prolonged bending, stooping, or squatting.[7] Dr. Voorhies also advised Mr. Guidry to quit smoking and lose 100 pounds.
Dr. Voorhies did not see Mr. Guidry again until November 2003, at which time Mr. Guidry complained of worsening left sciatica. Dr. Voorhies noted that Mr. Guidry had lost fifty-five pounds since his last visit. Upon examination, Dr. Voorhies reported that a small but critically placed left-sided herniation at L5-S1 appeared to be distorting the left SI nerve root, causing Mr. Guidry's sciatica. Dr. Voorhies advised Mr. Guidry that he did not think that after a microdiscectomy Mr. Guidry would be disabled, although Mr. Guidry clearly had ongoing axial joint pain. Dr. Voorhies discussed with Mr. Guidry that he had three degenerated discs in his low back and that it was likely that his chronic axial joint pain was emanating from one or more of those structures. Dr. Voorhies further discussed with Mr. Guidry the possibility of a three-level disc fusion in the future to treat the ongoing axial joint pain. Mr. Guidry did not want a fusion because it would most likely prevent him from returning to work as a heavy equipment operator. Therefore, Dr. Voorhies recommended the microdiscectomy at the L5-S1 level to treat Mr. Guidry's sciatica and prevent the disability.
The microdiscectomy at L5-S1 was performed by Dr. Voorhies on December 31, 2003. Dr. Voorhies testified that this type of surgery could take two to six weeks before a patient's release to an office type of job or up to twelve weeks for a work release to a strenuous type of job. Either way, Dr. Voorhies testified, Mr. Guidry would still have the same work restrictions as placed on him in August 2001. Dr. Voorhies answered affirmatively that the surgery was successful and he was prepared to let Mr. Guidry go back to work as a heavy equipment operator.
Mr. Guidry was next seen in Dr. Voorhies' office on February 25, 2004, by a nurse practitioner. The nurse practitioner's notes indicated that Mr. Guidry stated that he was doing well post-surgery until he was in the hospital with bronchitis and also lifted too many grocery bags. On that date, Mr. Guidry complained of pain radiating into his left buttock. Dr. Voorhies stated that might mean that Mr. Guidry herniated or reherniated a disc. Mr. Guidry had no complaints of neck pain at that time. On April 22, 2004, Mr. Guidry was again seen by the nurse practitioner, who indicated that Mr. Guidry had no pain radiating into his left leg, and was ready to return to work. Mr. Guidry was cleared for work with the same restrictions given to him in 2001. There were no complaints of neck pain. On June 8, 2004, Mr. Guidry was again seen by Dr. Voorhies, this time complaining of axial neck pain. Mr. Guidry told Dr. Voorhies that he had gone to a chiropractor and the pain "got worse."
In reviewing MRIs of the lumbar spine, dated October 17, 2003 and October 4, 2004,[8] Dr. Voorhies testified that the 2003 MRI showed a mild bulge at the L3-4 level, mild scar tissue and post-operative changes at the L4-5 level, and a left-sided small disc herniation displacing the SI nerve root at L5-S1. However, Dr. Voorhies had repaired the L5-S1 level on December 31, 2003. Dr. Voorhies further testified that there was a significant change between the 2003 and 2004 MRIs. Although the L4-5 level appeared the same, the 2004 MRI showed a left-sided disc herniation at L3-4, and at L5-S1, "there was a new large recurrent disk herniation on the left." Although Dr. Voorhies had not seen Mr. Guidry since July of 2004, he stated that if the MRI of October 2004 was an accurate rendition of his lower back, it was his opinion that Mr. Guidry should not go back to work. Dr. Voorhies could not say that more probably than not that the herniations now present at L3-4 and L5-S1 are related to the automobile accident in December 2003. However, Dr. Voorhies agreed that a disc herniation at another level could logically cause stress and strain and over time lead to the failure of the disc at the S1-L5 level, although he could point to no studies that would either support or refute that.
Dr. Jorge Isaza, an orthopedic surgeon with a specialty in spine surgery, testified by deposition and at trial. Dr. Isaza first saw Mr. Guidry on April 27, 2004. Mr. Guidry was complaining of neck and lower back pain. According to Mr. Guidry's history, he had previous problems with his lower back, including a prior surgery, but he did not have any neck problems until an automobile accident in December of 2003. Mr. Guidry told Dr. Isaza that he did not go to the emergency room after the accident, but starting complaining of neck pain two or three days later. Dr. Isaza ordered a cervical MRI, which showed a disc herniation at C7-T1, as well as a bulging disc at C3-4. Dr. Isaza tried conservative treatment, including physical therapy, muscle relaxants, medications for inflammation, and injections, to try to relieve Mr. Guidry's pain, all of which were unsuccessful. Surgery on Mr. Guidry's neck was not recommended, because of the difficulty of the surgery and the shortness of Mr. Guidry's neck. Dr. Isaza stated surgery in that area would be unpredictable, and at that point, Mr. Guidry had been able to tolerate his symptoms. His neck problems would limit his job as a heavy equipment operator, or as a full-time truck driver, waiter, or busboy.
Because of the history given to him by Mr. Guidry that he never had any problems with his neck, it was Dr. Isaza's opinion that it was more likely than not that the problem at C7-T1 was caused by the accident of December 2003. Mr. Guidry may have had degenerative changes in his neck that were asymptomatic that were made painful and symptomatic with the accident. Although the prognosis for additional surgery in his lower back was not good, if such surgery did work, Mr. Guidry would still have his neck problems.
Dr. Isaza opined that the reherniation at the L5-S1 level was not related to the accident, as it occurred after Dr. Voorhies' surgery at L5-S1. He also testified that the herniation at L5-S1 shown in the October 2004 MRI was larger than it was in October 2003. When asked about L3-4, Dr. Isaza testified that Dr. Voorhies did not explore L3-4 at the time of surgery. He stated, however, that with the history he was given, it was his opinion that it was more likely than not that the L3-4 herniation was related to the automobile accident. It was Dr. Isaza's opinion that Mr. Guidry was unable to return to his employment as a heavy equipment operator because of both his lumbar spine and cervical spine problems. With regard to the lumbar spine, Dr. Isaza testified that he deferred to Dr. Voorhies. On cross-examination, Dr. Isaza acknowledged that Mr. Guidry has multi-level lumbar problems unrelated to the automobile accident at issue herein. Dr. Isaza was also asked the following:
Q: If you assume for a minute you were able to treat the lumbar spine and get that perfectly fine, he'd still be disabled as a result of his cervical spine; right?
A: To perform his activity or heavy machine operator, yes.
Q: Conversely, he's got multi-level problems that we've discussed here obviously in his lumbar spine. In the event you were to actually, successfully treat his cervical spine, he would still be disabled from his occupation as a result of the problems in his lumbar spine; correct?
A: Well, we'd be limiting his standing and sitting.
Mr. Guidry was forty-three years old at the time of the accident. He testified at trial that although he was sore from the accident, he did not realize that he was hurt until about a month later. Mr. Guidry testified that he opted for a discectomy in his lower back rather than a fusion so he could go back to work. He stated that he previously had back surgery in 1989, which was successful. Mr. Guidry wanted to continue working as a heavy equipment operator, and Dr. Voorhies told him that if the surgery was successful, he could return to his employment. Mr. Guidry stated that surgery was postponed for a week because of his bronchitis, but that it was performed on December 31, 2003. After the surgery, Mr. Guidry began walking and after about five or six weeks had gotten up to walking a mile, when he started having back pain and numbness in his legs. He stated that most of his current problems are with his neck and that his back hurts now and then. Mr. Guidry testified that he had not injured his neck before the December 18, 2003 accident. On cross-examination, he did not recall being treated for neck pain in 1991.[9]
With regard to his work history, Mr. Guidry stated that he was not working at the time of the accident because he was waiting for his back surgery. He testified that he was not terminated from his job, but in February of 2003 after working for Nichols Construction for approximately seven years, there was a work force reduction. Mr. Guidry stated he then went to work for another company through the end of August 2003, at which time there was another reduction of work force. He testified that he did not work in September, October, or November of 2003, except for a few days in October. He stated that he was planning on having back surgery and returning to work.
In its oral reasons, the trial court stated:
[T]he plaintiff has multi-level spine problems. The plaintiff's problem as a result from this accident clearly is his neck and cervical spine. He needs mobility in that region to work as a crane operator. That was his main employment all of his adult life. This by itself would disable the plaintiff from that employment. Dr. Isaza testified the L-3, L-4 problem was more probably than not a result of the accident also and that his lower back limits would prevent the plaintiff from working as a crane operator. . . . You take your victim as you find him. All the previous medical[s] show that Mr. Guidry had neck and back problems previously, possibly even chronic, but they didn't totally disable him to the point where he is now. The intervening accident, December 18, 2003 totally disabled this man over time from his normal activities, be it work activities, family activities.
Further, regarding the argument that Mr. Guidry was unemployed at the time of the accident, the trial court stated:
But I am familiar, being from South Louisiana about people working while the job is working and then terminating, if you will, laid off for a month or two, or a week, or six months sometimes and then getting right back on. I don't, that doesn't impress me the fact that Mr. Guidry was voluntarily underemployed or wasn't ever going to go back to work. He was just off at that time and I understand that from the testimony. So I do believe he's entitled to future and past lost wages.
It is well settled in our jurisprudence that a defendant takes his victim as he finds him and is responsible for all natural and probable consequences of his tortious conduct. Where a defendant's negligent action aggravates a preexisting injury or condition, he must compensate the victim for the full extent of his aggravation. American Motorist Ins. Co. v. American Rent-All, Inc., 579 So.2d 429, 433 (La. 1991); Reck v. Stevens, 373 So.2d 498, 502 (La. 1979).
It is undisputed that Mr. Guidry had a long history of lower back problems. A disc excision was performed in 1989 at the L4-5 level. The herniated disc at the L5-S1 level was discovered in 2001, and Mr. Guidry was placed on work restrictions, but he continued to work through August of 2003, at which time he was off work due to a reduction in work force. Thus, despite a past history of back problems, Mr. Guidry's back did not prevent him from working. Mr. Guidry did not decide to have surgery until the end of 2003, which surgery was performed in December of 2003. Mr. Guidry opted for the microdiscectomy rather than the fusion procedure so that he could continue working as a heavy equipment operator. Dr. Voorhies stated that the surgery in December was successful. Although Mr. Guidry again complained of pain radiating into his leg in February of 2004, that pain had resolved by his next visit to Dr. Voorhies' office in April 2004. The evidence also showed that Mr. Guidry had degenerative neck problems, which were asymptomatic until the accident. The April 2004 MRI of the cervical spine revealed a herniated disc at the C7-T1 level and bulging at C3-4. Dr. Isaza also found it likely that the herniation at L3-4 was caused by the accident. Additionally, Dr. Allen S. Joseph, who saw Mr. Guidry for a neurosurgical evaluation on June 20, 2006, opined that Mr. Guidry's neck problems were most likely caused by the accident in question and that it was possible that the herniated disc at L3-L4 was also causally related to the accident at issue herein.
A court of appeal may not set aside a trial court's finding of fact in the absence of manifest error or unless it is clearly wrong. Rosell v. ESCO, 549 So.2d 840, 844 (La. 1989). On review, an appellate court must be cautious not to re-weigh the evidence or to substitute its own factual findings just because it would have decided the case differently. Bonin v. Ferrellgas, Inc., 03-3024, p. 7 (La. 7/2/04), 877 So.2d 89, 95. Upon our thorough review of the record, and while we may have found differently sitting as the trier of fact, we are unable to say that the trial court manifestly erred in concluding that the plaintiffs proved that Mr. Guidry would have been earning wages but for the accident in question. Thus, given all of the medical testimony, as well as Mr. Guidry's work history despite his back problems, we cannot say that the trial court was clearly wrong. Accordingly, the defendants' first assignment of error is without merit.
The defendants also contend that the trial court erred in finding Ms. Horner free from fault. The defendants assert that while Ms. Horner complied with Deputy Sasso's initial signal to proceed into the intersection, Ms. Horner failed to notice and heed Deputy Sasso's subsequent instruction to stop. Therefore, according to the defendants, Ms. Horner violated her duty to comply with all instructions of a police officer, as well as her never-ending duty to keep a sharp lookout.
All motorists have a never-ceasing duty to maintain a sharp lookout and to see that which in the exercise of ordinary care should be seen. Theriot v. Bergeron, 05-1225, p. 6 (La.App. 1 Cir. 6/21/06), 939 So.2d 379, 383. The defendants also rely on LSA-R.S. 32:231A and 32:56A, which provide, as follows:
The driver of any vehicle shall obey the instructions of any official traffic-control device applicable thereto placed in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter, unless otherwise directed by a traffic or police officer, subject to the exceptions granted the driver of an authorized emergency vehicle in this Chapter.
LSA-R.S. 32:231A.
No person shall fail or refuse to comply with any lawful order or direction of any police officer or weights and standards police officer invested by law with authority to direct, control, or regulate traffic.
LSA-R.S. 32:56A.
These statutes impose a duty on a motor vehicle operator to comply with any lawful order or directive of any police officer invested by law with the authority to direct, control, or regulate traffic, irrespective of the instructions or signals of a traffic control device. Theriot, 05-1225 at p. 7, 939 So.2d 383. Under certain circumstances, a motorist will be relieved of liability for causing an accident if he acted in accordance with directions of a traffic control officer. While directions of a traffic officer do not completely relieve a motorist of all obligations, where the testimony shows clearly that the defendant motorist moved forward in compliance with the directions of the traffic officer at a slow speed and in a careful and prudent manner, he cannot be charged with negligence. Theriot, 05-1225 at p. 7, 939 So.2d 383-84.
It is also well settled that the allocation of comparative negligence is a factual matter within the discretion of the trial court, and such determination will not be disturbed on appeal in the absence of manifest error. Thibodeaux v. USAA Cas. Ins. Co., 93-2238, p. 4 (La.App. 1 Cir. 11/10/94), 647 So.2d 351, 355.
In the case sub judice, Deputy Dicks testified that he walked out into the northbound lanes of Highway 16 to stop traffic, but that there was no traffic at that time to stop. Meanwhile, Deputy Sasso had already stopped traffic in the southbound lanes of Highway 16 and signaled Ms. Horner to proceed through the intersection. When Deputy Dicks saw Ms. Horner being motioned out, he turned and saw a red pickup truck go past him. Deputy Sasso testified that he then yelled and motioned to Ms. Horner to stop, but he thought the sun might have been in her eyes because she kept going, and the accident occurred. Ms. Horner testified that as she approached the intersection, she slowed and stopped. She stated that she was motioned out and she came out. Ms. Horner said she had no visibility problems, and the sun was not blocking her vision. She did not see Deputy Sasso try to stop her, and the first time Ms. Horner saw the truck was when it hit her.
In reaching its finding of no liability on the part of Ms. Horner, the trial court noted that it considered applicable statutes and jurisprudence and stated:
Also, Ms. Horner, reading the cases and hearing the testimony and looking at the reports and the statements at the accident, I don't find she had any liability because she was relying on two gentlemen wearing sheriff's bright green vest[s] with Sheriff on it to [wave] her out. She was relying on these gentlemen officially, in their official capacity to take care with her coming out into a major intersection, Highway 16. So I really don't see her having any liability in that.
Once motioned out by Deputy Sasso, Ms. Horner was proceeding through the intersection at the direction of the officers. Following and relying on the directions of Officer Sasso, Ms. Horner attempted to make a left turn. There is no evidence in the record that Ms. Horner was acting in any way other than in a careful and prudent manner. Upon a thorough review of the record, we cannot say that the trial court was clearly wrong in finding that Ms. Horner was without fault.
CONCLUSION
For the above and foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed. Costs of this appeal are assessed to the appellants.
AFFIRMED.
PARRO, J., dissenting in part and concurring in part.
The evidence presented seems to preponderate in favor of a finding that Mr. Guidry was unable to return to work as a heavy equipment operator as result of his lower back problems that were not related to the automobile accident in question. To recover for actual wage loss, a plaintiff must prove that he would have been earning wages but for the accident in question. Boyette v. United Services Auto. Assn., 00-1918 (La. 4/3/01), 783 So.2d 1276, 1279. Believing that the Guidrys failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that Mr. Guidry would have been earning wages but for the automobile accident, I would reverse the award of past and future lost wages. For this reason, I respectfully dissent in part. Otherwise, I concur in the opinion of the majority.
NOTES
[1] The LPSO was named the Livingston Parish Sheriff's Department in the plaintiffs' petition.
[2] The Livingston Parish School Board was dismissed with prejudice prior to the trial of this matter.
[3] The plaintiffs originally filed suit against Interstate Insurance Underwriters, Inc., but, by an amending and supplemental petition, substituted Republic for the previously named defendant Interstate Insurance Underwriters, Inc.
[4] Judgment was subsequently signed on November 2, 2007, dismissing these defendants.
[5] At the beginning of trial, the parties stipulated that Deputies Sasso and Dicks were in the course and scope of their employment at the time of the accident and that St. Paul issued a policy of liability insurance to LPSO, which was in full force and effect on the day of the accident.
[6] The surgery at the L4-5 level in 1989 was performed by Dr. Anthony Ioppolo.
[7] Mr. Guidry's testimony established that he continued to work as a heavy equipment operator despite these restrictions.
[8] Dr. Voorhies also reviewed an MRI taken in April 1996, which "showed that [Mr. Guidry] had a prior disk removed from L4-5 with a small amount of scar tissue. At L3-4 at that time, there was a mild bulge in the disk. And at L5-S1 at that time, there was also a mild bulge in the disk with some drying or desiccation of the disk."
[9] The medical evidence indicates that Mr. Guidry complained of some cervical pain in 1991 and 1995.
|
The present invention relates in general to leash assemblies and devices for collecting animal litter. More particularly, the present invention relates to a leash assembly incorporating bags into a handle of the leash assembly.
The rapid increase of urban population coupled with the increasing popularity of dogs and other pets has created a serious sanitary problem in connection with the disposal of animal litter, and particular canine litter. Because many animal pet owners have permitted their animals to deposit solid excrement on both private and public property, a number of communities have enacted ordinances requiring pet owners, under penalty of fine, to retrieve and dispose of lifter created by their pets.
It has been found that the willingness of pet owners to retrieve and properly dispose of animal litter is related to the ease, convenience and economy with which the litter may be handled in a clean and sanitary manner. While a number of devices have been proposed for the purpose of disposing of animal litter, they have suffered from various shortcomings. Some devices are not completely disposable and, therefore, require some degree of cleanup. Other types of devices, both of the disposable and reusable varieties, are awkward and/or conspicuous to carry. Moreover, some prior animal lifter collection devices are too expensive for everyday use.
One commonly accepted method for collecting and storing animal litter until a proper disposal site can be found involves the use of a disposable plastic bag. Some pet owners will simply place a plastic bag, such as a plastic grocery bag, in a clothing pocket for retrieval when needed. This method of collecting animal lifter presupposes, however, that the pet owner will always have access to and remember to grab a plastic bag prior to walking the pet. There have been proposals to provide devices which would store plastic bags within a container that may be worn by the owner or the pet. Each of these prior devices, however, suffers several disadvantages which the present invention is intended to overcome.
The retractable leash has been gaining popularity for the last twenty years and has taken its place as a permanent pet product. Some have recognized the desirability of providing an easy way to carry pet waste cleanup bags when going for a walk utilizing such a retractable leash. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,540,469 discloses a retractable leash placed into an animal waste collecting device which incorporates its own handle, bag holder and flashlight. It is believed, however, that such an assembly involves apparatus and associated costs which are undesirable.
Accordingly, there is a need for a leash assembly which provides access to bags when needed. There is a further need for a leash assembly which incorporates bags into the leash assembly. The present invention fulfills these needs and provides other related advantages. |
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abstract: 'In this paper, the following two propositions are proven under the dominant energy condition for the matter field in the higher-dimensional spherically symmetric spacetime in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity in the presence of a cosmological constant $\Lambda$. First, for $\Lambda\le 0$ and $\alpha \ge 0$ without a fine-tuning to give a unique anti-de Sitter (AdS) vacuum, where $\alpha$ is the Gauss-Bonnet coupling constant, vanishing generalized Misner-Sharp mass is equivalent to the maximally symmetric spacetime. Under the fine-tuning, it is equivalent to the vacuum class I spacetime. Second, under the fine-tuning with $\alpha>0$, the asymptotically AdS spacetime in the higher-dimensional Henneaux-Teitelboim sense is only a special class of the vacuum class I spacetime. This means the universal slow fall-off to the unique AdS infinity in the presence of physically reasonable matter.'
address: ' Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECS), Arturo Prat 514, Valdivia, Chile '
author:
- Hideki Maeda
title: ' Universal slow fall-off to the unique AdS infinity in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity '
---
[*1. Introduction:*]{} Gravitation physics in higher dimensions is a prevalent subject of current research motivated mainly by string theory. In this context, it is well known that the most natural extension of general relativity in higher dimensions as a theory of quasi-linear second-order partial differential equations is not general relativity itself but Lovelock gravity [@lovelock].
The Lovelock Lagrangian comprises the dimensionally extended Euler densities. In $n$ dimensions, the first \[$n/2$\] curvature terms appear in the field equations, where \[$x$\] denotes the integer part of $x$. In the even-dimensional case, however, the last ($(n/2)$-th) term becomes a topological invariant and does not contribute to the field equations. The Lovelock tensor ${{\mbox{$\mathcal{G}$}}}_{\mu \nu }$ derived from the Lovelock Lagrangian has the following properties: (1) ${{\mbox{$\mathcal{G}$}}}_{\mu \nu }$ is symmetric, (2) ${{\mbox{$\mathcal{G}$}}}_{\mu \nu }$ contains up to the second derivative of the metric, (3) $\nabla _\nu {{\mbox{$\mathcal{G}$}}}^{\mu\nu} \equiv 0$, and (4) ${{\mbox{$\mathcal{G}$}}}_{\mu \nu }$ is linear in the second derivative of the metric.
Lovelock gravity, as well as general relativity, is a gauge theory for the (local) Lorentz group obviously but not for the Poincar[é]{} group in general, which is the standard symmetry group in particle physics [@zanelli2005]. From the gauge-principle viewpoint, the gravitation theory is expected to be a gauge theory for the Poincar[é]{} group or some group which contains the Lorentz group and the symmetry group analogous to translations in a flat spacetime. Miraculously, under the fine-tuning between the coupling constants, Lovelock gravity can be a gauge theory for the Poincar[é]{}, de Sitter (dS), or anti-de Sitter (AdS) group. The last two groups are the smallest nontrivial choices of such required groups containing the translation symmetry group on a pseudosphere. Unfortunately, this miracle happens only in [*odd*]{} dimensions, nevertheless this so-called Chern-Simons gravity has been of particular interest as an aesthetic way to the unified theory [@zanelli2005].
On the other hand, the second-order Lovelock theory so-called Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity has been intensively investigated because the renormalizable Gauss-Bonnet term appears in the low-energy limit of the heterotic string theory [@Gross]. The history of the black-hole physics in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity began from the well-known Boulware-Deser-Wheeler solution corresponding to the Schwarzschild-Tangherlini solution in general relativity [@GB_BH]. This solution has been generalized [@GBBH-solution] and occupied the central position in the research of the Gauss-Bonnet black holes. Based on this generalized Boulware-Deser-Wheeler solution, the effects of the Gauss-Bonnet term on the stability [@GBBH-stability] and the black-hole thermodynamics [@GBBH-thermodynamics] have been investigated. (We refer [@lovelockBH] for the recent review.) Intriguingly, the solutions in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity are classified into two branches, one of which admits the general relativistic limit, while the other does not. As a result, the theory generically admits two distinct (A)dS vacua stemming from its quadratic nature.
Recently, asymptotically AdS black holes with a scalar hair have attracted much attention, which was first discovered numerically as a counterexample of the black-hole no-hair conjecture [@scalar-hair]. In particular, theories of AdS gravity coupled to a scalar field with mass at or slightly above the Breitenlohner-Freedman bound [@bf] are called [*designer gravity*]{} [@designer]. Designer gravity admits a large class of asymptotically AdS spacetimes with slower fall-off conditions than the standard ones, of which boundary conditions are defined by an essentially arbitrary function. In the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence [@ads/cft], asymptotically AdS black-hole solutions in designer gravity have been applied to the study of the cosmic censorship conjecture [@designer-cch] or big-bang singularities [@designer-cosmology].
In the present paper, we show that such remarkable slow fall-off to the AdS infinity is universal in spherically symmetric spacetimes containing [*any*]{} matter satisfying the dominant energy condition in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity with a fine-tuning of the coupling constants to give a unique AdS vacuum, where the theory becomes Chern-Simons gravity in five dimensions. We adopt the units in which only the $n$-dimensional gravitational constant $G_n$ is retained.
[*2. Preliminaries:*]{} The field equation of Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity in the $n (\geq 5)$-dimensional spacetime is $$\begin{aligned}
&{G^\mu}_{\nu} +\alpha {H}^\mu_{~~\nu}
+\Lambda \delta^\mu_{~~\nu}=
\kappa_n^2 {T}^\mu_{~~\nu}, \label{beq} \\
&{G}_{\mu\nu}:= R_{\mu\nu}-{1\over 2}g_{\mu\nu}R,\\
&{H}_{\mu\nu}:= 2(RR_{\mu\nu}-2R_{\mu\alpha}
R^\alpha_{~\nu}-2R^{\alpha\beta}R_{\mu\alpha\nu\beta}+R_{\mu}^{~\alpha\beta\gamma}R_{\nu\alpha\beta\gamma})
\nonumber \\
&~~~~~~-{1\over 2}g_{\mu\nu}(R^2-4R_{\mu\nu}R^{\mu\nu}
+R_{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}R^{\mu\nu\rho\sigma}),\end{aligned}$$ where $\kappa_n := \sqrt{8\pi G_n}$ and $\Lambda$ is a cosmological constant. $\alpha$ is the Gauss-Bonnet coupling constant and ${T}^\mu_{~~\nu}$ is the energy-momentum tensor for matter fields.
Suppose the $n$-dimensional spacetime $({{\mbox{$\mathcal{M}$}}}^n, g_{\mu \nu })$ to be a warped product of an $(n-2)$-dimensional constant curvature space $(K^{n-2}, \gamma _{ij})$ with its sectional curvature $k = \pm 1, 0$ and a two-dimensional orbit spacetime $(M^2, g_{ab})$ under the isometries of $(K^{n-2}, \gamma _{ij})$. We assume that $K^{n-2}$ is compact. The line element in the double-null coordinates is given by $$\begin{aligned}
{{\rm d}}s^2 = -2e^{-f(u,v)}{{\rm d}}u{{\rm d}}v
+r^2(u,v) \gamma_{ij}{{\rm d}}z^i{{\rm d}}z^j. \label{coords}\end{aligned}$$ The metric functions $e^{-f}$ and $r^2$ are non-zero and finite to avoid the coordinate singularities. Null vectors $(\partial /\partial u)$ and $(\partial /\partial v)$ are taken to be future-pointing. The area expansions along these two radial null vectors[^1] are given as $\theta_{+}:=(n-2)r^{-1}r_{,v}$ and $\theta_{-}:=(n-2)r^{-1}r_{,u}$. An $(n-2)$-surface with $\theta_{+}\theta_{-}>(<)0$ is called a [*trapped (untrapped)*]{} surface. We fix the orientation of the untrapped surface by $\theta _+>0$ and $\theta_-<0$, i.e., $\partial/\partial u$ and $\partial/\partial v$ are ingoing and outgoing null vectors, respectively. The generalized Misner-Sharp mass is given by $$\begin{aligned}
\label{qlm2}
m &= \frac{(n-2)V_{n-2}^k}{2\kappa_n^2}r^{n-3}
\biggl[-{\tilde \Lambda}r^2+\left(k+\frac{2r^2e^{f}}{(n-2)^2}
\theta_{+}\theta_{-}\right)\nonumber \\
&~~~~~~
+{\tilde \alpha}r^{-2}\left(k+\frac{2r^2e^{f}}{(n-2)^2}\theta_{+}\theta_{-}\right)^2\biggl], \end{aligned}$$ where ${\tilde \alpha} := (n-3)(n-4)\alpha$ and ${\tilde \Lambda} := 2\Lambda /[(n-1)(n-2)]$ and $V_{n-2}^k$ denotes the area of $K^{n-2}$ [@maeda2006b; @mn2008]. For $1+4{\tilde\alpha}{\tilde\Lambda}=0$, we have $$\begin{aligned}
m = \frac{(n-2)V_{n-2}^kr^{n-5}}{8{\tilde \alpha}\kappa_n^2}
\biggl[r^2+2{\tilde \alpha}\left(k+\frac{2r^2e^{f}}{(n-2)^2}\theta_{+}\theta_{-}\right)\biggl]^2, \label{qlm-sp}\end{aligned}$$ which is non-negative (non-positive) for $\alpha > (<)0$.
The most general $T_{\mu\nu}$ in this spacetime is given by $$\begin{aligned}
T_{\mu\nu}{{\rm d}}x^\mu {{\rm d}}x^\nu =
&T_{uu}(u,v){{\rm d}}u^2+2T_{uv}(u,v){{\rm d}}u{{\rm d}}v \nonumber \\
&
+T_{vv}(u,v){{\rm d}}v^2+p(u,v)r^2 \gamma_{ij}{{\rm d}}z^i{{\rm d}}z^j.\end{aligned}$$ The variation of $m$ is determined by the field equations as $$\begin{aligned}
m_{,v}&=
\frac{1}{n-2}V_{n-2}^ke^fr^{n-1}(T_{uv}\theta_+-T_{vv}\theta_-), \label{m_v} \\
m_{,u}&=
\frac{1}{n-2}V_{n-2}^ke^fr^{n-1}(T_{uv}\theta_- -T_{uu}\theta_+). \label{m_u} \end{aligned}$$ We assume the dominant energy condition for the matter field, which implies $$\begin{aligned}
T_{uu} \ge 0,~~T_{vv}\ge 0,~~T_{uv}\ge 0. \label{dec}\end{aligned}$$
For the proof of our main results, we review the generalized Birkhoff’s theorem in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity [@mn2008; @birkhoff]. In the vacuum case, Eqs. (\[m\_v\]) and (\[m\_u\]) give $m=M$, where $M$ is a constant. The vacuum spacetime can be completely classified by the following theorem. (See Proposition 1 in [@mn2008] for the proof.)
\[th:vacuum\] ([*The generalized Birkhoff’s theorem.*]{}) An $n$-dimensional vacuum spacetime is isometric to one of the following: (i) the generalized Boulware-Deser-Wheeler solution if $(D_ar)(D^ar) \ne 0$, (ii) the Nariai-type solution if $r$ is constant, and (iii) the class I solution if $(D_ar)(D^ar)=k+r^2/(2\tilde \alpha)$, where $D_a$ is a metric compatible linear connection on $(M^2, g_{ab})$.
The generalized Boulware-Deser-Wheeler solution [@GB_BH; @GBBH-solution] is given as $$\begin{aligned}
{{\rm d}}s^2&=-f(r){{\rm d}}t^2+f^{-1}(r){{\rm d}}r^2+r^2\gamma_{ij}{{\rm d}}z^i{{\rm d}}z^j,\label{BDW1} \\
f(r) &:= k+\frac{r^2}{2\tilde{\alpha }}\left[1\mp \sqrt{1+\frac{8\kappa _n^2\tilde{\alpha }M}
{(n-2)V_{n-2}^kr^{n-1}}+4{\tilde\alpha}{\tilde\Lambda}}\right].\end{aligned}$$
The Nariai-type solution [@Lorenz-Petzold2007; @md2007] is given as $$\begin{aligned}
{{\rm d}}s^2 &=-(1-\sigma \rho^2){{\rm d}}t^2+\frac{{{\rm d}}\rho^2}
{1-\sigma \rho^2}+r_0^2\gamma _{ij}{{\rm d}}z^i{{\rm d}}z^j, \label{Nariai} \\
\sigma &:=\left[\frac{2(n-3)+2\tilde \alpha (n-5)kr_0^{-2}}{r_0^2+2\tilde \alpha k}\right]k, \label{sigma}\end{aligned}$$ where $r_0^2$ is the real and positive root of the following algebraic equation (see [@mn2008] for the existence condition): $$\begin{aligned}
(n-1)\tilde{\Lambda }=\frac{(n-3)k}{r_0^2}+
\frac{(n-5)\tilde \alpha k^2}{r_0^4}. \label{alg}\end{aligned}$$ We can show $r_0^2+2\tilde \alpha k \ne 0$ since it gives a contradiction. The quasi-local mass of the Nariai-type spacetime is given by $$\begin{aligned}
m=\frac{(n-2)k V_{n-2}^k r_0^{n-5}}{(n-1)\kappa_n^2}(r_0^2+2k{\tilde\alpha}),\end{aligned}$$ where we used Eq. (\[alg\]) for eliminating $\Lambda$. Thus, $m$ is non-zero for $k \ne 0$.
The class I solution [@mn2008; @birkhoff] exists only for $1+4\tilde \alpha \tilde \Lambda=0$ as $$\begin{aligned}
{{\rm d}}s^2&=-g(r)e^{2\delta (t, r)}{{\rm d}}t^2 +\frac{{{\rm d}}r^2}{g(r)}+r^2 \gamma _{ij}{{\rm d}}z^i{{\rm d}}z^j,\label{eq:staticmetric} \\
g(r)&:=k+\frac{r^2}{2\tilde \alpha},\end{aligned}$$ where $\delta (t, r)$ is an [*arbitrary* ]{} function. The class I solution is not static in general and the quasi-local mass is zero ($m\equiv 0$).
Next, we also review the vanishing mass theorem in the asymptotically AdS spacetime for $1+4{\tilde\alpha}{\tilde\Lambda}=0$. Equation (\[qlm-sp\]) shows that the quasi-local mass is non-negative for $\alpha>0$. Then, by the combination of the asymptotic analysis and the monotonic property of $m$ on untrapped surfaces under the dominant energy condition, the following theorem is shown. (See Proposition 7 in [@mn2008] for the proof.)
\[th:positivity-sp2\] ([*Vanishing mass in asymptotically AdS spacetime with $1+4{\tilde\alpha}{\tilde\Lambda}=0$.*]{}) Suppose $1+4{\tilde\alpha}{\tilde\Lambda}=0$ with $\alpha>0$ and the dominant energy condition in an $n$-dimensional asymptotically AdS spacetime. Then, $m \equiv 0$ holds on the untrapped spacelike hypersurface.
In the above theorem, we employed the higher-dimensional generalization of the Henneaux-Teitelboim asymptotically AdS boundary conditions [@HT1985]. We write the metric as $g_{\mu \nu }=g^{(0)}_{\mu \nu}+h_{\mu \nu}$, where $g^{(0)}_{\mu \nu}$ is the metric of the AdS spacetime, from which deviation is represented by $h_{\mu \nu}$. In the global coordinates $x^\mu=\{t, \rho , z^i\}$, we have $$\begin{aligned}
g^{(0)}_{\mu \nu } {{\rm d}}x^\mu {{\rm d}}x^\nu &=-(1+\ell_{\rm eff }^{-2}\rho ^2){{\rm d}}t^2+
\frac{{{\rm d}}\rho ^2}{(1+\ell_{\rm eff }^{-2}\rho ^2)}+\rho ^2{{\rm d}}\Omega _{n-2}^2, \label{AdS} \\
\ell_{\rm eff}^2&:=-\frac{1}{2\tilde \Lambda }\left(1\pm \sqrt{1+4\tilde \alpha
\tilde \Lambda }\right), \label{ads-vac}\end{aligned}$$ which coincide with the generalized Boulware-Deser-Wheeler solution (\[BDW1\]) with $k=1$ and $M=0$, where ${{\rm d}}\Omega _{n-2}^2$ is the line element of a unit $(n-2)$-sphere. We assume $1+4\tilde \alpha \tilde \Lambda \ge 0$ for $\ell_{\rm eff}^2$ to be real. The fall-off conditions are
$$\begin{aligned}
&h_{tt}={c_{tt}}\rho ^{-n+3}+O(\rho ^{-n+2}), \\
&h_{\rho \rho }={c_{\rho\rho}}{\rho ^{-n-1}}+O(\rho ^{-n-2}), \\
&h_{t\rho }=c_{t\rho}\rho ^{-n}+O(\rho ^{-n-1}), \\
& h_{\rho i}=c_{\rho i}\rho ^{-n}+O(\rho ^{-n-1}),\\
&h_{ti}=c_{t i}\rho ^{-n+3}+O(\rho ^{-n+2}), \\
&h_{ij}=c_{ij}\rho ^{-n+3}+O(\rho ^{-n+2}),\end{aligned}$$
\[bc\]
where $c_{tt},...,c_{ij}$ are functions independent of $\rho $.
[*3. Main results:*]{} Now we show our main results. As seen before, if the spacetime is maximally symmetric or class I spacetime, the quasi-local mass $m$ is identically zero. Indeed, for $k=1$, $\Lambda\le 0$, and $\alpha \ge 0$, its inverse also holds under the dominant energy condition.
\[th:main\] ([*Vanishing mass spacetime.*]{}) Under the dominant energy condition for $k=1$, $\Lambda\le 0$, and $\alpha \ge 0$, $m \equiv 0$ is equivalent to the maximally symmetric spacetime for $1+4{\tilde\alpha}{\tilde\Lambda} \ne 0$ and the class I spacetime (\[eq:staticmetric\]) for $1+4{\tilde\alpha}{\tilde\Lambda}=0$.
As seen in Eq. (\[ads-vac\]), the special tuning between the coupling constants $1+4{\tilde\alpha}{\tilde\Lambda}=0$ allows the theory to have a unique (A)dS vacuum and become Chern-Simons gravity in five dimensions [@ctz2000]. Proposition \[th:main\] is proven by the combination of the following two lemmas together with Theorem \[th:vacuum\].
\[lm:untrapped\] If $m \equiv 0$ for $k=1$, $\Lambda\le 0$, and $\alpha \ge 0$, then $\theta_+\theta_-<0$, i.e., the spacetime consists of the untrapped surfaces.
[*Proof*]{}. Trivial from Eq. (\[qlm2\]).
\[lm:zeromass\] Under the dominant energy condition, if $m = 0$ on the untrapped surface, then $T_{\mu\nu}= 0$.
[*Proof*]{}. By the variation formulas (\[m\_v\]) and (\[m\_u\]), $T_{uu}=T_{vv}=T_{uv}= 0$ on the untrapped surface. Then, the energy-momentum conservation equation $T^{a\nu}_{~~~~;\nu}=0$ gives $p r_{,a}e^{f}=0$. We have $r_{,a}\ne 0$ on the untrapped surface, so that $p = 0$ there, which completes the proof.
Then, by the combination of Proposition \[th:main\] and Theorem \[th:positivity-sp2\], it is easy to show the following proposition about the asymptotically AdS spacetime for $1+4{\tilde\alpha}{\tilde\Lambda}=0$ with $\alpha>0$.
\[th:ads\] ([*Asymptotically AdS spacetime with $1+4{\tilde\alpha}{\tilde\Lambda}=0$.*]{}) Suppose $1+4{\tilde\alpha}{\tilde\Lambda}=0$ with $\alpha>0$ and the dominant energy condition in an $n$-dimensional asymptotically AdS spacetime. Then, the spacetime is represented by the class I solution (\[eq:staticmetric\]) with $k=1$ and $\delta(t,r)$ satisfying the fall-off condition (\[bc\]).
[*4. Discussions:*]{} Properties of the generalized Misner-Sharp mass (\[qlm2\]) have been fully investigated in [@mn2008]. It inherits the characteristics such as monotonicity or positivity from the Misner-Sharp mass in general relativity and is its natural counterpart in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity. As an application, this quasi-local mass played an essential role to reveal the dynamical properties of the Gauss-Bonnet black holes [@nm2008]. Proposition \[th:main\] obtained in the present paper is another remarkable property in the spherically symmetric case in addition to the results in [@mn2008], which claims the equivalence between the vanishing quasi-local mass and the maximally symmetric spacetime for $\alpha \ge 0$ and $\Lambda \le 0$ with $1+4{\tilde\alpha}{\tilde\Lambda} \ne 0$.
The case with $1+4{\tilde\alpha}{\tilde\Lambda}=0$ is exceptional in Proposition \[th:main\], which admits the theory to have a unique (A)dS vacuum as well as the non-maximally symmetric vacuum solution with vanishing quasi-local mass. Proposition \[th:ads\] is concerned with this exceptional case and claims that, under the dominant energy condition, even if the metric of some spherically symmetric solution of the Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet equations with $1+4{\tilde\alpha}{\tilde\Lambda}=0$ and $\alpha>0$ reduces to the AdS metric at infinity, the fall-off rate is necessarily slower than the condition (\[bc\]). The generalized Boulware-Deser-Wheeler solution (\[BDW1\]) for $n \ge 6$ with positive $M$ is a vacuum example with such slow fall-off. It is seen that the fall-off rate to the AdS metric changes in the case of $1+4{\tilde\alpha}{\tilde\Lambda}=0$. This phenomenon was first pointed out in the study of the static black holes with and without the Maxwell field in the class of Lovelock gravity admitting a unique (A)dS vacuum [@ctz2000]. (The case with $k=2$ in [@ctz2000] corresponds to ours.) Our proposition claims that it is universal in the presence of physically reasonable matter even in the highly dynamical situation.
In the $n$-dimensional Kerr-Myers-Perry-AdS spacetime, the fall-off condition (\[bc\]) is certainly satisfied. Although its counterpart in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity has not been found yet, it would also exhibit the slow fall-off to the unique AdS infinity for $1+4{\tilde\alpha}{\tilde\Lambda}=0$. Under the standard fall-off condition (\[bc\]), several definitions of the global mass in the asymptotically AdS spacetime have been given in Einstein-Gauss-Bonnet gravity [@Padilla2003]. However, the universal slow fall-off means that they are diverging in the case of $1+4{\tilde\alpha}{\tilde\Lambda}=0$ with $\alpha>0$. This fact forces us to reformulate the global mass to give a finite value under the slower fall-off condition in this special case. This problem has been investigated in Chern-Simons gravity in [@cs-mass].
Since the slow fall-off to the unique AdS vacuum has been confirmed in the vacuum case and in the presence of the Maxwell field [@ctz2000], it is naturally expected to be a universal property under the dominant energy condition also in the class of Lovelock gravity admitting a single AdS vacuum. Our main results have been obtained essentially by using the mass variation formulas (\[m\_v\]) and (\[m\_u\]) and the energy-momentum conservation equation. These variation formulae are exactly the same as those in general relativity, which enable us to prove the propositions in parallel with the general relativistic case. In our recent paper [@mn2008], a further generalization of the Misner-Sharp quasi-local mass in general Lovelock gravity was proposed, with which the mass variation formulae were conjectured to hold. We expect that a large part of the results obtained in the present paper and in [@mn2008] is generalized in a very straightforward manner. They will provide for us a firm ground in the research of Lovelock gravity.
The author thanks C. Martínez, M. Nozawa, R. Troncoso, and J. Zanelli for comments. The author was supported by Fondecyt grant 1071125. The Centro de Estudios Científicos (CECS) is funded by the Chilean Government through the Millennium Science Initiative and the Centers of Excellence Base Financing Program of Conicyt. CECS is also supported by a group of private companies which at present includes Antofagasta Minerals, Arauco, Empresas CMPC, Indura, Naviera Ultragas, and Telefónica del Sur.
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[^1]: In [@mn2008; @nm2008], they are erroneously mentioned as the expansions of the future-directed radial null geodesics.
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Late last Friday afternoon, in a blatant “late news dump” to avoid making headlines about the Internal Revenue’s witch hunt against conservative non-profits, the IRS disclosed to Congress that five more of the IRS computers containing relevant records had mysteriously crashed. Those computers belonged to colleagues of Lois Lerner, whose conduct is at the center of the investigation.
Perhaps there is some strange computer virus that selectively trashes records inconvenient to incumbents, like the “glitch” that erased part of Nixon’s tapes. How else to explain the fact that this is the fourth announcement of an ever-expanding computer calamity connected to Lois Lerner to emerge from the IRS? First it was just Lerner’s computer that was affected, then those of her closest co-conspirators, then “no more than twenty” computers, and now an ever larger batch of burned out workstations.
Even more interesting, the IRS has apparently not yet shared this newest tidbit with Judge Emmet G. Sullivan, the distinguished and courageous jurist presiding over Judicial Watch’s Freedom of Information Act lawsuit. Judge Sullivan has made the most progress so far in uncovering the conspiracy among Lerner and friends to target, harass and illegally obtain information from conservative non-profit organizations to benefit Mr. Obama’s reelection campaign—for which the law firm of Ms. Lerner’s husband, Michael Miles, also hosted a voter registration event.
Tom Fitton, President of Judicial Watch, told the Observer: “The belated admission of more supposed missing IRS evidence shows this Obama administration is absolutely contemptuous of Judge Sullivan. Judicial Watch lawyers are preparing to ask the court this week for relief in light of the Obama administration’s continuing efforts to thwart Judge Sullivan’s orders. In the least, we plan to request discovery to get past this Nixonian obstruction.”
Some of the IRS emails, which miraculously survived long enough to be produced, expose that Ms. Lerner and her comrades also corruptly requested donor information from conservative charities for a “secret research project.” The IRS has also admitted illegally using and disclosing that information.
We broke the news last week that Lerner and the IRS wiped and destroyed her Blackberry and all its content even after the congressional investigation began. The IRS reluctantly disclosed that information only because Judge Emmet G. Sullivan didn’t accept the carefully crafted declarations in the agency’s first response. As we predicted—and thankfully for the American public—he pushed for more information. He required the IRS to submit additional declarations, answering even more specific questions. Had he not done so, we wouldn’t know Lerner and the IRS also destroyed her Blackberry. The IRS did not make any mention of her Blackberry in any of its many prior filings—much less in its initial sworn declarations.
We have no report yet from the Treasury Inspector General, and at the rate the IRS officials keep proving it’s own prior testimony perjurious or wrong, it’s an ever moving target. Indeed, according to the AP, “J. Russell George, the Treasury inspector general for tax administration, said his investigation is ongoing, with facts ‘still coming to light.’”
While the agency continues to blame “computer crashes” for the now more than 20 people whose emails are “missing,” no IRS official has yet to identify when or how each computer crashed—much less why. We know Lois Lerner’s hard drive, which was “scratched” only a matter of days after receiving a letter from Congress requesting her emails. The IRS then destroyed it. The IRS followed a year later with the destruction of her unimpaired Blackberry containing emails for the same period. As we reported first, it made no effort whatsoever to obtain information from the Blackberry—despite being well into the Congressional inquiry. That is obstruction of justice and destruction of evidence—worse than the conduct for which Leslie Caldwell, now head of the Criminal Division of the Department of Justice, destroyed Arthur Andersen LLP and its 85,000 jobs.
Any number of federal criminal statutes might apply to these facts, including Title 18 of the United States Code, Section 1343—Wire Fraud; Section 1503—Influencing officer generally; 1505—Obstruction of proceedings before department, agencies and committees; and Section 1519—Destruction, alteration, or falsification of records in federal investigations. Sections 1343 and 1503 are also predicate offenses for the federal Racketeering Statute, Section 1961, which provides that a “pattern of racketeering activity” can be proved by committing two predicate acts. These statutes are punishable by terms of imprisonment varying from five to twenty years.
While Lois Lerner and her husband vacationed in Nantucket, Judge Sullivan gave Magistrate Judge Facciola until September 20 to “assist the parties” in finding the emails from other sources. The IRS has admitted there is a massive back-up of all federal emails, but prefers to continue to obstruct justice rather than go to the trouble of finding the emails. I wouldn’t want to be the Department of Justice lawyer making that argument to Judge Emmet Sullivan.
When Judicial Watch asks for more discovery, Judge Sullivan could order the IRS to go to the back-up data immediately. He could also have a third party retrieve the information from the servers. The IRS has no credibility.
So yet again, the IRS simply creates more questions and at least five more reasons for Judge Sullivan to name a special prosecutor. When did each of the now more than 20 computer crashes occur—by date and time? How could that possibly happen? Why did the IRS prematurely cancel its longstanding contract for backup? Why did it take this long to find out that 5 more had “crashed?” Where is the Blackberry or other device for each of the persons whose computer crashed? What servers are implicated? Whose resignations are forthcoming? Why is Koskinen still there? Who is on Emmet Sullivan’s short list to be the special prosecutor?
Evidence is mounting by the day that Lois Lerner and her co-conspirators abused the power of the sovereign, violated the trust of the people, lied to Congress, destroyed documents and evidence of their wrongdoing, and violated multiple criminal statutes.
With the revelations of this last week, Lois Lerner and the IRS might as well be sitting on a ticking bomb . . . and it’s about to explode.
CORRECTION: An earlier version of this article cited an incorrect Section of Title 18 of the United States Code. The Observer regrets the error.
Sidney Powell worked in the Department of Justice for 10 years and was lead counsel in more than 500 federal appeals. She served nine U.S. Attorneys from both political parties and is the author of Licensed to Lie: Exposing Corruption in the Department of Justice. |
Circulating COMP is decreased in pseudoachondroplasia and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia patients carrying COMP mutations.
Mutations in the gene encoding cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) cause two common skeletal dysplasias, pseudoachondroplasia (PSACH) and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED). At present, diagnosis of these diseases is based primarily on clinical and radiographic findings and is sometimes erroneous, particularly in adult patients. However, genetic diagnosis is difficult, because COMP mutations are scattered throughout the gene and five additional disease genes for MED exist. There is evidence that circulating COMP may serve as a molecular indicator of a variety of diseases affecting cartilage. Therefore, we investigated plasma COMP concentrations in 21 patients with PSACH or MED. Of these, six PSACH and seven MED patients carried COMP mutations, and the remaining eight MED patients lacked mutations in COMP. We observed significantly decreased plasma COMP levels in patients with COMP mutations compared with controls (P < 0.0001). In addition, plasma COMP levels were significantly decreased in MED patients carrying mutations in COMP relative to those who lacked COMP mutations (P = 0.001). Our results indicate that circulating COMP levels reflect genetic abnormalities in COMP, providing an easier, more rapid and cost-efficient method for diagnosing PSACH and particularly for MED. |
Q:
model association for a e-store app
I'm developing an e-store app using ruby on rails and I'm a bit confused about the model associations. It would help me if someone could give me an idea about the tables and their associations. Here are the details:
Parent tables:
=>Categories,
occasions,
Hot Deals
Under Categories:
=>Men,
Women,
Kids
Under Men:
=>Shirts,
Trousers
Under Women:
=>Shirts,
Trousers,
Skirts
Under Kids:
=>Shirts,
Trousers
Under Occasions
=>Ethnic,
Party,
Travel,
Casual,
Formal
Under Hot Deals
=>Hot Deals Index
And lastly every last sub-table will have product index.
Thank you!
A:
What you would generally do with something like this is build a Taxonomy tree to that would be associated with the products, allowing you to group products together. A many to many relation between Taxonomy and Product let's you associate a product with multiple groups, so a T-Shirt might be under Categories > Men > Shirts as well as Occasion > Casual.
# app/models/taxonomy.rb
class Taxonomy < ActiveRecord::Base
has_many :taxonomies
has_and_belongs_to_many :products
end
# app/models/product.rb
class Product < ActiveRecord::Base
has_and_belongs_to_many :taxonomies
end
then a migration for the join table between taxonomy/product
rails g migration create_products_taxonomies
and edit it
def change
create_table(:products_taxonomies, :id => false) do |t|
t.references :product
t.references :taxonomy
end
end
From there you would basically create in the database 3 Taxons, 1 for each of your sections, then create the Taxonomy and build out the sub levels. When you create your products, assign the right Taxonomy to the product and your set.
A seed file might look like...
Taxonomy.create!(:name => "Category").tap do |category|
category.taxonomies.create!(:name => "Men").tap do |men|
men.taxonomies.create!(:name => "Shirt")
men.taxonomies.create!(:name => "Trousers")
end
# and so on for each category
end
Then when you create a Product, you can associate it with the Taxonomy and use that Taxonomy to pull up a list of products that are associated with it.
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If Die Hard is a Christmas movie, so is Jaws: The Revenge!
Around this time of the year, all the horror sites across the net spend a good deal of time talking about holiday horror classics like Black Christmas and Silent Night, Deadly Night, and sometimes we even get a little bit obscure by shining the spotlight on lesser-known gems like Elves and Don’t Open Till Christmas. But these are all horror movies with very obvious Christmas themes and settings, often directly noted in their titles. Other horror films, well, they’re so subtly set around Christmastime that maybe you didn’t even notice. Or maybe you’ve forgotten over the years.
Today we wanted to talk about the Christmas horror movies that are almost never actually classified as Christmas horror movies. But they totally are, and they deserve that recognition.
Here are 5 of them!
1) JAWS: THE REVENGE
One could say that the Jaws franchise “jumped the shark” in the wake of Steven Spielberg forever making the entire world terrified of the water, and 1987 sequel Jaws: The Revenge is pretty strong evidence of that fact. The film implies that sharks basically have a vendetta against the Brody family, and in it Ellen Brody (wife of Martin Brody) seeks revenge for all the torment they’ve caused her family. In the opening sequence, young Sean Brody is eaten by a massive shark on the frigid waters of Amity at Christmastime, while the local choir sings classic holiday tunes off in the distance. The quick cuts back and forth between the attack and the singing kids makes for a pretty effective opening scene, firmly establishing Jaws: The Revenge as a Christmas film.
2) MANIAC COP 2
Picking up directly after the events of the first film, 1990’s Maniac Cop 2 is the rare sequel that’s probably better than its predecessor… and it’s also set around Christmastime! Bruce Campbell reprises the role of Jack Forrest, once again coming face-to-face with the undead Matt Cordell (who teams up with a NYC serial killer). The holiday has a strong presence in the film even if it’s never part of the storyline; Christmas decorations are in the background of most scenes. Cordell never dons a Santa suit, but his second outing was undoubtedly a Christmas slasher.
3) INSIDE
The brutal 2007 French horror film Inside doesn’t exactly make for family-friendly viewing around the holidays, but what you may not remember is that the bulk of the film takes place on Christmas Eve. Alone in her house just four months after losing her husband in a car wreck, the pregnant Sarah is tormented by a mysterious woman with a vendetta. Nothing about Inside really screams Christmas, but when you consider that it’s a film primarily centered on a baby being born on Christmas day… that’s pretty much the story of Christmas in a nutshell, is it not?!
4) PARANORMAL ACTIVITY: THE GHOST DIMENSION
Last year’s Paranormal Activity: The Ghost Dimension wasn’t exactly a memorable end to the long-running franchise, but you’d be hard-pressed to find another horror movie that makes better use of the 3D technology that it employs. The other thing that differentiates it from the other films in the series? It’s the Christmas one! Yes, Ghost Dimension is totally set right before Christmas, and a massive tree in the family home is on display throughout the entirety of the movie. It’s rare that horror franchises have Christmas installments, so props to PA for getting festive.
5) THE CONJURING 2
As we told you last month, James Wan very intentionally made this year’s The Conjuring 2 a Christmas movie, explaining to us that the holiday played a huge role in the story. “My aim was to make The Conjuring 2 a Christmas-themed and set horror film,” he said. “It felt very relevant with the characters and the world.” The England-set sequel obviously takes place around Christmastime, as decorations are seen in the background and several holiday tunes are played. There’s even a memorable scene where the Hodgson kids decorate a Christmas tree.
Other unlikely Christmas genre films include The Stepfather (2009), Prometheus, and Jurassic World. Can you think of any others? Comment and let us know! |
Viewing Issues on BitBucket Requires Logging In - grhmc
https://bitbucket.org/pypa/setuptools/issues/409/unable-to-build-wheel-from-unittest2
======
kannonboy
I suspect this repository has the issue tracker mode set to "private". If the
owner changes it to "public" issues will be anonymously accessible:
[http://i.imgur.com/JqCvXNU.png](http://i.imgur.com/JqCvXNU.png)
|
Q:
How to escape double-quotes in ansible variable
I have an ansible playbook which accepts a variable, passing a variable with quotes in it(its needed), that variable will used to query against DB
Playbook
- name: Execute clear script
script: scripts/clear-documents.sh {{ids}}
Command
ansible-playbook playbooks/maintenance.yml -i hosts -t clear -e ids=["foo", "bar"]
in this process script receives the input as [foo, bar] instead of ["foo", "bar"]
I tried escaping using backslash but that did not help
ansible-playbook playbooks/maintenance.yml -i hosts -t clear -e ids=[\"foo\", \"bar\"]
Adding double quotes in playbook, makes the input like "[foo,bar]" and not ["foo", "bar"]
script: scripts/clear-documents.sh "{{ids}}"
I searched a lot but did not get any proper solution, is there a way to handler this
Note:
ansible version - 2.2.3.0
A:
The thing you are looking for is quote, in combination with @JGK's correct usage of -e ids='["foo", "bar"]' because you were not quoting them on the way into ansible, and then you were not quoting them on the way out of ansible in that shell: task
- shell: scripts/clear-documents.sh {{ ids | quote }}
|
Q:
Develop a mobile application based on an existing Django website/app
We have a website written in Django, that has been running for a few years. Now we would like to develop a mobile application for Android and iOS, using as much as possible from the Django-site.
E.g. classes from models, like users and relevant functions, other data, etc
What would be the best/easiest way to approach this issue.
We have been looking at several other questions like this, but all seem to be a few years old
Is there any options to using e.g. Django REST API?
We are just a group of students, and any help/pointers on where to start would be much appreciated!
A:
For Mobile App you need to have APIs . So in Django, You can write APIs using Django Rest Framework or tastypie . You can use Video
link to start writing the apis. If you want any detail help click here
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This article highlights an approach based on authentic data, by focusing on recent research related to collection, processing and analysis of a large French text-message corpus, entitled 88milSMS (http://88milsms.huma-num.fr/, Panckhurst, Détrie, Lopez, Moïse, Roche, Verine, 2014), including a sociolinguistic questionnaire submitted to donors (with their answers). The authors, using a pluridisciplinary approach (linguistics/language sciences, computer science, Natural Language Processing), explain why they chose to give the scientific community and the general public access to the SMS corpus.
Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.
Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days. |
News and commentary about the reigning royal houses of the United Kingdom, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, the Netherlands, Spain, Monaco -- and the former European monarchies as well.
Pages
Monday, February 28, 2011
Queen Anne of Roumania gave birth to a daughter today in Lausanne, according to the Associated Press. The infant princess, who weighed five pounds, is the third daughter for the exiled King Michael of Romania and his wife.
The baby's name was not announced. She joins two older sisters, Princess Margarita and Princess Helen.
Donna Vittoria Ruspoli hosted a reception tonight for more than 2,000 people in honor of her daughter, Emmanuele de Dampierre's forthcoming marriage to Infant Don Jaime of Spain, second son of the former King Alfonso XIII.
The Associated Press reports that the guests included royalty and nobility of Spain, France and Italy and many Americans." The reception was held at the Palazzo Poggio Suasa. Members of the Spanish royal family were present, and were joined by the Crown Prince and Crown Princess of Italy, Grand Duke Dimitri of Russia and former Queen Amelia of Portugal.
The American Ambassador and Mrs. Breckinridge Long also attended.
The bride-to-be's maternal grandmother is the former Josephine Curtis of Boston.
Grand Duchess Marie Pavlovna, the wife of Grand Duke Vladimir, "is trying to shield his life with her own," according to the New York Times. Grand Duke Vladimir "is high on the list of those condemned to death by the Terrorists."
Since "Red Sunday," the Grand Duke has received numerous "threats and warnings." He has also received from abroad "formal letters signed by different groups, informing him of his sentence to death, and the assignment of the men to execute it."
Grand Duchess Marie, like Grand Duchess Elisabeth, the widow of the slain Grand Duke Serge, has been notified that "her life and her sons' lives would be spared." She has also received an appeal to not "go abroad in her husband's company."
Grand Duke Vladimir's family and household have been under great strain since January 22, and he insists that he is not responsible for the bloodshed that occurred on that day. He has been in poor health for over a year, and he is now "almost a complete wreck."
The police have advised that the Grand Duke stay "within the walls of his palace," but since the funeral of Grand Duke Serge, Vladimir "has shaken off the restraint," and said he refuses "show cowardice." He drives out in a closed carriage, and on Sunday "walked for a short time up and down the quay in front of the Winter Palace."
The Grand Duke is always, however, accompanied by his wife. He has tried "to elude her," but she "insists upon being immediately apprised if he is going out." The Grand Duchess refuses to allow her husband to go outside without her, as she knows that he will not be attacked if she is with him. In short, Grand Duchess Marie Pavlovna is providing her husband with a life-saving shield.
Prince Georg Friedrich of Prussia and Princess Sophie of Isenburg will be married on August 27th at the Friedenkirche in Potsdam. The marriage service will be ecumenical, as the groom is Lutheran and the bride, Roman Catholic.
Seven hundred guests will be invited to the wedding. The Friedenkirche, also known as the Peace Church, is on the grounds of the Sanssouci estate. The remains of Emperor Friedrich III and Empress Victoria, eldest daughter of Queen Victoria, are buried in the vault of the Friedenkirche.
Sunday, February 27, 2011
I do not go to the movies a lot. In fact, I rarely go to the movies. Of the ten nominated films, I saw one: The King's Speech. I saw it twice, actually. I saw Alice in Wonderland, Harry Potter, Tangled, and How Do You Know. I was an extra in How Do you Know, playing a Washington Nationals Fan.
Suffice to say, I am delighted and excited that The King's Speech won Best Picture and Colin Firth as Best Actor. I look forward to the DVD ... and ask for going to the movies. Nothing is catching my attention right now, so it could be months before I venture again into a movie, although I will be seeing the final Harry Potter film.
Friday, February 25, 2011
Prince Laurent has certainly become the enfant terrible of the Belgian royal family. Only last week he was stripped of his driver's license after being pulled over in Brussels for driving 19 miles over the speed limit.
Now comes word of further bad behavior by King Albert's youngest son. According to news report, the Prince and his wife, Princess Claire "regally settled into business class seats" on a Brussels Airline flight last June en route to the wedding of Crown Princess Victoria. Several members of the crew asked the Prince and Princess to "remove themselves to the back of the plane." The couple had purchased economy seats. Prince Laurent grumbled and called the crew "unprofessional." He also refused to pay for drinks, "leading Swedish passengers to do do the same."
Prince Laurent and Princess Claire did the same thing two months later, when they, their three children, and a nanny, booked economy seats on a flight from Italy, where they had been on vacation, but when they got on the plane, they "grabbed seats in the business section."
The crew did not want a scene, so they "kept quiet," and did not ask the couple to move to their ticketed seats.
Prime Minister Yves Leterme called the incidents "incorrect," and was distancing himself from the 47-year-old Prince. The Prime Minister's comments were reported by Belga news agency.
The original report was published in two Flemish newspapers, De Morgen and Het Laatste Nieuws.
Several questions: why didn't Princess Claire say to her husband, "darling, I think we are in the wrong seats. We should move to our right seats." Or was she a willing participant, and condones her husband's behavior. Perhaps there is a third view: is Princess Claire afraid of her husband's temper, and does not want to upset the royal applecart.
Deputy Conservative Leader Anthony Eden has denied "a silly rumor" of his "impending engagement to the Duchess of Kent," sister-in-law of King George VI, according to United Press, which picked up the story from London's Sunday Pictorial, a tabloid.
The Duke of Kent was killed in "an air crash in 1942." Mr. Eden's marriage ended in divorce last year, and his former wife now lives in the United States. The Duchess of Kent is the former Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark.
The condition of former King Alfonso XIII of Spain is considered "very grave," according to the New York Times.
A bulletin was issued at 9 p.m., tonight, which said that Alfonso had a suffered "a series of grave attacks involving insufficient respiratory action during the past twenty-four hours. The attacks continue."
Only yesterday, the king's doctors had noted a "relative improvement" in the former monarch's condition.
King Alfonso's wife, Queen Victoria Eugenia, and his two sons, remain at his bedside in a Rome hospital. His doctor, Cesare Frugoni, remains in "constant attendance," and is in "easy reach if the crisis, already grave, should become worse."
The Duke of Guise has announced the engagement of his son, Prince Henri, Count of Paris, to Princess Isabelle of Orleans-Braganza.
The Duke is pretender to the French throne, having succeeded his cousin, the Duke of Orleans, in 1926. Under French law, neither the Duke nor his son can live in France. Their primary residence is at the Chateau D'Anjou at Woluwe, near Brussels.
Princess Isabelle, who was born in 1911, is the daughter of Prince Louis Philippe of Orleans-Braganza. He was born in Brazil, and was pretended "to the Brazilian throne until he renounced his rights in 1908."
According to the Associated Press report, the "date for the wedding was not made known."
An exclusive cable dispatch to the Los Angeles Times. It's not a secret anymore. Princess Joachim Albrecht of Prussia, who has "frequently described by the German press as the most beautiful member" of former Kaiser Wilhelm's family," is revealed to be Karoline "Lilly " Stockhammer, a 'well-know figure at Baden-Baden and Monte Carlo," before she married Prince Joachim-Albrecht.
The former Miss Stockhammer was a dancer with her partner, Baron Sascha von Meyer, and they, according to press reports, "created something of a sensation at the playgrounds of royalty."
Lilly is the second morganatic wife for Prince Joachim Albrecht. His first wife was the "notorious" Marie Sulzer.
The Princess is "very popular" in society circles in Berlin and Vienna. Although she is a morganatic wife, German and Austrian newspapers refer to her as Princess Joachim Albrecht.
It's official. The Duke and Duchess of Connaught have announced the engagement of their daughter, Princess Margaret, to Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden and Norway, the eldest son of Crown Prince Gustaf and Crown Princess Victoria.
The bride-to-be's uncle, King Edward VII, has "given his sanction and approval to the engagement," reports the Chicago Daily Tribune.
The date of the wedding has not been set.
Prince Gustaf Adolf is a "dashing army officer and sportsman." He is said to be "extremely popular with both Swedes and Norwegians."
The official announcement was made in the Court Circular. "Their Majesties the King and Queen to-day received the gratifying intelligence of the betrothal of Her Royal Highness Princess Margaret Victoria Augusta Charlotte Norah of Connaught, eldest daughter of Their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Connaught to His Royal Highness Prince Oscar Frederick William Olaf Gustavus Adolphus, Duke of Schonen, eldest son of Their Royal Highnesses the Crown Prince and Crown Princess of Sweden and Norway, and Grandson of Their Majesties the King and Queen of Sweden and Norway.
"Their impending marriage has the King's entire sanction and approval."
Prince Gustaf Adolf's mother, the former Princess Victoria of Baden, is the daughter of the late Emperor Friedrich's sister, Luise, and Princess Margaret is "of course, the niece, of the late Empress Frederick," reports the The Times of London.
The announcement of the engagement has elicited "general expressions of joy" in Sweden.
Thursday, February 24, 2011
The body of Field Marshal Archduke Albrecht of Austria, Duke of Teschen, arrived in Vienna from Arco this evening, reports the the New York Times. The archduke's coffin was "taken from the train to the funeral car," with a military escort. The car, drawn by six horses, was escorted by "a squadron of cavalry and the Emperor's bodyguard," and taken to the Hofburg.
The streets were lined with crowds, as the Viennese paid their respects to the late Duke of Teschen who died at Arco on February 18.
Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany will be coming to Vienna for the funeral. He is expected to arrive before noon, and leave for Berlin later in the evening. The Duke of Aosta "started for Vienna this evening," and will be representing King Umberto of Italy.
The Archduke was born on August 3, 1817 at Vienna, the eldest son of Archduke Johann and Princess Henriette of Nassau-Weilburg. On May 1, 1844 in Munich, he married Princess Hildegard of Bavaria. They had three children, Archduchess Maria Theresia, who was born in 1845, Archduke Karl Albrecht (who died at age 18 months in 1848); and Archduchess Mathilde, who died at age 18 in 1867). Archduchess Maria Theresia is married to Philipp, Duke of Württemberg.
Archduchess Hildegard died in 1864.
The Teschen dukedom passes to the late Archduke's nephew, Archduke Friedrich, who is married to Princess Isabella of Croy.
The Belgian government has asked the Duke of Orléans to "curtail his stay in Brussels in order to prevent misunderstanding," reports the Brussels correspondent for London's The Morning Post.
The Duke will leave for Turin, Italy, later today.
The Associated Press is reporting that former Grand Duke Friedrich August of Oldenburg died today. He was 78 years old.
He abdicated on November 11, 1918, after a "group of revolutionary sailors from Wilhelmshaven told him that time for royalty in Germany had passed." Friedrich August retired to his family estate at Rastede and "took up farming and local industrial interests." A year after his abdication, the Grand Duke "presented a claim to the Oldenburg Diet for an allowance of 150,000 marks annually for his family for fifty years." In his claim, he stated that his financial situation was "extremely precarious." Three years later, he was "reported to be at the head of a meat packing plant" in Oldenburg.
In 1926, Friedrich August "courteously refused," citing old age, an offer from the citizens of Rastede "to become their Mayor."
It is said that the former Grand Duke was the first European sovereign to visit the United States. He came in 1904, traveling incognito as Count Lensahn, and "accompanied only by a valet." He visited Niagara Falls and the Metropolitan Opera. During his visit, he "received no official attentions." He spent only a short amount of time in the United States, "crossing the Atlantic and returning so quickly," as he wanted to be out of Oldenburg to avoiding meeting with Kaiser Wilhelm II, who "had announced his intention of going to Oldenburg to discuss the then bitter question of the succession" in Oldenburg.
He succeeded his father in 1901, as Grand Duke of a "little territory encompassing about 2,500 square miles on Germany's northwestern coast.
Grand Duke Friedrich August was married twice. After the death of his first wife in 1895, Princess Elisabeth of Prussia, he married Duchess Elizabeth of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. He is survived by his wife, Elisabeth, and four children, Duchess Sophie Charlotte, who was once married to Prince Eitel Friedrich of Prussia; Duke Nikolaus, who succeeds him as head of the house; Duchess Ingeborg, the wife of Prince Stephan of Schaumburg-Lippe; and Duchess Altburg, the wife of Prince Josias of Waldeck und Pyrmont.
Former Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria is engaged to Princess Antonia of Luxembourg, according to the Berlin newspaper, Kreuz-Zeitung. A previous engagement between the former heir to the Bavarian throne and Princess Antonia "was broken off after the revolution in Bavaria."
Princess Antonia is one of five sisters of Grand Duchess Marie Adelaide of Luxembourg. She was born in 1899. During the war, Rupprecht "was in command of the German armies" on the northern front "of the western theatre." His first wife, Duchess Marie Gabriele in Bavaria died in 1912.
Rupprecht was born in 1869.
Prince Karl Alfred of Croy "has committed suicide because he was jilted by a peasant girl," according to the New York Times, which based its account on a report by the Vienna correspondent of London's The Morning Leader newspaper.
Prince Karl Alfredwas the fourth child and only son of Rudolf, the Duke of Croy, and Princess Natalie de Ligne. He was born in 1859 in Brussels. He married in 1888 to Princess Ludmilla of Arenberg. The couple have four children.
One of Prince Karl's sisters, Isabella, is married to Archduke Friedrich of Austria, Duke of Teschen.
[ Karl Alfred did not commit suicide in 1901. He succeeded his father on February 8. 1902. Duke Karl Alfred died in 1906.]
Wednesday, February 23, 2011
Lily Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, the divorced wife of Duke Heinrich Borwin of Mecklenburg-Schwerin died today at the Hotel Richelieu in San Francisco, reports the Associated Press.
The former duchess, who had lived at the hotel for the last year, died of pneumonia. She was 51 years old. She was a native of Cheyenne, Wyoming.
The Duchess was born Natalie Oelrichs. She was a social leader in San Francisco and in Newport, Rhode. Her first husband, Peter Martin, a Pacific coast polo player, became ill during a visit to Paris in 1913, and died two years later in Santa Barbara.
Duke Heinrich Borwin, nephew of the then reigning grand duke, and a cousin of the Crown Princess of Germany, visited San Francisco in 1915, during the Panama-Pacific international exposition. He was a guest at the Martins' home, and after Martin's death, the duke "renewed his acquaintance" with Mrs. Martin. A "romance followed" and the duke and Mrs. Martin were married in New York in 1915.
The couple lived in San Francisco for some time, where Duke Heinrich Borwin "was employed as an automobile salesman." It was at this time, the duchess "inherited a fortune estimated at $5,000.000."
The duke and duchess separated after the war, and Heinrich Borwin returned to Germany, where he wrote a book about his war experiences, High Highess, the Stoker. They were divorced in 1921.
The Duchess is survived by her son, Charles Martin of San Francisco; her parents, Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Oelrichs of New York and Newport, and a sister, Mrs. Harrison Tweed. The funeral was held today at St. Patrick's Cathedral in San Francisco.
[Lily's will was filed on November 23, 1931. She left her large estate "in trust to her parents," and disinherited her son, Charles Oelrichs martin "for lack of filial respect." After the deaths of her parents, according to her will, the estate "is to revert to her sister, Mrs. Blanche Marie Oelrichs Tweed, wife of Harrison Tweed of New York," and two nephews, Leonard M. Thomas and Robin M. Thomas and a niece, Diana Blanche Barrymore." Blanche Oelrichs was previously married to the actor John Barrymore.
The marriage between Lily and Peter D. Martin took place at St. Joseph's Church in Newport on July 24, 1902. It was one of the social weddings of the year, and the guests included Mrs. Astor, Col and Mrs John Jacob Astor, the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough, Mr. and Mrs. Cornelius Vanderbilt, Mr. and Mrs. William K. Vanderbilt, Jr., Mr. and Mrs. F.W. Vanderbilt.
Peter Martin, who was in Paris, working for a Paris bank, became ill in July 1913. He was suffering from "severe mental trouble."]
Duke Ernst Gunther of Schleswig-Holstein died yesterday at his home at Primkenau, Silesia, according to a report in the New York Times. He was 57 years old.
The Duke was the brother of former German Empress Auguste Viktoria. Her doctors "consider her consition too serious to permit her being informed" of her brother's death. Auguste Viktoria remains in grave condition at Doorn, in the Netherlands.
The Duke is survived by his wife, the former Princess Dorothea of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The couple had no children, and he is succeeded by his cousin, Prince Albert of Schleswig-Holstein, son of the late Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein and his wife, Princess Helena of Great Britain.
Although King Leopold II continues to deny that his youngest daughter, Princess Clementine, is engaged to marry Prince Victor Napoleon, he has admitted publicly that the prince "is a suitor for the hand of the princess, and that the latter is in love with the prince." The Marquise de Fontenoy bases her report on an article in the Etoile Belge, recognized as the official organ of the court and the king.
King Leopold is "accustomed to make semi-official communications to his subjects."
The statement reads "We are authorized to add that the king is strongly opposed to the union, and we have reason to believe that her royal highness the princess would not wish to act contrary to the wishes of her father in the matter."
It is has been suggested that "in this particular instance," the king is "acting sensibly," and he is "justified in his hostility to the projected matrimonial alliance." The Marquise states that Prince Victor Napoleon "has been ecclesiastically married for years" to a former ballet dancer, Marie Biot, who is slightly older than the Prince, about "47 years of age - and is disposed to embonpoint."
The Prince and the ballet dancer have several children together, although she and the children do not live with him in his house on Avenue Louise in Brussels, "but resident at an adjoining mansion, so that even the French noblemen who volunteer to act as his gentlemen-in-waiting do not come in contact with the ex-ballerina."
Parental consent is "regarded as indispensable to the validity of a marriage," no matter the age of the couples. Prince Victor Napoleon may avail himself of the "plea that he neglected to obtain his mother's sanction to declare his marriage to the stout and no longer comely mother of his children as null and void."
Morganatic marriages are not recognized in Belgium nor in France, "no matter what the difference of rank between the contracting parties, or else it is not marriage at all."
Thus, King Leopold "cannot be blamed for objecting" to Clementine "marrying a man with entanglements, such as Prince Victor's actress wife and her children." Leopold may also be "prompted by political considerations," and he does not want to offend France by agreeing to a marriage between his daughter and Prince Victor, who has been "banished by the French government."
Victor Napoleon's "previous matrimonial venture" is reason enough to give Leopold "good grounds for his hostility to the projected match."
Former King Peter II of Yugoslavia, and his wife, Queen Alexandra, arrived in New York today on the Queen Mary, reports the Associated Press. Reporters showed the king "newspaper reports of a rift, and a subsequent reconciliation," and asked Peter if they were true. King Peter responded: "No." He and Queen Alexandra made no further comments regarding the state of their marriage.
King Peter and the former Princess Alexandra of Greece were married in London in 1944. They have one son, Crown Prince Alexander, who was born in July 1945.
Princess Helen of Roumania, the divorced wife of King Carol II, and her younger sister, Princess Irene of Greece, "were injured tonight in an automobile accident" between Montselice and Stangella in Padua, reports United Press.
Helen, the mother of Crown Prince Michael, "suffered leg injuries," and Princess Irene was "cut slightly on the head and chest."
They were taken to a hospital in Rovigo, where they were treated and released. The two princesses are now resting at a local hotel, where they will remain for a few days.
The Princesses were en route from Brioni to Florence when the accident happened.
Preparations continue to be made for the "reception of the expected royal heir," according to a special cablegram to the New York Times.
An official statement was released concerning the preparations for the birth of King Alfonso XIII and Queen Victoria Eugenia's first child.
"The baby's cradle with be the one in which Alfonso XII slept. It rests on four Corinthian columns and is surmounted by two pillars bearing the royal crown of Spain. These pillars support curtains of old Brussels lace.
"The coverings of the little bed are hand embroidered, some with garlands of rosebuds and others with butterflies in white silk.
"By the desire of King Alfonso all the baby clothes are of Spanish make, the majority being products of marvelous painstaking industry of Spanish nuns. Scores of charming little garments of the finest silk, flannel and nainsook, trimmed with lace and raised embroidery, are being made. They bear the royal crown in relief and are adorned with satin ribbons of white and pale rose.
"Queen Victoria Eugenie has shown a preference for Valenciennes lace and broderie Anglaise. Many of the trimmings used are priceless old Mechlin lace which has been in the possession of the Spanish royal family since the days of Ferdinand VII. The christening robe has been made by a Madrid firm. It is lavishly adored with Irish lace."
Several Russian Grand Dukes have arrived in Moscow to attend the funeral of Grand Duke Serge, "in spite of the warnings of the police," who have stated that they are "unable to guarantee" the safety of members of the Imperial family, according to the New York Times
Grand Duke Alexis arrived in Moscow last night to attend his brother's funeral. This morning, Grand Duke Vladimir went to Tsarkoe-Selo. Both trips "were successful accomplished."
Both Grand Dukes traveled to the railroad stations in "closed carriages driven by coachmen without liveries and traveled in special cars."
Several other Grand Dukes will also be arriving in Moscow today. Grand Duke Vladimir is unable to attend the funeral, "owing to indisposition caused by a chill."
Monday, February 21, 2011
According to author Leo Audenhaege, King Albert II has an illegitimate half sister, Ingeborg Verdun, whose mother, Liselotte Landbeck, is alleged to have had an affair with the late King Leopold III during the winter of 1939-1940. Ingeborg was born in December 1940.
Landbeck was born in Vienna, Austria in 1916. She competed in both figure and speed skating. In 1934, she won the bronze medal at the World Figure Skating Championships. She married Belgian figure skater Robert Verdun in 1935, and began competing for Belgium. She represented Belgium in the 1936 Olympic Games, where she finished fourth in the Ladies' Figure Skating Competition.
Van Audenhaege reveals the story in his latest book, Van Küssnacht naar Argenteuil (From Küssnacht to Argenteuil).
Ingeborg, who lives in the United States under another name, is now 70 years old. She did not learn the truth until she was fifty.
"I was fifty when I first heard that my father is not my father," Verdun told the weekly Belgian magazine, Humo. " Fifty, you know what that means? I was stunned. That destroys your life."
Liselote Landbeck, now 94, lives in a nursing home abroad.http://www.nieuwsblad.be/article/detail.aspx?articleid=DMF20110221_118
Ingeborg, who bears the first name of Leopold's mother-in-law, Princess Ingeborg of Sweden, is not the first alleged illegitimate child attributed to King Leopold. Count Michel Didisheim, who was born in 1930, has been described as Leopold's natural son. The claims were made in two books, A Throne in Brussels by Paul Belien and De Kroon Ontbloot (the Crown Uncovered.) The second book was authored by Noel Vaessen, who once served as Prince Laurent's military aide.
After the publication of both books, Count Michel, who worked for many years at King Albert's private secretary, issued a statement denying that he was Leopold's son.
King Albert is the father of an illegitimate daughter, Delphine Boel, whose mother is Baroness Sybille de Selys Longchamps.
The invitations to the Royal wedding have been sent out ... I don't expect an invite ... and, yes, invite is a noun, as well as a verb, at least according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the doyen of dictionaries.
Invite is a noun, "The act of inviting, an invitation." The use of the word "invite" as a noun is found as far back as 1659 "Bishop Cranmer gives him an earnest invite to England." In 1818, from Lady Morgan's Passages from My Autobiography, "For Monday we have had three dinner invites."
Invite is also a verb. I do not expect to be invited to William's wedding. I did receive an invite to join friends for dinner.
It is being reported that 40 foreign royals have been invited. Buckingham Palace has never released a complete list of guests for royal weddings. I covered The Duke of York's wedding for the Associated Press. and received a press kit with all of the appropriate information. One of the press releases was the list of the members of the reigning royal houses, but not other royals, including the family members. On the day of Prince Edward's wedding, the palace did release a list of royals that included some of the family members. But the palace has never been good at releasing a complete list of guests, including foreign royals, distant cousins, and others.
One assumes that invitations have been sent all of the reigning royal houses. The invitations are sent in the name of the Queen, not the Prince of Wales nor the bride and groom, which makes me think that the royal delegations will be of the highest level, i.e, sovereigns and consorts, but not their heirs. Six hundred of the wedding guests will be invited to the wedding breakfast reception after the ceremony. This reception is hosted by Queen Elizabeth II. It seems plausible that most of the reigning monarchs will be attending.
Here is my possible list: Queen Beatrix, Margarethe and Henrik from Denmark, Harald and Sonja from Norway, Carl XVI Gustaf and Siliva of Sweden, Juan Carlos and Sofia of Spain, Henri and Maria Teresa of Luxembourg, Hans-Adam and Marie of Liechtenstein, Albert and Paola of the Belgians and Albert of Monaco with Miss Wittstock, although she may be seated separately as she is not a Serene Highness. This means she will sit with Albert, but not be in the official procession.
King Juan Carlos does not usually attend royal weddings, but he and Sofia were planning to attend Charles and Diana's wedding, but had to bow out because of that little problem of Charles and Diana spending a part of their honeymoon in Gibraltar. The Spanish couple may choose to attend simply because they were unable to be at Charles' wedding.
Unlike other royal weddings, foreign contingents at British royal weddings are largely limited to one or two people per family. The Sovereign and Spouse, for example or the Heir and spouse. Or perhaps both. In 1981, King Olav attended Charles and Diana's wedding, and was accompanied by the Crown Prince and Crown Princess. The Norwegians are more closely related to the British royal family, as Olav's mother was the sister of George V. Hereditary Grand Duke Henri of Luxembourg, who married earier that year, did not accompany his parents to Charles' wedding. But the rest of the heirs to the European thrones had not yet reached their majority, so none would have been able to attend. It is entirely possible that several of the European sovereigns will be accompanied by their spouses and their heirs and their spouses.
Several of the sovereigns may choose to send their heir apparent and spouse to the wedding. I am not sure when Crown Princess Mary's maternity leave ends, but if she is still on official leave on April 29, she and Crown Prince Frederik will not be attending the wedding. Crown Prince Haakon and Crown Princess Mette-Marit did attend the Prince of Wales' second wedding, as Haakon's parents attended the first wedding. This leads me to think that the King and Queen will attend William's wedding.
It would be out of character to include the Sovereigns and the heirs at a British royal wedding, but it is possible. Princess Grace was accompanied by her son, the then Hereditary Prince Albert.
Grand Duke Henri's appearance may depend on his health. Maria Teresa could be accompanied by her son, Hereditary Grand Duke Guillaume.
Expect to see King Constantine II and Queen Anne Marie to attend, along with all or most of their five children (and spouses.) Crown Princess Margarita and Prince Radu of Romania will be attending as will Crown Prince Alexander and Crown Princess Katherine of Serbia and King Simeon and Queen Margarita of Bulgaria.
You can add to the mix a selection of Hesses, Hohenlohe-Langenburgs, and Badens, including Princess Margarita of Baden, who is the Duke of Edinburgh's niece.
The Crown Prince of Japan will probably represent his father, the Emperor. Press reports have stated that he will be accompanied by the Crown Princess, but nothing has been confirmed. The King of Thailand is unwell, and may send a rep. He sent his daughter to Charles and Diana's wedding.
The Sultan of Brunei is probably on the guest list. He brought both wives to Prince Edward's wedding. The Sultan divorced his second wife in 2003. He remarried, and divorced the third wife last year. At this time, the Sultan has only one wife.
What about the Kings of Lesotho and Swaziland? They are possible guests, as is the very, very rich Aga Khan.
Everything is pure speculation. We won't know who is coming until April 29, unless a guest comes out publicly, and states that they have been invited.
Oscar Magnuson is engaged to be married. He proposed to Emma Emelie Charlotta Ledent on February 11, during a trip to Gattères, France. Oscar, the second of three sons of Princess Christina of Sweden and Tord Magnuson. He is a noted eyeglass frames and sunglasses designer.
Here in the US, Oscar works exclusively with Eldridge Optician in New York City.
[I love the purple frames!]
Miss Ledent, who was born in Stockholm on April 18, 1981. A graduate of the Stockholm School of Economics, Emma is the director of Marketing & Sales at Important Looking Pirates. She started working for Important Looking Pirates in August 2010, after three years with Proctor & Gamble, where she had been the Nordic marketing manager for Pampers and Duracell Batteries.
Oscar and Emma have been dating for several years. In 2009, they became official partners.
The date of the wedding have not been announced.
All "hopes of reconciliation" between the Duke of Cumberland Kaiser Wilhelm II "are now at an end, and the agreement that would have allowed the Duke's eldest son "to be invested with the sovereignty of the Duchy of Brunswick," has been scrapped.
The Duchy, according to the Marquise de Fontenoy, "belongs by right of inheritance" to the Duke of Cumberland." This acknowledgment appears in the current edition of the Almanach de Gotha, where the duke is listed as the Duke of Brunswick.
A semi-official statement from Prussia that states that the "House of Guelph, can ever, under any circumstances, ascend the throne of Brunswick, and that the Duke of Cumberland, and his sons and descendants are forever excluded from the succession."
The Duchy's prime minister, Dr. von Otto, proposed the toast to the Kaiser "on the occasion of the grand official banquet given in honor of the Emperor's birthday," and said it was "utter hopelessness" on the expecation that "any Guelph Prince should ever be permitted to reign in Brunswick."
No one knows for sure who to blame "for the failure to carry out the terms of the agreement" between the Kaiser and the Duke through a "joint intervention" between the Alexander III of Russia, the Duke of Cumberland's brother-in-law, Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria, Queen Victoria and the King of Denmark, the father of the Duchess of Cumberland.
Many blame the Kaiser for the failure of the proposed agreement.
It is now expected that Wilhelm II will name his brother-in-law, Prince Adolph of Schaumburg-Lippe, who will replace Prince Albrecht of Prussia.
The Duke and Duchess of Cumberland are on the most intimate terms with Franz Joseph, and Wilhelm's decision to not allow young Prince George of Cumberland "to take possession of the throne of Brunswick" has put a great strain on "relations between the courts of Vienna and Berlin." It has also "naturally increased the undisguised apathy" between the Dowager Empress Marie Feodorovna toward the Kaiser. The Duke of Cumberland is said to be her "favorite brother-in-law."
The next in line to the Brunswick duchy is the elderly Duke of Cambridge, but he is married morganatically, and his sons have no dynastic status in Brunswick and Great Britain.
Crown Princess Martha of Norway gave birth to a son today at Skaugum, the family residence near Oslo, according the New York Times.
The infant, second in line to the throne after his father, Crown Prince Olav, is doing well, as is Crown Princess Martha.
A "cheering crowd" gathered outside Skaugum, and in Oslo there was "general rejoicing. The Crown Prince and Crown Princess have two daughters, Princess Ragnhild Alexandra and Princess Astrid, but women cannot succeed to the Norwegian throne.
It is "supposed that the Prince will be named Sverre," after the Norwegian king who reigned from 1184 to 1202. King Haakon VII "alone will decide the name of the Prince," and tomorrow "he will formally announce the birth in a council at the royal castle."
Former Crown Prince Carol of Roumania arrived today in Rapallo, Italy, and went immediately to the Hotel Excelsior, where he saw his son, 5-year-old, Crown Prince Michael, reports the New York Times.
There were "strict orders" issued to keep people from approaching Carol or "even those who accompanied him."
Prince Michael was brought to Italy by his mother, Princess Helen, and remained here while Helen return to Bucharest.
Grand Duke Paul, who recently was "restored to his rank and honors" after several years of living in exile as the result of his morganatic marriage to Olga Pistolkors, and will be returning to Russia, reports the New York Times. But no permission was received for his wife to "cross the Russian frontier." She left Eydtkuhnen, Prussia, today, and is returning to Paris.
The Chicago Tribune reports today that "running through the cable dispatches on the assassination of Grand Duke Sergius are expressions of thankfulness of the people of Moscow" that his wife, Grand Duchess Elisabeth was not with him when the bomb was throne. Elisabeth, who is known as Ella, is known for her charity work, which has "endeared her to the Russian people." It is not "improbable" that the Grand Duke's life by the fact that he was usually accompanied by his wife when he went out driving.
Grand Duchess Elisabeth is a niece of King Edward VII, and the sister of Tsarina Alexandra. Her husband "forced her to renounce" her Lutheran faith and become a member of the Russian Orthodox church on the advice of Father John of Cronstadt, "who laid the non-birth of a boy in the grand duke's family" to Ella's religion. The Grand Duke and Grand Duchess, although residing in the same palace, had not lived together as man and wife for many years.
Queen Victoria Eugenia of Spain arrived in Madrid tonight at 8:30 from London. She has returned to a country engulfed in a crisis that threatens her husband's throne." As she alighted from the train, a crowd of 1,500 people cheered her, giving her "the greatest ovation of her life." Many of the crowd wore talk silk hats, which "marked them as of the aristocracy." They "jammed the station platform to show their loyalty to the crown," reports the New York Times.
"Viva la Reina," the crowd shouted over and over again. The Duke of Zaragoza acted as the engineer, who pulled the train into the station.
Queen Ena's daughters, Infanta Beatriz and Infanta Maria Cristina, ran up "to their mother as she stepped from the railway car and kissed her."
The Queen was "obviously touched by the reception." She walked along the platform as "members of the government closing around her to keep her from being crushed" by the crowd.
King Alfonso waited for her in the station's royal salon, and "embraced her in front of the assembled nobility."
Outside the station were more crowds, largely young members of the Pro-Monarchist Legionnaires of Spain. The enthusiasm of these crowds led to "subsequent rioting and numerous arrests." More than 500 people followed the King and Queen to the Palace, and cheered in front until the royal family "appeared on the balcony and waved their handkerchiefs."
Meanwile, Republicans "rushed along several downtown streets, shouting "Viva la republica!"Several arrests were made by the police.
India Hicks, the youngest child of Lady Pamela Mountbatten and the late David Hicks, will star in a TLC special, tentatively named "Secrets of a Royal Bridesmaid." A goddaughter of the Prince of Wales, India was one of Lady Diana Spencer's bridesmaids. The special will be televised on TLC (formerly known as The Learning Channel.)
At today's Privy Council Meeting, Queen Elizabeth II gave her assent to the marriage of HRH Prince William of Wales to Miss Catherine Middleton. This assent is required by law, according to the Royal Marriages Act.
Wednesday, February 16, 2011
I am getting old. I remember clipping news reports of her birth. Princess Alexandra Josésphine Teresa Charlotte Marie Wilhelmine is one of five children, and the only daughter of Grand Duke Henri and Grand Duchess Maria Teresa of Luxembourg. She is a graduate of the Lycée Vauban in Luxembourg. She is a freshman at Franciscan University in Steubenville, Ohio, where she is studying history, philosophy and literature. She is also a member of the school's tennis team.
Alexandra is not the first member of the Luxembourg Grand Ducal family to attend college in the United States. Her brother, Louis, and his family are living in the Melbourne, Florida, area, where he attends the Florida Institute of Technology.
Her uncle, Prince Guillaume, graduated from Georgetown University in Washington, D.C., in 1987.
As Luxembourg's succession law remains Semi-salic, Alexandra can only inherit the throne after all the eligible males. There have been discussions to change the law to allow for the succession of the first born child, but no legislation has been promulgated by Luxembourg's parliament.
Prince Laurent of Belgium was stripped of his driver's license on Monday after he was caught speeding 19 miles over the speed limit in downtown Brussels, according to a statement from the royal palace.
Police stopped the prince "after a speed camera captured his Fiat Punto Abarath "whizzing by at 82 kilometres per hour on a 50 kph street."
"He was clearly speeding," said palace spokesman Pierre-Emmanuel de Bauw.
Prince Laurent's license was "taken away immediately," and was suspended for two weeks. The prince, 47, is the youngest son of King Albert and Queen Paola. He is married to the former Claire Coombs, and they have three children.
Prince Laurent is 12th in line to the Belgian throne.
This is not the first time that the Prince has been pulled over by police for speeding. Several years ago, he was fined for driving 137mph on a Belgian highway, where the speed limit was 75 mph. In 1999, he got caught driving 91 mph in Brussels, where the limit was 31 mph,and a year later, he was flagged for driving 85 mphad of 44 mph in Bruges.
Queen Marie of Yugoslavia's doctors are denying reports that she is suffering from the measles, according to an Associated Press dispatch. They state she is recovering from a bronchitis and a mild rash. The Queen was visiting her mother, Queen Marie of Roumania, when she became ill.
The New York Times is reporting that Marie's illness, first "announced as grip and then measles, is now reported to be a light case of smallpox complicated by bronchitis." Her temperature and pulse "are satisfactory" and her doctors are not worried. Queen Helen, the mother of Crown Prince Michael, is recovering from grip, and has been confined to her bed for more than a week."
Is the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha a changeling, asks the Chicago Daily Tribune. The Royal Houses in Germany, England and Holland are said to be "annoyed, worried and non-plussed" over a series of "the most extraordinary letters" attacking His Royal Highness Prince Leopold Charles Eduard George Albert, Duke of Albany, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
These letters, inspired by malice and appear to emanate from Munich or Berlin, alleged that the young Coburg rulers is "really not of royal birth at all, but the son of a matron of honor in Queen Victoria's household."
The writer charges that the Duchess of Albany, the former Princess Helen of Waldeck und Pyrmont, the mother of the young duke, "gave birth to a girl after the death of her husband," who was Victoria's youngest son. Two days earlier, the matron of honor gave birth to a son. This lady was "determined that her child should win high honors, caused it to be changed, and that, before the princess recovered, she found to her job that her baby was a boy."
It is also further alleged that the matron of honor, now living in semi-retirement in Surrey, has raised the girl child as her own. Even "more startling than that is the statement by the writer" that the woman was not alone in this plot, that "persons high in the nobility in England, desiring that a boy should be born to succeed the many titles of the father," encouraged and colluded with the woman to accomplish the "changing of the infants."
The story has been declared "preposterous and impossible." The births of British royal children are witnesses, and this birth was "presided over by eminent physicians," as well as members of Victoria's household. A few moments after the birth, the infant prince was placed in the arms of his godmother, "amid general rejoicing that it was a boy."
The switching of a baby would have been "an impossibility unless the highest officials of Great Britain had connived to assist," and they would not have had the opportunity to do it.
Moreover, none of Victoria's ladies gave birth to a son "or any child" near the time of the Duchess of Albany's accouchement.
There is a fear that this story will be circulated "to the masses, always read to believe such yarns, and cause sentiment" against the young Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.
The writer of the latter also appeared ignorant of the Coburg succession at the time of Carl Eduard's birth. He was not the heir to many titles. He was a British prince, and he succeeded to his father's dukedom, Albany. But he was not the heir apparent or even the heir presumptive to the Coburg throne.
Duke Ernst II, the older brother of Carl Eduard's late grandfather, Prince Albert, was still on the throne. By a family agreement, Duke Ernst, who did not have any legitimate issue, would be succeeded by Victoria and Albert's second son, Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh. He was the father of one son, Alfred, born in 1879.
It was largely assumed that Duke Alfred's line would continue in Coburg. Ernst II died in 1893, and Alfred succeeded as Duke. Young Alfred got involved with the wrong crowd in Berlin, lived a dissipated life, and never married. He died at the age of 24 in February 1899.
Duke Alfred's heir apparent was his brother, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught, but the Duke of Connaught nor his young son, Prince Arthur, wanted the Coburg succession, so they renounced their rights in favor of the next in line, the young Duke of Albany.
The question of Carl Eduard's birth was raised in 1900 following Duke Alfred's death, when the Regent, Prince Ernst, "received letters charging that the child was a changeling, and Prince Leopold died without male issue."
Prince Ernst, whose wife was Carl Eduard's first cousin, dismissed the comments as nonsense. Nothing more was heard of these rumors until 1904, when the young Duke moved to Berlin to "complete his training and prepare to ascend the throne." It was at this time that persons in German and British royal circles received pamphlets outlining the scurrilous claims and "presenting the alleged evidence."
Since that time, the person or persons behind the claims "have at intervals renewed them and demanded investigations."
Despite the "preposterous nature of the allegations," there are some who continue to whisper the claims, and "efforts are being made to suppress the entire matter" and capture the persons involved in order to "discover their motives."
The Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha announced his engagement today to Duchess Viktoria Adelheid, the daughter of Duke Friedrich of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg. Duchess Viktoria Adelheid is the niece of Kaiserin Auguste Viktoria, while the future bridegroom is the nephew of King Edward VII, reports the New York Times.
The Duke and Kaiser Wilhelm II are first cousins, as both are grandsons of Queen Victoria.
The young Duke succeeded to the Coburg throne in 1900, after the death of his uncle, Duke Alfred, who was also the Duke of Edinburgh. He became the heir a year before after the tragic death of Alfred's only son, Hereditary Prince Alfred.
The Duke of Connaught and his young son, Prince Arthur, were the next heirs, but both renounced their claims in favor of the then Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany. Young Prince Arthur of Connaught was at Eton with his cousin, Charles Edward, and "declared he would punch Prince Charles's head if the young prince" refused to accept the Coburg inheritance.
At the time, the young Duke of Albany declared: "I don't want to be a German duke."
The Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, now known as Carl Edward, was born in July 1884. He is the only son of the late Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany, King Edward's youngest brother. He will reach his majority next July, when the regent, Prince Ernst of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, will turn the reins of power to him.
Prince Ernst is married to the late Duke Alfred's third daughter, Princess Alexandra.
It was reported in today's Pall Mall Gazette that King Edward VII plans to leave London on Monday for Germany to visit his older sister, the Dowager Empress Friedrich, who is said to be very ill. The King's trip is "intended to be of an exceptionally private character."
The King, Queen Alexandra, the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York, and other members of the family are now at Windsor.
Duchess Gertrud of Oldenburg died on February 4. She was 85 years old. Duchess Gertrud was the wife of Duke Peter Friedrich of Oldenburg. The couple would have celebrated their 60th wedding anniversary on August 7, as they were married in a double wedding ceremony with Peter's older brother, Anton-Günther, Duke of Oldenburg, and Gertude's older sister, Ameli.
Princess Gertrud Olga Ilka Emma Agnes Magdalena Mechthild was born at Langenzell on January 24, 1926, the third child of was the third child of Udo, Prince of Lowenstein-Wertheim-Freudenberg and Countess Margarete of Castell-Castell.
For many years, Duchess Gertrud was an active member of the German Red Cross in eastern Holstein. She served in various positions, and in 1986, she was elected chairman. She stepped down from this position in 1996.
Tuesday, February 15, 2011
10 Downing Street, the residence of the British Prime Minister, has a rat problem. Prime Minister David Cameron and his family have decided to adopt a cat. Larry has arrived from the Battersea Dogs and Cats Home. He will be taking on the rats, and living the high life as well. Think of the stories he will be able to tell!
Larry looks a lot like my Edison, only a lot skinnier. Edison has no idea what a rat is or what a rat does.
King Baudouin and Queen Fabiola visited the crash site near Brussels Airport, where a Sabena Airlinea Boeing 707 crashed. Seventy three people, including 18 members of the United States Figure Skating team, were killed. There were no survivors.
The United States figure skating team were en route to the World Championships in Prague, Czechoslovakia.
Queen Victoria Eugenia of Spain is returning home, despite the current political situtation. The New York Times is reporting that the Queen will leave London tomorrow for Spain, as her mother, Princess Beatrice, is doing much better. Queen Ena now feels "she can return and be at King Alfonso's side during the present critical times."
This afternoon, Ena, accompanied by her brother, the Marquess of Carisbrooke, went to Buckingham Palace to say goodbye to King George V and Queen Mary.
Queen Marie of Yugoslavia, who has been visiting family in Bucharest, is "suffering from measles and bronchitis," according to the New York Times. An official bulletin regarding the Queen's health states that she has a "high fever," but that her "general condition is satisfactory."
Meanwhile, according to an AP report, Marie's sister-in-law, Queen Helen of Roumania, has "conquered an attack of pneumonia." This morning, Helen, the former wife of King Carol II, was reported to be "much better" and her "temperature had disappeared altogether." The AP also reports that Queen Marie has the measles, and her mother, Queen Marie of Roumania, telegraphed King Alexander of Yugoslavia to say that his wife's condition "has become worse since last night.
Tonight, Marie's doctors' state that she has "developed an inflammation of the trachea, accompanied by bronchitis and a rose rash with temperature." Doctors state that the Queen is suffering from the measles.
The dirigible airship Suchard was named today by Princess Henry of Prussia. The naming celebration took place in Kiel. German American journalist Joseph Brucker will try to cross the Atlantic in the Suchard in the spring, reports the New York Times.
Admiral Prince Henry of Prussia and other high officers at the Kiel's naval station took part in the ceremony. Cheers rang out as Princess Henry "crashed a bottle of German champagne against the bow of the shapely balloon." The Princess exclaimed: "I wish you a pleasant journey."
The band from Kaiser Wilhelm II's yacht, Hohenzollern, played the German national anthem and the "Star-Spangled Banner."
Prince Henry inspected the airship yesterday, and "expressed the liveliest hope for its success." The Suchard will make several trial trips over Kiel's harbor before "being shipped to the Cape Verde Islands in March." Brucker said the trip across the Atlantic will begin in April. and he "hopes to land in Trindidad or Barbadoes."
The Countess Montignoso's affairs "took a dramatic turn today," reports the New York Times. For some time, the former Crown Princess Luise of Saxony had "suspected" that her daughter's German nurse, Mahote, planned to abduct Princess Anna and take her to Germany to her father, King Friedrich August of Saxony. Today, the Countess told the nurse that the German Consult was waiting to meet her at the gate of the villa in Florence, where she is living. The Countess took Mahote to the fates, and then quickly pushed her outside, and closed and locked the gate. She shouted to the nurse: "Go to your master, spy."
The Countess went back to the house, and ordered that all of the nurse's belongings be thrown out of the window to the street below. The nurse "protested her ejection," to no avail. She finally walked into town, found a locksmith, saying she had lost her key. The locksmith "declined to help." The nurse then went to see Dr. Koerner, the Dresden lawyer who had recently visited the countess to demand that the relinquish custody of Princess Anna. Dr. Koerner, accompanied by the German consul and the nurse, went back to the villa, "where they found all the doors bolted and even the bell wires cut." The lawyer contacted the police for assistance, but was told "they could not enter a private house without an order from the court."
The Countess' neighbors have declared that they will "personally oppose any attempt at violence" agaisnt the former Crown Princess.
Four months ago, Earl Spencer announced that his engagement to Bianca, Lady Eliot was over, and there would be no wedding. One wonders if she gave back the £25,000 diamond engagement ring. Well, that was September 2010. It's now February 2011.
It's time for a new fiancee.
Lord Spencer has announced his engagement to Canadian-born Karen Gorden, a divorcee, who runs the Los Angeles-based charity, Who Children International.
The private wedding is set to take place at Althorp on June 18. One can expect to see Karen accompanying Charles to his nephew's wedding.
The former Karen Villenueve was born thirty nine years ago in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. She attended college briefly in Toronto, but decided she wanted to model. She modeled for clothing catalogs, and supplemented her salary by working at the front desk of the Four Seasons hotel in Toronto. It was while she was working at the posh hotel where met her future husband, Hollywood producer Mark Gordon, whose successes include Saving Private Ryan, The Patriot and the current hit TV series, Grey's Anatomy.
The couple married in 1997. Karen gave birth to two daughters before separating from her husband in 2003. She received a hefty divorce settlement, and use $1.3 million of the settlement to start her charity.http://www.forbes.com/home/free_forbes/2007/0212/076.html
Mrs Gordon is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and the Clinton Global Initiative. In 2010, she co-authored two articles in the peer-reviewed Infant Journal of Mental Health.
I hope they have his-and-hers pre-nups.
Lord Spencer's conquests:
* Victoria Lockwood. Married September 16, 1989. Divorced December 3, 1997. Lord Spencer apparently cheated on Victoria during the marriage. According to the divorce proceedings, Charles slept with 10-12 women while his wife was getting treatment for an eating disorder. One of the former
* Chantal Collopy. In 1997, Collopy told Sky News that Charles had ended their affair because he could not accept her two children. They had made plans to marry but Chantal said he got "cold feet" after her own marriage had broken down.
"I was devastated by the fact that my family was now broken," she said. "I was now divorced with no one. I suddenly started feeling ... very insecure about the way I looked and started worrying about my weight because he had mentioned to me that I should not get fat ... I know what she has gone through
Chantal testified in Victoria's favor during the divorce trial. During his first marriage, Charles tried to seduce Patricia Guppy, when her husband, Darius, was in jail for insurance fraud. Charles had served as the best man at their wedding in 1991. Patricia eventually told her husband about Charles' attempt, after hearing other women talk about how Charles tried to seduce them. Darius called Charles to confront him with Patricia's statement. Charles offered vehement denials, but Darius did not believe him. Charles went over to Guppy's home -- they were both living in South Africa at the time -- and got into a fight with Guppy. The two men went at each, throwing blows and kicks. Charles emerged from Guppy's home with "a fractured cheekbone and injuries to his ribs and nose." He said the injuries came while playing cricket.
* Caroline Hutton, divorced wife of Matthew Freud. Married December 15, 2001. Separated in 2006, weeks after the birth of the couple's second child.
* Coleen Sullivan, an American TV reporter, met Charles when she interviewed him in 2006. She broke up with her fiance, left her home in California, and moved in with Charles at Althorp. He dumped her in June 2008
* Jane Yarrow. Former wife of a City financier, David Yarrow. First spotted holding Charles' hand in Chelsea in July 2008. Their relationship ended after only a few weeks, and it was reported that Jane did the dumping. Jane was the public relations director who put Elizabeth Hurley in the Versace dress held together with safety pins.
* Bianca, Lady Eliot. Bianca, the widow of Lord Eliot, heir to the Earl of St. Germain, met Charles Spencer in a London Club in October 2008. It was "love at first sight." They became engaged in March 2010, and planned to get married in September 2010. The wedding was called off in September "after a series of rows and heated exchanges."
Monday, February 14, 2011
The following article was published in the Wall Street Journal in September 2010. Slightly timely, but King Fuad II does not have a chance to be restored. No one is clamoring for a monarchy in Egypt. His father's reign was as corrupt as Nasser or Sadat or Mubarak ...
Infanta Eulalia of Spain and her husband, Don Antonio de Orleans-Borbon have decided on a final separation, reports the Marquise de Fontenoy today. Don Antonio has left his wife, and has "taken his children with him."
The final quarrel was "brought about by the extravagant flirtations of the Infanta" in England, where she is currently living.
Infanta Eulalia has always "been noted for her flightiness." She has become "so extravagant in her conduct," which has brought the "strongest remonstrances from Madrid." It has been said that Eulalia's recent behavior has resulted in a "complete rupture" between Eulalia and her sister-in-law, Queen Regent, Maria Cristina.
The Infanta grew up in a demoralized home, as her mother, Queen Isabel, was not known for high moral standings. As a young woman, Eulalia was forced against her will into a loveless marriage.
The marriage was arranged in "a hurry" by her brother, King Alfonso XII to put an "end to her infatuation for a young secretary at one of the foreign embassies in Madrid." There was a fear that she might elope, following the example of two of her aunts, one with Count Gurowski, and the other with the Cuban poet Guele y Rente.
Don Antonio is said to be a "poor sort of creature, as insignificant mentally," a "colorless individual," who is constantly "henpecked, persecuted and betrayed."
Princess Xenia of Russia, the former wife of William B. Leeds, Jr., applied to the Nassau County (Long Island) police today "to carry a revolver," reports the New York Times. She did not give a reason for the request on her application form.
According to application form, the Princess is 27 years old, born in Russia, but now an American citizen. She is 5 feet 5 1/2 inches tall, has brown hair and brown eyes. She lives at Oyster Bay Road in Syosset.
King Albert of the Belgians "enjoyed himself" today wandering about London alone, "on a window shopping tour," reports the Associated Press. He fed the pigeons at St. Paul's Cathedral, and when he was in Ludgate Circus. a "hurrying pedestrian" collided with him, said "sorry, and then "rushed on" without knowing that he had bumped into the Belgian king.
While the King was on a walking tour of London, his wife, Queen Elisabeth, did some shopping in Bond Street, where she purchased a few gowns and novelties. She was dressed in a "light gray suit and a small hat," was recognized by only a few people. She also paid "an informal visit to the Flemish art exhibit," and also went back for "another view of the pictures which she saw yesterday with King George and Queen Mary."
Tonight, the king and queen plan to see Sir Gerald du Maurier in "Interference." They leave for Belgium tomorrow, returning by boat, as fog has prevented the King's plan to make the trip by airplane."
Clarence House today released the names of the Prince William and Cattherine Middleton's attendants.http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/royal-wedding/8323003/Prince-William-best-man-to-be-brother-Harry.html
Prince Harry will be Prince William's best man. Catherine has chosen her sister, Philippa Middleton, as her maid of honor. She will also be attended by four bridesmaids and two page boys. The bridesmaids are Lady Louise Windsor, 7-year-old daughter of the Earl and Countess of Wessex, the Hon. Margarita Armstrong-Jones, the 8 year-old daughter of Viscount and Viscountess Linley, three-year old Grace van Cutsem and three-year-old Eliza Lopes. Grace is the daughter of Mr and Mrs. Hugh van Cutsem. She is Prince William's goddaughter. Eliza Lopes is the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Harry Lopes. Mrs. Lopes is the former Laura Parker-Bowles, William's stepsister. Little Eliza is the Duchess of Cornwall's granddaughter.
Two two pages are Master William Lower-Pinkerton, 10, the son of Prince William and Prince Harry's private secretary, and Master Tom Pettifer, son of Mr. and Mrs. Charles Pettifer. Mrs. Pettifer is the former Alexandra "Tiggy" Legge-Bourke, who worked briefly as William and Harry's nanny after the death of their mother. Prince William is Tom's godfather.
Grace van Cutsem's uncle, Edward, served as a page at the wedding of Prince William's parents, the Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer.
Miss Middleton does not have any godchildren (yet), nieces or nephews or young cousins. None of the attendants come from William's maternal family. He did not include anyone from his mother's side of the family. He has 12 first cousins on his mother's sister. Lady Sarah McCorquodale and Lady Lady Jane Fellows each have three children, all of whom were born in the 1980s. The Earl Spencer has six children. The first four of his children, Lady Kitty, Lady Eliza, Lady Amelia and Lord Althorp, were born in the early 1990s. They live in South Africa with their mother, Victoria, although Lady Kitty has been dividing her time doing fashion shoots and attending parties in London and in Johannesburg.
Lord Spencer also has two children, the Hon. Edmund Spencer, 7, and four-year-old Lady Lara Spencer, who live with their mother, Caroline, in London.
Lord Spencer's second marriage ended in acrimony. It is unlikely that Prince William knows his youngest first cousins. Although it is said that Prince William has a warm relationship with his two aunts, and their children, he is not as close to Uncle Charles and his family.
It is expected that all three of Diana's sisters and their children (apart from the two youngest ones) will receive invitations to the wedding ceremony.
Kate Middleton attended the wedding of Laura Parker-Bowles and Harry Lopes in 2006. Lopes is the son of the Hon. George Lopes and the Hon. Sarah Astor, and is, thus, the grandson of the 2nd baron Rosborough and the 2nd Baron Astor of Hever. Sarah is a kinswoman of Rose Astor, the mother of Grace van Cutsem. Rose Nancy Langhorne Astor is the youngest of four children of David Waldorf Astor, eldest child of the Hon. Michael Langhorne Astor.
The Hon. Michael Astor was the fourth children of the American-born William Waldorf Astor, 2nd Viscount Astor, and Nancy Witcher Langhorne, a native of Danville, Virginia. Lady Astor was the first woman Member of Parliament to take her seat.
There are two separate Astor titles in the United Kingdom. William Waldorf Astor, a member of a very prominent Astor family in the United States, was the richest man in America. A lawyer by training, he served in the New York State Assembly, but after he was defeated in a re-election bid, Astor was named as ambassador to Italy by President Chester A. Arthur.
In 1890, William began the building of the Waldorf Hotel. His cousin, John Jacob Astor IV, building a competing hotel, known as the Astoria, in 1897. The hotel then became known as the Waldorf - Astoria Hotel.
After a family feud with his aunt Caroline Schermerhorn Astor, William moved his family to England, where he purchased a home, Cliveden. In 1899, Astor became a British subject. Four years later, he purchased Hever Castle, in Kent.
In 1905, William gave Cliveden to his eldest son,Waldorf, and his wife, Nancy, as a wedding present. William's wealth was much appreciated in England, and he donated to many charities. In 1916, he was created Baron Astor of Hever Castle. Six months later, he was created Viscount Astor.
Hever Castle was inherited by Lord Astor's fourth child, John Jacob Astor, who married Lady Violet Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, daughter of the 4th Earl of Minto. In 1956, he was created Baron Astor of Hever Castle. His eldest son, Gavin, who succeeded in 1971 as the second Baron Astor of Hever, married Lady Irene Haig, daughter of the 1st Earl of Haig, The Hon. Sarah Astor is their third daughter.
Grace van Cutsem and Eliza Lopes are direct descendants of Johann Jakob Astor and Sarah Todd. Astor was born in 1763 in Walldorf, Germany. He was only 16 when he moved to London to work for his brother, a flute maker. After the end of the American revolution, Johann Jakob emigrated to the United States, where he established a fur trading empire. He created a diversified empire, and at the time of his death in 1848, he was the richest man in America.
In New York, the Astor family was at the center of the society. The male line in the American branch is now extinct, but the family thrives in the United Kingdom.
Friday, February 11, 2011
Crown Prince Alexander interviewed after attending the annual Prayer breakfast in Washington, D.C., February 5. The interview was conducted by Voice of America
Karadjordjevic: "Prayer Breakfast is an unrivalled opportunity to meet with many people not only from the United States, but from around the world. Here, friendships that are made are permanent and we are here in Washington for the third time at the Prayer Breakfast. Discussions are made on the situations in the world, but this time the emphasis is on events in Egypt, Jordan, Tunisia, and of course we talked about Serbia, its problems and future. We had interviews with congressmen, senators, and exchanged opinions about our country. This is a large set of social and political connections".
Voice of America: Belgrade strives to become a member of the European Union as soon as possible. What do you think EU membership could bring Serbia?
Karadjordjevic: "I believe that it is of great importance we accomplish this relatively quickly. The future as a part of European Union is important for entire region and nobody wants Serbia to be the last country to join the Union. I think this membership can help us greatly to achieve much for our country and its citizens in accordance to the benefits that EU members already enjoy. Russia does not oppose Serbia's joining the EU, because they see Serbia as a friend within the European Union. Relations with the United States are also positive and Washington supports our aspiration to become EU members. However, there must be plenty to do in this regard, including further cooperation with the Hague Tribunal, as well as other issues. I hope that we will end this year submitted all necessary documentation. "
Voice of America: One half of the original EU member states are Constitutional Monarchies. Given your family heritage you are advocating for this type of governmental structure?
Karadjordjevic: "I think that country would definitely benefit out of that situation. Karadjordjevic family is deeply rooted in the history of modern Serbia. Constitutional monarchy provides a unifying centre, unity and continuity. Important is to have the head of the state who is neutral person, not a member of any political party. Of course, we would still have free and fair elections and Prime Minister who would manage the country. I think that Monarchy would be good for Serbia, its image abroad and for business".
Voice of America: Most former communist countries of Central and Eastern Europe adopted a law on the returning private property confiscated after the Second World War. Where are we now in terms of the law in Serbia, including your and the property of others?
Karadjordjevic: "Unfortunately, we are lagging behind. All neighbouring countries, such as the Czech Republic, Hungary and others have adopted such a law. As you know, 1947 Tito asked Kardelja to sign a document on the confiscation of private property, including our own, and revocation of citizenship. After restoration of democracy they gave us our citizenships, on which we congratulate them. Then it was implicated that a new law on restitution will be adopted, but that still didn’t happened. One of the requests of the European Union is that this must be done in order to Serbia become EU member. Therefore, either to return property or to compensate. I believe the issue will be resolved once and for all 2011. One should take into account the legal advices of experts in the Unite States of America and European Union on how to resolve this question and I believe it is important that Serbia responds to its obligations.
The death of Hereditary Prince Alfred of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in an insane asylum, appears to have been a "terrible blow" to his parents. His father, Duke Alfred, is "in such a frail condition of health that he is unlikely to survive his son long."
The shock of young Affie's death, according to the Marquise de Fontenoy, has caused his father to lose his hair. The young prince "died under such a cloud of mental aberration," and the origins of his illness began in Berlin.
Perhaps it is "just as well that the Prone should have thus passed away," as it will "have the effect of putting an end to the unkindly rumors" about him.
Owing to the "successive severity and relentlessness" with which Kaiser Wilhelm II has proceeded "against all those implicated in the scandal," Duke Alfred was compelled to place his son in a mental institution, instead of "quietly sending the boy" to one of his country homes.
The relations between Coburg and Berlin will become further strained by the young heir's death. The Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha is "so embittered against her nephew, the Kaiser, and she resents the treatment of her son.
Wilhelm II did not attended the recent Silver Wedding celebrations of the Duke and Duchess, and "even refrained from sending the most elementary courtesy" of conveying his good wishes.
Duke Alfred "has lived down all the prejudices against him" on the "score of his nationality." He is also a British prince, and a royal duke. In Coburg, he and his wife are "exceedingly popular." Both Coburg and Gotha are "becoming up-to-date capitals," with electric lighting and electric car lines. Real estate is "going up by leaps and bounds."
The next in line to the throne is the Duke of Connaught, who is married to a Prussian princess. He is said to be on good terms with his nephew, the Kaiser. It is now expected that the Duke will have to give up his post of Commander-in-chief of the British Army.
The Duke and Duchess of Connaught have one son, Prince Arthur, who is at Eton. Next in line in the Coburg succession is the Duke's nephew, the Duke of Albany, son of the late Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany. He is also at Eton, but is currently in poor health.
The succession then moves to the Roman Catholic branch, headed by Prince Philipp, whose wife, Princess Louise of Belgium, is in a mental institution. Philipp is even "a worse profligate and drunkard" than the late Hereditary Duke. Philipp also has one son, who will soon enter the Austrian army.
Then comes Philipp's brother, Prince Ludwig August, who is married to Princess Leopoldina of Brazil, younger daughter of former King Pedro II. Their eldest son, Prince Peter, is a "homicidal maniac," who was at once time the heir presumptive to the Brazilian throne. He once barricaded himself in the Coburg Palace in Vienna, "armed with revolvers and rifles," and "maintained a full-fledged siege" until he was finally out-maneuvered by the Viennese fire department.
Prince Charles is at Windsor for several days with his aunt, Princess Margaret. The Associated Press is reporting that the young heir to the throne is "convalescing from a recent attack of measles," which he caught at his boarding school. Cheam.
Queen Elena has arrived at the royal palace in Naples, according to the Associated Press. She is expected to remain with her daughter-in-law, the Princess of Piedmont, until the Princess' second child is born.
The Princess is expected to give birth in the next few days.
German aristocracy is "shocked" by the announcement that Duke Joachim Ernst of Anhalt, is to marry an unemployed actress, Ottilie Strickrodt. The New York Times reports that the wedding will be celebrated on March 1 at the bride's home in Ballenstedt.
Joachim Ernst succeeded his father as the duke of Anhalt in 1918, but as he was a minor, a regency was appointment. He reigned for only two months, before abdicating on November 12, 1918.
His sister, Marie Auguste, is the widow of Prince Joachim of Prussia, youngest son of the former Kaiser, who committed suicide in 1920. The Duke and Miss Strickrodt have been courting for the past five years.
Now available for purchase: a well-researched, footnoted article on the life of Grand Duke Michael Mikahilovich of Russia, whose marriage to Countess Sophie von Merenberg was unequal, but a love match. I wrote this piece some years ago for Royalty Digest, and now again available. The price is $5.00 (and will be sent to you as a PDF). Just click on the Buy Now link for purchase. Thanks.
The Gleichens: the Unknown Royal Cousins
My article, The Gleichens: the Unknown Royal Cousins, is now available through Kindle on Amazon, in all the Amazons' Kindle stores. This link is for US Amazon. The price is $9.99. Just visit your Amazon and go to the Kindle store, search for my article. The article runs more than 50 pages! And who were the Gleichens: Prince Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (nephew of Queen Victoria) and his family. His marriage to Lady Laura Seymour was considered unequal, and his wife and children were created Countesses and Count Gleichen. A German title but very English people .... Feodora, Edward, Valda and Helena .. all talented and interesting people. True junior royals.
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All materials contained on this site are protected by United States copyright law and may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, displayed or published without the prior approval of Marlene A. Koenig. You can, however, provide a link to the blog or to a post on the blog. Please credit Marlene A Koenig and Royal Musings. Thanks
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The sources consulted for this blog include the New York Times, the Chicago Daily Tribune, the Los Angeles Times, the Associated Press, the Washington Post, and The Times. I also consult books and other materials in my personal library. All the photos come from my personal collection, unless other noted. |
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Susan, mom of a teen
September 4, 2015
He LOVED his workout with you and I am so appreciative of your time and your helping him to lose weight, get healthy, etc! He really enjoyed the training and it was a very positive experience for him. His behavior when I got home was so different from other nights in terms of calmness, cooperation, etc. He actually cleaned his room, which he has never done without a struggle. This just proves that not only the work out is helping him release a lot of his energy in a productive way, but also making him feel better about himself. If this is how he feels after only one session with you, I am really positive he will succeed as he continues. |
Promoting prostitution (knowingly supervised or managed or controlled the activities of a prostitute in engaging in sexual activity for hire)
FIRST CHARGE US/STATE CODE CITATION:
Ohio Rev. Code Ann. § 2907.22(A)(2).
FIRST CHARGE VERDICT/PLEA:
Guilty
FIRST CHARGE SENTENCE:
SECOND CHARGE:
SECOND CHARGE US/STATE CODE CITATION:
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THIRD CHARGE:
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CORE TERMS:
SENTENCING OPINION CITATION:
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RESTITUTION REQUIRED:
FINE IMPOSED:
FORFEITURE IMPOSED:
FIRST CLAIM:
FIRST CLAIM US/STATE CODE CITATION:
FIRST CLAIM RESULT:
DAMAGES AWARDED FOR FIRST CLAIM:
SECOND CLAIM:
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SIXTH CLAIM RESULT:
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TOTAL AWARD:
APPEAL:
Yes
EXPLANATION OF APPEAL:
Appealed Judgment
APPELLATE OPINION CITATION:
State v. Jackson, 1980 Ohio App. LEXIS 10227
HOLDING OF APPEALS COURT:
Affirm
APPEAL STILL PENDING?:
No
SUMMARY:
Defendant met an undercover police officer, Cornett, who was cruising around a block that was known for prostitution. Defendant got into Cornett's car, directed him to a nearby bar, and went inside. He returned a few minutes later with a woman named Daviene Bryant. Defendant and Bryant agreed to split the $40 Cornett would pay.
Cornett and Bryant went to a hotel room where Bryant was arrested, after "sexual contact." Defendant was also arrested.
Jackson argued that there was insufficient evidence to prove that he was a supervisor or manager of the prostitute he was caught bringing to a motel room for hire. The appellate court disagreed, believing the statutory language prohibited just this type of conduct: "[Jackson] was engaged in more than pandering, because he initiated the transaction and then produced the woman and the room. In broad terms, he was trafficking in human flesh, the activity prohibited by the statute." |
UK Student Connects Readers to Middle East via Blog
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August 8, 2011
by Erin Holaday Ziegler, Alicia Brab and Gwendolyn Schaefer
This has not been a summer by the pool for University of Kentucky rising junior Gwendolyn Schaefer who is participating in a seven-month study abroad experience in Amman, Jordan with AMIDEAST, a leading American nonprofit organization engaged in international education, training and development activities in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA).
Schaefer, an international studies and geography major, began the summer session in intensive Arabic language classes and will continue through the fall with Middle East and North African studies. She has created a blog about her experiences, and the following is based upon online excerpts:
Thursday, June 9, 2011
"I cannot begin to describe how excited I am about this new adventure in my life. Granted, now that the departure date is right around the corner (one week away), the nerves are setting in. I view nerves, however, as a healthy dose of reality. Although I have no doubt that this will indeed be the experience of a lifetime, I also know that it will be the most challenging. My adventures will be great, but my primary purpose is to be a student, and this summer will especially be quite rigorous as I take Arabic lessons for five hours a day, five days a week.
In addition to the Arabic instruction that I'll be receiving in the classroom, I've chosen to live with a host family throughout my stay, meaning that they'll only be speaking Arabic to me. I chose to live with a host family rather than live in student apartments because aside from the language benefit, I cannot truly understand the Arab culture unless I immerse myself into every aspect of their lives. Most importantly, though, I am thrilled about getting to volunteer in the community, for there is honestly no greater feeling than giving back to others and I hope to one day make a career out of improving the lives of others."
Sunday, June 19, 2011
"Well, I FINALLY made it to Amman after a very strenuous couple of days. After a 12-hour flight to Amman from Chicago, I arrived in Jordan on a beautiful, sunny afternoon. Amman is quite the site to see. Sand-colored buildings fill the landscape, but there is something profoundly beautiful about life in this enormous city. The weather is also phenomenal with a consistent breeze and cloudless blue skies.
Sunday, June 26, 2011
"After a very long week of grueling Arabic classes and infinite homework, this past weekend (Friday and Saturday in the Arab world) I finally got to put on my hiking boots and see the country.
The adventures started in Amman Thursday night when a group of us girls headed down to Rainbow Street, which houses a really nice cafe/art scene. I had visited the area several evenings before, but since we had heard that a film festival would be occurring, we had to check it out! After eating some scrumptious cake at a cafe across the street, we headed over to the Royal Film Institute for the film festival.
One film in particular stood out in my mind because it focused on the notion of honor. The director interviewed many people of diverse backgrounds in a shopping area that I visit every day. Some of the responses from pedestrians were quite haunting, as a few of them believed violence was the only way to avenge dishonor, particularly female dishonor. I am not saying whatsoever that Jordanians as a whole believe in honor killings, the fact that people from different parts of the world believe that honor killing is justified means that much more awareness and work need to be devoted to this cause.
After arriving home very late from the film festival, my head barely hit the pillow before I had to get up again, for I was about to embark on a bus ride to Petra, Wadi Rum, and Aqaba. Petra is, without a doubt, the most famous landmark of Jordan, as it receives roughly 3,000 visitors a day during peak season. It is essentially an ancient city, once inhabited by the Nabateans in the middle of the Shara Mountains. It a breathtaking site to witness. Wadi Rum is most known for being the film location of "Lawrence of Arabia" and it was just announced today that it will be included as a World Heritage Site. I honestly could not begin to describe how timeless and beautiful the landscape was.
In addition to merely experiencing the desert landscape, one also gets a dose of Bedouin culture when visiting, as our small group did a jeep tour through the area (most fun I've ever had) and sat around drinking tea with some Bedouins for a while, then finished by watching the sunset from atop a cliff. You really can't find anyone nicer than Bedouins. Their fragile lifestyle is extremely simplistic but more giving than with any American you'd meet on the street. Camping out in Bedouin tents for the night was a new experience, to say the least, but it was such a great time. The camp organized a dance party and dinner that night, and as the definite minority present, I can honestly say the experience was an authentic Arab culture immersion. And yes, I got out on the dance floor!
Finally, the beach town of Aqaba was our last destination. It was so weird looking across the Red Sea and literally seeing Egypt and Israel at the same time, with Saudi Arabia less than 10 minutes away. The most awkward part of the entire trip was the mere act of wearing a bathing suit. Even though I donned a swimsuit that was modest by American standards, I still felt as if I was performing a strip tease while taking off my cover up to get into the water. All of the women surrounding us were Muslim, so therefore they were fully garbed while the men pranced around in their speedos and various assortments of clothing. I had a great time at the beach, regardless, but it hard getting used to feeling so vulnerable in a swimsuit."
Friday, July 1, 2011
"Although it seems surreal, I have already been in Jordan for two whole weeks now and life keeps on presenting new and exciting opportunities. I decided to dedicate today's post to everyday life in Amman and Jordanian society in general. I can only hope to give you a mere taste of what it is like to live in such a unique and intricate setting.
Driving into the heart of Amman, one can witness gigantic Roman ruins, Hellenistic art and Ottoman influence on just one street. Last night I went to a concert and was taken aback when I looked up at the neighboring hill and saw actual Roman pillars looming over me and soaking up the glory of a perfect sunset. Seeing the lasting impressions of ancient civilizations on a daily basis is something that I will never get used to. Growing up in the U.S., where there is no trace of the Byzantines, makes you fully appreciate the countries that do possess lasting figures of greatness of antiquity.
Contrary to popular belief, Jordan is not composed entirely of Muslims. Various sects of Christianity account for 6-8% of the total population. Although there are indeed practicing Christians and numerous churches, it is apparent that the title "Christian" is much more of a social category. After all, the ID card that all Jordanians are required to carry even states whether the person is Christian or Muslim. Let me specify that although Christians are indeed a minority here, daily relations between Christians and Muslims are perfectly normal. I'm sure that on a certain level discrimination does occur on both sides, but it's not like there is fighting in the street or Christians can't achieve high levels of power, because that's simply not the truth. Living with a Catholic host family is an extremely interesting experience, for although they are not outwardly against Muslims in any fashion, there are occasional undertones of injustice and definite differences of opinion.
Politics is another topic that simply can't be avoided in Jordan. Although I do not participate in political discussions with random Jordanians, one can't avoid hearing the political news in and around Jordan. At home, I would purposefully have to pull up a website to read the daily headlines about the region, but now, I just have to keep my ears open. The simple fact of the matter is that Jordanians are just more informed than the average American and they care much more about global and regional issues. Americans can live in their little bubble of ignorance because there are two oceans on either side of the continent separating the nation from the conflict in the Middle East. In Jordan, however, the war in Iraq is directly to the east and Israel/Palestine is directly to the west and it receives enormous numbers of refugees from both sides. Jordanians have no choice but to be politically and globally aware.
As an American traveling in Jordan, I do not receive open hostility. Although Jordanians hardly agree with American foreign policy, they do not hate all Americans. In fact, that is anything but the truth because Jordanians are the most hospitable people around. There are also signs of American pop culture and American business everywhere you go. Yes, there are McDonald's here (Mac is very popular) but I can walk down the road and shop at The Gap after grabbing some Starbucks. Granted, I refuse to partake in any of these activities because I don't see the point in doing something I could do at home while abroad, but if you need to be comforted by something familiar, you don't have to go very far to do so.
I was also shocked by the TV programs here. It is absolutely surreal to watch Nickelodeon or "The Smurfs" dubbed in Arabic. I was in a taxi the other day and the driver was listening to a channel that solely played American music and then when Lady Gaga came on the radio, he turned it way up and we all started jamming. Definitely didn't expect that experience to happen. Some Jordanians also have the weirdest taste in American music, for there is some profound love for extremely sentimental and sappy music. As I mentioned in my last post, I sang along with a bus of Jordanians to Celine Dion. I don't anticipate that ever happening back home.
The most challenging aspect of Jordanian society is, without a doubt, gender relations. Harassment towards women, American women in particular, is more annoying than it is dangerous. I can honestly say that since I've been here, I've never once felt endangered.
However, all of the cars honking and hearing the phrase "Welcome to Jordan!" from passing men is starting to get really old."
While Schaefer's blog has been mainly a point of contact for her family and friends back home, she hopes to help educate her readers about the real Middle East.
"It is my sincerest hope that this blog can open the eyes of Americans to the Middle East and will enrich hearts and minds along the way," Schaefer said. "There have been setbacks trying to get to Jordan, but setbacks are just a set of life's challenges that we all must go through in one shape or another. Some rise to the occasion, others fall wayside. I like to think that I passed the test."
To read more about Schaefer's experiences, follow her blog at http://kentuckymeetsjordan.blogspot.com/. |
The Tennessee men’s basketball team traveled to Columbia, Missouri tonight to continue SEC play against the Missouri Tigers and head coach/renowned snake Cuonzo Martin. It’s always tough to win on the road in college basketball but the Vols kept their now 9-game winning streak alive with a runaway win against a Mizzou team that hadn’t lost since November. Despite a slow start, Tennessee’s “road guts” were too much for the Tigers and solid performances from Jordan Bone and Kyle Alexander moved the Vols to 13-1 on the season and 2-0 in conference play. In case you missed any of the action, let’s dive in and take a look at the highlights.
What Happened
The Vols were sluggish out of the gate and Missouri raced to 19-10 and 27-18 leads, both representing Tennessee’s biggest deficits of the season. Tiger’s senior guard Jordan Geist was hot early, accounting for 10 of Mizzou’s first 17 points. The Vols responded to the latter of the 9 point deficits, however, by sprinting to a 24-4 run over the final seven minutes of the half, largely thanks to Jordan Bone who finished the first 20 minutes with 15 points, 5 rebounds, and 2 assists. Despite Admiral Schofield and Grant Williams combining for just 3 points in the first, Tennessee hit the locker room up 42-31.
Strong start to our SEC road swing! pic.twitter.com/b5UkYgU6Nb — Tennessee Basketball (@Vol_Hoops) January 9, 2019
The second half was all Vols as Tennessee consistently extended the lead en route to an 87-63 win. A Vols defense that was on pace to give up 90 points with 7 minutes remaining in the first half buckled down and smothered Mizzou, holding them to just 32 points in the second stanza. Several Vols who struggled in the first half also took the load of of Jordan Bone’s back with Schofield in particular having a solid 13-point second half. The real star of the second, though, was Kyle Alexander who seemed to track down every single rebound, ending the night with an insane 17 boards.
Jordan Bowden led Tennessee in scoring for the second straight game as he reached the 20-point threshold in back-to-back games. Jordan Bone cooled down in the second half but still finished with 17 points, 5 rebounds, and 5 assists. Maybe most impressive for the Vols was Kyle Alexander who paired his 17 rebounds with 16 points. Rounding out the Tennessee standouts was Lamonte Turner who shot a lethally efficient 75% from three, proving what an important piece he is to Tennessee off the bench.
Key Takeaways
Notably missing from tonight’s recap is Grant Williams who finished the night 1-8 from the field with 4 points, 1 rebound, and 5 fouls. And yet the Vols still went on the road against a hot Mizzou team and won by 24 points. That may be the most telling narrative all season of just how deep and just how many contributors this Tennessee squad has. Jordan Bowden seems to be responding well to his bench role and has led the Vols in scoring in back-to-back games. We’ll see how much longer Rick Barnes keeps him out of the starting lineup, especially with Lamonte Turner returning to give the bench scoring threat that Bowden was providing.
Speaking of changes to the starting lineup, Yves Pons has combined for 3 points in the first two SEC games of the season and has looked lost on offense again. He took just one shot against Georgia and just two shots tonight. It might just be a slump as Pons has looked much-improved this season, especially on the defensive end, but with a scorching hot Bowden and a newly healthy Turner at his disposal, Rick Barnes might have a hard time justifying sending the Flying Frenchman out to start this weekend’s road battle with Florida.
In the front-court, both Admiral Schofield and Kyle Alexander had strong performances for Tennessee. Schofield was reliable as ever with 16 points, 9 rebounds, and 4 assists. This type of consistency proves that senior leadership goes a long way in success in college basketball. Alexander, though, was even more impressive, grabbing a crazy 17 rebounds and putting up 16 points. If Alexander can be counted on to produce anything close to those type of numbers on nights that Grant Williams struggles, Tennessee’s depth might be the best in the country.
Player of the Game
Jordan Bone may not have taken over Grant Williams’ or Admiral Schofield’s mantle as Tennessee’s best player (yet), but performances like tonight’s prove that he is just as important to Tennessee’s national title hopes as either of the other two. While Tennessee struggled to score in the early goings, Bone kept them afloat with 7 of the squad’s first 16 points before exploding for 8 more as part of Tennessee’s 24-4 first half run. His quickness and ability to get to the basket is elite in college basketball and his decision making and passing while on the ball gets better and better every week. When his jumper falls like it did tonight, Jordan Bone is legitimately one of the best point guards in college basketball, a luxury that no Vols fan expected in November. Several other Vols put up solid numbers by the end of it, but Jordan Bone gets the nod for Player of the Game for navigating Tennessee through a gutsy first half. My apologies to Kyle Alexander who was a close runner-up.
What’s Next
Tennessee travels to Florida on Saturday for a night match-up with an underachieving Gators squad who can’t seem to find consistent success this season despite boasting one of the nation’s top defenses. Mike White’s team has won five of their last seven, though, with the two losses being by a combined 6 points, including a decent showing in a tough loss to a very good Michigan State. Tennessee will be the favorite, but I expect the Vols’ rivals to bring their A-game in what could be a defensive struggle against the 12th-best scoring defense in the country.
Like Tennessee basketball? Check back all season for previews, recaps, and other hot takes under our College Hoops tab.
Also like other shit? We’ve got that too. Check it out by clicking the Home tab.
And don’t forget to follow me at @barnburnerziggy and fellow Vols writer Farmer Barn at @farmerbarn.
Cover Photo:
https://www.kansascity.com/sports/college/sec/university-of-missouri/article224094830.html
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package rand
// ConstantRand implements a constant random generator.
// This generator returns the defined seed every time, unless a method has a bound then it returns at most the given bound. It is therefore not random at all and can be safely used when deterministic values are needed.
type ConstantRand struct {
seed int64
}
// NewConstantRand returns a new instance of the constant random generator
func NewConstantRand(seed int64) *ConstantRand {
return &ConstantRand{
seed: seed,
}
}
// Int returns a non-negative pseudo-random int
func (r *ConstantRand) Int() int {
return int(r.seed)
}
// Intn returns, as an int, a non-negative pseudo-random number in [0,n). It panics if n <= 0.
func (r *ConstantRand) Intn(n int) int {
if n <= 0 {
panic("invalid argument to Intn")
}
if int(r.seed) > n-1 {
return n
}
return int(r.seed)
}
// Int63 returns a non-negative pseudo-random 63-bit integer as an int64.
func (r *ConstantRand) Int63() int64 {
return int64(r.Int())
}
// Int63n returns, as an int64, a non-negative pseudo-random number in [0,n). It panics if n <= 0.
func (r *ConstantRand) Int63n(n int64) int64 {
if n <= 0 {
panic("invalid argument to Int63n")
}
return int64(r.Intn(int(n)))
}
// Seed uses the provided seed value to initialize the generator to a deterministic state.
func (r *ConstantRand) Seed(seed int64) {
r.seed = seed
}
|
Q:
How to specify device using SDL_mixer
I've got a program that plays some sounds using the SDL_mixer library (http://www.libsdl.org/projects/SDL_mixer/). It works well when I'm just using Mix_OpenAudio to open a connection with the default device. However, I need to target a specific audio device. I see that the SDL library itself has a method called SDL_OpenAudioDevice that would do what I need, but then I would have to write my own mixer and all that stuff.
Anyone know how to use SDL_mixer to open a specific audio device, or of a different mixer for SDL that supports this? I don't really want to write my own mixer. I'm developing a Win32 app on Windows 7 in C++.
A:
It appears you cannot use SDL_mixer to specify a device. SDL_mixer uses the old SDL method SDL_OpenAudio and therefore no device can be specifically targeted. I also looked into SFML, however it has the same limitation. I then checked out PortAudio, but it doesn't mix stuff for you either, so it looks as though its at the same level as SDL. However, it turns out that writing a simple mixer to play looping sounds targeted at an audio device by name is not that hard.
See documentation on the SDL site for the methods SDL_OpenAudioDevice and SDL_MixAudioFormat. I also found these code examples helpful in learning how to load my wav files correctly and how to loop on a sample:
http://www.libsdl.org/tmp/SDL/test/loopwave.c
http://www.libsdl.org/release/SDL-1.2.15/docs/html/sdlconvertaudio.html
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MEMPHIS, March 1 (UPI) -- New research revealed a glue-like protein called nucleophosmin, NPM1, binds together the biomolecules inside the nucleolus.
The nucleolus is the largest part of a cell's nucleus. It's a membrane-less structure organized to execute specific functions. The organelle is made up of proteins and ribonucleic acids, or RNA, which fuse in process called liquid-liquid phase separation.
Until now, researchers didn't know the molecular foundation of the nucleolus. Because the nucleolus plays an essential role in building proteins, NPM1s ability to bind with a variety of proteins is especially useful.
"The nucleolus performs a specialized function, and NPM1 seems to have evolved to assist in the process by being able to phase separate with these two important and very different types of nucleolar molecules," Richard Kriwacki, a researcher and structural biologists at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, said in a press release. "NPM1 is like the glue that holds different factors required for ribosome assembly within the nucleolus."
Previous research has identified NPM1 has an important binding partner for the tumor suppressor protein ARF. More than a third of patients with acute myeloid leukemia have mutated NPM1.
In watching the nucleolus under a microscope and using fluorescent protein tagging, scientists discovered that NPM1's flexible shape allows it to form loose bonds with many different proteins and RNA.
The ability to form loose biomolecular bonds is key to encouraging phase separation and holding on to important proteins and amino acids in the nucleolus.
RELATED Scientists build model biological supercomputer
"There are other proteins in the nucleolus that have some of the same features as NPM1, including the negatively charged amino acid tracts," Kriwacki said. "That suggests that NPM1 is probably not the only protein contributing to phase separation in the nucleolus, but our studies show that it certainly is a very important player."
Researchers published their findings in the journal eLife. |
Q:
Find the number of days between today and specific date?
I want to find the number of days between today and selected date.
I used one query
SELECT DATEDIFF(CURDATE(), TILLDATE) FROM interestpr_table WHERE GLID="150";
But it returns NULL as result. How to fix?
A:
As your TILLDATE is in format YYYY-MM-DD, you need to change it in YYYYMMDD format so that DATEDIFF would accept it as valid format.
SQLFIDDLE
For converting your date to format which DATEDIFF accept, you can use DATE_FORMAT like this :
SELECT DATEDIFF(curdate(),DATE_FORMAT(TILLDATE,'%Y%m%d')) // '%Y%m%d'converts it into YYYYMMDD format
SQLFIDDLE for conversion
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Pop culture potpourri
Yeah, I saw all your Facebook photo posts of your fabulous white beaches in Aruba and gorgeous views from the ski lift in Vermont. I was happy for you, really I was.
But one of the great things about staying home for the holiday break was a chance to catch up on all the TV, movies, and other crap I’ve meant to get to but never seem to have the time.
There’s an overwhelming amount of media to ingest, and much of pop culture popularity now is through word of mouth buzz, so thought I’d share some of the stuff I’m digging at the moment.
— Serial I can’t explain why listening to almost 12 hours of one woman talking about a 15-year-old murder case is fascinating but it is! We were driving to Boston for New Year’s and I plugged the podcast into the car stereo. My kids groaned as soon as the top 40 stopped, but within 20 minutes, all 5 of us were entranced.
–– By the Way, In conversation I’ve raved about actor/comedian Jeff Garlin’s podcast before but then it went silent while he was shooting The Goldbergs. But he’s back baby, and better than ever. It’s not an interview show, it’s literally just 2 people onstage before a lucky live audience– chatting about anything from pilates to bad movie endings. He gets the best guests, but I’ll listen to any episode–even unfamiliar names — because it’s always entertaining. Who loves Garlin most? Brady, who’s getting some nice long walks.
–The Imitation Game This movie is a fascinating piece of little known history, and an interesting character study of Alan Turing– an odd codebreaker who helped end World War II. Wilson and I give it two thumbs up for a riveting story and excellent acting. I know ladies swoon for Benedict Cucumberpatch but I don’t quite get it. I preferred to admire the flawless skin and effortless style of Kiera Knightly. Without giving too much away, there’s also a powerful social/cultural statement about the lack of human rights at that time that resonates today.
–Boyhood There’s been a lot of hype surrounding this movie but I liked it and appreciated the creativity, foresight, and endurance required to make such an innovative film. As the mom of three boys, it was interesting to see their common behaviors and attitudes, but this boy’s parents’ divorce was central to the story and will likely speak volumes to single parents and blended families. The characters were appropriately gray– not all good or bad– and showed growth as they lived with the choices they made. It’s a quiet movie though. Half the time I was stressed while watching, expecting a big dramatic turn of events, but it never came. I’d like to see it again, knowing the outcome, and appreciating the pop culture references and details. It’s groundbreaking in film history, and significant in modern culture.
–Boardwalk Empire I don’t know many people who watched this HBO series that ended last fall, and that’s a crime. We finally finished the last season and put it in our top 10 best dramas of all time. Each episode– exec produced by Martin Scorsese– was like a mini movie. The cinematography, art direction, costumes, and attention to historic detail was flawless and the writing was brilliant. Every season had its own intensity, and featured mafia legends including Capone, Bugsy Siegel, Meyer Lansky, Lucky Luciano and Arnold Rothstein. Season 3 with Bobby Cannavale as the psycho mobster Gyp Rosetti was one of the sickest characters I’ve ever seen on TV. I’m telling you, watch it. Or I’ll break your legs.
–Parenthood If you stuck with it through all six seasons as we have, it was well worth it. It’s been called “appointment crying” and I don’t think I’ve ever gotten through an episode with a dry eye, because creator Jason Katims and his excellent writers know how to yank at those heartstrings like he’s playing a bass. It got a little soapy in the last couple seasons, but the characters are complicated, the acting is excellent (shoutout to Ray Ramano, who knew?) and the stories are often relatable. Episode 11 was especially great as they started to revisit the past and wrap up the series in a subtle but powerful way. I’m eager to see how they end it. Even if you gave up a few seasons ago, I’d recommend watching the last two episodes. But be sure to bring a hanky.
–Into the Woods soundtrack This was my dad’s favorite Broadway show of all time and we saw it with Bernadette Peters back in the day, so I was thrilled to see it was coming to the big screen. I haven’t even seen the movie yet (soon!) but am loving the music. Sondheim is the most clever theatrical rapper there is. The lyrics are beautiful and poetic, and the bigger message about life in and out of the woods is timeless. (Cinderella: “How can you know who you are til you know what you want, which I don’t?) As Eli told me– he’s my one kid who loves show tunes as much as I do– the story is about what happens following “Happy ever after.” Careful what you wish for!
–Real Housewives of Beverly Hills Sooo much better this season! They got rid of the two creepy weirdos from last year and scored the goofy, fun, candid Lisa Rinna and her pal, soap opera actress Eileen Davidson. The houses. parties, and shopping sprees are still outrageous, the hair and makeup completely over the top, and the cat fights extra scratchy. Sure, Yolanda is out of touch with reality, but somehow she’s still endearing and a good mom. Brandi is trashy and so clearly in need of therapy it’s like watching a tall white Cadillac Escalade with blinged out wheels crash in slow motion. Great TV.
Showtime
–The Affair A lot of fellow TV junkies are raving about this show but Wilson and I thought it was mediocre. The concept is compelling– a story of an affair of two married people, culminating in a murder mystery, told from his and her points of view. But some of the writing was lame and the way they bopped around the Hamptons and Brooklyn when they should have been hiding in hotel rooms was bonkers and unrealistic. Oh but did I mention Joshua Jackson is unbelievably hot?? I don’t care how good The Wire was, I can’t imagine a world where one would choose the overcompensating greasy curls and weak character of Dominic West over Jackson, the brooding cowboy. I will say that the last 3 episodes were great and hooked us in for next season.
–Trivia Crack Jacob introduced me to this app on my phone and it’s an addictive diversion when on-line at Trader Joe’s or commuting home. You answer questions in several different categories in less than 30 seconds, and can play against friends. The questions aren’t that hard (yet) so it’s a nice little ego boost and feels like a better use of brain juice than say, scrolling Facebook.
Are any of these sucking up your time? What are your latest pop culture obsessions? Tell me in the comments.
7 responses to “Pop culture potpourri”
Thanks for this blog! I agree with most of your favs & will try the ones I don’t know about yet, like Trivia Crack. Also, I must add my new guilty pleasures – Scandal & How To Get Away With Murder, both created by Shondra Rhimes (Grey’s Anatomy). There’s literally a plot twist every 5 minutes! |
Produced by Chris Curnow, Chuck Greif and the Online
Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This
file was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive)
[Illustration: Plate 1.--A Branch of Coffea Arabica, with Berries and
Flowers.]
COFFEE AND CHICORY:
THEIR
CULTURE, CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, PREPARATION
FOR MARKET, AND CONSUMPTION,
WITH
SIMPLE TESTS FOR DETECTING ADULTERATION,
AND
PRACTICAL HINTS FOR THE PRODUCER
AND CONSUMER.
BY
P. L. SIMMONDS,
AUTHOR OF “THE COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM,”
“A DICTIONARY OF TRADE PRODUCTS,” &c.
WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS.
[Illustration]
LONDON:
E. & F. N. SPON, 16, BUCKLERSBURY.
1864.
PREFACE.
A practical essay on the culture and preparation of coffee for market in
the various producing countries of the world, brought down to the
present time, has long been wanted, especially as the sources of supply
have changed so much of late years. Porter’s “Tropical Agriculturist”
has long been out of print, and my own work on “The Commercial Products
of the Vegetable Kingdom” is too expensive and too diffuse for ordinary
reference. The present hand-book deals with the subject in a popular
form, but, at the same time, supplies correct information on most
points, combined with the fullest descriptive and statistical details
respecting every coffee-producing country. For much of the information
relating to coffee cultivation in Ceylon, I am indebted to a small
treatise by Mr. G. C. Lewis, privately published in that island. For the
views of buildings and scenery, I am under obligations to Sir Emerson
Tennent and Messrs. Worms, who kindly lent me original drawings and
photographs--whilst the microscopic representations of pure and
adulterated coffee and chicory are copied, by permission, from Dr.
Hassall’s elaborate work on “Food and its Adulterations.” Trusting that
this little work may be found useful and interesting to a large class, I
send it forth as the pioneer of other hand-books on the great staples of
commerce.
P. L. S.
8, Winchester-street, S.W.,
July, 1864.
CONTENTS.
COFFEE.
SECTION I. PAGE
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION OF THE COFFEE-TREE (with two illustrations) 1
SECTION II.
HISTORY OF ITS INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION 6
SECTION III.
PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY 12
SECTION IV.
COMMERCIAL VARIETIES OF COFFEE 15
SECTION V.
CHEMICAL ANALYSES 20
SECTION VI.
COFFEE-LEAF TEA, &C. 27
SECTION VII.
ADULTERANTS (_with an illustration_) 29
SECTION VIII.
CULTURE IN THE WEST INDIES AND AMERICA 34
SECTION IX.
CULTURE IN ARABIA 42
SECTION X.
CULTIVATION IN CEYLON (_with an illustration_) 45
SECTION XI.
BUILDINGS, PLANTING, &C., IN CEYLON (_with four illustrations_) 52
SECTION XII.
HARVESTING THE CROP, AND PREPARATION FOR MARKET
(_with an illustration_) 59
SECTION XIII.
PREPARATION FOR MARKET, CONTINUED 63
SECTION XIV.
CULTIVATION IN SOUTHERN INDIA 73
SECTION XV.
BOURBON, JAVA, AND THE EAST 78
SECTION XVI.
COFFEE AS A BEVERAGE 81
CHICORY.
SECTION I.
INTRODUCTION INTO ENGLAND. CONTINENTAL PRODUCTION
AND CONSUMPTION 88
SECTION II.
CULTIVATION. HARVESTING AND PREPARATION FOR MARKET 93
SECTION III.
STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION (_with an illustration_) 98
COFFEE AND CHICORY.
COFFEE.
SECTION I.
BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION.
The coffee-tree--_Coffea arabica_, Linn.--is a plant belonging to the
natural order _Cinchonaceæ_. It is a large erect bush, quite smooth in
every part; leaves oblong lanceolate, acuminate, shining on the upper
side, wavy, deep green above, paler below; stipules subulate, undivided.
Peduncles axillary, short, clustered; corollas white, funnel-shaped,
sweet-scented, with four or five oblong-spreading twisted lobes. Fruit a
compressed drupe, furrowed along the side, crowned by the calyx. Seeds
solitary, plano-convex, with a deep furrow along the flat side. Putamen
like parchment.
The generic name given to the plant by Linnæus was taken, it is said,
from Coffee, a province of Narea, in Africa where it grows in abundance.
Plate 1 represents a branch of the coffee-tree in blossom and fruit,
and the lettered figures at the foot have reference to the dissection of
the flower and fruit.
A--The flower, cut open, to show the situation of the five filaments,
with their summits lying upon them.
B--Represents the flower cup, with its four small indentations enclosing
the germ or embryo seed-vessel, from the middle of which arises the
style, terminated by the two reflexed spongy tops.
C--The fruit entire, marked at the top with a puncture like a navel.
D--The fruit open, to show that it consists ordinarily of two seeds,
which are surrounded by the pulp.
E--The fruit cut horizontally, to show the seeds as they are placed
erect, with their flat sides, together.
F--One of the seeds taken out, with the membrane or parchment upon it.
G--The same with the parchment torn open, to give a view of the seed.
H--The seed without the parchment.
Lindley and Paxton only enumerate two species: _C. arabica_, native of
Yemen, and _C. paniculata_, indigenous to Guiana.
Continental botanists, however, describe no less than eight other
species: four inhabiting Peru, _C. microcarpa_, _C. umbellata_, _C.
acuminata_, and _C. subsessilis_; two indigenous to the West Coast of
Africa, _C. laurina_ and _C. racemosa_; and two natives of the East
Indies, _C. bengalensis_ and _C. Indica_. Some of these are probably
mere varieties.
Whatever its origin may have been, there can be no doubt that there are
three kinds or species now grown, differing materially from each other.
The Arabian or Mocha coffee is characterised by having a small and more
brittle leaf, with branches shorter, and more upright than the Jamaica
and Ceylon coffee; and by its berry being almost always, or at least
very frequently, single seeded, and the seed cylindrical and plump.
The Jamaica coffee-tree has a larger and more pliable leaf, longer and
more drooping branches, and berries almost always containing two seeds.
(_The Ethiopian._)
The great difference now existing between the two kinds, may possibly
have originated in the change of soil, climate, and season, operating
through a series of years; but this difference is so decided, and so
strongly marked, that the veriest tyro can in a moment pronounce of
either.
The East India or Bengal coffee-tree differs much from all others, but
is in every respect a veritable coffee.
The leaf is smaller, and lighter green, than the foregoing variety; its
berry is infinitely smaller, and when ripening, turns black instead of
blood-red. Coffee made from it is of excellent flavour, and much liked.
Within the tropics, coffee thrives best at an elevation of 1200 to 3000
feet, and rarely grows above 6000 feet. It may be cultivated as far as
36° north latitude, where the mean temperature is about 70°.
In the western hemisphere coffee is grown in many of the West India
Islands, in Central America, the northern republics of South America,
Berbice, Cayenne, and Brazil. In Africa it is grown in Liberia and other
parts of Western Africa, at St. Helena, in Egypt, and Mozambique, and a
little in Natal. Passing eastward we find it in Arabia, one of the
oldest seats of culture, the southern peninsula of India, Ceylon,
Bourbon, Java, Célèbes, and other parts of the Eastern Archipelago,
Siam, and some of the Pacific Islands.
Coffee-plants are able to bear an amount of cold which is little known
or thought of. The high and cold regions of Jamaica near St. Catherine’s
Peak, and the foot of the Great Blue Mountain Peak, both situated at
some 6000 feet above the level of the sea; and, again, the mountains of
Arabia, the Neilgherries, and Ceylon, furnish instances of the great
degree of cold that the coffee-plant will endure. More than this, it is
an established fact that it bears a larger, plumper, and far more
aromatic berry at these altitudes than in a lower situation and in a
warmer temperature. The coffee produced on plantations near the foot of
the Blue Mountain Peak, in Jamaica, is the finest in the world. In
Arabia, likewise, the cold at night is sometimes intense; yet who will
dispute the goodness of Mocha coffee?
Nothing can exceed the beauty of the rows or walks planted with
coffee-trees, from their pyramidical shape and glossy dark leaves,
amongst which are hanging the ripe, scarlet- berries. A writer,
in his “Impressions of the West Indies,” thus speaks: “Anything in the
way of cultivation more beautiful or more fragrant than a
coffee-plantation I had not conceived, and oft did I say to myself that
if ever I became, from health or otherwise, a cultivator of the soil
within the tropics, I would cultivate the coffee-plant, even though I
did so irrespective altogether of the profit that might be derived from
so doing. Much has been written, and not without justice, of the rich
fragrance of an orange-grove, and at home we ofttimes hear of the sweet
odours of a bean-field. I have, too, often enjoyed, in the Carse of
Stirling and elsewhere in Scotland, the balmy breezes as they swept over
the latter, particularly when the sun had burst out with unusual
strength after a shower of rain. I have likewise in Martinique, Santa
Cruz, Jamaica, and Cuba, inhaled the breezes wafted from the orangeries,
but not for a moment would I compare either with the exquisite aromatic
odours from a coffee-plantation in full bloom, when the
hill-side--covered over with regular rows of the shrubs, with their
millions of jasmine-like flowers--showers down upon you as you ride up
between the plants a perfume
[Illustration: Plate 2.--A Coffee Plantation in Jamaica.]
of the most delicately delicious description. ’Tis worth going to the
West Indies to see the sight and inhale the perfume.”
Plate 2 represents a coffee plantation in Jamaica.
In the culture of the tree there is a singular difference in the western
and eastern hemispheres, inasmuch as in the former shade is considered
injurious, whilst in the latter it is held to be desirable, if not
absolutely necessary.
SECTION II.
HISTORY OF ITS INTRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION.
Coffee, although taking its common and specific names from Arabia, is
not a native plant of that country, but of Abyssinia, where it is found
both in the wild and cultivated state. From that country it was brought
to Arabia, in comparatively very recent times. Mr. Lane states that it
was first used there about the year 1450. It was not known to the Arabs,
therefore, for more than eight hundred years after the time of Mahomed,
and was introduced only between forty and fifty years before the
discovery of America. The Arabians called coffee kăhwăh, which is an old
word in their language for wine. The unlucky word gave rise to a dispute
about the legality of its use among the Mahomedan doctors, who,
mistaking the word for the thing it represented, denounced as a narcotic
that which was anti-narcotic. They were beaten, and coffee has ever
since become a legitimate and favourite potable of the Arabs.
In a century its use spread to Egypt and other parts of the Turkish
empire. For two centuries from its introduction into Arabia, the use of
coffee seems to have been confined to the Mahomedan nations of Western
Asia; and, considering its rapid spread and popularity among the
European nations, it is remarkable that it has not, like tobacco,
extended to the Hindus, the Hindu-Chinese, the Japanese, or the tribes
of the Indian Archipelago, who no more use it than the Europeans do the
betel preparation. The high price of coffee and the low cost of tobacco,
most likely afford the true solution of the difference. One striking
result of the use of coffee first, and then of tobacco, among the
Mahomedan nations is well deserving of notice. These commodities have
been in a great measure substituted for wine and spirits, which had been
largely, although clandestinely, used before, and hence a great
improvement in the sobriety of Arabs, Persians, and Turks. I give this
interesting fact on the authority of Mr. Lane, who mentions it in the
notes to his translation of the Arabian Nights.[1]
From Turkey coffee found its way to Europe. It came in use in England
before either tea or chocolate. A Turkey merchant of London, of the name
of Edwards, is said to have brought the first bag of coffee to England,
and his Greek servant to have made the first dish of English coffee
about 1652. But it is stated in the Life of Wood, the antiquary, that
“in 1651, one Jacob, a Jew, opened a coffee-house at the Angel, in the
parish of St. Peter-in-the-East, Oxon; and there it was, by some who
delighted in noveltie, drunk. When he left Oxon, he sold it in Old
Southampton-buildings, in Holborne, near London, and was living there in
1671.”
Coffee-houses were soon after opened in various parts of the metropolis,
as also in other parts of the kingdom, for vending it. The excise
officers visited the coffee-houses at fixed periods, and took an account
of the number of gallons of the liquid that were made, upon which a duty
of 4d. per gallon was charged until 1689.
Three years after the first introduction of coffee upon the statute
books, the increase of houses for its sale had become so great, that by
the Act passed in 1663, “For the better ordering and collecting the duty
of excise, and preventing the abuses therein” (15 Chas. II., cap. 11,
sect. 15), express provision is made for the licensing of all
coffee-houses at the quarter sessions, under a penalty of 5_l._ for
every month during which any person should retail coffee, chocolate, or
tea, without having first procured such license from the magistrates.
From that time to the revolution, coffee-houses multiplied so rapidly
that, when Ray published his “History of Plants” in 1688, he estimated
that the coffee-houses in London were at that time as numerous as in
Cairo itself; whilst similar places of accommodation were to be met with
in all the principal cities and towns in England.
There are now in London alone more than 1500 coffee-houses, besides
confectioners’ shops, and other places where coffee is vended.
For half a century at least Arabia furnished all the coffee that Europe
consumed, which, therefore, must have been very trifling. It was, in
fact, long the luxury of a few fashionable people, with whom, however,
it must have been in general use sixty years after its introduction, as
we find from the well-known passage of the “Rape of the Lock,” published
in 1712, in which politicians are described as seeing through it “with
half-shut eyes.”
Le Grand d’Aussy, in his “Vie Privée des Français,” gives a curious and
interesting account of the first introduction of the use of coffee in
France. As early as 1658 some merchants of Marseilles introduced the use
of coffee into that city, and Thévenot, after his return from his
Eastern travels, about the year 1658, regaled his guests with coffee
after dinner.
“This, however,” says Le Grand, “was but the eccentricity of a
traveller, which would not come into fashion among such a people as the
Parisians. To bring coffee into credit, some extraordinary and striking
circumstance was necessary. This circumstance occurred on the arrival,
in 1669, of an embassy from the Grand Seigneur Mahomet IV. to Louis
XIV. Soliman Aga, chief of the mission, having passed six months in the
capital, and during his stay having acquired the friendship of the
Parisians by some traits of wit and gallantry, several persons of
distinction, chiefly women, had the curiosity to visit him at his house.
The manner in which he received them not only inspired a wish to renew
the visit, but induced others to follow their example. He caused coffee
to be served to his guests, according to the custom of his country; for
since fashion had introduced the custom of serving this beverage among
the Turks, civility demanded that it should be offered to visitors, as
well as that those should not decline partaking of it. If a Frenchman,
in a similar case, to please the ladies, had presented to them this
black and bitter liquor, he would be rendered for ever ridiculous. But
the beverage was served by a Turk--a gallant Turk--and this was
sufficient to give it inestimable value. Besides, before the palate
could judge, the eyes were seduced by the display of elegance and
neatness which accompanied it, by those brilliant porcelain cups into
which it was poured, by napkins with gold fringes, on which it was
served to the ladies; add to this the furniture, the dresses, and the
foreign customs, the strangeness of addressing the host through the
interpreter, being seated on the ground, on tiles, &c., and you will
allow that there was more than enough to turn the heads of French women.
Leaving the hotel of the ambassador with an enthusiasm easily imagined,
they hastened to their acquaintances, to speak of the coffee of which
they had partaken; and Heaven only knows to what a degree they were
excited.”
The extravagant price of coffee, notwithstanding that the fashion of
drinking it was established, prevented it from coming into general use.
It was only to be had, according to Le Grand, at Marseilles, and even
there not in any quantity. Labat, quoted by him, states that the price
at this time was the enormous one of forty crowns a pound. In 1672, an
Armenian opened in Paris the first coffee-house, on the plan of those he
had seen at Constantinople. Pascal was followed by a crowd of imitators,
whose numbers became so great in 1676, that it was found necessary to
form them into a society by statute.
As to the European names of coffee, they are all, observes Mr. Crawfurd,
from the same source, the old Arabic word for wine, kăhwăh, which is
composed of a very guttural _k_, unpronounceable by Europeans, except by
an awkward effort, of the labial _w_, and of two short vowels ă, with an
aspirate at the end of each syllable. The Turks have changed the labial
_w_ into _v_, and the European nations, who took the word directly from
them, have corrupted the word by converting the labial _v_ into the
labial _f_, by substituting an ordinary _k_ or hard _c_ for the Arabic
guttural, by omitting both the aspirates, and by converting the last
short ă into ĕ, or as with ourselves, always the greatest corruptors of
orthography, changing both the vowels.
The Mahomedans distinguish three kinds of kăhwăh--wine, or anything that
inebriates; the extract from the pulp which contains the coffee-berry;
and that from the berry itself. The deep brown colour of the liquor
occasioned its being called the syrup of the Indian mulberry, under
which specious name it first became fashionable in Europe; and some who
imported the pulp called it the “flower of the coffee-tree,” but it
failed in use. Coffee is used in vast quantities by the Turks and
Arabians, and with peculiar propriety, as it counteracts the narcotic
effects of opium, to the use of which they are so much addicted.
The history of the cultivation of coffee by European nations in their
colonies is singular. The old Dutch East India Company carried on some
traffic with the Arabian ports in the Red Sea; and about the year 1690,
the Dutch Governor-General of India, Van Hoorne, caused some ripe
coffee-seeds to be brought to Java; they were planted, grew, and
produced fruit. He sent a single plant home from. Batavia to Nicholas
Witsen, the Governor of the East India Company, which arrived safe, was
planted in the Botanic Gardens of Amsterdam, where it prospered,
produced fruit, and the fruit young plants. From the Amsterdam garden
plants were sent to the Dutch colony of Surinam, and the planters
entered on the cultivation of coffee in 1718. The authority for this is
the celebrated physician and botanist, Boerhaave, in his Index of the
Leyden Garden. In ten years after its cultivation in Surinam it was
introduced from that colony by the English into Jamaica. It was sent to
Martinique from France in 1720. The first coffee-plant cultivated in
Brazil, now the greatest producing country in the world, was reared by a
Franciscan monk, of the name of Vellosa, in the garden of the convent of
San Antonio, near Rio Janeiro; it throve, and the monk presented its
ripe fruit to the viceroy, Lavrado. He judiciously distributed it to the
planters, who commenced its cultivation in 1774. From Java the
coffee-plant was conveyed to Sumatra, to Célèbes, to the Philippines,
and in our own times to Malabar, Mysore, and Ceylon. The few
coffee-berries brought from Mocha to Batavia are the parents of the vast
quantity now produced, all the coffee now consumed (exceeding
500,000,000 lbs.), save the trifle yielded by Arabia, has the same
origin, and the great cultivation and commerce in coffee has all sprung
up in less than one hundred and seventy-five years.
SECTION III.
PRODUCTION AND SUPPLY.
The changes in the sources of supply of coffee within the last quarter
of a century are very remarkable. The British possessions in the East,
where land and labour is cheap, have taken the place which our Western
possessions formerly occupied.
The British West India Islands and Demerara have fallen off in their
production of coffee from 30,000,000 lbs. to 4,000,000 lbs. San Domingo,
Cuba, and the French West India colonies are also gradually giving up
coffee culture in favour of other staples. It is chiefly Brazil, some of
the Central American republics, Java, Ceylon, and British India, that
are able to render coffee a profitable crop.
At the close of the last century the consumption of coffee was under one
million pounds; the only descriptions then known in the London market
were Grenada, Jamaica, and Mocha--the two former averaging about 5_l._
per cwt., and the latter 20_l._ per cwt. Grenada coffee is now unknown,
and Ceylon, Java, and Brazil are the largest producers.
In 1760 the total quantity of coffee consumed in the United Kingdom was
262,000 lbs., or three-quarters of an ounce to each person in the
population.
From 1801 to 1804 the average quantity of coffee consumed by each
individual of the population was only about 1 oz., whilst 1½ lbs. of tea
per head was used. From 1805 to 1809 the consumption of coffee was 3 oz.
per head. From 1810 to 1824, when the duty was reduced by about
one-third, the consumption was 8 oz. After this, when the duty on
British-grown coffee was further reduced to 9d. and 6d. the pound, the
consumption rose to 1 lb., and by 1850 to 1½ lbs. But this consumption
was not uniform for the United Kingdom, for while in England 1 lb. 12
oz. was used, in Scotland only 6 oz. were consumed, and in Ireland but 2
oz.
The quantities of coffee consumed in Great Britain in each decennial
period, comparing the consumption with the growth of the population, and
exhibiting the influence of high and low duties, are shown by the
following statement. The figures up to 1841 are from Porter’s “Progress
of the Nation.” Those since are computed from official documents:
-----+-------------+---------+---------------+------------
| No. of lbs. | Duty on | Population | Average
| consumed. | B. P. | of |consumption.
| | coffee. |Great Britain. |
-----+-------------+---------+---------------+------------
| | s. d. | | lbs. oz.
1801 | 750,000 | 1 6 | 10,942,646 | 0 1·09
1811 | 6,390,122 | 0 7 | 12,596,803 | 0 8·12
1821 | 7,327,283 | 1 0 | 14,391,631 | 0 8·01
1831 | 21,862,264 | 0 6 | 16,262,301 | 1 5·49
1841 | 27,298,322 | 0 6 | 18,532,335 | 1 7·55
1851 | 32,504,545 | 0 3 | 21,000,000 | 1 4·98
1861 | 35,204,040 | 0 3 | 23,266,755 | 1 1·33
-----+-------------+---------+---------------+------------
It appears from the foregoing figures, that, when the duty amounted to
1s. 6d. per lb., the use of coffee was confined altogether to the rich.
The quantity then used throughout the kingdom scarcely exceeded on the
average one ounce for each inhabitant in the year.
Although about a quarter of a century ago the average consumption rose
to nearly 1½ lb., it has since been gradually declining, for last year
(1863) the total consumption was, with an increased population, 2¼
million pounds below the quantity taken for consumption in 1861.
The following table shows the changes in our sources of supply of
coffee even in the last ten years, taking the quantities entered for
consumption only.
COFFEE TAKEN FOR CONSUMPTION IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.
1853. 1862.
lbs. lbs.
British India (including Ceylon) 24,980,375 5,422,369
Ceylon -- 23,886,007
British West Indies and Guiana 2,742,913 2,380,683
Central America 4,948,848 2,087,638
Brazil 814,133 280,837
Venezuela 1,033,071 --
Hayti 862,254 20,701
Java 112,892 --
Holland, &c. 442,863 8,862
Egypt 112,360 90,932
United States 112,673 30,476
New Granada -- 133,144
Chili 379,930 --
Mauritius 61,884 --
Portugal -- 23,052
Philippine Islands -- 82,820
Other parts 487,574 216,650
---------- ----------
37,091,770 34,664,135
Exported on drawback 108,648 212,369
---------- ----------
36,983,122 34,451,766
There is imported into Europe annually about 270,000,000 pounds of
coffee, of which France consumes one-sixth, the consumption there having
increased fully fifty per cent. within a very brief period.
SECTION IV.
COMMERCIAL VARIETIES OF COFFEE.
The coffee-berry of Cayenne is rather convex, irregular, of a dull
green, covered with a slight pellicle. It is analogous to Mocha, and of
a pleasant aromatic flavour.
That of Guadaloupe is elongated, larger, of a dark greyish green, and
nearly always without any pellicle.
The coffee-berry of Martinique is also large, oval, flat on one side,
with the furrow deep and straight for the greater part of its length,
but diverging at the ends. Its odour is agreeable, and the flavour
strong when used alone, but it is generally mixed with Mocha.
The Mocha berry is very variable in form, size, and colour, but it is
generally more round or compressed than other coffees; its odour is
strong and agreeable, and very characteristic. Many of the seeds are
often covered by the endocarp, while others are without the pellicle. A
great number also are rounded, and the involuted edges form a deep
furrow, differing from the ordinary one. The form of these seeds is due
to the abortion of the other half of the fruit, which gives it this
particular formation.
Aden, _alias_ Mocha, coffee is, along with the other coffees of the Red
Sea, sent first to Bombay in Arab ships, where it is “garbelled”
(picked), previously to its being exported to England. The bean is
always broad and small, and the climate of India is supposed to improve
its flavour. The seed of the Berbera (Abyssinian) plant is usually
called long-berried Mocha.
The Java and East Indian, next in quality, are larger, and of a paler
yellow. The Ceylon berries are of irregular sizes, ill-shaped, and of a
spotted dirty cream-colour. The terms “Plantation” and “Native” coffees,
as applied to Ceylon berries, are distinctions arising from one being
the cultivated coffee of the estates of the planters, which are better
attended to and prepared for market, while the other is that grown in a
wild or careless manner by the natives about their dwellings, and more
rudely prepared. Java coffee is chiefly prized in the market for its
delicacy of flavour, but in point of strength it falls short of the West
Indian.
Of Bourbon coffee there are in commerce two qualities, fine and
ordinary. The first is in small seeds, well selected for size, of a
variable colour, yellow or green, with little pellicle, the furrow
slightly indented, and it has a sweet odour. The second is badly
assorted as regards form and colour, and its odour less agreeable.
The Jamaica coffee-berry is medium-sized, of a greenish blue colour,
rather oblong, and smooth to the touch. It has a strong, agreeable
smell, and excellent flavour, and when carefully picked and sorted,
fetches about the highest price of any kind.
Porto Rico is a middle-sized coffee, of a pure and agreeable flavour;
the colour of the better sorts is a bluish green; and of the common,
yellow.
The West Indian and Brazilian coffees have a bluish or greenish-grey
tint. This grey-green shade of the Western coffees is entirely deficient
in those of Asia. The value of the berry in our wholesale markets is
not, therefore, a fictitious quality, as some imagine, but is real, and
depends first upon the texture and form of the berry or seed, secondly
on the colour, and thirdly the flavour. The texture of the berry and
form, termed “style” by the coffee brokers, is so well defined and
palpable to the initiated, that at one view they pronounce its value,
from one hundred and thirty shillings per cwt. downwards, according to
the two other qualities, colour and flavour.
The value of the coffees usually imported into this country stands in
the following order: Mocha, fine Ceylon Plantation, Jamaica, Costa Rica,
Java, Tellicherry, and St. Domingo.
Portugal produces coffee in several of her colonies. Ordinary
description, yellowish berry, in St. Thomas; tolerably good in the Cape
de Verdes; bad, yellow, in Timor; worse (but curious from the very small
size of the berry), growing wild, in Mozambique; good in Angola; and of
excellent quality in Madeira and Porto Santo, but the production is
limited.
Much of the coffee which finds its way into England as genuine Mocha is,
in reality, Malabar coffee, sent to ports of the Persian Gulf from
Bourbon, and when thus naturalised, finding its way to Europe. But the
coffee of India even now competes successfully with that of Arabia, in
Bussorah, and other local markets, which the latter had for centuries
commanded as its own.
It is curious to watch the progress of English enterprise. The energetic
and ubiquitous Anglo-Saxons hold India, and here we see coffee from
India triumphing over the famous berry of Arabia. The cultivation of tea
also is rapidly spreading over 30,000 square miles of the Sub-Himalayan
ranges; and who knows but that Indian teas may yet compete with those of
the flowery land in the markets of Shanghae?
Already the Assam teas are held in high estimation by good judges of tea
in this country, whilst they fetch a high price in India for local
consumption.
The colour of the berry is by no means a decisive criterion of
excellence of quality; in some parts the bluish berry is esteemed most
highly, in others the yellow. The West Indian coffees often change
colour when kept a few years.
It is well known that the various sorts of coffee imported into Europe
from the several parts where the plant is cultivated differ widely in
quality and flavour. Levantine or Mocha still retains its old
superiority in this respect, though the best sorts imported from Ceylon,
Bourbon, Mauritius, and other Indian Islands are now generally
considered to come very near it. This difference in quality and flavour
of the various sorts of coffee is generally attributed to climatic and
local causes and influences, which are necessarily beyond the power of
remedy. This, however, is a great mistake. The more or less advanced
state of maturity to which the berry is allowed to attain before
picking, and, more particularly still, the degree of dryness, and the
longer or shorter period of time for which it is kept before being sent
into the market, exercise a most powerful influence upon the quality and
flavour of the article. Berries gathered before they have attained
maturity, though they may be perfect in colour, will always have a raw,
herbaceous taste. If the drying berries are heaped too thickly or
closely, they are apt to heat and to contract an unpleasantly bitter and
harsh taste, and a disagreeable smell; this will frequently occur also
where artificial heat is had recourse to expedite the drying. Keeping
tends to cure these serious defects in coffee. There are instances on
record where coffee of a most disagreeable flavour and smell has been
brought near perfection by being kept for some years in a dry loft; and
though it may be going too far to assert, as has been done by some high
authorities on the subject, that “the worst coffee produced in the West
Indies will, in a course of years not exceeding ten or fourteen, be as
good, parch and mix as well, and have as high a flavour as the best we
have now from Turkey,” still there can be no doubt that long keeping
will most materially improve the quality of even the worst sorts.
Unfortunately, the difference of price between inferior and superior
coffee is not sufficiently great to cover so many years’ interest on the
capital invested. It is for the same reason that planters, though they
are perfectly aware that trees growing on a light soil, and in dry and
elevated spots, produce smaller berries of very superior flavour to
those grown in rich, flat, and moist soils, yet prefer cultivating the
latter, simply because the production is double that of the better sort.
Those who wish to improve the quality of their coffees by keeping, must
bear in mind that perfect dryness of the loft or warehouse, moderate
warmth, and gentle ventilation are the indispensable conditions of
success; a strong draught of air is more particularly to be guarded
against, as it tends to bleach the berries. Great care must be taken,
also, to keep all strong-flavoured wares, such as pepper, pimento,
ginger, cod-fish, herrings, rum, &c., as far as possible from the
coffee, which has a powerful attraction for these scents, and gets
thoroughly impregnated with them, to the great deterioration, of course,
of its quality. This remark applies more particularly to the shipping of
coffee from Jamaica and the other West India Islands. Want of proper
ventilation in the holds in which a cargo of coffee is stowed on board
ship, is equally injurious to the quality of the article. Coffee which
has suffered damage by sea-water, or has been spoiled by the close
vicinity of strong-scented wares, may, to some extent, be reclaimed by
“rouncing” or putting it in a tub, pouring boiling water over it,
stirring for a few minutes, then pouring the water off, repeating the
same operation a second, or even a third time, if necessary, and most
carefully drying the washed berries.
SECTION V.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS.
Coffee has been analysed by several chemists, and though the results
obtained differ in some slight degree, yet it seems pretty clear that
the principal constituents to which its hygienic and medicinal
properties are due are caffeine, a peculiar volatile oil generated in
the roasting, and a kind of tannic acid.
The alkaloid caffeine, or theine, is found in one or two other plants
besides tea and coffee. It occurs in the seeds of _Paullinia sorbilis_,
a native of Brazil, and in the leaves of several species of holly,
natives of South America, which furnish the Paraguay tea, or Yerba mate,
so large an article of consumption in several of the South American
republics. The leaves and young shoots, dried, parched, and pulverised,
are used for a hot infusion. A kind of cake, called Guarana bread, is
made from the seeds of the _Paullinia_, which is highly esteemed in
Brazil and other countries when infused, like chocolate, for its
nutritive and febrifuge properties, and is sold generally as a necessary
for travellers, and as a cure for many diseases.
The nutritive and medicinal virtues of all these plants must certainly
be attributed in a great degree to the presence of this chemical
principle, and to the tannic acid which they also contain.
The use of coffee as a beverage has been examined in a chemical and
physiological point of view by Professor Lehmann. The general results of
his investigations are:
1. That a decoction of coffee exercises two principal actions upon the
organism, which are very diverse in character, viz. increasing the
activity of the vascular and nervous system, while at the same time it
<DW44>s the metamorphosis of plastic constituents.
2. That the influence of coffee upon the vascular and nervous system,
its reinvigorating action, and the production of a general sense of
cheerfulness and animation, is attributable solely to the mutual
modification of the specific action of the empyreumatic oil and the
caffeine contained in it.
3. That the retardation of the assimilative process brought about by the
use of coffee is owing chiefly to the empyreumatic oil, and is caused by
caffeine only when taken in large quantities.
4. That increased action of the heart, trembling, headache, &c., are
effects of the caffeine.
5. That the increased activity of the kidneys, relaxation of the bowels,
and an increased vigour of mental faculties, passing into congestion,
restlessness, and inability to sleep, are effects of the empyreumatic
oil.
Professor Lehmann considers it, therefore, necessary to regard the
action of coffee, and, in a less degree, that of tea, cocoa, alcohol,
&c., upon the organism, as constituting an exception to the general law,
that increased bodily and mental activity involves increased consumption
of plastic material.
Caffeine, on careful analysis, has been found to contain in 100 parts,
49·80 of carbon, 5·08 of hydrogen, 28·83 of nitrogen, and 16·29 of
oxygen. It is inodorous, but has a slightly bitter taste. The proportion
in which this principle is found to be present in coffee varies between
¾ lb. and 1¾ lbs. in 100 lbs. of berries.
The peculiar essential oil which is generated in coffee in the process
of roasting, by the action of heat upon some yet unascertained principle
contained in the berry, is also very similar to the volatile oil in
tea; but the quantity of it in coffee appears to be comparatively very
small; for whilst 100 lbs. of tea-leaves contain 1 lb. of volatile oil,
it takes 500 cwts. of roasted coffee to give a similar quantity; and yet
it is upon the presence of this oil that the flavour and value of the
several varieties of coffee mainly depend.
The tannic acid is, by some chemists, also said to be generated only in
the process of roasting; others maintain that it is present in the raw
bean.
The chemical properties of the coffee-berry are altered by roasting, and
it loses about twenty per cent. of weight, but increases in bulk
one-third or one-half. Its peculiar aroma, and some of its other
properties, are due to a small quantity of essential oil, only one
five-thousandth part of its weight, which would be worth about 100_l._
an ounce in a separate state. Coffee is less rich in theine than tea,
but contains more sugar and a good deal of cheese (casein).
Schrader has analysed raw and roasted coffee, with the following result:
raw. roasted.
Peculiar coffee principle 17·58 12·50
Gum and mucilage 3·64 10·42
Extractive 0·62 4·80
Resin 0·41 }
Fatty oil 0·52 } 2·08
Solid residue 66·66 68·75
Loss 10·57 1·45
-------------
|
100·00
“The examination of coffee,” observes Dr. F. Knapp, “has led to
interesting results, although they are still defective in pointing out
the quantitative composition of the berry.”
The following is the composition of the ash according to Levi:
Potash 50·94
Soda 14·76
Lime 4·33
Magnesia 10·90
Oxide of iron 0·66
Phosphoric acid 13·59
Sulphuric acid trace
Chlorine 1·22
Silicic acid 3·58
------
99·98
According to the analysis of Payen, the unroasted coffee-berry has the
following composition:
Moisture 12·0
Glucose and dextrine 15·5
Nitrogenous matters 13·0
Chlorogenate of caffeine, &c. 3·5 to 5·8
Fatty substances 10 to 13·0
Cellulose and woody fibre 34·0
Mineral substances in ash 6·7
Essential oil ·003
-----
100·0
Or to define the per-centage more closely, we may put it thus:
Water 12·000
Caffeine, or theine 1·750
Casein 13·000
Aromatic oil 0·002
Sugar 6·500
Gum 9·000
Fat 12·000
Potash, with a peculiar acid 4·000
Woody fibre 35·048
Mineral matter 6·700
-------
100·000
In another form this shows us:
Water 12·00
Flesh-formers 14·75
Heat-givers 66·25
Mineral matter 7·00
------
100·00
As gluten is only very sparingly soluble in boiling water, in the usual
way of making coffee the flesh-formers are thrown away with the dregs;
the addition of a little soda to the water partly prevents this waste.
The various components in one pound of coffee will be--
oz. grs.
Water 1 407
Caffeine, or theine 122
Casein, or cheese 2 35
Aromatic oil 1½
Gum 1 192
Sugar 1 17
Fat 1 402
Potash 280
Woody fibre 5 262
Mineral matter 1 31
The part roasted is the albumen, which is of a hard, horny consistence;
and Lindley remarks that it is probable that the seeds of other plants
of this or the stellate order, whose albumen is of the same texture,
would serve as a substitute. This would not be the case with those with
fleshy albumen.
Coffee loses in weight by roasting, but gains in bulk in proportion to
the heat applied.
Payen found the following amount of nitrogen in 100 parts dried:
nitrogen. ash.
Martinique 2·46 5·00
Bourbon 2·54 4·66
Mocha 2·49 7·84
The coffee from Martinique lost 11·58 per cent. of its weight by drying.
This description of coffee also afforded the following results:
-----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+--------------
|Unroasted. | Slightly | Chesnut | Brown.
| | reddened. | brown. |
-----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+--------------
Loss in roasting | -- | 15 per cent.| 20 per cent.| 25 per cent.
Increase in bulk | -- | 1·3 times | 1·53 times | --
Extract |40 per cent. | 37 per cent.| 37·1 per ct.| 39·25 per ct.
Insoluble residue|48·5 “ | -- | -- | --
-----------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+--------------
Coffee, as ordinarily prepared for beverage, contains only two-sevenths
of the nitrogenous or nutritive matter of the fresh bean, but two-thirds
of the roasted, and the mineral ingredients are all present.
M. Lebreton (“Agriculteur praticien”) has estimated the loss of weight
of coffee in roasting at 18 to 20 per cent. in Porto Rico, Rio, and
Martinique coffee; and at 16 to 18 per cent. in Malabar, Bourbon,
Ceylon, and Guadaloupe coffees; while in Mocha coffee it amounts to only
14 or 16. The loss of weight depends upon the time of roasting and the
degree of heat. Damp or damaged coffee loses more than dry sound coffee.
He considers that these substances have the capability of rendering the
individual insensible of a certain deficiency of food, in virtue of
their retardation of the assimilative process. He thinks it probable,
likewise, that these substances have a direct nutritive value,
especially coffee as drank by the Turks and Arabs with the grounds.
Professor Lehmann considers that the singular preference for one or
other of these beverages by particular nations, as well as the Eastern
custom of drinking coffee with the grounds, are not accidental, but have
some deeper reason. This reason, he thinks, is to be found in the
different effects of the coffee, tea, &c., and the various requirements
of the nations by whom they are used, and instances the use of tea by
the English, and of coffee by the Germans and French, as in accordance
with this view. The diet of the former affords a larger supply of
plastic material than that of the latter people; and while,
consequently, the retardation of the assimilative process is an
important influence for the German, the proportionately greater nervous
stimulus caused by tea is more desirable for the former. The use of
coffee with its grounds has its analogue in the use of tea mixed with
meal, milk, and butter among the Mongols, and other inhabitants of the
Central Asiatic steppes.
M. Payen, from elaborate experiments, shows that coffee slightly roasted
is that which contains the maximum of aroma, weight, and nutrition. He
declares coffee to be very nourishing, as it contains a large quantity
of nitrogen, three times as much nutriment as tea, and more than twice
the nourishment of soup. Chicory contains only half the nutriment of
coffee.
SECTION VI.
COFFEE-LEAF TEA, &c.
Attention was some time ago drawn to the subject of coffee-leaf tea,
which is used in Sumatra and other parts of the East, and a good deal of
discussion ensued upon the matter, after the leaves were shown for the
purpose at the International Exhibition of 1851. An infusion of roasted
coffee-leaves is pronounced by those who have had an opportunity of
tasting it, as superior to Bohea, and by some enthusiastic admirers is
said to rival the flavour of the most delicate Pekoe. That an infusion
of roasted coffee-leaves should imitate the flavour of tea is not to be
wondered at, as the leaves of both shrubs contain in the main the same
leading principles, more particularly theine or caffeine. There is no
doubt that coffee-leaf tea would command a sale in England, but the
question is how much could be collected to make it profitable, and it
involves the necessity of apparatus and skilled labour for parching the
leaves.
Coffee-leaves are not quite so thick as those of Vallambrosa, and a
Malabar coolie would not in one day collect enough to pay the expense of
picking, drying, packing, cartage, warehouse rent, freight, and other
charges.
Moreover, no planter of any experience would think of stripping his
trees of their breathing organs, and the quantity that might be
collected from the suckers and prunings, &c., would never give more than
a few bales, even on large plantations. Even were the fallen leaves
supposed to be available, their removal would be as detrimental as the
practice of raking away withered leaves in plantations, or the
application of the sugar-cane trash to the purposes of fuel.
The husks, pulp, and parchment in South America, the West Indies,
Ceylon, and the other Indian islands, are regarded as mere waste, and
thrown away. In Arabia and some parts of the East, however, this refuse
is utilised, as the “miserables,” or husks of the cocoa-seed (_Theobroma
cacao_), are in Ireland and the Continent. With it is prepared the
famous kisher, or “Café à la Sultane,” a light-, bright
infusion, which has all the agreeable flavour of coffee, with little of
its strength and none of its bitterness; this is partaken of by the
humbler classes in incredible quantities.
When quite dry and ripe these husks are bruised, and roasted in an
earthen vessel over a charcoal fire, not as coffee usually is, but only
until it assumes a light-brown colour. While hot it is thrown into a pot
of boiling water, with a small proportion of the pellicle or parchment
skin; all is boiled together for a few minutes, and then served hot and
strong, but without sugar. Sometimes a drop of essence of amber is put
into each cup; or cloves, aniseed, or cardamoms are boiled with it.
In Brazil, from the sweet pulp which envelopes the berry an excellent
spirit has been made.
SECTION VII.
ADULTERANTS.
Great as the consumption of coffee is in Europe and the Americas, it has
become so necessary in every household, that the demand continues to
increase, and very full prices are maintained. The largely extended
plantations in Brazil, in Ceylon, in India, in Java, and in other
suitable localities, profitably opened up every day, altogether fail to
keep down prices, and will long continue to offer the strong inducement
of large profits!
Taking advantage of this great public want, the unscrupulous and
fraudulent trader foists upon the easily-duped masses of consumers vast
quantities of unwholesome and pernicious stuff, mixed in certain
proportions with coffee; and, although the law has interposed in the
case of chicory, forbidding, under penalties, its being sold mixed with
coffee, unless especially so labelled and declared, yet who can tell the
thousand and one mixtures that are still made and sold with it?
It may be said that all this can be prevented by purchasing only
unground coffee, in a roasted state, ready for grinding; but there are
those (to be reckoned by hundreds of thousands of families) who, having
no means of grinding this roasted coffee, are compelled to buy that
which is already ground, or go without altogether.
What abominations do these (in too many cases) not drink, then, under
the much abused name of _coffee_?
These reflections are forced upon my mind every time I enter a
coffee-house, and am called to put faith in the purity of the cup of
coffee set before me.
Visitors to the establishments of coffee-grinders speak of bags of the
husks of peas, and cobs of Indian corn, wheat, sea-biscuits, and other
articles, harmless enough in themselves, and in their right places,
where, indeed, they may be useful; but a coffee-mill is the wrong place
for these otherwise objectionable articles of consumption. It will not
be denied that the husks of peas or the cobs of maize are appropriately
placed in the trough from which our pigs feed; they will even add to the
delicacy and whiteness of the pork those very useful animals are
intended to yield us, but they are essentially out of place in our
coffee-cup. These, and various other articles, go to make what in the
trade is termed “Boston,” and this preparation the visitor, who has been
admitted to the arcana of the grinder, will find mixed in a large bin
ready for use. One who has been thus favoured, after describing the mill
used for grinding the coffee, speaks of another machine, called the
“mixer.” The “mixer” is a wooden cylinder revolving on a spindle at an
angle of 45°, and having internal arrangements to mix the coffee with
such proportion of adulterating material as the ingenuity or impudence
of the grinder may suggest. Here, like Macbeth’s witches over their
cauldron, presides the genius of the place, who casts in the ingredients
which constitute the villanous compound, which, done up in tins, is
finally ornamented with labels such as this:
FINEST PLANTATION COFFEE,
Roasted and ground on the most approved principle by
STEAM MACHINERY.
This coffee is with confidence highly recommended to the public, as the
fine aroma, so much appreciated, is entirely preserved by its being
PACKED FRESH FROM THE MILL.
We need scarcely say that the amount of nourishment contained in this
abominable _olio_ is infinitesimally small.
The _Scientific American_ of New York, of a recent date, records the
following fact: “The editor of the _Baltimore American_ lately visited
the commissary department of one of the large military hospitals, and
noticed several barrels of dried coffee grounds, the purpose whereof
excited his curiosity. The polite commissary informed him that they
received twelve dollars a barrel for the grounds. ‘But what is it
purchased for?’ he asked. ‘Well,’ said the commissary, hesitatingly, ‘it
is re-aromatised by the transforming hand of modern chemistry, and put
up in pound papers, which are decorated with attractive labels and
high-sounding names.’”
About ten years ago, when the question of coffee adulteration was much
agitated, I published a little treatise, entitled, “Coffee, as it is and
as it ought to be,” in which, among other particulars, I pointed out the
various sophistications practised. A compositor who was engaged in
printing the work furnished me with a remarkable statement in
confirmation of reports which I had previously heard.
He stated that in various parts of the metropolis, but more especially
in the east, are to be found liver bakers. These men take the livers of
oxen and horses, bake them, and grind them into a powder, which they
sell to the low-priced coffee-shop keepers, at from 4d. to 6d. per
pound; horse-liver coffee bearing the highest price. This adulterant may
be known by allowing the coffee to stand until cold, when a thick
pellicle or skin will be found on the top. It goes farther than coffee,
and is generally mixed with chicory and other vegetable imitations of
coffee.
According to the investigations of Dr. Hassall (“Food and its
Adulterations”), the several adulterations of coffee may be
distinguished by the following characters:
Chicory, by the size, form, and ready separation of the component cells
of the root, as well as by the presence of an abundance of spiral
vessels of the dotted form.
Roasted corn, by the size, form, and other characters of the starch
granules, of which the grains are principally composed. Beans, also, by
the form, &c., of the constituent granules of starch. Potato, by the
large size, rounded form, and ready separation of the cells of the
cellulose, as well as by the fibrous markings on their surfaces.
Plate 3 shows a fragment of roasted coffee as seen under the microscope,
magnified 140 diameters, and the structures in a sample of coffee
adulterated with chicory.
Dr. Normandy, in his evidence before the Parliamentary Committee on the
Adulteration of Food, &c., stated that he had met with roasted corn in
coffee to an extent of from 25 to 30 per cent.; it is recognised by the
size and character of the starch granules; consists of barley and rye,
and is generally very easy to detect; it floats up. If coffee has been
adulterated with roasted grain, when you pour boiling water upon it you
will see rising against the sides of the cup portions of the ground
grain, which you sometimes can separate in considerable quantities, by
capillary attraction. If you pour such coffee from the coffee-pot, some
of those grains will fall with the liquid in the cup, and they will
climb up, as it were, the sides of the cup a quarter of an inch, or
something of that kind, all round, and you can collect them very easily.
Dr. R. D. Thompson, F.R.S., another witness, stated that a large cargo
of lupins from Egypt having been imported, which could not be made any
use of in consequence of their bitter taste, he was asked to give a
certificate in favour of their being equal to coffee, but declined, and
recommended that, after steeping, to remove the bitter principle, they
should be sold for cattle. He also added that he had seen an ingenious
apparatus for making artificial coffee-berries from chicory and other
substances; it was something like a bullet-mould, and patented by
Messrs. Duckworth of Liverpool.
The chicory itself sold is not always pure. The Board of Inland Revenue
have found, on chemical examination in different samples, beans, rye,
oats (roasted and ground), caramel or burnt sugar, oxide of iron and
orange berries.
The principle contained in coffee, remarks Dr. Letheby, may be
considered as essential to life, inasmuch as all nations
[Illustration: Plate 3
Genuine Ground Coffee.]
[Illustration: Coffee Adulterated with Chicory.]
use it; it prevents the wear and tear of the body. Now there is nothing
in chicory which can do that. Chemically there is no difference between
beetroot chicory and what is called real chicory; microscopically you
can discover the difference. If genuine coffee is sprinkled upon the
surface of a tumbler of water, it remains a considerable time floating,
and when it sinks it only slightly colours the water; chicory, on the
other hand, sinks quickly, and colours the water very deeply. Ground
coffee is enveloped in an oily substance, which prevents the water
absorbing; chicory has no such protection, and sinks immediately.
Mr. Phillips, the chemist to the Inland Board of Revenue, states that
the average per-centage of chicory to coffee, when sold mixed, was found
to range from 20½ to 16¾ per cent.
At a recent meeting of the British Association of Science, Mr. Horsley
called attention to the use of bi-chromate of potash, in analysing
adulterated samples of coffee. With diluted solutions of pure coffee,
this salt produces an intense deep porter-brown coloration, whilst upon
decoctions of chicory no effect is produced. He advised the following
procedure: Take equal parts of chicory and coffee, and decoct them in
different quantities of water. Filter, bottle, and label the liquids.
Take a teaspoonful of the chicory, and dilute till it is of a brown
sherry colour; boil it in a porcelain dish, with a fragment of
crystallised bi-chrome. The colour will be scarcely deepened. If a
similarly diluted solution of coffee is thus treated, a deep-brown tinge
is obtained. By operating with mixed liquids a scale of colours may be
obtained indicating the properties of the two substances. If a few
grains of the sulphate of copper be added, both decoctions yield a
precipitate; that from chicory being a clay yellow, and that from coffee
a sepia brown. Mixed decoctions yield intermediate tints.
SECTION VIII.
CULTURE IN THE WEST INDIES AND AMERICA.
In 1720, a small coffee-plant, raised in the garden of the King at
Paris, was transported to the Antilles by Captain Declieux, who, during
a long passage, shared each day his small allowance of water with the
young coffee plant. From this tree have sprung all those since
cultivated in Martinique, Guadaloupe, Cayenne, St. Domingo, and the
other islands. The fall of St. Domingo, in 1789, which formerly
furnished 80,000,000 lbs., the disfavour the culture has fallen into in
Martinique and Guadaloupe islands, which used to supply 16,000,000 or
17,000,000 lbs., together with the greater attention given to sugar
cultivation in the West Indies, have transferred the production of
coffee chiefly to Brazil, Ceylon, and Java.
In 1801, 526,000 cwts. of coffee were imported into Great Britain from
the West Indies, and the average annual imports in the six years ending
1806 was 364,000 cwts. The decrease of production is shown by the
following figures:
---------------+------------+------------+------------
| 1829. | 1850. | 1860.
---------------+------------+------------+------------
| lbs. | lbs. | lbs.
Jamaica | 18,690,654 | 4,196,210 | 6,145,362
British Guiana | 7,163,016 | 18,472 | --
Trinidad | 73,667 | 96,376 | --
Dominica | 942,113 | 792 | 10,000
St. Lucia | 303,499 | 39 | --
---------------+------------+------------+------------
JAMAICA.--The coffee-plant is said to have been first introduced into
Jamaica by Sir Nicholas Lawes, in 1728, when it was cultivated on an
estate called Temple Hall, on the plains of Liguanea, not far from
Kingston. In 1752, 6,000,000 lbs. of coffee were exported, and in the
three years ending 1807, the average annual shipment was 28,500,000 lbs.
It was not until the island trade was injured by the dismemberment of
Honduras that the heavy duties on sugar, and the competition of the
French colonies, induced the industrious planters to turn their
attention to coffee. They then petitioned for a protecting bounty, and
for a considerable time this was the only British colony where its
cultivation was much attended to. In 1791 there were 607
coffee-plantations in the island, with 21,000 <DW64>s employed on them.
In 1844, there were 671 plantations, and it was calculated that
20,000,000_l._ sterling was invested in them. Some of the finest and
most productive plantations were at an elevation of 4700 feet, in the
vicinity of the Blue Mountain Peak. Whilst in 1809, 83,250,000 lbs. of
coffee were shipped from Jamaica, the average export for ten years past
has not exceeded 6,000,000 lbs.
In the West Indies and Central America a nursery of young plants is
usually raised from seed. At the age of six months these are
transplanted into the field in squares of 8 to 9 feet apart. Beyond
keeping the field clear of weeds, giving the plants a slight moulding,
and freeing them of suckers or sprouts, they do not require any other
attention for the first three years. At the expiry of this time they
commence to bear fruit, and the coffee is cured either by drying the
entire fruit in the sun, or by passing the fruit through what is called
a pulping mill, which separates the outer pulp or covering from the
beans. The beans are then subjected to a washing in a tank full of
water, in order to remove the glutinous substance which adheres to them;
this causes them to cure or dry more rapidly. They are then left in what
is called the parchment husk, and exposed to the action of the sun on
platforms laid with tiles, until they are perfectly dried, and from this
they are, during crop time, spread on the wooden floors of a building
called a logie, to the depth, in a heavy crop, of 12 to 18 inches.
Whilst thus spread, great attention is necessary to prevent the coffee
getting heated and its colour destroyed, by constantly turning it up,
and by the use of some dry lime or ashes sprinkled over it. After this
the beans are subjected to the operation of what is called a stamping
mill, which separates the parchment husk from the beans. This stamping
mill is merely two large solid wheels fixed on each end of a beam on an
axle, and worked by mules moving round in a circle--the wooden wheels
working in a circular trough filled with the coffee beans. After this
the whole are submitted to the action of a winnowing machine, which
separates the chaff from the beans, and subsequently the beans are
passed through copper sieves to separate the perfect from the broken
coffee, and finally handpicked and put into bags or casks for shipment.
BRITISH GUIANA.--Coffee was for a length of time almost the only staple
of Berbice and Demerara, but the cultivation of the sugar-cane has been
substituted for it. The quantity of coffee, the produce of British
Guiana, exported in 1830 was, 9,472,756 lbs.; in 1840, 3,357,300 lbs.;
in 1849, 100,550 lbs.; and in 1850, 30,000 lbs.; since which it has
almost ceased to be exported, scarcely sufficient being produced to
supply the demand in the colony.
At one time there were about two hundred coffee plantations in the small
island of DOMINICA, and four to five million of pounds of coffee were
exported annually to Great Britain.
PORTO RICO.--In proportion to its extent, this island is twice as
productive as Cuba, and the quality of its coffee and other produce is
of the highest class. There were, in 1862, fifty-three coffee
plantations on the island, producing about 100,000 cwt. of coffee. The
exports of coffee were, in
lbs.
1855 11,506,283
1856 9,935,000
1857 8,245,000
1858 9,814,000
1859 13,457,000
The exports of coffee from the island of CUBA, which were in 1840
upwards of 2,000,000 arrobas, were in 1858 but 21,000; and in 1859, 5000
or 6000.
BRAZIL.--The coffee-plant has been known in Brazil for many years; it is
but about fifty years, however, since the first regular plantation was
made by Mr. Moke, a Belgian, who brought the cultivation of coffee to
great perfection. His plantation is still in the neighbourhood of the
capital, and is carried on by his son with much success. It is
astonishing to what an extent coffee has been cultivated since Mr. Moke
first made his plantation. Two millions of bags of 160 lbs. each are
annually exported from Rio de Janeiro, taking the average of the last
seven years; 1862 was, however, short of this about half a million bags.
At Barahyba do Sul, which is within a few miles of Rio, there are
plantations employing six and seven hundred slaves.
The best plantations are those owned and conducted by
foreigners--chiefly English, French, and Belgian--they have an air of
neatness and comfort about them of which those owned by Brazilians and
Portuguese are totally destitute. The foreigners use improved machinery
also in preparing the berry for market, which the Brazilians, with some
exceptions, do not. The coffee-berry contains two seeds, covered with a
gummy, mucilaginous substance, and enclosed in a skin which is thick,
sweet, and dark and red when ripe. The foreigners take off this skin by
means of machinery, and the beans are washed until they are divested of
the mucilage which covers them. They are then dried and put into bags
ready for market. The Brazilians dry the beans with the skin on. In the
process of drying, the skin first becomes dark, and finally black, and
when crisp, is rubbed off the bean, which is then washed. In this
process, however, there is great danger of fermentation. The skin
contains a vast amount of saccharine matter, and successful attempts
have been made to extract from it sugar and spirit; but either through
poor machinery, or other mismanagement, it was found to be unprofitable,
and the experiment was abandoned. The skin is exceedingly sweet, almost
as much so to the taste as the sugar-cane.
The coffee-plant can be propagated from the seed, but the most prevalent
method in Brazil is by young plants, which may be had by the thousand on
old plantations. The young shrub is taken up in August--generally when
it is about two years old--and planted in good soil. The fourth year it
produces coffee, and the fifth year it commences to bear regular crops,
the yield being from a pound and a half to three pounds per tree. Trees
have been known to last for many years on good rich soil, and some on
Mr. Moke’s plantation are still bearing which were planted forty years
ago; on hill-sides, however, where the soil is light, the plant decays
in the course of eight or ten years. The picking season commences in
July, and in the low lands generally concludes by the end of August;
among the hills, however, where there are frequent showers, and where
there is much shade, the season does not close until some time in
September.
The four coffee-growing provinces of Brazil, properly speaking, are Rio
de Janeiro, San Paulo, Minas, and Bahia. In the two former the
agriculturists have for some time past directed their attention almost
exclusively to this article. In Bahia its cultivation is steadily,
although slowly, increasing. Coffee is grown in the provinces of
Maranham, Parana, and St. Catherine’s, but only to a very small extent,
the amount produced being insufficient to meet the demand. The
cultivation of coffee is rapidly increasing in St. Paulo, and is
promoted by the railroad extending from Santos to Jundiahy. The United
States usually takes one-half of the crop of Brazil coffee.
The following figures give the average quantity of coffee exported from
the empire of Brazil during the undermentioned years, comprising a
period previous and subsequent to the abolition of the slave trade in
1851, and showing a steady increase in the export since 1840:
Annual average.
arrobas.
1840-43 5,507,367
1843-46 6,519,380
1846-49 9,301,967
1849-52 8,542,965
1852-55 10,549,847
1855-58 11,465,719
1858-61 10,501,665
The yearly shipments from Rio in the last four years have been as
follows:
bags.
1859 2,064,837
1860 2,150,188
1861 2,085,974
1862 1,477,904
besides 200,000 to 300,000 bags annually from Santos. The bags contain
rather more than six arrobas, or one cwt. and a half.
COSTA RICA.--The quality of this coffee is recognised as excellent. In
order to place it in a proper degree of estimation in foreign markets,
some proprietors of plantations have not omitted getting it chemically
analysed in Europe; the result of which examination has classed it in
the third degree, among those kinds generally esteemed as the best.
The following figures show the production of coffee in Costa Rica; the
bulk of the crop is sent to Great Britain:
cwts.
1854 70,000
1855 70,709
1856 83,000
1857 95,000
VENEZUELA.--Within the last thirty years Venezuela has made great
progress in coffee culture. The exports, which were not more than
13,000,000 lbs. in 1833, had risen to 15,000,000 lbs. in 1850; but since
then the culture has been much interfered with by civil war. The exports
from La Guayra were, in 1855, 17,375,000 lbs.; in 1856, 12,357,000 lbs.;
and in 1857, 16,031,000 lbs. Washed coffee sells there at 8s. per cwt.
higher than the unwashed.
In Venezuela, the plan followed in drying the coffee is this. The
berries are spread out upon hurdles in the sun, where they undergo the
vinous fermentation from fourteen to twenty days, and then dry. The
beans are freed from the pulpy husk by a mill in two operations, and
from the parchment, &c., by winnowing. Although a single tree may bear
as much as 10 to 20 lbs., the average in Venezuela is under 2 lbs. An
acre planted with 2560 trees yields there an annual crop of about 1100
lbs. of dry beans.
In ECUADOR coffee has of late greatly engrossed the attention of
planters, from its superior quality and the increased demand; it
commands a higher price than any other product of the country in
proportion. As the people are everywhere dedicating themselves to its
culture, in a few years it is probable that this country will export a
considerable quantity. In 1855, 776 cwt. only were shipped; in 1861,
although the harvest was exceedingly scanty, the exports were 1480 cwt.
GUATEMALA.--Some twenty years ago considerable plantations of coffee
were made in different parts of the republic of Guatemala, and had the
undertaking been followed up with proper and steady constancy and
attention, it might, perhaps, by this time, have become an important
article of export. Unfortunately its culture was abandoned, owing to the
insurrections of the Indian population. Some attempts have been made
again to introduce its culture by making fresh plantations, but hitherto
not to any extent worthy of mention. The exports of coffee in 1860 were
about 63 tons. In the department of Vera Paz, there are said to be now
about half a million of coffee plants in bearing, and nurseries of about
a million more plants will soon be ready for transplanting. The greater
part of the plantations are situated in the neighbourhood of Coban,
where the vicinity of Teleman, on the river Polochec, which disembogues
into the gulf of Dulce, affords a convenient channel for shipping the
produce.
SECTION IX.
CULTURE IN ARABIA.
The culture of coffee is principally carried on in Yemen, towards the
districts of Aden and Mocha. The nearest coffee plantations are about
eighty miles from Aden.
The coffee-growing country in the Yemen is 300 miles to the south of
Jeddah, being the districts about Tohira, Uodeida, and Tanaa. Of this,
the Turks have but little, their authority only extending over the
narrow slip called the Tehana, in which is little coffee. They had till
lately the export dues of all the coffee grown in Western Arabia, but
they have lost a great part of them, a large quantity of coffee being
sent to Aden for exportation. Mocha, the ancient port and capital, has
completely fallen, and is in ruins. Its place is taken by Uodeida, the
seat of government of the Yemen, and a Pashalic under Jeddah. In 1860,
coffee to the value of 14,268_l._ was imported into Aden by sea, of
55,710_l._ was brought by land, and 45,344_l._ was exported. An enormous
quantity is consumed in Arabia. Very little genuine Yemen coffee is
procurable in Europe. It is difficult to obtain even in Jeddah. It is
first mixed in the Yemen with inferior Abyssinian coffee, then mixed at
Jeddah with damaged coffee, and probably in Egypt it is again mixed.
Alexandria and Cairo are notorious for bad coffee.
It has been understood for several years that much of the coffee which
finds its way into England as genuine Mocha is, in reality, Malabar
coffee, sent to ports on the Persian Gulf from Bombay, and when thus
naturalised, finding its way to Europe. But the coffee of India is now
competing successfully with that of Arabia in markets which the latter
had for centuries commanded as its own. In a few years the Indian
article will entirely surpass the Arabian. It is the old story of
enterprise originated and directed by Europeans driving competition out
of the market. Seeing that the Arabs are in the habit of baking the
cow-dung and cakes for food on the same wall, they cannot be suspected
of any violent antipathy to dirt _per se_. But, passionate lovers as
they are of a good cup of coffee, they can easily understand that an
equal quantity of well-cleaned Malabar coffee is cheaper than that
brought in the buggalows of the Nijd Arabs, and which is described as
full of extraneous matter, such as pieces of the coffee-husk, &c. But
the Indian coffee is actually sold cheaper, quantity for quantity. The
consumption of Yemen coffee is now entirely confined to the wealthier
chiefs; the finest kind, and that most sought after, being the small, of
a light-green colour. Latterly, the Yemen coffee has been all sent to
Bagdad, a compliment which the ancient city of the Sultans cannot fail
to appreciate at its true value. It is too dear and too dirty for the
poor Arabs of Bussorah, while the flavour of the Malabar kind is found
closely to approximate to that of Yemen.
The coffee is generally grown half way up the <DW72>s of the hills, but
some is cultivated on lower ground, surrounded by large trees for shade.
The harvest is gathered at three periods of the year, the principal
being in May. Cloths are spread under the trees, which are shaken, that
the ripe fruit may drop. The berries are then collected and exposed to
the sun on mats to dry. A heavy roller is afterwards passed over the
berries, to break the envelopes, and the husk is winnowed away with a
fan. The berries are further dried before being stored.
Arabian coffee was first cultivated by the Dutch, and some of their
plants sent by the French to the West Indies, where it is now
successfully cultivated. So that one has a difficulty in deciding where
it is indigenous, as it is a much more important article of agriculture
in the West Indies, Java, Ceylon, and Southern India, than in its native
countries.
In Syria the coffee-plant is of natural growth; but as the European
writers who were engaged in the Crusades do not mention it, it could not
have been much used during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. Bruce
affirms that the qualities of it were well known in Africa, and that the
Gallae, a wandering tribe, which was obliged to traverse the deserts,
carried no other provision than balls compounded of coffee and butter,
one of which would keep them in health and spirits through a day’s
journey better than any other kind of food. In the Royal Library at
Paris is an Arabian manuscript, containing a voluminous history of
coffee, in which it is said that Gemaleddin-Ahou-Abdallah, Mufti of
Aden, first introduced its use among the Turks, upon his return from
Persia, where he had experienced the beneficial effects of it as a
common beverage. The effendi, the kadi, and all the inferior officers of
the government, followed the example of this chief of the law. The use
of coffee descended through the harem to the house of every merchant,
and the town of Aden set the example to the rest of Arabia.
SECTION X.
CULTIVATION IN CEYLON.
In 1824, Sir Edward Barnes and Sir George Bird commenced coffee-planting
in Ceylon on a large scale. Others followed gradually, but the real rush
for land dates from 1833. There are now 250,000 acres owned by
coffee-planters, of which 100,000 are cleared and cultivated.
In Ceylon coffee succeeds best at an elevation from 1200 to 4800 feet;
the quantity, generally speaking, lessening, but the quality improving
with the elevation. By the natives a little of inferior description is
grown in the low country. In 1855 there were about 150 estates belonging
to Europeans, comprising 30,000 acres of cultivated ground, to which
considerable additions have since been made. 400,000 cwt. was exported
in 1853, and 783,393 cwt. in 1863.
The railroad forming from Colombo to Kandy, and the opening up of new
roads, have rendered more land accessible, and the large clearances made
in the forest at the high elevations will probably so improve the
climate of those localities that a still further addition to the
available land will be obtained. It is, therefore, not too much to
expect the export, which in the last five years has on the average
exceeded 630,000 cwt. per annum, will in less than a quarter of a
century be more than doubled. In the fourteen years ending with 1862,
Ceylon has sent into the markets of the world the following quantity of
coffee:
cwts. £
Plantation 4,625,995 of the value of 11,310,518
Native growth 1,945,623 “ 3,492,290
--------- ----------
6,571,618 14,802,808
Elevation must ever be an important consideration; though we have no
doubt that by the use of manures coffee might be made to do well and
bear to a limited extent at the level of the sea in Ceylon. We believe
this to be, however, so completely artificial, that it will never again
be tried whilst land is available from 1500 feet and upwards of
elevation, where the plant grows vigorously without more than ordinary
care being bestowed. The general effect of elevation may be described
very shortly; the lower ranges, with fair soil, produce the heaviest
crops and the soonest after planting, whilst the plantations on higher
elevations produce smaller crops, but a finer quality of produce, and
take a longer time to come into full bearing. There are many
circumstances which go to produce climate, besides differences of
elevation. On a plantation formed in a large district of forest yet
uncleared, the climate will be colder and more moist than when the
formation of other estates has cleared away the forest around it. The
proximity of a high mountain peak, or being situated on the shoulder of
a mountain which towers to a great elevation above the level of the
plantation, will also produce more cold and wet than if the garden were
opened on a lower range and to the full height of such a position. Plate
4, for instance, shows such a locality in the view of Konda-galla
estate, near Neura-ellia, Ceylon. At low elevations long continued dry
weather is more frequent than on the higher ranges, inasmuch as the
clouds are frequently broken by the distant hills before they reach; and
when there is no rain about, estates on the higher ranges are less
parched, and atmospherically enjoy a moisture of which the lower hills
are destitute. Still these various conditions are only advantageous or
hurtful under varying circumstances; high elevation, cold and wet, and
low elevation, heat, and drought, are alike unfavourable as prevailing
characteristics; it is their due and seasonable admixture
[Illustration: Plate 4.--Konda-galla Estate, near Neura-ellia,
Ceylon.]
which is found most favourable to the profitable production of the
coffee-plant. Perhaps the least favourable localities are those high
positions where the natural vegetation is of the alpine character; in
such positions the plant will only struggle for an existence; it
therefore follows that the land selected should be well under these
extreme elevations.
Soil of all kinds has had its advocates, and in turn been condemned by
all. Depth and freeness are perhaps its most favourable states; dark
black mould is always good; but wherever there is sufficiency of depth
found beneath a virgin forest, at the proper elevation and climate,
coffee has come on successfully. The land which has by general opinion
been condemned as unfit for continued production is that covered with
small jungle after the original forest has been cut down, and the land
made to produce a rich crop for the natives. Perhaps it may be the
exposure of the soil to the sun, and exhaustion by the large weeds which
it produces, which are so injurious to it. The modern system of manuring
is rapidly equalising the value of all soils, though deep lands on a
limestone bottom, or strewed with granite boulders, are always
considered highly favourable for coffee cultivation. The proximity of
land to roads is a point of great importance in its selection, both as
directly and indirectly affecting the outlay in forming a plantation,
and probably for a long time determining the large item of expense under
the head of transport of produce.
Felling and clearing, as the name implies, is cutting down the jungle
and burning it off, so as to leave the land clear for planting. It is
conducted as follows. Beginning from the lower part of the land and
working upwards, the undergrowth, or small jungle, is cut down with
catties or bill-hooks, leaving the forest trees free and open for the
labours of the axemen. Likewise beginning from the lowest part of the
field, the labourers, generally village Singhalese, who are extremely
expert at this work, cut the trees nearly through by notches at the
lower and upper sides, gradually retiring up the hill, until a tree of
larger dimensions is cut, and being sent down, crashes all the others
beneath it. When this is cleverly managed, several acres will often be
opened to the daylight at one time; much, however, depends upon the
steepness of the ascent and the heaviness of the forest. On the highest
elevations the trees are smallest, and come down lightest, and on the
lower elevations it may frequently happen that for acres and acres the
trees are of that immense size that every log has required four men to
cut it from the stump. Not unfrequently some of these trees have such
projecting roots that the axemen have to erect stages around them to
reach the ordinary trunk, which will each give employment for six hours
to four men to cut through. After the trees have been felled, the
lopping has to be attended to; this is to cut off all the tops and
branches, and in some cases to cut the trunks across, so that the mass
cut down may lay compactly and dry, as upon this depends much of the
success of the burning, and, therefore, the economy of the operation.
Small or light forest is often the most expensive to lop, from the
lifeless fall of the trees, and the comparatively greater quantity of
head and branch; whereas tall and heavy forest trees fly as it were
under the axe from the stump, and in falling break themselves and all
beneath them; in this manner some heavy forests cost less to clear than
a lighter growth. The clearing having been left from six weeks to about
two months, according to the weather, is fired, which is done generally
by setting fire to it chiefly at _the lower ends_ in several places; by
this means the fire is soon connected, and burning in the dryest or
first cut down portions, unites in a sweeping flame, rushes up the hill,
destroying all before it; such is the power of the flame from below,
that when the burning is successful the part last cut, probably many
acres, and yet lying green upon the ground, is consumed with the rest.
After the flame has passed away, nothing should be seen but the smoking
black logs of the large trees, which, wherever they cross each other and
do not lay upon the ground, require to be cut across and brought down.
If the operation has been successfully managed, the land is now in
readiness for the next operation--_Lining_, or staking out the positions
of the intended plants. This is performed in many ways, but it is
essential to have it done well, that the plants should make perfect
lines across the ground to be planted, in order to maintain regularity
in the plantation work, and give the best possible appearance to the
field; therefore no expense necessary to ensure its correct and
workmanlike performance should be grudged. The simplest method is by
means of a line, with marks placed at equal distances for the spaces
between the plants up the hill. This carried by men at each end, who
respectively measure a distance with a rod for that purpose from the
last peg, and holding the line taught from end to end; boys following
with pegs ready cut put them in at the marks on the line. This method is
likely to lead to inaccuracy on a large feature, in consequence of the
irregularity of the ground, and from the small inaccuracies accumulating
in the measurement between each laying down of the line. A better way is
to lay out a feature in squares of the line, and these into parallels
across the feature, and then drop the line between each peg on the
parallels, putting in the remaining pegs by the marks on the line. Some
planters have an excellent plan of laying down a number of lines up and
down the hill at measured distances, and then two men with a shorter
line measure distances upwards on the two outside lines, and peg-men put
in their sticks at the points where the lines cross each other. We have
seen some plantations laid out by the use of the theodolite, but this is
not an instrument to be found on many estates. The object to be gained
in lining is to carry the plants in straight lines parallel to each
other, at the same bearing over the whole estate, and to make them cross
each other at right angles; by this means lines will be formed four
ways, at the two right angles and at the two diagonals. When this has
been successfully achieved, there is, under any circumstances, a
workmanlike character about the plantation; vacancies in the planting
are more easily detected, the arrangements for weeding, picking,
pruning, and manuring are made without confusion. Diagonal lines across
the features of land are said to be best, inasmuch as the stems of the
trees by this arrangement offer somewhat more resistance to the washing
down of soil by the rains.
Much argument has been held as to the proper distances at which
coffee-trees should be planted; and in visiting the various districts it
will be seen that all distances and all forms have been resorted to. The
result of this extended experiment has produced a very general opinion
in favour of close planting; that is, 6 feet by 6 feet, or 5 feet by 6
feet, or 4 feet 9 inches by 5 feet. The reasons in favour of close
planting are these, that the extra number of plants to the acre is
followed in the first two crops at least by a proportionate increase of
crop. By close planting weeds are hindered from growing, and, what is of
more consequence still, the ground is sooner covered by the growing
plants, and therefore protected from the sun, exposure to which is found
to impoverish more than anything else the surface soil, from which the
plant chiefly seeks its nourishment. With an average good soil, and
careful handling of the trees and manuring, it is found that
closely-planted coffee may be made to continue to bear highly; that is,
in proportion to the extra number of plants to the acre. Close planting
is serviceable in enabling the plants to outlive the effect of exposure
to high winds, which in some places are most destructive. The next
proceeding is _holing_ (which, as its name implies, is to make holes in
preparation for planting the coffee, at the distances staked out by the
lining). As coffee is planted in a virgin soil, which cannot be cleared
of roots, rocks, and logs, for the operation of the plough, and were it
cleared of these the disturbance of the soil would probably cause it to
be carried away by the heavy rains; holes have to be made, and the
larger these are, the nearer the approach is to that movement of the
soil, which in general sets at liberty its fertilising properties. Holes
are made from 18 inches to 2 feet every way, into which before planting
the surface soil is scraped with a hoe. It is customary to contract for
this work, which I believe is generally performed now with a sort of
crowbar having a spud blade at one end; with these the roots of trees
are cut through and rocks and stones taken out, the loosened soil being
removed with the hand or with a cocoa-nut shell. This tool is furnished
to the Singhalese because they prefer to sit down and work leisurely,
but where men can be employed at day-wages, and provided with mattocks
to break the soil and cut out the roots and stones, and hoes to clear
out the loosened earth, the same work may be far more economically
performed, inasmuch as the labourers being on their feet give not only
their arms, but their whole body, to the exertion, and have not to raise
themselves from a sitting position between each hole they have to make.
SECTION XI.
BUILDINGS, PLANTING, &c., IN CEYLON.
These comprise a bungalow for the manager, lines, or huts, for the
labourers, and pulping-house and store for the preparation and reception
of the crop.
Plate 5 shows the main works and buildings at Messrs. Worms’ estates,
Puselawa, Ceylon.
The position of the pulping-house should influence the selection of the
spots for the other buildings, unless other circumstances determine it.
The bungalow should, if possible, be an easy distance from the store,
that the manager may without difficulty superintend the work, which at
crop time is going on often at night as well as in the daytime. One set
of lines for the labourers, for the same reason, should be near to the
store, another set may be erected more centrically with reference to the
field labour of the estate.
With reference to lines and bungalow, especially the latter, they will
be erected according to the manager’s taste, and in a great measure
depend upon the material to be obtained in the particular locality for
constructing them. True economy will be practised in making permanent
and substantial dwellings which will require only slight repairs
occasionally.
The selection of the land for the pulping-house and stores and
drying-ground is all important, and should only be attempted by a
resident manager to whom a long residence on the plantation has afforded
an intimate acquaintance with every feature of the land. The advantages
which have to be
[Illustration: Plate 5.--Main Works at Messrs. Worms’ Estates, Puselawa,
Ceylon.]
[Illustration: Plate 6.--The Pulping House, Messrs. Worms’ Estate,
Puselawa.]
sought and combined are, availability of water power, both to drive the
machinery and for a water-course to the pulper, on a site convenient to
the fields from which the crop is to be brought, and so level that it
may be fitted for its purposes at the least possible expense.
Water power is not always used, nor is it available on every estate; but
as there may be often good reasons to adopt it afterwards, it should
always be considered in the primary arrangements. It may be applied to
so many economic objects--saw-mills, drying apparatus, &c.--that it
should always be applied, if possible, to everything undertaken on the
estate requiring a moving power.
Plate 6 is an exterior view of a pulping-house on Messrs. Worms’
estates, Puselawa.
Coffee when gathered from the tree fully ripe is like a rich scarlet
cherry, out of which on being squeezed two coffee-berries break forth,
each covered with a light skin resembling parchment, and moist, with a
sweet mucilaginous fluid which rapidly decomposes. The machine called a
pulper is for the purpose of removing the cherry skin or husk; this it
does by passing it between a barrel armed with perforated copper,
forming a grater, and a sharp-edged board called the chop, which by
means of wedges or screws is placed at the proper distance from the
barrel to ensure the greater part of the coffee being pressed against
it, but not so close that any of the berries should be pricked through
their parchment covering. As coffee is seldom uniform in size, much
passes forward from which the husk, or pulp, as it is called, has not
been completely removed; this, being separated by a sieve worked by the
machinery, is returned by hand to the hopper. The coffee, deprived of
its husk, goes forward by a channel prepared for it into a cistern, the
pulps being thrown off behind; these latter are now generally saved to
be carried to the manure pit. The coffee is left to soak in the cistern
for the night, or for that length of time which is sufficient to wash
off the mucilage, an operation which is facilitated by a slight
fermentation--not, however, always conducted with safety to the future
quality of the coffee. Pulping-houses are supplied with several
cisterns, into which the several pulpings may be run off that the work
may not stand still.
Plate 7 gives a view of the interior lower floor of the pulping-house on
Messrs. Worms’ estates, Puselawa.
In the pulping-house above the pulpers is a large floor called the
cherry loft, into which the coffee in cherry from the field is measured,
and from whence, through holes, it is made to fall into the pulpers,
from the pulpers it is carried to the cisterns, and when washed is taken
out by the labourers to be dried, which brings us to speak of the store
and drying apparatus. Before doing so we may mention that the pulper,
which is considered a very imperfect machine, is generally driven by
four men at two handles, aided by a fly-wheel; the power is immediately
applied to turn the barrel, to which is connected a large cog-wheel,
which moves a pinion attached, to work a sieve or riddle.
Pulpers turned by water power, if properly erected to resist the strain
of the connecting machinery, work with more equality of motion, and
therefore do their work better than those worked by hand.
Many improvements in the pulping-machine have been suggested without
success; the last, which is now very generally adopted, is called a
crusher, and consists in a kind of shield instead of a chop, which
presses the coffee against the barrel. This machine is said to do as
much work in a given time as the pulper, and with less liability to cut
or prick the berry.
It has been said that the pulper is an imperfect machine; it is so in
respect to the incompleteness with which it performs the work for which
it is constructed. The work
[Illustration: Plate 7.--Interior View of the Pulping House of Messrs.
Worms’ Estates, Puselawa, Ceylon.]
complete, would be to pass forward the whole of the cherry coffee from
the hopper, as clean parchment coffee, into the cistern, and completely
separate the pulp. Instead of this, not only is there much coffee passed
forward unpulped, which has to be returned to the hopper, but much pulp
comes forward with the coffee into the cistern. To overcome these
imperfections, many hands are required attending the process of pulping;
several with sieves receive all the coffee as it comes through the
trough into the cistern, and remove all the pulp in it. The object of
this is to please the sight by making the sample even, and to take away
a material which both, renders the coffee difficult to dry, and, being
decomposed vegetable matter of a saccharine nature, is liable by
fermentation to injure the quality of the coffee itself. The coffee
which is passed unpulped, having been returned to the hopper as it
accumulates at the end of the pulper riddle, until the picking has all
been pulped, is sometimes passed through another pulper, set closer, and
what then remains is dried separately in the husk. The imperfections of
the pulper have recently attracted much notice, and improvements are
making in it.
We now arrive at the crowning operation of all--_Planting_. Economy
should be studied in every part of the work, and to plant to the best
advantage, nothing is more conducive than having the traces of the roads
and paths through the clearings already opened if possible, so as to be
available for bringing the plants from the nurseries. Plants and stumps
are both used in forming plantations; the first are seedlings, reared in
nurseries until they are about 8 to 10 inches high, or just
crowned--that is, after the appearance of their first lateral branches;
the second are the stock and roots of an older tree. Under varying
circumstances there is much to be said in favour of each. If the weather
is dry and the season advanced, stumps may be planted with less risk,
and in less time; but if plants are to be had, and the season
favourable, it is generally considered they are the best. In putting
them into the ground, if practicable, they should be removed from the
nursery with balls of earth about their roots; this is even the most
economical, as being almost an assurance against failure, and the tree
thus planted receives no check, but begins to grow directly. If, on the
other hand, the plants are to be brought too far to carry them with
balls of earth, extreme care should be taken to place them with the tap
root perpendicularly in the soil. Invariably the effect of a tap root
not being placed perpendicularly in the hole is, that when the tree is
grown to two or three feet in height, the upper shoot and branches take
a paler colour to that of the healthy plant, which is of very dark
green, the leaves also become small and elongated, and occasionally
somewhat mottled with a yellow tinge. Such plants will frequently spring
into flower and fruit prematurely, which generally turns out “boll,” or
empty in husk, and as prematurely dies away. This remark is not uncalled
for, as it requires extreme vigilance to prevent the labourers
carelessly doubling up the tap as they place the plant in the earth. The
hole should be well filled up and the earth trodden in round the plant,
which should never be buried below the crown of the root.
Nurseries of plants are variously made; much contention has existed on
the merits of shade and no shade. Shade is not required, and the plants
are best without it; yet it happens most nurseries are in some respects
subject to shade, as they have to be formed frequently before any
portion of the land is opened, and should be protected by a belt of
forest from the fire of the clearing; the jungle being cleared off and
carried to the sides of the ground selected. The soil is dug with hoes
and picks about two spits deep, and the roots of the jungle carefully
taken up, as these would afterwards break the rootlets of the plants
when taken up for transplanting. The ground being laid out in beds, is
sometimes sown broadcast with coffee-seed, which only requires to be
most lightly covered with a little sifted mould, or the seeds are
pressed in, in rows, with the finger. Sometimes small seedlings, with
two leaves and the seed leaves, are brought from another nursery, or
from beneath the coffee-bushes of a plantation or native garden, and
lined out into beds about six inches apart; these make by far the best
and hardiest plants for planting out into the fields.
We must not omit to notice the necessity for carefully replacing, with
as little delay as possible, all failures in the planting. The longer
this is delayed the more difficult does it become to do it well; and
when neglected, besides making the fields appear irregular and
unsightly, the gaps left become weed beds, and so much of the bearing
space of the acre being lost, the crop is affected in proportion.
When stumps are planted, a number of buds or suckers make their
appearance on the root; one of these only should be left, and the others
carefully rubbed off with the finger, as often as the weeding party goes
over the field.
The sprout from the bud which is left grows up and becomes the stem of a
tree, and throws out its laterals somewhat higher than the tree grown
from a nursery plant. The stump generally produces its first crop a
little out of season; for planting up failures stumps give the least
trouble.
Next to lining and careful planting, nothing enhances the good
appearance of a plantation so much as the workmanlike formation of the
roads and buildings. It is, therefore, desirable, by the use of a
theodolite, to trace the roads accurately before cutting them out.
Formerly it was frequently the practice to take the road by the eye from
point to point, evading the natural difficulties of rocks or large
roots, by taking the breakneck path above or below them. Roads on
partial clearings should always have reference to the land which is
afterwards to be felled and connected with the same set of works.
Plate 8 shows a coffee district near Puselawa, Ceylon.
[Illustration: Plate 8.--Coffee District near Puselawa, Ceylon.]
SECTION XII.
HARVESTING THE CROP AND PREPARATION FOR MARKET.
The heavy blossom appears on the tree in August and September. The
principal crop is picked from April to July. A small crop, chiefly from
young coffee, is picked from September to December. The produce is sent
down to Colombo, the shipping port, from April to September. If the
estate be close to a carriage road this is done by carts, which can take
from 60 to 80 bushels. The cost of transport is sometimes enormous. It
is not unusual to see carts loaded with coffee lying at the bottom of a
precipice, while the bullocks which had brought them have died from
exhaustion. If not near a road, carrying coolies are employed, or pack
bullocks, which take a load of 3 bushels, to transport it either to a
store, from which a carriage will convey it to Colombo, or to the
navigable point of one of the rivers. Of the various modes and facility,
or the want of it, possessed by estates situated in different districts,
some idea may be formed in the expense varying from 1s. to 12s. per cwt.
for bringing the produce to Colombo.
There are now in Colombo upwards of thirty establishments for the
preparation of coffee for shipment, ten or twelve of these employ steam
power to drive the requisite machinery. To most of them large barbecues
for drying are attached, and cooperages for the preparation of casks,
and in the season, which lasts nearly three quarters of the year, from
10,000 to 15,000 women and 1000 to 2000 men are employed in the
process.
Though the coffee has been sufficiently dried on the plantation to
enable it to reach Colombo in safety, it is not sufficiently hard to
part with the silver pellicle which envelops each berry under the
parchment skin, and to resist the pressure of the peeler, without some
additional drying in the more powerful sun at Colombo.
It is, therefore, again exposed on the barbecue, until it reaches a
crisp dryness. (Plate 9 shows the barbecue or drying-floor on Messrs.
Worms’ estate, Puselawa, in Ceylon, and the native labourers spreading
the coffee to dry.) It is next submitted to the pressure of the peeler,
which breaks the berry out of the parchment covering, and sets the
silver skin at liberty. It may be noticed that the silver skin, though
perhaps not adding two ounces to the weight of 112 lbs., gives the
coffee an appearance considered to be unsightly in the London market,
and, therefore, depreciates its value; its adherence to the coffee,
though the cause is not known in the market, is supposed to be generally
the result of bad drying on the plantation, being allowed to remain too
long wet, or being permitted to heat after it is taken from the
cisterns.
Several processes have to be gone through before the article known in
commerce as coffee is produced. In the first place, the pulpy exterior
of the berry, as we have seen, has to be removed by the process of
pulping, which separates the seed and its thin covering, called the
parchment, from the husk. When this pulping process is completed, we
have the parchment by itself in a cistern, and the next process consists
in getting rid of the mucilage with which it is covered. For this
purpose the water is drained from the cistern, and fermentation is
allowed to take place, which it readily does after a period of
twenty-four hours, or even less on a low estate, where the climate is
warm, though forty-eight hours are generally required on the highest
estates.
[Illustration: Plate 9.--The Barbecue, or Drying-Floor, Messrs. Worms’
Estates, Puselawa.]
Water is then admitted into the cistern, and the coffee being agitated
by wooden rakes, the mucilage combines with the water and is drained
off. After this the washed parchment coffee has to be dried to a hard
stage, and as it frequently happens that during crop time there is a
continuance of wet weather for weeks and months together, the chief
difficulties which a planter has to contend with now present themselves.
The peeler, or machine for removing the parchment, consists of a
circular trough, in which a wheel is made to travel; this is generally
made of wood, and shod with copper sheeting, and is turned by central
pressure, like the capstan of a ship, either by hand or by the gearing
of machinery attached to a steam-engine. An improvement on this has been
made by constructing the travelling wheels of iron, and the trough of
plates of the same metal; these plates being serrated in one direction,
so as to present a rough surface to the coffee, facilitate the fracture
of the parchment. Two wheels are generally made to work in one trough,
each of which is provided with a kind of scraper, to stir up the coffee
in its path and cause it to present a new face to the pressure.
A coffee-peeler is usually made of durable wood or iron. The
circumference of the machine is 36 feet; the breadth between the circles
in the machine is 1 foot. The height of the wheel 6 feet; the thickness
near the axle-tree 1 foot, and on the top 6 inches; twelve men or four
bullocks can turn it. If turned by men 200 bushels of coffee, and if
worked by bullocks 140 bushels, can be obtained in nine hours; if by
steam about 800 or 1000 bushels. The cost of constructing a machine to
be worked by men or bullocks is 25_l._, by steam 600_l._
After undergoing this process, the coffee is passed into a winnower,
which removes nearly the whole of the parchment and silver skin. It is
now given to the women, in quantities of a bushel each, to be picked
over by hand, who take out all blacks, broken berries, _triage_, or
anything calculated to injure its even quality. Further to improve its
appearance, the coffee is passed through a sizing machine, by which
generally three sizes are separated: the round, or pea berry, and a
larger and smaller berry, each of which from the separation is more even
in appearance, and as such preferred in the London market.
Sizers are variously made of perforated sheet zinc or wire gauze, with
openings of three sizes, increasing from the top in the form of a long
pipe, which, being slightly inclined and made to revolve, pass the
coffee, poured in above into the bins constructed to receive the
different sizes.
The coffee, now ready to be packed, is at once put into casks,
containing 6 or 7 cwt. each, and sent away on board ship without delay.
These processes are constantly improving and are now thoroughly
understood--a remark which would seem uncalled for, but for the
recollection of the bungling and conflicting systems which were in vogue
a few years since.
SECTION XIII.
PREPARATION FOR MARKET--(_Continued_).
Parchment Coffee, when in an unseasoned state, is prone to enter into
decomposition from the time at which it is withdrawn from the protection
of the living organism until it is thoroughly seasoned by drying, after
which it may be kept for any length of time in a dry place.
The worth of coffee as an article of commerce is lessened in proportion
to the extent to which these progressive changes are allowed to go on.
If heating has taken place, the bean can never afterwards acquire the
pellucid colour which is indicative of well-dried coffee, but partakes
more or less of a dingy appearance. If mouldiness ensues, the aromatic
properties, like those of tea, give place to an insipid flavour; and
finally, if the bean undergoes putrefaction, it assumes a dull black
colour, and becomes totally destitute of every valuable property.
When the crops ripen, they must be gathered and cured under all
circumstances of weather; and as it generally happens that this has to
be done during the prevalence of the periodical rains, the difficulties
to be contended with are so much the greater. The extensive nature of
the operations has also to be taken into account in forming an estimate
of the difficulties to be provided for. During the busy season of crop
upwards of 1000 bushels of cherries are daily gathered from some
plantations, yielding an increase of 500 bushels of parchment coffee to
be daily added to that which has already accumulated in the store.
Past experience having shown that coffee was most easily preserved in a
sweet state when spread thinly on the floor, large and commodious
buildings were called into use, notwithstanding the unusually heavy
expense which attended their erection in situations remote from town,
where sufficiently skilful labour was only to be had at the time, and
with great difficulty. On this account inadequate accommodation was
provided on many plantations, and the coffee accumulating to a
considerable depth, no amount of hand-turning could keep it from
contracting a musty smell, its proneness to decomposition increasing
greatly in proportion to the extent of the accumulation.
Some years ago it occurred to Mr. Clerihew that it was possible, by
means of fanners, working on the exhausting principle, so to withdraw
air from an enclosed space as to establish a current of air through
masses of coffee spread on perforated floors forming the top and bottom
of that space. This plan he carried into execution at Rathoongodde
plantation, and it has since been adopted by many planters.
The following is a detailed description of Mr. Clerihew’s invention, a
model of which was shown at the International Exhibition of 1851:
The water-wheel is an overshot one, nine feet in diameter, and is of
much smaller dimensions than any wheel that has hitherto been employed
for pulping. It is, however, sufficient in power to work the fans and
pulpers simultaneously, the excess of its power over that of other
wheels being gained by the diminution of friction consequent on there
being no intervening shafting and gearing. The entire wheel is
constructed of wood, with the exception of the shaft, which is unusually
light, as it has merely to serve as a support to the wheel. By means of
a double band rim-bolted to the arms on each side, motion is given to
the pulpers from the one and to the fans from the other.
The floors of the curing-house are laid with laths 1¼ inch square and 2
inches apart; these are covered with open coir matting; being rather
cheap and durable, this material answers the purpose remarkably well.
The side walls of the curing-house are constructed in the manner of the
country, viz. of wattled work filled in with clay and smoothed over so
as to be air-tight.
To derive the full benefit of natural heat, the roof is covered with
felt or with sheet-iron, so that in fine weather the temperature of the
air in the upper floor is raised considerably by contact with the hot
roof, and its capacity for absorbing moisture much increased,
preparatory to its being drawn down through the mass of coffee in the
upper floor. Even in the cool climate of the district of Upper
Hewahette, at an elevation of 4500 feet, in a fine day the temperature
of the air under a felt roof is 120° when the fans are not working, so
that a great drying power is thus made available at no expense.
The lower floor, on the other hand, is adapted for the application of
artificial heat for the purpose of evaporating the surface water from
each separate batch of coffee as it is taken from the washing cisterns
preparatory to its being deposited in the upper floor. In wet weather
this is essential, for the atmospheric air being then saturated with
moisture, no drying can take place until its capacity for absorbing
moisture is increased by an increase of temperature. One other reason
for adopting this arrangement is, that when the coffee is first taken
wet from the washing cisterns the interstices of the beans are more or
less occupied with water, and thus present a medium less pervious to air
than is the case when the surface water has been dried off. Consequently
it is desirable that, until this has been done, the depth of the coffee
should not exceed six inches, and, to be equal to every emergency, the
heating power ought to be sufficient in the wettest weather to evaporate
the surface water from the produce of a day’s picking (within
twenty-four hours), so as to allow of its being removed into the upper
floor. The daily number of bushels picked from any, or the same
plantation, is of course a variable quantity: depending on the extent of
the cultivation, the quality of the trees, the number of hands employed,
and the elevation of the land; the latter, when considerable, having the
effect of prolonging the picking season. The stove is more than
sufficient for a daily picking of 400 bushels of cherries.
The heating stove is square, has a waggon head with a semicircular
opening in the centre for the passage of air, and is constructed of
stout sheet-iron. It is placed within an arch, with a clearance of nine
inches all round also for the passage of air, the guiding principle in
its construction being to adapt it to the burning of wood, and to expose
as much heating surface as possible to the air which flows past it into
the air-chamber beneath the ground-floor. The stove opening is the only
one which admits air to the coffee on the ground-floor. Consequently,
when it is more or less closed by a damper, the power of the fans is
exerted either in part or altogether on the mass of coffee in the upper
floor.
In these applications of natural and artificial heat to the curing of
coffee, the heat is conveyed by the air through the whole depth of
coffee in such a manner that each bean feels its influence, whilst the
watery products elicited by the heat are at the same time, and by the
same means, carried off. It cannot be doubted that these applications
are far more effectual than any of the modes hitherto in use; in some
cases stoves were employed in the apartment containing the coffee, but
it is obvious that their influence could not extend beyond the surface
of the mass, and that, if the apartment was closed, there was no
provision for carrying off the air that had become loaded with moisture
due to its temperature; whilst, if the apartment was open, so as to
afford a free draught of air, the greater portion of the heat given out
by the stove was carried out before the heated air could act on the
coffee. In other cases, heating pipes of various kinds were used below
the floors on which the coffee was placed. This arrangement, however,
has the effect of injuring the coffee, by steaming it; no provision
being made for carrying off the excess of hot watery vapour which
accumulates within the mass, but, on the other hand, the natural
processes of decomposition are assisted and promoted.
The construction of Mr. Clerihew’s heating apparatus is simple, and a
moderate supply of fuel has a considerable effect in raising the
temperature of cold damp air before it is brought into contact with the
coffee through which it is drawn by the aid of the fans. This heated air
becomes diffused throughout the whole of the chamber, which extends
beneath the ground-floor in such a manner that no portion of the coffee
which is on that floor can be free from its influence.
The fans at Rathoongodde are much more powerful than those in common
use, the peculiarity in the shape of the blade giving them a great
advantage as air-moving machines, in so far as the indraught is
concerned, whilst one-half of the periphery being open a ready exit is
afforded for the discharge of air. In the ordinary fan, if a smoking
match is applied to any part of the indraught opening, the air will be
seen to flow towards a neutral point in the centre of the fan, following
a spiral direction, and thence in the periphery of the fan.
In Mr. Clerihew’s modification of the blade each film of air, so to
speak, flows into the fan directly, until it impinges on the curvilinear
part of the blade, and from that point is thrown at a right angle
towards the periphery. The column of air being thus less distorted in
its progress, there is not only a greater quantity discharged, but much
less power is consumed in effecting that discharge--in the common fan
it is evident, from the circumstance of the air flowing to an apex,
that a great amount of power is wasted in producing the increased
velocity with which a column of air equal in volume to the two ingress
openings of the fan must pass so contracted an area before it is
discharged; hence it is that the fan, as an air-moving machine, has been
considered unequal to the screw.
The enclosed space of the coffee-curing house at Rathoongodde has an
area in the cross section of 100 superficial feet, it is 70 feet long,
and a pair of fans are placed at one end. Repeated experiments have
shown that, when the fans make 100 revolutions per minute, a cloud of
smoke travels to them from the centre of the enclosed space (a distance
of 35 feet) in precisely 15 seconds, hence we have 100 × 35 = 3500 cubic
feet of air discharged in a quarter of a minute, or 14,000 cubic feet
per minute; a screw of nearly seven feet in diameter would be required
to discharge the same amount of air, and the cost of it in England is 84
guineas, whilst the pair of fans made and fitted up at Rathoongodde cost
under 9_l._
In the centre of the enclosed space, with a depth of four feet of coffee
in the upper floor, the flame of a candle is blown to a right angle when
the whole power of the fans is put on that floor; near to the fans it is
extinguished, the air moving forward with a uniformly accelerated
velocity from the farther end towards the fans, owing to the constant
accessions made by the air entering the enclosed space throughout its
whole length.
It has already been mentioned that the only entrance of air into the
air-chamber beneath the ground-floor is by the opening in which the
stove is placed, consequently, when this opening is closed by a damper,
it is obvious that the whole power of the fans is exerted on the mass of
coffee which is being cured on the upper floor, and that the division
of this power may be regulated at will by more or less obstructing the
entrance of air to the air-chamber by the damper. The upper floor is not
supposed to be an air-tight apartment, but as the chief entrance of air
is by the two doors in the end, its influx may be so far obstructed by
closing them as to throw the greater part of the power of the fans on
the coffee which is on the ground-floor, when this is required. Again,
since it is obvious that, in wet weather, when the atmosphere is fully
saturated with moisture proportionate to its temperature, it becomes a
desideratum to introduce a portion of the artificially heated air into
the vacant space which is over the coffee in the upper floor, so that
the air which passes down through that coffee may have an absorbing
tendency; this is accomplished by shutting the doors of the upper floor
and throwing open the top-covering of the fan. By this means one-half of
the air which is drawn from the stove is thrown in above the coffee in
the upper floor, whilst the other half is discharged altogether. This
infusion of heated air would on many occasions be attended with benefit,
but the advantage will naturally depend on the comparative state of
dryness of the coffee on the two floors.
In having recourse to these practical modifications some little judgment
and observation are of more service than precept. It will be found, for
instance, that if the coffee in the upper floor approaches the dry
stage, it is better in wet weather to shut the doors of that floor as
well as the tops of the fans, so that only a small flittering of air
sufficient to ward off the first stages of decomposition may pass
through that coffee, whilst the wet coffee below has the full benefit of
a more rapid circulation of absorbent air.
Attention may now be directed to the practical results which these
arrangements have afforded in the curing of coffee.
The coffee in the upper floor, as the crop advanced, gradually
increased in depth until it stood at four feet all over the floor. When
at this depth, with the fans making 100 revolutions per minute, the flow
of air was quite sensible to the hand placed on the surface of the
coffee, and was rendered apparent by the smoke from a match following
the direction of the air; at the same time the rarefaction of the air
within the enclosed space was so very slight as barely to be appreciable
by a very delicate mountain barometer, though it had the effect of
causing the door to shut with a slam; thus showing that a slight
rarefaction of the air is sufficient to disturb the balance of
atmospheric pressure, even when acting through a medium of coffee of
considerable depth. The current of air thus established continued to
flow without interruption until the fans were stopped.
A cold glass tumbler taken into the store in a warm day, when the fans
were not in motion, became instantly dimmed and wet by the precipitation
of moisture from the internal air. When another glass was taken into the
store, one minute after the fans were put in motion, it remained clear,
without a trace of moisture.
A very satisfactory result soon showed itself, viz. that whilst the
temperature of the air as it entered the moist coffee was 80° in a warm
day, the temperature of the coffee itself, as indicated by an immersed
thermometer, was only 58°; the wet coffee being invariably coldest when
the air that was made to pass through it was warmest. This paradox
admitted of easy explanation, when it was considered that each bean of
undried coffee was under similar circumstances to evaporating vessels of
water placed in a draught of warm air for the purpose of cooling the
water. The cold thus produced was, therefore, the necessary concomitant
of the evaporation that was going on, and the difference between these
temperatures afforded a measure of the drying power in different states
of the weather. The circumstance of the hot air lowering the
temperature of the coffee was also favourable in another point of view,
seeing that it has been shown that heat is one of the conditions which
promotes mouldiness, or the germination of fungi.
Every bushel of parchment coffee contains half a cubic foot of air, a
fact ascertained by a bushel which took thirty-three measures of water
to fill it. When full of newly-washed coffee it took thirteen of these
measures of the water to displace the air from the interstices of the
beans without overflowing, so that we have 13--33 of air in a bushel of
coffee; in other words, half a cubic foot. Hence, the fans in use are
capable of giving a fresh atmosphere to 28,000 bushels of coffee every
minute, or in the same time four fresh atmospheres to 7000 bushels.
During a continuance of nearly three months of wet weather which
occurred at one crop time, the coffee in the curing-house dried very
slowly, but was kept in a perfectly fresh and sweet state without the
intervention of any manual labour, further than in depositing each day’s
increase in the lower floor to dry off the surface water, and removing
that of each previous day to the upper floor, where it was spread on the
top of all the coffee that had previously accumulated. These three
months of wet weather were succeeded by a fortnight of very dry weather,
and, on examining the coffee at the end of that period, it was found to
have reached the dry horny stage at which it is usual to despatch it
from the estate to Colombo, for the purpose of being peeled and shipped.
On examining the beans they were found to be of that clear colour which
distinguishes coffee carefully cured in small quantities, with the
advantage of the most favourable weather. Under like circumstances, viz.
during such a continuation of wet weather, it would have been impossible
to preserve the coffee free from more or less mustiness of smell, by
manual labour employed in the usual way, whilst at the same time the
expense of storework would have been more than fourfold. The whole
expense of the storework, viz. pulping, washing, curing, and storing the
Rathoongodde coffee, amounted to 2¼d. per cwt., and when it is
considered that during crop time the value of every man’s labour is
greatly increased, it is an object, as far as possible, to substitute
mechanical contrivance for manual labour, so that all hands may be
employed in gathering the crop as it ripens.
Every planter knows that when coffee is spread out in a single layer on
the floor of his store, it becomes dry after a time, and is well cured
without any further attention on his part; but it is impossible to
devote sufficient space for this purpose without incurring an expense
which would be quite incompatible with his circumstances. When, however,
coffee is thus spread out in a single layer, it is obvious that the
reason why it requires no attention is, because the beans being freely
exposed to the atmosphere, there is naturally a constant change of the
air by which they are surrounded; the same air is not sufficiently long
in contact with the beans to excite the first action of decomposition,
and the absorption of oxygen is not accomplished. Presuming, however,
that it were so, the subsequent actions could not take place, for the
products of the first action, viz. carbonic acid, heat and watery
vapour, would immediately make their escape and be dissipated by the
atmosphere, which is precisely what takes place when, by mechanical
means, a draught of air is carried through a _mass_ of coffee. Hence, it
is evident that the requirements of space are overcome by the adoption
of this plan, and that a great mass of coffee is placed under conditions
similar to those by which a single layer is influenced when exposed to a
natural draught of atmospheric air.
SECTION XIV.
CULTIVATION IN SOUTHERN INDIA.
Southern India is becoming as celebrated for its coffee, as Northern
India for its tea. We find that the exports of coffee from Madras have
increased considerably during the last five years, and there is every
reason for supposing that Southern India will shortly become the chief
coffee-producing country of the world. We have no idea of the number of
acres of land under coffee cultivation in the Madras Presidency, but it
must be very large, for after its local wants have been supplied, coffee
to the value of half a million sterling is exported.
In 1858-59 the shipments were 7,288,421 lbs. to foreign ports, and
4,083,917 lbs. to Indian ports. In 1862-63 the shipments were 16,292,238
lbs. to foreign ports, and 3,976,766 lbs. to Indian ports.
Though some parts of India are well adapted to the culture, it is not
yet so extensively cultivated as might have been expected from the
vicinity of its Arabian sites to the Malabar coast. There, however, some
excellent coffee is grown, as well as in the hilly regions of Mysore and
on the <DW72>s of the Neilgherries, and some of these are of such good
quality, and so carefully prepared, as to bring the same price as Mocha
coffee. Some very good specimens of coffee have also been produced in
the interior of India, as in the district of Chota Nagpore, where the
culture might apparently be greatly extended, and be of great benefit
for consumption in that part of the country.
According to local tradition, the coffee-plant was introduced into
Mysore by a Mussulman pilgrim, named Baba Booden, who came from Arabia
about two hundred years ago, and took up his abode as a hermit in the
uninhabited hills in the Nuggur Division named after him, and where he
established a college, which still exists, endowed by government. It is
said that he brought some coffee-berries from Mocha, which he planted
near to his hermitage, about which there are now to be seen some very
old coffee-trees. However this may be, there is no doubt that the
coffee-plant has been known in that neighbourhood from time immemorial,
but the berry has never come into general use among the people for a
beverage. It is only of late years that the coffee trade of these
districts has become of any magnitude, or that planting has been carried
to any important extent. The export of coffee from British India, which
in 1851 was only 3239 tons, had increased in 1861 to 8535 tons; about
one-fourth of this is shipped from Bombay, and nearly all the remainder
from Madras.
More than thirty years ago a few Europeans were engaged in coffee
planting near Chickmoogloor, a few miles from the Bababooden Hills.
About twenty years ago the plantation producing the well-known coffee
called “Cannon’s Mysore,” and others, on the Memzera, or “Bad Mountain,”
was commenced by two enterprising gentlemen. The success of these has
induced many more Europeans to plant coffee there, and the consequence
is that the coffee trade of Mysore bids fair to emulate that of Ceylon.
It has given, also, an example to other parts of India, and the plant
originally taken from the Bababooden Muth is now extending over tens of
thousands of acres in Coorg, the Wynaad district, the Neilgherry Hills,
and along the Western Ghauts, north and south.
In Mysore the number of European coffee-planters has increased to about
thirty, while the number of native planters is estimated at between
three and four thousand.
The average produce per acre in Mysore is probably not half that of
Ceylon. Some attempts have been made to cultivate coffee in the open
country, but without success; it seems to require forest land and
considerable elevation and moisture. “Cannon’s Mysore” is grown on a
range of hills from 3500 to 4000 feet above the sea, having the benefit
of the south-west monsoon, which very seldom fails at all, never
entirely, and of the tail-end of the north-east monsoon. This elevation
gives a pleasant climate, well suited to Europeans.
Several species of the genus Coffea (_C. alpestris_, _C. grumeloides_,
and _C. Wightiana_) are indigenous to the Neilgherry Hills.
A berry, generally one which has itself fallen ripe from the tree, is
put into the ground, usually in a nursery plot, though some planters
prefer to place the seed in the identical hole which is to be its future
situation. The nursery plan is, however, generally adopted, and here the
young plant, which shoots up in about a month after it is sown, is
allowed to remain until about sixteen months old. It, or rather we will
say they, for hundreds and thousands are generally dealt with at once,
are transplanted to holes which have been carefully prepared for them on
the soil which is to be their future location. These holes are generally
two feet cube, and many good planters prefer them even deeper; in this
the plant is carefully placed and covered around, and in eighteen months
from that time, _i.e._ about three years from the time the berry was
first planted, our small coffee-tree begins to bear fruit, the first
crop being of course very scanty.
The berry is picked from November to the end of February, by any number
of men, women, and boys which can be collected, and who are paid by the
quantity they pick, some expert hands earning a good deal.
The berry collected is carried to the house of the estate, and there
having been weighed, is thrown into what is called a cherry loft, a
wooden chamber, alongside of, but a little higher, than the place
containing the pulper. From this cherry loft to the pulper the coffee is
washed by a stream of water, which carries it along a trough so arranged
as to catch and impede any stones or heavier materials from entering the
pulping machine. These heavier materials sink to the bottom of the
trough, and the buoyant coffee-berry, floating on the surface, is borne
to its destination.
The object of the pulper is to remove the fleshy capsule from the berry,
and this being accomplished, the coffee passes on in one direction,
whilst the pulp, by a clever arrangement of the mechanism of the
instrument, is pushed away in another. The berry is now thrown into a
vat and allowed to ferment, until the remaining mucilaginous substance
adherent to the parchment covering is easily washed away by water.
This accomplished, it is thrown on open exposed places, called
barbecues, and allowed to dry in the sun. This takes about twelve days,
when it is packed in gunny (jute) bags, placed upon bullocks, and
despatched to the coast.
There it is what is called garbled, that is, having been once more
exposed to the sun and thoroughly dried, it is placed in circular
troughs, and over it large heavy wheels, shod with iron nails, are made
to revolve. This removes what is called the parchment skin, leaving the
berry now covered only with a beautifully fine coating, the silver skin.
It is then, by a number of women employed for the purpose, carefully
sized; after this, passed through a pea-berry mill, the object being to
separate the round pea-shaped berry from the flatter, the former being
much more prized, and fetching a higher price in the market, though why,
it is difficult to say, as it makes no better coffee than the other; and
as it has to be deprived of its form by roasting and grinding before it
comes to table, the advantage of its pea-shaped figure is, to say the
least of it, somewhat obscure.
There is likewise separated from the rest what is called “triage,” the
broken and otherwise defective beans, which are also packed by
themselves, and which again, we believe, though selling more cheaply,
are found to make quite as good an infusion for a beverage as their more
aristocratic friends the pea-berries. However, pea-berries, flats, and
triage, are all ultimately packed in square wooden boxes and shipped to
England, where it is sold, roasted, ground, and drank.
In Wynaad, in the close of 1863, there were 93 coffee estates, covering
50,000 acres, of which about 15,000 acres were planted; 6100 acres had
trees over two years old on them. There were also about 3600 acres under
culture with coffee by the natives. Wynaad is an elevated plateau,
rising somewhat abruptly from the western or Malabar side, but sloping
more towards the Mysore or easterly side.
The quantity of coffee exported from Tellicherry during the official
year ending April, 1862, was 58,500 cwt., of which about 30,000 cwt. is
supposed to have come from Wynaad, the rest from Coorg. 8 cwt. of coffee
per acre is considered an average yield in Wynaad, 10 cwt. a good crop.
SECTION XV.
BOURBON, JAVA, AND THE EAST.
It was from Beit-el-Faguil, the European factory near Mocha, that the
coffee-tree was transported to the island of Bourbon, in the year 1718,
and it is remarkable that the islanders recognised the plant as natural
to their own country, and brought the astonished importers abundance
from their native mountains. In Bourbon they distinguish four varieties
of the coffee-plant.
1. The Mocha, which is very delicate, for the plants degenerate and
often perish after a good crop.
2. The Levoy, which is more hardy, but the coffee is inferior in
quality.
3. The Myrtle, a variety of the Mocha, very hardy, and yielding abundant
crops.
4. The Marron, or wild coffee, with such bitter and narcotic properties
that it can only be used by admixture with the berries of one of the
other varieties.
JAVA.--In Java, coffee is a government monopoly, and the planters bring
their coffee to a central government depôt for sale at a fixed price.
The island exports about 1,250,000 cwts. of coffee annually. Java coffee
has lost much of its former repute from being largely saturated with
moisture, artificially to the extent of 14 per cent.; this increases the
weight, but must injure the quality in transport.
At the Paris Exhibition of 1855, the Netherlands Commercial Association
contributed a very varied collection of two dozen varieties of coffees
from the Dutch government possessions in Java, under the following
classification: Brown, clear brown, deep yellow, yellow, yellowish,
white, whitish, pale of Havana kind, blue, fine green, handsome green,
green, greenish, mottled green, deep green West India kind, green West
India kind, pale green West India kind, dark Demerara kind, green
Demerara kind, deep grey, triage, common black, greenish Menado, and
white Padang. The Netherlands Society sell about 1,000,000 bags or bales
of coffee annually.
The following were the exports of coffee from Java in 1862:
piculs.
To Holland on private account 128,047
To other countries 165,116
By the Netherlands Trading Company 877,241
---------
1,170,404
The position of the coffee trade of Java is shown in the figures
annexed, for five years:
EXPORT AND VALUE OF COFFEE.
tons. value.
1858 66,575 £2,614,505
1859 59,769 2,565,137
1860 54,638 2,486,115
1861 61,783 2,850,518
1862 63,286 3,465,747
Three kinds of Java coffee are commonly brought to Europe--Jacatra
(usually sold as Java), Cheribou, and Samarang. The first is the best,
the second is generally a little lighter colour and of somewhat inferior
quality, and the third has yellowish brown, or green, flattened beans.
What is generally sold in the Dutch markets as Samarang is, however,
simply a kind of “triage,” with black beans of a coarse flavour.
SIAM.--On the hilly districts of the east coast of the Gulf of Siam the
cultivation of coffee is carried on to a limited extent, and some very
fine samples of Siam coffee were shown at the International Exhibition
of 1862, sent me by Messrs. Markwold and Co., and by Sir Robert
Schomburgk, the British Consul-General.
SUMATRA is one of the worst kinds of coffee received from the Eastern
Archipelago. The beans are large, dark yellow or brown, and occasionally
even black, and the flavour varies considerably. The production in
Sumatra averages about 5 to 6,000,000 lbs., but has often been double
that amount.
CELEBES.--With the exception of Menado, which has large beans of a pale
greenish or yellow colour, Celebes coffee is greatly inferior to Java,
and it is questionable whether the colour when brought to market is not
given by artificial means. The production is about 1,000,000 lbs.
PHILIPPINES.--Manilla coffee is one of the best of the Eastern kinds,
and quite equal to Java. The average production is about 3,000,000 lbs.
The beans are medium-sized, and of a pale greenish colour. The coffee is
shipped in bags of about 150 lbs., or in cases or chests of 200 lbs. to
300 lbs.
OTHER SOURCES.--The cultivation of coffee is making rapid progress in
the Sandwich Islands. There are now considerably more than half a
million trees in bearing on the island, producing upwards of 2,000,000
lbs. annually--the largest proportion of which is shipped to California.
Queensland and the northern districts of Australia could raise large
quantities of coffee. It is much less laborious than cotton, more fitted
for women and children, and, being adapted to the mountain ranges of
tropical climates, of course more healthy and invigorating than the
sultry plains. The range of mountains varying from twenty-five to thirty
miles from the northern coast of Australia, towards Torres Straits,
would be admirably suited to the culture.
SECTION XVI.
COFFEE AS A BEVERAGE.
It is remarkable that, much as coffee is used in this country, the
proper mode of preparing it as a beverage should be so little
understood. Perhaps it is that most people consider coffee-making as too
easy a process to need any pains at all; and for this reason the coffee
served at nine breakfast-tables out of ten, throughout the kingdom, is a
miserable muddy infusion, which people seem to drink only because, as
washerwomen say, it is “wet and warm.” The right way of making coffee is
not less easy than the wrong one; there is no mystery about it. All that
is required is the observance of a few simple rules:
1. The nature of coffee is such that it parts very easily with its
aromatic, stimulating, and other properties; a small quantity of water
will draw out all the goodness quite as effectually as a large quantity,
and it will do this if the coffee-berries be only bruised or very
coarsely ground. It is a grave mistake to suppose that coffee should be
ground to a fine powder; extreme fineness is the great cause of “thick
coffee” as prepared for breakfast. In Eastern countries, where people
know what good coffee means, they always bruise the berries in a mortar.
In fact, the goodness of coffee depends more on the roasting and the
method of preparing afterwards, than on the quality of the berry, or any
other particular.
2. Buy your coffee ready roasted, but not ground; that is, buy
coffee-berries, and always choose such as are fresh roasted, in
preference to stale. Observe, also, whether your grocer keeps the
article properly shut up in tin canisters, or lets it lie about in open
tubs or trays.
3. If possible, buy a coffee-mill, one that will grind very coarsely.
The price varies from 2s. 6d. to 5s. This article is so essential to a
good cup of coffee, that no one who can afford the outlay should
hesitate to buy one. Those who have a pestle and mortar may try the
method of bruising; but whether a mill or a mortar, no more should be
ground or crushed than is wanted for use at the time.
4. Coffee requires to be kept in a very dry place; and, as it readily
takes up the flavour of other articles near which it may be placed, it
should be kept in an air-tight vessel. If you buy tea and coffee at the
same time, do not pack them in one parcel or basket, or carry them in
the same packet, for the true flavour of both will be injured. We
presume that no one will be so careless as to keep either tea or coffee
in paper only; a wooden box would be better than this, but a bottle or
porcelain jar is best of all.
5. Have a clean, dry coffee-pot; it should always be rinsed out when put
away, and turned down to drain.
6. To every half pint of water, allow half an ounce of coffee-powder;
have your kettle of water boiling, put the necessary quantity of powder
into the coffee-pot, and pour in as much water from the kettle as you
require. Set the pot on the fire for a few seconds, but on no account
let the contents boil up; then pour about half a pint of the liquor into
a cup, and pour it back again into the pot, and stand it on the hob or
on the fender to settle. If these directions have been properly
followed, there will be in three or four minutes a pot of coffee as
clear and well-tasted as any one could wish to drink. Should it be too
strong, you have only to use less of the coffee-powder. All the goodness
is extracted with the first boiling; and those who wish to drink good
coffee must never boil the same grounds a second time.
7. The milk in all cases must be warmed, and used as hot as possible;
and it should always be put into the cup with the sugar before the
coffee is poured in. When a cup of coffee is taken after dinner, it
should be drank without milk, and with little or no sugar.
8. But of all the preparations of coffee there is none equal to the
French, known as _café au lait_, or milk coffee. We have drank it
constantly for several years, and can pronounce it to excel all others
as a breakfast beverage. In this there is more milk than water, and the
coffee liquor is rather an essence than a decoction; it will be almost
black in colour. The process to be followed is the same in most respects
as described; but, instead of a quart or three pints, not more than a
third of your usual quantity of water is to be poured on the full
quantity of coffee-powder. After it has stood to settle, pour it
carefully off the grounds into a jug or pitcher, which is to be kept hot
by any convenient means. In this way the liquor, though black, will be
perfectly clear. At the same time a quantity of milk, according to the
wants of your party, must be heated in a saucepan with a spout or a lip.
When this is ready, pour it into your breakfast-cups until they are
three-parts full, or rather more, add the sugar, and then fill up with
coffee from the jug, more or less, according as you prefer it strong or
weak. Coffee made in this way will be found more nutritious, and to
possess greater richness and smoothness, than can be attained by any
other means.
Many persons are in the habit of keeping roasted coffee in vessels of
tin, closely secured; this is a most improper mode, and the consequences
of doing so may be pointed out. It is known that coffee contains gallic
acid, a principle which has the property of acting on iron or tin, and
it is therefore certain that in keeping coffee in these canisters the
acid has such an effect in dissolving particles of the metal, as not
only to affect the taste, but even the colour of the coffee. To convince
one’s self of this, it is only necessary to leave some freshly-roasted
coffee in a tinned vessel for a time, and it will soon be found to have
imbibed a black colour and a most disagreeable taste.
It appears, therefore, to be necessary to avoid keeping coffee in these
metal receptacles. The best mode of properly preserving the article is
by using vessels of porcelain, or other similar material. With regard to
the description of coffee-pot to be used in preparing the article, it
should never be of tin or iron; nothing will so soon and so surely
destroy the fine flavour of the beverage as these descriptions of
coffee-pots. It has generally been the practice to make coffee either by
boiling it, or by pouring boiling water on the ground coffee placed on a
filter. Both of these methods are bad.
Experience has shown that boiling water destroys or sensibly alters the
volatile parts of the berry, and dissolves those which are bitter and
unpleasant. We ought not, therefore, to employ water heated to a greater
temperature than to allow the finger being placed in it. But difficult
as it may be to believe, there can be no doubt but that the best mode of
preparing this beverage is with cold water. Coffee so made is not only
more aromatic, more limpid, and more substantial, but it is far stronger
than any made with hot water. The cold infusion takes from the coffee
and communicates to the water all its aromatic qualities, while it does
not imbibe much, if any, of the gallic acid; consequently this
preparation is far less bitter than that which has been boiled, in which
process the most minute particles are acted upon.
Coffee thus made is of a fine bright and dark colour; it requires far
less sugar and much less care, because all that has to be done is to
place the powder on the filter, drop on it a little water, and when well
moistened to pour on it the proper quantity of water. The filtration
will be completed in a moderately short space of time, and the liquor
having run through, may be again poured on the coffee, so as to remove
any further portion of flavour left in it; and when this has been done,
the preparation will be so delicate and aromatic that those who taste it
will adopt the mode in preference to any other. When the coffee thus
made is to be warmed for use, it must not be heated to the boiling
point, and take care that the vessel in which it is warmed be quite
full. It may be here remarked that coffee thus made warm is always more
pleasant than when drank at the time of its preparation, provided it be
not made to boil, and that the coffee-pot be well closed. It is equally
necessary with the above that the berry should be well and thoroughly
roasted, and not ground in a mill or machine, but pounded and sifted, so
as to secure the particles being of equal fineness.
To enter into an examination of the comparative merits and demerits of
the several percolators and cafetières at present in use, would extend
these observations to too great a length; but most of those generally
adopted are worthless, or complicated, with the abominable bag-filter,
which is seldom kept clean. There is ample room for inventors in the
manufacture of a simple coffee-pot with a water-gauge at the side, which
shall effect what is not now done--a passage of the hot water once only
through the coffee, so as to have a bright infusion instead of a muddy
decoction.
“Tea,” observes Dr. Sigmond, “as the morning beverage, when breakfast
forms a good substantial meal, upon which the powers for the day of
meeting the various chances and changes of life depend, provided it be
not strong, is much to be recommended; but when individuals eat little,
coffee certainly supports them in a more decided manner; and, besides
this, tea without a certain quantity of solid aliment, is much more
likely to influence the nervous system. Some persons, if they drink tea
in the morning and coffee at night, suffer much in animal spirits and in
power of enjoyment of the pleasure of society; but if they reverse the
system, and take coffee in the morning and tea at night, they reap
benefit from the change; for the coffee, which to them in the morning is
nutrition, becomes a stimulus at night; and the tea, which acts as a
dilutent at night, gives nothing for support during the day.”
The Turks drink their coffee very hot and strong, and without sugar;
occasionally they put in, when boiling, a clove or two bruised, or a few
seeds of star anise, or a drop of essence of amber.
The following quotations from recent travellers give the Turkish mode of
making coffee:
“The bruised or ground beans are thrown into a small brass or copper
saucepan; sufficient water, scalding hot, is poured upon them, and,
after being allowed to simmer for a few seconds, the liquid is poured
into small cups, without refining or straining. Persons unaccustomed to
this way of making coffee find it unpalatable. Those who have overcome
the first introduction prefer it to that made after the French fashion,
whereby the aroma is lost or deteriorated. A well made cup of good
Turkish coffee is indeed the most delectable beverage, that can be well
imagined, being grateful to the senses and refreshingly stimulant to the
nerves. Those who have long resided in the East can alone estimate its
merits.”--WHITE’S _Three Years in Constantinople_.
“The Turkish way of making coffee produces a very different result from
that to which we are accustomed. A small conical saucepan, with a long
handle, and calculated to hold about two table-spoonfuls of water, is
the instrument used. The fresh roasted berry is pounded, not ground,
and about a dessert-spoonful is put into the minute boiler; it is then
nearly filled with water, and thrust among the embers; a few seconds
suffice to make it boil, and the decoction, grounds and all, is poured
into a small cup, which fits into a brass socket much like the cup of an
acorn, and holding the china cup as that does the acorn itself. The
Turks seem to drink this decoction boiling, and swallow the grounds with
the liquid. We allow it to remain a minute, in order to leave the
sediment at the bottom. It is always taken plain; sugar or cream would
be thought to spoil it; and Europeans, after a little practice (longer,
however, than we had), are said to prefer it to the clear infusion drunk
in France. In every hut you will see these coffee-boilers suspended, and
the means for pounding the roasted berry will be found at
hand.”--CHRISTMAS’S _Shores and Islands of the Mediterranean_.
“A small vessel, containing about a wine-glass of water, is placed on
the fire, and, when boiling, a teaspoonful of ground coffee is put into
it, stirred up, and it is suffered to boil and ‘bubble’ a few seconds
longer, when it is poured (grounds and all) into a cup about the size of
an egg-shell, encased in gold or silver filigree-work, to protect the
finger from the heat; and the liquid, in its scalding, black, thick, and
troubled state, is imbibed with the greatest relish. Like smoking, it
must be quite an acquired taste.”--MAXWELL’S _Shores of the
Mediterranean_.
CHICORY
SECTION I.
INTRODUCTION INTO ENGLAND.--CONTINENTAL PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION.
The term chicory is an Anglicised French word, the original being
chicorée. The plant is known to botanists by the name of _Cichorium
Intybus_, and belongs to the natural order Compositæ, tribe Cichoreæ. It
is an indigenous plant with a perennial root, better known probably to
most readers by its English appellation of wild succory. The root is
spindle-shaped, with a single or double head; externally it is whitish
or greenish yellow; internally, whitish, fleshy, and milky. The roots
grown in this country are smaller, and more woody or fibrous than those
which are imported from the Continent.
The cultivation and consumption of chicory have now attained a very
great importance, not only on the Continent, but also in the United
Kingdom. Dating its extended use chiefly from the system pursued by the
first Napoleon to substitute home-grown for colonial products, it has
gradually become approved and popularised for a beverage, either used
alone or more generally mixed with coffee, in numerous countries, where
it can be sold far under the price of even the lowest grade coffees.
The manufacture of a factitious coffee from roasted chicory-root would
seem to have originated in Holland, where it has been used for more than
a century. It remained a secret until 1801, when it was introduced into
France by M. Orban of Liége, and M. Giraud of Homing, a short distance
from Valenciennes. This root is not superior to many others which
possess sweet and mucous principles, but of all the plants which have
been proposed as substitutes for coffee, and which, when roasted and
steeped in boiling water, yield an infusion resembling the berry, it is
the only one which has maintained its ground. The French, not satisfied
with chicory, have recently introduced acorn coffee and roasted
beetroot. The beet, it is asserted, besides communicating its hygienic
qualities, also helps to sweeten the beverage. This new coffee is called
“café de betterave,” as the old was called “café chicorée.” These
distinctions will soon become as puzzling as those in America, which led
the Irish waiter to ask if the gentleman would have coffee-tay or
tay-tay.
Mr. George Phillips, when giving evidence before Mr. Scholefield’s
Parliamentary Committee on Adulteration, in 1855, stated that, prior to
the year 1832, little was heard of the use of chicory in this country,
but in the subsequent three years its use had gradually so increased
that the Board of Inland Revenue was obliged to take steps against the
sale. “I have no doubt (he adds), from my own experience, that a very
large bulk of the public prefer the mixture. That, however, is a matter
of taste. The trade contend that good coffee, mixed with one-eighth part
of chicory, and sold at a moderate price, makes a better beverage than
ordinary coffee would do at the same price, and the great mass of the
public prefer it. Chicory sold as coffee yields a certain profit, but
probably it equalises itself in the general competition of trade. There
is a large quantity of chicory sold by itself, and drank as a beverage
in the neighbourhood of Manchester and Liverpool. I believe the price of
a pound of the cheapest kind of coffee, purchased by the bulk of the
poor people, and a pound of the mixture, is about the same. The trade
say, when we use a portion of chicory we use a better coffee. I do not
know the fact of my own knowledge. Whether the coffee sold in mixtures
is of a superior quality to that sold as a pure article would be very
difficult to ascertain; it depends upon the question of taste and aroma.
The chicory itself is not always pure.”
On the first introduction of chicory into Great Britain a nominal duty
of 20 per cent. was levied on it, which, owing to the representations of
the coffee-planters, was afterwards increased to the same rate as that
then payable on British plantation coffee. The high duty thus levied on
foreign-grown chicory soon led to its cultivation in England, but so
little was known of the plant that the farmers required the rent to be
paid in advance for the use of their land. In the autumn of 1853 we find
chicory grown in Kent, Surrey, and Essex, where the article was
prepared, and met with a large sale. With the increasing demand for the
root, its culture spread to Bedford, Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridgeshire,
Leicestershire, Cheshire, and Yorkshire. At first the price realised was
as high as 50_l._ per ton ground, and 20_l._ per ton in the root. But as
the growth extended the price receded. The admission, duty free, of
foreign-grown chicory, in 1854, led to the abandonment of much of the
home culture.
In 1842, Mr. McCulloch assumed the growth and consumption of chicory in
the United Kingdom to be 6¾ million pounds; in 1850, from careful
inquiries I instituted, I estimated the consumption then to be double
that amount. Mr. Braithwaite Poole, in his “Statistics of Commerce,”
published in 1852, rated the actual production of chicory-root, made
into powder in England and Guernsey, then as high as 14,000 tons, worth,
at 22_l._ per ton, 308,000_l._ The gradually increasing imports of
foreign-grown replaces much formerly produced at home, but the changes
in legislative enactments have much interfered with the consumption of
chicory here, and hence the import is not so remunerative. From 1856 to
1859 the imports of foreign chicory in the root rose from 81,721 cwts.
to 267,000 cwts., but there has since been a gradual decline to 45,563
cwts. in 1862. The value has ranged from 6s. to 10s. 6d. per cwt.
The largest quantity comes from Belgium, the next from Holland, and a
little from Hamburg and other quarters. There are also some considerable
imports of roasted and ground chicory, which is chiefly re-exported;
76,206 lbs. of chicory-powder were imported in 1862.
Roasted and reduced to powder chicory is the most universal substitute
for coffee in the chief continental countries, especially in France,
Switzerland, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Russia, and other
Northern States. In Germany, the ground chicory is made up into cakes,
and sold in that form. Denmark and the Duchies consume about 3,000,000
lbs. annually. A few years ago the annual import of chicory-root into
Hamburg was 24,600 cwts., and of ground chicory and other coffee
substitutes 13,000 cwts.
Belgium exports 6,000,000 or 7,000,000 lbs. yearly. The quantity of the
dried root consumed in France is about 16,000,000 lbs. a year. Formerly
they were able to export 1,000,000 or 2,000,000 lbs., but now enough is
not produced for home consumption. In 1860, about 10,000,000 lbs. of
chicory-root was imported into France, chiefly from Belgium, and about
660,000 lbs. of chicory in powder was exported, chiefly to Algeria. Till
within a few years the cultivation was carried on principally near
Valenciennes, but lately manufactories have sprung up in several
localities, especially at Arras, Cambray, Lille, Paris, Senlis, in
Normandy, Brittany, &c. In some parts of Germany the women are becoming
regular chicory-topers, making of it an important part of their daily
sustenance.
SECTION II.
CULTIVATION, HARVESTING, AND PREPARATION FOR MARKET.
There are many varieties of this plant, the greater part of which have
blue flowers; some are white, and others red. In Brunswick they only
grow the broad-leaved, or native kind, or the small-leaved, which has
long roots, and is a native of Magdeburg. The former is, however,
preferred, on account of its being the richest. In Altona they grow a
medium variety, which has neither very narrow nor very broad leaves. The
plant thrives in all soils that will grow carrots; indeed, the mode of
cultivating one is much like that of the other. The roots seem, however,
to grow best upon a loamy soil, with a clayey subsoil, dry, deep, and
rich. It very seldom thrives in heavy clay land, and never in sand or
wet land. It requires much manure. In preparing the land deep ploughing
is recommended; but, unless the soil is very deep, it is probable that
subsoil ploughing will answer better. The surface must be well worked;
indeed, it cannot be reduced to too fine a mould.
As the plants are a long time in coming up, generally five or six weeks
from the time of sowing the seed, it is necessary that the land should
be very clean, or the weeds (particularly chickweed) are liable to
overtop and smother the young plants. The time of sowing varies in
different districts; in the midland and eastern counties of England, the
second or third week in May is considered best, for if sown earlier,
many of the plants will run to seed, in which case they are called
“runners” or “trumpeters,” and must be carefully dug out and destroyed
when the time for taking up has arrived, because if allowed to become
mixed with the bulk, they will spoil the sample. The best crops have
been obtained when the seed has been sown broadcast; but the preference
is usually given to drilling, the crop being more easily hoed and
cleansed. The rows are generally from 9 to 12 inches apart, and about 3
or 4 lbs. of seed per acre is the quantity used.
Most of the cultivators of chicory single out the plants so as to leave
spaces between them in the rows, each about 6 or 8 inches long; but
there are many who do not do this, fancying that four or five small
plants produce more weight of root than one large plant; the expediency
of this, however, is very questionable, as it does not allow of the land
being nearly so well cleaned as when the practice of singling is
adopted.
In October or November, the work of taking up the roots may be
commenced, and continued during the winter (if the crop cannot be
previously secured), until it is finished. Although the roots penetrate
a long way downwards, they become too thin below 14 or 15 inches to be
useful, and the utmost care is also required in order to get up that
portion of the root which will prove profitable.
In some cases chicory has been ploughed up, about 12 inches deep, with a
strong cast-iron plough drawn by six horses, having men to fork each
furrow to pieces with common potato-forks before a second furrow is
ploughed upon it, and women and children following to pick up the roots
and cut off the tops.
But the best method is found to be that of digging up the roots with
double-pronged strongly-made iron forks, the blades being about 14
inches in length, and each fork, with shaft and handle complete,
weighing about 8 lbs.
The plan of ploughing is liable to bring too much of the subsoil to the
surface, and costs quite as much, if not more, than digging.
The advantage which is looked for in ploughing, is to ensure getting the
roots up from a greater depth than can be done by digging, as a great
number break off about 8 or 9 inches long, unless a boy is employed to
assist the diggers, and is very careful to pull the top at the precise
time that the man presses the root upward with his fork.
When dug, the tops should be neatly cut off, and the roots conveyed to
the washing-house to be cleaned. Sometimes they are earthed in pits,
but, generally speaking, they are taken to the washing-house immediately
after being dug up.
In the former case, on the Continent, the roots, with the leaves cut
off, are thrown, in heaps of from four to six feet in length, width, and
height, on the surface of the ground; some straw and then some earth are
put around. But generally the growers deliver the roots to the
manufacturers from the latter end of August to November, by whom they
are immediately dried.
The root is from 2 to 4 inches thick, 3 to 7 inches long, and
occasionally, in a good soil, 3 lbs. in weight. In Brunswick they obtain
from 4 to 6 tons of root per Brunswick acre.
The weight of the crop depends entirely upon the richness or poverty of
the soil, the tillage and manure it has received, and other
circumstances. The fault in England is the striving to grow as heavy a
crop as possible, to the very great detriment of the quality of the root
for powder.
In Brunswick the price of the root in the original state varies from
20s. to 40s. per ton, according as the crops have been good or bad, and
an acre will realise from 5_l._ to 7_l._ The cost for cultivation is
from 3_l._ 15s. to 4_l._ 10s.; 1½ to 2 tons is about an average crop.
Mr. William Strickney, who has grown and prepared chicory for the
manufacturer to a very great extent, on a large farm near Hull,
estimates the expense of the cultivation of chicory there at 4_l._ 5s.
6d. per acre, and if we add to this 2_l._ 10s. for rent, manure, &c., it
gives 6_l._ 15s. 6d. The produce on suitable land he states to be from 8
to 12 tons per acre, and it requires 4 tons of green root to make 1 ton
of dried. In the dried state the root is worth from 12_l._ to 24_l._ per
ton. Take 10 tons per acre, at 2_l._ 10s. per ton, and this would leave
a profit per acre of 18_l._ 4s. 6d.
Another competent agricultural authority states that the price of 2¼
tons of dry root for the acre, at 12_l._ per ton, would be 27_l._;
deducting 7_l._ for rent, labour, and other expenses, this would leave a
profit of 20_l._ per acre.
The roots are cut into small pieces of about half-inch or three-quarter
inch lengths by a turnip-cutter, or by hand, the object being to have
the pieces of as uniform a size as possible. The slices are then dried
in a kiln: this process wasting the chicory from 75 to 80 per cent. It
is then marketable, and is usually sold to the drysalters and grocers,
who roast and grind it as they do coffee. In the ground state it may be
kept for years, but it soon cakes. The roasted root is emptied into iron
vessels, and, after cooling, is crushed in vertical stone mills, or
between iron cylinders.
The dried roots cut are roasted in this country like coffee. The loss
during roasting is from 25 to 30 per cent. The roasters generally
introduce into the roasting machine about 2 lbs. of lard for every cwt.
of chicory. Some say this is to give the chicory a better face, others
state that it renders the powder less hygrometric. Inferior kinds of
chicory are alleged to be with Venetian red.
Chicory is occasionally adulterated with roasted pulse (called Hambro’
powder), damaged corn, and coffee husks (“coffee flights,” as they are
technically termed). We have also heard of parsnips having been roasted,
ground, and mixed with chicory. Dr. Hassall gives a long list of other
substances which have been found as adulterants of coffee.
Treacle is sometimes introduced into fictitious chicory, to give the
caramel or saccharine odour possessed by real chicory.
Dr. Hassall says the roasted chicory root yields from 45 to 65 per cent.
of soluble extractive. Its solution in water is acid, and it does not
possess the peculiar bitter taste of the raw root; but the taste of the
liquid is more like that of burnt sugar. The copper test shows the
presence of from 10 to 13 per cent. of sugar.
SECTION III.
STRUCTURE AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION.
The following analysis represents the per-centage composition of chicory
root in its different conditions:
Raw root. Kiln dried.
Hygroscopic moisture 77·0 15·0
Gummy matter (like pectine) 7·5 20·8
Glucose, or grape sugar 1·1 10·5
Bitter extractive 4·0 19·3
Fatty matter 0·6 1·9
Cellulose, inuline, and woody
matter 9·0 29·5
Ash 0·8 3·0
----- -----
100·0 100·0
The composition of the roasted root was as follows:
1st species. 2nd species.
Hygroscopic moisture 14·5 12·8
Gummy matter 9·5 14·9
Glucose 12·2 10·4
Matter like burnt sugar 29·1 24·4
Fatty matter 2·0 2·2
Brown or burnt woody
matter 28·4 28·5
Ash 4·3 6·8
----- -----
100·0 100·0
Dr. Hassall gives the following results of trials instituted to
determine the effect of chicory on the human frame.
Three persons partook of a chicory breakfast. The infusion was
dark-, thick, destitute of the agreeable and refreshing aroma so
characteristic of coffee, and was of a bitter taste.
Each individual experienced for some time after drinking this infusion a
sensation of heaviness, drowsiness, a feeling of weight at the stomach,
and great indisposition to exertion; in two headache set in, and in the
third the bowels were relaxed. In second and third trials of the chicory
breakfast the same feelings of drowsiness, weight of the stomach, and
want of energy were experienced, but no headache or diarrhœa. Several
other trials were subsequently made, with nearly similar results. But
chicory, it will be said, is seldom taken alone in this country, and
when mixed with coffee these effects are not produced.
Two persons partook, for a considerable period, twice a day, of an
article denominated coffee, costing 1s. 6d. a pound, and largely
adulterated with chicory; during nearly the whole of this time they both
suffered more or less from diarrhœa.
From the results of these trials, therefore, we are warranted in
concluding that at least some doubt is attached to the assertion of the
wholesome properties of chicory-root as an article of diet.
Several characters, sufficiently simple and easily recognised for
general application, have been indicated in different works for
detecting the addition of roasted chicory to coffee in the roasted and
ground state, but the application of chemical reagents for detecting the
presence of the colouring matter of roasted chicory, when added to
infusion of coffee, has not yet proved successful.
The brownish-yellow colouring matter which is developed in chicory-root
by the process of roasting, when dissolved in water by infusion or
decoction, retains its colour, or becomes a little deeper by the action
of persalts of iron, without giving rise to any precipitation.
The brown colouring matter of roasted coffee, on the other hand,
acquires, from the same reagent, a green colour, and a brownish-green
flocculent precipitate is formed. These two different reactions may be
applied, not only for distinguishing the pure infusion of coffee and of
chicory, but also those which contain a mixture of the soluble
principles of the two alimentary substances.
Infusion of pure coffee acquires a green colour, more or less intense,
on the addition of some drops of persulphate of iron.
Infusion of pure chicory, under similar circumstances, retains its
brownish-yellow colour, which becomes more intense, and acquires a
slight greenish tint.
A mixture of the two infusions, containing one-half, a fourth, or a
fifth of its volume of infusion of chicory, may be recognised by its
brownish-yellow colour, which remains after the deposition of the
precipitate produced by the salt of iron, together with part of the
colouring matter of the coffee. This separation may be expedited by
rendering the liquor slightly alkaline by the addition of a
small quantity of weak solution of ammonia, and allowing it to stand in
tubes closed at one end. The supernatant liquor, after the precipitate
has deposited, will possess a brownish-yellow tint by refracted light,
which will be deeper in proportion to the quantity of chicory present.
If the experiment be first made with infusion of pure coffee of a
certain strength, and afterwards with additions of known quantities of
chicory, keeping these for comparison, the quantity of chicory in a
mixed sample may be thus determined.[2]
A simple means of detecting the chicory in ground coffee is as follows:
Throw about a tea-spoonful of the suspected coffee in a wine-glass of
water, and stir the mixture with a spoon. If
[Illustration: Plate 10.
Fragment of Roasted Chicory.]
[Illustration: A Fragment of Roasted Coffee, being magnified 140
diameters.]
the coffee be pure, it for the most part floats, becomes very slowly
moistened, even when shaken up with the water, and communicates scarcely
any colour to the liquid; very gradually it imbibes water; the liquid
acquires a very pale sherry tint; and at the end of several hours the
greater part of the powder is found to have fallen to the bottom of the
glass. If, however, it be chicorised, the presence of chicory (genuine
or spurious) will be readily detected, by a portion of the suspected
powder rapidly sinking and communicating to the liquid a reddish-brown
tint, which will be more or less deep according to the amount of chicory
present.
If the coffee be adulterated with what is called Hambro’ powder (roasted
and ground peas, &c., with Venetian red) or roasted corn, we
have a further test in iodine, which communicates a purplish or
bluish-red tint to the water to which either of these substances has
been added. The preceding test is sufficiently delicate and valuable, in
all ordinary cases, for detecting chicory in coffee; but to those
familiar with microscopic investigations, the microscope furnishes
another mode of proceeding: fragments of dotted ducts being found in
chicory, but not in pure coffee. They are not met with, however, in
great abundance; and some patience and care, therefore, are requisite in
searching for them. The starch grains of Hambro’ powder are readily
detected by the microscope, as also the blackening effect of a solution
of iodine on them.
Plate 10 represents the structure and character of genuine ground
roasted coffee, and of a fragment of roasted chicory-root, showing the
dotted or interrupted spiral vessels which pass in bundles through the
central parts of the root, magnified 140 diameters; copied, by
permission, from Dr. Hassall’s work on “Food and its Adulterations.”
In the raw chicory-root three parts or structures may be distinguished
with facility, cells, dotted vessels, and vessels of the latex. These
vessels afford useful means of distinguishing chicory from some other
roots employed in the adulteration of coffee. The chief part of the root
is made up of little utricles or cells. These are generally of a rounded
form, but sometimes they are narrow and elongated. The former occur when
the pressure is least and the root soft, the latter in the neighbourhood
of the vessels.[3]
There are four characters by which adulterated chicory may be
distinguished from the genuine.
1st. It yields to cold water a much whiter colour. In using this test it
is necessary to have a sample of genuine chicory for comparison.
2ndly. A decoction of chicory containing either roasted grain or pulse,
yields when cold a purplish or bluish-black colour, with a solution of
iodine; whereas a corresponding decoction of genuine chicory is merely
brown by iodine.
3rdly. The microscope detects in adulterated chicory the torrefied
starch grains of either corn or pulse. That they are starch grains is
shown by the action of a solution of iodine, which blackens them.
4thly. The odour and flavour will sometimes detect adulterations.
Roasted and ground chicory attracts water from the air, and thereby
increases in weight and becomes clammy. The grinders are accustomed to
return as much by weight of ground chicory as they receive of the
unground root, for the loss which the root suffers by grinding is more
than compensated by the absorption of water from the air.
THE END.
C. WHITING, BEAUFORT HOUSE, STRAND.
FOOTNOTES:
[1: Mr. J. Crawfurd on the History of Coffee, in the
Statistical Society’s Journal, vol. xv. p. 51.]
[2: M. Lassaigne, in “Journal de Chimie Médicale.”]
[3: “Food and its Adulterations.”]
End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Coffee and Chicory:, by P. L. Simmonds
*** |
Not exactly the voice inside your head
Have we misread the world?
Read a post on Andrew Sullivan wondering why there hadn’t been another 9/11. Here’s my take (sent him an email):
I can think of a good reason why America hasn’t been attacked since 9/11, because to do so would be a strategic mistake in Al Queda’s military struggle against the USA. Al Queda’s war aim at the start of all this was to provoke the USA to attacking them in a place (Afghanistan, and latterly Iraq) where our advantages would be nullified and they would be able to bleed us out in a war of attrition. Basically they want to repeat their successful struggle with the USSR. Within this framework they have actually been very rational, despite their religious zealotry. Their “big picture” aim, that by defeating America they cause regimes across the Middle East to collapse and a new caliphate to rise from the ashes is obviously a little bit less rational. At the moment this strategy is working, the war has turned into a war of attrition and America is losing patience, mostly because for us a withdrawal wouldn’t be a defeat the way it would be a victory for them.
So how would a terrorist attack on the USA help this strategy? It wouldn’t, it would just make Americans more determined, we might even get angry enough to raise taxes or bring back the draft, and thats the last thing they want. Because if we did that their strategy would fail. You don’t win a war of attrition by making your opponent more determined.
So when will the next terrorist attack on America take place? I’d say the ideal time from their point of view would be when America pulls its troops out of Iraq or Afghanistan. We’ll have declared victory and will be trying to make it look like we are leaving because we won, a terrorist attack on America, (launched of course from whichever country we just pulled out of) would be the best way to make it look like they were the victors. And thats what these men want, they are warriors and they want to win a war. |
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!! OMG, How Fanciful: My Little Ponies Play Geek Dress-up !!
Get ready, Paradise Estates! There’s a new batch of My Little Ponies headed for the pasture… and these ones are kind of scary.
Thanks to a dedicated and possibly psychotic subculture of extremely geeky ponyfans with Dr. Frankenstein-like dedication to pony experimentation, the world is now blessed with My Little Ponies fashioned after every manner of nerd idol. Above, you surely recognize My Little He-pony; after the jump you’ll find some other creatively modified Ponies, including My Little Batgirl and Catwoman Ponies, Kill Bill Pony, and my personal favorite, My Little Cthulu. Run for your lives, Earth Ponies! |
The winner of Ronnie Brewer's old spot is …
OAKLAND, Calif. — And the winner of Ronnie Brewer’s old starting shooting guard spot, at least for now, is … undrafted rookie Wesley Matthews. Jazz coach Jerry Sloan explains: “I thought he played pretty well (when swingmen C.J. Miles and Kyle Korver both were out due to surgery earlier this), and guys starting coming back, and (we) started moving guys around a little bit to try to find out where we were,” Sloan said after the Jazz’s shootaround this morning and before tonight’s road game against Golden State. “We’ll see how it goes.” Brewer was traded to Memphis on Thursday, creating the void in Utah’s opening lineup. In light of the decision by Sloan, a few items noted in an earlier post: The Jazz are 13-6 with Matthews starting this season, as opposed to 4-6 when Miles starts; that’s a .684 winning percentage with Matthews as a starter, better even than their .641 throughout this season. Matthews is the only Jazz player who has started at shooting guard besides Brewer this season. And if it wasn’t for the unexpected emergence of the rookie out of Marquette, Brewer probably would never have been traded in the first place.
About Me
Jody Genessy is the Utah Jazz beat writer for the Deseret News. To answer some of your questions:
1) Yes, he travels everywhere the Jazz do.
2) No, he doesn't fly on the team charter.
3) No, he can't sneak you into the game, let you take notes for him or get you tickets (sorry, Mom).
4) Yes, he realizes that other people out there have to work for a living so he's a lucky dude.
5) Yes, he usually answers questions in the third person. |
Euronews
French President Francois Hollande tours his country’s pavilion in Milan. Though the theme may be the environment, the migrant crisis in the Mediterranean took precedence as he met with Italian premier Matteo Renzi.
As Europe struggles to agree on how to deal with the thousands of migrants arriving on its shores, Hollande showed support for Italy in dealing with the influx.
“It is not because Italy is in the South of Europe that it should together with Greece and Malta, be the (only) ones to make an effort for the benefit of all. It is not Italy’s duty to take care of this operation and this mission, other countries are to be concerned,” he announced at a press conference.
While Renzi took aim at an EU agreement which means that migrants must be processed in the first state they entered, which currently puts a lot of pressure on countries with a Mediterranean coastline.
“Let me be clear, I do not think that signing the Dublin agreement was a good idea, especially for Italy, but I’m not interested in creating a controversy within my country against the political party that was then in the government,” explained Renzi.
Behind the rhetoric the issue of sharing responsibilities remains visible along the French-Italian border, where many African migrants turned out in Ventimiglia to protest against France blocking them from crossing the frontier. |
Biometric recognition refers to the use of distinctive physiological (e.g., fingerprints, face, retina, iris) and behavioral (e.g., gait, signature) characteristics, called biometric identifiers (or simply biometrics) for automatically recognizing individuals. Because biometric identifiers cannot be easily misplaced, forged, or shared, they are considered more reliable for person recognition than traditional token- or knowledge-based methods. Specific applications where biometric identification is particularly useful include authentication and access control.
In the specific case of fingerprint recognition used for authentication of a person of interest, a management entity has knowledge of a target fingerprint image associated with the person of interest. When an individual who purports to be the person of interest provides a donor finger for scanning, the management entity compares the image of the donor finger with the target fingerprint image. In conventional automated fingerprint recognition, a search is done for matching features, or minutiae, in the two images. Examples of minutiae include core, delta, hook, ridge, bifurcation, island, lake, whorl, etc. For more information regarding fingerprint recognition in general, the reader is referred to D. Maltoni et al., “Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition”, Springer-Verlag, 2003, hereby incorporated by reference herein.
To accelerate both the transfer of the image of the donor finger to the management entity as well as the comparison process itself, the image may be encoded into a string of characters. Specifically, a feature extraction process is performed, whereby the minutiae are first located in the image and then the locations of the minutiae and their type (ridge, island, etc.) are placed into an alphanumeric code. A similar code will have been previously generated by the management entity on the basis of the target fingerprint image. Thus, the authentication process consists of comparing the received code with the code stored at the management entity. A similar process occurs for access control to a facility, only the number of codes stored at the management entity may be far greater, since the identity of the purported donor is unknown a priori.
While the aforementioned technique can work well in theory, there are practical considerations which compound and possibly even overshadow the technical difficulties associated with being able to accurately locate minutiae in a fingerprint image. Specifically, upon recognizing that the code produced from a fingerprint image encodes certain salient structural features (i.e., the minutiae), a malicious user having access solely to the alphanumeric code may be capable of partly reproducing the fingerprint image. This may violate certain privacy statutes relating to the communication or storage of an individual's personal information. Moreover, the problem does not dissipate by merely encrypting the code, since a sufficiently malicious user may be able to learn the necessary decryption method and hence gain knowledge of the minutiae.
Clearly, therefore, a need exists in the industry for an improved technique to generate a code from an image of a skin-covered body part such as a finger, in such a way that reconstruction of minutiae or other salient structural features of the image will not be possible on the basis of the code alone. |
Q:
How to store custom object in Firebase with Swift?
I'm porting an android app and using firebase in android it is possible to save a format in this way.
How can i do this on Swift? I read that i can store only this kind of data
NSString
NSNumber
NSDictionary
NSArray
How can I store the obj in atomic operation?
It's correct to store every field of the user object in separate action?
Firebase on Android
mDatabaseReferences.child("users").child(user.getUuid()).setValue(user)
A:
I generally store objects as dictionaries on firebase. If, within my application, I have a User object, and it has properties as such:
class User {
var username = ""
var email = ""
var userID = ""
var consecutiveDaysLoggedOn = Int()
}
let newUser = User()
newUser.username = "LeviYoder"
newUser.email = "LeviYoder@LeviYoder.com"
newUser.userID = "L735F802847A-"
newUser.consecutiveDaysLoggedOn = 1
I would just store those properties as a dictionary, and write that dictionary to my firebase database:
let userInfoDictionary = ["username" : newUser.username
"email" : newUser.email
"userID" : newUser.userID
"consecutiveDaysLoggedOn" : newUser.consecutiveDaysLoggedOn]
let ref = Database.database().reference.child("UserInfo").child("SpecificUserFolder")
// ref.setValue(userInfoDictionary) { (error:Error?, ref:DatabaseReference) in
ref.setValue(userInfoDictionary, withCompletionBlock: { err, ref in
if let error = err {
print("userInfoDictionary was not saved: \(error.localizedDescription)")
} else {
print("userInfoDictionary saved successfully!")
}
}
Does that address your question?
|
Q:
Macports won't install
So I'm trying to install the PDO drivers via Macports. I am using install php5-mysql, but when I hit enter I get
usage: install [-bCcpSsv] [-B suffix] [-f flags] [-g group] [-m mode]
[-o owner] file1 file2
install [-bCcpSsv] [-B suffix] [-f flags] [-g group] [-m mode]
[-o owner] file1 ... fileN directory
install -d [-v] [-g group] [-m mode] [-o owner] directory ...
I'm not really sure were to go from here. Any ideas?
A:
From your question, it appears that you are using another (possibly built-in) install command rather than the MacPorts command port install.
According to the documentation, you may need to use sudo in front of the port install command, as well, like this:
sudo port install ...
(where ... is the name of what you are going to install via MacPorts)
|
Avoid non-essential travel
TerrorismThere is a high threat of terrorism in Burkina Faso, particularly in border areas with Mali and Niger. In 2018, terrorist groups released a statement declaring their intention to target westerners and western companies. There have been multiple attacks in the capital and elsewhere in the country since 2016.
On 11 August 2018, a convoy returning from a Canadian owned mining site in the east of the country was attacked using a improvised explosive device and small arms fire, killing 5 police officers and 1 civilian.
On March 2, 2018, extremists attacked the French Embassy and Burkina Faso’s military headquarters in downtown Ouagadougou. Eight security force personnel, including soldiers and police officers were killed and over 80 others were injured.
On 15 January 2016, armed gunmen attacked the Splendid Hotel and Café Cappuccino in Ouagadougou resulted in 30 deaths, a large number of whom were foreign nationals. Further attacks, including those targeting foreigners, cannot be ruled out.
New Zealanders throughout Burkina Faso are advised to maintain a high degree of security awareness at all times, particularly in public areas. Keep yourself informed of potential risks to safety and security by monitoring the media and other local sources of information and follow the instructions of local authorities at all times.
KidnappingThere is a heightened threat of kidnapping in northern parts of Burkina Faso and near the borders with Mali and Niger. Terrorist groups such as Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) have stated their intention to kidnap foreigners and may cross the borders from Mali and Niger to carry out kidnappings.
A number of foreigners have previously been kidnapped in remote parts of West Africa. In September 2018, three foreign nationals were kidnapped in two separate incidents (in the far north, and near Burkina Faso’s southern border with Ghana). The threat is likely to continue. Kidnapping operations throughout Africa are primarily motivated by monetary gain.
New Zealanders in Burkina Faso are strongly advised to seek professional security advice or protection before travelling to areas of particular risk.
Political situation/Civil unrestThe political situation in Burkina Faso has stabilised since the presidential elections in late 2015, however, the security situation could deteriorate with little warning. Demonstrations occur regularly and have the potential to result in violence or clashes.
New Zealanders in Burkina Faso are advised to avoid all protests, demonstrations and large gatherings.
BanditryBanditry is a security concern in Burkina Faso. There continue to be reports of attacks by armed criminals on vehicles, including buses, travelling on a variety of main and secondary roads across the country. Criminals have used road blocks to stop and rob travellers and have been known to open fire on vehicles that refuse to stop. While bandits mainly steal valuables, they may physically harm victims during the course of a robbery.
The highest number of incidents occur in the eastern region but there have been a number of attacks in other regions and the threat exists throughout Burkina Faso. Remote and border regions are especially vulnerable.
New Zealanders in Burkina Faso are advised to travel in convoy if possible, stay on clearly marked roads and avoid travel by night outside major centres. You should seek local advice before setting out and follow a police patrol where possible.
CrimeStreet crime is prevalent in Burkina Faso and foreigners may be specifically targeted due to their perceived wealth. Bag-snatchings, muggings and theft from hotel rooms are common in Ouagadougou. The central market and the area around the United Nations circle are often targeted by thieves.
Criminals in urban areas may carry knives in order to cut straps on bags and can become violent if the victim is non-compliant. Sexual assault occurs periodically in smaller towns and within Ouagadougou.
New Zealanders are advised to exercise particular vigilance in crowded or public areas, avoid showing signs of affluence and keep personal belongings secure at all times. Avoid walking alone at night, as risks increase after dark.
ScamsCommercial and internet fraud is a common problem in many African countries. New Zealanders in Burkina Faso should be wary of any offers that seem too good to be true, as they may be a scam. For further information see our advice on Internet Fraud and International Scams.
General Travel AdviceAs there is no New Zealand diplomatic presence in Burkina Faso, the ability of the government to provide consular assistance to New Zealand citizens is extremely limited.
We offer advice to New Zealanders about contingency planning that travellers to Burkina Faso should consider.
New Zealanders are advised to respect religious and social traditions in Burkina Faso to avoid offending local sensitivities.
New Zealanders travelling or living in Burkina Faso should have a comprehensive travel insurance policy in place that includes provision for medical evacuation by air.
New Zealanders in Burkina Faso are strongly encouraged to register their details with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. |
package dao
import (
"context"
"testing"
"time"
"github.com/smartystreets/goconvey/convey"
)
func TestDaoDelPastRecord(t *testing.T) {
convey.Convey("DelPastRecord", t, func(ctx convey.C) {
var (
c = context.Background()
date = time.Date(2018, time.June, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, time.Local)
)
ctx.Convey("When everything goes positive", func(ctx convey.C) {
d.db.Exec(c, "INSERT INTO past_rating_record(times,date) VALUES(1, '2018-06-01') ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE mid=VALUES(mid)")
rows, err := d.DelPastRecord(c, date)
ctx.Convey("Then err should be nil.rows should not be nil.", func(ctx convey.C) {
ctx.So(err, convey.ShouldBeNil)
ctx.So(rows, convey.ShouldNotBeNil)
})
})
})
}
func TestDaoGetPastRecord(t *testing.T) {
convey.Convey("GetPastRecord", t, func(ctx convey.C) {
var (
c = context.Background()
cdate = "2018-06-01"
)
ctx.Convey("When everything goes positive", func(ctx convey.C) {
d.db.Exec(c, "INSERT INTO past_rating_record(times,date) VALUES(1, '2018-06-01') ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE mid=VALUES(mid)")
times, err := d.GetPastRecord(c, cdate)
ctx.Convey("Then err should be nil.times should not be nil.", func(ctx convey.C) {
ctx.So(err, convey.ShouldBeNil)
ctx.So(times, convey.ShouldNotBeNil)
})
})
})
}
func TestDaoInsertPastRecord(t *testing.T) {
convey.Convey("InsertPastRecord", t, func(ctx convey.C) {
var (
c = context.Background()
times = int(1)
cdate = "2018-06-01"
)
ctx.Convey("When everything goes positive", func(ctx convey.C) {
rows, err := d.InsertPastRecord(c, times, cdate)
ctx.Convey("Then err should be nil.rows should not be nil.", func(ctx convey.C) {
ctx.So(err, convey.ShouldBeNil)
ctx.So(rows, convey.ShouldNotBeNil)
})
})
})
}
func TestDaoInsertPastScoreStat(t *testing.T) {
convey.Convey("InsertPastScoreStat", t, func(ctx convey.C) {
var (
c = context.Background()
values = "(1, 100, 100, 100)"
)
ctx.Convey("When everything goes positive", func(ctx convey.C) {
rows, err := d.InsertPastScoreStat(c, values)
ctx.Convey("Then err should be nil.rows should not be nil.", func(ctx convey.C) {
ctx.So(err, convey.ShouldBeNil)
ctx.So(rows, convey.ShouldNotBeNil)
})
})
})
}
func TestDaoGetPasts(t *testing.T) {
convey.Convey("GetPasts", t, func(ctx convey.C) {
var (
c = context.Background()
offset = int64(0)
limit = int64(1000)
)
ctx.Convey("When everything goes positive", func(ctx convey.C) {
d.db.Exec(c, "INSERT INTO past_score_statistics(mid) VALUES(1) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE mid=VALUES(mid)")
past, last, err := d.GetPasts(c, offset, limit)
ctx.Convey("Then err should be nil.past,last should not be nil.", func(ctx convey.C) {
ctx.So(err, convey.ShouldBeNil)
ctx.So(last, convey.ShouldNotBeNil)
ctx.So(past, convey.ShouldNotBeNil)
})
})
})
}
func TestDaoDelPastStat(t *testing.T) {
convey.Convey("DelPastStat", t, func(ctx convey.C) {
var (
c = context.Background()
limit = int64(0)
)
ctx.Convey("When everything goes positive", func(ctx convey.C) {
d.db.Exec(c, "INSERT INTO past_score_statistics(mid) VALUES(1) ON DUPLICATE KEY UPDATE mid=VALUES(mid)")
rows, err := d.DelPastStat(c, limit)
ctx.Convey("Then err should be nil.rows should not be nil.", func(ctx convey.C) {
ctx.So(err, convey.ShouldBeNil)
ctx.So(rows, convey.ShouldNotBeNil)
})
})
})
}
|
CASE PaperUnderstanding low achievement in English schoolsThousands of young people leave school with no or very few qualifications in England. This paper seeks to build a fuller picture of Key Stage 4 low achievement and its correlates and considers the policy implications of the findings.
Geeta Gandhi Kingdon and Robert CassenJune 2007
Paper No' CASE/118: Read Abstract |
Full Paper
CASE PaperHelter Skelter: Families, disabled children and the benefit systemFamilies report that DLA makes a significant difference, not just for the disabled child but for the whole family but when repeatedly downrated or withdrawn generates considerable fluctuations in income and high levels of stress and ill health. The report outlines issues that must be addressed if reduce poverty amongst disabled children is to be reduced.
Gabrielle PrestonFebruary 2005
Paper No' CASE 092: Read Abstract |
Full Paper
CASE PaperPoverty and Inequality and Social Policy in ChinaThe paper examines three phases of development since the foundation of the People’s Republic during the period 1949 to 2004. An alternative strategy of a model of social development based on the livelihood approach is analysed and its potential to reduce poverty and inequality are considered.
Bingqin Li and David PiachaudNovember 2004
Paper No' CASE 087: Read Abstract |
Full Paper
CASE PaperSchools in Disadvantaged Areas: Recognising context and raising qualityThis paper looks at the quality problem, exploring the relationships between disadvantaged contexts, what schools do, and the quality of schooling that they provide. The findings suggest that disadvantaged contexts impact on the organisation and processes of schools and that these effects differ significantly from one area to another, in ways that are not reflected by the usual indicators of disadvantage.
Ruth LuptonJanuary 2004
Paper No' CASE 076: Read Abstract |
Full Paper
Published as “Schools in Disadvantaged Areas: Low Attainment and a Contextualised Policy Response”, in H.Lauder, P.Brown, J.Dillabough and A.H. Halsey (eds.), Education, Globalization and Social Change, Oxford University Press, 2006
This paper has been published as:'Outsider and Insider Expertise: The response of residents of deprived neighbourhoods to an academic definition of social exclusion', Social Policy and Administration, 36(5), October 2002
A version of Ch.3 by Hills, with Karen Gardiner, was published as 'Policy implications of new data on income mobility', Economic Journal 109(453), 1999; A version of Ch.5 by Arulampalam and Booth was published as 'Training and Labour Market Flexibility: Is there a Trade-off?', The British Journal of Industrial Relations 36(4), 1998; Ch.6 by Green et al was published as 'Are British Workers Getting More Skilled?', in L. Borghans and A. de Grip (eds), The Over-Educated Worker? The Economics of Skill Utilisation, Edward Elgar, 2000
Use of this website is subject to, and implies acceptance of, its Terms of use (including Copyright and intellectual property, Privacy and data protection, and Accessibility).
The London School of Economics and Political Science is a School of the University of London. It is a charity and is incorporated in England as a company limited by guarantee under the Companies Acts (Reg no. 70527).The registered office address of the School is: The London School of Economics and Political Science, Houghton Street, London WC2A 2AE, UK; Tel: +44 (0)20 7405 7686 |
Q:
Find out how long the sql server service has been running, from t-sql
I'd like if its possible to work out from inside sql server how long sql server has been running.
Would like to use this in conjunction with one of the DMV's for unused indexes, but the counters are re-set every time sql server loads, so I'd like to know how useful they're going to be.
A:
SELECT
login_time
FROM
sys.dm_exec_sessions
WHERE
session_id = 1
will give you a datetime for when the server was started.
A:
To get it programmatically, you can run this script. It checks the creation time of your tempdb, since tempdb gets reinitialized every time Sql Server is started.
SELECT create_date
FROM sys.databases
WHERE name = 'tempdb'
To make it more intuitive, you can run the script below, which will tell you how many days and hours Sql Server has been running. Minutes and seconds information will be truncated. If you need that, modify the script to get it yourself.
SELECT 'Sql Server Service has been running for about '
+ CAST((DATEDIFF(hh, create_date, GETDATE()))/24 AS varchar(3)) + ' days and '
+ CAST((DATEDIFF(hh, create_date, GETDATE())) % 24 AS varchar(2)) + ' hours'
FROM sys.databases
WHERE name = 'tempdb'
Source: How long SQL Server has been running
|
from xnu import *
from misc import DoReadMsr64, DoWriteMsr64
######################################
# Globals
######################################
lapic_base_addr = 0xfee00000
ioapic_base_addr = 0xfec00000
ioapic_index_off = 0x0
ioapic_data_off = 0x10
######################################
# LAPIC Helper functions
######################################
def IsArchX86_64():
""" Determines if target machine is x86_64
Returns:
True if running on x86_64, False otherwise
"""
return kern.arch == "x86_64"
@static_var('x2apic_enabled', -1)
def IsX2ApicEnabled():
""" Reads the APIC configuration MSR to determine if APIC is operating
in x2APIC mode. The MSR is read the first time this function is
called, and the answer is remembered for all subsequent calls.
Returns:
True if APIC is x2APIC mode
False if not
"""
apic_cfg_msr = 0x1b
apic_cfg_msr_x2en_mask = 0xc00
if IsX2ApicEnabled.x2apic_enabled < 0:
if (int(DoReadMsr64(apic_cfg_msr, xnudefines.lcpu_self)) & apic_cfg_msr_x2en_mask ==
apic_cfg_msr_x2en_mask):
IsX2ApicEnabled.x2apic_enabled = 1
else:
IsX2ApicEnabled.x2apic_enabled = 0
return IsX2ApicEnabled.x2apic_enabled == 1
def DoLapicRead32(offset, cpu):
""" Read the specified 32-bit LAPIC register
Params:
offset: int - index of LAPIC register to read
cpu: int - cpu ID
Returns:
The 32-bit LAPIC register value
"""
if IsX2ApicEnabled():
return DoReadMsr64(offset >> 4, cpu)
else:
return ReadPhysInt(lapic_base_addr + offset, 32, cpu)
def DoLapicWrite32(offset, val, cpu):
""" Write the specified 32-bit LAPIC register
Params:
offset: int - index of LAPIC register to write
val: int - write value
cpu: int - cpu ID
Returns:
True if success, False if error
"""
if IsX2ApicEnabled():
return DoWriteMsr64(offset >> 4, cpu, val)
else:
return WritePhysInt(lapic_base_addr + offset, val, 32)
######################################
# LAPIC Register Print functions
######################################
def GetLapicVersionFields(reg_val):
""" Helper function for DoLapicDump that prints the fields of the
version register.
Params:
reg_val: int - the value of the version register to print
Returns:
string showing the fields
"""
lvt_num = (reg_val >> 16) + 1
version = reg_val & 0xff
return "[VERSION={:d} MaxLVT={:d}]".format(lvt_num, version)
def GetLapicSpuriousVectorFields(reg_val):
""" Helper function for DoLapicDump that prints the fields of the
spurious vector register.
Params:
reg_val: int - the value of the spurious vector registre to print
Returns:
string showing the fields
"""
vector = reg_val & 0xff
enabled = (reg_val & 0x100) >> 8
return "[VEC={:3d} ENABLED={:d}]".format(vector, enabled)
def GetLapicIcrHiFields(reg_val):
""" Helper function for DoLapicDump that prints the fields of the
upper 32-bits of the Interrupt Control Register (ICR).
Params:
reg_val: int - the value of the ICR to show
Returns:
string showing the fields
"""
dest = reg_val >> 24
return "[DEST={:d}]".format(dest)
def GetLapicTimerDivideFields(reg_val):
""" Helper function for DoLapicDump that prints the fields of the
timer divide register.
Params:
reg_val: int - the value of the timer divide register
Returns:
string showing the fields
"""
divide_val = ((reg_val & 0x8) >> 1) | (reg_val & 0x3)
if divide_val == 0x7:
divide_by = 1
else:
divide_by = 2 << divide_val
return "[Divide by {:d}]".format(divide_by)
def GetApicFields(reg_val):
""" Helper function for DoLapicDump and DoIoapicDump that prints the
fields of the APIC register.
Params:
reg_val: int - the value of the APIC register to print
Returns:
string showing the fields
"""
vector = reg_val & 0xff
tsc_deadline = reg_val & 0x40000
periodic = reg_val & 0x20000
masked = reg_val & 0x10000
trigger = reg_val & 0x8000
polarity = reg_val & 0x2000
pending = reg_val & 0x1000
ret_str = "[VEC={:3d} MASK={:3s} TRIG={:5s} POL={:4s} PEND={:3s}".format(
vector,
"no" if masked == 0 else "yes",
"edge" if trigger == 0 else "level",
"low" if polarity == 0 else "high",
"no" if pending == 0 else "yes")
if not periodic == 0:
ret_str += " PERIODIC"
if not tsc_deadline == 0:
ret_str += " TSC_DEADLINE"
ret_str += "]"
return ret_str
def DoLapicDump():
""" Prints all LAPIC registers
"""
print "LAPIC operating mode: {:s}".format(
"x2APIC" if IsX2ApicEnabled() else "xAPIC")
# LAPIC register offset, register name, field formatting function
lapic_dump_table = [
(0x020, "ID", None),
(0x030, "VERSION", GetLapicVersionFields),
(0x080, "TASK PRIORITY", None),
(0x0A0, "PROCESSOR PRIORITY", None),
(0x0D0, "LOGICAL DEST", None),
(0x0E0, "DEST FORMAT", None),
(0x0F0, "SPURIOUS VECTOR", GetLapicSpuriousVectorFields),
(0x100, "ISR[031:000]", None),
(0x110, "ISR[063:032]", None),
(0x120, "ISR[095:064]", None),
(0x130, "ISR[127:096]", None),
(0x140, "ISR[159:128]", None),
(0x150, "ISR[191:160]", None),
(0x160, "ISR[223:192]", None),
(0x170, "ISR[225:224]", None),
(0x180, "TMR[031:000]", None),
(0x190, "TMR[063:032]", None),
(0x1A0, "TMR[095:064]", None),
(0x1B0, "TMR[127:096]", None),
(0x1C0, "TMR[159:128]", None),
(0x1D0, "TMR[191:160]", None),
(0x1E0, "TMR[223:192]", None),
(0x1F0, "TMR[225:224]", None),
(0x200, "IRR[031:000]", None),
(0x210, "IRR[063:032]", None),
(0x220, "IRR[095:064]", None),
(0x230, "IRR[127:096]", None),
(0x240, "IRR[159:128]", None),
(0x250, "IRR[191:160]", None),
(0x260, "IRR[223:192]", None),
(0x270, "IRR[225:224]", None),
(0x280, "ERROR STATUS", None),
(0x300, "Interrupt Command LO", GetApicFields),
(0x310, "Interrupt Command HI", GetLapicIcrHiFields),
(0x320, "LVT Timer", GetApicFields),
(0x350, "LVT LINT0", GetApicFields),
(0x360, "LVT LINT1", GetApicFields),
(0x370, "LVT Error", GetApicFields),
(0x340, "LVT PerfMon", GetApicFields),
(0x330, "LVT Thermal", GetApicFields),
(0x3e0, "Timer Divide", GetLapicTimerDivideFields),
(0x380, "Timer Init Count", None),
(0x390, "Timer Cur Count", None)]
for reg in lapic_dump_table:
reg_val = DoLapicRead32(reg[0], xnudefines.lcpu_self)
if reg[2] == None:
print "LAPIC[{:#05x}] {:21s}: {:#010x}".format(reg[0], reg[1], reg_val)
else:
print "LAPIC[{:#05x}] {:21s}: {:#010x} {:s}".format(reg[0], reg[1],
reg_val, reg[2](reg_val))
######################################
# IOAPIC Helper functions
######################################
def DoIoApicRead(offset):
""" Read the specified IOAPIC register
Params:
offset: int - index of IOAPIC register to read
Returns:
int 32-bit read value
"""
WritePhysInt(ioapic_base_addr + ioapic_index_off, offset, 8)
return ReadPhysInt(ioapic_base_addr + ioapic_data_off, 32)
def DoIoApicWrite(offset, val):
""" Write the specified IOAPIC register
Params:
offset: int - index of IOAPIC register to write
Returns:
True if success, False if error
"""
WritePhysInt(ioapic_base_addr + ioapic_index_off, offset, 8)
return WritePhysInt(ioapic_base_addr + ioapic_data_off, val, 32)
def DoIoApicDump():
""" Prints all IOAPIC registers
"""
# Show IOAPIC ID register
ioapic_id = DoIoApicRead(0)
print "IOAPIC[0x00] {:9s}: {:#010x}".format("ID", ioapic_id)
# Show IOAPIC Version register
ioapic_ver = DoIoApicRead(1)
maxredir = ((ioapic_ver >> 16) & 0xff) + 1
print "IOAPIC[0x01] {:9s}: {:#010x}".format("VERSION", ioapic_ver) +\
" [MAXREDIR={:02d} PRQ={:d} VERSION={:#04x}]".format(
maxredir,
ioapic_ver >> 15 & 0x1,
ioapic_ver & 0xff)
# Show IOAPIC redirect regsiters
for redir in range(maxredir):
redir_val_lo = DoIoApicRead(0x10 + redir * 2)
redir_val_hi = DoIoApicRead(0x10 + (redir * 2) + 1)
print "IOAPIC[{:#04x}] IOREDIR{:02d}: {:#08x}{:08x} {:s}".format(
0x10 + (redir * 2),
redir,
redir_val_hi,
redir_val_lo,
GetApicFields(redir_val_lo))
######################################
# LLDB commands
######################################
@lldb_command('lapic_read32')
def LapicRead32(cmd_args=None):
""" Read the LAPIC register at the specified offset. The CPU can
be optionally specified
Syntax: lapic_read32 <offset> [lcpu]
"""
if cmd_args == None or len(cmd_args) < 1:
print LapicRead32.__doc__
return
if not IsArchX86_64():
print "lapic_read32 not supported on this architecture."
return
lcpu = xnudefines.lcpu_self
if len(cmd_args) > 1:
lcpu = ArgumentStringToInt(cmd_args[1])
offset = ArgumentStringToInt(cmd_args[0])
read_val = DoLapicRead32(offset, lcpu)
print "LAPIC[{:#05x}]: {:#010x}".format(offset, read_val)
@lldb_command('lapic_write32')
def LapicWrite32(cmd_args=None):
""" Write the LAPIC register at the specified offset. The CPU can
be optionally specified. Prints an error message if there was a
failure. Prints nothing upon success.
Syntax: lapic_write32 <offset> <val> [lcpu]
"""
if cmd_args == None or len(cmd_args) < 2:
print LapicWrite32.__doc__
return
if not IsArchX86_64():
print "lapic_write32 not supported on this architecture."
return
offset = ArgumentStringToInt(cmd_args[0])
write_val = ArgumentStringToInt(cmd_args[1])
lcpu = xnudefines.lcpu_self
if len(cmd_args) > 2:
lcpu = ArgumentStringToInt(cmd_args[2])
if not DoLapicWrite32(offset, write_val, lcpu):
print "lapic_write32 FAILED"
@lldb_command('lapic_dump')
def LapicDump(cmd_args=None):
""" Prints all LAPIC entries
"""
if not IsArchX86_64():
print "lapic_dump not supported on this architecture."
return
DoLapicDump()
@lldb_command('ioapic_read32')
def IoApicRead32(cmd_args=None):
""" Read the IOAPIC register at the specified offset.
Syntax: ioapic_read32 <offset>
"""
if cmd_args == None or len(cmd_args) < 1:
print IoApicRead32.__doc__
return
if not IsArchX86_64():
print "ioapic_read32 not supported on this architecture."
return
offset = ArgumentStringToInt(cmd_args[0])
read_val = DoIoApicRead(offset)
print "IOAPIC[{:#04x}]: {:#010x}".format(offset, read_val)
@lldb_command('ioapic_write32')
def IoApicWrite32(cmd_args=None):
""" Write the IOAPIC register at the specified offset.
Syntax: ioapic_write32 <offset> <val>
"""
if cmd_args == None or len(cmd_args) < 2:
print IoApicWrite32.__doc__
return
if not IsArchX86_64():
print "ioapic_write32 not supported on this architecture."
return
offset = ArgumentStringToInt(cmd_args[0])
write_val = ArgumentStringToInt(cmd_args[1])
if not DoIoApicWrite(offset, write_val):
print "ioapic_write32 FAILED"
return
@lldb_command('ioapic_dump')
def IoApicDump(cmd_args=None):
""" Prints all IOAPIC entries
"""
if not IsArchX86_64():
print "ioapic_dump not supported on this architecture."
return
DoIoApicDump()
|
Q:
How can I remove Gorilla Glue smudges from a quartz countertop?
I used Gorilla Glue to fix an item and of course there wasn't enough counter protection. I removed as much as possible but now there's smudges of Gorilla Glue. I am afraid to do more damage! Has anyone else dealt with this issue that could offer a wonderful solution?
A:
Using a "brand new" razor blade will remove the bulk of it. Scrape very gently against the dried glue at a sharp angle. Then use some #000 or #0000 steel wool to remove the remaining residue. Then wipe the area down well. I wouldn't suggest any harsh chemicals, it might dull the shine. Soap and water with a small amount of rubbing alcohol is about as far as I would go.
|
Mycobacterial disease of the parotid gland.
Mycobacterial disease is an unusual but important condition that should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a discrete parotid gland swelling or mass. The management of this condition involves exclusion of neoplastic disease and combined medical and surgical therapy. We present 5 cases of mycobacterial involvement of the parotid gland and discuss issues surrounding the diagnosis and treatment options. |
Universities and Colleges of Luzon Athletic Association
The Universities and Colleges of Luzon Athletic Association (UCLAA), is a sports league that have member school teams from the Luzon area.
History
The league opened its first season on November 25, 2008 with competition in men’s and juniors basketball and women’s volleyball. Two new members joined the second season of the Universities and Colleges of Luzon Athletic Association (UCLAA) which opened on November 20, 2009. Manuel L. Quezon University, which topped the pre-season basketball tournament in September, and Central Colleges of the Philippines bring to nine the total number of squads in the league that cater to all Luzon-based schools.
Initiated by inaugural season host Saint Francis of Assisi College System (SFAC), National College of Business and Arts (NCBA), Olivarez College-Tagaytay (OC-Tagaytay) and the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Muntinlupa (PLMUN), the UCLAA aims to raise sports consciousness and promote excellence in sports competition among the youth enrolled in colleges and universities.
Season 8 was formally opened on December 7, 2015 at the Marikina Sports Complex. Collegio de San Lorenzo was this season's host. Basketball and Volleyball were the primary sports of the season.
In 2016, UCLAA merged with the National Capital Region Athletic Association to become the NCR-UCL Athletic Association. The merger however lasted for only one season.
Member Schools
As of Season 8 (2015-16):
NCR
PATTS College of Aeronautics
Colegio de San Lorenzo
De Ocampo Memorial College
National College of Business and Arts
Saint Francis of Assisi College System
Lyceum of Alabang
Technological Institute of the Philippines(only played in volleyball)
CALABARZON
Philippine Nautical and Technological College
Asian Institute of Maritime Studies
Former members
UP Los Banos and Colegio De Santa Monica will not be participating in Season 2.
External links
Gameface.ph: Universities and Colleges of Luzon Athletic Association
Category:2008 establishments in the Philippines
Category:Student sport in the Philippines
Category:Sports leagues established in 2008
Category:Sports in Metro Manila
Category:Sports in Cavite
Category:Sports in Laguna (province) |
Sometimes it seems as though America is hemorrhaging religion.
According to the 2014 General Social Survey, 7.5 million adults — about 3 percent of all adults in this country — severed religious ties between 2012 and 2014. Think of that. In 2012, 7.5 million people checked a box identifying themselves as “Conservative Christian,” “Protestant,” “Catholic,” “Jewish,” or “Other religion.”
Then, just two years later, they checked the one marked “No religion.”
The study was the latest proof of religion’s dwindling popularity in this country. Since 1990, all the big hitters in American religion (to wit: Christianity) have registered major losses. In 1990, 86 percent of the American public considered themselves Christian, compared with 71 percent today. During that same period, the percentage of Americans unaffiliated with religion (also known as “nones”) soared — from 8 percent to 23 percent.
Catholicism has been the hardest hit. Statistics provided by CARA, a nonprofit research center at Georgetown University, portray an exodus from the church of near-Biblical proportions. Although there are just as many parishes today as there were in 1965 — around 17,500 — the number of those parishes without resident priests has multiplied several times over, from 500 to 3,500. The number of adult Catholic baptisms has fallen from 126,000 to 38,000; the number of Catholic marriages has declined from 352,000 to 154,000; and the number of Catholic nuns associated with the church has dropped from 180,000 to just 50,000.
It brings to mind the second half of a nursery rhyme I heard as a kid, usually recited with fingers laced: Here’s the church/ here’s the steeple/ open the doors/ where’s all the people?
So what accounts for this rather dramatic “crisis” of faith? Why are so many Americans abandoning their pews?
This all comes at a time when Pope Francis (perhaps not coincidentally) has taken solid steps to build bridges between believers and nonbelievers. At a mass in Rose in 2013, Francis spoke of spreading a “culture of encounter” where Catholics would judge people not on their beliefs, but on their good deeds.
“The Lord has redeemed all of us, all of us, with the blood of Christ: all of us, not just Catholics. Everyone! ‘Father, the atheists?’ Even the atheists. Everyone!” Pope Francis told his followers. “We must meet one another doing good. ‘But I don’t believe, Father, I am an atheist!’ But do good. We will meet one another there.”
So what accounts for this rather dramatic “crisis” of faith? Why are so many Americans abandoning their pews?
Barry Kosmin, founding director of the Institute for the Study of Secularism in Society and Culture and author of the American Religious Identification Survey (ARIS), observes that religious convictions fluctuate on a societal level in direct relation to a perceived need for external comfort. It’s the reason “comfortable” people tend to be less religious than those whose lives are in chaos. Kosmin cites affluent Japan, where some 84 percent of the population claims no personal religion, versus impoverished Haiti, where the figure is 1 percent.
“The more your life is helpless,” he said, “the more you look for external assistance.”
But the economy is not the only factor in religion’s losses.
Phil Zuckerman, one of the country’s foremost authorities on atheism in the United States and the author of “Living the Secular Life: New Answers to Old Questions,” points out that people walk away from religion for anthropological, psychological and sociological reasons. Advances in science, globalization and exposure to people of different faiths (vis-à-vis the Internet) has begun to outweigh stagnant religious dogma.
It also may be interesting to note what isn’t generally considered among major factors in religion’s decline — and that’s high-profile atheists, such as Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris and Bill Maher.
Furthermore, Zuckerman said, many Americans are tired of the sanctimonious dictates, forced morality and herd mentality that often accompany Western religions. There is growing distrust in religious institutions, as well — caused, for example, by clergy abuse scandals. And there is a backlash against the Religious Right and its steadfast opposition to gay rights, women’s rights, reproductive freedom, secularism in school, scientific progress, environmentalism and even the Separation of Church and State.
It also may be interesting to note what isn’t generally considered among major factors in religion’s decline — and that’s high-profile atheists, such as Richard Dawkins, Sam Harris and Bill Maher. While such nonreligious superstars certainly do help mobilize people and provide a national platform for that particular point of view, demographers seem to agree that celebrities are not pulling the train, so to speak. They reflect a loss of faith in this country, but they are not responsible for it.
In fact, if anyone is responsible for leading the charge, it’s America’s young people. Zuckerman said younger generations are increasingly turned off by religion’s role in vitriolic politics, world conflicts and domestic acts of terror.
The General Social Survey found that 33 percent of 18- to 24-year-olds preferred no religion, whereas only 5 percent of Americans over 75 years of age made the same claim. That trend holds true for Catholicism. Just 17 percent of Catholic adults are under the age of 30, compared with 35 percent of religious “nones.”
“Younger generations’ stamina for the endless disputes of religion,” Zuckerman said, “is waning fast.”
Editor’s note: The NewsHour is hosting a series of columns on faith this week.
Joining the discussion: |
Rethink, Reform, Reenter: An Entrepreneurial Approach to Prison Programming.
The purpose of this article was to present a description and first-stage evaluation of the impact of the Ice House Entrepreneurship Program on the learning experience of participating prerelease inmates at a Mississippi maximum-security prison and their perception of the transfer of skills learned in program into securing employment upon reentry. The Ice House Entrepreneurship Program is a 12-week program facilitated by volunteer university professors to inmates in a prerelease unit of a maximum-security prison in Mississippi. Participants' perspectives were examined through content analysis of inmates' answers to program Reflection and Response Assignments and interviews. The analyses were conducted according to the constant comparative method. Findings reveal the emergent of eight life-lessons and suggest that this is a promising approach to prison programming for prerelease inmates. This study discusses three approaches to better prepare inmates for a mindset change. The rethink, reform, and reenter approaches help break the traditional cycle of release, reoffend, and return. |
493 F.2d 1401
Mon Valley Terminal Inc.v.U. S.
73-1771
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Third Circuit
3/12/74
1
W.D.Pa.
AFFIRMED
|
# Concise header-only library cmake template. Configuring this template into an actual project:
# - Add your source files to the sources list.
# - Add your third party libraries via the import_library function.
# - Add your test source files to the test sources list (optional).
################################################## Project ##################################################
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.2 FATAL_ERROR)
project (fg VERSION 1.0 LANGUAGES CXX)
list (APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH "${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/cmake")
set_property (GLOBAL PROPERTY USE_FOLDERS ON)
################################################## Options ##################################################
option(BUILD_TESTS "Build tests." OFF)
################################################## Sources ##################################################
set(PROJECT_SOURCES
CMakeLists.txt
cmake/assign_source_group.cmake
cmake/import_library.cmake
include/fg/framegraph.hpp
include/fg/realize.hpp
include/fg/render_task.hpp
include/fg/render_task_base.hpp
include/fg/render_task_builder.hpp
include/fg/resource.hpp
include/fg/resource_base.hpp
license.txt
readme.md
)
include(assign_source_group)
assign_source_group(${PROJECT_SOURCES})
################################################## Dependencies ##################################################
include(import_library)
################################################## Targets ##################################################
add_library(${PROJECT_NAME} INTERFACE)
target_include_directories(${PROJECT_NAME} INTERFACE
$<BUILD_INTERFACE:${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include>
$<BUILD_INTERFACE:${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR}>
$<INSTALL_INTERFACE:include>)
target_include_directories(${PROJECT_NAME} INTERFACE ${PROJECT_INCLUDE_DIRS})
target_link_libraries (${PROJECT_NAME} INTERFACE ${PROJECT_LIBRARIES})
# Hack for header-only project to appear in the IDEs.
add_library(${PROJECT_NAME}_ STATIC ${PROJECT_SOURCES})
target_include_directories(${PROJECT_NAME}_
PUBLIC ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/include ${CMAKE_CURRENT_BINARY_DIR})
target_include_directories(${PROJECT_NAME}_ PUBLIC ${PROJECT_INCLUDE_DIRS})
target_link_libraries (${PROJECT_NAME}_ PUBLIC ${PROJECT_LIBRARIES})
set_target_properties (${PROJECT_NAME}_ PROPERTIES LINKER_LANGUAGE CXX)
set_property (TARGET ${PROJECT_NAME}_ PROPERTY CXX_STANDARD 17)
set_property (TARGET ${PROJECT_NAME}_ PROPERTY CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
################################################## Testing ##################################################
if(BUILD_TESTS)
enable_testing()
set(PROJECT_TEST_SOURCES
tests/framegraph_test.cpp
)
foreach(_SOURCE ${PROJECT_TEST_SOURCES})
get_filename_component(_NAME ${_SOURCE} NAME_WE)
set (_SOURCES tests/catch.hpp tests/main.cpp ${_SOURCE})
add_executable (${_NAME} ${_SOURCES})
target_link_libraries (${_NAME} ${PROJECT_NAME})
add_test (${_NAME} ${_NAME})
set_property (TARGET ${_NAME} PROPERTY FOLDER "Tests")
set_property (TARGET ${_NAME} PROPERTY CXX_STANDARD 17)
set_property (TARGET ${_NAME} PROPERTY CXX_STANDARD_REQUIRED ON)
source_group ("source" FILES ${_SOURCES})
endforeach()
endif()
################################################## Installation ##################################################
install(TARGETS ${PROJECT_NAME} EXPORT "${PROJECT_NAME}-config")
install(DIRECTORY include/ DESTINATION include)
install(EXPORT "${PROJECT_NAME}-config" DESTINATION "cmake")
export (TARGETS "${PROJECT_NAME}" FILE "${PROJECT_NAME}-config.cmake")
|
Mode filters and energy conservation.
The discrete form of the mode filtering problem is considered. The relevant equations constitute a linear inverse problem. Solutions to problems of this type are subject to a well-known trade-off between resolution and precision. But unlike the typical linear inverse problem, the correctly formulated mode filtering problem is subject to an energy conservation constraint. This letter focuses on the importance of satisfying, approximately at least, the energy conservation constraint when mode filtering is performed. |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a charged particle beam writing apparatus and a charged particle beam writing method, and for example, relates to a writing apparatus that corrects distortion produced in a subfield (SF) and a method therefor.
2. Description of Related Arts
A lithography technique that advances microminiaturization of semiconductor devices is an extremely important process only which forms patterns in semiconductor manufacturing processes. In recent years, with high integration of large-scale integrated circuits (LSI), a circuit critical dimension required for semiconductor devices becomes minuter year by year. In order to form a desired circuit pattern on semiconductor devices, there is required a master pattern (also called a mask or a reticle) of high precision. The electron beam writing technique intrinsically has excellent resolution and is used for manufacturing a highly precise master pattern.
FIG. 6 shows a schematic diagram for describing operations of a variable-shaped type electron beam (EB) writing apparatus. As shown in the figure, the variable-shaped electron beam writing apparatus includes two aperture plates and operates as follows: A first or “upper” aperture plate 410 has a rectangular opening or “hole” 411 for shaping an electron beam 330. This shape of the rectangular opening may also be a square, a rhombus, a rhomboid, etc. A second or “lower” aperture plate 420 has a variable-shaped opening 421 for shaping the electron beam 330 that passed through the opening 411 into a desired rectangular shape. The electron beam 330 being emitted from a charged particle source 430 and having passed through the opening 411 is deflected by a deflector to penetrate a part of the variable-shaped opening 421 and thereby to irradiate a target workpiece or “sample” 340 mounted on a stage continuously moving in one predetermined direction (e.g. x direction) during the writing or “drawing”. In other words, a rectangular shape capable of passing through both the opening 411 and the variable-shaped opening 421 is written in the writing region of the target workpiece 340 on the stage. This method of writing or “forming” a given shape by letting beams pass through both the opening 411 and the variable-shaped opening 421 is referred to as a “variable shaping” method.
In the electron beam pattern writing apparatus, there exist some factors which degrade the accuracy of the position of a pattern. For example, such factors are position accuracy degradation generated in the electron optical system, inclination or distortion of a mirror which is set at the stage to measure the stage position, and flexure or distortion of a mask serving as a target workpiece. In particular, inclination or distortion of the mirror, or flexure or distortion of the mask changes gradually over the whole mask surface. Therefore, a gradual position error (global position error) arises over the whole mask surface because of the distortion or flexure. In electron beam pattern writing apparatuses, a writing region is divided into small regions (SF: subfield), and then writing is performed for each SF. Conventionally, the global position error mentioned above is corrected by correcting a reference position of an SF when writing (e.g., refer to Japanese Patent No. 3197024).
Furthermore, when exposing a pattern of a mask onto a silicon wafer by using an exposure apparatus and the mask which is written by the electron beam pattern writing apparatus, distortion occurs in setting the mask in the exposure apparatus. For example, in an exposure/transfer apparatus using EUV (Extreme UltraViolet) lights, which is studied in recent years, distortion occurs in the mask when fixing the mask by an electrostatic chuck. Then, it is necessary to correct the distortion in advance on the mask. Hereinafter, a distorted state in the electron beam writing apparatus and distortion produced in the exposure/transfer apparatus will be called “distortion”, and correcting the distortion will be called a “distortion correction.”
FIGS. 7A and 7B show schematic diagrams for explaining a conventional distortion correction. When distortion or flexure occurs in a writing region 20 as shown in FIG. 7A, the position of a center 24 of an SF 22 is corrected so that it may be located on a straight line as shown in FIG. 7B after writing. FIG. 7B shows an example of position relation after the correction. That is, only the coordinates of the center 24 of each SF 22 are corrected without correcting the distortion of the SF 22 itself. In this case, a part of SFs, namely the SFs 22a to 22d and the centers 24a to 24d of them, are shown. According to this method, however, the correction is equally added to the shot position in the SF 22. Therefore, there is a problem that errors resulting from the distortion or flexure in the SF still remain after writing as shown in FIG. 7B. Thus, it has been impossible to perform a sufficiently precise correction.
In recent years, with the miniaturization of patterns, it is requested to highly accurately correct errors caused by the distortion or flexure in the SF. Accordingly, there exists a problem that to correct only the SF position as mentioned above is insufficient as correction precision. |
Effects of methylglyoxal on central and peripheral cholinergic responses.
Methylglyoxal (MG) has been shown to have a depolarizing effect on the giant interneurones of the isolated 6th abdominal ganglion of the cock-roach. This effect of MG was inhibited by concentrations of nicotine, d-tubocurarine and physostigmine which blocked transmission at the cholinergic cercal nerve-giant interneurone synapse. MG (5 X 10(-5) to 5 X 10(-4) M) produced concentration-dependent contractures of the isolated frog rectus abdominis muscle which were inhibited by d-tubocurarine (10(-4) M) and physostigmine (10(-6) M). MG enhanced the action of acetylcholine and inhibited KCl-evoked contractures whereas it had no effect on the response to carbachol. It is concluded that MG appears to act as a cholinomimetic in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. |
// This file is part of the AliceVision project.
// Copyright (c) 2017 AliceVision contributors.
// Copyright (c) 2015 openMVG contributors.
// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public License,
// v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this file,
// You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
#include "aliceVision/image/all.hpp"
#include "aliceVision/feature/feature.hpp"
#include "aliceVision/feature/sift/ImageDescriber_SIFT.hpp"
#include "aliceVision/feature/akaze/ImageDescriber_AKAZE.hpp"
#include "aliceVision/matching/filters.hpp"
#include "aliceVision/matching/RegionsMatcher.hpp"
#include "dependencies/vectorGraphics/svgDrawer.hpp"
#include <boost/program_options.hpp>
#include <string>
#include <iostream>
// These constants define the current software version.
// They must be updated when the command line is changed.
#define ALICEVISION_SOFTWARE_VERSION_MAJOR 1
#define ALICEVISION_SOFTWARE_VERSION_MINOR 0
using namespace svg;
using namespace std;
using namespace aliceVision;
using namespace aliceVision::image;
namespace po = boost::program_options;
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
std::string jpgFilenameL;
std::string jpgFilenameR;
std::string describerTypesName = feature::EImageDescriberType_enumToString(feature::EImageDescriberType::SIFT);
std::string describerPreset = "NORMAL";
po::options_description allParams("AliceVision Sample describeAndMatch");
allParams.add_options()
("jpgFilenameL,l", po::value<std::string>(&jpgFilenameL)->required(),
"Left image.")
("jpgFilenameR,r", po::value<std::string>(&jpgFilenameR)->required(),
"Right image.")
("describerTypes,d", po::value<std::string>(&describerTypesName)->default_value(describerTypesName),
feature::EImageDescriberType_informations().c_str())
("describerPreset,p", po::value<std::string>(&describerPreset)->default_value(describerPreset),
"Control the ImageDescriber configuration (low, medium, normal, high, ultra).\n"
"Configuration 'ultra' can take long time !");
po::variables_map vm;
try
{
po::store(po::parse_command_line(argc, argv, allParams), vm);
if(vm.count("help") || (argc == 1))
{
ALICEVISION_COUT(allParams);
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
po::notify(vm);
}
catch(boost::program_options::required_option& e)
{
ALICEVISION_CERR("ERROR: " << e.what());
ALICEVISION_COUT("Usage:\n\n" << allParams);
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
catch(boost::program_options::error& e)
{
ALICEVISION_CERR("ERROR: " << e.what());
ALICEVISION_COUT("Usage:\n\n" << allParams);
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
Image<RGBColor> image;
Image<unsigned char> imageL, imageR;
readImage(jpgFilenameL, imageL, image::EImageColorSpace::NO_CONVERSION);
readImage(jpgFilenameR, imageR, image::EImageColorSpace::NO_CONVERSION);
// Call Keypoint extractor
using namespace aliceVision::feature;
std::shared_ptr<ImageDescriber> image_describer;
if (describerTypesName == "SIFT")
image_describer = std::make_shared<ImageDescriber_SIFT>(SiftParams());
else if (describerTypesName == "AKAZE")
image_describer = std::make_shared<ImageDescriber_AKAZE>(AKAZEParams(AKAZEOptions(), AKAZE_MSURF));
else if (describerTypesName == "AKAZE_MLDB")
image_describer = std::make_shared<ImageDescriber_AKAZE>(AKAZEParams(AKAZEOptions(), AKAZE_MLDB));
if(image_describer.use_count()==0)
{
std::cerr << "Invalid ImageDescriber type" << std::endl;
return EXIT_FAILURE;
}
if(!describerPreset.empty())
{
image_describer->setConfigurationPreset(describerPreset);
}
//--
// Detect regions thanks to the image_describer
//--
std::map<IndexT, std::unique_ptr<feature::Regions> > regions_perImage;
image_describer->describe(imageL, regions_perImage[0]);
image_describer->describe(imageR, regions_perImage[1]);
const std::vector<PointFeature>
featsL = regions_perImage.at(0)->GetRegionsPositions(),
featsR = regions_perImage.at(1)->GetRegionsPositions();
//--
// Display used images & Features
//--
{
//- Show images side by side
Image<unsigned char> concat;
ConcatH(imageL, imageR, concat);
const string out_filename = "00_images.jpg";
writeImage(out_filename, concat, image::EImageColorSpace::NO_CONVERSION);
}
{
//- Draw features on the images (side by side)
Image<unsigned char> concat;
ConcatH(imageL, imageR, concat);
//-- Draw features :
for (size_t i=0; i < featsL.size(); ++i ) {
const PointFeature & imaA = featsL[i];
DrawCircle(imaA.x(), imaA.y(), 3.0f, 255, &concat);
}
for (size_t i=0; i < featsR.size(); ++i ) {
const PointFeature & imaB = featsR[i];
DrawCircle(imaB.x()+imageL.Width(), imaB.y(), 3.0f, 255, &concat);
}
const string out_filename = "01_features.jpg";
writeImage(out_filename, concat, image::EImageColorSpace::NO_CONVERSION);
}
//--
// Compute corresponding points
//--
//-- Perform matching -> find Nearest neighbor, filtered with Distance ratio
matching::IndMatches vec_PutativeMatches;
matching::DistanceRatioMatch(
0.8, matching::BRUTE_FORCE_L2,
*regions_perImage[0].get(),
*regions_perImage[1].get(),
vec_PutativeMatches);
// Draw correspondences after Nearest Neighbor ratio filter
{
svgDrawer svgStream( imageL.Width() + imageR.Width(), max(imageL.Height(), imageR.Height()));
svgStream.drawImage(jpgFilenameL, imageL.Width(), imageL.Height());
svgStream.drawImage(jpgFilenameR, imageR.Width(), imageR.Height(), imageL.Width());
for (size_t i = 0; i < vec_PutativeMatches.size(); ++i) {
//Get back linked feature, draw a circle and link them by a line
const PointFeature & L = featsL[vec_PutativeMatches[i]._i];
const PointFeature & R = featsR[vec_PutativeMatches[i]._j];
svgStream.drawLine(L.x(), L.y(), R.x()+imageL.Width(), R.y(), svgStyle().stroke("green", 2.0));
svgStream.drawCircle(L.x(), L.y(), 3.0f, svgStyle().stroke("yellow", 2.0));
svgStream.drawCircle(R.x()+imageL.Width(), R.y(), 3.0f,svgStyle().stroke("yellow", 2.0));
}
const string out_filename = "02_Matches.svg";
ofstream svgFile( out_filename.c_str() );
svgFile << svgStream.closeSvgFile().str();
svgFile.close();
}
// Display some statistics
std::cout
<< regions_perImage.at(0)->RegionCount() << " #Features on image A" << std::endl
<< regions_perImage.at(1)->RegionCount() << " #Features on image B" << std::endl
<< vec_PutativeMatches.size() << " #matches with Distance Ratio filter" << std::endl;
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
|
Belizeans Detained in Guatemala
Eight men confirmed to be Belizean fishermen were detained by the Guatemalan Navy and handed over to the Guatemalan Immigration officials and taken to Guatemala City for processing.Reports are that the men were detained when they were found disembarking their vessel at the Punta Manabique Beach in the Department of Izabal , Guatemala. Of the eight men, seven of them had Belizean fishing licenses but the vessel had no registration or authorization from the Guatemalan Port. Belize’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs in a release issued this evening stated, quote, “Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Belize Embassy staff in Guatemala, since receipt of this information early this afternoon, has confirmed the identities of those detained and have been in communication with the individuals to confirm they are in good health. Government officials will continue to engage with Guatemalan and OAS representatives in this matter. The Government of Belize will keep the public informed as developments unfold.” End of quote. |
The large blaze which tore through Weybridge Community Hospital led to 65 calls to the “stretched” emergency control centre (ECC) in Surrey which was being manned by just four staff members, according to the Fire Brigades Union (FBU).
The union said many of the calls had to be diverted to Merseyside’s centre due to Surrey's staff being overwhelmed by the call volume.
The union has suggested that the fire, which happened at around midnight on Wednesday (July 7), has highlighted the “idiotic” nature of budget cuts which come into effect in September.
A fire broke out at Weybridge Community Hospital at around midnight on Wednesday (July 12) (Image: SFRS)
FBU Brigade Secretary Lee Belsten said: “This one night has proven beyond any doubt that the budget cuts being imposed in September, to cut the number of ECC staff on duty during the night to just three, are simply idiotic and will definitely lead to call handling and mobilising delays.”
The huge blaze at the community hospital required more than 60 firefighters and fire officers at the scene.
The operation used aerial appliances from Leatherhead and Guildford, which were tasked with tackling the complex fire which involving many explosive cylinders.
Following this, at around 5am on Wednesday (July 12), more than 60 firefighters and officers were sent to a fire at industrial buildings in Ockham, which involved farm machinery and more explosive cylinders.
Many crews were sent straight from the Weybridge fire to Ockham, with fire crews sent in to cover Surrey from London, Hampshire and West Sussex.
Mr Belsten added: “These fires occurred less than 24 hours after Surrey County Council rejected a motion calling for an urgent review of Surrey Fire and Rescue's fire protection, prevention and emergency cover arrangements, which London Mayor Sadiq Khan agreed in London, following the Grenfell fire.”
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FBU have slammed the "idiotic" budget cuts which come into effect in September (Image: SFRS)
Since 2010, the County Council has imposed cuts on the county's fire service, which resulted in 33% of Surrey's whole-time firefighters being axed, according to the FBU.
The council is to impose further budget cuts, which the union says will cut the number of firefighters in Surrey by a further 42% and the ECC staff by 33% compared to 2010.
A spokesman for the union said: “It’s clear that Surrey will not cope with nights like this on their own and it’s only a matter of time before neighbouring brigades start to question why they are regularly providing and funding Surrey’s fire and emergency cover.”
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These September budget cuts will, according to the FBU, likely see some fire engines replaced by vans crewed by two firefighters. Plans are in place to axe five fire engines and reduce the number of crews available at night, to allow more to be available during the day.
Mr Belsten added: “This idea that because there are less fires during the night, this is reason enough to cut fire cover is another of SCC’s extreme risk strategies.
“The number of fires may be less but statistics show that more people die in fires at night which is assumed to be because they are generally not awake to be alerted to the fire and make their own escape."
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More than 60 firefighters were called to the scene of the hospital fire (Image: SFRS)
He said: “The same logic is being applied to cutting the number of ECC staff too but as last night has proven once again, it only takes one fire to stretch Surrey’s resources beyond what they can cope without calling on neighbouring counties for help.
“It is vital that we have the right number of resources at an incident as soon as possible as the smallest of delays in achieving a rapid and full emergency response really does make the difference between us rescuing casualties or recovering bodies.
“We can be thankful that last night, nobody required a rescue and no fire fighters were injured in the explosions. But will luck be on our side tonight?”
Surrey County Council has been approached for comment.
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5 Physical Signs Of Attraction Revealed
According to an expert anthropologist, our body is a finely tuned machine that seeks attraction and it takes only a single second to intuitively decide physical attraction.
To make sure that good ones do not get away, the body produces some physical signs of attraction that capture our attention and address it towards the concerned dreamboat.
When these physical actions begin, even a short glimpse of your crush can leave you dazzled and amazed. Here are five physical signs of attraction that I would be revealing.
1. Copycat
When individuals interact during a date and things are working pretty well, then mirroring of body language is quite common and it occurs subconsciously. For example, someone might lean close towards the dinner table, whereas the other person follows in suit.
As per a research, men tend to give more ratings to those women, who faintly mirror their nonverbal and verbal patterns. Scratching faces post the man scratches his face for instance will ultimately boost the woman’s sexual attraction after the interaction. In case the body language exchanges spur long lasting relationship, bodies of men and women might play copycat when they age together.
2. Jeepers
Pupil plays a vital role in indicating the attraction. When we notice a pleasing face, our brain releases dopamine, which spurs pupil dilation. The credit here goes to dopamine’s upsurge in the brain, which stimulates the nerve endings in eyes, whereas the muscles of pupils contract and widen our peepers.
Nevertheless, pupil orientations are not uniform all over. Thus, bigger is not always better. Though heterosexual males find women with bigger dilated pupils more beautiful and feminine, most of the straight women opt for men with medium dilations that indicate sexual interest.
Nevertheless, women who engage in short term sexual relationship with the bad guys eyed bigger pupils.
If you come across someone, who makes you go gaga instantly, then it is best to avoid handshake with them. Sweating palms is one of the classiest physical responses to attraction. The chemicals that spur our impulses also stroke the sweat glands. These chemicals include serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine and asmonoamines collectively produce feeling of excitement, moist hands and slight breathlessness.
Talking about sweaty palms, norepinephrine should be blamed for. Men tend to experience sweaty palms more compared to women.
5. By My Heartbeat
Ever wondered why do art and literature always link heart and romance? This is because our hearts are nervous, pulses race up with the sight of that attractive person. In fact, heart’s attraction link up is so persuasive that even studies have found that pumping a person’s heart rate and then putting her or him near a stranger might exaggeratedly spark the attraction.
Human brain is accountable for this physical response and not the Cupid. The brain automatically releases norepinephrine when a person is around his/her love interest. |
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Mumbai, Oct 12: The election results of Nanded Waghala Municipal Corporation will be declared today. The counting of votes for the Nanded Waghala Municipal Corporation election results 2017 began at 10 am and Indi.com is getting you Live updates on the trends and results. Polling for the 81 seats of the Nanded Waghala Municipal Corporation was held on Wednesday. A total of 578 candidates are in the poll fray. We will be updating live on Nanded Waghala Municipal Corporation election results. Stay connected with us to get instant updates on Nanded Waghala Municipal Corporation election results. (Watch: Nanded Waghala Municipal Corporation Election Results Live Streaming) Also Read - Maharashtra: 21.47 Per Cent Voting Till 11 AM in Second Phase of Polls
The Nanded Waghala Municipal Corporation is currently controlled by the Congress. In 2012, the Congress had won 41 wards. Shiv Sena with 12 seats was a distant second, followed by Asaduddin Owaisi’s All India Majlis-e-Muslimeen (AIMIM) with 11 seats. While the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP) won 10 seats, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) could bag just two seats. Out of 81 seats, 41 seats are reserved for women candidates, 15 seats for Scheduled Caste (SC) candidates, 2 for Scheduled Tribes (ST) and 22 seats for Backward Class communities. (Click here for the winners list) Also Read - PM Narendra Modi Compares Congress With Titanic Ship, Says Party is Sinking as Each Day Passes by
The election results of Nanded Waghala Municipal Corporation is viewed as a litmus test for the former Maharashtra Chief Minister and current state Congress unit president Ashok Chavan, whose father late Shankarrao Chavan had nurtured the constituency over years. During the campaigning, Maharashtra CM Devendra Fadnavis attacked Congress as well as Shiv Sena. The BJP said voting for the Shiv Sena would mean bringing the Congress to power as the two parties had joined hands in Aurangabad Municipal Corporation polls. Also Read - Maha: Nanded Cong leaders ask Chavan to contest Assembly polls
Asaduddin Owaisi’s AIMIM contested the Nanded Waghala Municipal Corporation election in alliance with Mayawati’s Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP). Nanded urban has more than 45 per cent population of Dalit-Muslim voters, which may favour the AIMIM-BSP alliance. Besides holding rallies, Owaisi also took out a door-to-door campaign in Nanded. |
PROJECT SUMMARY How the brain performs its computational task is a great unsolved problem in biology, but this answer is vital for us to understand and combat disorders of brain function like autism, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer?s. One appealing strategy towards solving this problem is to deconstruct the brain into the component parts?the cell types?and to determine their respective key features and dissect which physiological functions are sub served by each distinct type. Recently, advances in single cell RNA-sequencing technologies have catalyzed the identification of dozens of transcriptomically distinct cell types in the mammalian neocortex, many of which share homology between human and mouse, and it will likely soon be possible to have a complete transcriptomic taxonomy of neocortical cell types for multiple mammalian species. However, the ability to probe the function of most of these refined cell types is lacking, especially in human. As a result, the defining functional characteristics of human neocortical cell types remain largely unknown. In order to address this shortcoming, the current proposal lays out a comprehensive strategy to generate a first-in-class toolbox of cell type-specific genetic tools. Using recently developed methods to explore chromatin landscapes as well as Allen Institute-generated single-cell transcriptomics datasets, Aim 1 seeks to identify conserved neocortical cell type- and cell class-specific cis-regulatory modules across adult mouse and human. Candidate cis-regulatory modules near cell type- and cell class-specific marker genes identified in Aim 1 will be filtered for sequence conservation and accessibility conservation. In Aim 2, top candidates from Aim 1 will be used to generate cell class-specific viral vector libraries and screened for reporter expression in adult mouse neocortex, followed by secondary verification of individual on-target reporter vectors in adult mouse and human neocortex. In Aim 3 the most promising subset of these tools will be more deeply evaluated and validated using single cell RNA-seq and patch clamp electrophysiology on labeled cell populations in parallel for adult mouse and human neocortex. On the whole this project will generate a toolbox of novel reagents for the interrogation of neocortical cell type function that is compatible with diverse mammalian species, including mouse, monkey, and human. As such, these tools will not only enable direct cross-species functional comparisons of presumed orthologous neocortical cell types, but may also be suitable for human gene therapy applications. If successful, these tools will be of exceptional value and a welcome new resource for the neuroscience community. |
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BBC News, Baghdad
It took some time to make sense of the scene in front of us. A jailer at Baghdad's Rusafa prison had just swung open the heavy metal-barred door. Inside a small dimly lit room, the first sight was the iron-framed double bunks, packed together and hung with plastic bags, clothes and towels. Then, staring back at us from the bunks, faces and faces, bearded, unshaven, balding, greying.
I feel like I'm dead in here
Iraqi prisoner
And then into a larger room and in almost every conceivable space there was a human being. Four or five men perched on a bunk, some even tucked on the floor underneath. It was astonishing to see so many people packed into one space. It's the first time the foreign media have had such access to an Iraqi jail since the US invasion in 2003. They were nervous at first, at seeing their jailers at the door behind us and no doubt at seeing foreign journalists suddenly appear in their midst. Everything is fine here, was the first thing they said. But then a man in a long white robe or dish-dash jumped down from a bunk. "Don't listen to that," he said. "The conditions are terrible here. There are people sleeping next to the toilets. Some stand so that others can sleep." Prisoners say some have to stand to make room for others to sleep
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Another man, sitting on a top bunk said: "I feel like I'm dead in here." He said a court had ordered his release, then he had been re-arrested. Because there is no proper exercise area, the inmates are rarely allowed out. A few feet from one of the bunks, a fraying curtain covered the three toilets and one shower, which serve more than 100 people. There were also blankets on the floor outside the toilets, where people sleep. "We have to take it in turns to wash, once every three days," one prisoner explained. Allegations of abuse It was a cool November day when we visited, but the air was warm and thick inside. It's hard to imagine what it must be like during Baghdad's 50 degree Celsius summer heat. We'd been brought here by Iraqi Interior Ministry officials, after we had asked to check on allegations of abuse and beatings in Iraqi prisons. To our surprise, the ministry's second in command said we could see for ourselves. And once we were inside, we were able to talk to the inmates freely without our conversations being monitored. The increasing number of prisoners is putting a lot of pressure on the system
General Abdul Kareem al-Khalaf
Operations commander for the Interior Ministry Some prisoners said they had been beaten and abused, although most at the time of arrest. What stood out, and what concerned them most was the conditions in which they are now being kept. Some of these men are suspected insurgents detained by Iraqi police and army units, others accused of crimes like robbery. But they often have to wait months just to be charged - let alone tried - because Iraq's creaking judicial system cannot cope with the caseload. With thousands arrested in security operations over the past few years, the system has become progressively more overloaded. After an explosion or violent incident, Iraqi police and soldiers often round up anyone who happens to be nearby, so many innocent bystanders get trapped in this legal limbo, incarcerated in places like Rusafa. 'Changing culture' The situation here is not unique. Mobile phone footage filmed by Iraqi MPs who have visited other jails, seen by the BBC, shows similar conditions. Prisoners can wait months in legal limbo due to a creaking judicial system "We do have a problem with overcrowding," admits General Abdul Kareem al-Khalaf, the operations commander for the Interior Ministry. "And the increasing number of prisoners is putting a lot of pressure on the system." He says there are still "some isolated cases" of violations such as torture or beatings in prisons, but insists the culture is changing. It's the "exceptional situation" in the country that is to blame for the way the inmates are forced to live in the prison, said Rusafa's deputy governor, who didn't want to be named when we interviewed him. But he said the conditions were not "inhumane". If you had seen the jails in Saddam Hussein's time, "then you would have seen really inhumane conditions". There is less torture and other abuse now, from reports we have gathered. But Iraqis we have spoken to who have been imprisoned in Saddam's time and since say conditions haven't changed much. And they could get even worse. As the United States and Britain gradually make their exit from Iraq, they are due to transfer thousands of prisoners into the custody of the Iraqi prison system.
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This workshop introduces participants to the various ways of using authentic cultural texts and audio/video materials in Chinese language classrooms. Following the ACTFL guidelines, we will discuss the selection and sequencing of authentic cultural materials for students at different proficiency levels. We will illustrate how to use authentic materials to design interactive reading and listening comprehension tasks and create speaking and writing activities. We will examine some useful resources to find authentic materials for teaching Chinese. We plan on having a swap-shop session, so we invite participants to bring their own learner-centered activities that incorporate authentic cultural materials to share with others.
Registration is free for all participants, however there is limited seating.
Ryan Crotty is a fellow with the International Security Program and deputy director for defense budget analysis at the Center for Strategic and International Studies. His work focuses on the management and application of defense resources, the strategic implications of resourcing decisions, and the effects of these decisions on the defense industrial base. He has worked on several CSIS projects focused on long-term defense spending trends and the defense budget draw down and identifying challenges and opportunities facing the Department of Defense in a time of budget tightening. He also studies the interaction between the defense budget and the health of the defense industry through analysis of contracting and financial tools.
This session, part of the Center for Advanced Language Proficiency Education and Research's summer workshop, focuses on the curriculum development of content-based thematic units. The presenter will introduce a framework for developing curricula and guides the participants through the process of designing content-based thematic units. Participants will engage in hands-on demonstration lessons and explore a variety of content-based instructional strategies to promote students' skills in interpersonal, interpretive, and presentational communication. Upon completion of the workshop, participants will have developed their own units to enhance their curricula.
The prevailing media credo, in domains that matter both a lot (popular, capitalist, and state discourse and action) and a little (communication, cultural, and media studies), is upheaval. The litany goes something like this: Corporate power is challenged. State authority is compromised. Avant-garde art and politics are centered. The young are masters, not victims. Technologies represent freedom, not domination. Revolutions are fomented by Twitter, not theory; by memes, not memos; by Facebook, not Foucault; by phone, not protest.
Political participation is just a click away. Tweets are the new streets and online friends the new vanguard, as 140ism displaces Maoism. Cadres are created and destroyed via BlackBerry. Teens tease technocrats. Hackers undermine hierarchy. Leakers dowse the fire of spies and illuminate the shady world of diplomats.
The endless iterations offered by digital reproduction and the immediate exchanges promised by the Internet have turned the world on its head. We are advised that the media in particular are being transformed. Tradition is rent asunder. Newspapers are metaphorically tossed aside. What was once their fate in a literal sense (when we dispensed with print in poubelles) is now a figure of speech that refers to their financial decline. Journalists are recycled as public relations people, and readers become the new journalists. Cinema is irrelevant, TV is on the way out, gaming is the future, telephony is timeless, and the entire panoply of scholarship on the political economy of ownership and control is of archaeological interest at best.
Is this really the case, and what are the conditions of possibility for claiming that it is or is not? Only global media studies knows...
Dr. Toby Miller is a British-Australian-U.S. interdisciplinary social scientist. He is the author and editor of over 30 books, has published essays in more than 100 journals and edited collections, and is a frequent guest commentator on television and radio programs. His research covers the media, sports, labor, gender, race, citizenship, politics, and cultural policy, as well as the success of Hollywood overseas and the adverse effects of electronic waste.
If there were a Himalayan range of world literature authors, then Franz Kafka would certainly be one of the peaks. And as is always the case with world literature, a tension exists between local, contextual readings of a Czech Jew who wrote in German, and a work in translation that seems to address the human condition in general. What happens to the humor of Kafka in this process of worlding and how can we describe its continued existence in translation in, for example American literature and popular culture? My dissertation analyzes the humor of Franz Kafka’s works, beginning with his early experiences with the Yiddish Theater and leading up to the current reception of his work in the United States by linking Kafka to the American television series Seinfeld and exploring how Kafka has been appropriated into American culture. This talk will focus on my findings at the German Literary Archives in Marbach, Germany which includes the early reception of Kafka, by means of the reviews and criticism published during his lifetime and those published shortly after his death in 1924.
Lauren Brooks is a fourth-year PhD candidate in German Literature and Culture at the Pennsylvania State University. Before coming to Penn State she spent six years in Bremen, Germany, where she taught English to business professionals. After returning to the United States, she completed her MA degree in German Studies at California State University Long Beach in 2012. Her dissertation focuses on Franz Kafka and Humor. Other areas of interest include foreign language pedagogy, Kleist, Schiller, and the German novella as well as Brecht, modern German drama, theater, and film. She is also the creator and organizer of the annual Poetry Without Borders event. She is currently working as a Graduate Instructional Consultant in the Schreyer Institute for Teaching Excellence for the 2015-2016 academic year.
Faced with world-wide crises today, the value system based on liberalism has proven to be inadequate on a global scale. There has appeared an urgent need to approach the global predicaments from the perspective of common ethics. In 1993, the Council for a Parliament of the World’s Religions issued a Declaration: “Toward a Global Ethic,” signed by more than 200 leaders from over 40 different faith traditions and spiritual communities. It unequivocally declares: “No new global order without a new global ethic!” This truism lead us to ask: in the construction of a new world order, what moral principle or categorical imperative in Kantian terms can we find in ethical systems of the world which may serve as the spirit of a new world order? This article argues that the Confucian way of tolerance is perhaps a suitable choice because tolerance is now acknowledged as one of the spiritual achievements of modern times and may hold the ethical key to regulating human differences and resolving conflicts involving class, race, religion, nation and culture. The idea of tolerance is found in all cultural and spiritual traditions, but it is in Confucianism that it was elevated to a moral virtue, a way of life, an ethical theory, and to the exalted status of Tao (恕道) two millennia ago and has remained so since. This article will compare the ideas of tolerance in various traditions, examine the extent to which the Confucian way of tolerance transcends the limitations of regional religions and spiritual faiths, and explore how it may be modernized into the cornerstone of a universal ethics underlying the inner spirit of a new world order.
Informational session and Q&A on the Fulbright-Hays DDRA Fellowship Program which provides opportunities to doctoral candidates to engage in full-time dissertation research abroad in modern foreign languages and area studies. The program is designed to deepen research knowledge and increase the study of modern foreign languages, cultural engagement and area studies not generally included in U.S. curricula. Visit http://cgs.la.psu.edu/funding/fulbright-hays-doctoral-dissertation-research-abroad-program-award for more information.
Evans J.R. Revere will speak about current policy challenges in North Korea as part of the Penn State School of International Affairs' spring colloquium (INTAF 590). Revere is senior director with the Albright Stonebridge Group, providing strategic advice to clients with a specific focus on Korea, China and Japan. Fluent in Chinese, Korean and Japanese, Revere retired from the Foreign Service in 2007 after a distinguished career as one of the U.S. Department of State's top Asia experts. He has extensive experience in negotiations with North Korea.
This presentation combines insights from Lacan’s 1961-1962 seminar on anxiety with recent (feminist, queer, and affect theoretical) accounts of neoliberalism to analyze the contemporary Western phenomenon of pervasive anxiety. In his commentary on anxiety, Lacan repeatedly (and humorously) refers to the straight male subject’s sexual anxiety in the face of his female partner’s seemingly infinite capacity for jouissance: the fact that the phallus always falls short of the phallocentric ideal, faltering at the very moment of delivery. Keeping in mind that for Lacan the phallus is ultimately a signifier without a real-life referent––so that women can also aspire to phallic mastery -- Lacan’s depiction of “premature detumenescence” seems like an apt metaphor for the predicament of the neoliberal subject whose hunger for self-actualization, accomplishment, and satisfaction (the good life) tends to exceed its capacities, with the result that anxiety is, for many, the status quo of everyday life in today’s society. What are the cultural forces that produce this predicament? Why is it so difficult to get out of? Are there any antidotes to it? And might anxiety even have something to offer even as it derails our quest for a balanced life?
Mari Ruti is professor of critical theory at the University of Toronto. She is the author of ten books, most recently Between Levinas and Lacan: Self, Other, Ethics (Bloomsbury Press, 2015) and The Ethics of Opting Out: Defiance and Affect in Queer Theory (Columbia University Press, forthcoming 2016).
The Center for Global Studies at Penn State and the University of Pittsburgh’s Global Studies Center and the will host the event. The symposium will include a keynote lecture, student presentations and student networking.
The symposium will highlight student research on the complex array of social forces that characterize our increasingly interconnected world and will provide networking for students and faculty who are shaping how we approach these important topics and/or will provide leadership in the study of global issues in the future.
We encourage a wide variety of research topics on diverse areas including (but not limited to) the economy, gender, health, education, politics, media, nationalism, ethnicity, spirituality, and community. We invite papers from various disciplines within humanities, sciences, social sciences and professional schools that address the theme of interconnectedness. Submissions that employ diverse theories, genres, and methodologies of research in a plurality of historical and geographical contexts are encouraged. For more information, visit http://cgs.la.psu.edu/events/2016-global-studies-undergraduate-research-symposium.
Arnab Chakrabarty is an outstanding exponent of Hindustani classical music, and is arguably among the top handful of currently active sarode players. A relentlessly self-improving student of music, a teacher of extraordinary ability, an instrument designer and restorer of considerable skill, Arnab Chakrabarty is the complete sarode musician of his generation. Student tickets $4.00, General Admission $4.99.For more information about Arnab Chakrabarty, visitwww.arnabchakrabarty.com.
Sanju Sahai (also known as Vishnu Sahai) , is currently one of the finest and most sought after Tabla players of his generation. Belonging to the Benares Gharana (lineage) and being the 6th generation of Tabla players in the lineage, he began playing at an early age. Being a child prodigy, he gave his first Tabla solo performance at a major festival in Benares at the tender age of 9. He gained his Bachelor of Music at the age of 13 and Master of Music at 18 years of age. More information at www.sanjusahai.com.
Experience stories, songs and art in different languages. Fun for speakers of all languages, including English. World Stories Alive! is a collaborative project brought to you by Schlow Centre Region Library and The Center for Global Studies at Penn State.
Van Buren is a retired 24-year veteran of the U.S. Department of State. He spent a year in Iraq as a State Department Foreign Service Officer serving as Team Leader for two Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs). Now in Washington, he writes about Iraq and the Middle East at his blog, We Meant Well. His first book, We Meant Well: How I Helped Lose the Battle for the Hearts and Minds of the Iraqi People, was published in 2011, and his latest book, Ghosts of Tom Joad: A Story of the #99Percent, has just been published.
A slim uneducated guy is pressured into an arranged marriage with an overweight college girl. The mismatched couple are challenged to compete in the annual wife-carrying race. This screening is part of the CGS South Asian Film Series.
Visiting Professor of Gender and Critical Pedagogy at UC Santa Cruz and Professor of Critical Philosophy at The Global Center for Advanced Studies, Dr. Cara Judea Alhadeff engages embodied feminist theory, and has published essays in philosophy, art, gender, and ethnic studies' journals and anthologies. Summa cum laude, she earned her Ph.D. in Cultural Studies from The European Graduate School. Alhadeff's first transdisciplinary book, Viscous Expectations: Justice, Vulnerability, The Ob-scene (Penn State University Press, 2014), explores the vulnerability of the body as a strategy for social justice. Her new book, Zazu Dreams: Between the Scarab and the Dung Beetle, addresses eco-literacy and the diaspora of Jews-of-Color. Alhadeff's work has been the subject of several documentaries for international public television, and has been publicly defended by Freedom of Speech organizations such as the Electronic Freedom Foundation, artsave/People for the American Way, and the ACLU. Her photographs are in numerous collections including SFMoMA, The Jewish Museum in Berlin, MoMA Salzburg and The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction.
This talk attempts to understand what “the contemporary” has meant to the novel, and in turn should mean, for comparative studies of the novel. Sauri takes the contemporary Latin American novel as a test case, and argue for reading it in relation recent transformations in the political configuration of the world-system. What happens to the novel, when the conditions of possibility for social and economic modernization within the formerly developing world have been radically altered—if not altogether eliminated—by a deepening crisis in the world economic system? This is an historical shift, which, beginning in the 1970s, would eventually give rise to what the Brazilian philosopher Paulo Arantes describes as “o novo tempo do mundo,” or “new world time,” in which “the very modern notion of progress—and the temporality of history that made it thinkable” is neutralized. Sauri holds that in reading recent works by authors like César Aira, Pola Oloixarac, Nicolás Cabral, and Roberto Bolaño, we can see that how this “novo tempo do mundo” has altered the Latin American novel’s sense of the present to reflect something like a development without developmentalism on the level of narrative. Viewed from this perspective, the question of the contemporary not only calls for a modification of comparative approaches to the study of the novel—as exemplified by Casanova, as well as critics like Fredric Jameson, Roberto Schwarz, and Franco Moretti—but also raises new questions about the political horizon of literature today.
Emilio Sauri is Assistant Professor of English at the University of Massachusetts, Boston. His research focuses on twentieth- and twenty-first-century literature and visual art from the U.S. and Latin America, and reads these in relation to the development of the world-system.
Experience stories, songs and art in different languages. Fun for speakers of all languages, including English. World Stories Alive is a collaborative project brought to you by Schlow Centre Region Library and The Center for Global Studies at Penn State.
Karl Hofman, Christina Fitz, and Annie Davies, Population Services International
Retired U.S. ambassador and SIA advisory board member Karl Hofmann will present “Demography, fertility, sustainability – How global population trends shape your future" as part of the Penn State School of International Affairs' spring colloquium (INTAF 590).
Hofmann is President and Chief Executive Officer of Population Services International, a Washington-based global health organization. Mr. Hofmann is former U.S. Ambassador to Togo and Executive Secretary of the State Department. He also served on President Clinton's National Security Council staff.
While accelerated technological innovation, intensified global competition, and macroeconomic volatility continue to act as powerful drivers for the changing nature of work, many countries are experiencing a deepening segmentation between workers with stable employment relationships and those with temporary work contracts. In the recent report of Global Employment Trends, the International Labor Organization underscores that the unprecedented growth in contingent work constitutes a worldwide challenge for economic recovery and social development. This study draws on both quantitative and qualitative data to examine the rise of contingent work in China. Results indicate that in the presence of weak labor institutions and poor enforcement, Chinese companies adopt contingent employment practices to retain the power to terminate employees at will, accrue benefits through regulatory arbitrage, and promote their own interests when handling conflicting intra-organizational demands. Xiangmin (Helen) Liu is an Assistant Professor of Human Resource Management in the School of Labor and Employment Relations. She is also an affiliate faculty member of the Department of Asian Studies. Dr. Liu received her Ph.D. and M.S. in Human Resource Studies from the School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Cornell University. Her research focuses on strategic human resource management, contingent work, and employment relations in Asian countries such as China and Vietnam.
This talk will focus on continuity of Soviet conspiratorial ideas and narratives in post- Soviet Russia. What ‘performative shifts’ of late Soviet discourse were adopted and transformed by ‘communities of loss’ in the 1990s and 2000s? Why did conservative nationalism of the 1970s become so significant for Russian popular culture forty years later? What messages are encoded by the symbolic language of moral panics and conspiracy theories related to the ‘imaginary West’ in the late Soviet and post-Soviet Russian society? These questions can be at least partly answered by an analysis of the so called Dulles Plan for Russia, a conspiratorial forgery based on borrowings from the novel Vechnyi Zov (the Eternal Call, 1971–76) by the Soviet writer Anatoliy Ivanov. The talk deals with its history, ideological contexts and popular reception in present day Russia.
Experience stories, songs and art in different languages. Fun for speakers of all languages, including English. World Stories Alive! is a collaborative project brought to you by Schlow Centre Region Library and The Center for Global Studies at Penn State.
Yapa Lakshman, professor in the Penn State Geography Department at the College of Earth and Mineral Science, will present on policy challenges in Policy as part of the Penn State School of International Affairs’ spring colloquium: Current Policy Challenges.
Lakshman’s current research project, Rethinking Urban Poverty in the United States, is an academic program that combines teaching, research, and service learning in West Philadelphia. He moves away from conventional economic and welfare approaches of poverty by defining it as a substantive question related to access—to transport, housing, nutrition, health-care, and so on. Lakshman’s research combines theories of economic development, postmodern discourse theory, and Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Despite the massive efforts at economic development, statistical evidence shows a troubling persistence of poverty and increasing inequality of income (both within and between nations). Reminiscent of a Kuhnian "crisis in the paradigm", development economists (and their principal Marxist critics) are not able to offer us a satisfactory explanation of the failure of development.
In this global economy having a global workforce is a competitive necessity. However this need comes at a very high cots, and for the company to get as much out of this investment as possible, they need to make sure they are managing this process the right way. In this presentation, Loredana Abreu, second-year graduate student from Penn State's School of Labor and Employment Relations, will explain where are companies going wrong with international assignments and how they can avoid to make these mistakes and prevent major economic losses.
Environmental change and disaster. The evolution and fate of the human race. Understanding the Other (gender, race, sexuality, class, belief, the alien). The ethics of technoscience. The possibility of space and/or time travel. Issues of extra- Terran colonization and colonialism. Future world wars. Dystopias and utopias. What/where is reality? What if X had happened, instead of Y? In many of its questions and critiques the genre of science fiction (SF) is, per force, global. Depending how you define SF and proto-SF, one can find beginning points with H.G. Wells, Jules Verne, Mary Shelley, and even Dante and Lucian. As a designated literary genre, however, SF began in the US in the 1920s; and it was the US, followed quickly by England, and predominantly by white men in both countries, whose perspective quickly came to dominate the field. Elsewhere in the world, genre SF (literature, film, etc.) evolved at various moments from the mid-twentieth century on, at times in imitation of Anglophone SF, at times in conversation with it, and at times with a concerted effort to build a narrative set in and reflective of an author’s culture. Dr. Saiber's talk will address this tension between the apparently “global” nature of SF and the inevitably “local” characteristics implicit within its production. She will give an overview of the current state of “World Science Fiction” and then focus on one country’s production—a country few would ever associate with SF, and yet one with a significant output since the 1950s, and with notable local peculiarities: Italy."
Arielle Saber is Associate Professor of Italian, Bowdoin College (Ph.D., Italian Literature, Yale, 1999). She has published articles on medieval and early modern Italian literature; early modern mathematics, print history, and advice manuals; literature & science studies; genre theory and experimental electronic music; and Dante in contemporary culture.
Experience stories, songs and art in different languages. Fun for speakers of all languages, including English. World Stories Alive! is a collaborative project brought to you by Schlow Centre Region Library and The Center for Global Studies at Penn State.
Dr. Mark Reese is Central Asian Subject Matter Expert with nineteen years of experience in region. Eight years regional field work in activities ranging from program management, academic research, to combat mission support. Current areas of research focus include social, political and cultural issues in present day Central and South Asia as well as translation of Uzbek literature into English.
The first decade of the twenty-first century witnessed an upsurge and a flourishing of time travel fiction in China, which is physically, logically, and/or humanly impossible. The boom of this new narrative genre has been fueled in no small part by the so-called “postmodernist turn” coupled with the “historiographical turn”, to the degree that it is no longer possible to read it along the lines of traditional narrative theory. With contemporary Chinese time travel fiction as its central concern, this article pursues four major goals: 1) to uncover its dominant unnatural patterns and means of time travel, 2) to reveal its unnaturalness from such perspectives as metalepsis, prolepsis, self-contradictory narration, and multiperson narration, 3) to examine its consequences and values of being unnatural, and 4) to offer a way of naturalizing it by suggesting the intersection of unnatural narratology with ethical narratology.
Biwu Shang is a Distinguished Research Fellow of English at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, editor of Frontiers of Narrative Studies. His areas of research include narrative theory, ethical literary criticism, and contemporary Anglo-American fiction. He is the author of two critical monographs (In Pursuit of Narrative Dynamics, 2011; Contemporary Western Narratology: Postclassical Perspectives, 2013). His writings were published or are forthcoming in such journals as Style, Journal of Literary Semantics, CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture, Semiotica, Neohelicon, Primerjalna Književnost, and Arcadia: International Journal of Literary Studies.
Leif Trana, Minister Counsellor for Economic Affairs at the Embassy of Norway will present "Managing the Global Commons: Norway's Interests in the Arctic" as part of the Penn State School of International Affairs’ spring colloquium. The Arctic is Norway’s top policy issue.
Before joining the Embassy of Norway in August 2014, Trana serviced as the director of the section for organizational development in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Oslo. In this position, he focused on how to align the resources used at various embassies with Norwegian interests in the corresponding country or organization. Before that, he was deputy director int eh same section. He spent five years working on World Trade Organization matters focusing on the agricultural and the National Agri-Marketing Association negotiations in the Doha Development Agenda. Trana is a career foreign-service officer who has served in Riyadh and Washington. He received his M.A. in economics from the University of Oslo.
In 1618, Li Zhizao (js.1598, d.1630), a prominent Christian converted in early 17th century, published Pangong Li Yue Shu (PGLYS), a manual for worshiping Confucius in the local Confucius Temple. The text raises an interesting question, “Why did a prominent Chinese Christian worship Confucius and even encourage others to do the same?” I argue that Li’s production of the text had a specific and precise intention, in view of the fact that it was published in 1618, one year after the Nanjing Persecution (1616-1617), the first attempt by the Ming court to proscribe Christianity in China. By publishing PGLYS, Li endeavored to allay the doubts and suspicions on the part of the Confucian elites about Christianity, especially the accusation that Christianity sought to dislodge and replace Confucianism. Through the perspective of a prominent Chinese convert, Tang hopes to shed some light on the question of the religiosity and religiousness of Confucianism. Kwok-leong Tang is a Ph.D. student of history at the Pennsylvania State University. His dissertation “Cultural Unity and Political Legitimacy in Local and Transnational Contexts: The Temple of Culture (wenmiao) in Late Imperial China and Vietnam” explores the questions of cultural unity and political legitimacy in the late imperial period by pursuing an in-depth study of the Temple of Culture in China, and to a lesser extent, Vietnam.
The third millennium dawned for Polish modernist Bruno Schulz (1898-1942) with a remarkable instance of scission and damaged contiguity. Almost certainly his last creative works, nursery murals that Schulz had painted for a Gestapo officer’s villa were discovered and then spirited out of Drohobycz in several fragments. Transported to Jerusalem’s Yad Vashem with a portion left in situ in Ukraine, they now endure an uncannily ruptured afterlife in unintended echo of what Schulz celebrated mythopoeically as 'the migration of forms.' That this fate also echoes a series of transpositions and appropriations undergone by the biographical figure of Schulz himself across the border of the late 20th and early 21st century prose fiction makes the episode especially uncanny. In this talk, we will consider an unlikely epilogue of artist/artifact transit across the boundaries of nation, language, and cultural heritage.
Dr. Adam Zachary Newton is University Professor and Ronald P. Stanton Chair in Literature and the Humanities at Yeshiva University and former chair of the Yeshiva College English department. He did his graduate work in literature and philosophy at Harvard University, and in addition to his many articles, essays, and plenary talks, has published five books under the general rubric of the ethics of reading in the areas of Narrative Theory, American Studies, Modern Jewish Thought, Comparative Literature, and Jewish Studies. He is now at work on a sixth monograph on the subject of Jewish Studies and the academic Humanities.
Experience stories, songs and art in different languages. Fun for speakers of all languages, including English. World Stories Alive! is a collaborative project brought to you by Schlow Centre Region Library and The Center for Global Studies at Penn State.
Dr. Jayakar serves as co-director of the Institute for Information Policy, housed in the College of Communications. His areas of research cover telecommunications policy and media economics, with a special interest in universal access to telecommunications. He is a past head of the Media Management and Economics Division of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, and currently serves on the boards of editors of The Information Society journal and the Journal of Information Policy. His research has been supported by grants from the Pacific Telecommunications Foundation, the Time Warner Cable Research Program on Digital Communications, the Media Democracy Fund, and AT&T.
In 2013, he received the Deans' Award for Excellence in Integrated Scholarship. He had previously received the 2004 Deans’ Award for Excellence in Integrated Scholarship and the 2002 Deans’ Award for Excellence in Teaching. Before joining academia, Dr. Jayakar was a research officer in India's Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, drafting research reports and position papers on media policy.
Lady Anne Lindsay Barnard (1750-1825) was the wife of a colonial administrator at the Cape of Good Hope, 1797-1802, under the governorship of Sir George Macartney and Sir George Yonge. The object of merely sentimental interest till the 1990s, critical attention to her letters, diaries and watercolours reveals the engagement of a subtle, sceptical, and creative mind whose work and wit offer remarkable insights into life in the colony – standing at the crossroads of East and West at a crucial historical moment – and that raise questions about the relations between history, fiction and politics that continue to be relevant today.
Greg Clingham is the John P. Crozer Chair of English Literature and the Director of the University Press at Bucknell University, Pennsylvania, where he teaches courses on literature 1650-1850, and on a wide range of texts in their relations with law, history, East-West relations, the exotic, memory, translation, and landscape. He is the author of Johnson, Writing, and Memory (Cambridge, 2002) and also of many other books and essays on Johnson, Boswell, Dryden, and issues in historiography and translation.
Roger Finke is a Penn State professor of sociology and religious studies in the Department of Sociology and Criminology. He is also the Director of the Association of Religion Data Archives and is the President of the Association for the Sociology of Religion. Professor Finke co-authored two influential books with sociologist of religion Rodney Stark. The Churching of America, 1776-1990: Winners and Losers in Our Religious Economy received the 1993 Distinguished Book Award from the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion. Acts of Faith: Explaining the Human Side of Religion received the 2001 Book Award from the American Sociological Association's Sociology of Religion Section. These books extended what is often called the New Paradigm or the Rational Choice theoretical perspective, conceptualizing denominations as competitors in a religious market. The Churching of America was methodologically noteworthy for demonstrating the utility of quantitative historical data on church membership. Additionally, Finke is the co-author of The Price of Freedom Denied: Religious Persecution and Conflict in the Twenty-first Century and Places of Faith: A Road Trip Across America's Religious Landscape. He is author or co-author of numerous peer-reviewed articles appearing in edited volumes and journals such as American Sociological Review, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Review of Religious Research, Social Science Research, and The Sociological Quarterly.
Professor Finke was the founding director of the American Religion Data Archive, which was renamed as the Association of Religion Data Archives (ARDA) in 2005. Supported by the Lilly Endowment and the John Templeton Foundation, the ARDA is a diverse, freely-available online digital library offering American and international data files, along with tools and resources to assist educators, journalists, religious congregations, and researchers. Finke is also a Fellow of the Baylor Institute for Studies of Religion and a past President of the Association for the Study of Religion, Economics, and Culture.
As geographical borders diminish in importance and markets globalize, English is rapidly becoming a preferred language of discourse. In this talk, I present collaborative work (resulting from international collaboration with Mirjam Ernestus at Radboud University and funding by the National Science Foundation to the Center for Language Science) that explores those situations where both interlocutors are non-native speakers using English as a lingua franca. In order to investigate the flexibility of phonological categories in bilingual language production, recordings of Spanish-English bilinguals in Spain speaking with two Dutch-English bilingual confederates across two speech styles (the Nijmegen Corpus of Spanish English) were used to track the production patterns of two key vowel contrasts in English. The first, the difference between bit and beet, is not present in Spanish but is present in Dutch; the second, the difference between bat and bet, is not present in Dutch but is distinguished by Spanish speakers of English. Results of statistical analysis reveal that the Spaniards align their production patterns not to more native-like English (which would require a four-way contrast), but rather to the production patterns of their Dutch interlocutors. This is also a function of speech style and proficiency: Spaniards make the beet/bit distinction gradually over time in informal, but not formal speech, and more proficient speakers align more strongly than less proficient speakers to the merged bat/bet production of the Dutch speakers. These findings are interpreted in a framework where alignment to the patterns of one's interlocutor is a complex relationship among language-internal and language-external factors.
Grant Berry is a 2016-2017 Center for Global Studies Fellow. He is also a Ph.D. candidate in Spanish and Language Science in the Department of Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese and an active member of the Center for Language Science. While he maintains varied interests in phonetics, phonology, and bilingualism, the nexus of his research is language variation and change. Grant's research examines sociodemographic and cognitive behavioral factors that link an individual to his/her community on the level of his/her linguistic production, especially in situations where language is undergoing change or is highly stratified along socioeconomic and/or ethnic lines. More information can be found atgrantberry.info.
The networked nature of politics today has led to a divergence from postcolonial and ethnic studies rubrics towards horizontalist approaches to cultural criticism like the Global South. This talk details the cultural history of this horizontal turn through tracing the roots of the contemporary notion of the Global South to the ideology of a profoundly influential but largely elided cold war movement called the Tricontinental. Mahler argues that this ideology, which was disseminated among the international Left through the Tricontinental’s expansive cultural production, revised a black Atlantic resistant subjectivity into a global vision of subaltern resistance that is resurfacing today.
Dr. Anne Garland Mahler is an assistant professor of Latin American cultural studies at the University of Arizona. Her research interests include global south studies, black internationalism, and cold war politics, and her book manuscript is entitled The Color of Resistance: Race and Solidarity from the Tricontinental to the Global South. Her second project, Men with Guns: Cultures of Paramilitarism in the Modern Americas, was awarded a 2015 Ford-LASA Special Projects Grant. Mahler’s articles have appeared in Latin American Research Review; Small Axe: A Caribbean Platform for Criticism; Journal of Latin American Cultural Studies; and U.S. Latino(a) Studies.
This workshop is designed to bring together K-12 teachers, administrators, and university scholars who share a passion in teaching that environmental sustainability, renewable energy and innovation are fundamental goals for our collective futures.
Kruczek graduated from Penn State in 2005 with a B.A. in Political Science and B.S. in Professional Golf Management. During time as an undergraduate, spent time in Cairo, Egypt and Beirut, Lebanon studying Arabic and each state's political culture. In Fall 2006 completed intensive Arabic program at the Monterey Institute of International Studies in Monterey, CA. Worked as Research Assistant at the Potomac Institute for Policy Studies (Arlington, VA) from 2006-2007. In 2007 served as Information Officer at Georgetown University's Center for Contemporary Arab Studies. After a brief stint in Beirut in late-2007, returned to Penn State for his Masters, graduating from the School of International Affairs in 2009. Master's paper dealt with confessional politics in Lebanon. From 2010-2012 was a lead researcher in Penn State's College of Information Science and Technology on the counter-insurgency component of a Multi-University Research Initiative sponsored by the U.S. Army Research Lab. In 2011 joined the faculty of Susquehanna University as an instructor in the Department of Political Science, teaching classes on world politics and comparative domestic politics. In January 2013 began pursuing Ph.D in Government and International Affairs at Virginia Tech's Washington, D.C. campus under the guidance of Dr. Ariel Ahram. His dissertation topic concerns the Christian response to the Arab Spring.
Career Services is partnering with the University Office of Global Programs and the Center for Global Studies to host an employer panel for domestic and international students looking to work abroad and in the United States after graduation. Panelists representing an array of business sectors will provide information on topics including various opportunities for employment, career development strategies and tips, and the increasing necessity to build global awareness to be competitive in today’s employment market. Small networking round table discussions will follow the panel presentation.
This lecture will examine the revolutionary aesthetics and politics of the late-nineteenth-century Puerto Rican intellectual Ramón Emeterio Betances. An under examined figure in Caribbean history, Betances stood out among the contemporary Hispanic Caribbean elite for his singular experiences of dislocation: he lived most of his life in France; he included Haiti within his vision of a Caribbean federation; and he was of African descent. Focusing on his early romantic novella The Two Indians (1853) and his texts on Haiti, we will ask how Betances’s resignification of indigeneity and patriotism offer alternate routes to understanding the emergence of nationalist traditions in Puerto Rico and the Caribbean.
Kahlil Chaar-Pérez is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Pittsburgh through the Department of Hispanic Languages and Literatures. He specializes in Caribbean and Latin American modern and contemporary literatures and culture, recently co-edited a special issue of Discourse journal dedicated to Édouard Glissant, and is currently working on a book project about creole intellectuals, anti-colonial politics, and visions of colonial crisis in nineteenth-century Cuba and Puerto Rico.
Experience stories, songs and art in different languages. Fun for speakers of all languages, including English. World Stories Alive! is a collaborative project brought to you by Schlow Centre Region Library and The Center for Global Studies at Penn State.
Khanjan Mehta, the Founding Director of the Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship (HESE) Program and Assistant Professor of Engineering Design at Penn State, will speak on "Appropriate Technologies in the Globalized World" as part of the Penn State School of International Affairs’ spring colloquium: Current Policy Challenges.
Mehta’s research interests encompass affordable design; systems thinking; social entrepreneurship pedagogy; agricultural technologies and food value chains (FVCs); global health and telemedicine systems; cellphones, social networks and trust; indigenous knowledge systems; development ethics and grassroots diplomacy; women in engineering and entrepreneurship; and informal lending systems for micro-enterprises. The objective of these research endeavors is to democratize knowledge and mainstream HESE as a valid and rigorous area of learning, research, and engagement. He has published over 65 journal articles and refereed conference proceedings with a similar number in the pipeline. Mehta serves as an Associate Editor for the IEEE Technology and Society Magazine and Contributing Editor for the Engineering 4 Change portal.
Filmed over 211 shooting days in nine countries and five continents, the film shows viewers how communities across the globe are tackling the challenge of climate change. From Montana's Powder River basin and the Alberta Tar Sands to the streets of Beijing and Greece, activists, scientists, and author Naomi Klein challenge us to re-imagine and reinvent the economic system that has brought about disruptive climate change. Following each screening, Penn State faculty from atmospheric sciences, communications, and more will participate in a panel discussion with questions taken from the audience.
Filmed over 211 shooting days in nine countries and five continents, the film shows viewers how communities across the globe are tackling the challenge of climate change. From Montana's Powder River basin and the Alberta Tar Sands to the streets of Beijing and Greece, activists, scientists, and author Naomi Klein challenge us to re-imagine and reinvent the economic system that has brought about disruptive climate change. Following each screening, Penn State faculty from atmospheric sciences, communications, and more will participate in a panel discussion with questions taken from the audience.
A mistaken delivery in Mumbai's famously efficient lunchbox delivery system connects a young housewife to an older man in the dusk of his life as they build a fantasy world together through notes in the lunchbox. This screening was part of the CGS South Asian Film Series.
Lydia Edwards is a new kind of labor leader for a changing labor movement: an architect of the Massachusetts Domestic Worker Bill of Rights, one of the first of its kind in the nation; coordinator of grassroots efforts to implement the law with domestic workers, employers, labor, state agencies and academic institutions; advocate for labor trafficked domestic workers, who are disproportionately immigrant women of color; 2015 Bostonian of the Year.
The last decade has witnessed ongoing debates about the implementation of Emergency law in response to insurgency and terrorism. A question world powers confront post 9/11 is, “what is the temporality of Emergency; what justifies its extension through time?” Colonial novels of Jamaica demonstrate that this question has a history and a literary history. In their formal stagings of the Morant Bay rebellion of 1865 and the brutal counter-insurgency that ensued, forgotten works by Herbert George de Lisser and Victor Stafford Reid alternately elaborate and challenge a rhetoric of “necessity” that governs arguments for the temporal extension of Emergency law during the colonial era, a rhetoric that has returned anew today.
Nicole Rizzuto is Assistant Professor of English at Georgetown University. She is author of Insurgent Testimonies: Witnessing Colonial Trauma in Modern and Anglophone Literature (Fordham University Press, December 2015). Her work appears in Comparative Literature, College Literature, Twentieth-Century Literature, Contemporary French and Francophone Studies, World Picture, and Contemporary Literature.
Experience stories, songs and art in different languages. Fun for speakers of all languages, including English. World Stories Alive! is a collaborative project brought to you by Schlow Centre Region Library and The Center for Global Studies at Penn State.
Lawrence Wilkerson's last positions in government were as Secretary of State Colin Powell's Chief of Staff (2002-05), Associate Director of the State Department's Policy Planning staff under the directorship of Ambassador Richard N. Haass, and member of that staff responsible for East Asia and the Pacific, political-military and legislative affairs (2001-02). Before serving at the State Department, Wilkerson served 31 years in the U.S. Army. During that time, he was a member of the faculty of the U.S. Naval War College (1987 to 1989), Special Assistant to General Powell when he was Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1989-93), and Director and Deputy Director of the U.S. Marine Corps War College at Quantico, Virginia (1993-97). Wilkerson retired from active service in 1997 as a colonel, and began work as an advisor to General Powell. He has also taught national security affairs in the Honors Program at the George Washington University. He is currently working on a book about the first George W. Bush administration.
This paper argues for a biopolitical approach to Walt Whitman’s poetry, one that considers how Whitman locates utopian possibility in a poetics of the flesh. I examine two adaptations of Whitman’s poetry, a 2009 Levi’s Jeans commercial directed by Cary Fukunaga and Rob Halpern’s 2012 collection of poetry Music for Porn. The former stages Whitman’s utopian aspirations in post-Katrina New Orleans, the latter revises Whitman’s Civil War poetry in response to the second Gulf War. In both cases, the historical wounds borne by bodies become sites for reimagining social futures. Whitman’s name, I propose, becomes a crossroads in which the long disaster of American exceptionalism converges with struggles to construct a world beyond the constraints of capitalist and state formations.
Christian Haines is Assistant Professor of English at Dartmouth College. He is completing his first book, A Desire Called America: Biopolitics, Utopia, and the Literary Commons, which examines utopian figurations of corporeality in nineteenth-century and contemporary U.S. literature. He has published essays in journals including Criticism, Genre, and Angelaki: A Journal of the Theoretical Humanities. He is co-editor and a contributor to a forthcoming special issue of Cultural Critique entitled “What Comes After the Subject?” His current research examines the relationship between contemporary cultural production and finance capital.
Dr. Richard Alley, Evan Pugh Professor in the Penn State Department of Geosciences at the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, will speak about climate change as the first speaker of the Penn State School of International Affairs’ spring colloquium.
Alley has authored more than 170 refereed scientific publications about the relationships between Earth's cryosphere and global climate change. Alley testified about climate change before the U.S. House Committee on Science and Technology in 2007 and 2010. His 2007 testimony was due to his role as a lead author of "Chapter 4: Observations: Changes in Snow, Ice and Frozen Ground" for the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). He has participated in the joint United Nations World Meteorological Organization panel since 1992, having been a contributing author to both the second and third IPCC assessment reports.
Interested in working for the government? Join us for this presentation to learn more about the types of career paths the government offers at the federal, state, and local level. Gain a better understanding of the resources available to Penn State Students in order to better quantify your search for an internship or full time job in this sector of employment.
Gai Nyok, one of the former “Lost Boys” of Sudan, will speak at Penn State. Recently inducted into the U.S. Department of State as a foreign service officer, Nyok was one of more than 25,000 children orphaned by his country’s civil war and fled his village when he was 5 years old. He will share his experiences as a refugee and the story of his journey and new life in America.
Have you studied or worked abroad? Learn what employers look for in potential candidates with these invaluable international experiences. This presentation will allow you to gain a better understanding of how to market your time abroad effectively to employers by reflecting and connecting your experiences to the current job market.
Dr. Piazza is Professor of Political Science. His research focuses on terrorism and political violence. Specific interests include: socioeconomic roots of terrorism; regime-type, human rights, repression and terrorism; state failure and terrorism; religion, ideology and terrorist organizations and behavior; ethnic minorities and terrorism; the global narcotics trade and terrorism; natural resources and conflict; right-wing extremism in the United States; public opinion and counterterrorism. His work has been published in the American Journal of Political Science, Journal of Politics, Comparative Political Studies, International Studies Quarterly, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Public Choice, Journal of Peace Research, Political Psychology, Conflict Management and Peace Science, Political Research Quarterly, Foreign Policy Analysis, International Interactions, Defence and Peace Economics, Southern Economic Journal, Security Studies, Terrorism and Political Violence and Studies in Conflict and Terrorism.
Bringing together Marxist considerations of political economy with the critical discourse of biopolitics, this lecture considers the power of financial abstractions to foster life or to disallow life to the point of death.
Christian Haines is Assistant Professor of English at Dartmouth College. He is currently completing a book entitled A Desire Called America: Biopolitics, Utopia, and the Literary Commons, which examines utopian figurations of biology and corporeality in nineteenth-century and contemporary U.S. literature. He is also working on a project on global finance and the politics of abstraction with the working title Finance as a Way of Life.
The Center for Global Studies is pleased to announce the competition for FLAS Fellowships for the Pennsylvania State University. FLAS Fellowships are authorized under Title VI of the Higher Education Act and are administered by the U.S. Department of Education. They assist undergraduate and graduate students in achieving competency in selected foreign languages and conducting research in related international and area studies. Learn more about this exciting opportunity by coming to our informational session and by visiting our FLAS page. Students from all disciplines are encouraged to apply.
This lecture is a part of the Comparative Literature Luncheon series, a weekly informal lunchtime gathering of students, faculty, and other members of the University community featuring a presentation on a topic related to any humanities discipline.
The film examines the plight of a group of widows forced into poverty at a temple in the holy city of Varanasi. It focuses on a relationship between one of the widows, who wants to escape the social restrictions imposed on widows, and a man who is from the highest caste and a follower of Mahatma Gandhi.
The Egyptian Revolution has been an ongoing roller coaster over the past two and a half years. Through the news, we only get a glimpse of the bloodiest battle, an election, or a million man march. At the beginning of July 2013, we witnessed the second president deposed within the space of three years. The Square is an immersive experience, transporting the viewer deeply into the intense emotional drama and personal stories behind the news. It is the inspirational story of young people claiming their rights, struggling through multiple forces, in the fight to create a society of conscience.
The Center for Global Studies is pleased to announce the competition for FLAS Fellowships for the Pennsylvania State University. FLAS Fellowships are authorized under Title VI of the Higher Education Act and are administered by the U.S. Department of Education. They assist undergraduate and graduate students in achieving competency in selected foreign languages and conducting research in related international and area studies. Learn more about this exciting opportunity by coming to our informational session and by visiting our FLAS page. Students from all disciplines are encouraged to apply.
An intimate look into the lives of nine young Chinese, coming of age in a society that is changing a breathtaking speed. A riveting and poignant journey, Young & Restless in China tracks the lives of nine ambitious young Chinese men and women struggling to make it in this very tumultuous and rapidly changing society. Whether defying Eastern cultural traditions in pursuit of more Western values, struggling through (often erratic) government protocols to start a new business, or fighting to preserve the environment, this new generation of twenty- and thirty-somethings is caught between the bonds of their nation’s history and their own quest for a very different future. Narrated by ER star Ming Wen, Young & Restless in China captures the coming-of-age of China’s most dynamic generation in ways as intimately familiar as they are decidedly new.
Dr. David Cunningham is Deputy Director of the Institute for Modern and Contemporary Culture and a Reader in Modern Literature and Culture at the University of Westminster in London. He has published widely on aesthetics, modernism, and the theory of the novel, including collections on Adorno and Literature and Photography and Literature. He is a longstanding editor of the journal Radical Philosophy.
We're mobilizing for social justice. On November 19, hundreds of Penn Staters from environmental and social justice groups will unite at Old Main to call for an end to injustices caused by climate change and environmental degradation. Nobel Prize co-recipient Michael Mann will be speaking. This event is co-sponsored by a diverse, inclusive coalition of progressive groups: Sustainability Institute, Center for Global Studies, Green Party of Pennsylvania, Fossil Free PSU, NAACP at Penn State, Penn State Student Black Caucus, Eco-Action, Student Society for Indigenous Knowledge, Latino Caucus, I.D.E.A.S., Students for Sanders, WORDS, College Democrats, United Students Against Sweatshops, Dominican Student Association, Asian/Pacific-American Caucus, P.O.W.E.R., Human Rights Brigades, Global Water Brigades, Public Health Brigades, Environmental Brigades, Student Works at Penn States, Degrees Not Debt, Engineers for a Sustainable World, Political Science Association, Penn State Green Party, Penn State Hillel, 3rd Way Collective, Westminster Presbyterian Fellowship, Women in Politics, Houseasaurus Co-Op, Sierra Club Moshannon Group.
Career Services will be presenting information on the tips for the job and internship search for international students on November 19th. During this presentation, students will gain insight into the process of applying for jobs and internships, what employers look for in successful candidates, as well as how to become more self-aware about values and skills in order to identify employers and market themselves effectively.
In conjunction with the Office of Global Programs and the Center for Global Studies, Penn State Career Services will be hosting a presentation for international students regarding obtainment of work visas after graduation. The presentation will be given by Mark Rhoads, an experienced immigration attorney. Mr. Rhoads will provide practical information regarding the most common work visas available that allow Penn State students to stay and work within the United States after graduation. There will be a focus on Optional Practical Training (OPT) and the H1B. Mr. Rhoads will provide strategies for dealing with the H1B quota and filing deadlines, as well as strategies for discussing “visa status” questions with employers during your job search. He will also discuss alternatives to the H1B for those who qualify, including L-1, E visas, and others.
Dr. Lee Ann De Reus is an Associate Professor of Human Development & Family Studies and Women Studies at Pennsylvania State University, Altoona and the co-founder/assistant executive director of Panzi Foundation USA (www.panzifoundation.org). As a scholar-activist, she travels regularly to Panzi Hospital in eastern DR Congo to conduct research, develop programs for rape survivors, and inform her advocacy work in the U.S. She co-leads annual field experiences for PSU students to Rwanda and Mozambique and co-founded Beza Kids (www.bezakids.org) in support of vulnerable women and children there. Dr. De Reus is a 2009 Carl Wilkens Fellow and the recipient of numerous awards from Penn State University in recognition of exemplary teaching and in honor of her commitment to global service and outreach.
Career Services has partnered with the Office of Global Programs and the Center for Global Studies to host an employer panel for domestic and international students looking to work abroad, as well as within the United States, after graduation. Panelists from different sectors of companies and organizations will provide information on topics including awareness of an increasingly global world of careers, alternative opportunities of employment, and career development strategies and tips.
R. A. Judy is Professor of Critical and Cultural Studies at the University of Pittsburgh, and a member of the boundary 2 Editorial Collective. He is author of (Dis)forming the American Canon: The Vernacular of African Arabic American Slave Narrative (1992), and has published numerous essays in the areas of contemporary Islamic philosophy, literary/cultural theory, music, Arabic and world literatures, including “Some Thoughts on Naguib Mahfouz in the Spirit of Secular Criticism,” and “Sayyid Qutb’s fiqh al- waqi‘i, or New Realist Science.” Having studied Arabic language and literature at al-Azhar University from 1975-79 and the Institut Bourguiba des Langues Vivantes, Université de Tunis I in 1988, he was subsequently a Fulbright Fellow at the Institut Bourguiba des Langues Vivantes from 1998-99, and has edited two important boundary 2 dossiers on Tunisia: The Tunisian Revolution Dignity (2012), and Some Notes on the Status of Global English in Tunisia (2000). This lecture is a part of the Comparative Literature Luncheon series, a weekly informal lunchtime gathering of students, faculty, and other members of the University community featuring a presentation on a topic related to any humanities discipline.
Drs. Sun Ping and Sun Yuhua will also speak on issues of Chinese constitutional law in the current climate. Dr. Sun Ping is a professor of law at Eastern China University of Political Science & Law, specializing in Chinese human rights and constitutional issues. Dr. Sun Yuhua is currently a visiting scholar at Columbia University Law School, specializing in Chinese constitutional law. Dr. Sun Ping and Dr. Sun Yuhua will present, “China and its Constitutional Order.” An informal Q & A discussion will take place following the presentation to address questions on the presentation and general issues related to Chinese law (1.5 hours of lecture followed by 1 hour of discussion).
Nationalism has always been a contradictory and problematic issue for progressive politics, provoking an inconsistency at the level of political theory that is matched only by the often chaotic reality of political practice. This lecture will argue that the contemporaneous emergence of ‘bourgeois’ nationalism and a world market in the second part of the nineteenth century was far from coincidental and, moreover, that this overlooked and misunderstood convergence provides a model for contemporary responses to globalization. Contrary to the twin assumptions that transnational political problems necessarily require transnational solutions and that the nation State is becoming increasingly irrelevant, civic nationalism has never been more important as a basis for political organization. Contemporary Scotland is offered as an exemplary case, demonstrating how a politics driven by the apparently limited terms of ‘national self-determination’ might become a model for broader political resistance to the assumptions of our precarious ‘New World Order’.
Alastair Renfrew is Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Durham University. His main area of research specialization is literary and critical theory, particularly Mikhail Bakhtin and the so-called Russian Formalists; he has also taught and published on Russian and Soviet Cinema and on Russian and Scottish Literature. He is author of Towards a New Material Aesthetics (Legenda, 2006) and Mikhail Bakhtin (Routledge, 2015), and co-editor of the collection Critical Theory in Russia and the West (Routledge, 2010); he is currently working on projects on Lenin and on Dialectics and Dialogics.
Poetry Without Borders is an annual, university-wide, student-run poetry reading forum where students and faculty expose the audience to different languages and cultures. The event aims to bring together people with different backgrounds and passions. In the past, we had contributions from languages such as German, Chinese, Mongolian, Kazakhs, Norwegian, Vietnamese, Indonesian, Turkish, Hebrew, Dutch, Russian, Ukrainian, and Portuguese, and students and faculty from different majors and research fields. Attendees will be exposed to hearing different languages and will be positively impacted by this cultural diversity, sharing or finding an interest in foreign cultures and languages. Sponsored by the Department of Germanic and Slavic Languages and Literatures, the School of Languages and Literatures, the Department of Comparative Literature, the Center for Global Studies, the Center for Language Science, the Woskob Family Endowment in Ukrainian Studies, and Penn State University Libraries.
Venezuela was cursed with the world’s largest oil reserves. The South American country suffers the world’s most expensive Big Mac and the highest homicide per capita. As the country slides ever closer to hyperinflation and crime rates continue to spin wildly, one thing remains clear: the price of the regime’s survival appears to be the slow death of all Venezuelans. Join us for a compelling talk on the future of Venezuela. Alfredo Malaret is a second-year graduate student from the School of International Affairs specializing on Development Policy and International Security Studies. Growing up in Caracas, Venezuela, Malaret is strongly passionate for the eradication of economic disparity in this country. To reach his goals, he will be moving to Peru by the end of the year, where he will start his professional career working at the United Nations Regional Centre for Peace, Disarmament and Development in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Hsin-fang Wu is a Ph.D candidate in the Department of History at Penn State. She is currently working on her dissertation, the “Transmission of Memory in the Jesuit Mission in Shanghai, 1842-1949.” This dissertation will examine how the new Jesuit missionaries to China in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries perceived and interpreted the history of the earlier Jesuit Chinese mission in the late Ming and early Qing periods, and how the new missionaries transmitted their re-interpretation of this legacy through their newly established publishing programs and related mission activities.
Jennifer Scappettone is a poet, translator, and scholar. Killing the Moonlight: Modernism in Venice, her study of the outmoded city of lagoons as a crucible for twentieth-century aesthetic and political experiments, was published by Columbia University Press in 2014 and is a finalist for the Modernist Studies Association’s annual book award. She edited and translated Locomotrix: Selected Poetry and Prose of Amelia Rosselli, winner of the Academy of American Poets’s Raiziss/De Palchi Prize, and curated Belladonna Elders Series 5: Poetry, Landscape, Apocalypse. Poetry collections include From Dame Quickly (Litmus, 2009) and Exit 43, an archaeology of landfill and opera of pop-up counterpastorals, forthcoming from Atelos Press. She is Associate Professor of English, Creative Writing, and Romance Languages and Literatures and Faculty Affiliate of the Center for the Study of Gender and Sexuality at the University of Chicago.
This lecture is a part of the Comparative Literature Luncheon series, a weekly informal lunchtime gathering of students, faculty, and other members of the University community featuring a presentation on a topic related to any humanities discipline.
The Circuits of Justice workshop will address issues of activism and public protest; organizing and resistance; gender, race, and intersectional analytics; work and labor; precarity; incarceration; urban (in)justice; environmental (in)justice; subalternism and recognition; emotion and affect; and informal, restorative and transitional justice. Anyone interested in research about in issues of justice, equity, human rights and human vulnerability is invited to attend the panel discussion.
This keynote is part of the "Circuits of Justice" workshop hosted by the Department of Geography and co-sponsored by the Department of Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, the Rock Ethics Institute, Supporting Women in Geography, and the Center for Global Studies.
Non-governmental organization (NGO) field workers believe they are empowering Somali women through training with refugees and recent immigrants in Dadaab, Kenya and Toronto, Canada. Empowerment is a contested term, with some NGO educators presenting women’s empowerment as participation in existing social structures and more efficient performance of their traditional roles, while others argue empowerment is related to social transformation and change. Somali refugee women conceptualize their own empowerment as they balance (re)connecting and (re)structuring families and communities after displacement. This presentation discusses dissertation research to understand how empowerment is interpreted in NGO training with Somali women in Dadaab and Toronto and subsequently internalized, reappropriated, and/or contested by learners.
Allyson Krupar has over seven years’ experience in research, project development, monitoring and evaluation in local organizations worldwide, specifically focusing on projects related to education for professionals, post-secondary education, and education for older learners who have not completed traditional formal schooling. Ms. Krupar has worked on education and human rights programs in the US, conflict resolution training in Liberia, health education in Uganda, and technology and education worldwide. She has taught at the American University of Afghanistan in Kabul and worked in distance and e-learning at Makerere University's Infectious Disease Institute in Kampala, Uganda and American University. She recently worked as a Visiting Researcher with RET, an international organization focusing on post-primary education for displaced people, where she conducted impact evaluation of programming and independent research towards her dissertation. She also is an Adjunct Instructor with American University’s School for Professional and Extended Studies. Ms. Krupar holds a Bachelors of Arts in Anthropology from Case Western Reserve University and a Masters of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies focusing on conflict resolution, human rights law and anthropology from the School of International Service at American University. Currently, she is a Doctoral Candidate in Adult Education and Comparative International Education at Penn State University.
This lecture is a part of the Center for Global Studies Brown Bag Graduate Lecture Series which focuses on interdisciplinary graduate research.
For Michel Foucault the subject, subjectivation, is one of the ways in which the event of discourse is regulated and controlled by means of limitations and exclusions – regulated not from outside it but as a procedure internal to discourse. It is in the service of a liberation from those limitations that Foucault urges us to discover, beneath the manifest themes of expression, of plenitude, a principle of “discontinuity.” Discourses, he says in “The Order of Discourse,” “must be treated as discontinuous practices, which cross each other, are sometimes juxtaposed with one another, but can just as well exclude or be unaware of each other.” In the spirit of Foucault’s inquiry, I will take up the question of the subject of the work of fiction. Through a comparison of two recent uses of free indirect discourse, I will attempt to locate the question of the subject of the work of fiction at the site of the “caesurae” that, says Foucault, “break up the instant and disperse the subject into a plurality of possible positions and functions.”
This lecture is a part of the Comparative Literature Luncheon series, a weekly informal lunchtime gathering of students, faculty, and other members of the University community featuring a presentation on a topic related to any humanities discipline.
Sun Come Up is an Academy Award® nominated film that shows the human face of climate change. The film follows the relocation of the Carteret Islanders, a community living on a remote island chain in the South Pacific Ocean, and now, some of the world’s first environmental refugees. When climate change threatens their survival, the islanders face a painful decision. They must leave their ancestral land in search of a new place to call home. "Sun Come Up" follows a group of young islanders as they search for land and build relationships in war-torn Bougainville, 50 miles across the open ocean.
Penn State faculty Lara Fowler (Law and Penn State Institutes of Energy and the Environment) and Sinfree Makoni (Applied Linguistics and African Studies) along with visiting professor Richard Mbih (African Studies) will lead the panel discussion. Sophia McClennen, director of CGS and associate director of SIA, will moderate the discussion.
In celebration of the 70th Anniversary of the United Nations, the PSU United Nations Campus Advocates is hosting a debate on the future of the United Nations - how it can be effective in the coming years in the face of internal challenges and criticisms and accomplish the new Sustainable Development Goals. The debate panel includes faculty and students, moderated and hosted by the President and Vice-President of the Penn State United Nations Campus Advocates.
Dr. Gladney in his research has examined the variety of Islamic experiences in Asia and argues that there is a distinctly “Asian Islam.” His talk will focus on the widely dispersed Uyghur diaspora which has become increasingly connected and engaged in advocacy on behalf of the plight of the 10 million Uyghurs still under a steadily repressive Chinese rule in China’s northwestern Xinjiang province (also known as Eastern Turkestan). In his talk Gladney will examine not only the globalization of China’s “Xinjiang problem,” but also the role of global social media and Western scholarship in shaping and interpreting Eastern Turkestani “separatism” in China.
Dru C. Gladney is Professor of Anthropology at Pomona College in Claremont, California. In addition to a Ph.D. in Social Anthropology from the University of Washington, Seattle, Dr. Gladney has three M.A. degrees in religion and philosophy. He has been a Fulbright Research Scholar in Turkey and China, and has held faculty positions and post-doctoral fellowships at Cambridge University, Harvard University, the University of Southern California, the University of Hawai’i and the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. Inaugural Dean of the Asia-Pacific Center for Security Studies in Honolulu, he has also recently served as President of the Pacific Basin Institute at Pomona College. He is author of the award-winning book, Muslim Chinese: Ethnic Nationalism in the People's Republic (Harvard University Press, 1996, 1st edition 1991) as well as Ethnic Identity in China: The Making of a Muslim Minority Nationality (Wadsworth, 1998); Making Majorities: Constituting the Nation in Japan, China, Korea, Malaysia, Fiji, Turkey, and the U.S. (Editor, Stanford University Press, 1998); and Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities, and Other Sub-Altern Subjects (Chicago University Press, 2004). He has testified to the US Congress and Senate on numerous occasions regarding China’s human rights record and treatment of Muslim minorities. His research has been regularly featured in interviews on CNN, BBC, CBS, Al Jazeera, and in Newsweek, Time Magazine, International Herald Tribune, Los Angeles Times, and the New York Times.
This talk is sponsored by the Departments of History, Asian Studies, Anthropology, Penn State Libraries, and the Center of Global Studies.
“The only sensible weapon against the cops,” Chris Marker presciently claimed in the 1960s, is “a film camera.” Exploring the ramifications of this statement in the context of the current struggles around the racial violence perpetrated by the police and vigilantes, this paper proposes a broad reflection on the social pragmatics of photography and its consequences. It begins by revisiting the question ‘what is photography?’ by inquiring into its supposed privileged relationship to the objective world. It argues that photography, far from simply capturing reality, is a powerful remaking machine that recomposes the very nature of the real. By resituating the photographic apparatus in a broad social pragmatics, it thereby seeks to elucidate its political power as a “sensible weapon.”
Gabriel Rockhill is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Villanova University and the Director of the Atelier de Théorie Critique in Paris. He is the author, most notably, of Interventions in Contemporary Thought: History, Politics, Aesthetics (forthcoming), Radical History & the Politics of Art (2014) and Logique de l’histoire (2010).
This lecture is a part of the Comparative Literature Luncheon series, a weekly informal lunchtime gathering of students, faculty, and other members of the University community featuring a presentation on a topic related to any humanities discipline.
As U.S. special envoy for Sudan and South Sudan from March 2011 to March 2013, Ambassador Lyman led U.S. policy in helping in the implementation of the 2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement. His lecture will be followed by a Q&A.
In languages with lexical stress it is common to observe stress-induced effects on vowel quality and duration. In some of these languages, the effect is very salient, as we find a reduced vowel inventory in unstressed syllables (phonological vowel reduction). In other languages, effects on vowel quality may only result in slight phonetic variation (phonetic vowel reduction). Experimental evidence for phonetic vowel reduction from English has led to the postulation of two general (partially conflicting) hypotheses of how vowel production is affected by the absence or presence of prosodic prominence. This talk explores prosodically-induced phonetic variation in vowel production in two Ibero-Romance languages, Iberian Spanish (5 vowels in both stressed and unstressed position) and Central Catalan (7 vowels in stressed position, 3 in unstressed position). More specifically, this study examines how vowel quality is affected by absence of lexical stress, intonational pitch accent, and decreased duration due to faster speech rate in two languages which differ in the number of vowel contrasts they exhibit as well as in the existence of phonological vowel reduction. Results are evaluated in the light of the above-mentioned hypotheses of speech production. The instability of certain vowel contrasts in prosodically-prominent positions in Catalan, traditionally attributed to influence of Spanish, will also be discussed.
Marianna Nadeu is an Assistant Professor of Spanish and Linguistics in the Department of Spanish, Italian and Portuguese at Penn State. She holds a PhD in Romance Linguistics from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where she specialized in acoustic and articulatory phonetics and laboratory phonology. Her research focuses on the phonetic effects of prosody at the segmental level in Romance languages, as well as in mechanisms and processes of speech enhancement and reduction more generally. Her research and teaching interests also include historical linguistics (especially sound change), contact linguistics, and bilingualism.
This lecture is a part of the Center for Global Studies Lecture series which focuses on interdisciplinary research.
The Wooster Group incorporated digital media and new technologies as part of their method of rehearsing and performing in a number of productions based on classics, including Hamlet (2007). Hamlet involves repetition of their own scores, which are already reenactments/recreations of scores of actors’ live performances in Richard Burton’sHamlet captured on film. In this talk, I also discuss how the use of digital media in live performance offers us a way to simultaneously explore the fragmented layers of Shakespeare’s text in multiple mediums.
Serap Erincin is a performance artist, director and writer who has lived and worked in Istanbul, London, New York, and Florida. She earned her Ph.D. in Performance Studies from NYU and is currently a postdoctoral scholar at the Institute for the Arts and Humanities at Penn State. She is the winner of various awards and fellowships and has published on performance and politics, especially with regard to human rights violations, as well as experimental dance and theatre. She is also the editor of Solum and Other Plays from Turkey and the writer and director of plays such as Inside “Out”, Connected, and Atrocity Boulevard.
This lecture is a part of the Comparative Literature Luncheon series, a weekly informal lunchtime gathering of students, faculty, and other members of the University community featuring a presentation on a topic related to any humanities discipline.
Michael Gaw will talk about his career path, the challenges he faced, and how he was ultimately able to combine his interests in government, finance and foreign affairs into a career with the federal government. His lecture will be followed by a question-and-answer session. Anyone interested in a career in law, public interest, government, and/ or foreign affairs is encouraged to attend.
In this current position as an assistant director in the Division of Trading and Markets, Gaw works on issues relating to trading rules and trade reporting for equities, fixed income and derivative securities. Currently, he is the project manager for the SEC’s implementation of new rules that require derivatives trades to be publicly disseminated, as are stock trades.
Gaw has represented the SEC at international meetings in Spain, France and Germany. He graduated from Harvard College with bachelor of arts in social studies and the University of Cambridge with a master of philosophy in European studies. He earned his juris doctorate from Boston College Law School.
This lecture is a part of the Comparative Literature Luncheon series, a weekly informal lunchtime gathering of students, faculty, and other members of the University community featuring a presentation on a topic related to any humanities discipline.
This paper discusses the surrealist magazine Minotaure (1933-1939) and other productions of the French avant-garde in the 1930s, such as Georges Bataille’s magazine Acéphale, as intense critical investigations into the notion of the human and of humanism.The universal human quality explored in these publications is no longer a rational harmonious figure at the center of the world but rather a being at once open to the animal- and object-realms, sharing with them certain modes of perception and qualities previously viewed as pre-human or inhuman. The elaboration of this new human hinges on the transformation of the classical tradition, of “Greece” from a humanistic topos of universality into a new cultural code for “the world.” This leads to a striking new understanding of humanism, one that is no less encompassing than its Renaissance and Enlightenment predecessors, but no longer anthropocentric in the same ways.The new non-anthropocentric humanism that results from these displacements invites humans into a different relationship with the world, but also encodes a specific political position during the 1930s, one that stand against the totalitarian regimes and their regulation of what stands as "human." Against this background, what these avant-garde publications propose is an alternative universalism as a critic of Western thought, articulated on an intense experimentation with the human figure.
Effie Rentzou is an Associate Professor of French Literature in the Department of French and Italian at Princeton University. She studies avant-garde and modernist literature and art, and particularly poetics, the relation between image and text, social analysis of literature, politics and literature, and the internationalization of the avant-garde. Her first book, Littérature malgré elle: Le surréalisme et la transformation du littéraire (2010) examines the construction of literary phenomena in the production of an anti-literary movement, surrealism. She is currently working on a second book, tentatively titled Concepts of the World: Avant-garde and the Idea of the International that explores the conceptualization of the “world” in the work and activities of writers and artists within and around historical avant-garde movements – futurism, dada, and surrealism – during the period 1900-1940.
This lecture is a part of the Comparative Literature Luncheon series, a weekly informal lunchtime gathering of students, faculty, and other members of the University community featuring a presentation on a topic related to any humanities discipline.
A Penn State performance of the play "Reclaiming the P…Word," a riveting and award-winning work written and originally performed by students, faculty and staff at the University of the Western Cape in South Africa, is an initiative to combat sexual violence on their campus. The play confronts the terms commonly used as insults and curses based on demeaning words for women's bodies (the "p..word" refers to such a slur) that distort gender relations and normalize the public denigration of women, and instead creates new languages for envisioning women's bodies, producing a resonant vision of power and pleasure.
A Penn State performance of the play "Reclaiming the P…Word," a riveting and award-winning work written and originally performed by students, faculty and staff at the University of the Western Cape in South Africa, is an initiative to combat sexual violence on their campus. The play confronts the terms commonly used as insults and curses based on demeaning words for women's bodies (the "p..word" refers to such a slur) that distort gender relations and normalize the public denigration of women, and instead creates new languages for envisioning women's bodies, producing a resonant vision of power and pleasure.
Prajit K. Dutta is the Managing Partner in the Aicon group of companies (Aicon Galleries & Aicon Funds) that has included two galleries – Aicon, New York and Aicon, London and three private equity funds. Aicon Galleries represents the top Indian artists including M F Husain, S H Raza, Tyeb Mehta and F N Souza as well as other leading Pan-Asian masters like Sadequain, Rasheed Araeen and Charles Hossein Zenderoudi. Aicon has worked with major museums such as the Guggenheim, Art Institute, Chicago, Metropolitan Museum and the Kiran Nadar Museum, New Delhi. The galleries have been profiled in the New York Times, Guardian, TIME and other leading news outlets. Aicon Galleries is the home of the Herwitz Collection. More information on its activities can be found at www.aicongallery.com Aicon Funds runs art funds, private equity vehicles that buy and sell art.
In 2014, the Aicon group launched two projects to provide affordable housing in India. The projects are situated in Ahmedabad and Indore. The company hopes to take the initiative nationwide.
Prajit K. Dutta is also Professor of Economics at Columbia University where he has taught since 1987. He is the author of Strategies and Games: Theory and Practice (MIT Press, 1999) and numerous research articles. His research interests are in Game Theory and its Applications. He is currently doing research in the Economics of Climate Change as well as on Asynchronous Games with applications to Bargaining and Foreign Aid. He holds a PhD from Cornell University and an undergraduate degree from the University of Delhi. |
716 So.2d 868 (1998)
Martine GIBBONS, Appellant,
v.
Donna BROWN, Appellee.
No. 98-619.
District Court of Appeal of Florida, First District.
September 9, 1998.
*869 Robert B. Guild, of Hession & Guild, Jacksonville, for Appellant.
Linda L. Winchenbach, of Moody & Salzman, Gainesville, for Appellee.
PER CURIAM.
This appeal arises from an appealable non-final order denying Martine Gibbons' motion to quash service of process and, alternatively, motion to dismiss Donna Brown's complaint. We have jurisdiction under Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.130(a)(3)(C)(i). The appellant contends that the lower tribunal erred in denying her motion, in that the appellee's complaint failed to set forth sufficient allegations of ultimate fact to establish the Florida court's proper exercise of longarm jurisdiction over the appellant pursuant to section 48.193, Florida Statutes (1997). Concluding that the allegations satisfied neither the statutory prerequisites nor the constitutional requirements of due process, we reverse the order with directions that the cause be dismissed. Venetian Salami v. Parthenais, 554 So.2d 499 (Fla.1989).
In her complaint in Duval County Circuit Court Case No. 97-5904, Mrs. Brown alleged 1) that she is a resident of Florida; 2) that Ms. Gibbons has subjected herself to the personal jurisdiction of the Florida court by bringing a prior lawsuit in Circuit Court Case No. 95-6244 against Clarence Brown (Mrs. Brown's husband) in Duval County "involving the same subject matter"; 3) that on August 24, 1994, Mrs. Brown and Ms. Gibbons were passengers in a motor vehicle driven by Mr. Brown near Montreal, Quebec, in Canada, when Ms. Gibbons negligently directed Mr. Brown to turn onto and proceed in the wrong direction on a one-way road; 4) that Ms. Gibbons owed Mrs. Brown a duty to exercise reasonable care for her safety while giving traffic directions to the driver of the vehicle; 5) that as a direct and proximate result of Ms. Gibbons' negligence, Mr. Brown headed the wrong way on the road and crashed head-on into another vehicle on a hilly curve; and 6) that as a result of Ms. Gibbons' negligence, Mrs. Brown suffered injury. The plaintiff, Mrs. Brown, demanded judgment against Ms. Gibbons for damages, post-judgment interest and costs, and a jury trial.
In her motion to quash service of process and, alternatively, motion to dismiss, Ms. Gibbons stated that she is a resident of Texas. Noting that her 1995 civil action "arising out of the same subject matter" was brought against Mr. Brown, and not against Mrs. Brown, Ms. Gibbons challenged the allegations in the 1997 complaint as insufficient to establish proper service on her, and inadequate to satisfy the strict requirements of the Florida long-arm statute. Citizens State Bank v. Winters Gov't Securities Corp., 361 So.2d 760 (Fla. 4th DCA 1978) (in light of strict construction to be accorded long-arm statutes, person seeking to invoke jurisdiction under such statute has burden of proving facts that clearly justify use of this method of service).
Obtaining in personam jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant requires a two-pronged showing. First, the plaintiff must allege sufficient jurisdictional facts to bring the defendant within the coverage of the long-arm statute, section 48.193, Florida Statutes. Parthenais, 554 So.2d at 502. If that prong is satisfied, then the second inquiry is whether sufficient "minimum contacts" are shown to comply with the requirements of due process. International Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S.Ct. 154, 90 L.Ed. 95 (1945). Generally speaking, Florida's long-arm statutes are of a class that requires more activities or contacts to allow service of process than are currently required by the decisions of the United States Supreme Court. Youngblood v. Citrus Assocs. of the New York Cotton Exchange, Inc., 276 So.2d 505, 507-08 (Fla. 4th DCA 1973).
As to the first part of the inquiry, Mrs. Brown contends that the allegations in her complaint satisfy section 48.193(2), Florida Statutes (1995), which states:
A defendant who is engaged in substantial and not isolated activity within this state, whether such activity is wholly interstate, intrastate, or otherwise, is subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of this state, whether or not the claim arises from that activity.
*870 The parties agree that as a general rule in Florida, a plaintiff, by bringing an action, subjects herself to the jurisdiction of the court and to subsequent lawful orders entered regarding the same subject matter of that action. Glass v. Layton, 140 Fla. 522, 192 So. 330 (1937) (by instituting partition action, plaintiff subjected herself to jurisdiction of court, which had full power to adjudicate all rights of parties while parties and subject matter remained within court's jurisdiction); Edwards v. Johnson, 569 So.2d 473, 474 (Fla. 1st DCA 1990); Burden v. Dickman, 547 So.2d 170 (Fla. 3d DCA) (probate court had personal jurisdiction over parents of minor who affirmatively sought court's jurisdiction to administer guardianship of minor's property; by petitioning probate court to be appointed joint guardians of property, parents submitted themselves to court's jurisdiction), rev. den., 557 So.2d 866 (Fla.1989); Palm Beach Towers, Inc. v. Korn, 400 So.2d 110, 111 (Fla. 4th DCA 1981) ("It is the general law of this state that when a plaintiff institutes an action it subjects itself to the jurisdiction of the court and to such lawful orders which are thereafter entered with respect to the subject matter of the action."); Shurden v. Thomas, 134 So.2d 876 (Fla. 1st DCA 1961) (defendant who disputed trial court's jurisdiction over her person by moving to question purported service, but then on same day sued plaintiff in same court on same subject matter, waived service in first action and was estopped to question court's jurisdiction therein). Mrs. Brown broadly construes this general rule to mean that by initiating the 1995 action, Ms. Gibbons subjected herself to Florida jurisdiction with respect to any "lawful orders" that were entered subsequently regarding "the subject matter of the action." On the other hand, Ms. Gibbons notes that her prior suit was brought in 1995, whereas Mrs. Brown did not file her complaint until October 20, 1997. Although Ms. Gibbons acknowledges that her prior action arose from the same vehicular accident as Mrs. Brown's instant suit, Ms. Gibbons notes that Mrs. Brown was not a party in the earlier action. Furthermore, several years separate the filing of the two proceedings. For purposes of the resolution of the question on appeal, we assume that the 1995 proceedings were over by the time Mrs. Brown brought her 1997 suit.
In Milberg Factors, Inc. v. Greenbaum, 585 So.2d 1089 (Fla. 3d DCA 1991), the Florida-based guarantor of debts owed by a New York textile manufacturer to Milberg Factors, Inc. (a Delaware factoring and commercial financing corporation with its principal place of business in New York) brought a declaratory judgment action in Florida seeking to determine the extent of the guarantor's liability. Id. at 1090-91. In support of jurisdiction in the Florida court, the plaintiff alleged that Milberg had entered into five factoring agreements over a ten-year period with Florida-based companies, had filed U.C.C. financing statements in Florida, and had filed lawsuits against account debtors in Florida. Noting that Milberg was a foreign corporation that did not solicit business or maintain an office, agent, employee, or telephone listing in Florida, the district court found that Milberg's contacts with Florida were "isolated." Id. at 1091. Observing that an entity cannot control where its account debtors choose to relocate, the court stated that "the filing of lawsuits unrelated to this action against account debtors in Florida does not subject Milberg to the jurisdiction of our courts." Id. at 1091-92.
Even if we assume (without deciding) that bringing an action in a Florida court can constitute a "substantial and not isolated activity" in some instances, we nevertheless note that Mrs. Brown has not shown that Ms. Gibbons "is engaged" in any activity in this state whatsoever other than defending the present suit. A current defendant's prior decision to bring a suit in Florida should not act indefinitely as a sword of Damocles hanging perilously over the head of that defendant if she later challenges jurisdiction in a separate suit (albeit a suit arising from the same subject matter). See Frazier v. Frazier, 442 So.2d 1116 (Fla. 4th DCA 1983) (former wife, who lived in Connecticut, did not subject herself to jurisdiction of Florida court for purpose of litigating issues of future alimony of child support raised by former husband's counterclaim when she filed suit in Florida against former husband to enforce money judgments obtained in Connecticut). *871 Given the length of time between the two actions and the fact that the prior suit named as the defendant a non-party in the instant proceedings, we conclude that Mrs. Brown has not alleged a satisfactory ground for personal jurisdiction pursuant to statutory subsection (2). The appellee does not suggest, nor do we find, that the appellant's filing the 1995 action in the Florida court would, by itself, satisfy any of the alternative grounds for jurisdiction set forth in section 48.193(1)(a)-(1)(h).
Even if we were to find that the allegations in Mrs. Brown's complaint demonstrate that Ms. Gibbons "is engaged in substantial activity," then we still would have to conclude that the acts alleged do not satisfy the constitutional "minimum contacts" test set forth in International Shoe, 326 U.S. at 310, 66 S.Ct. 154, and its progeny such as Harlo Prods. Corp. v. Case Co., 360 So.2d 1328 (Fla. 1st DCA 1978) (although nonresident may appear to fall within wording of long-arm statute, plaintiff may not constitutionally apply statute to obtain jurisdiction in absence of requisite minimum contacts with forum state). In International Shoe, the United States Supreme Court stated that to subject a defendant to personal jurisdiction when that person is not present within the territory of the forum, due process requires the defendant to have "certain minimum contacts with [the forum state] such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice." 326 U.S. at 316, 66 S.Ct. 154; World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 292, 100 S.Ct. 559, 62 L.Ed.2d 490 (1980). The "minimum contacts" test "is not susceptible of mechanical application." Kulko v. California Superior Court, 436 U.S. 84, 92, 98 S.Ct. 1690, 56 L.Ed.2d 132 (1978). Rather, the facts of each case must be weighed to determine whether personal jurisdiction comports with "traditional notions." Kulko, 436 U.S. at 92, 98 S.Ct. 1690. The "constitutional touchstone" of this analysis is whether a defendant "purposely avail[ed] itself of the privilege of conducting activities" within the forum state, Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253, 78 S.Ct. 1228, 2 L.Ed.2d 1283 (1958), thereby invoking "the benefits and protections of the laws of that state." International Shoe, 326 U.S. at 319, 66 S.Ct. 154; Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 474, 105 S.Ct. 2174, 85 L.Ed.2d 528 (1985). When in personam jurisdiction is based on a single act, three criteria must be satisfied:
First, the defendant must purposefully avail himself of the privilege of acting in the forum state or causing a consequence in the forum state; second, the cause of action must derive from the defendant's activities there; third, the acts of the defendant or consequences caused by the defendant must have a substantial enough connection with the forum state to make the exercise of jurisdiction over the defendant reasonable.
Suffolk Federal Credit Union v. Continental Ins. Co., 664 So.2d 1153, 1155 (Fla. 3d DCA 1995) (a single loan transaction in Florida did not authorize specific jurisdiction over New York credit union/lender, in suit brought against lender by insurer of boat purchased by Florida resident with loan provided by credit union); McGee v. International Life Ins. Co., 355 U.S. 220, 222-23, 78 S.Ct. 199, 2 L.Ed.2d 223 (1957). Florida courts have recognized that the "single most important factor to consider" in the analysis of due process under International Shoe is whether the defendant's conduct with respect to the forum state is such that the defendant "should reasonably anticipate being haled into court there." Silver v. Levinson, 648 So.2d 240, 242-43 (Fla. 4th DCA 1994). This "reasonable anticipation" factor must be viewed from the perspective of the appellant, as defendant, and not that of the appellee. Silver, 648 So.2d at 243. Given the allegations in the complaint, we are unable to conclude that Ms. Gibbons' 1995 negligence action against Mr. Brown in a Florida court was a sufficient contact to justify in personam jurisdiction over Ms. Gibbons in the same court in Mrs. Brown's 1997 lawsuit.
We certify the following matter as a question of great public importance pursuant to Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure 9.030(a)(2)(A)(v):
DID THE NON-RESIDENT PASSENGER/DEFENDANT IN ANOTHER *872 PASSENGER'S 1997 NEGLIGENCE ACTION ARISING FROM AN AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENT THAT OCCURRED IN A FOREIGN FORUM SUBJECT HERSELF TO PERSONAL JURISDICTION IN A FLORIDA COURT BY INITIATING A NOW-CONCLUDED 1995 SUIT IN THE SAME FLORIDA COURT ALLEGING THE NEGLIGENCE OF A DIFFERENT INDIVIDUAL (THE CURRENT PLAINTIFF'S HUSBAND, THE DRIVER) IN THE SAME AUTOMOBILE ACCIDENT?
Absent sufficient jurisdictional allegations to show that Ms. Gibbons' acts satisfy the prerequisites in the Florida long-arm statute and the constitutional due process requirements enunciated by the United States Supreme Court, the order is REVERSED and the trial court is directed to DISMISS Mrs. Brown's complaint.
JOANOS and LAWRENCE, JJ., and SHIVERS, DOUGLASS B., Senior Judge, concur.
|
Cybersecurity threat vectors are paths that malefactors use to gain access to computing assets, such as devices or networks of devices, in order to acquire command and control of such assets and thereby advance nefarious objectives. Threat vectors, for instance, exploit misconfigured firewalls, unsecured wireless routers, wired modems, infected laptops located elsewhere that can access the network behind the firewall, infected USB keys, or known or unknown vulnerabilities in software running on computing assets.
Often there are a number of vulnerabilities in computing asset defenses. Given a set of vulnerabilities associated with a computing asset, a threat vector can be conceptualized as being drawn through some subset of the vulnerabilities, with the threat vector exploiting each of the vulnerabilities in the subset in a sequential ordered process. For instance, a first such vulnerability of the computing asset may be exploited to deliver a weapon. Then, a second such vulnerability may be exploited to install the weapon on the computing asset. A third such vulnerability of the computing asset may then be exploited to obtain command and control over the computing asset in order to achieve a nefarious objective. In this example, the threat vector encompasses the three vulnerabilities of the computing asset and exploits them in a sequential ordered process.
In some instances, multiple different threat vectors are applied against a computing asset in a brute force attack. That is, system vulnerabilities are discovered and exploited rapidly in a brute force manner. In other instances, a single threat vector, from among all the theoretically possible threat vectors, is implemented over a long period of time in order to obviate discovery of the breach in security of the computing asset. In any event, in modern computing assets, it is typically the case that the security of the computing asset is breached by the execution of a chain of events, and this chain of events is termed a threat vector.
In some situations, vulnerabilities that may form the basis for a threat vector are discovered through reconnaissance. Attempts are then made to exploit each of the vulnerabilities, often by firing off automated exploit attempts to see which one of the vulnerabilities can be successfully exploited in order to compromise the computing asset defenses and gain access to an interior environment of the computing asset. Once access to an interior environment is reached, attempts are made to use the interior environment as a jump point, thereby creating several different chains of attack, known as fish bones. That is, the jump points are used to find more vulnerabilities deeper in the interior of the computing asset until enough of the computing asset is compromised to exploit and compromise the computing asset (e.g., obtain command and control of the computing asset in order to shut a process down, implement a foreign process, alter a process, destroy computer code, steal data or computer code, etc.). The successive exploitation of vulnerabilities within the computer defenses constitutes a threat vector. Associated with the threat vector is a velocity with which the attack can be done, the velocity with which data or computer code can be taken out (in instances where the threat vector is designed to acquire data or compute code), and the route that it takes.
To protect computing assets against threat vectors, threat vector analysis is done. Such an analysis starts by evaluating each of the possible vulnerabilities of a computing asset. For instance, in the case where the computing asset is a networked system, all the exterior systems of the networked system are evaluated, all the ports on such exterior systems are evaluated, and so forth. Then, for specific threat vectors, very specific preventive actions, known as kill chain actions are developed. Kill chains implement specific controls or methods that break the chain of a corresponding threat vector in as many places as possible. The more places where the chain of vulnerabilities that constitutes a threat vector are blocked, the more effective the kill chain. For higher value computing assets, kill chains are designed that break every link in the vulnerabilities that constitute a corresponding threat vector. For instance, a kill chain may put some control in place to make sure that certain events can't happen.
In the art, kill chains are preemptive. That is, they implement a safeguard strategy that prevents certain events from happening on protected computing assets. There are many types of preemptive kill chain tools. For instance, network filters can be used to filter out illegitimate traffic, such as traffic to TCP port 445 in instances where such traffic is undesirable. Network intrusion prevention systems can be used to scan embedded data of legitimate network traffic for signatures of known attacks. Network connections or packets containing recognized attacks can be dropped and only clean data delivered to the computing assets. If an attack is not recognized and stopped by the network filters or the network intrusion prevention systems and thus reaches an application running on the computing asset, then a host intrusion prevention system can be used to proactively detect attempts to exploit vulnerabilities in code to execute guarded system calls. Examples of such vulnerabilities, of which there are many, include vulnerability CVE-2009-0658 in the Adobe Acrobat Portable Document Format (PDF), documented by ADOBE on Feb. 19, 2009 and patched Mar. 10, 2009, and CVE-2009-0556 in MICROSOFT POWERPOINT, which was discovered Mar. 23, 2009 and patched on May 12, 2009. See Hutchins et al., 2011, “Intelligence-Driven Computer Network Defense Informed by Analysis of Adversary Campaigns and Intrusion Kill Chains,” Leading Issues in Information Warfare and Security Research 1, ed. Julie Ryan, Good New Digital Books, which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Further still, if the above identified preemptive defenses are not successful then behavior blocking can be enacted to prevent various types of threat vectors by detecting dangerous anomalies in application behavior such as launching unrelated external executable files, tampering with the content of executable files, or discovering processes that are commanding excessive computer resources. Products that have incorporated multiple such preemptive defenses have been marketed, and include Kerio ServerFirewall, Kerio Technologies, 2005.
However, what are lacking in the art are satisfactory methods for enacting automated kill chains that include countermeasures. While the above-described safeguards are general safeguard measures to apply in order to protect against threat vectors, countermeasures specifically counter specific threats. That is, a countermeasure breaks the chain of vulnerabilities exploited by a threat vector in real time or near real time upon detection of an explicit threat associated with the threat vector. As such, countermeasures are more effective against threat vectors then safeguards. Countermeasures are not found in automated kill chains because system administrators are adverse to the collateral damage often associated with automated countermeasures. For instance, consider a computing asset that is a web service used by customers. If there is an automated countermeasure system or an intrusion-prevention system that is in place, an intelligent attacker can actually leverage that countermeasure automation against the computing asset. For instance, the hacker can find out who all the best customers are and craft an attack that causes the countermeasure to block all the best customers from getting to the web service. This would force the system administrator to have to unwind the countermeasure, and in all likelihood, cause a significant loss in revenue. This example provides a simple demonstration of why defenses that fire automated countermeasures against detected threat vectors have been found to be unsatisfactory to system administrators.
Thus, given the above background, what is need in the art are satisfactory kill chain procedures that can launch automated kill chains that include countermeasures in response to specific threats. |
The invention relates to an invalidation arrangement for information stored for a predetermined period of time in a main memory to which read addressing circuits, write addressing circuits and a read-write control circuit are connected.
Such an arrangement is generally known and may be used with main displays where information stored in a memory during a period of time includes information stored during a predetermined portion of the time which is invalid. |
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Q:
Separate signed int into bytes in NXC
Is there any way to convert a signed integer into an array of bytes in NXC? I can't use explicit type casting or pointers either, due to language limitations.
I've tried:
for(unsigned long i = 1; i <= 2; i++)
{
MM_mem[id.idx] = ((val & (0xFF << ((2 - i) * 8)))) >> ((2 - i) * 8));
id.idx++;
}
But it fails.
EDIT: This works... It just wasn't downloading. I've wasted about an hour trying to figure it out. >_>
EDIT: In NXC, >> is a arithmetic shift. int is a signed 16-bit integer type. A byte is the same thing as unsigned char.
NXC is 'Not eXactly C', a relative of C, but distinctly different from C.
A:
How about
unsigned char b[4];
b[0] = (x & 0xFF000000) >> 24;
b[1] = (x & 0x00FF0000) >> 16;
b[2] = (x & 0x0000FF00) >> 8;
b[3] = x & 0xFF;
A:
The best way to do this in NXC with the opcodes available in the underlying VM is to use FlattenVar to convert any type into a string (aka byte array with a null added at the end). It results in a single VM opcode operation where any of the above options which use shifts and logical ANDs and array operations will require dozens of lines of assembly language.
task main()
{
int x = Random(); // 16 bit random number - could be negative
string data;
data = FlattenVar(x); // convert type to byte array with trailing null
NumOut(0, LCD_LINE1, x);
for (int i=0; i < ArrayLen(data)-1; i++)
{
#ifdef __ENHANCED_FIRMWARE
TextOut(0, LCD_LINE2-8*i, FormatNum("0x%2.2x", data[i]));
#else
NumOut(0, LCD_LINE2-8*i, data[i]);
#endif
}
Wait(SEC_4);
}
The best way to get help with LEGO MINDSTORMS and the NXT and Not eXactly C is via the mindboards forums at http://forums.mindboards.net/
|
Family first for an emotional Tom Brady
Published On February 1, 2017 | By Alice Cook
Twice in two days Tom Brady has been close to tears, and both times it’s been when he’s talked about family.
On Monday’s Super Bowl Media Night, Brady took a question from a 9 year old boy who asked who his hero was.
That’s a great question,” said Brady. “I think my dad is my hero because he is someone I look up to every day and…”
Brady then paused for moment and said again, “My dad.”
Mention of his dad, opened the door for Boston Globe columnist Dan Shaughnessy to press Brady about his father’s heavy criticism of NFL Commisioner Roger Goodell. When asked if Tom Sr.’s comments represent his own Brady said,
“Well, you know, no, I ‘d say my dad represents his feelings. You know, because he’s a dad and, you know I’m a dad and…”
Again Brady paused, this time for a good 15 seconds. As the throng of media waited for him to continue, Brady reached up to wipe a tear from his eye. Then he fiddled with the microphone. Once he composed himself he said one word.
“So…”
During Tuesday’s media session a reporter asked Brady about his emotional response the night before.
It was then we learned that his father had only attended one of his son’s games this season, while his mother had been unable to attend any.
CSNNE‘s Tom Curran then reported that Brady’s mother Galynn has been dealing with an illness of 18 months.
“You just have different things that your family goes through in the course of your life, and it’s been a challenging year for my family for personal reasons,” Brady said. “It’ll be nice to have everyone here watching this weekend.”
When I was covering Brady and the Patriots I was often asked what Brady was like in an interview situation.
My answer was always the same. He was unfailingly polite and well mannered.
Over the past 17 years, fans and media have come to learn just how well Tom Brady plays football. Over that time, he has never changed the way he handles himself or the way he treats other people, even when he might have had good reason. As his fame grew, there were many irritating, silly and inappropriate questions. But I never heard him insult a reporter or make a flip or condescending remark.
Anyone can see that Tom Brady was raised right. That’s a testament to his parents, and probably his 3 older sisters.
When my own kids would ask me about Tom Brady, I would make a point to talk about his character and the way he treated others. I always saw him as a good role model. My kids who are now all in their 20’s still admire Brady as much for his character as for his football accomplishments.
Following his third Super Bowl in 2005, I had the chance to speak privately with Brady at the team’s after party. It was the first time that I ever talked to him away from a stadium or in a non-football atmosphere.
I congratulated Brady on another great season, and he said, “thanks for all your help this year Alice.”
A little corny maybe but it was nothing but sincere. He didn’t have to say it but he was being polite, and I will never forget it.
Like I said, he was raised right.
Tom Brady’s parents have every right to be proud of their son. They raised a “good kid” and that is the most any parent can hope for.
About The Author
Alice Cookis a veteran television sports reporter and Olympian. Her experience includes 25 years of sports reporting for WBZ-TV, the CBS and former NBC affiliate in Boston. Cook has worked for ESPN, Turner Sports, and WTBS. Cook is a feature writer for She's Game Sports and Boston.com. She is also President and Founder of She's Game Sports LLC.
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James Coney Island changing name after 90 years
This is an archived article and the information in the article may be outdated. Please look at the time stamp on the story to see when it was last updated.
HOUSTON, TX – Prince tried it. So did Ron Artest. The big name change. Now a Houston institution is giving it a go.
James Coney Island, a Houston staple for 90 years, is changing their moniker to the hipper “JCI Grill.”
“I think that they shouldn’t change their name because they’ve been around for 90 years,” says Denisse Guillen, who ate there for the first time today, “and that’s sort of a trademark of theirs.”
“People are already calling us JCI as a nickname,” says company president Darrin Straughan, “A lot of our customers go, ‘Hey, let’s go eat at JCI,’ so we thought using our nickname and adding the ‘Grill’ to it would be kinda hip and cute, but it would also let people know that we have other items on our menu, other than our Coneys and chili.”
Three years ago, they added all sorts of new tasty dishes including three different salads, a Vietnamese banh mi sandwich, and roast beef dip. But they found people were mostly coming for the Coneys. And the average customer was a guy in his 40s or older.
Marvin Alberg, who’s been supporting James Coney Island for 45 years, says, “I eat here about three times a week now that I’m retired. In fact I eat here more than I do at my house.”
And while the restaurant folks appreciate that, their sales have been down the last 5 years. So they’re hoping a hipper name will also bring in the younger crowd.
“I think that’s a good idea,” says Dan Dubose, who eats at JCI at least once a week, “I’ve heard lotsa people say they really enjoy the hamburgers, but I come here for the dogs!”
“Customers will tell me don’t change,” says Straughan, “and I say if I don’t change I might not be able to keep the doors open.” So by next year all 21 James Coney Islands will become JCI Grills. Hey– if that’s what it takes to keep the Coneys and chili cheese fries flowin’, we say, go for it! |
It said Hodges informed a “stakeholder” of Abbott’s attendance at an Australia Day function with Gillard, and the information was subsequently passed on to Aboriginal activists.
“During that discussion, the staff member did not in any way suggest or encourage violence or demonstration,” a spokesman for Gillard said.
“Nevertheless, given the circumstances of yesterday’s [Thursday’s] function at the Lobby Restaurant, this action was an error of judgment. As such, the staff member’s resignation has been accepted,” he added.
Activists were furious with Abbott after wrongly believing he had called for a protest camp to be disbanded. They rushed a nearby restaurant upon hearing Abbott was inside.
The statement from Gillard’s office did not address the allegation that Hodges sought to inform activists of Abbott’s alleged comments.
Hodges was a well-regarded member of Gillard’s staff who had also worked for former prime minister Kevin Rudd.
Gillard and Abbott were confronted by about 100 activists as they attended the ceremony at the restaurant near Parliament House in Canberra on Australia Day, which celebrates the nation’s foundation.
The two most powerful figures in Australian politics were effectively trapped in the building for about 20 minutes as demonstrators from a nearby longterm protest camp banged on windows, chanting “shame” and “racist.” |
Certain dihydrobenzofuran compounds and other compounds structurally related thereto have been found to have significant disease altering activities. Such compounds, processes for making them, and uses for them are disclosed in the following references: U.S. Pat. No. 4,670,457 issued to Doria, Romeo & Como on Jun. 2, 1987; U.S. Pat. No. 4,849,428 issued to Dobson, Loomans, Matthews & Miller on Jul. 18, 1989; Japanese Patent Publication No. 53-005178 of Yoshitomi Pharm. Ind. KK published Jan. 1, 1978; Hammond, M. L., I. E. Kopka, R. A. Zambias, C. G. Caldwell, J. Boger, F. Baker, T. Bach, S. Luell & D. E. MacIntyre, "2,3-Dihydro-5-benzofuranols as Antioxidant-Based Inhibitiors of Leukotriene Biosynthesis", J. Med. Chem., Vol. 32 (1989), pp. 1006-1020; Ortiz de Montellano, P. R & M. A. Correia, "Suicidal Destruction of Cytochrome P-450 during Oxidative Drug Metabolism", Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., Vol. 23 (1983), pp. 481-503; Chakrabarti, J. K., R. J. Eggleton, P. T. Gallagher, J. Harvey, T. A. Hicks, E. A. Kitchen, and C. W. Smith, "5-Acyl-3-substituted-benzofuran-2-(3H)-ones as Potential Anti-inflammatory Agents", J. Med. Chem., Vol. 30 (1987), pp 1683-1688.
It is an object of the subject invention to provide compounds which have effective anti-inflammatory, analgesic and/or anti-oxidant activity.
It is a further object of the subject invention to provide such compounds which cause few adverse side effects.
It is also an object of the subject invention to provide methods for treating inflammation and/or pain using the subject compounds. |
Q:
Filter a column which contains several keywords
I am trying to filter a column which contains several keywords (in this example dog and cat) but I am having problems as only the first element is being used.
id <- c(1:7)
type <- c("dog1","dog2" ,"cat1","cat2","zebra1", "parrot5", "elephant15")
filter1 <- c("dog","cat")
df1 <- data.frame(id,type)
dfilter <- df1[grep(filter1,df1$type),]
dfilter
I would be grateful for your help.
A:
grep can use | as an or, so why not paste your filters together with | as a separator:
dfilter <- df1[grep(paste0(filter1, collapse = "|"), df1$type),]
|
Get Well
Why Choose Downtown Flower Delivery
Flowers Are Not Just Effective As Gifts But Give A Lasting Impression Everywhere They Are:
Most of the time we don’t see more than the moment when we give out a flower bouquet as a gift and see a huge smile of appreciation. It is, in fact, more than that. The impact of flowers go further than this particular moment and leaves a lasting impression.
When frequently exposed to flowers, there is a report of lower levels of depression, anxiety, and lower stress levels, accompanied by a stronger sense of satisfaction. Our busy life schedules and engagements deny us as much exposure to nature as we would often like.
Having a well-crafted flower bouquet in your home, and office brings you much closer to a bit of nature’s most beautiful creation.
Flower Delivery Downtown will help bring this to pass through our robust delivery service. We are efficient and the vendor to trust.
Flower Delivery Downtown help you because by displaying our flower bouquets in your homes, and offices where visitors can see them, you create a more inviting and welcoming atmosphere. You also provide a talking point for interaction because flower bouquets delivered by Downtown Flower Delivery are a beauty to behold and everyone admires their freshness and beauty.
Cerrito’s flower delivery is equipped with florists capable of ensuring your flower bouquet orders are aligned with your desires. Our florists are known experts in the art of flower crafting and will put a smile on your face.
We are unique in so many ways:
Our wide range of categories at Downtown Flower Delivery offers a variety of elegant flowers carefully handpicked and crafted to meet your demands. They are the best you can get.
Our flower bouquet is of the highest quality and standard and is also cost-efficient for everyone to afford.
We take customized orders just for your satisfaction.
We have various flower species available for you and will deliver even rare and seasonal flowers anytime there is a request.
We are available to serve you every hour and delivery time is met just as requested by you.
We have made our flower bouquet order service very quick and easy. To ensure you get your orders fast.
Flowers have been known to bring happiness, increase the feeling of satisfaction with life, boost creativity and encourage the positive social behavior. Get a wide range of flower bouquets varieties from Downtown Flower Delivery. We guarantee a Fast and effective delivery system as always.
Downtown Flower Delivery has designed our platform carefully, and so using our service is 100% stress-free and fast. We are always available round the clock (24 hours a day, seven days a week) all throughout California to attend to your needs. Place your order today and put a smile on someone’s face. Call Downtown Flower Delivery today.
Our customers are glad to work with us as we have delivered to them faithfully over the past years. We have recorded various testimonies from them.
LOVE AND ROMANCE:
When it comes to giving that particular person a surprise and showing your emotions are delivered across. We have got you covered. Cerrito’s flower delivery will ensure your loved ones know how you feel about them. We will carefully pick the flowers to your taste and get them remembering you always. Showing your unending love for them.
GET WELL:
Flower bouquet delivered to someone ill will go a long way to instill encouragement in them. Flowers are known to pass across calmness and confidence to the receiver. Employ our services at Flower Delivery Downtown and be responsible for speeding up the recovery of a loved one. Leave an engraved mark never to be forgotten in their heart.
SYMPATHY:
Thinking of a better way to show you care? You have come to the right place. Delivering a bouquet of flowers will give the receiver a sense of belonging that material gifts cannot provide. Our flowers bouquets delivered by Downtown Flower Delivery are crafted by the best florist and are carefully packed to ensure satisfaction.
ANNIVERSARY:
Mark that day with a special surprise because your loved ones deserve all the best they can get from you. Pick a flower bouquet from our range of well-crafted flowers designed just for you. Flower Delivery Downtown will make sure your loved ones get elegant and beautifully crafted anniversary flowers on this particular day. |
Sunday Sermon for December 16, 2012, the Third Sunday of Advent, Year C
Readings: Zeph 3:14-18a; Phil 4:4-7; Lk 3:10-18
In the Gospel reading today the people come to St. John the Baptist and ask the question “What should we do?” For each group that asks the question the Baptist gives a pointed answer. In essence, he tells the people to be honest, to be charitable, to be humble and to be at peace within. This interior peace is not just a matter of passive resignation; rather, it is the fruit of actively choosing to serve the Lord.
St. Paul tells us that when we are praying, giving thanks and making our requests known to God, then the peace of Christ will guard our minds and hearts. Beyond this, St. Paul tells us that we are to rejoice, be kind and have no anxiety. It must be noted, however, that he says we are to rejoice always, not just when things are going well for us, but in all things. So the peace comes as a result of striving to know and do the will of God.
The ability to rejoice always and to be at peace comes from prayer, not saying prayers, but praying deeply in one’s heart. From this kind of prayer growth in virtue will also follow naturally. In this way we will be doing exactly what St. John the Baptist and St. Paul instruct us to do.
Moreover, when we are living virtuous lives and seeking union with God, then the prophecy from the first reading will be fulfilled. Not only the prophecy that foretells the fact of the Savior being in our midst, but what I consider to be one of the most astonishing passages in Scripture: that God will rejoice over us with gladness and sing joyfully because of us.
We must be clear that there is nothing that we can do to increase the happiness of God; in fact God gains absolutely nothing from any of our prayers, good works, acts of virtue or anything else that we can do. Instead, we are the ones who benefit from doing the will of God because we are not only fulfilling what is best for us, but we become more and more the people God created us to be.
This being the case, we would be left wondering why God would be rejoicing over us. Since He is not rejoicing about what we give to Him, then He must be rejoicing in our good. When we pray and strive for union with God He rejoices that we are growing in holiness. We must understand, our growth in holiness does not make God any more happy than what He was already, but it opens our hearts to be able share in the joy of the Lord.
Any parents who love their children understand how you can rejoice in your children even when they are not living according to what they have been taught. While the parents do not rejoice in the choices and actions of their children in these cases, they still love and rejoice in the persons of their children. God is not only a Father Who loves us, He is our Creator Who loves us infinitely. So He loves us and is joyful in the persons He created us to be, even if we have rejected Him.
Children understand that when their parents disapprove of their actions there is a distance between them and their parents. They still love their parents and they know their parents still love them, but they are not able to fully receive the love and the joy their parents have for them, not because the love and joy of the parents is less, but because the children have distanced themselves from their parents. The greater the distance, or put another way, the weaker the union between the children and the parents, the less the children will be able to receive from their parents.
When the union grows stronger between the parents and the children, the parents do not love more, but the children are able to receive more of what the parents are giving to them. So it is with God and us. He loves us, even when we are deep in sin, but since we have removed ourselves from Him we are not able to receive the love and the grace He offers us.
If we are in the State of Grace, we are ale to receive the Lord’s gifts, but only to the degree of holiness we have attained. The one who loves God more is the one who is able to receive more of God’s love because his heart is more fully open to receive. God loves us all infinitely, so there is nothing lacking on His part. Therefore, it is only to our benefit take seriously the spiritual life, seek union with God, and share in the joy of our Lord.
Fr. Altier’s column appears regularly in The Wanderer, a national Catholic weekly published in St. Paul, Minn. For information about subscribing to The Wanderer, please visit www.thewandererpress.com.
Please join with us and prayerfully consider making a donation to help in CPO’s important work dedicated to authentic Catholic education (see more) All donations are tax-deductible and greatly appreciated! |
# Copyright (C) 2018 NuCypher
#
# This file is part of nufhe.
#
# This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
# it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
import numpy
import pytest
from reikna.cluda import cuda_api, ocl_api, get_api, supported_api_ids, find_devices
from nufhe import make_key_pair, DeterministicRNG, Context
from nufhe.computation_cache import clear_computation_cache
def pytest_addoption(parser):
api_ids = supported_api_ids()
parser.addoption("--api", action="store",
help="Backend API. If 'supported' is chosen, will run on all available ones.",
default="supported", choices=api_ids + ["supported"])
parser.addoption("--device-include-mask", action="append",
help="Run tests on matching devices only",
default=[])
parser.addoption("--include-duplicate-devices", action="store_true",
help="Run tests on all available devices and not only on uniquely named ones.",
default=False)
parser.addoption("--heavy-performance-load", action="store_true",
help=(
"Use large data sizes and numbers of iterations for performance tests. "
"Recommended for high-tier videocards."),
default=False)
parser.addoption("--transform", action="store",
help=(
"The type of polynomial transform to use for tests "
"that can use different transform types."),
default="all", choices=["NTT", "FFT", "all"])
def pytest_generate_tests(metafunc):
config = metafunc.config
if 'thread' in metafunc.fixturenames:
api_opt = config.option.api
api_ids = supported_api_ids() if api_opt == 'supported' else [api_opt]
vals = []
ids = []
for api_id in api_ids:
api = get_api(api_id)
devices = find_devices(
api,
include_devices=config.option.device_include_mask,
include_duplicate_devices=config.option.include_duplicate_devices)
for pnum in sorted(devices.keys()):
dnums = sorted(devices[pnum])
for dnum in dnums:
vals.append((api_id, pnum, dnum))
ids.append("{api_id}:{pnum}:{dnum}".format(api_id=api_id, pnum=pnum, dnum=dnum))
if len(vals) == 0:
raise RuntimeError(
"Neither PyCUDA nor PyOpenCL could find any suitable devices. "
"Check your system configuration.")
metafunc.parametrize("thread", vals, ids=ids, indirect=True)
if 'transform_type' in metafunc.fixturenames:
if config.option.transform == 'all':
vals = ['NTT', 'FFT']
else:
vals = [config.option.transform]
metafunc.parametrize("transform_type", vals)
@pytest.fixture(scope='session')
def thread(request):
api_id, pnum, dnum = request.param
api = get_api(api_id)
platform = api.get_platforms()[pnum]
device = platform.get_devices()[dnum]
thread = api.Thread(device)
yield thread
# Computations may retain references to the Thread objects,
# so we need to clear the cache first so that the thread could be destroyed
# as it goes out of scope.
# CUDA is sensitive to the exact timing of the destruction
# because of the stateful nature of its API.
clear_computation_cache(thread)
@pytest.fixture(scope='session')
def heavy_performance_load(request):
return request.config.option.heavy_performance_load
@pytest.fixture(scope='session')
def key_pair(thread):
rng = DeterministicRNG()
secret_key, cloud_key = make_key_pair(thread, rng)
return secret_key, cloud_key
@pytest.fixture(scope='session')
def context(thread):
return Context(thread=thread)
@pytest.fixture(scope='session')
def context_and_key_pair(context):
secret_key, cloud_key = context.make_key_pair()
return context, secret_key, cloud_key
|
Data In Motion
Service components in this zone are tasked with moving data between services, applications or solutions. These applications could be within our own business, or with third party organizations.
Typically, our Data at Rest repository will contain our own solution data, and our Data in Motion services act as an Entity Synchronization layer with other services, applications or solutions.
Synchronous Patterns
Synchronous communication patterns are implemented using Remote Procedure Call (RPC) models. The simplest implementation model is to deploy Web APIs to pull or push data in real-time. The primary characteristic of a synchronous API call is that the client waits for the server to respond.
Acting as a Client
When our solution is acting as a client, we need to ensure that we can connect to the remote API within a reasonable time frame. This means that our requests need to timeout if the remote API is running slowly or becomes unresponsive.
We should incorporate retry logic and circuit breaker patterns into our client components.
For push requests, we should consider use of queuing techniques to buffer data flow when the remote API is running slowly or is unresponsive, so that we don’t affect the performance of our solution.
Acting as a Server
When our solution is acting as a server, we need to ensure that we can respond to the request as quickly as possible.
For pull requests, this means that we need to have our data packaged ready to go with minimal processing.
For push requests, this means that we need to ingest the data quickly and acknowledge receipt once we have the data safely stored.
Asynchronous Patterns
Asynchronous communication patterns are implemented by passing messages between solutions. The message could be:
A file being passed using FTP/sFTP or a file share
A block of data being passed through a message queue, service bus, email, or SMS
When communicating with external resources, we must deal with slow running or unresponsive requests. It makes sense to implement an internal message buffering mechanism within our solution to decouple our solution's need to send/receive data from the external dependencies. This means that our solution will continue to perform well even if the target message queues are temporarily offline. When the target message queue comes back online, we can clear the backlog of messages.
Compression
When sending larger data sets, we should be thinking about using compression techniques to reduce the size of data being transmitted.
There is a trade-off between the performance overhead of compressing the data and the time taken to transmit the data. A good rule of thumb is to consider the latency between the source and destination, and the transport protocol used. If you are using TCP/IP then you have a maximum packet size of 64kb, so if your data is smaller than that, there is little point compressing it.
Consider the following example: your data is 10 MB, so then you need to break it down into 156 data packets for transmission. If your latency between source and target 50 ms, your transmission time is 50 * 156 = 8 seconds. If you can compress the data 10:1, then you only need send 16 data packets, and your transmission time drops to below 1 second.
If you are sending a lot of data between remote targets through a single channel, then the latency issue can severely throttle your connection bandwidth. Using compression or multiple channels are design options that need to be considered.
Encryption
As with compression, the use of encryption on data traffic does impose a processing overhead. The benefit of using encryption is data security and privacy. You should be encrypting any traffic over an external network, and it's good practice to encrypt all traffic over internal networks as well.
Encrypting data to and from external solutions means that you are sure that the security of the data is maintained, up to the point that the data reaches or leaves the external solution. What the other solution does is beyond our control! We can however demonstrate that we have done everything we could to ensure that our solution protects the security of our data and the privacy of our users. This is a strong risk management position to take against the possibility of data breaches.
Even encrypting data travelling across our own internal networks is a good idea. We cannot guarantee that our networks have not be penetrated or compromised. One of our key concerns in developing robust enterprise architecture is to create defense in depth. This means that we secure as much as we can in as many ways as we can, without compromising our ability to provide functionality to the business user.
Entity Synchronization Layer
The key objective of our Data in Motion services is to create an Entity Synchronization layer above our Data at Rest repository.
Our Data at Rest repository is going to contain all the data required to run our own solution. But it might also have to utilize data from other internal or external applications or services.
For example, we might have legacy applications within our own business that need to provide daily extracts of data through an ETL batch process.
The Data in Motion layer decouples all of the data sources we need to deal with that are outside the immediate scope of our solution. There are a couple of interesting challenges to overcome.
Security
Our data within the Data at Rest repository is secured by our Instance Access table and locked down to individual Users and Groups. However, when sending/receiving data to/from other applications, we also need to respect their security model. In some situations, this just requires us to connect to their underlying data provider. In others, we will need to map our user identities to theirs – essentially, we will also need to share administrative data.
Our Data in Motion components act as integration points that know enough about the applications they connect to ensure appropriate security data is being used, to secure the data being shared.
Correlation
Our data within the Data at Rest repository is uniquely identified using Instance GUIDs. The Instance GUIDs we create are unlikely to be the same as the primary keys for the corresponding data in other applications.
For example, we might be sharing Policy information with multiple applications, each of which will have a different definition of what a Policy is and how they are uniquely identified.
When using the DaaS solution as an Entity Synchronization Layer, we can correlate the various identifiers used in each application against our internal Instance GUIDs. We can then receive updates from any application, and map the inbound Policy identifiers against our internal Instance GUIDs. We can then generate outbound notifications of changes in the Policy data using the application identifiers for each target application.
Our Data in Motion components record correlations between the data each application shares with the DaaS solution. Since each application synchronises individually with the DaaS, the DaaS is ultimately responsible for synchronising data across ALL of the applications integrated with it, and hence acts as the Entity Synchronisation Layer.
Since our DaaS is data agnostic, it doesn’t matter that each application may have different representations for Policy data. The DaaS is just going to process the data as XML, so if we need a few extra fields for one representation and a few less for another the DaaS is really not that concerned.
The Data in Motion components that integrate the applications need to understand how to transform Policy data into the internal DaaS representation. This can be done using an appropriate hybrid of code or XSLT (preferred).
Legacy Applications
Many legacy applications don’t support real-time integration, and for these older applications we generally use batch ETL processes to synchronize data at predefined times during the day.
We start by wrapping a Data in Motion component around the legacy application to begin the integration process. Over time, we might replace the legacy application with a new application, or simply absorb the legacy application data into the DaaS, and extend the user experience and Data in Action services to replace the application completely.
Modern and SaaS Applications
Many modern and SaaS applications come with a set of adapters that can be used to ease the integration process. In these cases, the Data in Motion components can use the native APIs provided to create real-time data synchronization with the DaaS.
Microsoft supports a range of SaaS application that use Azure Active Directory (AAD) for single sign on. The DaaS could also be implemented using AAD for authentication to create a single sign on integration platform.
Data Warehouses and Data Lakes
The DaaS Data in Motion components can be used to prepare and send data to external Data Warehouses and Data Lakes. Synchronization can be configured using either scheduled batch ETL or real-time updates.
Streaming Analytics
The DaaS Data in Motion components can also be used to perform live analysis on data as it flows through them. This can be done by custom built services that extract BI Meta Data or using cloud services such as Azure Stream Analytics.
Sustainability
Each data flow into or out of the solution is encapsulated by its own Data in Motion service or channel, which is isolated from all others. There are minimal dependencies, and those that still exist are buffered and compartmentalised.
Onboarding new resources is easier, as there are distinct integration patterns that specify how to build new flows, and it is not necessary to understand more than a single flow at a time when modifying existing flows.
The hub and spoke model used by the Data in Motion services simplifies the typical integration hairballs we see in many legacy solutions. This reduces overall solution complexity and enhances our ability to build federated workflow across multiple solution components. |
Voltammetric pH sensor based on an edge plane pyrolytic graphite electrode.
A simple sensor for pH determination is reported using unmodified edge plane pyrolytic graphite (EPPG) electrodes. The analysis is based on the electro-reduction of surface quinone groups on the EPPG which was characterised using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and optimised with square-wave voltammetry (SWV). Under optimised conditions, a linear response is observed between the peak potential and pH with a gradient of ∼59 mV per pH (at 25 °C), which corresponds well with Nernstian behaviour based on a 2 proton, 2 electron system over the aqueous pH range 1.0 to 13.0. As such, an EPPG is suggested as a reagent free and robust pH sensing material. |
This is beautiful, as a pathfinder fan I find this amazing and I recognize most of the spots (though maybe not all the names) just based on where they are and how you drew them. I really love this style of map that you draw, an inspiration!
However, I apologize, but I have to be that guy who points out the one, little, TINY mistake...
The green rune symbol for Gatash (extreme right side) is the same as the orange one further north. The green one should be the rune of gluttony, not greed.
Also on a closer look, the rune of sloth is actually there in blue, a bit hard to see but there. It looks like a river if you don't know what to look for. |
/*
* Copyright 2002-2013 the original author or authors.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configurers;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration
import org.springframework.security.access.vote.AffirmativeBased
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.BaseSpringSpec
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.SecurityExpressions.*
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.builders.HttpSecurity;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configuration.EnableWebSecurity;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configuration.WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter;
import org.springframework.security.config.annotation.web.configurers.UrlAuthorizationConfigurer;
import org.springframework.security.web.access.intercept.FilterSecurityInterceptor
/**
*
* @author Rob Winch
*
*/
public class UrlAuthorizationsTests extends BaseSpringSpec {
def "hasAnyAuthority('ROLE_USER')"() {
when:
def expression = UrlAuthorizationConfigurer.hasAnyAuthority("ROLE_USER")
then:
expression == ["ROLE_USER"]
}
def "hasAnyAuthority('ROLE_USER','ROLE_ADMIN')"() {
when:
def expression = UrlAuthorizationConfigurer.hasAnyAuthority("ROLE_USER","ROLE_ADMIN")
then:
expression == ["ROLE_USER","ROLE_ADMIN"]
}
def "hasAnyRole('USER')"() {
when:
def expression = UrlAuthorizationConfigurer.hasAnyRole("USER")
then:
expression == ["ROLE_USER"]
}
def "hasAnyRole('ROLE_USER','ROLE_ADMIN')"() {
when:
def expression = UrlAuthorizationConfigurer.hasAnyRole("USER","ADMIN")
then:
expression == ["ROLE_USER","ROLE_ADMIN"]
}
def "uses AffirmativeBased AccessDecisionManager"() {
when: "Load Config with no specific AccessDecisionManager"
loadConfig(NoSpecificAccessDecessionManagerConfig)
then: "AccessDecessionManager matches the HttpSecurityBuilder's default"
findFilter(FilterSecurityInterceptor).accessDecisionManager.class == AffirmativeBased
}
@EnableWebSecurity
@Configuration
static class NoSpecificAccessDecessionManagerConfig extends WebSecurityConfigurerAdapter {
protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
http
.apply(new UrlAuthorizationConfigurer())
.anyRequest().hasRole("USER")
}
}
}
|
/*
A couple of dices on a tiny 80x160px TFT display
Author: Alfonso de Cala <alfonso@el-magnifico.org>
*/
#include <M5StickC.h>
#define DOT_SIZE 6
int dot[6][6][2] {
{{35,35}},
{{15,15},{55,55}},
{{15,15},{35,35},{55,55}},
{{15,15},{15,55},{55,15},{55,55}},
{{15,15},{15,55},{35,35},{55,15},{55,55}},
{{15,15},{15,35},{15,55},{55,15},{55,35},{55,55}},
};
float accX = 0;
float accY = 0;
float accZ = 0;
void setup(void) {
M5.begin();
M5.IMU.Init();
M5.Lcd.setRotation(1);
M5.Lcd.fillScreen(TFT_GREEN);
M5.Lcd.setTextColor(TFT_BLACK); // Adding a background colour erases previous text automatically
M5.Lcd.setCursor(10, 30);
M5.Lcd.setTextSize(3);
M5.Lcd.print("SHAKE ME");
delay(1000);
}
void loop() {
while(1) {
M5.IMU.getAccelData(&accX,&accY,&accZ);
if (accX > 1.5 || accY > 1.5 ) {
break;
}
}
M5.Lcd.fillScreen(TFT_GREEN);
// Draw first dice
delay(500); // A little delay to increase suspense :-D
int number = random(0, 6);
draw_dice(5,5,number);
// Draw second dice
delay(500);
number = random(0, 6);
draw_dice(85,5,number);
}
void draw_dice(int16_t x, int16_t y, int n) {
M5.Lcd.fillRect(x, y, 70, 70, WHITE);
for(int d = 0; d < 6; d++) {
if (dot[n][d][0] > 0) {
M5.Lcd.fillCircle(x+dot[n][d][0], y+dot[n][d][1], DOT_SIZE, TFT_BLACK);
}
}
}
|
Q:
How to use multiple DB connections using .env in Lumen 5.5..?
I have installed Lumen 5.5 and configured .env :
APP_ENV=local
APP_DEBUG=true
APP_KEY=2gh4RD89kWa87clEs6Vhjso3XhsFo3dR
APP_TIMEZONE=UTC
DB_CONNECTION=mysql
DB_HOST=127.0.0.1
DB_PORT=3306
DB_DATABASE=XXXXXX
DB_USERNAME=XXXXXX
DB_PASSWORD=XXXXXX
CACHE_DRIVER=memcached
QUEUE_DRIVER=sync
and created a model using Eloquent :
namespace App\Models;
use Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model;
class Test extends Model {
public $timestamps = false;
protected $connection = 'foo';
}
Now there is no documention on the official site to configure multiple DB connection in .env file. My single connection is working perfectly fine but now i need to add another DB connection details.
What i have tried so far :
Created db config file as app/config/database.php with multiple db details but my setup doesn't get affected whatever i write in that file. It's only using .env to get connection details.
Tried to add multiple DB connection details in .env file like :
DB_CONNECTION=mysql
DB_HOST=127.0.0.1
DB_PORT=3306
DB_DATABASE=XXXXXX
DB_USERNAME=XXXXXX
DB_PASSWORD=XXXXXX
FOO_DB_CONNECTION=mysql
FOO_DB_HOST=127.0.0.1
FOO_DB_PORT=3306
FOO_DB_DATABASE=FOOXXXXXX
FOO_DB_USERNAME=FOOXXXXXX
FOO_DB_PASSWORD=FOOXXXXXX
DB_CONNECTION_FOO=mysql
DB_HOST_FOO=127.0.0.1
DB_PORT_FOO=3306
DB_DATABASE_FOO=FOOXXXXXX
DB_USERNAME_FOO=FOOXXXXXX
DB_PASSWORD_FOO=FOOXXXXXX
But it just keep giving me this error :
(1/1) InvalidArgumentException
Database [foo] not configured.
I have tried everything i found on google. Please help me..!!
A:
The way I configured in my project (it is in Lumen 5.4) is as below:
in the config/database.php
'pgsql' => [
'driver' => 'pgsql',
'host' => env('DB_HOST', 'db'),
'port' => env('DB_PORT', 5432),
'database' => env('DB_DATABASE', 'service_db'),
'username' => env('DB_USERNAME', 'service_user'),
'password' => env('DB_PASSWORD'),
'charset' => env('DB_CHARSET', 'utf8'),
'prefix' => env('DB_PREFIX', ''),
'schema' => env('DB_SCHEMA', 'public'),
],
'pgsql2' => [
'driver' => 'pgsql',
'host' => env('DB_HOST2', 'db'),
'port' => env('DB_PORT', 5432),
'database' => env('DB_DATABASE2', 'service_db'),
'username' => env('DB_USERNAME2', 'service_user'),
'password' => env('DB_PASSWORD2'),
'charset' => env('DB_CHARSET', 'utf8'),
'prefix' => env('DB_PREFIX', ''),
'schema' => env('DB_SCHEMA2', 'public'),
],
I have created 2 connections with 2 different names and each connection points to a different env variable for db host/database/username/password/schema. If this doesn't help, post your database.php file.
|
[Transcatheteral embolization with polyvinyl alcohol--technic and experimental studies].
The article presents hardened polyvinyl alcohol foam (PVA) as embolisation material. PVA is well tolerated by the tissue and produces permanent vascular sealing. It is possible to achieve peripheral embolisation of arteries having a diameter of approx. 100 microns, as well as sealing of vessels with diameter of up to 8 mm. Pressed PVA is used for occluding larger vessels. This PVA re-assumes its original shape and dimensions in liquids, depending on their osmolarity and molecular size. Depending upon the pressure exercised, compression and re-expansion can be fourfold to tenfold. |
/*
* Copyright 2002-2019 the original author or authors.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.springframework.util;
import java.lang.ref.WeakReference;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.WeakHashMap;
import org.junit.Ignore;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.springframework.lang.Nullable;
import org.springframework.util.ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.Entry;
import org.springframework.util.ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.Reference;
import org.springframework.util.ConcurrentReferenceHashMap.Restructure;
import org.springframework.util.comparator.ComparableComparator;
import org.springframework.util.comparator.NullSafeComparator;
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatIllegalArgumentException;
import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.is;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.lessThan;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.not;
import static org.hamcrest.Matchers.nullValue;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertFalse;
/**
* Tests for {@link ConcurrentReferenceHashMap}.
*
* @author Phillip Webb
*/
public class ConcurrentReferenceHashMapTests {
private static final Comparator<? super String> NULL_SAFE_STRING_SORT = new NullSafeComparator<String>(
new ComparableComparator<String>(), true);
private TestWeakConcurrentCache<Integer, String> map = new TestWeakConcurrentCache<>();
@Test
public void shouldCreateWithDefaults() {
ConcurrentReferenceHashMap<Integer, String> map = new ConcurrentReferenceHashMap<>();
assertThat(map.getSegmentsSize(), is(16));
assertThat(map.getSegment(0).getSize(), is(1));
assertThat(map.getLoadFactor(), is(0.75f));
}
@Test
public void shouldCreateWithInitialCapacity() {
ConcurrentReferenceHashMap<Integer, String> map = new ConcurrentReferenceHashMap<>(32);
assertThat(map.getSegmentsSize(), is(16));
assertThat(map.getSegment(0).getSize(), is(2));
assertThat(map.getLoadFactor(), is(0.75f));
}
@Test
public void shouldCreateWithInitialCapacityAndLoadFactor() {
ConcurrentReferenceHashMap<Integer, String> map = new ConcurrentReferenceHashMap<>(32, 0.5f);
assertThat(map.getSegmentsSize(), is(16));
assertThat(map.getSegment(0).getSize(), is(2));
assertThat(map.getLoadFactor(), is(0.5f));
}
@Test
public void shouldCreateWithInitialCapacityAndConcurrentLevel() {
ConcurrentReferenceHashMap<Integer, String> map = new ConcurrentReferenceHashMap<>(16, 2);
assertThat(map.getSegmentsSize(), is(2));
assertThat(map.getSegment(0).getSize(), is(8));
assertThat(map.getLoadFactor(), is(0.75f));
}
@Test
public void shouldCreateFullyCustom() {
ConcurrentReferenceHashMap<Integer, String> map = new ConcurrentReferenceHashMap<>(5, 0.5f, 3);
// concurrencyLevel of 3 ends up as 4 (nearest power of 2)
assertThat(map.getSegmentsSize(), is(4));
// initialCapacity is 5/4 (rounded up, to nearest power of 2)
assertThat(map.getSegment(0).getSize(), is(2));
assertThat(map.getLoadFactor(), is(0.5f));
}
@Test
public void shouldNeedNonNegativeInitialCapacity() {
new ConcurrentReferenceHashMap<Integer, String>(0, 1);
assertThatIllegalArgumentException().isThrownBy(() ->
new TestWeakConcurrentCache<Integer, String>(-1, 1))
.withMessageContaining("Initial capacity must not be negative");
}
@Test
public void shouldNeedPositiveLoadFactor() {
new ConcurrentReferenceHashMap<Integer, String>(0, 0.1f, 1);
assertThatIllegalArgumentException().isThrownBy(() ->
new TestWeakConcurrentCache<Integer, String>(0, 0.0f, 1))
.withMessageContaining("Load factor must be positive");
}
@Test
public void shouldNeedPositiveConcurrencyLevel() {
new ConcurrentReferenceHashMap<Integer, String>(1, 1);
assertThatIllegalArgumentException().isThrownBy(() ->
new TestWeakConcurrentCache<Integer, String>(1, 0))
.withMessageContaining("Concurrency level must be positive");
}
@Test
public void shouldPutAndGet() {
// NOTE we are using mock references so we don't need to worry about GC
assertThat(this.map.size(), is(0));
this.map.put(123, "123");
assertThat(this.map.get(123), is("123"));
assertThat(this.map.size(), is(1));
this.map.put(123, "123b");
assertThat(this.map.size(), is(1));
this.map.put(123, null);
assertThat(this.map.size(), is(1));
}
@Test
public void shouldReplaceOnDoublePut() {
this.map.put(123, "321");
this.map.put(123, "123");
assertThat(this.map.get(123), is("123"));
}
@Test
public void shouldPutNullKey() {
assertThat(this.map.get(null), is(nullValue()));
assertThat(this.map.getOrDefault(null, "456"), is("456"));
this.map.put(null, "123");
assertThat(this.map.get(null), is("123"));
assertThat(this.map.getOrDefault(null, "456"), is("123"));
}
@Test
public void shouldPutNullValue() {
assertThat(this.map.get(123), is(nullValue()));
assertThat(this.map.getOrDefault(123, "456"), is("456"));
this.map.put(123, "321");
assertThat(this.map.get(123), is("321"));
assertThat(this.map.getOrDefault(123, "456"), is("321"));
this.map.put(123, null);
assertThat(this.map.get(123), is(nullValue()));
assertThat(this.map.getOrDefault(123, "456"), is(nullValue()));
}
@Test
public void shouldGetWithNoItems() {
assertThat(this.map.get(123), is(nullValue()));
}
@Test
public void shouldApplySupplementalHash() {
Integer key = 123;
this.map.put(key, "123");
assertThat(this.map.getSupplementalHash(), is(not(key.hashCode())));
assertThat(this.map.getSupplementalHash() >> 30 & 0xFF, is(not(0)));
}
@Test
public void shouldGetFollowingNexts() {
// Use loadFactor to disable resize
this.map = new TestWeakConcurrentCache<>(1, 10.0f, 1);
this.map.put(1, "1");
this.map.put(2, "2");
this.map.put(3, "3");
assertThat(this.map.getSegment(0).getSize(), is(1));
assertThat(this.map.get(1), is("1"));
assertThat(this.map.get(2), is("2"));
assertThat(this.map.get(3), is("3"));
assertThat(this.map.get(4), is(nullValue()));
}
@Test
public void shouldResize() {
this.map = new TestWeakConcurrentCache<>(1, 0.75f, 1);
this.map.put(1, "1");
assertThat(this.map.getSegment(0).getSize(), is(1));
assertThat(this.map.get(1), is("1"));
this.map.put(2, "2");
assertThat(this.map.getSegment(0).getSize(), is(2));
assertThat(this.map.get(1), is("1"));
assertThat(this.map.get(2), is("2"));
this.map.put(3, "3");
assertThat(this.map.getSegment(0).getSize(), is(4));
assertThat(this.map.get(1), is("1"));
assertThat(this.map.get(2), is("2"));
assertThat(this.map.get(3), is("3"));
this.map.put(4, "4");
assertThat(this.map.getSegment(0).getSize(), is(8));
assertThat(this.map.get(4), is("4"));
// Putting again should not increase the count
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
this.map.put(i, String.valueOf(i));
}
assertThat(this.map.getSegment(0).getSize(), is(8));
assertThat(this.map.get(5), is("5"));
}
@Test
public void shouldPurgeOnGet() {
this.map = new TestWeakConcurrentCache<>(1, 0.75f, 1);
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
this.map.put(i, String.valueOf(i));
}
this.map.getMockReference(1, Restructure.NEVER).queueForPurge();
this.map.getMockReference(3, Restructure.NEVER).queueForPurge();
assertThat(this.map.getReference(1, Restructure.WHEN_NECESSARY), is(nullValue()));
assertThat(this.map.get(2), is("2"));
assertThat(this.map.getReference(3, Restructure.WHEN_NECESSARY), is(nullValue()));
assertThat(this.map.get(4), is("4"));
assertThat(this.map.get(5), is("5"));
}
@Test
public void shouldPurgeOnPut() {
this.map = new TestWeakConcurrentCache<>(1, 0.75f, 1);
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
this.map.put(i, String.valueOf(i));
}
this.map.getMockReference(1, Restructure.NEVER).queueForPurge();
this.map.getMockReference(3, Restructure.NEVER).queueForPurge();
this.map.put(1, "1");
assertThat(this.map.get(1), is("1"));
assertThat(this.map.get(2), is("2"));
assertThat(this.map.getReference(3, Restructure.WHEN_NECESSARY), is(nullValue()));
assertThat(this.map.get(4), is("4"));
assertThat(this.map.get(5), is("5"));
}
@Test
public void shouldPutIfAbsent() {
assertThat(this.map.putIfAbsent(123, "123"), is(nullValue()));
assertThat(this.map.putIfAbsent(123, "123b"), is("123"));
assertThat(this.map.get(123), is("123"));
}
@Test
public void shouldPutIfAbsentWithNullValue() {
assertThat(this.map.putIfAbsent(123, null), is(nullValue()));
assertThat(this.map.putIfAbsent(123, "123"), is(nullValue()));
assertThat(this.map.get(123), is(nullValue()));
}
@Test
public void shouldPutIfAbsentWithNullKey() {
assertThat(this.map.putIfAbsent(null, "123"), is(nullValue()));
assertThat(this.map.putIfAbsent(null, "123b"), is("123"));
assertThat(this.map.get(null), is("123"));
}
@Test
public void shouldRemoveKeyAndValue() {
this.map.put(123, "123");
assertThat(this.map.remove(123, "456"), is(false));
assertThat(this.map.get(123), is("123"));
assertThat(this.map.remove(123, "123"), is(true));
assertFalse(this.map.containsKey(123));
assertThat(this.map.isEmpty(), is(true));
}
@Test
public void shouldRemoveKeyAndValueWithExistingNull() {
this.map.put(123, null);
assertThat(this.map.remove(123, "456"), is(false));
assertThat(this.map.get(123), is(nullValue()));
assertThat(this.map.remove(123, null), is(true));
assertFalse(this.map.containsKey(123));
assertThat(this.map.isEmpty(), is(true));
}
@Test
public void shouldReplaceOldValueWithNewValue() {
this.map.put(123, "123");
assertThat(this.map.replace(123, "456", "789"), is(false));
assertThat(this.map.get(123), is("123"));
assertThat(this.map.replace(123, "123", "789"), is(true));
assertThat(this.map.get(123), is("789"));
}
@Test
public void shouldReplaceOldNullValueWithNewValue() {
this.map.put(123, null);
assertThat(this.map.replace(123, "456", "789"), is(false));
assertThat(this.map.get(123), is(nullValue()));
assertThat(this.map.replace(123, null, "789"), is(true));
assertThat(this.map.get(123), is("789"));
}
@Test
public void shouldReplaceValue() {
this.map.put(123, "123");
assertThat(this.map.replace(123, "456"), is("123"));
assertThat(this.map.get(123), is("456"));
}
@Test
public void shouldReplaceNullValue() {
this.map.put(123, null);
assertThat(this.map.replace(123, "456"), is(nullValue()));
assertThat(this.map.get(123), is("456"));
}
@Test
public void shouldGetSize() {
assertThat(this.map.size(), is(0));
this.map.put(123, "123");
this.map.put(123, null);
this.map.put(456, "456");
assertThat(this.map.size(), is(2));
}
@Test
public void shouldSupportIsEmpty() {
assertThat(this.map.isEmpty(), is(true));
this.map.put(123, "123");
this.map.put(123, null);
this.map.put(456, "456");
assertThat(this.map.isEmpty(), is(false));
}
@Test
public void shouldContainKey() {
assertThat(this.map.containsKey(123), is(false));
assertThat(this.map.containsKey(456), is(false));
this.map.put(123, "123");
this.map.put(456, null);
assertThat(this.map.containsKey(123), is(true));
assertThat(this.map.containsKey(456), is(true));
}
@Test
public void shouldContainValue() {
assertThat(this.map.containsValue("123"), is(false));
assertThat(this.map.containsValue(null), is(false));
this.map.put(123, "123");
this.map.put(456, null);
assertThat(this.map.containsValue("123"), is(true));
assertThat(this.map.containsValue(null), is(true));
}
@Test
public void shouldRemoveWhenKeyIsInMap() {
this.map.put(123, null);
this.map.put(456, "456");
this.map.put(null, "789");
assertThat(this.map.remove(123), is(nullValue()));
assertThat(this.map.remove(456), is("456"));
assertThat(this.map.remove(null), is("789"));
assertThat(this.map.isEmpty(), is(true));
}
@Test
public void shouldRemoveWhenKeyIsNotInMap() {
assertThat(this.map.remove(123), is(nullValue()));
assertThat(this.map.remove(null), is(nullValue()));
assertThat(this.map.isEmpty(), is(true));
}
@Test
public void shouldPutAll() {
Map<Integer, String> m = new HashMap<>();
m.put(123, "123");
m.put(456, null);
m.put(null, "789");
this.map.putAll(m);
assertThat(this.map.size(), is(3));
assertThat(this.map.get(123), is("123"));
assertThat(this.map.get(456), is(nullValue()));
assertThat(this.map.get(null), is("789"));
}
@Test
public void shouldClear() {
this.map.put(123, "123");
this.map.put(456, null);
this.map.put(null, "789");
this.map.clear();
assertThat(this.map.size(), is(0));
assertThat(this.map.containsKey(123), is(false));
assertThat(this.map.containsKey(456), is(false));
assertThat(this.map.containsKey(null), is(false));
}
@Test
public void shouldGetKeySet() {
this.map.put(123, "123");
this.map.put(456, null);
this.map.put(null, "789");
Set<Integer> expected = new HashSet<>();
expected.add(123);
expected.add(456);
expected.add(null);
assertThat(this.map.keySet(), is(expected));
}
@Test
public void shouldGetValues() {
this.map.put(123, "123");
this.map.put(456, null);
this.map.put(null, "789");
List<String> actual = new ArrayList<>(this.map.values());
List<String> expected = new ArrayList<>();
expected.add("123");
expected.add(null);
expected.add("789");
actual.sort(NULL_SAFE_STRING_SORT);
expected.sort(NULL_SAFE_STRING_SORT);
assertThat(actual, is(expected));
}
@Test
public void shouldGetEntrySet() {
this.map.put(123, "123");
this.map.put(456, null);
this.map.put(null, "789");
HashMap<Integer, String> expected = new HashMap<>();
expected.put(123, "123");
expected.put(456, null);
expected.put(null, "789");
assertThat(this.map.entrySet(), is(expected.entrySet()));
}
@Test
public void shouldGetEntrySetFollowingNext() {
// Use loadFactor to disable resize
this.map = new TestWeakConcurrentCache<>(1, 10.0f, 1);
this.map.put(1, "1");
this.map.put(2, "2");
this.map.put(3, "3");
HashMap<Integer, String> expected = new HashMap<>();
expected.put(1, "1");
expected.put(2, "2");
expected.put(3, "3");
assertThat(this.map.entrySet(), is(expected.entrySet()));
}
@Test
public void shouldRemoveViaEntrySet() {
this.map.put(1, "1");
this.map.put(2, "2");
this.map.put(3, "3");
Iterator<Map.Entry<Integer, String>> iterator = this.map.entrySet().iterator();
iterator.next();
iterator.next();
iterator.remove();
iterator.next();
assertThat(iterator.hasNext(), is(false));
assertThat(this.map.size(), is(2));
assertThat(this.map.containsKey(2), is(false));
}
@Test
public void shouldSetViaEntrySet() {
this.map.put(1, "1");
this.map.put(2, "2");
this.map.put(3, "3");
Iterator<Map.Entry<Integer, String>> iterator = this.map.entrySet().iterator();
iterator.next();
iterator.next().setValue("2b");
iterator.next();
assertThat(iterator.hasNext(), is(false));
assertThat(this.map.size(), is(3));
assertThat(this.map.get(2), is("2b"));
}
@Test
@Ignore("Intended for use during development only")
public void shouldBeFasterThanSynchronizedMap() throws InterruptedException {
Map<Integer, WeakReference<String>> synchronizedMap = Collections.synchronizedMap(new WeakHashMap<Integer, WeakReference<String>>());
StopWatch mapTime = timeMultiThreaded("SynchronizedMap", synchronizedMap, v -> new WeakReference<>(String.valueOf(v)));
System.out.println(mapTime.prettyPrint());
this.map.setDisableTestHooks(true);
StopWatch cacheTime = timeMultiThreaded("WeakConcurrentCache", this.map, String::valueOf);
System.out.println(cacheTime.prettyPrint());
// We should be at least 4 time faster
assertThat(cacheTime.getTotalTimeSeconds(), is(lessThan(mapTime.getTotalTimeSeconds() / 4.0)));
}
@Test
public void shouldSupportNullReference() {
// GC could happen during restructure so we must be able to create a reference for a null entry
map.createReferenceManager().createReference(null, 1234, null);
}
/**
* Time a multi-threaded access to a cache.
* @return the timing stopwatch
*/
private <V> StopWatch timeMultiThreaded(String id, final Map<Integer, V> map,
ValueFactory<V> factory) throws InterruptedException {
StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch(id);
for (int i = 0; i < 500; i++) {
map.put(i, factory.newValue(i));
}
Thread[] threads = new Thread[30];
stopWatch.start("Running threads");
for (int threadIndex = 0; threadIndex < threads.length; threadIndex++) {
threads[threadIndex] = new Thread("Cache access thread " + threadIndex) {
@Override
public void run() {
for (int j = 0; j < 1000; j++) {
for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) {
map.get(i);
}
}
}
};
}
for (Thread thread : threads) {
thread.start();
}
for (Thread thread : threads) {
if (thread.isAlive()) {
thread.join(2000);
}
}
stopWatch.stop();
return stopWatch;
}
private interface ValueFactory<V> {
V newValue(int k);
}
private static class TestWeakConcurrentCache<K, V> extends ConcurrentReferenceHashMap<K, V> {
private int supplementalHash;
private final LinkedList<MockReference<K, V>> queue = new LinkedList<>();
private boolean disableTestHooks;
public TestWeakConcurrentCache() {
super();
}
public void setDisableTestHooks(boolean disableTestHooks) {
this.disableTestHooks = disableTestHooks;
}
public TestWeakConcurrentCache(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor, int concurrencyLevel) {
super(initialCapacity, loadFactor, concurrencyLevel);
}
public TestWeakConcurrentCache(int initialCapacity, int concurrencyLevel) {
super(initialCapacity, concurrencyLevel);
}
@Override
protected int getHash(@Nullable Object o) {
if (this.disableTestHooks) {
return super.getHash(o);
}
// For testing we want more control of the hash
this.supplementalHash = super.getHash(o);
return o == null ? 0 : o.hashCode();
}
public int getSupplementalHash() {
return this.supplementalHash;
}
@Override
protected ReferenceManager createReferenceManager() {
return new ReferenceManager() {
@Override
public Reference<K, V> createReference(Entry<K, V> entry, int hash, @Nullable Reference<K, V> next) {
if (TestWeakConcurrentCache.this.disableTestHooks) {
return super.createReference(entry, hash, next);
}
return new MockReference<>(entry, hash, next, TestWeakConcurrentCache.this.queue);
}
@Override
public Reference<K, V> pollForPurge() {
if (TestWeakConcurrentCache.this.disableTestHooks) {
return super.pollForPurge();
}
return TestWeakConcurrentCache.this.queue.isEmpty() ? null : TestWeakConcurrentCache.this.queue.removeFirst();
}
};
}
public MockReference<K, V> getMockReference(K key, Restructure restructure) {
return (MockReference<K, V>) super.getReference(key, restructure);
}
}
private static class MockReference<K, V> implements Reference<K, V> {
private final int hash;
private Entry<K, V> entry;
private final Reference<K, V> next;
private final LinkedList<MockReference<K, V>> queue;
public MockReference(Entry<K, V> entry, int hash, Reference<K, V> next, LinkedList<MockReference<K, V>> queue) {
this.hash = hash;
this.entry = entry;
this.next = next;
this.queue = queue;
}
@Override
public Entry<K, V> get() {
return this.entry;
}
@Override
public int getHash() {
return this.hash;
}
@Override
public Reference<K, V> getNext() {
return this.next;
}
@Override
public void release() {
this.queue.add(this);
this.entry = null;
}
public void queueForPurge() {
this.queue.add(this);
}
}
}
|
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Determining the elements of procedural quality.
The definition and determination of quality health care is an important topic. The purpose of this study was to develop a longitudinal method to define a quality procedure by creating a formal approach to pre- and postoperative outcomes documentation. The authors worked to define quality outcomes by first documenting the patient's condition. Goals were determined together by the surgeon and the patient and then were evaluated to see if those goals were met. The population consisted of cancer patients with newly diagnosed metastatic brain disease who were scheduled to undergo stereotactic radiosurgery. Surgeons recorded perioperatively objective information related to preoperative goals, clinical findings, surgical performance and/or error, and whether goals were met. In addition, patients completed pre- and postprocedure questionnaires (Rand 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey 1.0 [SF-36]). Procedural goals, defined as completing radiosurgery without error or complication and same-day discharge, were met in all patients. The clinically predetermined goal of tumor palliation was met in all but 1 patient at follow-up. The SF-36 scores remained stable except for the general health domain, which was lower (p = 0.006). Procedural goals can be defined and objectively measured serially. The authors think that quality care can be defined as a process that achieves predefined goals without significant error and maintains or improves health. |
Commercial processes for the manufacture of vinyl aromatic compounds such as monomeric styrene, divinyl benzene and lower alkylated styrenes (such as alphamethylstyrene and vinyltoluene) typically produce products contaminated with various impurities, such as benzene, toluene and the like. These impurities must be removed in order for the monomer product to be suitable for most applications. Such purification of vinyl aromatic compounds is generally accomplished by distillation.
However, it is well known that vinyl aromatic compounds polymerize readily and that the rate of polymerization increases rapidly as the temperature increases. In order to prevent polymerization of the vinyl aromatic monomer under distillation conditions various polymerization inhibitors have been employed.
In general, the compounds which are commercially employed as such polymerization inhibitors are of the U.S. Pat. No. 2,526,567, show the stabilization of nuclear chlorostyrenes employing 2,6-dinitrophenols. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 4,105,506, to Watson, discloses the use of 2,6-dinitro-p-cresol as a polymerization inhibitor for vinyl aromatic compounds.
In addition, it has been disclosed by Butler et al, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,466,905, that, in the presence of oxygen, the presence of phenylenediamines in the distillation column with 2,6-dinitro-p-cresol will further reduce the amount of polymerization which occurs.
While dinitrophenols are effective polymerization inhibitors, there are several disadvantages associated with their use, either alone or in blends. For example, dinitrophenols are solids that, if subjected to temperatures above their melting points, are unstable and may explode (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,457,806).
Moreover, dinitrophenols are highly toxic, many having an LD.sub.50 (rat) of less than 30 mg/Kg (Sax, Hazardous Properties of Industrial Chemicals).
Recently, it has been disclosed by Kolich, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,633,026, that halogenated vinyl aromatic compounds (such as bromostyrene) may be inhibited from polymerizing by the addition of an amine polymerization inhibitor selected from the group consisting of certain alkyl-substituted phenylenediamine compounds and phenothiazine compounds in the presence of air.
While such prior art inhibitors may inhibit the polymerization of vinyl aromatic compounds to some degree, it would be desirable to possess polymerization inhibitors which would more effectively delay the onset of polymerization and/or which would avoid the use of highly toxic compounds such as dinitrophenols.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved inhibitor composition for the prevention of polymerization of vinyl aromatic compounds.
It is an additional object of this invention to provide an inhibitor for the prevention of polymerization of vinyl aromatic compounds, which inhibitor does not comprise toxic dinitrophenolic compounds.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a vinyl aromatic composition which is stabilized against polymerization.
It is yet another object of this invention to provide an improved method for inhibiting the polymerization of vinyl aromatic compounds.
The foregoing and additional objects will become more fully apparent from the following description and accompanying Examples. |
"1266)}Mob Psycho 100" "350)}Namu Amida Butsu the world is filled with strange phenomena that science is yet to explain. they are helplessly thrown into the dark depths of fear." "But there are those who fight every day to shine a ray of hope into that chaotic darkness." "People call them..." "Psychics" "shall accept this job!" "Reigen" "Arataka" "Really?" "Thank you so much!" "I was at a complete loss because no one else would take me seriously." "437)}Client:" "Hanako" "I see." "it depends on which exorcism course you pick." "Course?" "Executing the Exorcism!" "We will do our best to reduce the spirit possessing you" "Option A — Trial Course 980 yen." "Option B — Serious Course 000 yen (Tax Excluded) Outside of Offer Period: 8980 yen {\cH2643CF\fs12}Recommended {\fs22\cH000000}Option C — All-Out Course" "000 yen (Tax Excluded) Outside of Offer Period: 19880 yen" "Refer us to a friend now and get an extra 5% reduction!" "Also get an add-on exorcism for 20% off!" "gets you a 99%... guaranteed!" "Reduction?" "spirits are sort of like carbon dioxide." "They are? Spirits and Such Consultation Office so it's a bit hard to completely get rid of one." "But have no fear." "I'll take care of it for 20% off!" "Reigen-sensei!" "Hold on a second!" "Hm?" "Who might you be?" "Taro." "what a benevolent fellow!" "What's that supposed to mean?" "!" "434)}Boyfriend:" "Taro that aside... you!" "This is super shady!" "you should really rethink this." "This is super shady"?" "!" "I guess I can't blame you for feeling that way." "who would believe a stupid story like having nightmares about ghosts?" "I wasn't talking about her!" "I was saying that I can't trust you!" "just leave it to me. too." "There's nothing wrong with her face!" "I see." "So you've been having those dreams ever since you did a test of courage last week." "Yes." "They're so scary and creepy." "it's that building over there!" "What an incredible aura!" "This is gonna be the first big one I've had in a while!" "it's this building over here." "didn't you?" "so it's that one!" "too." "I guess I got the wrong spirit!" "you know?" "I see." "Please." "There's no way there are ghosts everywhere— no!" "Taro-san..." "What?" "too." "The Buttchin Goblin." "eight?" "!" "that's rude!" "What?" "He's the one being rude to that random guy." "Hanako-san." "There are always people like him." "shall we go?" "This bastard..." "They say this place is haunted by the spirit of a man who saw a cockroach his head went through the ceiling and he died." "I don't know how you actually believe that." "I see." "So that's what is going on here..." "What?" "He suddenly looks all serious." "Could there really be... even I might not be able to handle it!" "This is too dangerous!" "Cockroaches are terrifying!" "Huh?" "There's no way this guy is a psychic!" "He's a total fake!" "too?" "A ghost!" "436)}Evil Spirit:" "Ceiling Crasher" "Want me to crash you through the ceiling with my curse?" "That's the same guy who keeps headbutting me in my dreams!" "I can't believe he actually appeared." "I've got this!" "Salt Splash!" "724)}Salt Splash" "This is Reigen's special move where he violently throws table salt everywhere." "This is just table salt you can buy in stores." "or it won't work." "Hakata Salt" "Impossible..." "Did I only imagine that spirits are weak against salt?" "I guess I'll have to call my ultimate weapon." "Mob?" "but could you come by?" "seriously." "There's an evil spirit. okay?" "Thanks." "Mob." "We were waiting for you." "Hmph." "you're using a middle schooler?" "Quit looking down on—" "also known as Mob." "Kageyama Shigeo" "Mob and the protagonist of this story." "I asked you not to summon me on such short notice." "400)}Mob Psycho 100" "Spirits and Such Consultation Office you're a lifesaver." "I never thought that an evil spirit would actually show up." "Here." "Your pay for the day." "thank you. so I really shouldn't be paying you more than half." "But I'll give you your hourly pay." "Think of it as a bonus." "Right..." "What?" "Do you have a problem with that?" "no." "But the spirit back there really was a lower-level spirit." "you..." "Y-You idiot! you end up melting everyone around you during a simple exorcism." "That's why I ask you to take care of the weaker ones." "Really?" "either... you idiot!" "That's because you lack training!" "The New Star of the 21st Century {\cH79D7D1}Reigen Arataka {\cH7ED5DC}Spirits and Such Consultation Office your master!" "Your powers are meant to be used." "Not doing so would be a waste." "while also being training for you." "You're killing two birds with one stone! you will only destroy yourself." "That's why I'm teaching you how to control your powers so they don't go berserk." "That's why I'm teaching you how to control your powers so they don't go berserk." "didn't you?" "That you wouldn't use your psychic powers against other people." "Progress Toward" "Mob's Explosion" "Progress Toward Mob's Explosion: {\cHF6FF32}22%" "Ah... bending spoons." "You really need to drop that habit." "come now." "Shigeo's going through puberty." "Let him bend some spoons." "Right?" "sorry." "spoiling him again." "Shige." "He got another perfect score on his quiz today." "Mom." "Nii-san." "I'll be there to listen any time." "1)}Kageyama Ritsu" "Ritsu." "Ritsu." "you hear?" "Huh?" "Nii-san." "There's nothing I can do about that." "Shigeo." "Salt Middle School" "Morning!" "Salt Middle School" "Right?" "Tsubomi!" "Morning!" "What a beautiful day!" "yeah." "On TV yesterday..." "What?" "Tsubomi-chan's as cute as ever today... what would be the answer here?" "Let's go with Kageyama." "sir..." "Arithmetic I" "I have no idea." "that'd mean the only thing you know is addition." "weren't you?" "Forget it." "Sit down." "There it goes!" "This way!" "pass!" "go!" "Stop 'em!" "pass!" "Go!" "Reigen Arataka" "Hello?" "Mob? but could you come down to the station right now?" "The station?" "Yeah." "Today's job is a big one." "Oh." "All right." "Progress Toward Mob's Explosion: {\cHF6FF32}25%" "Today's job is from a local neighborhood council." "The location is Honeido Tunnel along the old highway." "It's a famous haunted place." "Famous Haunted Spot" "Terror" "Haunted Ghost Tunnel" "Eek!" "Aah!" "The location is the old Seasoning Highway Honeido Tunnel the bad rumors just won't go away." "a number of college students and bloggers have gone there to do a test of courage and gone missing." "And this is the ringer." "Honeido Tunnel Group Accident" "A huge group accident?" "though it happened thirty years ago." "more than twenty people died at once." "The hatred of all those people must be swirling around this tunnel." "Mob." "There's no telling what might happen." "right." "500)}Honeido Tunnel" "This is it." "let's take a look. shall clean this place up." "Mob." "my student!" "Mob?" "too!" "It'll be bad if the sun goes down." "are you listening?" "so follow me!" "Got it? so I didn't think that you'd need my help." "You idiot!" "Who do you think is going to exorcise—Ahem. but follow me so you can learn something." "Master." "Hm?" "This tunnel seems pretty dangerous." "I can sense the presence of a very powerful spirit further down. but this is definitely the real deal." "If a normal person happened to anger the spirit in here..." "If they angered it...?" "They probably wouldn't make it out in one piece." "Of course not." "That's why we're going to exorcise it." "here we go!" "I'll go first." "I'm counting on you to support me however you can from behind." "Right." "It's a bit chilly." "Yes." "We forgot to bring flashlights." "don't you feel something?" "Hm?" "it is pretty humid in here..." "I'm talking about auras." "that." "my nose is a bid sduffy doday." "Does that have anything to do with this?" "it does." "Do you feel anything?" "Feel would be an understatement." "There are twelve..." "Eighteen..." "No..." "Even more right nearby." "Ah!" "Looks like we've been completely surrounded." "They're going to attack us now." "All right!" "I'll leave the small fry to you." "Mob!" "huh?" "we might have been in danger." "I'm sure that took care of all of them." "Another piece of ca—" "There's someone right in front of me!" "Who are you?" "!" "An evil spirit?" "!" "Boss it's just a heel wrestler." "Don't scare me like that!" "I thought you were an evil spirit." "You shouldn't be practicing here." "Master. so watch out." "473)}Evil Spirit:" "Boss so you're the boss monkey of the evil spirits!" "but you can't fool me!" "I..." "This tunnel... and we all died!" "And I'm their leader!" "This tunnel is... my turf!" "I'll crush every last intruder!" "Here we go!" "Curse ya!" "100)}Curse ya" "Cigarette Burn Poltergeist!" "Wh-What?" "My ignition attack isn't working?" "There's a powerful forcefield?" "How could this power be coming from someone like him?" "Crap!" "I mistook him for a wimp!" "Too late for regrets now! your fate was sealed!" "You're going to be exorcised!" "Banishing Salt Punch! 1)}Banishing Salt Punch where he punches the enemy with his fist covered in table salt." "Huh?" "That didn't hurt at all." "dear." "So you are a fake..." "I'm disappearing!" "Go back to the ozone layer." "W-Wait!" "Wait!" "We were just being forced to do this!" "Mob?" "Hurry up and melt him." "Master." "Let's hear him out." "We're nothing compared to the evil spirit down the tunnel. and that's why we've been scaring people that come through." "Hmph." "Don't think that you can fool Reigen with such lies!" "They aren't lies! Death Specters Gang 472)}Boss and our memories could rest in peace!" "That's all I wanted to say!" "or whatever you want!" "So you're trying to make us pity you?" "Mob!" "Those are the typical lies of a con artist." "Melt him." "I'm going to go have a look." "Huh?" "I thought it was a little weird that the aura" "I felt before coming in here hadn't disappeared yet." "too..." "Stop him!" "he doesn't stand a chance." "That thing is an evil spirit that's lived on this mountain for hundreds of years." "Everyone that's died here was killed by him!" "S-So you guys were also..." "No." "We just happened to slip on a banana peel." "don't you?" "call him back." "Hurry!" "Mob!" "Come back!" "Come back!" "Mob!" "Mob?" "Ah." "you're safe." "Yes." "That evil spirit wasn't very powerful." "Wh-Who are you?" "Huh?" "I'm nobody..." "You idiot!" "the student... the new star of the paranormal world!" "right." "I thank you." "Now we can all pass on peacefully." "could this be..." "Death Specters {\cHD1CFB0}Gang" "Boss!" "Yeah!" "Death Specters Gang" "Thanks..." "Self-Proclaimed Psychic:" "Reigen Arataka ~And Mob~ dude." "Now we can depart to the afterlife!" "Full speed ahead to the next world!" "Mob." "What are you doing?" "Let's go." "Right." "Bus Schedule" "Master..." "Huh?" "Why didn't you do anything?" "you know..." "A-Ahem..." "Didn't I tell you right at the start that I'd leave the small fry to you?" "right." "Seasoning Station" "What do you wanna do?" "Let's get something to eat." "I'm not gonna last until I get home." "right?" "Mob." "Shall we?" "Yes." "Does ramen work for you?" "Yes." "limit it to two." "All right." "Here you go." "Progress Toward Mob's Explosion: {\cHF6FF32}25%" "Progress Toward Mob's Explosion: {\cHF6FF32}26%" "Progress Toward Mob's Explosion: {\cHF6FF32}27%" "A group of telepathics suddenly appear and disturb Mob's daily life." "Mob heads into a world of women." "Where is the goal?" "Which way is tomorrow?" "Next time on Mob Psycho 100 Episode 2:" "Doubts About Youth ~The Telepathy Club Appears~." "{\cHE2F86F}Doubts About Youth ~The Telepathy Club Appears~" "Watching it in real time?" "Wise decision." |
).
-4
Let q(o) = o**3 - 9*o**2 - 3*o + 16. Give q(7).
-103
Let d(y) = 48*y - 294. Calculate d(9).
138
Let n(h) = -157*h - 1425. Determine n(-9).
-12
Let v(h) = 2*h**2 + 24*h + 89. Give v(-3).
35
Let t(x) = -x**3 + 57*x**2 - 73*x + 934. Give t(56).
-18
Let w(b) = 178*b**2 - 2316*b + 26. Calculate w(13).
0
Let y(j) = j**3 - 24*j**2 + 105*j + 47. Give y(18).
-7
Let k(c) = 387*c**2 + 15*c - 14. Calculate k(1).
388
Let k(z) = z**3 + 4*z**2 - 39*z + 37. Determine k(-9).
-17
Let p(o) = -162*o - 487. What is p(-3)?
-1
Let i(m) = -34*m + 354. Determine i(10).
14
Let j(h) = -3656*h - 91408. Calculate j(-25).
-8
Let o(s) = -2*s**2 - 437*s + 3513. Determine o(8).
-111
Let f(b) = -b**2 - 30*b + 59. Determine f(5).
-116
Let w(r) = r**2 - 84*r + 721. Determine w(74).
-19
Let x(g) = g**3 + 6*g**2 + 6*g + 177. What is x(-8)?
1
Let u(t) = -2*t**3 - 19*t**2 - 31*t + 95. Give u(-6).
29
Let o(m) = m**3 + 6*m**2 + 2*m - 11. Determine o(-4).
13
Let v(q) = -q**3 + 19*q**2 - 36*q + 1033. Determine v(20).
-87
Let z(i) = 922*i + 5529. Determine z(-6).
-3
Let l(g) = 8*g - 45. Calculate l(2).
-29
Let y(o) = 105*o + 1587. Determine y(-15).
12
Let k(u) = u**3 + 56*u**2 + 33*u - 1199. Calculate k(-55).
11
Let o(a) = a**3 - 51*a**2 + 632*a - 45. What is o(21)?
-3
Let f(j) = j**3 + 24*j**2 + 29*j - 3. What is f(-12)?
1377
Let o(h) = 57*h - 29. Give o(-2).
-143
Let h(s) = 9*s**2 - 349*s + 590. What is h(37)?
-2
Let i(r) = -3*r**2 - 771*r + 3932. Give i(-262).
2
Let m(q) = 126*q + 11445. Calculate m(-91).
-21
Let m(f) = 109*f - 11. Calculate m(1).
98
Let q(p) = -p**2 + 344*p + 7672. Calculate q(-21).
7
Let b(c) = -c**3 - 44*c**2 + 636*c + 1717. Give b(-55).
12
Let u(n) = -3*n**3 + 284*n**2 + 97*n - 71. Give u(95).
119
Let u(f) = -2094*f + 90032. What is u(43)?
-10
Let f(g) = g**2 - 908*g + 197285. Calculate f(360).
5
Let g(k) = -181*k - 8. Calculate g(2).
-370
Let d(u) = -4*u**2 + 14*u - 27. Determine d(2).
-15
Let b(p) = p**3 + 32*p**2 + 11*p - 17. Give b(5).
963
Let b(f) = f**2 + 66*f - 2890. What is b(30)?
-10
Let h(p) = 70*p**2 - 489*p - 17. Give h(7).
-10
Let k(m) = -4*m**2 - 22*m + 529. Determine k(9).
7
Let v(j) = j**2 - 50*j + 619. Give v(25).
-6
Let r(o) = -5*o**3 - 4*o - 4. Determine r(-1).
5
Let q(y) = -12*y + 312. Calculate q(18).
96
Let i(z) = 7*z**3 - 175*z**2 - 353*z + 1. Calculate i(-2).
-49
Let l(d) = 2272*d + 84081. Determine l(-37).
17
Let y(u) = -u**3 + 26*u**2 - 102*u + 46. Give y(23).
-713
Let x(k) = k**3 - 7*k**2 - 128*k + 904. What is x(7)?
8
Let v(s) = -133*s - 42. Calculate v(-2).
224
Let q(k) = -15*k**2 - 145*k + 88. What is q(-10)?
38
Let d(y) = 7*y + 81. What is d(-17)?
-38
Let h(b) = -2*b**2 - 43*b + 142. Determine h(3).
-5
Let k(a) = 256*a - 786. Calculate k(3).
-18
Let x(j) = j**3 + 39*j**2 + 365*j + 62. Determine x(-24).
-58
Let p(x) = 72*x + 1026. Calculate p(-14).
18
Let r(i) = -1099*i + 50556. What is r(46)?
2
Let t(z) = -8*z**2 - 123*z + 539. What is t(4)?
-81
Let y(g) = g**2 - 56*g - 549. What is y(62)?
-177
Let h(m) = 5*m**3 - 10*m**2 + 5*m - 3. Give h(2).
7
Let z(m) = m**3 - 149*m**2 + 828*m - 123378. Determine z(149).
-6
Let n(y) = 299*y - 881. Give n(3).
16
Let n(d) = 1917*d + 3837. Give n(-2).
3
Let t(g) = -28*g + 1026. What is t(38)?
-38
Let x(o) = -6*o**2 - 9*o - 39. Determine x(5).
-234
Let s(n) = 73*n - 3124. Determine s(44).
88
Let x(h) = -13*h**2 + 90*h + 11. Calculate x(9).
-232
Let y(c) = -c**2 - 12*c + 45. Give y(-16).
-19
Let d(g) = 13*g**2 - 92*g - 3. Determine d(7).
-10
Let w(a) = a**3 - 17*a**2 + 33*a + 111. Give w(14).
-15
Let c(t) = -t**3 + 82*t**2 + 3362*t + 49. Determine c(-30).
-11
Let y(j) = 8851*j - 26536. Calculate y(3).
17
Let d(z) = -z**3 + 7*z**2 - 16*z + 20. Give d(5).
-10
Let c(k) = -26*k - 147. What is c(4)?
-251
Let t(x) = x**2 - 65*x - 1595. Determine t(84).
1
Let d(c) = 6851*c + 54820. Calculate d(-8).
12
Let x(f) = -f**2 + 9*f + 3767. What is x(66)?
5
Let p(b) = b**2 - 1415*b + 19615. Calculate p(14).
1
Let x(r) = -2*r**3 + 3*r**2 + 25*r - 46. Give x(8).
-678
Let v(w) = -w**3 + 12*w**2 + 68*w - 644. Determine v(14).
-84
Let w(a) = -62*a - 395. Determine w(-7).
39
Let b(t) = 730*t + 12410. Give b(-17).
0
Let w(a) = -a**3 - 12*a**2 + 6*a + 48. Calculate w(-11).
-139
Let a(l) = -10*l**2 - 164*l + 94. Give a(-17).
-8
Let b(f) = 68*f**3 - 5*f**2 + 5*f + 7. Determine b(2).
541
Let t(f) = -7*f - 22. Calculate t(-15).
83
Let t(x) = -3*x**2 + 4*x + 245. What is t(0)?
245
Let z(u) = -2*u**3 - 12*u**2 - 16*u - 23. Determine z(-5).
7
Let o(n) = 8177*n + 16362. What is o(-2)?
8
Let q(z) = -2*z**3 + 20*z**2 + 116*z - 1113. Determine q(7).
-7
Let g(f) = -f**3 + 2*f**2 - 11*f + 6. Determine g(8).
-466
Let g(f) = -f**2 + 185*f + 1339. Calculate g(192).
-5
Let h(t) = -226*t**2 - 9*t - 8. Give h(-1).
-225
Let b(v) = 34*v - 2415. Calculate b(71).
-1
Let d(h) = -h**3 + 73*h**2 - 676*h - 376. What is d(62)?
-4
Let j(n) = 74*n + 693. Calculate j(-9).
27
Let u(q) = -55*q - 5001. What is u(-91)?
4
Let y(z) = 205*z - 3900. What is y(19)?
-5
Let z(a) = -a**3 - 16*a**2 - 151*a - 1421. Give z(-13).
35
Let j(d) = -d**3 + 26*d**2 + 77*d - 550. What is j(28)?
38
Let z(l) = l**3 - l**2 + 6*l + 27. Determine z(-7).
-407
Let v(g) = -g**2 + 1053*g + 3176. Give v(-3).
8
Let k(b) = 165*b - 1332. Determine k(8).
-12
Let s(i) = -194*i + 670. Give s(2).
282
Let k(m) = -2*m**3 - 2*m**2 - 17*m - 2. What is k(-3)?
85
Let m(q) = -q**2 - 114*q + 13383. Calculate m(-186).
-9
Let x(o) = -5*o**2 + 122*o - 232. Give x(2).
-8
Let k(n) = 5*n + 190. Give k(-45).
-35
Let n(d) = 3*d**3 + 228*d**2 + d - 11. Give n(-76).
-87
Let z(r) = 44*r**2 + 13*r + 27. Determine z(-2).
177
Let k(a) = -3*a**2 - 12*a + 27. What is k(6)?
-153
Let g(j) = -j**3 - 7*j**2 + 326*j + 2962. What is g(-10)?
2
Let k(r) = -25*r - 500. What is k(-26)?
150
Let q(r) = -1052*r + 51546. Give q(49).
-2
Let z(d) = -d**2 + 45*d - 172. What is z(39)?
62
Let t(d) = -175*d + 4501. Give t(25).
126
Let m(x) = -2*x**3 + 22*x**2 + 119*x + 6. What is m(-4)?
10
Let a(g) = 40*g - 2139. What is a(54)?
21
Let n(l) = -l**3 + 7*l**2 + 14*l + 9. Give n(-4).
129
Let n(c) = -c**2 + 153*c - 1302. What is n(9)?
-6
Let k(a) = -3*a**3 - 437*a**2 + 151*a + 744. Give k(-146).
14
Let h(l) = 55*l - 551. What is h(21)?
604
Let h(t) = 24*t**2 - 359*t - 4. Give h(15).
11
Let n(z) = -31*z**2 + 527*z - 499. Determine n(16).
-3
Let a(s) = 2*s**2 + 61*s - 898. Determine a(12).
122
Let x(f) = 8*f - 147. Give x(15).
-27
Let j(z) = -2*z**2 - 240*z - 3124. Give j(-15).
26
Let g(d) = d**3 + 9*d**2 + 64*d + 331. Give g(-7).
-19
Let v(d) = d**3 - 23*d**2 - 182*d + 40. Calculate v(-6).
88
Let u(v) = -594*v - 21. Determine u(0).
-21
Let j(g) = g**2 + 340*g - 1726. What is j(5)?
-1
Let w(b) = -56*b - 261. What is w(3)?
-429
Let o(d) = d**3 - 11*d**2 + 12*d - 28. Give o(9).
-82
Let k(x) = 2*x**3 - 21*x**2 + 14*x + 27. Determine k(10).
67
Let r(y) = y**2 + 3*y - 647. Give r(-26).
-49
Let s(j) = j**3 - 57*j**2 + 759*j - 111. Give s(36).
-3
Let o(d) = d**2 + 125*d - 4296. Determine o(28).
-12
Let a(v) = v**3 + 18*v**2 - 50*v - 60. Determine a(-20).
140
Let u(k) = -221*k**2 - 441*k - 2. Calculate u(-2).
-4
Let i(u) = -u**2 - 104*u + 4850. Give i(35).
-15
Let d(j) = -6*j**2 - 622*j + 205. What is d(-104)?
-3
Let t(m) = 3*m + 13. Give t(10).
43
Let f(v) = v**2 + 10*v - 114. Give f(0).
-114
Let x(q) = 141*q**2 + 9*q - 4. Give x(1).
146
Let c(v) = -v**3 - 92*v**2 - 541*v - 40947. Determine c(-91).
3
Let l(f) = -6*f**3 + 43*f**2 - 4*f - 12. Give l(7).
9
Let c(r) = 4*r**3 - 212*r**2 - 14*r + 743. What is c(53)?
1
Let g(w) = 8*w**2 + 219*w - 183. Determine g(-29).
194
Let a(w) = -w**3 + 27*w**2 + 97*w + 12. Calculate a(-3).
-9
Let z(s) = s**3 - 37*s**2 + 29*s + 272. What is z(36)?
20
Let z(o) = o**3 + 14*o**2 + 13*o - 51. Give z(-12).
81
Let l(i) = 2*i**2 - 59*i - 218. Determine l(-4).
50
Let n(m) = -26*m - 805. Give n(-32).
27
Let f(a) = 2*a**2 - 53*a + 113. Give f(24).
-7
Let d(b) = -33*b - 1653. Calculate d(-51).
30
Let s(r) = -2*r**3 + 10*r**2 + 2*r - 118. Determine s(7).
-300
Let h(a) = -44*a + 3479. What is h(77)?
91
Let m(s) = -82*s**3 - 1724*s**2 - 42*s - 4. What is m(-21)?
-4
Let d(k) = k**3 + 10*k**2 + 22*k - 8. What is d(-4)?
0
Let a(b) = 41*b + 158. Determine a(-8).
-170
Let f(m) = 4*m**2 + 393*m + 92. Give f(-98).
-6
Let c(u) = -4 |
"Marriage wasn't created "in tradition and the law." It was created by God, at the very beginning. In just the same way "up" and "down" were created by God. It is what it is. Tradition and law are forced to deal with these realities, and to be just and non-destructive they have to conform to them, but they didn't create them. This is not a nitpick. It's very important. The camel's nose in the tent is the idea that men, or governments, have any kind of legitimate choice in matters of natural law."-- Tom Hoefling
"When it comes to the right to life, and marriage, God has already decided. "You shall not murder." "What therefore God hath joined together, let not man put asunder." So neither individuals, nor states, nor our national government, have any legitimate right to decide otherwise. All they have is DUTY. The absolute imperative DUTY to agree with nature, and nature's God, and through the laws, and the enforcement of those laws, to protect and preserve one man one woman marriage, and to provide EQUAL PROTECTION for the right to life of every single innocent human person. You may have the POWER to distort what God intended, but all you're doing when you exercise that illegitimate power is codifying injustice, and destroying your own form of republican self-government, and obliterating the very basis for the American claim to liberty."-- Tom Hoefling
WNDAlan Keyes“We hold these truths to be self-evident … that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights. …” (U.S. Declaration of Independence)
“But if there are certain actions that all human beings are obliged by lawful authority to undertake, then as all are under the same obligation all may invoke the authority of that obligation to justify their action, to prove that it is right. With all justly claiming the same authority to act, all have the right to do so. The ‘rights that everyone has’ are therefore connected with the duties and obligations imposed upon them by the law to which they are all subjected.” (my column “Legalizing homosexual marriage impairs unalienable right”)Most of my thinking about the crisis of America’s liberty has been predicated upon the evident fact that a substantial portion of America’s elite has rejected the fundamental premise of liberty and justice in the United States. There is no mystery about that premise. It was clearly articulated in the words with which the American people, as such, stepped onto the stage of history.
As stated in the words of the U.S. Declaration of Independence, quoted above, this premise has been at the heart of all the various struggles for justice and right that have advanced the true cause of liberty for people in the United States, as individuals and as a nation.
The Declaration’s logic provides the rational foundation for America’s institutions of government, including the Constitution of the United States. At its core, that logic depends on three essential concepts: self-evident truth, the existence and authority of the Creator, and the Creator’s endowment of unalienable rights, vested in every individual included in the name of humanity.
The elitists’ push to legalize, and forbid disapproval of, homosexual relations is the most telling evidence of their hostility toward America’s way of life. It is also the key, in principle, to their thus far successful strategy to overthrow America’s historically exceptional government of, by, and for the people; and to restore unchallenged rule by and for the advantage of, the most powerful elitist clique.
The latest case in point is the ruling of U.S. District Judge Terrence C. Kern regarding same-sex marriage, overturning the amendment by which Oklahomans restricted the State’s recognition of marriage to heterosexual couples. Though the decision contained nothing new, both its content and the manner in which it was argued by both sides illustrate the deadly legal chicanery by which the elitist faction means to dissolve the moral, legal and institutional basis for just government, i.e., government aimed at securing the God-endowed unalienable rights of the people.
Nowhere in his judgment does Judge Kern refer to this fundamental purpose of government. This omission is the key to understanding the deadly legalistic deception his decision carries on. So is the fact that he pretends to talk about rights, but ignores the special natural prerogative that gives rise to the institution of marriage.
He pretends to see no rational basis for restricting the legal recognition of marriage to couples that are, in principle, capable of natural procreation. (In principle, means, of course, with respect to their God-endowed nature as human beings, not their incidental circumstances or intentions.) Yet the unalienable right of marriage depends on the special prerogative (natural command or rule of the Creator) of procreation. Members of a same-sex couple cannot humanly procreate with one another in the natural way. So they have no basis on which to claim the right rationally connected with the special prerogative of procreation.
Well, it's been forty years since the infamous court opinion we call Roe vs. Wade. An entire generation has now slaughtered their posterity.
Under the color of "law."
Of course, rightfully, Roe is no more relevant than Dred Scott vs. Sanford.
As Augustine said long ago:
"An unjust law is no law at all."
And Roe was not a law anyhow. It was a lawless court decision in a particular case, one which can only rightfully be ignored by decent Americans. Constitutionally, only Congress can make laws, and they can only make laws that are in accord with the Constitution if they are to be considered legitimate.
The Constitution explicitly and imperatively says:
"No person shall be deprived of life without due process of law."
"No State shall deprive any person of life without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."
Abortion is illegal. Always has been, always will be. Anyone who tells you otherwise is completely deceived, or outright lying.
William Blackstone:
"Good and wise men, in all ages...have supposed, that the deity, from the relations, we stand in, to himself and to each other, has constituted an eternal and immutable law, which is, indispensably, obligatory upon all mankind, prior to any human institution whatever...This is what is called the law of nature, which, being coeval with mankind, and dictated by God himself, is, of course superior in obligation to any other. It is binding over all the globe, in all countries at all times. No human laws are of any validity, if contrary to this; and such of them as are valid, derive all their authority, mediately or immediately, from this original."
Alexander Hamilton:
"Upon this law, depend the natural rights of mankind, the supreme being gave existence to man, together with the means of preserving and beautifying that existence. He endowed him with rational faculties, by the help of which, to discern and pursue such things, as were consistent with his duty and interest, and invested him with an inviolable right to personal liberty and personal safety.
"Hence, in a state of nature, no man has any moral power to deprive another of his life, limbs, property, or liberty; nor the least authority to command, or exact obedience from him....
"Hence also, the origin of all civil government, justly established, must be a voluntary compact, between the rulers and the ruled; and must be liable to such limitations, as are necessary for the security of the absolute rights of the latter; for what original title can any man or set of men have, to govern others, except their own consent? To usurp dominion over a people, in their own despite, or to grasp at more extensive power than they are willing to entrust, is to violate that law of nature, which gives every man the right to his personal liberty; and can, therefore, confer no obligation to obedience."
"When human laws contradict or discountenance the means, which are necessary to preserve the essential rights of any society, they defeat the proper end of all laws, and so become null and void."
The ultimate stated purpose of the U.S. Constitution:
"We the People of the United States, in Order to...secure the Blessings of Liberty to...our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America."
The reason all human government exists, according to our founders:
"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men..."
"No human law can abolish the natural and original right of marriage, nor in any way limit the chief and principal purpose of marriage ordained by God's authority from the beginning: "Increase and multiply." Hence we have the family, the "society" of a man's house -- a society very small, one must admit, but none the less a true society, and one older than any State. Consequently, it has rights and duties peculiar to itself which are quite independent of the State."
'Securing the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity.'
Tom Hoefling on Government:
"Just as 'good fences make for good neighbors,' good government is mainly about knowing where the legitimate boundaries are, and having the courage to defend those borders forcefully. This is true in terms of the defense of our territory, our security, and our national sovereignty, but it also applies to the sworn duty of all of those in government to equally protect the God-given, unalienable rights of each individual person, from their creation onward, their sacred obligation to stay well within the enumerated powers of our constitutions, and of the role legitimate government must play in balancing the competing rights and interests of the people, in order to establish justice." |
Introduction {#s1}
============
The myofiber orientation pattern in the cardiac left ventricular wall has an invariant nature among mammals, including humans, with a normal organ arrangement (Situs Solitus, SS) [@pcbi.1002611-Greenbaum1]--[@pcbi.1002611-Streeter1]. Myofibers follow a left-handed helical path near the epicardium and gradually change their pitch through a circumferential path in the midventricular wall towards a right-handed helical path near the endocardium. The transmural change in helix angle is qualitatively the same from apex to base. Moreover, myofibers cross over between endo- and epicardium. The direction of crossover gradually changes from apex to base [@pcbi.1002611-GeertsOssevoort1] and is quantified by the transverse angle .
SS LVs not only display an invariant myofiber pattern, but also a large similarity in experimentally determined measures of deformation, such as torsion [@pcbi.1002611-Delhaas1], [@pcbi.1002611-Ubbink1]. Contraction of sub-endocardial myofibers with a right-handed helical orientation tends to rotate the apex in a clockwise direction with respect to the base, when viewed from the apex ([figure 1C](#pcbi-1002611-g001){ref-type="fig"}). The opposite is true for the sub-epicardium: contraction of myofibers with a left-handed helical orientation, tends to rotate the apex in counterclockwise direction during myofiber contraction. A net counterclockwise rotation of the apex as obtained from measurements [@pcbi.1002611-Delhaas1], indicate that epicardial myofibers dominate endocardial myofibers ([figure 1D](#pcbi-1002611-g001){ref-type="fig"}).
![Relation between myofiber orientation and torsion.\
: At the base of the Situs Inversus Totalis (SIT) LV, myofibers follow a right-handed helical path at the sub-epicardium (**A**). Contraction of these myofibers, tends to rotate the midventricle in a clockwise direction with respect to the base, when viewed from the apex. The opposite is true for the sub-endocardium: myofibers follow a left-handed helical path, and contraction of these myofibers tends to rotate the midventricle in a counterclockwise direction with respect to the base (**A**). In general, a net clockwise rotation is measured at the base in SIT LV [@pcbi.1002611-Delhaas1], indicating that epicardial myofibers dominate endocardial myofibers (**B**). : At the apex of the SIT LV, myofibers follow the same pattern as in the Situs Solitus (SS) LV. The dominant myofibers at the sub-epicardium follow a left-handed helical path (**C**). During contraction, a net counterclockwise rotation is measured in the apical region with respect to the midventricle of the SIT LV or with respect to the base in the SS LV (**D**). In fact, **C** and **D** both represent a whole SS LV. Finally, the torsion angle in SIT is similar to SS at the apex and inverted at the base (**E**).](pcbi.1002611.g001){#pcbi-1002611-g001}
Several model studies demonstrated that myofiber orientation pattern is a major determinant of strain distribution in the cardiac wall [@pcbi.1002611-Ubbink1]--[@pcbi.1002611-Bovendeerd2]. In addition, magnetic resonance tagging (MRT) studies showed that myofiber shortening during ejection exhibits little heterogeneity [@pcbi.1002611-MacGowan1]. Even more so, when coefficients of a polynomial that described the spatial distribution of myofiber orientations were optimized for minimal heterogeneity in myofiber shortening during ejection, realistic myofiber orientations were found [@pcbi.1002611-Rijcken1]. Consequently, it was hypothesized that reorientation is an important adaptive mechanism for a myocyte to achieve a preferred mechanical loading state. Indeed, in a computational model of shear-induced adaptive myofiber reorientation, global LV pump as well as local myofiber function increased upon reorientation, while the latter displayed less spatial heterogeneity [@pcbi.1002611-Kroon1]. This suggests that the invariant nature of myofiber orientation in the SS LV reflects the unique solution of a successful adaptation process at myocyte level.
Scarce experimental and anatomical studies demonstrated that in individuals with Situs Inversus Totalis (SIT), i.e., a complete mirror image of their organ anatomy and position, the myofiber orientation pattern of the LV is not a complete mirror image of the pattern in the SS LV [@pcbi.1002611-Delhaas1], [@pcbi.1002611-Asami1]--[@pcbi.1002611-Matsumura1]. Instead, in SIT LVs the transmural change of at the apex is as in the SS LV but it changes to a (partially) mirror-imaged transmural distribution at the base [@pcbi.1002611-Delhaas1], [@pcbi.1002611-Asami1], [@pcbi.1002611-Matsumura1]. Anatomical data suggest that the transition between the two distributions seems to be located more apically at the endocardium than at the epicardium [@pcbi.1002611-Asami1], [@pcbi.1002611-Matsumura1], but detailed information is lacking. In addition, no quantitative data on the transmural course of have yet been obtained.
As can be expected considering the dependency of cardiac deformation on myofiber orientation pattern, torsion in the SIT LV was found to differ from that in the SS LV. At the apex, torsion patterns of SS and SIT coincide, whereas at the base an inverted torsion pattern is observed in SIT when compared to SS ([figure 1E](#pcbi-1002611-g001){ref-type="fig"}). More interestingly, torsion patterns have been shown to differ considerably in between SIT LVs [@pcbi.1002611-Delhaas1]. This suggests that myofiber orientations of the SIT LV not only deviate from that in the SS LV, but also display variation among SIT LVs themselves. Assuming that myocytes in the SIT LV have a normal adaptive response through reorientation, this adaptation process seems to result in multiple outcomes. Despite differences in deformation (and structure), none of the subjects in the SIT group studied by Delhaas *et al.* [@pcbi.1002611-Delhaas1] showed any cardiac complaints.
In this study, we addressed the question whether variations in myofiber patterns of the SIT LV can be predicted by adaptive reorientation of myofibers, and whether these various outcomes yield similar pump and myofiber function as in the SS LV. To investigate this, we employ a mathematical model of LV mechanics [@pcbi.1002611-Bovendeerd2] ([figure 2](#pcbi-1002611-g002){ref-type="fig"}) and include shear-induced adaptive myofiber reorientation [@pcbi.1002611-Kroon1]. In the latter model, we assume myofibers to adapt their orientation as a response to local loss of myocardial integrity due to forces generated by fiber cross-fiber shear strains during myofiber contraction. Scarce information on the distribution of in the SIT LV is used to set a non-zero initial condition for ([figure 3](#pcbi-1002611-g003){ref-type="fig"}) in the adaptation model. We performed three SIT simulations in which the longitudinal location of the transition between the normal and inverted transmural distribution of is varied. The transition is located halfway between base and apex in simulation *MID*, more towards the base in simulation *BASE*, and more towards the apex in simulation *APEX*. It is expected that variation in this location might explain the inter-individual differences in torsion in SIT. In absence of experimental data, the initial condition for was set to zero. For reference purposes, a situs solitus simulation *SS* was performed in which a normal initial distribution of was set [@pcbi.1002611-Rijcken1]. As adaptation proceeded, we analyzed local and global LV function and compared model computed torsion with experimental torsion data.
{#pcbi-1002611-g002}
{#pcbi-1002611-g003}
Results {#s2}
=======
In all simulations, local and global LV function increased significantly during the adaptation process as indicated by the increase in 1) myofiber shortening (decrease of myofiber strain) during ejection , 2) stroke work density (area enclosed by myofiber Cauchy stress-natural myofiber strain loop), 3) maximum left ventricular pressure , and 4) stroke volume . In addition, fiber strains during the isovolumic contraction (IC) and relaxation (IR) phases, and , decreased significantly as a result of minimizing fiber cross-fiber shear. As an example, evolution of local and global function in simulation *MID* is shown in [figure 4](#pcbi-1002611-g004){ref-type="fig"}. Parameter values all reached a steady state value after about 15 adaptation cycles. In the steady state, standard deviations (SD) of the local function parameters are significantly decreased, which indicates increase in homogeneity. For example, the SD of decreased with .
{#pcbi-1002611-g004}
After 15 adaptation cycles, function parameter values are not significantly different between the SIT simulations. Neither are the values in the SIT simulations significantly different in comparison to the SS simulation ([figure 5](#pcbi-1002611-g005){ref-type="fig"}). In simulation *SS*, exhibits less heterogeneity when compared to the SIT simulations.
{#pcbi-1002611-g005}
Local myocardial function in simulation *MID* is shown in more detail in [figure 6](#pcbi-1002611-g006){ref-type="fig"}. Myofiber Cauchy stress-natural strain loops are shown before (dashed line) and after 15 adaptation cycles (solid line) in several nodes across the LV wall. After reorientation, the loops become more homogeneous, as was also indicated by the decrease in SD of myofiber strains and stroke work density ([figure 4](#pcbi-1002611-g004){ref-type="fig"}). Although homogeneity increased significantly, locations in or near the transition zone in the SIT LV still show deviating local myocardial function after reorientation. This results in, for example, a larger SD in when compared to simulation *SS* ([figure 5](#pcbi-1002611-g005){ref-type="fig"}).
{#pcbi-1002611-g006}
[Figure 7](#pcbi-1002611-g007){ref-type="fig"} shows transmural distributions of the helix angle and transverse angle in the mechanically unloaded state, indicated by subscript (see [figure 2B](#pcbi-1002611-g002){ref-type="fig"}). [Results](#s2){ref-type="sec"} are shown before (dashed line) and after 15 adaptation cycles (solid line) at 7 levels between apex and base. In all simulations, relatively small changes are observed between initial and final distributions of . Though changed, especially in the transition zone, transmural patterns stayed present.
{ref-type="sec"} of simulation *SS* (left), and SIT simulations *BASE*, *MID* and *APEX* (right) are shown. Analysis is done at 7 different levels in the LV wall (see [figure 3A](#pcbi-1002611-g003){ref-type="fig"}).](pcbi.1002611.g007){#pcbi-1002611-g007}
Larger changes are observed between initial and final distributions of . In simulation SS, develops a characteristic pattern from positive basal values to negative apical values at midwall. In the SIT simulations, the pattern is more complex. In simulation *MID*, at the basal level varies from negative values at the endocardium to positive values at the epicardium. Going from base to apex, the region of positive shifts towards the endocardium and a region of negative develops near the epicardium. In simulations *BASE* and *APEX* the pattern is similar, except for a shift towards base and apex, respectively.
In [figure 8](#pcbi-1002611-g008){ref-type="fig"}, myofiber angles and are shown on a long axis cross-section of the LV mesh. Since fiber angles in the SIT simulations are generally the same, results of SIT simulation *MID* are presented next to the results of *SS* to visualize the difference in distribution pattern between SIT and SS. During adaptation, changes more in SIT than in SS, especially in the transition zone. In SS, the transmural course of helix angle is qualitatively the same from apex-to-base, whereas in SIT the transmural course of changes from apex-to-base. In SS, the maximum amplitude of is located near the endocardium and changes from negative at the apex to positive at the base. In SIT, maximum is located near the endocardium at the apex, but shifts towards the epicardium near the base. In addition, largest values of appear in the transition zone. In this respect, all SIT simulations resulted in similar structures. Though, in simulation *BASE*, the area with highest amplitudes of is located more towards the base, and in simulation *APEX* more towards the apex. The translation of fiber angle distributions into a 3-D structure is presented in [figure 8C](#pcbi-1002611-g008){ref-type="fig"}. From 10 different points between endo- and epicardium but at the same level between apex and base, fiber paths were followed resulting in the partially filled LV as shown in the figure.
{#pcbi-1002611-g008}
[Figure 9](#pcbi-1002611-g009){ref-type="fig"} shows the results of torsion patterns in both model (left) and experiment (right). After reorientation, torsion patterns have changed significantly, especially in the SIT simulations. Torsion amplitudes after reorientation () are significantly lower than those before reorientation () and more in agreement with experimentally observed amplitudes (). After reorientation, the torsion patterns, which are negative in the SS LV, become less negative in simulation *BASE* and may even invert in simulation *APEX* during ejection. Thus, the torsion patterns shift along with the transition zone. For each of the torsion patterns in the SIT simulations, a corresponding pattern could be found in the experimental data set of 8 SIT subjects in [@pcbi.1002611-Delhaas1]. In simulation *SS*, torsion is homogeneous between the sections, which is observed in all 9 SS subjects in [@pcbi.1002611-Delhaas1] as well.
![Torsion \[rad\] during a cardiac cycle.\
[Results](#s2){ref-type="sec"} are presented from simulation SS (upper left), an SS subject (upper right), 3 SIT simulations (bottom left), and 3 SIT subjects (bottom right). Model results are shown before and after reorientation. Torsion was determined in four sections between apex and base. = ejection phase; = isovolumic relaxation phase; = filling phase; = isovolumic contraction phase.](pcbi.1002611.g009){#pcbi-1002611-g009}
Discussion {#s3}
==========
In this study, different SIT LV structures were estimated using a finite element (FE) model of LV mechanics [@pcbi.1002611-Bovendeerd2] including shear-induced myofiber reorientation [@pcbi.1002611-Kroon1]. In comparison to our previous study [@pcbi.1002611-Kroon2], geometry is more realistic and fibers are allowed to crossover between endo- and epicardium. Fibers reorient as a response to shear instead of shortening during ejection, and no constraints are prescribed for fiber orientation at apex or base, allowing the structure to develop without restrictions. Although model set ups are different, this study also showed that local (myofiber) and global (pump) function in the SIT LV is similar to that in the SS LV. In contrast to the previous study, we now showed the possibility of multiple SIT LV structures and the importance of the transverse angle. The final distributions of the helix angle and transverse angle could be considered as the first detailed suggestion for fiber orientations in SIT.
In [figure 8](#pcbi-1002611-g008){ref-type="fig"} it was shown that although the final SIT LV structure is essentially different from the final SS LV structure, it is a continuous structure. Fibers followed a path through the whole ventricular wall, as in the SS LV. Although no experimental data is available to confirm the model predicted structures, the similarities in model computed and experimental torsion indicate that the estimated structures might be realistic.
As a consequence of myofiber reorientation, local and global LV function increased significantly in all simulations. This suggests that, as in the SS LV, mechanical work could indeed be distributed homogeneously in the SIT LV too. Moreover, the location of the transition from a normal myofiber orientation pattern at the apex to an inverted pattern at the base had no influence on the local and global SIT LV function. Finally, SIT LV function was comparable to SS LV function, which is in agreement with the finding that SIT individuals display no cardiac complaints [@pcbi.1002611-Delhaas1].
The choice of simulations with fixed and , and a variation in was based upon the scarce available data on myofiber orientation [@pcbi.1002611-Asami1], [@pcbi.1002611-Matsumura1] and deduced from experimental findings on torsion [@pcbi.1002611-Delhaas1]. As far as we know, other SIT structures, for example characterized by a substantial variation in , are not reported in literature. Yet, to investigate the space of feasible solutions, we performed additional simulations. These new simulations are a variation on simulation *MID* (with ): (with ), , and , where the subscript 90 and 0 refer to a of and , respectively. In all additional simulations, both local and global LV function developed according to the patterns shown in [figure 4](#pcbi-1002611-g004){ref-type="fig"}. In addition, LV function after 15 adaptation cycles was not statistically different from that shown in [figure 5](#pcbi-1002611-g005){ref-type="fig"}. Fiber orientation also developed similarly to the results shown in [figure 8](#pcbi-1002611-g008){ref-type="fig"}: after adaptation, the distribution of was still close to the initial distribution, while developed a non-zero distribution (see [figure 10](#pcbi-1002611-g010){ref-type="fig"}). Torsion amplitude decreased significantly upon adaptation. Consequently, our model predicts the existence of many fiber architectures, characterized by a case specific match of the distributions of helix and transverse angles.
{ref-type="fig"} for definition of ): (), , and , where the subscript 90 and 0 refer to a of and , respectively. **Top**: Transmural distribution of and before (− −) and after 15 adaptation cycles (−) at 7 levels between apex and base. Major pattern of remained closed to the initial distribution, while a non-zero distribution for developed. **Bottom**: Torsion patterns \[rad\] after 15 adaptation cycles. Amplitudes of torsion have decreased significantly after reorientation as compared to amplitudes before reorientation.](pcbi.1002611.g010){#pcbi-1002611-g010}
This finding seems to contradict the finding of our previous study in the SS LV, where we concluded that the effect of the initial condition of the helix angle disappeared upon adaptation [@pcbi.1002611-Pluijmert1]. Apparently, in the latter study the initial conditions for were close enough for the remodeling process to end up in the same solution. In our SIT simulations *BASE*, *MID* and *APEX*, the differences in initial conditions persist after remodeling, although they are limited to a base-to-apex shift of the transition zone only. Out of the many possible solutions predicted by our model, only the SIT structures and the SS structure are found in practice. This suggests that additional physiological mechanisms exist, that regulate myofiber orientation.
Comparison with experimental data {#s3a}
---------------------------------
In [figure 9](#pcbi-1002611-g009){ref-type="fig"} it is shown that agreement between model computed and experimentally determined torsion is significantly better after reorientation. The agreement suggests that the estimated structures could indeed be realistic. Thus, an abnormal torsion pattern could coincide with normal LV function [@pcbi.1002611-Frank1]. The inter-individual differences in torsional deformation could originate from a different location of the transition in LV structure from normal at the apex to inverted at the base.
Because of relaxation of spins in the magnetized tissue, the strength of the MR signal decreases over time. This makes tracking of the tags more difficult at the end of the filling phase. The decrease in reliability of the estimation of torsion towards the end of the cardiac cycle is evident from the non-zero values of torsion amplitude: considering the cyclic deformation of the myocardium, these values are expected to return to zero.
The maximum amplitude of torsion occurred earlier in the model than in the experiment. This observation indicates that the timing of increase and decrease of active stress development in the model is not entirely realistic. However, the difference in timing had no influence on the increase in homogeneity in function nor on the gradient in torsion amplitude, which was developed in the SIT simulations after reorientation.
Study assumptions and limitations {#s3b}
---------------------------------
The results of the shear-induced adaptation may have been influenced by the absence of sheets in the constitutive model of the tissue. Sheets are predominantly oriented in transmural direction, facilitating thickening of the wall [@pcbi.1002611-LeGrice1], [@pcbi.1002611-Omens1]. Their effect on normal and shear stiffness of the tissue has been demonstrated in experiments [@pcbi.1002611-Dokos1] and quantified in constitutive models [@pcbi.1002611-Schmid1]. Similar to the hypothesis on myofiber reorientation that we used to estimate myofiber orientations, the orientation of these sheets has been linked to shear as well [@pcbi.1002611-Arts1]. As such, extension of the adaptation model by including sheets and reorientation thereof could be considered as a next step.
As mentioned before, other adaptation mechanisms are likely to be active as well. Clinically, one of the most evident examples of adaptation is the change in LV wall mass and cavity volume in response to pressure and volume overload, respectively. In addition, in reality the externally unloaded LV exhibits a transmural gradient in sarcomere length with epicardial sarcomeres being longer than endocardial ones [@pcbi.1002611-Rodriguez1]. This might be a result of mechanically induced adaptation as well. Extension of the model with these adaptive mechanisms should be considered.
In this study, torsional deformation was used to compare results of model and experiment. We also compared model predictions of the deformation mode circumferential-radial shear to experimental data. Similar to our previous study for SS [@pcbi.1002611-Kroon3], circumferential-radial shear decreased substantially upon fiber reorientation, but final patterns did not match experimental findings. The discrepancy is mainly explained by the large sensitivity of this shear component to the setting of [@pcbi.1002611-Ubbink1]. In addition, the discrepancy suggests that our model of shear-induced remodeling of fiber orientation must be complemented by other remodeling laws.
Our cardiac mechanics model has several limitations. For example, the onset of contraction was assumed to be homogeneous, despite the fact that there is a delay in electrical activation of about . This assumption is motivated by the observation that, at least in the normal healthy heart, a homogeneous onset of contraction yields more realistic strains than assuming the timing of the onset of contraction to follow the electrical activation [@pcbi.1002611-Kerckhoffs1]. LV shape, the major determinants of which are the ratio of cavity to wall volume and eccentricity, was based on data from dog hearts [@pcbi.1002611-Streeter2], [@pcbi.1002611-Nikoli1]. LV size was set to , the average volume of the dog hearts used to validate the original model [@pcbi.1002611-Bovendeerd3]. This volume is representative for a small human heart as well, as indicated by the cardiac output of about in our simulations. Since tissue mechanics does not depend on absolute size and the influence of shape is minor [@pcbi.1002611-Geerts1], we consider our description of LV geometry adequate for this study.
Geometry and structure of the LV were assumed rotationally symmetric, while interaction of the LV with the right ventricle (RV) was not taken into account. Myofiber orientations show differences between septum and LV free wall [@pcbi.1002611-Gilbert1] that could originate from the mechanical interaction of LV and RV. If experimental data of myofiber orientations in the SIT LV can be obtained, they should be measured in the free wall, since the effect of interaction will be least for this region. Our predictions on suggest that these experiments might focus on the finding that the region of maximum positive shifts from the epicardium to the endocardium, when traveling from base to apex.
Conclusions {#s3c}
-----------
In this study, we have found that local and global LV function in SIT and SS were similar, despite essential differences in myocardial structure. Using the same processes of shear-induced myofiber reorientation, both SS and SIT LV structures were estimated by this adaptation mechanism and the structures were continuous. The space of feasible solutions predicted by the model turned out to be larger than the experimentally found variation in structures. This suggests that additional physiological mechanisms exist that regulate myofiber orientation. Large agreement in torsion data between model and experiment suggests that measured interindividual differences in torsion pattern could originate from different locations of the transition from a normal myofiber orientation pattern at the apex to an inverted pattern at the base.
Methods {#s4}
=======
Ethics statement {#s4a}
----------------
All subjects gave informed consent prior to enrolment in the study, in accordance to the joint ethical committee of Maastricht University and Academic Hospital Maastricht.
Model of left ventricular mechanics {#s4b}
-----------------------------------
Tissue deformations during the cardiac cycle are calculated with a generic finite element (FE) model of LV mechanics. With respect to geometry, material properties and the circulation in which the LV is embedded, this FE model is identical to the model presented in [@pcbi.1002611-Bovendeerd2]. Therefore, it will only be described in brief.
### Geometry {#s4b1}
In the passive stress-free state, a thick-walled geometry is assumed ([figure 2A](#pcbi-1002611-g002){ref-type="fig"}). The endocardial and epicardial surfaces are described by truncated ellipsoids. In this state, wall and cavity volumes equal and , respectively.
### Material properties {#s4b2}
Myocardial tissue Cauchy stress is composed of a passive component and an active component :with the current myofiber direction in the deformed tissue. Passive material behavior is assumed nonlinearly elastic, transversely isotropic, and nearly incompressible. The mathematical description of the strain energy density function can be found in [@pcbi.1002611-Bovendeerd2] and is based on experiments in dogs [@pcbi.1002611-Yin1].
Active stress is modeled through a series arrangement of a contractile and a series elastic element. The magnitude of depends on time elapsed since activation , sarcomere length , and sarcomere shortening velocity [@pcbi.1002611-Kerckhoffs1]:Principles of the active material behavior are based on experiments in dogs [@pcbi.1002611-Arts2]. Parameters values for the active material are derived from experiments in rats [@pcbi.1002611-terKeurs1], [@pcbi.1002611-Janssen1]. Active stress development is initiated simultaneously at each location in the LV wall with a cycle time of .
### Governing equations and boundary conditions {#s4b3}
In the model, the quasi-static equations of conservation of linear momentum are solved:with the spatial gradient operator. At the base, essential boundary conditions are defined to suppress rigid body motion and to represent the mechanical effect of structures left out of the model, e.g., the valvular annulus. Axial displacement is suppressed at the whole basal surface, whereas circumferential displacement is suppressed at the endocardial basal ring only. The epicardial surface is assumed to be traction free while the endocardial surface is uniformly subjected to left ventricular pressure . During isovolumic contraction (IC) and relaxation (IR) phases of the cardiac cycle, is determined such that mechanical equilibrium of the myocardial tissue is obtained at a constant end-diastolic or end-systolic LV volume, respectively. During the filling and ejection phase, is computed from the interaction of the LV with the circulation according to a lumped parameter model [@pcbi.1002611-Bovendeerd2] ([figure 2A](#pcbi-1002611-g002){ref-type="fig"}). Parameter values of the circulation model are based on the human hemodynamic system.
### Numerical implementation {#s4b4}
The equilibrium equations (3) are solved numerically with a Galerkin type finite element method using 27-noded hexahedral elements with a tri-quadratic interpolation of the displacement field. Because the model is rotationally symmetric, tissue displacements are described in a right-handed cylindrical coordinate system {, , } with the axial direction defined from apex-to-base. This allows description of the LV wall with 1 circumferential element, which reduces computational demand significantly. In total, the LV wall is represented by 60 elements: 6 elements in radial, 1 in circumferential and 10 in longitudinal direction.
Myofiber orientation {#s4c}
--------------------
The myofiber orientation is prescribed with respect to the local cardiac coordinate system {, , } ([figure 2B](#pcbi-1002611-g002){ref-type="fig"}), where the subscript *0* refers to the mechanically unloaded state. The transmural direction is defined as the outer normal to the cardiac surfaces. The longitudinal direction is defined perpendicular to from apex to base. To obtain a right-handed coordinate system, the circumferential direction is defined in clockwise direction when viewing the LV in apex-to-base direction. Myofiber orientations are described by two angles. The helix angle is defined as the angle between and the projection of on the circumferential-longitudinal plane (, ). The transverse angle is defined as the angle between and the projection of on the circumferential-transmural plane (, ).
Myofiber reorientation {#s4d}
----------------------
We simulated myofiber reorientation with the model by Kroon *et al.* [@pcbi.1002611-Kroon1]. In this model, it was assumed that structural changes of myofiber orientation occur as a response to local loss of myocardial integrity due to forces generated by fiber cross-fiber shear strains during myofiber contraction. These shear forces are assumed to damage connections between extra-cellular matrix (ECM) and myofibers. New connections are formed continuously during both the diastolic and systolic phase of the cardiac cycle. When a connection is made, the actual orientation field tends to be fixed within the tissue. This conceptual model was translated into a mathematical model in which the myofiber orientation in the unloaded state will evolve towards the actual myofiber orientation corrected for rigid body rotation. In a previous study, we have shown that this mechanism leads to a realistic myofiber orientation pattern in the SS LV [@pcbi.1002611-Kroon1]. In particular, a non-zero developed, that caused improved correspondence between model predicted and experimentally determined patterns of LV circumferential-radial shear strain and torsion [@pcbi.1002611-Kroon3].
Simulations performed {#s4e}
---------------------
One SS simulation and three SIT simulations were performed. In all simulations, the first 10 consecutive cardiac cycles were used to reach a hemodynamic steady state and myofiber reorientation was not included. In subsequent cycles myofiber reorientation was simulated throughout the whole LV.
### Initial myofiber orientation in SS {#s4e1}
At the start of the adaptation process, the transmural distribution of in SS () is described using the parameterized distribution in [@pcbi.1002611-Bovendeerd2]. It varies nonlinearly with the transmural position from endocardium to epicardium ([figure 7](#pcbi-1002611-g007){ref-type="fig"}, dashed lines in left graph). This spatial distribution is a function of normalized coordinates (, , [figure 3B](#pcbi-1002611-g003){ref-type="fig"}). The normalized longitudinal coordinate () varies linearly with the geodesic distance from the equatorial plane. It changes from in the basal plane, through at the equator to at the apex. The normalized transmural coordinate () varies linearly with the distance in the ventricular wall from at the endocardial surface to at the epicardial surface. The initial condition for transmural distribution of is set to zero.
In both SS and SIT the parameterized description of fiber orientation is abandoned during adaption, and myofiber orientation is adapted per node.
### Initial myofiber orientation in SIT {#s4e2}
According to anatomical data of SIT LVs, the helix angle must change from a normal transmural course at the apex to an inverted transmural course at the base [@pcbi.1002611-Matsumura1]. Inverted () is defined asThe initial transition from an SS to an inverted pattern is characterized by three parameters: the location at midwall between apex and base , the slope of the transition between the endo- and epicardium , and the height of the transition zone ([figure 3B](#pcbi-1002611-g003){ref-type="fig"}). In the LV region below the transition zone, the transmural course of is as in the SS LV (). In the region above the transition zone, the transmural course of follows an inverted pattern (). Across the transition zone, changes linearly from to ([figure 3B and C](#pcbi-1002611-g003){ref-type="fig"}). As in simulation *SS*, the initial transmural distribution of is set to zero.
In this study, the location of the transition zone was subject of variation, whereas and remained unchanged. The transition is located at in simulation *MID*, more towards the base () in simulation *BASE*, and more towards the apex () in simulation *APEX*. In the additional simulations (results presented in [figure 10](#pcbi-1002611-g010){ref-type="fig"}), was subject of variation while and remained unchanged.
Postprocessing {#s4f}
--------------
### Quantification of LV function {#s4f1}
Local function was quantified by changes in mean and standard deviation (SD) of four parameters quantifying mechanical tissue load: stroke work density , and natural myofiber strain during isovolumic contraction , during ejection , and during isovolumic relaxation . The at each point is defined as the area enclosed by the myofiber Cauchy stress-natural strain loop:Global cardiac function is quantified by maximum LV pressure and stroke volume .
### Comparison with experimental data {#s4f2}
Left ventricular torsion as computed with the model was compared with torsion determined from magnetic resonance tagging (MRT) experiments. The protocol for the MRT measurements and the definition of have been described previously in [@pcbi.1002611-Delhaas1]. Essentially, quantifies the base-to-apex gradient of rotation about the LV long axis (see [figure 1](#pcbi-1002611-g001){ref-type="fig"}). In the model, was determined at the levels of the MR slices by interpolation from adjacent nodal points in the FE mesh. In agreement with the experimental procedure, was computed with respect to begin-ejection and averaged in radial direction.
The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
This research was funded by the Center of Translational Molecular Medicine (CTMM), project COHFAR. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
[^1]: Conceived and designed the experiments: ACR TD. Performed the experiments: ACR TD. Analyzed the data: MP WK PHMB TD. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: WK PHMB. Wrote the paper: MP TD PHMB WK ACR.
|
London - A British court begins hearings on Monday to decide whether Julian Assange should be extradited to the United States almost a decade after his WikiLeaks website enraged Washington by leaking secret US documents.
A hero to admirers who say he has exposed abuses of power, Assange is cast by critics as a dangerous enemy of the state who has undermined Western security. He says the extradition is politically motivated by those embarrassed by his revelations.
The 48-year-old is wanted by the United States on 18 criminal counts of conspiring to hack government computers and violating an espionage law and could spend decades in prison if convicted.
Now, some 10 months after he was dragged from the Ecuadorean embassy where he had been holed up for seven years, Judge Vanessa Baraitser will hear arguments as to why he should or should not be sent to the United States.
Jennifer Robinson, Assange's lawyer, says his case could lead to criminalising activities crucial to investigative journalists and his work has shed an unprecedented light on how the United States conducted its wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. |
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-3415
What is the next term in 22808, 45614, 68420?
91226
What is the next term in -153, -142, -153, -198, -289, -438?
-657
What comes next: 650, -62, -774, -1486, -2198?
-2910
What is the next term in 346, 342, 304, 214, 54, -194?
-548
What is next in 5599, 11214, 16829?
22444
What is next in -1635, -6476, -14525, -25782, -40247?
-57920
What comes next: 17307, 34610, 51913?
69216
What comes next: 1946, 3885, 5818, 7745, 9666, 11581, 13490?
15393
What is the next term in -1635, -1581, -1527, -1473?
-1419
What is next in 13, 43, 93, 169, 277, 423, 613?
853
What comes next: -82, -62, -24, 38, 130, 258, 428?
646
What is next in 2360, 2365, 2372, 2381, 2392, 2405?
2420
What is next in 116, 934, 3164, 7514, 14692?
25406
What is the next term in -4733, -4777, -4821, -4865, -4909?
-4953
What is the next term in 519271, 519270, 519269, 519268, 519267?
519266
What comes next: 4419, 8803, 13187, 17571, 21955, 26339?
30723
What is the next term in -185, -150, -115, -80, -45?
-10
What is next in 32005, 32004, 32003, 32002?
32001
What is the next term in 6101, 12130, 18159, 24188?
30217
What is the next term in -30430, -30449, -30468, -30487, -30506, -30525?
-30544
What comes next: 3131, 6254, 9377, 12500, 15623, 18746?
21869
What comes next: -44422, -44543, -44666, -44791, -44918, -45047?
-45178
What comes next: -4375419, -4375421, -4375425, -4375431, -4375439, -4375449, -4375461?
-4375475
What comes next: 242068, 242069, 242070, 242071?
242072
What is next in -5523, -11044, -16561, -22074, -27583, -33088?
-38589
What is the next term in 344, 488, 632, 776?
920
What is next in 4582, 4548, 4514, 4480, 4446?
4412
What comes next: 18761, 37553, 56335, 75101, 93845, 112561, 131243?
149885
What comes next: -664, -1325, -1986, -2647, -3308?
-3969
What comes next: 441, 913, 1369, 1803, 2209, 2581?
2913
What comes next: -154, -741, -1778, -3271, -5226, -7649?
-10546
What is next in 73249, 146536, 219825, 293116, 366409, 439704?
513001
What comes next: -5858, -11717, -17576?
-23435
What is the next term in -3553, -14259, -32103, -57085, -89205, -128463, -174859?
-228393
What is the next term in 1148, 1153, 1158, 1163?
1168
What comes next: -111292, -111291, -111290, -111289, -111288?
-111287
What comes next: 981890, 981891, 981892?
981893
What comes next: -1831, -3730, -5629, -7528, -9427, -11326?
-13225
What is next in -539, -1111, -1707, -2327, -2971, -3639?
-4331
What is next in -1097, -1318, -1685, -2198?
-2857
What comes next: -3031, -3058, -3085, -3112, -3139, -3166?
-3193
What is the next term in -69764, -69767, -69770, -69773, -69776?
-69779
What is the next term in -430887, -430885, -430883, -430881?
-430879
What is next in 174, 126, 78?
30
What is the next term in 90663, 181331, 271997, 362661, 453323?
543983
What comes next: 432, 1641, 3606, 6321, 9780, 13977, 18906, 24561?
30936
What is next in 187, 756, 1751, 3172?
5019
What is the next term in 103150, 206298, 309448, 412600, 515754, 618910, 722068?
825228
What is next in -30, -90, -160, -246, -354?
-490
What is next in 1372, 1368, 1338, 1270, 1152, 972, 718, 378?
-60
What is next in -1814, -1950, -2086, -2228, -2382, -2554, -2750?
-2976
What comes next: -26174, -26153, -26096, -25985, -25802, -25529, -25148?
-24641
What is the next term in 2789, 2788, 2785, 2780, 2773, 2764, 2753?
2740
What comes next: 6137, 12276, 18415, 24554, 30693, 36832?
42971
What is next in 5, 21, 53, 95, 141, 185, 221?
243
What comes next: 189, 72, -131, -462, -963?
-1676
What is next in 12903, 25828, 38751, 51672, 64591, 77508?
90423
What comes next: -328, -2743, -9290, -22033, -43036, -74363, -118078?
-176245
What is the next term in 41255, 82501, 123737, 164963, 206179?
247385
What comes next: -26609, -26626, -26667, -26744, -26869?
-27054
What comes next: -750, -1463, -2132, -2751, -3314, -3815, -4248?
-4607
What is next in 50977, 50971, 50961, 50947?
50929
What comes next: 620, 1386, 2296, 3350, 4548, 5890?
7376
What is next in -25021, -50046, -75071?
-100096
What comes next: 669720, 1339439, 2009158?
2678877
What comes next: 775, 1517, 2175, 2707, 3071, 3225, 3127?
2735
What is the next term in 3673, 7345, 11017, 14689, 18361, 22033?
25705
What is the next term in 1780, 7142, 16086, 28618, 44744, 64470?
87802
What is next in 456, 1890, 4298, 7686, 12060, 17426, 23790?
31158
What is the next term in 1628, 3264, 4900, 6536, 8172, 9808?
11444
What is next in -294, -690, -1262, -2094, -3270?
-4874
What is next in 9946, 19903, 29862, 39823?
49786
What is the next term in -346, -684, -1032, -1396, -1782, -2196?
-2644
What is the next term in 93288, 93287, 93286?
93285
What is next in 152, -20, -472, -1342, -2768, -4888?
-7840
What is next in -535, -518, -501, -484, -467?
-450
What comes next: 71825, 71827, 71829?
71831
What is next in -2245, -3364, -4481, -5596, -6709?
-7820
What is next in 1047, 3459, 7479, 13107, 20343, 29187?
39639
What is next in 5178, 5172, 5166, 5160?
5154
What is the next term in -68694, -68684, -68670, -68652, -68630?
-68604
What comes next: 1079, 4360, 9829, 17486, 27331, 39364?
53585
What comes next: 8624, 68950, 232682, 551522, 1077172?
1861334
What is the next term in -1112921, -1112928, -1112935, -1112942?
-1112949
What is next in -44, -78, -102, -116, -120, -114?
-98
What is next in 40964, 81926, 122888, 163850?
204812
What is the next term in 306, -705, -2388, -4743, -7770?
-11469
What is the next term in 876, 924, 968, 1008, 1044, 1076, 1104?
1128
What is next in 257, 1005, 2165, 3665, 5433, 7397, 9485, 11625?
13745
What is next in -2297, -4557, -6817, -9077?
-11337
What is the next term in -3102, -12356, -27778, -49368?
-77126
What comes next: 3528, 7130, 10732?
14334
What comes next: 183, 168, 145, 108, 51, -32?
-147
What comes next: 6027, 6090, 6153?
6216
What is next in -112, -119, -104, -49, 64, 253?
536
What is the next term in -636, -591, -546, -501?
-456
What is the next term in 5685, 22721, 51121, 90891, 142037, 204565?
278481
What is the next term in 134, 5, -208, -505, -886, -1351?
-1900
What is next in -7584, -7505, -7428, -7353, -7280, -7209, -7140?
-7073
What is next in -123247, -123248, -123249, -123250, -123251, -123252?
-123253
What is next in -164729, -164705, -164669, -164615, -164537, -164429?
-164285
What is next in -94790, -94803, -94824, -94853, -94890?
-94935
What is next in 4 |
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