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’Ant’įįhnii — practitioner of the Frenzy Way.
Until May 2003 that was something from my CULTURAL STUDIES AND MORES textbook, $199.95 at the University of Oklahoma bookstore (and Wonderwall was playing on the PA and it had snowed and my boots squeaked on the tiles...and...and...)
Enough. Okay. Start over.
Kay wanted to do it for her PhD. The ritual. The whole thing. She thought it would be great. She needed me, she said. To do it. She needed me to see. But it wasn't about that. It's hard to explain. I grew up with her, but we weren't real sisters; she was a cousin — lived with us. I worshipped her. I followed her to school. I followed her into Cultural Anthropology.
I followed.
"My Doctors," dad would say, arms outstretched to hug us both. There, in that hug I'd see Kay's eyes, green, watching me between strands of auburn hair. She knew.
Anyway, we went out to the woods to camp one night. Alone. I couldn't help myself. I loved her. I went willingly. Greedily.
Kay sang the huyachi song, the black song, and then she kissed me. We slept together. I wanted to. I had always wanted to. I always did. We slept together.
The next morning, Kay was gone. Then the search and the police and much later, the accusations. Nothing was ever found. I mean, they found her clothes of course, because after the sing, she didn't need them anymore. I told them she was simply gone that morning. I didn't tell them about the dreams.
And here I am, 365 days later. Same night, same place. My father won't call me back. My family won't speak to me. And I'm here and I sing the song because I did it too. I broke the rules. I want to hear Kay's voice, again.
Finally, hours after the song is done. Footsepts beyond the light of the fire.
"Do not look at me," the voice says from somewhere off to the left. Is that Kay?
"Do not look..." another, smaller voice says from behind me.
"Come away from the fire..." the voice says.
"Come and see," the smaller voice says. Then...laughter? Moving in the dark.
I have come so far. I have seen so much.
I follow. |
Watching too much TV can give you colorectal cancer
When you’re mindlessly flipping through channels and spending hours in front of the TV, you could be doing a lot more than entertaining yourself – you might also be raising your chance of getting colorectal cancer.
Last year, there were 1.8 million new cases of colorectal cancer globally, and it took the lives of 881,000 people. Although it used to be a disease that tended to strike people older than 50, there have been increasing numbers of new cases affecting people in their 20s and 30s in recent years.
The scientists looked at nearly 90,000 women who were part of the Nurses’ Health Study II. All of the women involved were between the ages of 25 and 42 when the study started in 1991. By the end of the two decades of the study, 118 women had been diagnosed with young-onset colorectal cancer.
The researchers found that those who spent more than an hour sitting in front of the TV per day had a 12 percent higher risk compared to those who watched less TV, while those who spent two hours or more per day watching TV had a 70 percent higher risk of the deadly illness.
The findings mark the first time researchers have identified sedentary behavior as a factor explaining the spike in colorectal cancer among people younger than 50, although it was already known to play a role in colorectal cancer after age 50. Young-onset colorectal cancer is often more aggressive than the type that strikes later in life and has some distinctive biological features. In addition, it’s often more advanced by the time it is diagnosed, which means survival rates are poorer.
The findings were consistent in women without a family history of colorectal cancer, and the link was stronger for rectal cancer versus colon cancer.
This shows just how important it is to stay active. If you think you can get away with watching more TV because you’re thin, think again: The associations were independent of people’s weight and exercise levels. The researchers report that other forms of sitting at home, like time spent at a desk or meal time, did not affect the risk of colorectal cancer.
The link was found after adjusting for known risk factors like diet, exercise, body mass index, family history and smoking. Their findings were published in the journal JNCI Cancer Spectrum.
Diet is also important
While being sedentary for long periods – regardless of how much you exercise – could be putting you at risk, it’s also important to avoid eating processed foods, especially processed meat. Processed meat has been classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer, placing it in the same category as asbestos exposure and smoking tobacco. Epidemiological studies have shown that eating processed meat can cause colorectal cancer, and it has also been linked to stomach cancer. Processed meats include foods like hot dogs, sausages, beef jerky, canned meat, and cold cuts. |
Behind quarterback Zach Ozycz, the Herndon football team upset Westfield, 29-28, last fall on homecoming. After its first non-winning season in five years in 2007, Herndon returned to prominence this fall. |
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to field effect transistors (FETs), and more specifically, to hybrid orientation FETs.
2. Related Art
Dopant fluctuations are becoming a serious problem in Vt (threshold voltage) control in advanced semiconductor devices. As semiconductor devices become smaller and smaller in size, Vt control becomes more difficult. Hybrid orientation field effect transistors (FETs) have the same problems. As a result, there is a need for a hybrid orientation semiconductor structure (and methods for forming the same) that allows for Vt control. |
WINDHOEK, South African Minister of International Relations and Co-operation Maite Nkoana-Mashabane says her country and Namibia are working on enhancing bilateral trade.
Nkoana-Mashabane, visiting Namibia in her capacity as Special Envoy of President Jacob Zuma, delivered a message to President Hage Geingob at State House here Thursday.
Speaking to the media after a closed-door meeting with Geingob, she said the message focused on strengthening relations between the two countries. "We are looking at specific projects which both presidents (Geingob and Zuma) refer to as joint exploration, exploitation and beneficiation of our own resources," she said.
Nkoana-Mashabane added that both Geingob and Zuma wanted to see progress in the projects. "Then we can talk about how we can accelerate trade," she said.
She also raised concerns that levels of consumerism are increasing, but are not equaled by the zeal and zest of youth to go into the productive sector as job creators and not as job-seekers.
The minister also delivered a note on the Double Troika Summit of Heads of State and Government of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) which was held in Gaborone, Botswana, on June28, 2016, to receive a progress report on the implementation of SADC decisions in relation to the political situation in the Kingdom of Lesotho.
"Lesotho is going through another election on June 3, 2017, so we needed to exchange notes on that," she said, adding that President Zuma sent her to Windhoed to be appraised by President Geingob on how we can work on African unity. She said Geingob gave her a copy of a report of the Fourth Consultative Summit of the African Union Committee of Ten Heads of State that was held in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea, on May 16 and 17, 2017, to deliver to Zuma. |
In total, Wisconsin cheesemakers, butter and yogurt makers claimed 28 percent of all awards, including 37 first place ribbons, 37 second place and 48 third place. An astounding 34 Wisconsin cheese and dairy companies won awards and as a state, Wisconsin swept 6 categories!
With cheese at the center of many foodie conversations, 21M uses of #cheese on Instagram and an entire community dedicated to Wisconsin Cheese, Americans are increasingly more curious about this food. Recent research reveals that Americans eat an average of 37.2 pounds annually (USDA, 2017). Wisconsin stays on trend by crafting more varieties, types and styles of cheese than anywhere else on earth.
"We are incredibly proud of our Wisconsin dairy community. Their commitment is evident in every slice of cheese, stick of butter and cup of yogurt they make," said Suzanne Fanning, Dairy Farmers of Wisconsin Senior Vice President and Wisconsin Cheese CMO. "With access to the world's best milk and traditions dating back to before we were even a state, our cheesemakers are innovative – they will never stop obsessing, creating and recreating to make these beloved and award-winning products."
Joe and Joey Widmer of Widmer's Cheese Cellars in Theresa had a strong show, taking home 5 awards for Wisconsin Original cheeses, including brick and Colby. Like many Wisconsin cheesemakers, the Widmer family brought their cheesemaking traditions with them from Europe, adding a Wisconsin flair that sets them apart. Today, Joe is a Master Cheesemaker – Wisconsin is the only place you can become a Master Cheesemaker outside Switzerland and the program is celebrating its 25th anniversary this year. His son Joey has joined the business as a fourth-generation cheesemaker, working alongside his father, using the same bricks their grandfather and great grandfather brought with him from Germany to make traditional brick cheese. This is a classic example of why Wisconsin cheeses are consistently named the best in the world – Old World Traditions handed down from generation to generation combined with the Wisconsin spirit of innovation.
Among the all-star roster of big winners from Wisconsin were Klondike of Monroe with 13 awards, Deer Creek of Sheboygan with 7 awards, Hook's Cheese of Mineral Point with 7 awards, Maple Leaf Cheese with 6 awards, Emmi Roth of Monroe with 5 awards, Crave Brothers Farmstead Cheese of Waterloo with 4 awards, Marieke Gouda of Thorp with 3 awards and Renard's Cheese with 3 awards. Graf Creamery of Bonduel won the Boss of Brunch award with Brethren Butter Amish Style Handrolled Salted Butter.
The 2019 ACS competition included 1,742 entries from 257 companies representing 35 U.S. states, 4 Canadian provinces, Mexico and Brazil. The cheeses and dairy products are judged by a panel of almost two dozen experts in both aesthetics and technical properties.
For a complete listing of the 2019 ACS winners, visit CheeseJudging.org. Look for the Proudly Wisconsin Cheese™ badge in your local store to know you're getting the world's best cheese. To learn more about Wisconsin cheese and dairy products visit WisconsinCheese.com. Interviews available upon request.
About Dairy Farmers of Wisconsin: Funded by Wisconsin dairy farmers, Dairy Farmers of Wisconsin is a non-profit organization that focuses on marketing and promoting Wisconsin's world-class dairy products. For more information, visit our website at WisconsinDairy.org.
About Wisconsin Cheese: Wisconsin produces 48 percent of the specialty cheese in the U.S. and currently holds the title for 2017 U.S. Champion Cheese. For more information, visit WisconsinCheese.com or connect on Facebook.
SOURCE Dairy Farmers of Wisconsin
Related Links
https://www.wisconsincheese.com
|
High profile media representatives from around Lebanon enjoyed an exceptionally vibrant ceremony this week, celebrating the highly anticipated launching of one of the newest landmarks of Beirut - the Hilton Beirut Downtown.
The launching took place in the newly opened Gatsy House restaurant on the ground floor of the Hilton Beirut Downtown where canapés, drinks and food stations were served to the guests, and the entire building was brought to life with the sounds of uplifting music.
The ceremony included a speech by Ms. Tracy Abou Mrad - Marketing and communications manager, welcoming the guests to Hilton Beirut Downtown, one of the largest hotel chains worldwide, located just 8.6 km from Rafic Hariri Airport and in the heart of Beirut's stunning Zaituna Bay and waterfront.
Hilton Beirut Downtown possesses an ideal location, where all its guests, local or foreign visitors, can explore the vibrant city of Beirut, with all its nightlife, restaurants and waterfront and have an easy access to all the events taking place in the central district. Ensuring a luxurious and unique experience to our guests, the modern hotel features a Digital Key stay, the 1st in Lebanon, and has 158 guest rooms, divided into deluxe rooms, executive rooms and a Presidential Suite, all of which are characterized by a comfortable 'Hilton Serenity Bed'.
During the summer, the hotel's rooftop proved to be a real focal point, as guests congregated by the stunning pool, sipping their cocktails while listening to captivating rhythms accentuating the ambiance and enjoying the stunning panoramic view of the Mediterranean Sea. Additionally, Hilton Beirut Downtown is the ideal destination for your meetings and events of all sizes: it features more than 575 square meters of meeting space and a ballroom, with multiple screens and built-in wireless and lighting which can accommodate up to 500 people (standing). The Hilton Beirut Downtown is your ultimate wedding venue with a vast day-lighted reception area and a majestic grand staircase.
Guests of the Hilton Beirut Downtown get the chance to indulge in the hotel's unique gastronomy, with a variety of food stations satiating the palate, with our two Food & Beverages outlets:
1-An all-day dining restaurant Gatsy House: The all-day dining international restaurant, is located on the ground floor and is accessible from outside and through the lobby's main entrance. It's a modern indoor space combined with a fascinating terrace in the middle of the city that never sleeps. The restaurant offers a variety of international fusion where guests can relish a variety of mouth-watering dishes with a distinctive Lebanese touch. Opening hours: 6:00am - 12:00am.
2-A Lobby Bar: situated on at the Ground Floor. Our Lobby Bar is the perfect place to relax, refuel, and energize with coffee, tea, and our special selection of Canapes bites, smoothies, pastries, and snacks, prepared daily by our greatest chefs. Opening hours: 7:00am - 1:00pm.
"Hilton Beirut Downtown is perfect for travelers looking for a world-class hospitality in a prime location," said Issam Ajouz, general manager, Hilton Beirut Downtown. "While at the hotel, guests can sample Mediterranean dishes, rejuvenate at the spa and rooftop pool or simply relax in a modern, spacious guest room. We are pleased to have started welcoming guests to this beautiful new property."
Hilton Beirut Downtown part of Hilton Honors, the award-winning guest-loyalty program for Hilton's 15 distinct hotel brands. Members who book directly through preferred Hilton channels have access to instant benefits, including a flexible payment slider that allows members to choose nearly any combination of Points and money to book a stay, an exclusive member discount that can't be found anywhere else, and free standard Wi-Fi. Members also enjoy popular digital tools available exclusively through the industry-leading Hilton Honors mobile app
Hilton Beirut Downtown is located at Mir Majid Arslan Street, Minet El Hosen, Beirut, 11-9660, Lebanon. For more information or to make a reservation, please visit Hilton.com or call +961-1-95 11 11 |
---
author:
- |
Dinesh Jayaraman\
The University of Texas at Austin\
[dineshj@cs.utexas.edu]{}
- |
Kristen Grauman\
The University of Texas at Austin\
[grauman@cs.utexas.edu]{}
title: 'Learning image representations tied to ego-motion'
---
|
PETA’s Victories for Animals
From Kashmir to Kerala, PETA India has won countless victories for animals since we opened our doors in January 2000, including rescuing animals abused in circuses and laboratories, convincing designers to shun leather and conducting investigations into factory farms and other industries that cause animal suffering on a massive scale.
We filed suit in India’s Supreme Court over the suffering animals endure in zoos and the leather trade and have written letters to government officials in every state and union territory. We have also worked with celebrities to get the word out about animal issues. Our street theatre protests – everything from caged “tigers” protesting against the circus to life-sized “cows” speaking out against the use of bullock-drawn oil carts – have made headlines around the world.
The following are just a few examples of PETA India’s many accomplishments in the past 10 years:
After we released a report detailing how elephants suffer when they are forced to walk on congested city streets, Mumbai, Navi Mumbai, Thane, New Delhi, Assam, Maharashtra and Sikkim prohibited elephants from entering the city limits.
As a result of a case we filed with the Supreme Court concerning the inhumane conditions in zoos across the country, the High Court of Mumbai ordered zoos to make major improvements, including implementing animal population-control measures, improving security, banning public feedings of animals and most significantly, prohibiting zoos from acquiring more animals unless they are able to provide appropriate housing for them.
After years of campaigning and repeated complaints from PETA to the Central Zoo Authority (CZA) about the mental and physical suffering of elephants in zoos, the CZA ordered the transfer of all captive elephants to government-operated sanctuaries.
PETA has conducted investigations into India’s dairy, poultry and fishing industries and released reports detailing the cruelty and the environmental devastation associated with factory farming and commercial fishing. During our first year of operation, we released shocking video footage from our investigation inside Mumbai’s Deonar abattoir that showed severely injured and dead and dying cows.
Countless celebrities have joined forces with PETA in letter-writing and ad campaigns. From actors to athletes and politicians to musicians, our celebrity supporters – including John Abraham, Shilpa Shetty, Celina Jaitly, Hema Malini and Maneka Gandhi – have lent their star power to our vegetarian, entertainment, leather, wool and other campaigns.
From Lettuce Ladies to “bloodied” bodies wrapped in cellophane for our “Meat Is Murder” campaign, our street theatre and other attention-grabbing protests have helped open thousands of people’s eyes to the horrors of factory farming and the benefits of a vegetarian diet.
Maneka Gandhi sent a letter on PETA’s behalf to more than 100 companies urging them to ban Australian wool, and we convinced top Indian fashion designers – such as Hemant Trivedi, who once designed and organised the annual International Leather Fair in Chennai – to stop using both leather and Australian wool.
With the financial support of Bollywood star John Abraham, PETA created a new department specifically committed to helping India’s beleaguered stray animals. Shortly after the department’s inception, the Animal Welfare Board of India agreed to our request for improved enforcement of existing laws.
PETA rescued 21 monkeys from the National Institute of Research in Reproductive Health and uncovered horrific conditions at the National Institute of Virology in Pune, which led to the confiscation of 37 monkeys and two goats, who were taken to a rehabilitation facility.
We filed suit in the Supreme Court of India against the Union of India, each state-level government and the Animal Welfare Board of India charging them with lax enforcement of laws protecting animals in the leather trade.
As a result of PETA’s international call to boycott leather, former Prime Minister Vajpayee sent a directive to all state governments instructing them to crack down on the horrific abuse of cattle used in the industry, and the Indian Council for Leather Exports agreed to implement its first-ever animal welfare programme.
Animal Rahat, a programme supported by PETA, helps working animals by providing everything from much-needed veterinary services to free sun shades for animals, educating owners about basic care and offering a retirement plan that allows animals who are too old or sick to continue working to live out their last years in peace and comfort.
PETA has persuaded 15 universities – including Nalanda Open University, Madurai Kamaraj University and Pondicherry University – to abandon animal dissections and to stop forcing pharmacy students to perform experiments on animals. |
MySQL (InnoDB) clustered and non-clustered indexes - skipass
http://n3n.in/w
======
falcolas
I saw a presentation on an interesting hack done with InnoDB primary keys used
to cluster similar data.
A hotel booking company created a primary key which would put geographically
similar entries into primary keys which were close together. i.e. there
wouldn't be an entry for a hotel in Saigon ordered between two entries for San
Francisco.
I don't recall the specifics of how they did it, but due to how InnoDB orders
pages on disk according to their primary key, it meant that all of the results
for a particular location could be accessed by fetching one to two pages of
data from disk.
Resulted in some huge performance gains for them, both by reducing the number
of disk IOs required for your average query, and by reducing the on-the-fly
geographical calculations they had to do in the DB. They could do a range
query on the primary key in the database and then do fine-grained geolocation
on a less contended resource against a small number of entries.
~~~
misframer
A Z-order curve maps from two (or more) dimensions to one while preserving
locality:
[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-order_curve](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z-order_curve)
~~~
fredophile
Depending on your application you might want to pick a different space filling
curve ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-
filling_curve](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space-filling_curve)). Different
curves lead to different characteristics for nearness. You can also use
multiple types of curves or two of the same curve oriented differently and
then use the minimum distance of the curves as your distance estimate for some
applications.
If you just want to generate keys you should look at Locality-Sensitive
Hashing ([http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locality-
sensitive_hashing](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locality-sensitive_hashing)).
------
snake_plissken
A nice little article. I've always felt that database indexes are one of those
fringe topics that's just esoteric enough that people acquire a basic
knowledge of them and know they need them, yet understanding indexes and using
them correctly leads amazing performance.
On clustered indexes in particular, I try to follow these principles:
Narrow - in terms of a data type's byte length, so that more keys can be
packed into each level of the B-tree. You can end up having to traverse fewer
intermediate levels to reach the leaf level, where the data resides.
Unique - This ties into the point above, there will be no need to add a
"uniquifier" to the key, helping to save space and the overhead of managing
that extra tid-bit of data
Static - ideally, never changing. By it's nature, a clustered index is
ordered, and updating/changing the keys will lead to data that's in the wrong
place. You can kind of get around this by rebuilding the index after every
update, but that just adds another task you'll need to manage more often.
Increasing - this can lead to faster inserts; in a sense, the DB is just
filling up the last page of the index and then adding another when it needs
to. (I think after a certain amount of inserts, eventually you'll have to re-
build the index (to add more intermediate level nodes) but I can't recall the
specifics, and you're going to have to do rebuild indexes anyway with all
indexing strategies.)
------
gearhart
If, like me, you found the idea interesting but the article a bit confused
there's another good discussion on it here: [http://use-the-index-
luke.com/blog/2014-01/unreasonable-defa...](http://use-the-index-
luke.com/blog/2014-01/unreasonable-defaults-primary-key-clustering-key)
------
misframer
I think it would have been easier for me to understand if they put everything
in terms of a B+ tree, where the leaf nodes contain keys and values.
~~~
meritt
InnoDB does indeed use a B+ tree. A more thorough article on the topic is
[http://blog.jcole.us/2013/01/10/btree-index-structures-in-
in...](http://blog.jcole.us/2013/01/10/btree-index-structures-in-innodb/) or
the book High Performance MySQL.
~~~
misframer
I know it uses a B+ tree. I wanted to mention that the article doesn't mention
them at all.
I'm familiar with the High Performance MySQL book -- I work with one of the
authors :).
~~~
meritt
Cool. I was more taking the opportunity in replying to you to point out that
this article isn't very good :)
|
The 700t/d Gold Concentration Plant in Sudan is designed by Henan Fote Heavy Machinery Co., Ltd. Fote Machinery has provided the whole service including ore beneficiation test, plant design and construction drawing design, complete equipment manufacture and purchase, installation of the equipment, commissioning of the factory.
Hematite ore is an important mineral resource. With 70% iron content and the large iron output capacity, hematite is the most important iron ore. To improve the comprehensive usage efficiency of hematite, hematite beneficiation process is necessary.
News List
wienese a mill settings and extractions
Mill settings and extraction. CAB Direct. Mill settings and extraction. Author(s) : Wienese, A. On the basis of the mill settings, an extraction model for a milling tandem is proposed. This model takes into account the separation efficiency, reabsorption coefficient and imbibition efficiency, each of which is explained.
setting vertical feed chutes mill cane
Mill Settings and Reabsorption Semantic Scholar. In a broad sense ‘mill settings’ refer to the settings of all the adjustable components of a mill and include items such as the feed chute, feeder rolls, main rolls, trash plate, scraper plates, etc. Read More.
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Where Does Glucose Reabsorption Occur | Sciencing
Glucose reabsorption takes place in the kidneys, where the blood is filtered. Nephrons are the main filtration unit and contain a network of capillaries and tubules. Glucose is filtered in the glomerulus and reabsorbed by the proximal tubules. Glucose transporters move the molecules into the blood.
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SleeveKamal an innovative threepiece sugar mill roller for
Lesser moisture in any mill improves the gripping capacity of the mill, and potentially increasing the crushing rate. The reduced slippage is expected to reduce the wear. Conclusions. To sum the benefits: High extraction efficiency, through more drainage. Reduced reabsorption. Stronger mill roller in comparison with conventional.
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Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion Flashcards | Quizlet
Reabsorption of filtered load won't be as complete and substance will appear in larger amounts in urine; explains why ingesting large amounts of vitamin C can increase plasma concentrations of vitamin C: filtered load may exceeds tubular reabsorptive transport maximum and any additional vitamin C is excreted as urine.
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setting mill calculation
Mill Settings and Reabsorption - CiteSeer. Sugar Milling Research Institute, Durban, 4041, South Africa Although there are various methods used to calculate mill settings, they are all based on a figure. More information.
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Best milling practices in feeding extraction and power
? Choice of settings will affect mill speed ? If the mill is operating near the middle of its speed range, there are no consequences ? If the mill is operating near the top or bottom of its speed range, chute height cannot be properly maintained ? Feeding theory can be used to adjust settings so mill operates in a better speed range.
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mill setting calculation
Mill Settings and Reabsorption - Semantic Scholar. This paper describes the Natal Method for the calculation of mill settings. Particular attention is given to the effect of the reabsorption coefficient on these.
Vsi Cane Sugar Mill Setting Calculations
1963_Ashe_Calculation Of Mill Settings. Typical Sugar Mill Bearings Rein in Cane Sugar Engineering states that typically sugar mill bearings are tin bronzes with the following composition Cu Sn Pb Zn 84% 10% 3% 3% . and this reduction is a function of thickness. and is used for general service bearings. having well bearing properties and.
Proceedings of The South African Sugar Technologists
Variouswaysof calculating mill settings are discussed. In particular the Natal and Australian methods are dealt with in more detail. Based on the millsettings an extraction model for a milling tandem is presented. This model takes into account a separation efficiency, reabsorption coefficient and imbibition efficiency, each of whichis described.
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vsi cane sugar mill setting calculations
Vsi cane sugar mill setting calculations vsi cane sugar mill setting calculations is one of the products of our company main products sold,it is not only good Get Price. Sugarcane mill Wikipedia. Sugar Mill Settings. Mill and Trash Plate Setting. The Sugar Engineers can offer an effective and rapid mill setting service for your factory. In.
? Reducing sugarcane juice reabsorption in sugar mills using
Abstract A technological innovation is presented that minimizes the sugarcane juice reabsorption during the milling cycle, increasing its juice extraction: the XM mill roll. The innovation is based on the Lotus mill roll, but is not built on steel, but rather on cast iron, similar to the conventional shells.
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mill setting formulas
Mill Settings and Reabsorption - CiteSeer. This paper describes the Natal Method for the calculation of mill settings. Combining the equation for the bagasse and escribed volume with the reabsorption More details ? Get Price.
Calculation Of Mill Settings
Mill Settings and Reabsorption CiteSeerX. Mill mass balance with associated mill settings (red are input figures). Reabsorption tests Although the reabsorption coefficient plays a significant part in the calculation of mill settings, it is. Get Price; How to Calculate Distances With a Mil Dot Rifle Scope:.
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How To Calculate Sugar Mill Setting
Mill Settings and Reabsorption - Semantic Scholar. Umzimkulu mill in an attempt to establish the reabsorption coefficient of a de-watering mill. The examples used in this paper are available in an Excel spreadsheet on request for sponsors of the Sugar Milling Research Institute only.
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sugar mill setting calculation formula
Mill Settings and Reabsorption - CiteSeer. Sugar Milling Research Institute, Durban, 4041, South Africa Although there are various methods used to calculate mill settings, they are all based on a figure.
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Juice Extraction Performance in Milling Tandem in sugar cane
Primary Extraction. The greater the extraction of sugar in the first mill the less difficult in the task left to the following mills to recover more sugar by the trouble some step of wet extraction and better is the overall extraction of the tandem. |
Assembly of the Complexes of the Oxidative Phosphorylation System in Land Plant Mitochondria.
Plant mitochondria play a major role during respiration by producing the ATP required for metabolism and growth. ATP is produced during oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), a metabolic pathway coupling electron transfer with ADP phosphorylation via the formation and release of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. The OXPHOS system is composed of large, multiprotein complexes coordinating metal-containing cofactors for the transfer of electrons. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge about assembly of the OXPHOS complexes in land plants. We present the different steps involved in the formation of functional complexes and the regulatory mechanisms controlling the assembly pathways. Because several assembly steps have been found to be ancestral in plants-compared with those described in fungal and animal models-we discuss the evolutionary dynamics that lead to the conservation of ancestral pathways in land plant mitochondria. |
Patterns and factors affecting antenatal care utilization in Damietta Governorate, Egypt: a retrospective cross-sectional study.
Timely antenatal care (ANC) has been proven to save lives and maximizes health and potential. The study aimed to assess ANC utilization rates in Damietta district, Egypt and to identify the components of ANC provided and factors affecting utilization rates. A cross-sectional study was conducted in four Family Health Centers (FHC) in Damietta district. The study included any mother, who gave birth within the last 6 months, after giving written consent to participate. Women were interviewed about their experience with ANC during the last pregnancy using a pre-designed questionnaire. The study found that ~85% of the mothers have ever attended ANC during the last pregnancy, two-thirds were regular attendants. Urban residence, being not working, having high education and high family income were positively associated with utilization of ANC (P < 0.001). Only 30% of the mothers received ANC in FHCs, while the majority received ANC at private clinics. Rates of receiving ANC components were variable with significantly higher rates in private clinics than governmental FHCs (P < 0.001 for most components). Health education was the least ANC component to be received by mothers at governmental and private sites. More work is needed to improve the utilization of ANC in FHCs. Providers of ANC should be trained and supervised to provide full package of ANC especially health education message, being the most neglected component of ANC. |
The overwhelming majority of Thai seem determined to observe strict mourning for at least thirty days (expiring on November 14th): all dressed in black, black shirts, black pants, black shorts, and black t-shirts. White is also a mourning color, therefore men can wear black pants and white shirts, while women can wear black skirts and white blouses. The general directive is that in the absence of black clothing, tourists must still wear austere colors, tending toward dark shades (nothing gaudy). Tourists are recommended to wear the black crisscrossed ribbon to confirm compliance with mourning traditions. After the thirty days, those who do not want to continue wearing black can return to normal clothing, but they must be austere in color and they must display the black ribbon or armband. It’s likely that the monarchic strata of the population will continue to follow strict mourning for three months, if not twelve. State employees, like teachers, are obligated to wear black for an entire year. It is customary for men to wear black suits with white shirts for formal occasions. Obviously, black dresses are expected for women. The majority of events in the next three months have been cancelled or postponed until the end of January. All monuments and museums are open (except for the royal palace during planned ceremonies).
As far as Bangkok’s nightlife is concerned, it’s business (almost) as usual after a weekend of mourning. But the word is “quietly.” No loud music in bars and nightclubs, women aren’t scantily clad, but “decorously” dressed in black. The external facades need to conform to the highest levels of dignity, so that nothing (excessively) disrespectful shows through to pedestrians. But, on the inside, women continue to dispense traditional services and the bars serve beer and liquor liberally. Closing hours have been moved up by order of the police: from 2 am to twelve-thirty am in Bangkok, and 1 am in Pattaya. Obviously, nightclubs are also opening earlier, at 7 pm instead of 9 pm.
Hundred of thousands of people, even the most poor, are arriving in Bangkok from all over Thailand to pay their respects to the late king. Candle-lit oceanic choirs since the national anthem in the mystic atmosphere of Sanam Luang, the great funerary ceremonial field next to the Grand Palace, where the body of King Rama IX Bhumibhol lies in wait of his cremation, which will ostensibly occur in a year. Life is at a standstill, yet it continues. But tourism is too strong and dynamic a component of the lethargic Thai economy, and state agencies—in particular the Tourist Authority of Thailand—have already mobilized to stop serious repercussions, insisting that “Thailand is open,” and not at all closed during the grief and mourning.
About the Author
Alberto Forchielli, born in 1955 - MBA with Honors from Harvard Business School and BA cum laude in Economics from University of Bologna - is Founder, Partner, Managing Director, Investment Committee Member and Member of the Board of Mandarin Capital Partners; Founder and President of Osservatorio Asia, a non-profit Research Center focusing on Asia; Founder and President of Cleantech srl, a renewable energy company mainly focused on developing and managing utility-grade solar energy projects. From July 2012 he is Director of the Executive Council of CEIBS (China Europe International Business School) in Shanghai. Forchielli is an expert in international business development, particularly in China and India, thanks to his strategic abilities based on a 30 years experience. He publishes a weekly release: ‘Notebook from Shanghai’ on Radiocor Il Sole 24 Ore, the largest Italian Financial Press Agency. He also holds weekly interviews on China economy on Radio 24 - Il Sole 24 Ore and he publishes his own Blog on Caixin Media website in China: fugeli.blog.caixin.com/, and his own English blog: www.albertoforchielli.com. Born in Bologna, in his own operative background he experienced working and extensively living in several Countries all over the world: Singapore at Finmeccanica, Washington DC at World Bank, Luxembourg at European Investment Bank, Rome at IRI Group, Turin, Boston and London, Santiago and Lima at Mac Group, Hong Kong and Shanghai at Mandarin Capital Partners.
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About Alberto
Alberto Forchielli, born in 1955, received an MBA with honors from Harvard Business School and a bachelor’s cum laude in Economics from the University of Bologna. He is a founding partner of Mandarin Capital Partners, and the founder and president of Osservatorio Asia, a non-profit research center focused on Asia. He is also the founder of T-Island, a consultancy agency specialized in international relocations for professionals. In addition, he guided the expansion of the Roland Berger Foundation to Italy, which provides individual support for talented students lacking means to further their educations. |
Q:
React Native and Node server - Node server on device
I'm getting familiar with React Native and I've had an app working on simulator and device.
On both cases the node.js server is running on my local machine, and it is required in order for the app to run. I understand that for a release version of the app I would have to have a stable and reliable node server running somewhere (AWS), and have my app point at that.
However, can the app be bundled, somehow, with a node server? This way the app can run offline at any time.
This is probably harder on iOS than it'll be on Android, but I wanted to know what your thoughts were on this.
Thanks!
A:
It is possible with jxcore. Check out this sample. https://github.com/agenthunt/EmbeddedJXcoreEngineIOS/tree/master/Examples/ReactNativeJXcoreTodoApp
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INTRODUCTION
============
Rarely the common hepatic artery (CHA) crosses the intrapancreatic parenchyma at the pancreas head or neck, making it problematic to consider pancreatic head resection ([@B1]). In addition, organs such as esophagus, duodenum, common bile duct, or ureters can be compressed by blood vessels, causing symptoms like dysphagia, jaundice, or hydronephrosis. As far as we know, dilatation of main pancreatic duct by intrapancreatic-replaced CHA has been not reported on the literature. We describe a unique case of intrapancreatic CHA causing main pancreatic duct dilatation.
CASE REPORT
===========
A 63-year-old male was admitted to the hospital for an elevation of hepatic enzymes and dark colored urine. He had experienced fatigue and malaise. He had no abdominal pain and neither significant medical history nor family history. Based on the viral maker assay, he was diagnosed with acute hepatitis and possible hepatitis A infection. On routine abdominal ultrasonography to rule out other organic causes, main pancreatic duct dilatation was incidentally found. The patient underwent contrast enhancement liver dynamic CT and MRCP for further characterization of duct dilatation and evaluation of liver. Contrast enhancement CT scan was taken by bolus tracking method. Liver dynamic CT consisting of four phase (unenhanced, arterial \[15 seconds\], portal \[40 seconds\] and delayed \[3 minutes\] scan) images were acquired with an 16-channel multi-detector raw CT (Mx8000 IDT 16 CT scanner; Philips Medical System, Best, The Netherlands). In addition, MRCP images were acquired with a 3.0 Tesla MR scanner (Achieva 3.0T X-series, Philips Medical System, Best, The Netherlands). On axial and coronal curved multiplanar reconstruction images using arterial phase scan, the CHA was arising from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and traveling through the pancreatic head parenchyma and across the main pancreatic duct, supero-posteriorly ([Fig. 1A, B](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). The upstream main pancreatic duct crossing the replaced CHA shows diffuse tubular dilatation without abnormal wall thickening or enhancement. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) shows abrupt transverse filling defect at pancreas head and stasis of the contrast medium during the ERCP procedure ([Fig. 1C, D](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Routine MRCP images revealed a compression of main pancreatic duct by the replaced CHA seen as a tubular signal void appearing as dark signal intensity at the corresponding area of the ERCP, which is flow void on the CHA, on both coronal T2 weighted image (repetition time \[TR\]/echo time \[TE\], 1728/80; section thickness 3 mm) and maximum intensity projection of respiratory triggered 3-dimensional turbo spin-echo MRCP images (TR/TE, 1868/600) ([Fig. 1E, F](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). The main pancreatic duct was compressed and dilated by the intrapancreatic-replaced CHA, resulted in prolonged stasis of the contrast medium in the upstream pancreatic duct noted on ERCP. However, this patient was asymptomatic and gave no evidence of history suggesting acute pancreatitis. This finding posed a dilemma to the clinician and surgeon because the prolonged stasis of contrast medium in the dilated pancreatic duct is a potential cause of acute pancreatitis. However, the clinician and surgeon decided upon close observation of patient status instead of the distal pancreatectomy because the high morbidity and mortality of surgical treatment was not beneficial to an asymptomatic patient.
DISCUSSION
==========
According to the literature review, the proper hepatic artery originating from the SMA occurs in 0.9 to 4.5% of individuals ([@B2]). The replaced CHA courses along the portocaval space, supero-posterior margin of the pancreas, and enter the hepatoduodenal ligament. The majority of these replaced CHA are located at the peripancreatic retroperitoneal space. Only a case of intrapancreatic CHA was reported ([@B1]).
The prevalence of the intrapancreatic-replaced CHA is not well known. The intrapancreatic-replaced CHA is an incidental finding and usually asymptomatic and no problematic. However, surgeons are challenged by the intrapancreatic-replaced CHA or replaced right hepatic artery, especially in considering the pancreatic head resection. Preservation of the intrapancreatic-replaced CHA is important and dissection from imbedded pancreatic parenchyma is sometimes difficult ([@B1], [@B3]).
Common bile duct and ureters tend to be compressed by adjacent or aberrant origin arteries. Compression of the gastrointestinal tract commonly occurs at the esophagus and duodenum. The esophagus is compressed by the aberrant right subclavian artery, causing dysphagia. The development of the aberrant right subclavian artery is related to the degeneration of the entire right fourth aortic arch during the embryogenesis ([@B4], [@B5]). The third portion of the duodenums is mechanical compression between the SMA and abdominal aorta known as the SMA syndrome. SMA syndrome occurs mainly through loss of mesenteric and retroperitoneal fat representing as a low aorto-mesenteric angle but anatomic factors like a short ligament of Treitz or low origin of the SMA, trauma, dietary disorders, postoperative state are also considered predisposing conditions ([@B6], [@B7]).
A unique case report of common bile duct obstruction by the postero-superior pancreatico-duodenal artery is similar to our case report ([@B8]). Common bile duct obstruction by arterial compression results in bile stasis and is prone to form biliary stones. In addition, ureter obstruction by vascular lesion is relatively common and either artery or vein can be the cause. Abdominal aortic aneurysm, iliac artery aneurysm, accessory renal arteries and other aberrant arteries are arterial causes of ureter obstruction. Normal venous structures such as accessory renal veins, iliac vein or gonadal veins can cause ureter compression and circumcaval ureter is a congenital anomaly causing ureter obstruction ([@B9], [@B10]).
However, as far as we know, this is the first case report of compression of the main pancreatic duct by intrapancreatic-replaced CHA. Although prolonged stasis of the contrast medium was noted on ERCP, the patient did not have any symptoms or signs of pancreatitis. So the pancreatic duct compression by the intrapancreatic-replaced CHA was an incidental finding but we pay attention to the findings of main pancreatic duct dilatation and stasis of the contrast medium that can predispose to acute pancreatitis. In summary, intrapancreatic-replaced CHA is a very rare anatomic anomaly and a cause of pancreatic duct dilatation by aberrant course and compression of replaced CHA.
![Imaging findings of main pancreatic duct compression by intrapancreatic-replaced common hepatic artery in 63-year-old man.\
**A, B.** On curved coronal **(A)** and axial **(B)** multiplanar reconstruction images obtained on arterial phase (15 seconds after contrast injection on bolus tracking method), common hepatic artery (black arrow) arises from superior mesenteric artery (white arrow) is crossing pancreatic parenchyma and causing compression of main pancreatic duct (small double arrows). Celiac trunk is normally arising from aorta, superiorly (**A**, ^\*^). **C, D.** Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography shows tubular filling defect of main pancreatic duct (**C**, arrow) and dilatation of upstream main pancreatic duct in addition to stasis of contrast medium **(D)**. **E.** Coronal T2-weighted image (repetition time \[TR\]/echo time \[TE\], 1728/80; slice thickness, 3 mm) shows intrapancreatic-replaced common hepatic artery representing as tubular signal void (arrow), which is crossing and compressing main pancreatic duct (arrowheads). **F.** Coronal maximum-intensity projection of respiratory triggered 3-dimensional turbo spin echo MRCP image (TR/TE, 1868/600) demonstrates clear defect of main pancreatic duct at neck area (arrow) and dilatation of upstream main pancreatic duct.](kjr-14-412-g001){#F1}
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Q:
Can water evaporate when frozen?
If an ice cube is stored in a freezer could it evaporate given enough time? Is there a temperature below which water cannot evaporate (even just a little)?
A:
yes, this is called Sublimation.
Ice has a vapor pressure:
Molecules will go from the solid phase to the gas phase or visa versa depending upon whether the partial pressure of water vapor in the gas phase is above or below the vapor pressure of the ice, until equillibrium is reached.
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" My name was Milo rodricks." "Not that it matters anymore." "I'm..." "I was an astrophysicist." "I've lived more than a lifetime, and..." "And I can smell pop-tarts." "I'm the last human being enjoying his last sensory pleasure." "I got a favor to ask." "Don't forget us." "We may have many faults, but we don't deserve to be forgotten." "Strike my first statement." "My name is Milo rodricks till the very last second, till the end." " Milo, don't shovel, baby." "They're hot." "I'm booking a pedicure." "Are you good for a pedicure, honey?" " Had mine done last week." " That the one that exploded?" " Nope." " Good." " Damn it." "Ed, you swore, man." "Diesel, come on." "Diesel!" "Ed, hey." "Hey, it's Ricky stormgren." "I got to ask you, have you been--you been drinking again?" "I think you must have been drunk when you worked on that thing." "Hello?" "Diesel!" "Come on." "Come on." "Come on." " Is your phone..." " No, no." " You get a signal?" " Hello?" "Hello?" " It just dropped, all of a sudden." " Right there, right there." " There's no way." " Right there." " Up there." " Hurry up." " Let's get out of here." " Get out of the way!" "Allmilitaryforces areassembling." "Planes,helicopters, evenmodelaircraft, basicallyanythingthatis intheairthatismanmade isbeingbroughtdownwithout damagetopersonorproperty." "Communicationssuchas cell phonesarebeingdisrupted." "I 'mstanding onthegianicolohill overlookingthechaos in the streets of downtown Rome wherethemilitarycontinue toassemblein droves." "It'sfrightening,andit's- communicationsdo seem tobescrambling, butI wouldsay that here in the United States, they'vebeenreportedover NewYork,Houston,and D.C." "Andreportsare saying thatatleast40cities around the world now have these vesselshoveringoverthem." "London,okay, thepictureis breakingup, butyoucansee acraftthere ." " They're downing all air traffic." "Aircraft are settling like- feathers, we'll say they're settling like feathers." " All over the world." "No casualties, everything in the sky has been grounded." " I'll tell you what they're doing." "They're containing us." "So, dad, what's our angle?" "Siobhan, do we have a headline picture?" " Already up, Hugo." "Stillhavenoidea whattheywant orwheretheyhavecome from , astheyhavemadenoreplies toanyattempts tocontactthem." "Yousee, whatwe'relookingathere couldbeperceivedas..." "Thisis anationalsecurity matternow, soeveryonelookstome." "No, no, no, no, listen to me." "We do not evac the president." "I want him to remain in the eoc." "What's going on?" "Wagons roll, come on." "Joel?" "Why can't you drive around him?" " Because he's my son." " Your son?" "I thought your son was dead." " Uncle Paul?" "There's no need to be afraid." "Both:" "My name is karellen." "I'm the supervisor for earth." " There's no need to be afraid." "My name is karellen." "I'm the supervisor for earth." " I know that this is frightening and bewildering." "Please try to understand that we've come a long, long way to help you." " Annabel?" " We've come to help mankind." " War, famine, inequality..." "These will be things of the past." " Suffering will end." "Injustice will end." "No tears, only happiness and safety." " Your national and local governments will still have jurisdiction." "You will run your water and power." "Your stores will be open." "Your markets will trade." "Your lives will continue as before minus one thing." " Injustice." "This won't happen overnight, but the process is already beginning." " It will herald the arrival of the golden age of man." "We're not conquerors." "We're enablers." "We're going to help you change." " I know it's frightening, but you are no longer alone." " I know that this is frightening, but you are no longer alone." " I know it's frightening, but you're no longer alone." " We're calling them the visitors." " No, we're not." "Cellularservice istemporarilyunavailable." "Pleasetryyourcall againlater." "Wehaven'tbeenable tobringyouthis becausewe'vebeenhaving transmissionproblems." "Theimages ofgazaarestaggering." "ThewallthatseparatesIsrael fromthegazastrip, all400milesofit,isgone." "Arabresidentsaremingling withJewishresidents." "Theydidn'tactually resurrectthedead." "Theyappearto us asbeloveddeceasedrelatives." "Now,thatis something" " Ellie, you okay?" " Ricky." " I just saw an Israeli soldier embracinganelderlyarabman whowasweakand stumbling fromtheshockofitall." "I mean, this is just--it's incredible." "Imean,wordscannotdescribe." "Thisistrulyincredible, emotionallychargedscenes betweenbothIsraelis andpalestinianresidents." "Imean,peoplefromboth sides arehugging." "Someareevenweeping." " Who'd you see?" "I justsawanIsraeli" " I saw my dad, of course, but, you know, they missed a trick because no way he would get through that many sentences without throwing in the f-bomb." "You?" "Who'd you see?" " Yeah, me too, I saw my dad." "Buttheyare not moving, andthey'redisplayingnothing thatI couldsay- it's like the playwright just walked on stage and stopped the play." " Remember that little old war in the Congo no one could stop?" "Well, both sides are praying together under a flying saucer." " Hands-across-the-water moment, huh?" " They're doing something similar in Sudan." "We hear there's some kind of conciliatory intervention between north and south Korea." "Look, we might be able to get something into the air." " Hmm." ""Blessed are the peacemakers," general." "Let's keep it in our pants for now, hmm?" " Everyone was paid a visit by this avatar." "It calls itself the supervisor for earth, karellen." " How are we spelling that?" "With a k?" " Every major military conflict that we know about across the globe, well, they've just stopped." "There's some rioting." "Mogadishu went totally wacko, apparently." "Then they blocked out the sun." " Ho, ho, ho, ho, hold on." "They blocked out the sun?" "How?" " Localized eclipse?" "I don't know." "They're aliens." "It's world peace, all hold hands and sing "Kumbaya."" "Us cynics have to swallow our pride and expect pigs to start flying any day now." " My uncle Joey kept pigs." "Irish grazers." "He used to hire a local choirboy to sing to them as they were loaded onto the truck, and these pigs, they loved it." "They were so peaceful all the way to the slaughterhouse." " What's up, man?" " Okay." "I want you back in the house, Milo." " Come on, mom, it's fine." "All the planes can take off again." "We were just grounded so they could give us a message." " You're smart, baby." "What do you think their weakness is?" " You mean like a character flaw?" " No, like in "signs," when that little girl killed them with a glass of water." "You know, janey from downstairs said the army's everywhere now?" "You think they're gonna launch, like, a--what do we call it, like, a air strike?" " I don't think they want to hurt us, mom." "Why come all this way just to blow us up?" " Because they're aliens?" " Quiet down now!" "Let the mayor speak!" " Can we just..." "We're never gonna get anywhere if we're all hooping it up." " Well, what about food and water, mayor?" " Yeah." " Yeah." " Is there gonna be a stockpile for the town?" " There will be no hoarding." "They've only settled over three cities, and as far as I can tell, nothing here in Missouri has changed." " I guess they approve of basketball." "Look, we've seen what they can do." "The question to ask ourselves is what can we do about them?" "As far as I can tell, not a damn thing." " Ricky, you've been a godsend to this town, the way you negotiated between the community and the limestone company last year, but this is a horse of a whole different color." " Yeah, exactly, which is why I ask, why are we even trying to guess what they're up to?" " So what's your grand plan?" " I say we sit tight." "I mean, they haven't zapped the head off the statue of Liberty yet." "In fact, they've actually made an effort to make us feel comfortable, so if this is an invasion..." "I gotta say, it's an awfully considerate one." " They need you all over again." " I don't know about that." "They're probably all sick of me by now." " You never understood the effect you have on people." "It's very rare." " Ready to head up to bed?" "We can pretend to sleep." " When that alien, karellen..." "When he spoke to you as your dad" " els, you're not Annie oakley." "You're from greenwich village." "Let's go." "Let's go!" "Come on, quick!" "Get in the basement!" "Diesel." "Okay." "You've got my attention." "Ah!" "All right!" "All right, hey!" " Ricky?" " Ellie, stay down there." "Son of a..." "All right." "If I go, leave my family alone." "This is ridiculous." " Heads up!" " You let no one through, you hear me?" "No one." " Hold the line!" " Stay back." " Get back!" "Doyoulikeit?" "It'sthehoneymoonsuite." " The four seasons hotel." "New York City." "Annabel and I didn't leave this room for three days, even though I had tickets to the playoffs." "Hmm." "YankeesbeatMinnesotatwins threegamesto one." " What the hell is going on?" " There's no need to be afraid." "Mynameis karellen." " Why are you here?" "Youwereontheverge ofdiscovering interstellartravel, butthestarsare not for man , Ricky." "Weneedamessenger theycantrust, a conduit between the overlords andearth." "Mm,overlords." "Ifindthatterm a little bombastic, but hey-ho." " Why did you make this room?" "Why'd you send me Annabel?" " Because she is still the most importantthingin yourlife." " No, I got a new life." "I'm getting married again." "All of this, this is-- this is mind games." "Look, you scare the hell out of us, and you knock my door down, and then you ask me to be your ambassador." "Buddy, you're not even in the right zip code." "I mean, you need-- you need the president, the pope, the dalai lama, somebody." "Problemis , theyhavebaggage." "Youdon't." "Youarehardworking, brave,kind." " Why did you make this room?" "You'reprepared tochangeandadapt." " Okay, take me home." "Take me ho--where's-- where's the thing?" "Peopletrustyou ." "Youlookthemintheeyeand- hey, if you want someone to push your agenda, then you go down there, and by all means, do it yourself." "Whenthelimestonemine wantedtotakeoveryour town , youbroughtbothsides together." "YoubuiltBridges." "Youhealeddivides." "Theycalledyou- they called me "the pacifier."" "It was..." "It was meant to be a joke." "Mm,Iknow." "I'vestudied allhumanlanguages,syntax, colloquialisms,jokes." "Igetit ." "7billionpeople, andI choseyou." "Itwasbetweenyou andan82-year-oldblindwoman fromSeoul." "Whatareyouthinking?" " I'm thinking I want to see who I'm talking to." "I haveto staywhereIam." "There'sa lotto tellpeople." "Lookbesideyou." " What is it?" "It'sagift." " What if I don't want to take it?" "Well,thendon 'ttakeit." "Ihopeyoucan trustme." " I might take it and just Chuck this thing in the river." "Ifthat'swhatyouwant todo,thenofcourse," "Irespectyourdecision." "Ibelieveyouwillmake therightchoice, whateverthatchoicemay be." " I don't know about you, Paul, but these guys don't give me the warm fuzzies." "They're neutralizing the world's armies, and everybody's looking to us to make the first move." "The president wants to strike, Paul." " Yeah, what's the point?" "We'd be ants firing wood-pulp pellets at a b-52." " The president thinks that we could- they brought dead people back." "They stopped the world, general." "As far as I'm concerned, that puts them in the pilot's seat." " We need you here, Paul." " I just heard six hours ago they kidnapped a farmer named Richard stormgren." " Jeez." "What do we tell the old man?" " Tell him I'm going to Missouri." " Ran outside and approached to see what it was, and that's when we saw it." " Yeah, good on you." "Thepodthing,itwasover themountainsoverthatway." " Alien abduction." " We thought it was gonna crash rightintotheirhouse." " The overlords talk about peace, Harmony, justice." "Then they smash a fella's house in and carry him away." "Well, people need to know the facts." "Then they can make up their own minds." " Still here waiting for- there it is!" " Right there?" " Ellie?" " Hey, babe." " Are you okay?" " I talked with him..." "With karellen." " What--what did he say?" "What--what did he look like?" " I don't know." "I didn't" "I didn't see him face-to-face." "He gave me this." " What is it?" " I have no idea." " Mr. stormgren." "Can I see you for a minute?" " Stay back!" " For your own safety, move back!" " So what can I do for you?" " I've been reading all about you on the flight over." "You're a smart man, Mr. stormgren, a progressive man, humanitarian." " You better be careful, you're gonna have me blushing there, mister- danlow, Paul danlow." "I work for the U.S. secret service." " I can figure out who you work for, Mr. danlow." " What you got there?" " I have absolutely no idea." " They give you that?" "Can I take a look-see?" "You really should give that to me, and I can take it somewhere, somewhere safe." " I'm sure you could." " You're not gonna open it, are you?" "It'd be one hell of a move with the earth at stake and whatnot." "Look, I understand." "The aliens gave you something, and that makes you feel special." " Okay, no, no, don't do that." "Don't patronize me." " Oh, I'm not." "They must take you seriously, so I take you seriously." "That's why I'm asking you to hand it over of your own free will." " Uh-huh, with a gun?" " Okay, what if it's a bomb or a virus?" "You think of that?" " Of course i thought about that, but don't you think that if that was their intention, they could have done it themselves at any point?" " Well, think about it, Ricky." "So far these aliens have been overwhelmingly demonstrative and secretive, threatening." "They smashed open your home, forced you onto their ship." "Then they give you this thing and they tell you to open it?" " Actually, karellen told me i could do what I wanted with it." "Okay?" "He gave me a choice." "You're not." " Hey, hey, hey, hey, hey." "What are you doing?" "What are you do--whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa." " Just recording you on our property threatening us." " All right, all right, hey, look, look." "I've seen what these guys can do." "I'm pretty sure they can stop you from shooting us." " Yeah?" "Maybe they can't." "Maybe they'll just find another farmer." " Actually, the backup was an old lady in Seoul." " Hell, cards on the table, Ricky, you're a decent man, and decent men can be manipulated." " Hey, look, he said that they're here to teach us, all right?" "To help us." "He said, "hey-ho."" "They're evil aliens, but their leader says, "hey-ho"?" "No." "You know what I think?" "I think you want to know what's in this thing just as much as I do." " Whoa." "Final warning, hand it over, or I will put you down." " Okay." "There's intel from hospitals as far away as China." "Same story everywhere." "We're looking at a 60% recovery in patients presenting with leukemia, hodgkin's lymphoma, pulmonary lung disease." "The first cure occurred the same minute that you opened the vial." " Maybe they are gonna cure everything." " You tell me." "They're your friends." "Ricky, you're the sole spokesperson for an alien race." "Have fun with it." " You got it?" " Yeah." " Morning." "Uh..." "My name is, uh, is Richard stormgren." "Um, I have been chosen to be the..." "The intermediary between the overlords and, uh, us, earth." "Andtrustme , thiswasall onegiant"twilightzone" tometoo,so..." "Uh, I was taken up to meet with him..." "Uh, karellen, and I was not permitted to see him..." "Physically, uh, although I could tell that, in speaking to him, he seemed to be compassionate." "I will be taken up to meet with him at regular intervals and will be passing on..." "Uh, passing on information." "Uh..." "Karellenwantsyoutoknow thatanywaranywhere willbeseen andwillbe firmlystopped." "Chemical pollution of the atmosphere will be, uh..." "Yeah, they're gon-- they're gonna deal with that." " They're going to deal with it?" " Yeah, pretty sure about that." "The environment, uh, social issues, politics," "I'm told that that's gonna be more of a gradual process of development" " Mr. stormgren, just tell us, why won't karellen show us his face?" " I..." "Don't know." " Can they stop death?" " I-i can't--i can't- well, what does the inside of their ship look like?" "Come on, tell us something." "What,youwanttoknow whatitlookslike?" "Itlookedlikeahotelsuite , four seasons hotel in New York." " Well, Mr. stormgren, hey, you must know some" " one of their pods just landed on the white house lawn." " That'll be for me." "Which way?" " Don't worry about it." "We'll get you up to speed." " You know, it's only gonna get worse." "Half the world thinks that you're their salvation." "The other half wants to blow you out of the sky." "Well,you'vehad thatrelationship withyourreligions forlongenough." " Mm-hmm." "Fear,disorientation, andanger ispart ofthefirststage." " "Are."" "I 'msorry?" " They--they are part of the first stage." "Secondpersonsingular presentactiveimperative." "Mybad." " You've cleaned up." "Wearenot asdemonstrative asyoumightthink." "Wewantto helpyou helpyourselves." " Yeah, but a lot of people are gonna find that awfully condescending." "Tellme , isitcondescending tosendyourchildren toschool?" " That's a good point, but here's the thing." "If you walk around calling us all children, you're gonna piss a lot of people off." "Mybad." " If you, um..." "If you'd have come here five years ago..." "Annabel still be alive?" "Weweren'therefive years ago,andshedied." " Mm-hmm." "Ifyou'dlike, Iwilldismantlethisroom ." " No, no, we'll..." "Let's keep the room for now." "Ofcourse." " Ricky!" "Ricky!" "Ricky!" "Ricky!" " Ricky!" "Ricky!" " Diesel." "Come on." "Come on, up." "Come here." " This is gonna change everything for us, Ricky." " Look, I'm sorry, els, all right?" "Just give me..." "Give me a couple weeks so I can wrap my head around what happens next." " It was Annabel." "They sent you Annabel, didn't they?" "Four seasons honeymoon suite?" "And every time you go back to that ship, it's to that hotel room." "I'm here." "Whatever you go through..." "Just know I love you." "A stonewashedhick froma flyoverstate." "Whydoyouthink theypickedthisguy ?" "Becausehedoesn'task the rightquestions,that'swhy ." "What if they're playing the long game?" "They can live for thousands of years, so they can wait, you know?" "Make us healthy, make us sleepy, make us fat." "They want to buy the world a coke." "All lovey-dovey." "Oh, you can dress this up in as much hippie-dippie crap as you like." "This is an invasion." " No disrespect, sir, but what the hell can you do about it?" "Onmy daddy'sfarm, theanimals haveallthefoodthey want ." "Ifeedthepigsredapples." "Anddaddygivesthemmedicine sotheyneverget sick, andthey'rehappy whendaddyandthe othermen takethemaway." "Idon'tknowwherethey go, butI know they'rereallyhappy." "Paidforby thefreedomleague." "Theirreaction isunderstandable." "Itmeanswe 'remaking animpression." "Now,thereis plentyoffood andshelteron thisworld." "It'sa question ofdistribution." "Puttherightpeopletogether." "Theywillcome becauseyouaskthemto." " And then what?" "I don't even own a suit." "I don't know what you think I'm gonna accomplish that generations of diplomacy hasn't." "Thepoliticianshavefailed." "Beyourself,Ricky." "Don'tthinklikethem." " Look, karellen." "Hmm." " I think it would go a hell of a long way with people if you would just, you know, show yourself." "Youwouldn'taccept myappearance." " So, hiding out here, you plan to stop centuries of people hurting one another?" "Butyouare alreadyfeeling eachother'spain." "Yousharethesamefears andconfusions about us and about your future." "It'sa healthybeginning." " So the overlords have actually sealed up the Saudi oil reserves." " Uh, why?" "Well,Ithinkthat we're hopingit'llbe taken as an invitation to come talk with us." " Mr. stormgren?" " Mm-hmm?" " I can show you a petition sponsored by the freedom league, 22,400,000 people who want the overlords to get the hell off our property." "Next time you cozy up to your pal in the sky, you tell him that." " Let's look at what's happening." "I never thought that I would see world peace." "Did you?" "No?" "We've ended war, and now it's time to end starvation." "Every day, millions of people are starving while the rest of us just throw away unwanted food, so we need to find a way to get that surplus into the hands of the poorest people." "There we go." "So we don't need a Navy anymore, right?" "It just so happens we happen to have a lot of big ships just sitting around doing a whole lot of nothing, so we're gonna refrigerate the U.S. fleet and use that to transport the food supplies across the Atlantic" "to west Africa." "We're just gonna empty them out and then fill them up with dinner." " Impressive." "No, it really is." "I mean, it leaves our nation completely open to attack, but I'm glad Africa will get her meals on wheels." " The overlords have imprisoned our oil reserves." " Actually, they freed your supply lines." "These pipes pumped your oil." "Now we're gonna use them to pump desalinated water into the sub-Sahara." " You cannot just commandeer the property of the Saudi kingdom." " These people are dying of starvation and thirst." "Now, we need to irrigate half a continent, sir, and our think tank says that's the best way." "Oh, I am so sorry." "You guys got to be dying of thirst too." "Can I get you something to drink?" "Hey, can we get these guys something to drink, please?" " Yes, why has there been no water on the table?" " Gentlemen, cheers." " Dirty texan muck, hmm?" "Very well, but understand that this is not the wish of our kingdom." " We have always been in this together." "Now it's time to start acting like it." "Gentlemen, welcome to the golden age of man." "Yes,of course,whenthey firstarrived,Iwas scared." "Everybodywasscared." "Wewatchedthem likewewereshopmannequins, butaftertheshock, werealizedthatwehadbeen livinginso muchuncertainty." "Theyhadcometorule us, and you can argue the morality, ofcourse, buttheybroughtcertainty andstability." "Atleastthat's howitseemedtousat first ." "Ilookbacknow and shudder." "Wewereallunderaspell ." "Paidforby thefreedomleague." " That's some fancy schooling." " He gets a scholarship." "He wrote this essay about the overlords and sent it to some fancy college in Massachusetts." " Oh, yeah?" "Like what?" "What's in it?" " My son has theories." " Never known the neighborhood to look so nice." "They still can't take away the U.S. of a." "Got to have independence." "Fourth of July, yo." " Hi, honey." "How was school?" " There was a cocaine plant in Ecuador." "The overlords split it up into its component parts, about 4 million pieces." " What they do is like magic, huh?" " They've learned how to manipulate solids at a molecular level, probably using a controlled magnetic field." "It's not magic, mom." "It's just a 30,000-year head start." " Your mind, honey." "It just blossomed when they arrived, didn't it?" "What you gonna do with all that know-how, huh?" " I don't know." "I can't do much with it." " Keep dreaming." "Supper's on the table." " The freedom league's gaining momentum, funded by people like Hugo Wainwright." "Doesn't that bother you?" "I hadhopedthe worldhad hadenoughof angrymobs." " The saudis are pushing back on this whole thing, and I can't blame 'em." "People get angry when they feel impotent." "ButI'veenabledyouall tohelpyourselves." " But, see, this is what I'm talking about." "While you're standing back there hiding your face..." "I mean, look at this." "Have you seen these?" "I don'tmindthe centipede." "I'mnotwild aboutbeingportrayed asa bluerobot,though." " You know what they're most afraid of..." "Is that you don't look any different at all." "I'm telling you, to have gone through all this just to be ruled over by humans- wedon'tlooklike humans." " That's new." "Assurelyasitrises , thesunhastoset." " You cut this up with roach powder." "I'm not taking it from you no more, fence." " You're damn lucky I get any." "And you pull your neck in, girl." "Getoutofthere!" " Oh, great, here comes Dr. x." " You're selling my mom drugs again?" " Go back in, Milo." "I can handle this boy." " Boy?" "Does this look like some boy toy to you?" " Just give me my money." "Ah!" "Aah!" " Around here I'm the overlord, and that's the truth!" " Next to them, you're nothing!" "Just a boy with his water pistol." " Milo?" " Bro, what you thinking?" " Milo!" "No!" "Oh, god!" "Not you!" "Milo!" "Not you!" "Ah!" "What?" "No, not you!" "Honey?" "What?" "Honey?" "Look it's not just our science that's been hobbled." "They control our justice system." "My news sites are reporting they just executed a young kid from the inner-city projects." " Well, we're getting eyewitness reports that say it was an accident." " Do the overlords allow accidents?" "Sure, the kid had a gun, but they took him out right there and then, no trial." "You break the rules, bang, you're dead." "They are watching us all the time, and they are dealing in swift moral absolutes." "It's exactly the kind of thing that makes the freedom league rise up." "They think they're god." " I'm glad you mentioned the big, silent guy." "Let's bring miss peretta Jones into the discussion." "Peretta, you're part of the junior faith initiative, which aims to remind young people of the importance of remembering god in these unique times." "Oh,yes,Iguesswehaveto ." "Theoverlords havedestroyedgod." "Mymother wasa devoutChristian." "Welivedin thepoorestpart ofBrazil." "When the overlords came, she lost her faith." "My mother decided that she couldn't live in a world without god, so she killed herself." "My fear is that the next generation won't remember there was ever talk of god." " It's clear they control our political process, our law enforcement, and though I'm not a religious man, miss peretta makes a very good point." "They're controlling the way we think." " This is nice." "Just you, me, and the 5,000 by the gate." " Maybe I'll go take them some loaves and fishes later." "They'll like that." " So, uh, what with world peace and all that stuff, do you even need to go back up there anymore?" " Babe, i guess that's up to karellen." " It's up to you." " All right." "I'll tell you what." "Why don't we get this wedding back on track?" " Do you want to?" " I love you, els." "Hey..." "I love you." " But you never would have if things had been different, if Annabel was still..." "And I can't help thinking things are different for you up there." "Karellen is not letting you move on." "He's built this Dollhouse of the past to control you somehow." " Okay, just give--just give me a little bit of credit here." " You're distant from me." " Because I have responsibility." "I'm sorry." "As much as you may want, this is not about us." "This is--this is about the whole damn world." " You're my whole damn world." "What's up there isn't real." " All right, guys, hey, come on." "Back on the other side of the fence." " Ricky." "Ricky?" " Know what they call you?" "The blue collar prophet." "Cool, huh?" " Where are you from?" " Mexico City." " How's the air in Mexico City these days?" " It's clean." " Listen, if you don't have him, you need to help him." "You can do anything, right?" "So you find him, and you bring him back to me." "Bring him home." " What's she doing?" " Coffee?" " Want to tell me what part of your journalistic experience gives you the chops to play general?" " I'm not playing general." "I'm a pacifist." "We are 120 miles from the nearest town, 150 feet underground, lead-shielded, self-sufficient, and off-grid, i believe they like to call it." " So what are you trying to do here, Wainwright?" "You want to--you want to start a war?" "Come on, you're smarter than that." "You know you can't win." " You're right." "We can't win a war against them, but organized resistance?" "Now, that's different." "You see, karellenlikesto see himself as the benign overlord." "Whatifwe stoppedworking withhim?" "Whatifwe destroy ourcleanpowerplants, pollute our irrigation systems?" " But listen to yourself." " Defiance." "If we stop following them, they've failed." " So you destroy every good gift they've given us." "Then what?" " They leave." "What choice do they have?" " So we can just screw the world up all over again." "I 'drathertheworld wentdownthetoilet underourcontrol thanflourishedundertheirs." " Oh, okay, I get it." "So then--so this is about who's holding the power, right?" "'Cause you used to hold the reins to public opinion." "Now you don't like that they've taken that from you." "You've got--you got to wrap your head around the fact that working with them is not the same as working for them." " Semantics, Ricky." " So what the hell do you want from me?" " I want you to join the freedom league and speak for us." " No." "Thentheoverlords havetheirfirstmartyr." " Did he plan that for the camera?" " Are you hurt?" " No." " Time has changed." "Our time." "A second is an hour to us." "Remember how we used to talk about that?" "How we wished that a night would last a whole year?" " Don't come to me like this, karellen." " I'm not karellen, Ricky." " Then what are you?" " A memory." "A ripple in a pond." "I'm not a part of them." "I'm a part of you." " Why would karellen send you?" "He could have sent anything." " No, he couldn't." "He's led by what's in your heart." "That's why he built this room, our room." " No." "I buried you." " Did you?" "One day you'll understand why I came back and why he built the room." " Ricky?" "What's happening to us?" " Oh, come here." "Come here." " Look at you." "They shouldn't do this to us." "They're playing with your mind." "You need to see who this karellen really is." " Be safe." " Yeah." " Don't think about it." "Just do it." " You guys see everything, right?" "Mm-hmm." " So then you could have stopped them from taking me." "Wecouldhave neutralizedhisarmies, butweneededthe world toseewhathumanresistance iscapableof , thattheywouldmurdersomeone sobelovedfortheircause." "Theirspiritis brokennow ." "Thefreedomleague isdisbanding." "Wearedoingthis foryourowngood." " Let me tell you a little something about trust, karellen." "It works both ways." "Theworldfederation isbeingfounded." "Yournations willnowuniteasone." "Thefirststageiscomplete." " He's exactly right." "I'm just talking to myself." "You told me that you needed my advice just as much as we needed yours." "Well, here it is." "As long as you stay hidden back here, there's always gonna be people that don't trust you." "Human beings don't trust what they can't see." "Theytrustina god theycan'tsee." "Manneedsalot more psychologicalpreparation beforewecanshowourselves." " So when?" "Notformanyyears, butwhenthetimeisright ..." "Iknowyou'redisappointed withmyanswer, butwe'veseenthe effect ourappearancecanhave." " So then you have been seen by people." "Yourworldisn 'tthe only planetwe'vesupervised." "Now,yourworkisdone here , Ithink." " What?" "So that's it?" "I 'vesoenjoyedour chats." " Oh--okay, just hold on." "You'lllivetoseethatday." "Itwillbe wonderful forbothof us , butitwillstillbeveryhard whenwefinallyappear." "Ihopeyoudon 'tmindme sayingthis, butI 'mgoingto missyou , myfriend." "Hmm." " Uh, karellen..." "Good-bye." " Karellen!" "Karellen was right." "We can't let anyone see this." "Just delete it." "Get rid of 'em." "I'm done." "I'm home." "Ellie ryberg, will you marry me?" " Evil can disguise itself as truth." "Whatever faith or belief you have, know that we're in this battle together, all of us." "We can never give up the fight." "No matter how mighty the overlords may seem, we should never give up." "Remember, there is an ultimate truth in this universe." "I will never, ever stop believing that." "Mediamagnate HugoWainwright,Jr ." "Hasbeenfoundhanged inhisD.C.office." "Thenewspaperproprietor leftnonote, andtherearebelievedtobe nosuspiciouscircumstances." " You seem pretty low for a walking miracle." " I never used to feel this different or this scared when I was in the chair." " That's 'cause your chair was a barrier protecting you from the world, but the barrier's down now." "You've got to stop hiding and work out who you are." " Is that what they did when they cured me?" " Oh, maybe." "Maybe they think you got potential." " On the TV, they say that science is dying." "I don't want it to die." " So what are you gonna do about that?" " Well, I want to be the first person to visit their planet." " Then that is what you'll do." "Whoknows whytheychose15years, butthings hadgotawholelotbetter." "Igotaplaceatmit, graduated, andgotajob inastrophysics." "Momgotcleanand looked youngerthaneverbefore." "Infact,everyonedid ." ""Youthofutopia," theycalledit ." "Theearthwasbeingreborn, sotospeak, andrightnowwas waiting tomeettheirguardianangels." "Kenny?" " Milo." "Oh, my god, Milo." "Welcome home." " It's good to be back." " You still playing scientist?" " I am in the dwindling dodo profession that is astrophysics, yes, sir." "Man, I mean, wow." "Look at this." "Everything-- everything's changed." " Yeah, most of these are empty." "When folk found out they didn't have to earn money, they just cleared on out into them wide-open spaces." "It's pretty much all mine now." " Yeah?" " Mm." " I mean, you looked after?" " People leave this for me every few days." "I have music." "I have peace." "They did it, Milo." "They did it." "They showed us how to make heaven on earth." "Mm!" " It's a big day." " Yes, it is." " Thought maybe you'd want to come to a bar and share it with me." " I don't need to see them, Milo." " What are you talking about?" " I've seen enough." " You know me." "I could never see enough." " Hey, buddy." " Come on, dad, it's started." " What's started?" " Jake!" " What's that?" " Come on!" " All right." " What are you doing?" " Ahh." "No hello?" "Right there." "Okay." "It'shardtobelieve thatourwaitisover , butitis , anditseemsthatthe supervisor for earth, karellen, deemsusready tolookhimintheeye." "Andherewe areat thedesignatedmonumentsite" " I can't believe it's arrived." "We're ready, huh?" " Guess we are, Amy." "Guess we are." "It'sabeautiful, balmyevening asthesunstartstoseton the 200,000 excited spectators." "Delegates fromtheworldfederation aretakingto themainpodium." "It'sfairto say thateverybody'sbreath istrulybatedaswewait tomeetourguardianangels." "There's--there's somedisturbancein thesky ." "Andit'shere." "It'saboveus rightnow ." "Peopleareon theirfeet." "Wehaven'tseen anoverlordshipthisclose sincetheyfirstarrived overa decadeandahalf ago." "Now,itdoesappeartobe dockingwiththearrivalramp ." "Andit'sdocked." "Theshipis docked." "Thisis karellen." "Letthechildrencomeforward." "Thechildgreeters thatkarellenaskedfor arenowentering thearrivalramp." "My god." " Karellen was right to hide himself from us." " Still, I think, uh..." "I think it may be too soon." " This world will be okay, won't it?" " Yeah." "Yeah, I think so." " Hello." "There is no need to be afraid." |
A short-term, quasi-experimental evaluation of D.A.R.E.'s revised elementary school curriculum.
We present the short-term results of a quasi-experimental evaluation of the revised D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) curriculum. Study outcomes examined were D.A.R.E.'s effects on three substances, namely students' lifetime and 30-day use of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana, as well as their school attendance and academic performance. The study comprised students in 17 urban schools, each of which served as its own control; 5th graders in the 2006-2007 school year constituted the comparison group (n = 1490), and those enrolled as 5th graders in the 2007-2008 school year constituted the intervention group (n= 1450). We found no intervention effect on students' substance use for any of the substance use outcomes assessed. We did find that students were more likely to attend school on days they received D.A.R.E. lessons and that students in the intervention group were more likely to have been suspended. Study findings provide little support for the implementation and dissemination of the revised D.A.R.E. curriculum. |
Friday, September 14
If Jose Had a Hammer
It’s time for Jose Melendez’s KEYS TO THE GAME.
1. Some call it the greatest rivalry in sports, the Red Sox and the Yankees.
But not everyone.
There are people out there, shady and mysterious, who do not agree. They claim that it is no more a rivalry that the relationship between hammer and nail, or hammer and window, or hammer and the kneecap of a ratfink or hammer in the hand of an exceedingly dumb person and screw.
They argue, these linguists from the Bronx, that with the Red Sox on the losing end so often the word rivalry is simply inappropriate. Perhaps, they claim, the Red Sox and the Yankees are far more like hammer striking nail than two swords clashing. The Yankees are a hammer. The Red Sox are a nail. But maybe, these pinstriped professors of English do not truly understand the relationship between hammer and nail?
They imagine that the hammer, since it strikes the nail repeatedly, pounding it, crushing it with leaden blows, is the superior in the relationship, that the nail battered and abused is subject to the hammer’s steel will. But is it really? Think about the ultimate purpose of a nail, to fasten, to hold, to bind. A nail’s duty, its raison d’etre is to defy gravity. And how does it oppose such a fundamental force? By drawing strength from the blows of the hammer.
Imagine hanging a picture. If you simply hold a nail against the wall and then let go, the nail and with it the picture will crash to the ground. But what happens when you strike the nail with a hammer? With each blow, the nail gains power, with each heavy strike, the nail’s ability to defy gravity increases. Swing after swing after swing, the hammer lands heavy on the nail, its brute force increasing the strength of the nail, increasing its ability to hold up the picture, to fulfill its destiny. And when the final blow is struck, the nail reaches the zenith of its power, firm against the wall and immune to further blows. The hammer can strike the nail again and again, but the nail will not go any further, it has its position, and it will hold it no matter what.
Yes, the Yankees are the hammer and the Red Sox are the nail. And for years they have struck us, brutalized us, but the final blow was struck in 2003, Aaron Boone set the head of the nail that is the Boston Red Sox flush against the wall and when Mariano Rivera tried once again to swing the pinstriped hammer in 2004, it was powerless. The hammer had given too much strength, too much holding power to the nail, and the nail would yield no more.
So where are we now in this battle, this true rivalry between hammer and nail? We are at the end game of all clashes between hammer and nail, the hammer can do no more and the nail is at the peak of its might, guaranteed, forever, to hold up that picture frame we call the division lead.
2. As the Red Sox and Yankees head into the weekend series that will end the Yankees division championship chances, there are dozens of crucial questions swirling. Is Roger Clemens healthy? Can Mr. Matsu pull himself together? But none is more important, more hotly contested than this: If the 2007 New York Yankees were a 1980s sitcom which one would they be?
The nominees:
Silver SpoonsSimilarities: About an incredibly spoiled rich kid learning life lessons. The Yankees are incredibly rich, and they’re about to be taught a lesson.Differences: No train going through Yankee locker room yet. Jason Bateman—not a true Yankee.
See. There are a lot of good comparisons but nothing is quite perfect. Maybe the best analogy is Rosanne, like the rotund actress, the Yankees are a disgrace when they appear on a baseball field.
3. Jose is going to miss the last hour of tonight’s game, as he has a social obligation, but he’s not going to videotape it. It’s not that he doesn’t want to, it’s just that he can’t really deal with a $500,000 fine right now.
KEYS 2007: Still, We Don't Disbelieve Available NOW
Praise... Sort of... for KEYS
"I read Jose's Red Sox posts using Triumph the Insult Dog's accent and they are always 10 times more entertaining.” Bill Simmons, ESPN.com
“Check Jose Melendez’s Keys to the Game, which offers lengthy, funny, erudite pre-game breakdowns — most of which have nothing whatsoever to do with the game — 162 times a year. You’ll be so busy reading, you’ll forget there’s a game on.” Boston Phoenix
Buy the 2004 KEYS Book--Happy Ending Guaranteed
“Finally, an answer to the question that’s been plaguing the best baseball minds for the better part of the past decade: why didn’t journeyman reliever Jose Melendez ever live up to his full potential? Because he was spending all his time composing his milk-up-your-nose, off kilter observations about life in the big leagues. This book is a must read for anyone who is a Red Sox fan, a baseball fan, a writing fan, a humor fan, literate, or human. Put another way: it’s for everyone except George Steinbrenner. Jose Melendez is a genius—the rest of us can only sit back and laugh as he whips another 101 mph heater down the pike.” Seth Mnookin, author of “Feeding the Monster
Buy the 2005 KEYS BOOK--It"s Way Too Long
“Jose Melendez is the kind of fan who makes Red Sox Nation so special. He’s passionate, committed, intelligent, and loyal to a fault. Sadly, he can’t write his way out of a paper sack” Eric Neel, ESPN.com |
As any DC fan worth their salt knows, Flash and Reverse Flash are mortal enemies, polar opposites who will always lock horns in a never-ending battle of good versus evil.
Except when they hit the dance floor.
In a fun outtake from a recent filming session of The CW’s The Flash, actors Grant Gustin (Flash/Barry Allen) and Tom Cavanagh (The Reverse Flash/Harrison Wells) took a brief time-out from their mortal struggle to waltz around on set. While the dance is obviously a funny, off-camera moment for the actors, it kind of makes us just wish that The Flash and Reverse Flash could settle their differences through a dance-off.
You can check out the video below, which Punkd Images captured on-set.
The Flash returns to the CW on March 17th at 8:00 p.m. |
Q:
Static Class and Private Constructor
I am not able to understand this. I tried doing a small example in VS2010 as below.
"Creating a static class is therefore much the same as creating a class that contains only static members and a private constructor"
Does this statement means a class with private constructor and one or more static methods like below is static class ? I know we call a class static only when static keyword is mentioned in class.
Also, we cannot inherit the below class and also we can't instantiate this class right ?
public class Base
{
private Base() { Console.WriteLine(" I am from normal Base constructor"); }
static void NewMethod() { Console.WriteLine("Hey I am from Static Base"); }
public void New() { }
}
A:
Creating a static class is therefore much the same as creating a class that contains only static members and a private constructor
This statement is attempting to get across the right idea but failing to do so. A static class is not like a class with only static members and a private constructor. Here's a class with static members and private constructor:
class X
{
private X() {}
public static X Y() { return new X(); }
}
But that's not at all like a static class! The author of that statement seems to think that having a private constructor prevents you from making instances, but of course it does not.
A more accurate statement would be:
Creating a static class is much like creating a class that is both abstract and sealed, and contains no instance members.
And in fact, when the C# compiler generates the code for a static class, that's precisely what it does: it marks the class as both abstract (so it cannot be instantiated directly) and sealed (so that it cannot be extended).
I note that it is not legal for you to declare a class both abstract and sealed yourself; the only way to do so in C# is to make a static class.
I will bring the misleading sentence to the attention of the MSDN documentation managers. Thanks for pointing it out.
A:
What it means is that:
public static class Foo
{
public static void Bar() { }
}
is essentially the same as
public class Foo
{
private Foo() { }
public static void Bar() { }
}
because if the class only has a private constructor, it cannot be instantiated outside the class.
A:
"Does this statement mean a class with private constructor and one or
more static methods like below is a static class?"
The answer is No, and one difference is explained in exactly the next sentence after the one you are citing from MSDN:
The advantage of using a static class is that the compiler can check
to make sure that no instance members are accidentally added.
It means that you will get a compiler error in Class2 shown below.
public class Class1
{
private Class1() { }
public static void Method() { }
private string member; // valid, but pointless
}
public static class Class2
{
public static void Method() { }
private string member; // error CS0708
}
More important, although Class1 has a private constructor, it may still be instantiated:
public class Class1
{
private Class1() { }
private static Class1 instance = new Class1();
public static Class1 Instance
{
get { return instance; }
}
}
A static class on the other hand, may never be instantiated.
|
The twins are going to be here so soon! It is a little stressful having such a large window of time when they could arrive. They could show up today.. or two and half weeks from today. We just don't know. TJ keeps telling Jess, "Not today Jess... I need a few more days." This makes me laugh. I think we will always feel like we need a few more days to prepare.
I keep telling Jess that Calen is a girl. They are sure that Cason is a boy, and pretty sure Calen is a boy as well, but it isn't as obvious so it's fun to tease. TJ's sister, Tara, and I were joking about it last night, and saying, "well.. if that were true Cason would have a TON of clothes" "Yeah, people would be like..'um Cason.. didn't you wear that outfit yesterday?' and he would be like, 'come on, man you know I have two of everything." Obviously he can't say those things, but that's what I like to imagine.
Cadence is going to be such a good big sister to the brothers. I already see her big sister instincts kicking in with Clara from time to time. Today when Clara pushed her, Cadence turned and said very softly, "Now Clara, do you know that makes me so sad when you do that? Can you tell me you're sorry?" Clara said sorry and Cadence said, "Now give me a hug and a kiss." It melted my heart. I can't wait to see what she is like with the brothers. |
Hood: Support smaller state public school districts
By JOHN HOOD
Saturday
Jan 12, 2019 at 2:00 AM
The average public school district in the United States enrolls about 3,700 students, according to a recent Governing magazine analysis.
In North Carolina, the average school district enrolls more than 12,500 students. Only six other states exceed North Carolina in this regard (including Hawaii, where all 187,000 students are in a single district).
Although North Carolina politicos and activists normally exhibit a great deal of interest in state education comparisons, most either ignore the fact that we stick out like a sore thumb on school governance or attempt, rather awkwardly, to label it virtue rather than an oddity.
For example, when it comes to the gargantuan districts in Wake County (enrolling 159,000 students this school year) and Mecklenburg County (146,000), an increasing number of parents — many residing in suburban communities or hailing from other states where multiple districts per county are the norm — seem skeptical that countywide school governance serves the interests of their children and neighborhoods.
Some are explicitly demanding the creation of smaller, more manageable districts. Others aren’t waiting for policymakers to catch up with their preferences, opting instead for chartered public schools (each of which has its own governance board) or private alternatives if they can swing them.
In the face of these developments, the education establishment offers two defenses: cost and race. Countywide school districts reduce the cost per student for delivering education, the argument goes, while combating re-segregation.
Neither argument can withstand close scrutiny, which is why the powers-that-be keep trying to change the subject as quickly as they can.
This strategy isn’t going to work in the long run. It would be wiser to prepare for a future in which North Carolina public schools are organized differently, with multiple districts co-existing in at least a dozen or so counties. I believe this future is inevitable.
The efficiency argument for big districts just doesn’t comport with the available evidence. While consolidating sparsely populated rural districts into larger entities probably did exploit economies of scale to reduce operating cost per pupil, there is very little evidence of such benefits when districts run into the tens of thousands of students.
Moreover, even if construction costs and other expenses are lower at large enrollment scales, the purpose of public schools is to educate students, not merely to house them.
While the empirical literature is mixed on the subject of optimal district size, there is a compelling body of evidence suggesting that competition is good for school quality — that the more options families have within a given geographic area, the better those options tend to be.
Debates about competition in education tend to focus on alternatives to public schools, but in this case I’m just talking about having multiple school districts within a metropolitan area rather than just one. One recent study found that, everything else being equal, pupils score lower in states that restrict the number of districts, an effect that “makes school districts less efficient.”
As for race, browbeating recent arrivals from high-scoring states such as Massachusetts (averaging 3,300 students per district) and New Jersey (2,300) for not understanding the need to combat educational disparities by race and income isn’t going to cut it. Disadvantaged students in those states perform very highly by national standards, thank you very much.
And even among Southern states, North Carolina’s districts are significantly larger than those in Virginia (9,700), Georgia (9,400), South Carolina (8,800) and Tennessee (7,400).
Here’s a fundamental reality progressives have yet to accept: Regardless of how big the district may be, the days of busing larger numbers of kids around according to race- or income-based school assignments are over. Most parents, of all backgrounds, do not support it.
A more constructive approach would be to get ahead of the trend. Subdivide the largest districts thoughtfully, minimizing any disparities, while ensuring that state and local funding formulas send more money to districts with higher rates of poverty or special needs.
Still, I am under no illusions. Prudence is both praiseworthy and rare.
John Hood is chairman of the John Locke Foundation and appears on UNC-TV’s “NC SPIN.”
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Effect of the oxLDL binding protein Fc-CD68 on plaque extension and vulnerability in atherosclerosis.
There is strong evidence that oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) plays a critical role in atherogenesis and that oxLDL may profoundly influence the mechanical stability of atherosclerotic plaques. To block oxLDL, we designed, expressed, and tested Fc-CD68, a soluble oxLDL binding protein consisting of human Fc and the extracellular domain of the human oxLDL-binding receptor CD68. Fc-CD68 bound with high specific affinity to oxLDL and strongly bound and colocalized with oxLDL in plaques. To study the effects of repeated administrations of Fc-CD68 on the progression of atherosclerosis and plaque vulnerability, 12- and 16-week old cholesterol-fed ApoE(-/-) mice received either Fc-CD68 (n = 6) or Fc control protein (n = 6 to 8) thrice weekly for 4 weeks. Macroscopic and histological analysis of Sudan red lipid staining showed strong and significant reduction of plaque extension in the aorta and in the aortic root, respectively. Histological analysis of pentachrome- and Sirius-stained sections of the brachiocephalic arteries of 20 week-old ApoE(-/-) mice revealed that Fc-CD68 significantly reduced the occurrence of spontaneous ruptures of established plaques by ≈20%, compared with Fc and drastically increased the collagen content of plaques. Furthermore, in immunostained sections of the brachiocephalic artery and the aortic root, Fc-CD68 reduced the infiltration of plaques with T lymphocytes, and macrophages by ≈50% and 30%, respectively. The oxLDL binding protein Fc-CD68 attenuates atherosclerosis and strengthens the stability of atherosclerotic plaques. |
Soldiers and businessmen
Pakistan army has a battle to win: The corruption within
Christophe Jaffrelot is senior research fellow at CERI-Sciences Po/CNRS, Paris, professor of Indian Politics and Sociology at King's India Institute, London, and non-resident scholar at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He offers valuable insights on South Asian politics, particularly the methods and motivations of the Hindu right in India.
From this author
Riaz, the 12th richest man in Pakistan, helms the largest private realty firm in the country, Bahria Town.
When a Pakistani chief of army staff (COAS) usurps power from a civilian government, he justifies his action by claiming — among other things — that the civilians lack integrity. Pervez Musharraf was no exception. In 1999, he issued a National Accountability Order (NAO) reminiscent of Ayub Khan’s 1959 Elective Bodies Disqualification Order (EBDO) that offered politicians suspected of corruption the choice of either going on trial or retiring from politics. The NAO led to the establishment of a National Accountability Bureau (NAB), which launched an anti-corruption campaign that targeted, among others, Benazir Bhutto.
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Today, the military is not in office and cannot go so far, but they continue to obliquely expose the lack of scruples of civilian rulers and cultivate a reputation for probity. Last spring, COAS Raheel Sharif made a very shrewd use of the Panama Papers, which had compromised the reputation of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. He asked the PM — whose declared assets had doubled in four years to around Rs 2 billion (in Pakistani rupees) — to resolve the Panama issue, thereby forcing him on the defensive. To show his commitment to clean public service, the COAS dismissed six army officers, including two generals, for corruption, after he said in a widely-publicised speech that “across the board accountability is necessary for the solidarity, integrity and prosperity of Pakistan”. This unpredented move was intended to show the world that the army knew how to clean up its ranks while the politicians were unable to book the corrupt.
The scam that forced the COAS to act concerns the illegal investment of three to four billion rupees in the stock market by the National Logistics Cell, a transport company involved in road construction with more than 7,200 people, including 2,500 serving military personnel, on its rolls.
Many similar scams have come to the light in recent months. Earlier this year, Amjad Kayani, retired brigadier and brother of former COAS, Ashfaq Pervez Kayani, was summoned by the NAB for his alleged involvment in a scam implicating the Defence House Authority (DHA). In 2009, the DHA had launched a project near Lahore, the “DHA City”, that was supposed to provide accommodation for families of soldiers — primarily the war-wounded and “martyrs” — in recognition of their services to the nation. The company of another brother of Ashfaq Pervez Kayani, Kamran Kayani, Elysium Holdings, was commissioned by the DHA to acquire land. But it failed to deliver for six years despite receiving payment from the public, which led the DHA to lodge a complaint with the NAB. Last month, the NAB issued an arrest warrant for Kamran Kayani.
Kayani has since been cleared of any involvement, but the scam is for real. In 2016, another DHA-related scam regarding a farm house project near Islamabad resulted in the arrest of two other ex-army men who were accused by the NAB “for misusing their authority by selling illegal allotment certificates of DHA Islamabad”.
These cases reflect growing involvement of (ex-) army men in businesses, a process that, as Ayesha Siddiqa has shown, resulted in the making of “Military Inc.”, an enterprise with investment worth $10bn in land and $10bn in private assets. Today the military controls one-third of all heavy industry manufacturing in Pakistan. This development started with the creation of foundations, the oldest and largest being the Fauji Foundation (FF), which was started by the ministry of defence in 1954. The FF’s initial mission was to ensure the welfare of soldiers but it developed its own enterprises, from sugar mills to cement factories. The army took the cue and set up its foundation, the Army Welfare Trust, in 1971. The air force followed and established the Shaheen Foundation in 1977 (which manufactures a wide variety of products including pharmaceuticals and shoes). Not to be left out, the navy established the Bahria Foundation in 1982 (which aside from manufacturing paint is also involved in industrial bread-making). Last month, Defence Minister Khawaja Asif informed the upper house that the army runs 50 commercial entities, including banks.
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Today, among the most profitable activities of the military is real estate development. The military used to convert training grounds in major cantonments into residential areas. Nowadays, (ex-) army men have become a part of speculative real estate operations. Some of them are associated with Malik Riaz, whose rise as a realtor would not have been possible without powerful patrons.
Riaz, the 12th richest man in Pakistan, helms the largest private realty firm in the country, Bahria Town. This company made a fortune by developing gated communities and even private cities across Pakistan. How did Riaz get land for his projects? Many suspect he got illicit support from within the army. He has himself claimed he bribed decision-makers — including politicians, judges and ISI officers. Bahria Town’s policy of recruting (ex-)army men in large numbers may also have helped. Last but not the least, this company has established joint ventures with military entities, including DHA, which makes land acquisition easier.
Some of these collaborations have come under a cloud. For instance, the DHA Valley project in Islamabad. According to NAB, “about 30,000 kanal (DHA) land was transferred to Bahria Town without the approval of the competent authority”. So, 1,10,000 civilians and 41,000 serving and retired army men, who had paid instalments, suffered. The army had to do damage control, especially after a Dawn report alleged that Riaz’s son was named in the Panama Papers and linked him to Raheel Sharif.
A few days before axing the corrupt officers in April last, the COAS had made another unprecedented move: He donated his plots in Lahore and Islamabad (their value was estimated to be over Rs 450 million to the Shuhada Foundation (benefiting the “martyrs” of the army and their families). At the same time, Riaz, reportedly at the request of Sharif, returned more than Rs 55bn to DHA.
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Are these moves sufficient to redeem the Pakistani army’s reputation, the most popular institution in the country according to the last PILDAT (Pakistan Institute of Legislative Development and Transparency) survey in September 2015 with an approval rating of above 75 per cent (as against 35 per cent to the political parties)? Tough to predict, but the fact is the balance of power in Islamabad/Rawalpindi depends on the military’s capacity to maintain a clean image. |
Keratinocyte cancers are the most common form of cancer worldwide. The World Health Organization has estimated there are approximately 2--3 million cases each year, although this figure is likely underestimated[@b1][@b2]. The average annual increase of keratinocyte cancer incidence has been 3 to 8%[@b3]. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common subtype and accounts for approximately 30% of all keratinocyte cancers[@b4]. Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light is the strongest risk factor and in keeping with this, the sun-exposed head and neck is the most frequent site of disease[@b4][@b5]. The vast majority of cutaneous SCCs of the head and neck (cSCCHN) are readily curable with surgery and/or radiotherapy unless high-risk features are present[@b6]. Perineural invasion (PNI) is recognized as one of the high-risk features of cSCCHN, and is defined as the invasion of tumor cells into the perineural space of a peripheral nerve. In many cases, PNI is thought to precede perineural spread (PNS) where tumor cells spread along the peripheral nerve within the perineural space away from the initial point of invasion. The detection of PNI in cSCCHN denotes an aggressive tumor, and signifies a worse prognosis for the patient with higher rates of local recurrence, lymph node metastases and reduced survival[@b7][@b8][@b9]. Many cases of PNI are asymptomatic and involve small nerves that are only detectable by microscopy. This subtype (known as incidental PNI)[@b10] is typically managed by complete surgical excision and/or postoperative radiotherapy[@b6][@b9][@b11]. However, PNI can progress to involve cranial nerves and ganglia and eventually to the brainstem and/or leptomeninges with poor prognosis. Once the disease manifests with clinical, radiological and/or histological evidence of spread along cranial or spinal nerves, it is termed clinical PNI. Clinical PNI is associated with a worse prognosis than incidental PNI[@b9][@b11][@b12], and necessitates a more aggressive treatment approach. Overall 5-year survival for clinical PNI ranges from 56--64%[@b13][@b14][@b15].
In this study, we aimed to assess expression differences between cSCCHN with or without incidental or clinical PNI. The results of our expression profiling analysis showed signatures of expression associated with activation of p53, amongst other alterations. Immunohistochemical analysis of p53 showed cSCCHN with clinical PNI to exhibit a diffuse over-expression staining pattern with no tumors showing a normal staining pattern. DNA sequencing of cSCCHN samples with clinical PNI showed potential association with p53 gain-of-function, although this was not statistically significant. Further analysis showed aberrant expression of factors known to control p53 degradation, stability and activity. Our results therefore suggest that cSCCHN with clinical PNI may be more likely to contain gain-of-function mutations in p53, or alterations in the pathway, compared to cSCCHN without PNI.
Results
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DASL expression profiling of cSCCHN with or without PNI
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We sought to define and compare the expression profiles of three patient groups, specifically those with cSCCHN, cSCCHN with incidental PNI and clinical PNI from cSCCHN. FFPE tissue blocks were assessed by a pathologist for both cSCC histology and the presence of PNI. A total of 51 cases were collected and processed for the extraction of RNA (14 cases of cSCCHN, 13 cases of cSCCHN with incidental PNI and 24 cases of clinical PNI from cSCCHN). The clinical PNI tissue specimens were from patients who underwent surgical resection of involved cranial nerve as treatment for recurrence of primary tumor in the nerve (i.e. the primary cutaneous tumor had been treated previously)[@b16]. In total, quality RNA was extracted in 56.89% (29/51) of FFPE samples. Twenty-four patient samples (9 samples of cSCCHN, 7 samples of incidental PNI and 8 samples of clinical PNI) were profiled ([Supplementary Table S1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The presence of batch effects in the data from the sample processing, array or hybridization was assessed using Principal Component Analysis before and after normalization ([Supplementary Figure S1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). No batch effects were found in the dataset.
In total, 27,607 entities were expressed in at least one sample across the entire cohort, representing transcripts from 19,770 genes. One-way ANOVA analysis with multiple testing correction (Benjamini and Hochberg False Discovery Rate) identified 6,917 genes that showed significantly different expression between the groups (*P* ≤ 0.05). Hierarchical clustering was used to visualize these results ([Fig. 1a](#f1){ref-type="fig"}). Genes were inversely expressed in cSCCHN without any invasion and with clinical PNI, and showed mid-level expression in disease with incidental PNI. Pairwise analyses between each pair of the three groups (t-test, *P* ≤ 0.05 with Benjamini and Hochberg False Discovery Rate) were performed. Comparison between the clinical and incidental PNI groups demonstrated 342 genes with significantly different expression ([Supplementary Table S2](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). When clinical PNI and cSCCHN were compared, 7,793 significantly different genes were identified ([Supplementary Table S3](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Comparison between incidental PNI and SCC showed 2,412 genes with significantly different expression ([Supplementary Table S4](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). There were many differentially expressed genes in cSCCHN with clinical PNI compared to cSCCHN without PNI that were not shared in the incidental PNI comparison ([Fig. 1b](#f1){ref-type="fig"}). Although there were fewer differences between clinical PNI and incidental PNI, the majority of these differences were not found in the incidental PNI compared to cSCCHN ([Fig. 1b](#f1){ref-type="fig"}). This suggests the possibility that clinical PNI of cSCCHN arises in a different manner or pathway to that of cSCCHN with incidental PNI.
Pathway analysis identifies alterations in p53 signaling in cSCCHN with clinical PNI
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To better understand the differences in expression profile between SCC tumors exhibiting no PNI, incidental PNI and clinical PNI, we subjected the lists of genes showing differential expression to pathway analysis. We focused on upstream regulators, specifically transcriptional regulators, of the differentially expressed genes to find potential driver changes. Those with significant z-scores to infer the activation states of predicted transcriptional regulators and significant *P*-values for overlap of known targets were identified. Genes differently expressed between cSCCHN with clinical PNI and without PNI were significantly associated with apparent activation by the tumor suppressor p53, and repression of Myc when the two groups were compared ([Fig. 1c,d](#f1){ref-type="fig"}; [Supplementary Table S5](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In addition, an activation associated with NOTCH1 signaling was also identified. Further, cSCCHN with incidental PNI had a signature of gene expression associated with activation of p53 and repression of Myc when compared to cSCCHN without PNI ([Supplementary Table S5](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), although not as significantly as seen with clinical PNI. Comparison of cSCCHN with clinical versus incidental PNI identified a repression of Myc in the clinical PNI samples ([Supplementary Table S5](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), potentially reflecting the more significant pathway repression in these tumors. The list of genes differentially expressed between cSCCHN with clinical PNI and without PNI was additionally subjected to further pathway analysis using KEGG as well as interrogation of potential promoter transcription factor binding sites using TRANSFAC and JASPAR databases, available through Enrichr[@b17][@b18]. Both p53 and MYC binding sites were significantly over-represented in the list of differentially expressed genes with the TRANSFAC/JASPAR analysis ([Supplementary Table S6](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). KEGG analysis also identified a significant enrichment of genes identified in the p53 signaling pathway ([Supplementary Table S7](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Further analysis of the differentially expressed genes showed significantly increased expression of known p53-target genes[@b19], including *CDKN1A* (p21), *BBC3* (PUMA) and *TP53I3* (PIG3) in cSCCHN with incidental and /or clinical PNI compared to tumors without PNI ([Fig. 2a](#f2){ref-type="fig"}). There was also significantly decreased expression of well characterized MYC-regulated genes[@b20], including *CDK4*, *ID2*, *RPL22* and *H2AFZ* in cSCCHN with clinical and incidental PNI compared to tumors without neural involvement ([Fig. 2b](#f2){ref-type="fig"}).
Immunohistochemical detection of p53 in patient tumors suggests alterations in cSCCHN with clinical PNI
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To further investigate the role of p53 in PNI, we stained an independent cohort of 27 cSCCHN tumors with no PNI, 27 with incidental and 31 with clinical PNI for p53 by immunohistochemistry. Tumors were assessed for p53 staining using the criteria established by Nyiraneza and colleagues[@b21] (representative images shown in [Fig. 3](#f3){ref-type="fig"}). The analysis showed that cSCCHN with clinical PNI was significantly more likely to show a strongly positive "diffuse over-expression" pattern of p53 staining than cSCCHN without PNI ([Table 1](#t1){ref-type="table"}). No tumors with clinical PNI were found to show "normal" p53 staining ([Table 1](#t1){ref-type="table"}).
Analysis of mutations in the p53 gene in cSCCHN with clinical PNI
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Nyiraneza and colleagues[@b21] identified that missense mutations were prevalent in sections with diffuse staining for p53. To determine if the same pattern could be identified within our samples, direct sequencing of *TP53* exons 4 to 8 of DNA extracted from FFPE sections of selected samples was performed. We found *TP53* mutations in 5 of 17 cSCCHN, compared to 7 of 21 cSCCHN with clinical PNI. Although the mutation number was not significantly different, it was of interest to note that some of the *TP53* mutations observed in the cSCCHN samples with clinical PNI were either at (p.G245), or directly adjacent to (p.P152; p.H193), positions previous identified as p53 gain-of-function mutations (p.P151; p.L194)[@b22][@b23] ([Supplementary Table S8](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). However, the differences in number of potential gain-of-function mutations were again not significant.
Differential expression of regulators of p53 degradation, stability and activity in cSCCHN with clinical PNI
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To further investigate the differences in p53 staining in cSCCHN with clinical PNI in the absence of significant differences in mutational burden or position, we examined the expression of known regulators of p53 degradation and stability. We observed significant increases in expression of *MDM2*, a molecule known to target p53 for ubiquitination and degradation[@b24], in cSCCHN with either incidental or clinical PNI as well as in expression of *MDM4*, a related inhibitor of p53 activity[@b25] ([Fig. 4](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). In contrast, another E3 ubiquitin ligase *RCHY1* (Pirh2) was significantly down-regulated in cSCCHN with clinical PNI. Most interestingly, the deubiquitinating enzymes encoded by *USP2* and *USP7* (HAUSP) that target MDM2 were significantly down-regulated in tumors with clinical PNI ([Fig. 4](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). Expression of *RASSF1*, the product of which disrupts the interaction between MDM2 and HAUSP was significantly up-regulated in the clinical PNI samples. These results suggest the balance of molecules controlling p53 degradation, stability and activity is altered in cSCCHN with clinical PNI.
Discussion
==========
In this study, we investigated changes in gene expression in clinical and incidental PNI of cSCCHN. A spectrum of disease has previously been thought likely to exist, where cSCCHN tumors progress to cSCCHN with incidental PNI, which finally progress to tumors exhibiting clinical PNI. However, there remains an important prognostic distinction between incidental and clinical PNI of cSCCHN. Significant differences in local control and disease specific survival following treatment have been reported[@b26]. Our expression profiling results may not support a progression of disease. Although tumors with incidental or clinical PNI showed the least number of significant differences, the majority were not shared in the comparisons to cSCCHN without PNI ([Fig. 1b](#f1){ref-type="fig"}). The differences in location from which our samples were taken is a limitation of our study. The samples of cSCCHN with clinical PNI were collected from the large cranial nerves (the definition of perineural spread), while the cSCCHN samples and those with incidental PNI were collected from the primary tumor site. However, in each case the primary tumor site of those patients with clinical PNI was previously removed by surgery, leaving limited alternatives. The difference in location the samples were taken from remains a potential confounding factor. In addition, our recent work has identified a tendency for cSCCHN with clinical PNI to be moderately or poorly differentiated, when compared to cSCCHN without neural involvement[@b16].
Immunohistochemical detection of p53 showed cSCCHN with clinical PNI were more likely to exhibit a diffuse over-expression staining pattern, based on the previous published criteria[@b21]. In contrast, there was no significant difference in proportions of mutations predicted by p53 staining between cSCCHN without PNI and incidental PNI. There were no cSCCHN with clinical PNI that showed a "normal" p53 staining pattern. However, some data does support a spectrum of disease, in contrast with the above results. Pathway analysis showed a signature that was significantly associated with an activation of p53, although the significance was somewhat reduced for tumors with incidental PNI. Five of seven tumors with clinical PNI had *TP53* mutations that were either at, or directly adjacent to, positions previously implicated in p53 gain-of-function[@b22]. However, these findings were not significantly different to those observed in cSCCHN without neural involvement. Recent studies have suggested *TP53* to be mutated in approximately 30--70% of cSCC[@b27][@b28]. In contrast, aggressive cSCC tumors, including tumors with perineural invasion, were found to have a higher frequency of *TP53* mutations (94.8%)[@b29]. Although no mutations were found in a high proportion of cSCCHN in our study, it is important to note that only exons 4 to 8 of *TP53* were sequenced in this study, using a relatively insensitive method. Interestingly, the study comparing aggressive and non-aggressive cSCC also found that cSCC tumors with PNI were significantly associated with mutations in *NOTCH2*, and there was a non-significant trend for these tumors to also be mutated for *TP53* and *NOTCH1*[@b29]. However, our study has identified signatures mimicking activation of both p53 and NOTCH1. Our results highlight the need to further investigate the p53/NOTCH pathway axis in aggressive cSCC, particularly with PNI.
Additional analysis of the expression profiling data found altered levels of molecules known to regulate the degradation, stability and activity of p53. We found significant increases in expression of *MDM2* and *MDM4*, which target p53 for ubiquitination and degradation or inhibit its activity respectively. Higher levels of MDM2 and MDM4 would presumably result in less p53 and therefore reduced pathway activity. However, in contrast we found significantly reduced levels of the deubiquitinating enzymes encoded by *USP2* and *USP7* in cSCCHN with clinical PNI compared to tumors with incidental PNI or no neural involvement. Both USP2 and USP7/HAUSP target MDM2 and lead to its degradation[@b25]. It is also interesting to note that USP7 also protects p53 from degradation[@b30][@b31]. Expression of *RASSF1* was also significantly up-regulated in the clinical PNI samples. The RASSF1 protein disrupts the interaction between MDM2, DAXX and USP7/HAUSP[@b32], which would promote MDM2 ubiquitination and therefore result in stabilization of p53 and increased activity. These results presented here may suggest the complex balance of molecules controlling degradation, stability and activity of p53 is disrupted in cSCCHN with clinical PNI.
We speculatively propose that tumors with clinical PNI are more likely to contain either potential p53 gain-of-function mutations, or other changes of p53 regulation leading to apparent pathway activation. Although our analysis may not support the step-wise progression of disease through tumors with incidental neural involvement, this possibility cannot be ruled out at this time. Overall, our findings may suggest an alternative pathway could be responsible for tumors exhibiting clinical PNI when compared to those with incidental PNI. Our future work will further characterize molecules involved in regulation of p53 activity to better understand the role of the p53 pathway in the process of perineural invasion.
Methods
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Tissue specimens
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This study involved patients with cSCCHN treated between 2003 and 2011. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. The study protocol was approved by the Metro South Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC Approval Number 2003/197). Specimens from patients stored as formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks were retrieved from the Princess Alexandra Hospital Department of Pathology (Brisbane) and Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology (Brisbane). All methods were carried out in accordance with the approved guidelines.
RNA extraction from FFPE sections and quantitative real-time PCR pre-qualification analysis
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Six sections of 5 μm thickness were cut from FFPE blocks and placed on superfrost slides (QIMR Berghofer Histology Unit, Brisbane). One slide was stained with haematoxylin and eosin using standard protocol. The presence and location of cSCCHN and PNI was confirmed and marked on this section by a pathologist (I.B.). Using the H&E slide as reference, tumor was macro-dissected from each slide and pooled. Total RNA was extracted and purified including an RNase-free DNase I digestion step using the RNeasy^®^ FFPE Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), and quantified (NanoDrop^®^ ND-1000; Thermo Scientific, Waltham, USA). RNA from each sample was then divided into two aliquots of 200 ng RNA, one aliquot was used in pre-qualification analysis, and the other reserved for expression profiling.
Pre-qualification and quantification of RNA was performed with real time-PCR (RT-PCR) using primer sets designed to amplify a fragment of *RPL13A*, a highly expressed ribosomal protein (F: 5′-GTACGCTGTGAAGGCATCAA-3′; R: 5′-GTTGGTGTTCATCCGCTTG-3′). Reverse transcription was undertaken to generate cDNA from RNA using a DASL Single Use cDNA Synthesis Kit (Illumina^®^, San Diego, USA) as per the manufacturer's instructions. Each cDNA product was amplified using the Qiagen QuantiTect^®^ SYBR^®^ Green PCR Kit and a RotorGene 6000 real-time cycler (Corbett Life Science, Australia). PCR reaction conditions were: 95 °C for 15 min, followed by 40 cycles of 95 °C for 30 sec, 60 °C for 30 sec and 72 °C for 30 sec. The cycle threshold (C~T~) was calculated, and used as an estimate of target cDNA abundance with a C~T~ value ≤28 accepted as sufficient.
Expression profiling and analysis
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Whole genome expression profiling was undertaken using the Illumina^®^ Whole-Genome DASL^®^ HT Assay as per the manufacturer's instructions. Briefly, 200 ng of total RNA per sample was reverse transcribed to cDNA using biotinylated primers with a DASL^®^ Single Use cDNA Synthesis Kit (Illumina). The biotinylated cDNAs were annealed to two DASL^®^ Assay Pool (DAP) oligonucleotides (one upstream-specific and one downstream-specific) and combined with hybridization reagent. This mixture was bound to streptavidin-conjugated paramagnetic particles to capture cDNA-oligo complexes. Following hybridization, unbound oligos were removed by washing. The hybridized cDNA was extended and ligated to create a PCR template. This template was used in a PCR reaction with two universal primers (one biotinylated, one fluorescent) to create a labeled product, which was then hybridized to the Illumina^®^ HumanHT-12 v4.0 Expression BeadChip overnight. The BeadChip was then washed and scanned using an iScan Reader (Illumina). Data was extracted using GenomeStudio (Illumina) and analyzed in GeneSpring (v12.5, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, USA) software. Expression values were normalized using quantile normalization with default settings. The absence of batch effects from the sample processing, array or hybridization was assessed using Principal Component Analysis before and after normalization ([Supplementary Figure S1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied to identify differential gene expression between all study groups; pairwise t-tests were also used to compare between two groups, in each case using the Benjamini and Hochberg False Discovery Rate for multiple testing correction. Significant pathways within the data were assessed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA^®^, Qiagen) software.
Immunohistochemistry
--------------------
Tissue sections were de-waxed, rehydrated and incubated in 2% hydrogen peroxide for 10 min. Antigen retrieval was performed in 10 mM citrate buffer for 8 min at 121 °C. Sections were cooled, washed in TBS, and blocked with Background Sniper (Biocare Medical, Concord, USA) for 15 min at RT. The p53 primary antibody (clone CM5p, Novacastra, Nussloch, Germany) was then applied overnight at RT, and MACH1 Universal Polymer (Biocare Medical) applied for 45 min following. Sections were counterstained in haematoxylin, washed in water, dehydrated, cleared with xylene and mounted. Staining of p53 was assessed according to previously published studies[@b21] by a histopathologist (I.B.) blinded to the study hypothesis. Chi-squared test was used to assess differences in groups, data was considered statistically significant when p ≤ 0.05.
DNA extraction from FFPE sections, and p53 mutation detection by DNA sequencing
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Five sections of 10 μm thickness were cut from each FFPE block, and tumor macro-dissected as described above. DNA was extracted using the QIAamp^®^ DNA FFPE Tissue Kit (Qiagen). Samples were quantified using a spectrophotometer (NanoDrop^®^ ND-1000) before polymerase chains reactions (PCR) performed to amplify exons 4--8 of the *TP53* gene. PCR primers and conditions utilized were as previously described[@b33]. PCR products were resolved by electrophoresis, purified using the QIAquick^®^ PCR purification Kit (Qiagen) and quantified using a spectrophotometer. Products were sequenced using the BigDye^®^ v3.1 Sequencing Kit (Thermo Scientific).
Additional Information
======================
**Accession code:** The data discussed in this publication have been deposited in NCBI's Gene Expression Omnibus, and are accessible through GEO Series accession number GSE86544.
**How to cite this article**: Warren, T. A. *et al*. Expression profiling of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with perineural invasion implicates the p53 pathway in the process. *Sci. Rep.* **6**, 34081; doi: 10.1038/srep34081 (2016).
Supplementary Material {#S1}
======================
###### Supplementary Information
###### Supplementary Table S2
###### Supplementary Table S3
###### Supplementary Table S4
###### Supplementary Table S5
###### Supplementary Table S6
###### Supplementary Table S7
This work is supported by grants from the Princess Alexandra Hospital Research Foundation and the Queensland Head and Neck Cancer Centre. G.M.B. is supported by the Wilson Fellowship for Skin Cancer Research administered by the Perpetual Foundation. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
**Author Contributions** T.A.W., N.B., J.L.S., B.J.P. and G.M.B. wrote the manuscript. T.A.W., N.B., J.L.S., C.J.P. and G.M.B. performed the experiments. T.A.W., N.B., J.L.S., S.C., I.S.B., P.G.P., B.J.P. and G.M.B. analyzed the data. D.L.J.L., G.Q., I.S.B. and B.J.P. collected and provided the samples. B.J.P. and G.M.B. designed the study. All authors read and reviewed the manuscript.
{#f1}
{#f2}
{#f3}
{#f4}
###### Immunohistochemical detection of p53 in patient tumors suggests alterations in cSCCHN with clinical PNI.
Staining Pattern cSCCHN (%) cSCCHN Incidental PNI (%) *P* cSCCHN Clinical PNI (%) *P*
--------------------------------- ------------ --------------------------- -------- ------------------------- ----------
Normal 4 (14.8%) 5 (18.5%) 0.2599 0 (0%) \<0.0001
Diffuse Overexpression 11 (40.7%) 9 (33.3%) 18 (58.1%)
Focal/Restricted Overexpression 9 (33.3%) 9 (33.3%) 6 (19.4%)
Negative 3 (11.1%) 4 (14.8%) 7 (22.6%)
Staining of p53 was assessed according to previously published studies[@b21] by a histopathologist (I.B.) blinded to the study hypothesis. Chi-squared test was used to assess differences in groups, data was considered statistically significant when *P* ≤ 0.05.
[^1]: These authors contributed equally to this work.
|
The bill, introduced by Reps. Darrell Issa of California, Tom Cole of Oklahoma, and six other Republicans, would also allow defendants to request that their case be moved to a federal court if they felt their constitutional rights were being violated.
The House and Senate have been trying for the past year to renew and expand the 1994 act, credited with reducing domestic violence in the country, but tribal authority over domestic violence cases has been a major point of contention.
5. I want to know what "request" actually means. Request to who?
If said person can request to the Native American Court that their trial be moved to a federal court, and that Native American Court gets to decide whether or not to honor that request based on the arguments made by the defendent etc. then I can accept this compromise If that is how it is worded it provides a good face saving opportunity for a few saner Republicans to climb down from the tree branch they have themselves out on. And though we are scoring political points with them being out there, it is important to get this legislation passed.
7. Exactly.
The Sixth Amendment requires juries to be impartial. Impartiality has been interpreted as requiring individual jurors to be unbiased. At voir dire, each side may question potential jurors to determine any bias, and challenge them if the same is found; the court determines the validity of these challenges for cause. Defendants may not challenge a conviction because a challenge for cause was denied incorrectly if they had the opportunity to use peremptory challenges.
Venire of juries
Another factor in determining the impartiality of the jury is the nature of the panel, or venire, from which the jurors are selected. Venires must represent a fair cross-section of the community; the defendant may establish that the requirement was violated by showing that the allegedly excluded group is a "distinctive" one in the community, that the representation of such a group in venires is unreasonable and unfair in regard to the number of persons belonging to such a group, and that the under-representation is caused by a systematic exclusion in the selection process. Thus, in Taylor v. Louisiana, 419 U.S. 522 (1975), the Supreme Court invalidated a state law that exempted women who had not made a declaration of willingness to serve from jury service, while not doing the same for men.
Vicinage
Main article: Vicinage Clause
Article III, Section 2 of the Constitution requires defendants be tried by juries and in the state in which the crime was committed. The Sixth Amendment requires the jury to be selected from a judicial districts ascertained by statute. In Beavers v. Henkel, 194 U.S. 73 (1904), the Supreme Court ruled that the place where the offense is charged to have occurred determines a trial's location. Where multiple districts are alleged to have been locations of the crime, any of them may be chosen for the trial. In cases of offenses not committed in any state (for example, offenses committed at sea), the place of trial may be determined by the Congress |
Q:
On document click identify text, image or div
When I click I want to identify what is being clicked. Is it Text or Image or a outer Div. According to the result I want to show alert message.
Here is the jsfiddle I have prepared, but I don't know how to identify the same with if condition.
$(document).on("click", function() {
//when clicked want to know if i clicked image or text or div and accordingly show alert
alert("clicked div");
alert("clicked image");
alert("clicked text");
});
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<div class="pouter">
<div id="change_color" class="jumbo text-center context_menu" style=" padding:20px; " >
<div class="col-md-12 context_image sim-row-edit">
<img src="https://cdn3.iconfinder.com/data/icons/forum-emoticons-20x20/20/Verlegen.png" class="imgtop sim-row-edit"></div>
<h1 class="sim-row-edit" contenteditable="true">My First Bootstrap Page 1</h1>
<p contenteditable="true">Resize this responsive page to see the effect!</p>
</div>
<div class="container cont context_menu sim-row-edit">
<div class="row"><div class="col-md-4 context_menu">
<div class="row"><div class="col-md-3 context_image">
<img src="https://cdn3.iconfinder.com/data/icons/forum-emoticons-20x20/20/Verlegen.png" class="imggbot sim-row-edit"></div>
<div class="col-md-9 small-heading context_menu sim-row-edit context_intLink">
<span class="sim-row-edit">Column 1</span></h3></div><div class="col-md-12 sim-row-edit"><p class="smalltxt-p0 sim-row-edit" contenteditable="true">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit...</p><p class="smalltxt-p0 sim-row-edit" contenteditable="true">Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris...</p>
</div></div></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
A:
In any event listener, you can acccess the event object which is automatically passed to the listener. The event object has a target property which holds a reference to the element that the event was raised on:
document.addEventListener('click', (e) => {
const clickedTag = e.target.tagName.toLowerCase()
switch (clickedTag) {
case 'div': alert('div clicked!'); break;
case 'p': console.log('you clicked on a paragraph'); break;
case 'img': console.log('this time it was an image that was clicked.'); break;
default: console.log(`${clickedTag} clicked`);
}
})
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<div class="pouter">
<div id="change_color" class="jumbo text-center context_menu" style=" padding:20px; ">
<div class="col-md-12 context_image sim-row-edit">
<img src="https://cdn3.iconfinder.com/data/icons/forum-emoticons-20x20/20/Verlegen.png" class="imgtop sim-row-edit"></div>
<h1 class="sim-row-edit" contenteditable="true">My First Bootstrap Page 1</h1>
<p contenteditable="true">Resize this responsive page to see the effect!</p>
</div>
<div class="container cont context_menu sim-row-edit">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-4 context_menu">
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-3 context_image">
<img src="https://cdn3.iconfinder.com/data/icons/forum-emoticons-20x20/20/Verlegen.png" class="imggbot sim-row-edit"></div>
<div class="col-md-9 small-heading context_menu sim-row-edit context_intLink">
<span class="sim-row-edit">Column 1</span></h3>
</div>
<div class="col-md-12 sim-row-edit">
<p class="smalltxt-p0 sim-row-edit" contenteditable="true">Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit...</p>
<p class="smalltxt-p0 sim-row-edit" contenteditable="true">Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation ullamco laboris...</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
|
Learn More
Creating Your Own DIY Shuffleboard Table
When you’re away from home and the option of playing on your own shuffleboard isn’t in play, you can try creating your own version of the game with just about any tabletop. Creating your own DIY shuffleboard table is as simple as finding a perfectly flat surface, a puck-like object, and knowing the rules of the game.
The Table
It seems like an easy concept to understand, but the proper surface for a DIY shuffleboard table can actually be a tough thing to recreate. After all, real shuffleboard tables have a slight concave to them, which typically draws a weight inward. So, while it might be complicated finding an exact replica, you can still have fun with a surface that is smooth, flat and has a slick finish on it.
Puck Options
The surface of your DIY shuffleboard table is critical, but there is no game without something that resembles pucks or weights. Need ideas? No problem! There are some common items that will make awesome pucks, which you will probably have readily available in your home. From objects as small as pennies and checkers to homemade efforts similar to paper footballs, pick something that is light enough to travel without too much effort.
Scoring
While the great thing about McClure shuffleboard tables is that they already have scoring lines on them, you’ll have to get creative when it comes to your DIY shuffleboard table. If you’re table has seen better years, you can use chalk or erasable marker to create defined scoring zones. If you don’t want to mess up a newer table, you can still play shuffleboard by creating distinct sections with practically anything in your home.
For a traditional game of shuffleboard, set up the scoring zones in the classic 3, 2 and 1 sections with a line in the middle of the table denoting the separate sides. Each of these scoring zones is worth their number value ascribed to the area and anything puck that comes to hang on the edge of the table are worth four points.
Playing shuffleboard is a great way to have fun at home, but if you’re aren’t around your own table, you can still play your own version of the game. Take shuffleboard on the road by having your DIY shuffleboard table kit with you at all times. With some help from a few simple household items, any flat surface can instantly become an awesome shuffleboard table. |
Q:
How to loop git status using scripting
I need a help with this:
I want to loop the git status code without status code or together status code in one line; I'm using the code below:
# file.sh
files=$(git status --porcelain)
for file in $files; do
echo $file
done
# OUTPUT
M
example_folder/example_file
M
example_folder_1/example_file_1
M
example_folder_2/example_file_2
....
The problem is the status code always displays, I need to remove the status code or put it together like this:
# LINES EXPECTED
M example_folder/example_file
M example_folder_1/example_file_1
# OR
example_folder/example_file
example_folder_1/example_file_1
My objective is to output an input using console, like this:
files=$(git status --porcelain)
for file in $files; do
echo $file
git add $file
read -p "enter a comment: " comments
git commit -m "${comments}"
done
The code above is working, but the status code received the comment too, and I need to remove or put it in one line each line modified.
regards.
A:
--porcelain displays the result in Short Format.
In the short-format, the status of each path is shown as one of these forms
XY PATH
XY ORIG_PATH -> PATH
The 2nd format occurs when ORIG_PATH is renamed to PATH. Use awk to get PATH.
files=$(git status --porcelain | awk '{print $NF}')
for file in $files; do
echo $file
git add $file
read -p "enter a comment: " comments
git commit -m "${comments}" -- ${file}
done
A:
You want to write this:
#!/bin/sh
files=$(git status --porcelain | cut -b4-)
for file in $files; do
echo $file
git add $file
read -p "enter a comment: " comments
git commit -m "${comments}"
done
The cut -b4- trims off the status part of the output.
|
908*f/19 - 128754781058/19.
-2*(f - 253727)**2/19
Factor -4*q**2 - 2814676*q - 33775536.
-4*(q + 12)*(q + 703657)
What is l in -5*l**3/3 + 15*l**2 + 35660*l/3 + 23700 = 0?
-79, -2, 90
Solve 5*z**2 + 4651240*z - 4651245 = 0.
-930249, 1
Let -k**4/8 - 971*k**3/4 - 19505*k**2/2 - 75109*k/4 - 74139/8 = 0. Calculate k.
-1901, -39, -1
Solve -2*k**2/25 - 97322*k/5 + 3893008/25 = 0 for k.
-243313, 8
What is i in -i**4/2 + 4816*i**3 - 22484655*i**2/2 - 1720971928*i + 1732209440 = 0?
-145, 1, 4888
Factor -l**3 + 445*l**2 + 3689*l - 29445.
-(l - 453)*(l - 5)*(l + 13)
Suppose 28*x**5/3 - 5336*x**4/3 - 771088*x**3/3 - 1092904*x**2/3 - 109060*x = 0. What is x?
-95, -1, -3/7, 0, 287
Let -p**2/5 + 8215598*p/5 - 16874012624401/5 = 0. What is p?
4107799
Suppose 2*v**5/13 + 25580*v**4/13 + 100020*v**3 + 863440*v**2 - 141112550*v/13 + 128561988/13 = 0. Calculate v.
-12739, -29, 1, 6
Factor -2*t**2/9 + 1298674*t/9 + 1298680/3.
-2*(t - 649340)*(t + 3)/9
Factor 2*a**4 + 194260*a**3 + 4942623450*a**2 + 10951650325000*a + 6356563128125000.
2*(a + 1190)**2*(a + 47375)**2
Factor 242*v**4 - 1451560*v**3 + 2179580416*v**2 - 8695112192*v.
2*v*(v - 4)*(11*v - 32968)**2
Let 5*c**3/3 - 655*c**2/3 - 42350*c/3 + 484000/3 = 0. Calculate c.
-55, 10, 176
Solve -3*t**3 + 100248*t**2 + 100269*t - 601506 = 0.
-3, 2, 33417
Solve o**5 + 92*o**4 + 1728*o**3 - 32530*o**2 - 700817*o - 1259130 = 0.
-47, -15, -2, 19
Factor -6*p**2 - 1083109*p - 180518.
-(p + 180518)*(6*p + 1)
Suppose 9412*s**2 - 18315764*s + 23352 = 0. Calculate s.
3/2353, 1946
Solve -b**2/5 - 135*b - 21794/5 = 0.
-641, -34
Suppose -4*n**5 + 76*n**4 + 16912*n**3 - 120640*n**2 + 139008*n + 276480 = 0. What is n?
-60, -1, 4, 72
Solve 2*v**2 - 36091232*v/5 + 7218246/5 = 0.
1/5, 3609123
Solve 2*n**2/13 - 33955252*n/13 + 144119892297938/13 = 0 for n.
8488813
Factor 2*x**2/5 + 134372*x/5 - 4974502/5.
2*(x - 37)*(x + 67223)/5
Find q, given that -3*q**3/8 - 3525*q**2/8 - 88824*q + 4408320 = 0.
-896, -320, 41
Factor 254043*x**3/2 + 3520809*x**2/2 + 5123940*x - 7011366.
3*(x - 1)*(291*x + 2162)**2/2
Suppose 3693*n**2/8 - 382221*n - 3726 = 0. What is n?
-12/1231, 828
What is n in 3*n**2 + 246309*n + 87549966 = 0?
-81746, -357
What is y in 4*y**5 - 4084*y**4 + 36392*y**3 + 41392*y**2 - 924384*y + 1457280 = 0?
-5, 2, 6, 1012
Determine j, given that -22*j**4/19 + 386*j**3/19 - 956*j**2/19 - 5384*j/19 + 624 = 0.
-38/11, 2, 6, 13
Factor -2*y**2/7 + 24702*y/7 - 39918736/7.
-2*(y - 10439)*(y - 1912)/7
Suppose -98*z**3 - 106512*z**2 - 15842922*z + 7797748132 = 0. Calculate z.
-4483/7, 194
Find i, given that -2*i**3/11 - 102264*i**2/11 - 1226950*i/11 - 3578400/11 = 0.
-51120, -7, -5
Factor -4*v**3 + 6817260*v**2 + 13634532*v + 6817268.
-4*(v - 1704317)*(v + 1)**2
Suppose -m**2 - 110107*m - 1871530 = 0. What is m?
-110090, -17
Factor 5*i**2 + 38176480*i + 72872181259520.
5*(i + 3817648)**2
Determine w, given that -3*w**2 + 25111299*w - 75333870 = 0.
3, 8370430
Factor 6309*o**3 - 1955793*o**2 + 930*o.
3*o*(o - 310)*(2103*o - 1)
Find j, given that -6*j**2 + 762206*j - 254068 = 0.
1/3, 127034
Factor q**2/4 - 4337487*q/4 - 26025066.
(q - 4337511)*(q + 24)/4
Suppose -3*u**2 - 294247992*u - 7215156733002672 = 0. Calculate u.
-49041332
Let -5*h**4 - 10665*h**3 - 986475*h**2 + 2004965*h - 1007820 = 0. Calculate h.
-2036, -99, 1
Factor -k**2/4 + 1995272*k - 3981110353984.
-(k - 3990544)**2/4
What is o in -40*o**3 + 683810*o**2 - 3930525*o - 1025370 = 0?
-1/4, 6, 34179/2
Factor -5*h**2 + 578635*h - 10992260.
-5*(h - 115708)*(h - 19)
Factor 3*m**2 - 54427122*m + 246859300766907.
3*(m - 9071187)**2
Determine m, given that 8*m**5/11 + 4959*m**4/11 - 108164*m**3/11 + 106067*m**2/11 + 193542*m/11 - 25640/11 = 0.
-641, -1, 1/8, 2, 20
Suppose -10*x**4/9 + 263504*x**3/9 - 632360*x**2/9 + 210784*x/9 = 0. What is x?
0, 2/5, 2, 26348
Solve 108*p**5 - 359604*p**4 - 839607*p**3 - 189957*p**2 + 109950*p + 19992 = 0.
-2, -1/2, -1/6, 1/3, 3332
Find l, given that 3*l**2/7 + 72020169*l/7 - 10288596 = 0.
-24006724, 1
What is p in -3*p**3 + 23694*p**2 + 23715*p - 142182 = 0?
-3, 2, 7899
Factor k**2/4 + 3662681*k + 7325361.
(k + 2)*(k + 14650722)/4
Let 3*n**4/2 - 311433*n**3/2 - 1868679*n**2/2 - 2803047*n/2 - 622902 = 0. Calculate n.
-4, -1, 103817
Factor 5*v**2 - 20214255*v + 40428490.
5*(v - 4042849)*(v - 2)
What is z in -167*z**2 + 8874*z - 112707 = 0?
21, 5367/167
Factor -6*b**2/11 + 193872440*b/11 - 64624146/11.
-2*(b - 32312073)*(3*b - 1)/11
Let -3*p**2 - 960615684*p - 76898541028898988 = 0. What is p?
-160102614
What is x in 3*x**2 - 102068166*x + 868159209216963 = 0?
17011361
Factor -2*a**2/7 - 61996*a/7 + 372048/7.
-2*(a - 6)*(a + 31004)/7
Factor w**2/10 - 67051*w/10 + 301689/5.
(w - 67042)*(w - 9)/10
Solve -t**2 - 19578*t + 7746808 = 0.
-19966, 388
Factor h**3 + 373*h**2 - 35476*h + 589292.
(h - 59)*(h - 22)*(h + 454)
What is q in -q**2/5 + 1149*q/5 - 300638/5 = 0?
403, 746
Factor -w**3/8 - 603*w**2 - 981573*w/2 - 110472014.
-(w + 478)**2*(w + 3868)/8
Let 2*g**5 + 35032*g**4 - 596112*g**3 + 176804*g**2 + 25842190*g - 25457916 = 0. What is g?
-17533, -6, 1, 11
Find x, given that 2*x**2/3 + 28943092*x/3 - 9647698 = 0.
-14471547, 1
Find d such that d**4/5 + 631*d**3/5 + 54801*d**2/5 - 16335999*d/5 - 325969434/5 = 0.
-369, -19, 126
Suppose -3*x**4 + 162*x**3 - 1839*x**2 - 9396*x - 10092 = 0. What is x?
-2, 29
Factor -4*u**4 + 15452448*u**3 - 14923649776984*u**2 + 29847253196640*u - 14923618872100.
-4*(u - 1931555)**2*(u - 1)**2
Factor -5*v**2 - 149005*v - 3573240.
-5*(v + 24)*(v + 29777)
Determine x so that -x**4/3 + 106949*x**3/3 - 320829*x**2 + 962469*x - 962460 = 0.
3, 106940
Find o such that -2*o**5/3 - 12*o**4 + 17708*o**3/3 - 280336*o**2/3 - 4799630*o + 29778100/3 = 0.
-107, -23, 2, 55
What is l in l**5 - 415026*l**4 + 43059985033*l**3 + 344499801768*l**2 + 689012884624*l = 0?
-4, 0, 207517
Solve -5*v**3/4 + 540330*v**2 + 2161335*v/4 - 2161325/2 = 0.
-2, 1, 432265
Let 5*t**4 + 43870*t**3 + 97013985*t**2 + 3438839900*t + 6489974740 = 0. Calculate t.
-4369, -34, -2
Factor 4*m**2 - 73310696*m.
4*m*(m - 18327674)
Let 2*q**2/13 + 11632*q + 3476910/13 = 0. Calculate q.
-75585, -23
Let f**5/2 + 2645721*f**4/2 + 874987226917*f**3 + 9624698107777*f**2 - 1749974453835*f/2 - 19249398861275/2 = 0. What is f?
-1322855, -11, -1, 1
Suppose -2*m**3/7 + 82310*m**2/7 - 364232*m - 2631936/7 = 0. Calculate m.
-1, 32, 41124
Find w such that -3*w**3 + 1701*w**2 - 70413*w + 720171 = 0.
17, 27, 523
Solve 4*w**4 + 6080*w**3 - 42916*w**2 - 244496*w - 268752 = 0.
-1527, -2, 11
Factor -z**3/3 - 180*z**2 + 22621*z/3 + 7720.
-(z - 40)*(z + 1)*(z + 579)/3
Find n such that 2*n**3 - 26274*n**2 + 498444*n + 524720 = 0.
-1, 20, 13118
Let -3*j**2/5 - 4580889*j/5 - 4580886/5 = 0. Calculate j.
-1526962, -1
Solve -t**4 - 107060*t**3 - 2865996125*t**2 - 28649256250*t = 0 for t.
-53525, -10, 0
Determine s, given that -3*s**4/7 + 933*s**3/7 - 29466*s**2/7 - 6932736*s/7 - 109486080/7 = 0.
-55, -18, 192
Solve -4*r**5 + 45212*r**4 - 127959928*r**3 + 1135661384*r**2 + 34771447676*r + 143753849372 = 0 for r.
-7, 23, 5647
Factor 2*s**3/7 - 1192636*s**2 - 33393832*s/7 - 33393840/7.
2*(s - 4174230)*(s + 2)**2/7
Determine z so that 4*z**4 + 333992*z**3 - 55181280*z**2 + 3036301400*z - 55677726500 = 0.
-83663, 55
Find g, given that -536*g**2 + 47757*g + 194463 = 0.
-2091/536, 93
Factor -q**4/3 - 410560*q**3/3 - 42140699512*q**2/3 - 56185957120*q - 56185409712.
-(q + 2)**2*(q + 205278)**2/3
Factor -b**3 - 1402*b**2 - 398551*b - 791502.
-(b + 2)*(b + 393)*(b + 1007)
Determine u, given that -2*u**2/9 - 5704*u/9 - 582152/9 = 0.
-2746, -106
Let 5*w**2 + 13190905*w + 13190900 = 0. What is w?
-2638180, -1
Suppose 3*m**2 - 17826072*m + 26480736912432 = 0. What is m?
2971012
Factor 2*l**3/5 + 3039988*l**2/5.
2*l**2*(l + 1519994)/5
Suppose -2*o**2 - 27184*o/5 + 935816/5 = 0. Calculate o.
-13762/5, 34
Factor -8380*b**2 + 176032*b - 1092.
-4*(b - 21)*(2095*b - 13)
Suppose -6728*g**5/11 + 315984*g**4/11 - 3829394*g**3/11 + 2027682*g**2/11 + 16841122*g/11 + 10661334/11 = 0. What is g?
-1, 3, 1333/58
Let -m**5/3 - 29923*m**4/3 + 59854*m**3 - 359138*m**2/3 + 299287*m/3 - 29929 = 0. What is m?
-29929, 1, 3
Solve -74*r**5/5 - 4728*r**4/5 - 69122*r**3/5 + 166332*r**2/5 - 17168*r/5 = 0.
-37, -29, 0, 4/37, 2
Factor 2*n**2/23 + 416 |
On the relation between drinking habits and alcohol problems.
In clinical practice it is important to consider the possibility of alcohol consumption as an etiologic or contributing factor for disease. Information concerning abuse might be obtained by e.g. interviews or indirectly by use of different abuse registers and/or laboratory screening tests. It was found in the present study that statements made by 95 patients with chronic low back pain on drinking habits correlated well with presence of alcohol related problems. Drinking statements thus appear to be useful, at least in well motivated individuals. In patients without alcohol problems the estimated mean daily ethanol consumption generally did not exceed 15 g. An ethanol intake exceeding 15 g per day more than one per week during the last six months was reported by about every third patient with former or present alcohol problems. Such a reported drinking pattern should make the doctor more vigilant about signs of alcohol abuse. |
Eric Smith missed Auburn's first game this season and he will miss the last. The sophomore running back was ruled ineligible Friday. Get the latest on Smith and the rest of the team including eight current and former players that graduated and two picked for the Senior Bowl.[details] |
In the delirium that has preceded the launch of the Affordable Care Act, Republicans and other Obama-haters have tried to undermine the new law by distorting its provisions and just plain making stuff up. Ironically, the same folks who have been waging a national war on women and women’s rights would have us believe that they’re outraged at provisions in “Obamacare” that “diminish women’s freedom and privacy.” Not so. In fact, the Affordable Care Act significantly benefits women. Here’s how Media Matters sets the record straight:
According to a September 24 Kaiser Health News story produced in partnership with Cosmopolitan magazine, women can receive birth control and other preventative care under the ACA:
You’re entitled to free preventive care, including birth control. Since 2012, nearly 30 million women have benefitted from free preventive services including checkups, screenings for diabetes and HIV, contraceptives and family planning counseling. The law requires plans to cover all FDA-approved birth control methods without co-pays. This includes pills, injectables, implants, intrauterine devices (IUDs), and sterilization procedures. Plans must cover all brand name contraceptives without generic equivalents, or where the generic equivalent is medically inappropriate. [Kaiser Health News, 9/24/13]
All Plans Will Be Required To Provide Maternity Coverage. According to Kaiser Health News, the Affordable Care Act ensures that all plans cover maternity coverage, which only 12 percent of plans on the individual market currently do:
You’ll have maternity coverage, no matter what. You may not know this but only about 12 percent of health plans sold on the individual market currently include coverage for maternity, according to Judy Waxman of the National Women’s Law Center. But starting next year, all individual health plans will have to include 10 essential health benefits including maternity care, as well as hospitalization, prescription drugs, mental health services and preventive services. [Kaiser Health News, 9/24/13]
Under ACA, Women Cannot Be Charged More Than Men For Coverage. Kaiser Health News explains that, according to the National Women’s Law Center, in 30 percent of cases, nonsmoking women have been charged more than men who smoked. Starting in 2014, “gender rating will be outlawed.” [Kaiser Health News, 9/24/13]
HHS: Women Will Receive Eight Preventative Services With No Co-Pays. According to a Health Resources and Services Administration fact sheet, women will receive eight preventative services with no co-pays including: well-women visits, screening for gestational diabetes, human papillomavirus (HPV) testing, counseling for sexually transmitted infections, counseling and screening for human immune-deficiency virus (HIV), contraceptive methods and counseling, breastfeeding support, supplies, and counseling, and screening and counseling for interpersonal and domestic violence. [HRSA.gov, accessed 9/27/13] |
Betdata.io chart of movement on the Betfair exchange
From 2nd favourite to a longshot in just a couple of days
The big political news over the weekend has been the the reaction to Michael Gove’s statement that he had in the past taken cocaine. Although other runners for TMay’s job have made similar admissions about their drug-taking pasts the Gove one has had the biggest impact. Maybe this is because it was about cocaine.
I wonder whether this will all blow over or whether he really is out of the race.
The current Johnson strategy is to keep himself at all costs away from doing TV interviews with all the risk that would involve of him making a gaffe. He only needs to sustain this for the next fortnight and he could end up with being one of the two on the ballot that goes to members.
For me the contender that has most impressed has been Rory Stewart and I thought the way he was ready to take on Johnson over some of his comments was smart. But he is very much an outsider and however well he was making his points he doesn’t get the attention of some of the others.
Mike Smithson
Follow @MSmithsonPB
Tweet |
Quality of Leadership
AUTHOR(S)
Peck, Maureen
PUB. DATE
December 2005
SOURCE
Journal of Financial Planning;Dec2005, Vol. 18 Issue 12, p8
SOURCE TYPE
Academic Journal
DOC. TYPE
Article
ABSTRACT
The article offers insights the author gained on mentoring and leadership from a book by Dave Stoddard and from attending the Financial Planning Association's annual leadership Conference. Perpetual students are considered the best leaders no matter how long they have been practicing their craft. Stoddard, in his book, tells a story of how his first attempt at mentoring fell flat because he approached mentoring with an agenda. He advised to be present and compassionate. And it is also better to offer comfort and empathy.
ACCESSION #
19232908
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The Marriage Guidance Council of Great Britain will hold a summer conference at Cheltenham College, from August 8 to 13. The secretary, David R. Mace, 78 Duke Street, Grosvenor Square, London, W.1, would be glad to know of any American having a fairly competent knowledge of marriage guidance who... |
However, these irreplaceable physical collections are not all that has apparently been lost in the fire. Gumercinda Gonda, a Professor at Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), alerts in a Facebook post that the National Museum’s indigenous languages collection has also been destroyed. UFRJ has a close association with the National Museum.
Folks, there’s nothing left from the Linguistics division. We lost all the indigenous languages collection: the recordings since 1958, the chants in all the languages for which there are no native speakers alive anymore, the Curt Niemuendaju archives: papers, photos, negatives, the original ethnic-historic-linguistic map localizing all the ethnic groups in Brazil, the only record that we had from 1945. The ethnological and archeological references of all ethnic groups in Brazil since the 16th century… An irreparable loss of our historic memory. It just hurts so much to see all in ashes.
Indigenous language preservation and knowledge management
The loss of the National Museum of Brazil’s indigenous languages collection is an important knowledge management (KM) issue, for three reasons:
1. Indigenous languages are critically linked to indigenous knowledge
The RealKM Magazine article series “The case for indigenous knowledge systems and knowledge sovereignty” highlights the importance of indigenous knowledge, and a report to the Canadian Government1 highlights the importance of indigenous languages to indigenous knowledge:
Language is by far the most significant factor in the survival of Indigenous knowledge. Indigenous languages and their symbolic, verbal, and unconscious orders structure Indigenous knowledge; therefore, educators cannot stand outside of Indigenous languages to understand Indigenous knowledge.
Numerous guides and guidelines have been published describing measures to protect museum collections from the risk of fire, for example the guides from the Arts Council England and United States National Parks Service. All museums should be implementing such measures, but their ongoing effectiveness will always be at risk of being undermined by changes in government priorities. Indeed, in the wake of the National Museum of Brazil fire, there have been angry accusations of spending cuts and inadequate maintenance, including of the National Museum’s sprinkler system.
Writing in WIRED, Emily Dreyfuss advises what must also be done in addition to fire protection: museums need to digitally backup indigenous knowledge, and doing this must be a high priority. In regard to the loss of the National Museum of Brazil indigenous languages collection, she states that:
It didn’t have to be this way. All of these artifacts could have been systematically backed up over the years with photographs, scans, audio files. The failure to do so speaks to a vital truth about the limits of technology: Just because the means to do something exists technologically doesn’t mean it will be done. And it underscores that the academic community has not yet fully embraced the importance of archiving—not just in Brazil, but around the world.
3. Effective digital preservation programs are part of taking KM to the next level
As Dreyfuss discusses, language researchers have tended to focus on collecting linguistics information, rather than on protecting what they collect. Organisations funding language research have also only recently started to require data management as part of their funding agreements, and the digital preservation of languages is very expensive.
Knowledge managers can encourage museums and other similar organisations they are working with to place a higher priority on digital preservation, and then facilitate or assist the development and implementation of the resulting programs.
Through their blog and social media posts and KM conferences and forums, knowledge managers can also actively promote the importance of digital preservation and the need for governments and other funding bodies to adequately support it.
About the Author
Bruce Boyes is Editor and Lead Writer of RealKM Magazine, and has also been a teacher at Shanxi University in northern China where he established new knowledge management classes. He is an experienced knowledge manager, environmental manager, and educator with expertise in information and knowledge management, program and project management, environmental management and sustainability, community and stakeholder engagement and development, research, writing and editing, education and training, website management, and event and meeting management. Bruce holds a Master of Environmental Management with Distinction and a Certificate of Technology (Electronics).
With a demonstrated ability to collaboratively identify and implement innovative solutions to complex problems, Bruce’s career highlights include using agile approaches to implement an award-winning $77.4 million river recovery program in western Sydney on time and under budget, leading the development and implementation of a knowledge strategy process for the natural resource management organisations across Australia, and pioneering collaborative learning and governance approaches to help communities to sustainably manage landscapes and catchments. |
Comparison of the pulsatility index and input impedance parameters in a model of altered hemodynamics.
Clinical use of Doppler waveform analysis assumes that vascular resistance is accurately represented by the Doppler indices. This assumption was examined by correlating the pulsatility index (PI) with measures of input impedance including peripheral vascular resistance (Zpr), characteristic impedance (Zo), and reflection coefficient (Rc). Assessment of these parameters from the descending aorta was performed in five chronically instrumented, newborn lambs subjected to administration of norepinephrine and hydralazine. Significant increases in PI, Zpr, Zo, and Rc were seen in response to administration of norepinephrine, and decreases in PI and Zpr occurred with hydralazine use. Significant correlation existed between PI and Zpr throughout the study, but changes in PI did not correlate with changes in Zo and Rc. PI appears to reflect changes in Zpr accurately. However, the lack of ability for PI to assess Zo or Rc requires further investigation. |
export { AddressBar } from './AddressBar';
|
An apparent booze-fueled dispute over loud music between two groups at a Chino campground over the weekend escalated to the point where men from both sides drew guns and opened fire.
No one was hurt, but the two alleged gunmen have plenty to explain.
It turns out that the rival gun-toting campers were both Los Angeles County sheriff’s deputies.
Authorities suspect the off-duty cops learned they were colleagues only after their campground showdown.
Chino police officers were called to Prado Regional Park early Sunday morning. They arrested the deputies — Dejay Barber, 44, and Matthew Rincon, 24 — on suspicion of negligent discharge of a firearm.
Chino police Lt. Wes Simmons, when asked if he’d ever come across a similar scene, couldn’t stifle a chuckle: “That’s not fair for you to ask me that,” he said, before acknowledging that he hadn’t.
Sheriff’s spokesman Steve Whitmore said both deputies have been relieved of duty with pay. He said the men brandished their guns in a “threatening manner.”
They did not fire at each other, he said, but into the air.
“Alcohol is suspected,” Whitmore said. “This is gross negligence.”
It’s unclear if there were other campers nearby when the off-duty deputies began shooting. Multiple rounds were fired.
“I don’t know how many, but more than one,” Whitmore said.
This isn’t the first time in recent years that violence has broken out between deputies from the agency.
In 2009, a sergeant was accused of pointing a gun at the head of a fellow sergeant inside the Compton sheriff’s station and mouthing, “I’m gonna kill you.”
In 2010, a group of jail deputies brawled with two of their colleagues at a department Christmas party. At one point, a female deputy was punched in the face.
And last year, a deputy was accused of kicking another deputy in the groin without provocation. That came after she had been arrested the year before over suspicion of assaulting fellow deputies during an early-morning brawl at a La Mirada park where she and two colleagues were found bloodied and apparently drunk.
Whitmore said the department is taking the latest incident seriously.
One of the deputies works in the county courts, Whitmore said, and the other in the department’s transit services division. The criminal investigation will be handled by the Chino police.
No press release was issued about the campground gunfire. The Times learned of the incident through a source.
robert.faturechi@latimes.com |
2016 Guide: Working from Home
I get emails from time to time asking about how should someone that works from home structure their day & also what are the best ways to keep focused whilst working from home.
So I’ve put together this guide on what I think is important to help you work from home efficiently & also get the most out of the experience, naturally everyone will be different but I’d also love to hear if you do anything different to increase your productivity or make the whole experience better.
Get up Early & get to Bed Early
Getting into a proper routine can be difficult, especially when working from home. You’ve got no boss to impress but yourself, you don’t have to be anywhere at a specific time, you don’t have anyone telling you what to do. This is generally the first mistake that people make, it’s easy to get up at 1pm then work through to 10pm that night or even 3am the next morning. However your body won’t thank you for it in the long run.
Mornings are the most productive part of our day, so use them to get your most important tasks out of the way.
Get up & go to bed at the same time as if you were going to work, if you stick to this you’ll find that you get more done & you won’t have to work as late.
Get Regular Exercise
Working from home can make us lazy, there’s no real need to leave the house anymore…right? Well, Since you’re waking up at the same time you normally would for your day job; you now have more time to be productive instead of sitting on the train or in peak time traffic for an hour. Use this time in the morning to hit the gym or go for a walk, maybe go out & get some breakfast & unwind.
Don’t forget to Eat
When we lead busy lives it can often get in the way of day to day tasks. Don’t forget to feed yourself. Eating 5 Small meals a day will help keep your metabolism up (especially if you exercise in the morning).
8am – Breakfast
11am – Fruit Snack
1pm – Lunch
4pm – Savoury Snack
6pm – Dinner
Following this routine will ensure that you don’t get hungry throughout the day, it’ll also keep your energy levels up.
Get Showered & Dressed Every Day
Whilst it’s a luxury to sit around in your Pajamas & do work every day it’s not something that is commonly associated with being productive & active. Have a shower & get dressed after breakfast then you’ll feel ready to face the day instead of wanting to get back into bed after an hour of work.
Separate Work from the rest of the House
Having an office or a space that you can work in is imperative, doing all your work whilst sitting on the sofa won’t get you very far. An office helps to keep Distractions to a minimum & also when you walk into your office at the start of the day you feel like “you’re at work.”
Have a Start & Finish Time for Work
Try to treat working from home like a normal job, work starts at 9am & finishes at 5.30pm (if you need to work later later you can). This way you’ll try to get everything you need to get done by the time work is over. If the day is “unlimited” then we tend to waste time reading blogs & forums.
Schedule your Day
Building on the previous point you can schedule your day & write it up on the wall:
7am – Wake up
7.20am – Exercise/Gym
8.20am – Breakfast
8.40am – Shower & Get Ready
9am – Answer & Read Emails
9.30am – Read Blogs, Forums & Catch up on Stats
10am – Work on your Bread & Butter Projects (the ones that ARE making you money)
1pm – Lunch
1.30pm – Test new ideas & tweak campaigns on test campaigns
3pm – Work on Link Building & Promotion techniques for Affiliate Sites
5pm – Research offers & potential programs for following day
5.15pm – Update spreadsheets with yesterdays stats & profits
5.30pm – Finish – Free for all work on whatever you want
Ensure you have Good Communications
You want to have a decent DSL Connection, Phone Line (or Skype), the ability to send & receive fax. You’ll also want to have a decent instant messaging program (like trillian) that lets you log into multiple networks at once.
Be Organised
Organisation is key to making this work.
Record what you spend & earn in Spreadsheets, keep your finances organised (i.e. open a business bank account). Spend money during the month on your credit cards (to earn your points), then pay it off at the end of the month.
Set up all your tabs & folders in Firefox. I use the ‘Open in all Tabs’ feature to instantly check all my stats. Or for example say you run a Credit Card Comparison website & need to update the rates, simply have a folder with all the credit card product pages in it & open them all at once with one click.
There’s no bigger bottleneck in your whole operation than yourself. If something is working for you then get some friends on board, outsource tasks or form partnerships with other affiliates.
Get a Pet
Sometimes working from home can be lonely. There’s no-one to go out to lunch with or (if you’re in australia) all of the people you normally talk to are asleep. I got a cat & it’s one of the best things I’ve ever bought, it’s there when you wake up in the morning, it’s sits beside you as you work & it seems to remove that feeling that “you’re alone in the house.”
Have Fun
Don’t overdo it, working from home is fun. It’s even more fun when you’re making more money than your old job, don’t let it get in the way of your personal relaxing time & time with your family. You know what they say: |
Your doctor will try to determine what is causing the condition. If it is not due to a medication side effect or a general medical condition (such as high blood pressure), he or she may refer you to an otolaryngologist (an ear, nose, and throat doctor) or an audiologist (hearing specialist). It is especially important to see an otolaryngologist if you experience tinnitus in only one ear, tinnitus that sounds like your heartbeat or pulse (pulsatile tinnitus), tinnitus with sudden or fluctuating hearing loss, pressure or fullness in one or both ears, and/or dizziness or balance problems. Unless the cause of the tinnitus is obvious on physical examination, a hearing test is usually required.
Michael Chrostowski, PhD is the founder of Sound Options Tinnitus Treatments Inc. His dedication to improving the lives of tinnitus sufferers drives his vision of providing effective, affordable and accessible treatments for the many tinnitus sufferers he has met throughout his research career. With over 8 years of research in the field of tinnitus and collaborations with leaders in the field, Dr. Chrostowski was able to make use of cutting-edge research to develop software that can customize an effective and personal treatment for tinnitus. Dr. Chrostowski received a BASc in electrical and computer engineering at the University of Toronto and a PhD in neuroscience at McMaster University.
Hyperactivity and deep brain stimulation. Researchers have observed hyperactivity in neural networks after exposing the ear to intense noise. Understanding specifically where in the brain this hyperactivity begins and how it spreads to other areas could lead to treatments that use deep brain stimulation to calm the neural networks and reduce tinnitus.
Muscle spasms: Tinnitus that is described as clicking may be due to abnormalities that cause the muscle in the roof of the mouth (palate) to go into spasm. This causes the Eustachian tube, which helps equalize pressure in the ears, to repeatedly open and close. Multiple sclerosis and other neurologic diseases that are associated with muscle spasms may also be a cause of tinnitus, as they may lead to spasms of certain muscles in the middle ear that can cause the repetitive clicking.
Loud noise exposure: Being exposed to occupational loud noise on a regular basis from heavy equipment, chain saws or firearms is a common cause of tinnitus. However, even if you don’t work in a noisy environment, you can still suffer the effects of noise exposure by listening to loud music through headphones, attending live music performances frequently and engaging in noisy hobbies.
Don't give up on things unless you are sure they are having some effect, especially if it's something you enjoy; or you could end up feeling miserable and deprived for no reason. Do not give up several things at once, or you will not know which one was affecting your tinnitus. If you decide to limit these things and fancy the occasional treat, maybe try using the other strategies (such as relaxation) for those times when your tinnitus is a bit louder. For more details, see our information on Food, drink and tinnitus.
Note however that tinnitus nearly always consists of fairly simple sounds -- for example, hearing someone talking that no one else can hear would not ordinarily be called tinnitus -- this would be called an auditory hallucination. Musical hallucinations in patients without psychiatric disturbance is most often described in older persons, years after hearing loss.
Auditory-somatosensory stimulation is a similar treatment approach to Kilgard’s, in that its goal is to retune the faulty patterns of brain activity that can cause tinnitus. It involves pairing sounds played in the ear with specially timed electric impulses, which are administered to touch-sensitive nerves using a pad attached to the neck, Dr. Shore explains about the research she’s working on.
Atherosclerosis. With age and buildup of cholesterol and other deposits, major blood vessels close to your middle and inner ear lose some of their elasticity — the ability to flex or expand slightly with each heartbeat. That causes blood flow to become more forceful, making it easier for your ear to detect the beats. You can generally hear this type of tinnitus in both ears. |
/*
* Copyright (C) 2014, 2015 XStream Committers.
* All rights reserved.
*
* Created on 08. January 2014 by Joerg Schaible
*/
package com.thoughtworks.xstream.mapper;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import com.thoughtworks.xstream.security.AnyTypePermission;
import com.thoughtworks.xstream.security.ForbiddenClassException;
import com.thoughtworks.xstream.security.NoTypePermission;
import com.thoughtworks.xstream.security.TypePermission;
/**
* A Mapper implementation injecting a security layer based on permission rules for any type required in the
* unmarshalling process.
*
* @author Jörg Schaible
* @since 1.4.7
*/
public class SecurityMapper extends MapperWrapper {
private final List<TypePermission> permissions;
/**
* Construct a SecurityMapper.
*
* @param wrapped the mapper chain
* @since 1.4.7
*/
public SecurityMapper(final Mapper wrapped) {
this(wrapped, (TypePermission[])null);
}
/**
* Construct a SecurityMapper.
*
* @param wrapped the mapper chain
* @param permissions the predefined permissions
* @since 1.4.7
*/
public SecurityMapper(final Mapper wrapped, final TypePermission... permissions) {
super(wrapped);
this.permissions = permissions == null //
? new ArrayList<TypePermission>()
: new ArrayList<TypePermission>(Arrays.asList(permissions));
}
/**
* Add a new permission.
* <p>
* Permissions are evaluated in the added sequence. An instance of {@link NoTypePermission} or
* {@link AnyTypePermission} will implicitly wipe any existing permission.
* </p>
*
* @param permission the permission to add.
* @since 1.4.7
*/
public void addPermission(final TypePermission permission) {
if (permission.equals(NoTypePermission.NONE) || permission.equals(AnyTypePermission.ANY)) {
permissions.clear();
}
permissions.add(0, permission);
}
@Override
public Class<?> realClass(final String elementName) {
final Class<?> type = super.realClass(elementName);
for (final TypePermission permission : permissions) {
if (permission.allows(type)) {
return type;
}
}
throw new ForbiddenClassException(type);
}
}
|
I'd actually take every one of those choices except for FA Storm and Gambit. My wave 8 Storm is good enough and I don't need a Gambit in blue and yellow. I might actually vote for either one of those so I don't have to buy them later to get a BAF I want because you know all of these are coming at some point. No way Hasbro goes as far as painted prototypes if they didn't have any intention of making them.
I noticed that the F4 wave and HML3 are listed at Hasbro.com (with pictures, if interested). HML3 is also listed at Hasbro Toy Shop with a "coming soon" button right now, so hopefully these will be online before too long. Looking at those F4 wave pics, its funny how different the Hasbro "press photos" look compared to the actual toy photos. Definitely some spiffy lighting going on there .
Well i hope the Adam Warlock and Silver Savage news turn out to be true. I also hope for a cosmic BAF. Perhaps Terrax. I wouldnt mind a Annihilation style Thanos but am very happy with the Select Version.
I am drawing a blank here, are there any variants in the Fantastic Four Wave? |
Core-shell-like Y2O3:[(Tb3+-Yb3+), Li+]/CdZnS heterostructure synthesized by super-close-space sublimation for broadband down-conversion.
Combination with semiconductors is a promising approach to the realization of broadband excitation of light conversion materials based on rare earth compounds, to boost the energy efficiency of silicon solar cells. Cd(1-x)Zn(x)S is a wide bandgap semiconductor with large exciton binding energy. By changing its composition, the bandgap of Cd(1-x)Zn(x)S can be tuned to match the absorption of trivalent lanthanide (Ln) ions, which makes it a competent energy donor for the Ln(3+)-Yb(3+) couple. In this work, we designed a clean route to a broadband down-converter based on a core-shell-like Y2O3:[(Tb(3+)-Yb(3+)), Li(+)]/Cd0.81Zn0.19S (CdZnS) heterostructure. By hot-pressing and subsequent annealing of a Y2O3:[(Tb(3+)-Yb(3+)), Li(+)]/CdZnS mixture, highly pure CdZnS was sublimated and deposited on the Y2O3:[(Tb(3+)-Yb(3+)), Li(+)] grains while maintaining the original composition of the precursor. The CdZnS shell acted as a light absorber and energy donor for the Tb(3+)-Yb(3+) quantum cutting couple. Because the use of solvents was avoided during the formation of the heterostructures, few impurities were incorporated into the samples, and the non-radiative transition was therefore markedly suppressed. The Y2O3:[(Tb(3+)-Yb(3+)), Li(+)]/CdZnS heterostructures possess strong near-infrared (NIR) luminescence from Yb(3+). Broadband down-conversion to the Yb(3+) NIR emission was obtained in a wide range of 250-650 nm. |
Q:
exception when parsing multipart form data
I am trying to handle a file upload, and I'm using the
com.oreilly.servlet.multipart.MultipartParser class to parse the posted
data (in cos.jar). However, when I call the constructor for MultipartParser, I get this
exception:
java.io.IOException: Corrupt form data: premature ending
at com.oreilly.servlet.multipart.MultipartParser.<init>(MultipartParser.java:166)
at com.oreilly.servlet.multipart.MultipartParser.<init>(MultipartParser.java:94)
Has anyone seen this before? From what I read, this means that the
data ended before it found the boundary it was looking for. How can I
fix this?
I am using cos.jar version 1.0.
Thanks!
A:
So, the problem was caused by me calling the MultipartParser constructor twice, by accident. It failed the second time, since the request had already been processed.
|
Romance on Wry
Act Your Age
I’m illustrating this post with one of my favorite Facebook memes—the caption, in case you can’t see it, reads “I don’t know how to act my age. I’ve never been this old before.”
To me, that sums up an ongoing struggle for a lot of us. Once upon a time, particular ages came with instructions. When you hit thirty or forty or fifty or sixty, you were supposed to look and behave in a certain way. And everyone knew what that way was. If you didn’t fulfill these expectations, you got a lot of social disapproval and a reputation as an eccentric.
But now the whole concept of age is undergoing a sort of revolution. Part of this phenomenon is the result of that great bump-in-the-python known as the Baby Boomers. From the time we were born, our sheer numbers have changed the dynamic around us, and now it’s happening with retirement and aging. But I don’t think this new view of aging is entirely due to the Boomer influence.
More often than not these days you reach a particular age and find yourself at sea. You remember your parents or grandparents being this old, but somehow you don’t feel the same. You’re simply not interested in orthopedic shoes and shapeless black garments, let alone silver hair (is there anyone out there who actually has the hair color they were born with these days?). Tradition tells you one thing, while popular culture tells you another. So are you supposed to act the way you feel or the way someone your age acts according to convention?
Just to make this whole matter that much more confusing, a lot of famous people no longer look and act like we expect people “of a certain age” to look and act. Rosanne Cash is 60. Bonnie Raitt is 65. Meryl Streep is 66. Susan Sarandon is 68, and so is Emmylou Harris. Helen Mirrin is 70. Blythe Danner is 72. Joan Baez is 74. Lily Tomlin is 76. Jane Fonda is 77, Vanessa Redgrave is 78, Judi Dench and Maggie Smith are 80, and Sophia Loren is 81. All of them are still working, and none of them has taken to her rocking chair with an afghan and a tabby.
So we’re back to the basic question: how do you act your age these days? The answer, so far as I can tell, is you act the way your age feels to you. There are some things I no longer do. I don’t wear heels anymore because I figured out what they were doing to my back (actually I stopped wearing them many years ago, but now I find even moderate heels uncomfortable). I’d rather wear leggings and tunics than dresses, so that’s what I do. I have no idea whether this goes with my age or not, and I don’t much care. But the don’t much care probably does have something to do with my age—one of the many benefits of getting a few years under your belt.
I don’t talk about age much myself, largely because I hate being put into boxes, and age is definitely one of those. I’ve found that when people know your age, they tend to attach a set of expectations to you. But I find the occasional media assumption that everybody past forty would like to be young again (as in this popular series) somewhat naïve. Each age has its own pluses and minuses. And these days many of us are trying to find our way through both. |
Can you believe that tomorrow is Thanksgiving? Are you looking for something to make as a side to go with the turkey? Would you like to make something that is quick, easy, beautiful and tastes out of this world? Ahhhh, then this is the recipe for you! This is from Martha Stewart! I posted this several years ago (and would never buy canned since I saw how easy this was to make).
Yes, there is sugar in this recipe, but unlike canned sauce there is no high fructose corn syrup or corn syrup (2nd and 3rd ingredient listed, eek!)
Basic Cranberry Sauce
Yield Makes 2 cups
Ingredients
1 bag (12 ounces) cranberries
3/4 cup sugar
1 teaspoon grated lemon zest
1 cup water
Directions
In a medium saucepan, combine cranberries, sugar, lemon zest, and water; bring to a boil. Reduce to a simmer; cook until cranberries are soft, about 10 minutes. Transfer to a bowl, and let cool to room temperature. |
Stana Katic poses with the award she won for favorite dramatic TV actress for her role in the series "Castle" at the 2014 People's Choice Awards in Los Angeles, California January 8, 2014.
REUTERS/Kevork Djansezian
"Castle" Season 7 filming is underway, and its premiere date on ABC has been set. Stana Katic, who plays Kate Beckett, updates her profile photo on Twitter to make sure that fans remember the last season's cliffhanger. Nathan Fillion is not dishing filming updates or BTS photos, but he still answers fans' questions once in a while. There are more teasers from show bosses and the rest of the cast; read on.
Stana Katic's Twitter update -- a behind the scenes photo featuring Castle 7x01 director Rob Bowman -- on Castle Season 7 filming has been well-received. It has drawn nearly 7,000 combined "retweets" and "favorites." Ms Katic's profile photo cannot be missed, too. It takes fans back to that moment in S6 when Kate Beckett, on the hour of her wedding to Rick, receives a devastating phone call.
To some fans, it physically hurts to wait for what happens in the Castle Season 7 premiere, even more so when they are constantly reminded of the wedding disaster with which S6 ended. To others, Katic's and Fillion's presence on Twitter helps them in coping with Caskett separation anxiety.
Meanwhile, new show boss David Amann and series creator Andrew W. Marlowe assured Caskett fans that the blazing car wreck in S6 would not end things between Castle (Fillion) and Beckett (Katic). The tragedy "will make them stronger" in Castle Season 7, Amann told TVLine.
Mr Marlowe, in the same interview, teases an interesting direction in Castle Season 7. Fans have often commented in social networks and forum sites how little has been revealed about Rick Castle. Beckett faced the very same issue earlier in the season. Next season, viewers get to know more about Rick.
"We're looking to open up some really interesting aspects of storytelling for the Castle character, who hasn't been as deeply explored as Beckett over the past six years - and we're really excited by that opportunity," Marlowe said.
Marlowe, despite stepping down as the Castle show boss, remains very much in the loop when it comes to series development. In fact, TVLine revealed Marlowe is writing Castle Season 7, Episode 2.
Molly Quinn, who plays Alexis Castle, has her own Castle Season 7 premiere episode teaser too:
About Castle script 701... There r some scripts so good I read them over and over. Thanks David Amann. #CastleWritersAreAwesome |
For the next six days, take advantage of huge savings throughout the Steam store on thousands of titles. Plus, discover new and recommended games on your personalized Exploration Sale page here. Check back each day for new Daily Deals.
Comparisons to Titanfall were inevitable after Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare's multiplayer was revealed last week, but Sledgehammer have been playing with Advanced Warfare's jump-thrust move shortly after finishing work on Modern Warfare 3 in 2011, and Tribes fans will tell you that Titanfall hardly has dibs on the jetpack shooter. While the new exoskeleton movement options are interesting, I'm more excited about what they can do to refresh the design of Call of Duty's multiplayer maps.
The Call of Duty multiplayer experience has remained largely unchanged since the dawn of the Modern Warfare era. The opportunistic run-and-gun through flat, crumbling maps started to feel rote back in Black Ops 2, a game that could have done with a map like Advanced Warfare's Riot. Granted, it's also a crumbling concrete facility a prison, in fact but it's built around tiered structures and guard towers that make use of the exoskeleton's new jumping abilities. Like a couple of the other maps Sledgehammer showed, there's a quirk: The prison's high tech inmate monitoring system is still active, which means sensors at the top of guard towers draw laser pointers to passing soldiers.
Riot was actually one of the plainer maps. The others showed at Gamescom move away from the bleached urban aesthetic to something shinier, reminiscent of some of CoD's quirkier, more colourful DLC packs. There's a map set in the terminal of a space elevator which is bright, airy and layered with gantries and intricate spaceport corridors. Advanced Warfare will include a mode that bans exosuits, but I wonder if these maps will still be fun if you're flightless. The need to cater to the legions of fans who love the standard CoD formula is understandable, but once you've experienced extra speed and super-jumps bursts of flight, why go back?
This year you can customise your soldier with with dozens of facemasks, armour plates and colour schemes and tailor your loadout with a "pick 13" system, mirroring Black Op's "pick 10". You get 13 points you can devote to weapon attachments, special exosuit abilities like cloaks and shields, and kill streak rewards. More options can be unlocked by ranking up.
Leveling systems in shooters can hide the game's most interesting weapons and strategies behind layers of grind (see Battlfield, Payday 2), but the sheer amount of stuff packed into Advanced Warfare's customisation system is encouraging. As long as the leveling curve is fast, the expanded unlock system could provide valuable context and rewards for each 10-20 minute battle for those who don't care about 'prestiging' the practice of reaching the CoD's level cap and then resetting for a badge.
I'm quite excited about Advanced Warfare this year, for the multiplayer, at least. The single player may have Spacey, but in spite of the high-tech gubbins the set pieces look samey and predictable. I've never had a fun game of Battlefield 4, Battlefield Hardline leaves me cold and Titanfall is great, but lacks staying power. CoD could sweep the board this year. On the multiplayer side, it's the most exciting entry in the series for years.
With the upcoming, stupidly pretty, Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare pouting its lips and batting its eyes on the horizon, I decided to give the last one some love. I've contained my exploits to the first mission, but even that's plenty variety given CoD's penchant for catapulting players between ludicrous scenarios. Here I go from outrunning an orbital strike on San Diego to floating around the very space station responsible for it, all while dodging bullets from jetpacking terrorists.
It's strange to hear developers boast about how small the maps in their newest map pack are, but I hear just that in this trailer for CoD: Ghosts' final piece of DLC, Nemesis. This adds some "small-to-medium"-sized maps based around the themes 'mine cart level', 'wintry submarine base' and 'please desecrate this lovely Chinese village', along with a remake of the "smallest map ever made for Call of Duty": Shipment (now called Showtime). This one's a futuristic, Smash TV-style game show, replete with a cheesy announcer commentating on the killy goings-on. The DLC also adds the final bit to the game's full-on sci-fi Extinction mode. Exodus will see you coming face-to-elongated-face with the Ancestors, ie XCOM-ish psionic aliens. The trailer is below.
Nemesis releases next week on Xbox-flavoured systems, but if it's anything like all the other map packs, we can expect it on PC a month later. It's part of the Ghosts season pass, but you can also stump up $14.99/ 11.59 to buy the DLC separately.
Outnumbered and outgunned, but not outmatched. Call of Duty®: Ghosts is an extraordinary step forward for one of the largest entertainment franchises of all-time. This new chapter in the Call of Duty® franchise features a new dynamic where players are on the side of a crippled nation fighting not for freedom, or liberty, but simply to survive.
Call of Duty®: Ghosts owners can now enhance their experience with these exciting packs:
Some would argue that paid-for personalisation packs are endemic in the games industry chronic, even. But is there anything wrong with showing off some style while high at the top of a leaderboard. Infinity Ward are no dopes, they know how to hit their target markets. Presented with a money making opportunity, they're not going to make a hash of it. And so, some Call of Duty developers embarked on a skunkworks mission to create the Blunt Force Character Pack a marijuana-themed DLC release.
The DLC, priced $1.99, is one of three new character packs now available for the Xbox version of the game. The other two character packs are themed as "Inferno" and "Bling". Infinity Ward definitely know their audience.
Each character pack contains a uniform and two helmets. In addition, the recent DLC drop also makes available six new 'Personalisation' packs and two new weapons. You can see the full round-up here. Expect all items to arrive on PC after the standard Xbox-exclusivity period expires likely next month.
Outnumbered and outgunned, but not outmatched. Call of Duty®: Ghosts is an extraordinary step forward for one of the largest entertainment franchises of all-time. This new chapter in the Call of Duty® franchise features a new dynamic where players are on the side of a crippled nation fighting not for freedom, or liberty, but simply to survive.
Call of Duty®: Ghosts owners can now enhance their experience with these exciting packs:
What do Hitler, Snoop Dogg, George Washington, and Shakespeare have in common? If you said they all appear in Rik Mayall’s autobiography Bigger Than Hitler, Better Than Christ*, you’re wrong. Washington and Snoop aren’t mentioned in that. The correct answer is that each has been digitised and reformed–Weird Science style–into your games as DLC.
There’s a lot of DLC out there, ranging from the mundane to the insane, and I think I know why. Games are increasingly serious business, with huge budgets and a cast amount of public scrutiny. DLC–well some of it–feels like the passion projects that don’t fit into the canon. An outlet for the stuff that gets cleared from the whiteboard for being too off message, or too niche. DLC is cathartic. I’ve been on a strange journey, readers. I’ve been looking through games catalogues and hunting down the sort of DLC that could be described as ’boutique’. I’ve been on a boutique call, ahahahahahahaha! |
Instead of planning a future filled with success and new adventures, time is spent on analyzing the state of being alone. What goes on inside of you will impact how you behave outwardly. Focus on the future and a better life.
Questioning yourself can become an important tool in raising your level of awareness and gaining control of your life as a happily single person. However, the questions you ask need to be honest with no concern as to how others may perceive your answers.
Are you trapped in a cycle of negative thinking? Although habits are hard to break, the minute you do something different you have started to move in a different direction. Learn to forgive yourself and break free from your destructive inner voice.
Being single when all your friends are pairing off can be difficult. But if our self-esteem is solid, we value ourselves and know the most important relationship in life is the one we have with ourselves. We’ll look at how to re-affirm our right to remain ‘’Happily Single!’'
Everyone wants to live a happy and fulfilled life, but not everyone is willing to put in the time needed to bring that change about. Decide to do something positive now, and let's talk about making one of the most important decisions of your life. . . being happy.
Being unhappy about being single can warp our priorities. We spend so much time and energy on finding ways to end being single, that we do not spend enough time creating lives for ourselves that have integrity, is fulfilling, and empowers us. |
As well known to those skilled in the art, a variable intake system adjusts the length of a runner of an intake manifold, through which air to be drawn into a combustion chamber passes, depending on the engine operating conditions, thus enhancing the performance of the engine.
To adjust the length of the runner through which intake air passes, a plurality of valves is rotatably provided on a valve shaft in the intake manifold assembly. A plurality of retainers and a plurality of locking bolts are used for installation of the valve shaft.
The retainers and locking bolts to be used for retaining the valve shaft must stably support the valve, and the stable installation state must be maintained.
The information set forth in this Background of the Invention section is only for enhancement of understanding of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art that is already known to a person skilled in the art. |
Apr 19, 2018
During the New Mexico SkillsUSA Championships last week that drew more than 600 students from across the state, CNM students won 21 gold medals, five silver medals and six bronze medals. The gold medalists will move on to the National SkillsUSA Championships that will take place in late June in Louisville, Ky.
Congratulations to all of the CNM medalists. Here’s the list:
Steven Acosta – Culinary Arts – 3rd
Dustin Allen – Welding Fabrication Team – 1st
Stephanie Begaye – Aviation Maintenance Technology – 1st
Darcy Boyd – Carpentry – 3rd
Michael Dickey – Additive Manufacturing Team – 1st
Kenny Ellsworth – Cabinet Making – 1st
Nicole Engler – Commercial Baking – 1st
Ethan Gallegos – CNC Milling Specialist – 1st
Matthew Gillett – Architectural Drafting – 1st
Vicente Gutierrez – Industrial Motor Controls – 1st
Derik Haaf – Automotive Service Technology – 1st
Justin Heise – HVAC – 2nd
Aaron Hopkins – Aviation Maintenance Technology – 3rd
Bryan Martin-Figueroa – Carpentry – 1st
Andrew McKinley – Welding Individual – 1st
Matt Mechem – Additive Manufacturing Team – 1st
Miguel Merino – Culinary Arts – 1st
Nuradeen Muhammad – CNC Technician – 1st
Jameta Montoya-Garcia – Industrial Motor Controls – 3rd
Juan Olveda – HVAC – 1st
Andrew Pena – Diesel Equipment Technology – 1st
Mark Provencher – Sheet Metal – 1st
Shay Spencer – CNC Turning Specialist – 1st
Matthew Smith – Industrial Motor Controls – 2nd
Mark Stephens – Aviation Maintenance Technology – 2nd
Sasha Sun – Welding Individual – 2nd
Greyson Tagg – Welding Fabrication Team – 1st
Travis Talley – Electrical Construction Wiring – 2nd
Kevin Tyler – Welding Individual – 3rd
Ricardo Valdez – Welding Sculpture – 3rd
Aaron Widman – Electrical Construction Wiring – 1st
Dakota Wood – Welding Fabrication Team – 1st |
/// Contains methods for the update process.
module Paket.UpdateProcess
open Paket
open System.IO
open Paket.Domain
open Paket.PackageResolver
open Chessie.ErrorHandling
open Paket.Logging
let selectiveUpdate force getSha1 getVersionsF getPackageDetailsF getRuntimeGraphFromPackage (lockFile:LockFile) (dependenciesFile:DependenciesFile) updateMode semVerUpdateMode =
let dependenciesFile =
let processFile createRequirementF =
lockFile.GetGroupedResolution()
|> Map.fold (fun (dependenciesFile:DependenciesFile) (groupName,packageName) resolvedPackage ->
let settings =
match dependenciesFile.Groups |> Map.tryFind groupName with
| None -> resolvedPackage.Settings
| Some group ->
match group.Packages |> List.tryFind (fun p -> p.Name = packageName) with
| None -> resolvedPackage.Settings
| Some p -> p.Settings
dependenciesFile.AddFixedPackage(
groupName,
packageName,
createRequirementF resolvedPackage.Version,
settings)) dependenciesFile
let formatPrerelease (v:SemVerInfo) =
match v.PreRelease with
| Some p -> sprintf " prerelease"
| None -> ""
match semVerUpdateMode with
| SemVerUpdateMode.NoRestriction -> dependenciesFile
| SemVerUpdateMode.KeepMajor -> processFile (fun v -> sprintf "~> %d.%d" v.Major v.Minor + formatPrerelease v)
| SemVerUpdateMode.KeepMinor -> processFile (fun v -> sprintf "~> %d.%d.%d" v.Major v.Minor v.Patch + formatPrerelease v)
| SemVerUpdateMode.KeepPatch -> processFile (fun v -> sprintf "~> %d.%d.%d.%A" v.Major v.Minor v.Patch v.Build + formatPrerelease v)
let getPreferredVersionsF,getPackageDetailsF,groupsToUpdate =
let changes,groups =
match updateMode with
| UpdateAll ->
let changes =
lockFile.GetGroupedResolution()
|> Seq.map (fun k -> k.Key)
|> Set.ofSeq
changes,dependenciesFile.Groups
| UpdateGroup groupName ->
let changes =
lockFile.GetGroupedResolution()
|> Seq.map (fun k -> k.Key)
|> Seq.filter (fun (g,_) -> g = groupName)
|> Set.ofSeq
let groups =
dependenciesFile.Groups
|> Map.filter (fun k _ -> k = groupName)
changes,groups
| UpdateFiltered (groupName, filter) ->
let changes =
lockFile.GetGroupedResolution()
|> Seq.map (fun k -> k.Key)
|> Seq.filter (fun (g, p) -> g = groupName && filter.Match p)
|> Set.ofSeq
|> fun s ->
match filter with
| PackageFilter.PackageName name -> Set.add (groupName,name) s
| _ -> s
let groups =
dependenciesFile.Groups
|> Map.filter (fun k _ -> k = groupName || changes |> Seq.exists (fun (g,_) -> g = k))
changes,groups
| InstallGroup groupName ->
let hasAnyChanges,nuGetChanges,remoteFileChanges,hasChanges = DependencyChangeDetection.GetChanges(dependenciesFile,lockFile,true)
let hasChanges groupName x =
let hasChanges = hasChanges groupName x
if not hasChanges then
tracefn "Skipping resolver for group %O since it is already up-to-date" groupName
hasChanges
let groups =
dependenciesFile.Groups
|> Map.filter (fun k _ -> k = groupName)
|> Map.filter hasChanges
nuGetChanges
|> Set.map (fun (f,s,_) -> f,s)
|> Set.filter (fun (g,_) -> g = groupName), groups
| Install ->
let hasAnyChanges,nuGetChanges,remoteFileChanges,hasChanges = DependencyChangeDetection.GetChanges(dependenciesFile,lockFile,true)
let hasChanges groupName x =
let hasChanges = hasChanges groupName x
if not hasChanges then
tracefn "Skipping resolver for group %O since it is already up-to-date" groupName
hasChanges
let groups =
dependenciesFile.Groups
|> Map.filter hasChanges
nuGetChanges
|> Set.map (fun (f,s,_) -> f,s), groups
let preferredVersions =
match updateMode with
| UpdateAll ->
Map.empty
| UpdateGroup _ ->
Map.empty
| UpdateFiltered (groupName, filter) ->
DependencyChangeDetection.GetPreferredNuGetVersions(dependenciesFile,lockFile)
|> Map.filter (fun (g, p) _ -> g = groupName || not (filter.Match p))
| InstallGroup groupName ->
DependencyChangeDetection.GetPreferredNuGetVersions(dependenciesFile,lockFile)
|> Map.filter (fun (g, p) _ -> g = groupName)
| Install ->
DependencyChangeDetection.GetPreferredNuGetVersions(dependenciesFile,lockFile)
|> Map.map (fun (groupName,_packageName) (v,s) ->
let caches =
match dependenciesFile.Groups |> Map.tryFind groupName with
| None -> []
| Some group -> group.Caches
v,s :: (List.map PackageSources.PackageSource.FromCache caches))
let getPreferredVersionsF resolverStrategy (parameters:GetPackageVersionsParameters) =
let key = parameters.Package.GroupName, parameters.Package.PackageName
match preferredVersions |> Map.tryFind key, resolverStrategy with
| Some x, ResolverStrategy.Min -> [x]
| Some x, _ ->
match dependenciesFile.TryGetPackage key with
| None -> [x]
| _ -> if not (changes |> Set.contains key) then [x] else []
| _ ->
[]
let getPackageDetailsF (parameters:GetPackageDetailsParameters) = async {
let! (exploredPackage:PackageDetails) = getPackageDetailsF parameters
match preferredVersions |> Map.tryFind (parameters.Package.GroupName, parameters.Package.PackageName) with
| Some (preferedVersion,_) when parameters.Version = preferedVersion -> return { exploredPackage with Unlisted = false }
| _ -> return exploredPackage }
getPreferredVersionsF,getPackageDetailsF,groups
let resolution = dependenciesFile.Resolve(force, getSha1, getVersionsF, getPreferredVersionsF, getPackageDetailsF, getRuntimeGraphFromPackage, groupsToUpdate, updateMode)
let groups =
dependenciesFile.Groups
|> Seq.choose (fun kv ->
let groupName = kv.Key
match resolution |> Map.tryFind groupName with
| Some group ->
let model = group.ResolvedPackages.GetModelOrFail()
for x in model do
if x.Value.Unlisted then
traceWarnfn "The owner of %O %A has unlisted the package. This could mean that the package version is deprecated or shouldn't be used anymore." x.Value.Name x.Value.Version
let dependenciesGroup = kv.Value
Some
(groupName,
{ Name = dependenciesGroup.Name
Options = dependenciesGroup.Options
Resolution = model
RemoteFiles = group.ResolvedSourceFiles })
| None -> lockFile.Groups |> Map.tryFind groupName |> Option.map (fun g -> groupName,g)) // just copy from lockfile
|> Map.ofSeq
LockFile(lockFile.FileName, groups),groupsToUpdate
let detectProjectFrameworksForDependenciesFile (dependenciesFile:DependenciesFile) =
let root = Path.GetDirectoryName dependenciesFile.FileName
let groups =
let targetFrameworks = lazy (
let rawRestrictions =
RestoreProcess.findAllReferencesFiles root |> returnOrFail
|> List.collect (fun (p,_) ->
p.GetTargetProfiles()
|> List.map (Requirements.FrameworkRestriction.ExactlyPlatform))
|> List.distinct
if rawRestrictions.IsEmpty then Paket.Requirements.FrameworkRestriction.NoRestriction
else rawRestrictions |> Seq.fold Paket.Requirements.FrameworkRestriction.combineRestrictionsWithOr Paket.Requirements.FrameworkRestriction.EmptySet)
dependenciesFile.Groups
|> Map.map (fun groupName group ->
let restrictions =
match group.Options.Settings.FrameworkRestrictions with
| Requirements.FrameworkRestrictions.AutoDetectFramework ->
Requirements.FrameworkRestrictions.ExplicitRestriction (targetFrameworks.Force())
| x -> x
let settings = { group.Options.Settings with FrameworkRestrictions = restrictions }
let options = { group.Options with Settings = settings }
{ group with Options = options })
DependenciesFile(dependenciesFile.FileName,groups,dependenciesFile.Lines)
let SelectiveUpdate(dependenciesFile : DependenciesFile, alternativeProjectRoot, updateMode, semVerUpdateMode, force) =
let lockFileName = DependenciesFile.FindLockfile dependenciesFile.FileName
let oldLockFile,updateMode =
if (updateMode = UpdateMode.UpdateAll && semVerUpdateMode = SemVerUpdateMode.NoRestriction) || not lockFileName.Exists then
LockFile.Parse(lockFileName.FullName, [||]),UpdateAll
else
LockFile.LoadFrom lockFileName.FullName,updateMode
let getSha1 origin owner repo branch auth = RemoteDownload.getSHA1OfBranch origin owner repo branch auth |> Async.RunSynchronously
let root = Path.GetDirectoryName dependenciesFile.FileName
let inline getVersionsF (parameters:GetPackageVersionsParameters) = async {
let! result = NuGet.GetVersions force alternativeProjectRoot root parameters
return result |> List.toSeq }
let dependenciesFile = detectProjectFrameworksForDependenciesFile dependenciesFile
let lockFile,updatedGroups =
selectiveUpdate
force
getSha1
getVersionsF
(NuGet.GetPackageDetails alternativeProjectRoot root force)
(RuntimeGraph.getRuntimeGraphFromNugetCache root)
oldLockFile
dependenciesFile
updateMode
semVerUpdateMode
let hasChanged = lockFile.Save()
lockFile,hasChanged,updatedGroups
/// Smart install command
let SmartInstall(dependenciesFile:DependenciesFile, updateMode, options : UpdaterOptions) =
let lockFile,hasChanged,updatedGroups = SelectiveUpdate(dependenciesFile, options.Common.AlternativeProjectRoot, updateMode, options.Common.SemVerUpdateMode, options.Common.Force)
let root = Path.GetDirectoryName dependenciesFile.FileName
let projectsAndReferences = RestoreProcess.findAllReferencesFiles root |> returnOrFail
if not options.NoInstall then
tracefn "Installing into projects:"
let forceTouch = hasChanged && options.Common.TouchAffectedRefs
InstallProcess.InstallIntoProjects(options.Common, forceTouch, dependenciesFile, lockFile, projectsAndReferences, updatedGroups)
GarbageCollection.CleanUp(dependenciesFile, lockFile)
let shouldGenerateScripts =
options.Common.GenerateLoadScripts ||
// hardcoded assumption, if option is set on any of the group, generate everything
dependenciesFile.Groups
|> Seq.map (fun kvp -> kvp.Value)
|> Seq.filter (fun g -> g.Options.Settings.GenerateLoadScripts = Some true)
|> Seq.tryHead
|> Option.isSome
if shouldGenerateScripts then
let groupsToGenerate =
if options.Common.GenerateLoadScripts then [] else
dependenciesFile.Groups
|> Seq.map (fun kvp -> kvp.Value)
|> Seq.filter (fun g -> g.Options.Settings.GenerateLoadScripts = Some true)
|> Seq.map (fun g -> g.Name)
|> Seq.toList
let rootDir = DirectoryInfo dependenciesFile.RootPath
let depCache= DependencyCache(lockFile)
let scripts = LoadingScripts.ScriptGeneration.constructScriptsFromData depCache groupsToGenerate options.Common.ProvidedFrameworks options.Common.ProvidedScriptTypes
for script in scripts do
script.Save rootDir
/// Update a single package command
let UpdatePackage(dependenciesFileName, groupName, packageName : PackageName, newVersion, options : UpdaterOptions) =
let dependenciesFile = DependenciesFile.ReadFromFile(dependenciesFileName)
if not (dependenciesFile.HasPackage(groupName, packageName)) then
failwithf "Package %O was not found in paket.dependencies in group %O.%s" packageName groupName (dependenciesFile.CheckIfPackageExistsInAnyGroup packageName)
let dependenciesFile =
match newVersion with
| Some v -> dependenciesFile.UpdatePackageVersion(groupName,packageName, v)
| None ->
tracefn "Updating %O in %s group %O" packageName dependenciesFileName groupName
dependenciesFile
let filter = PackageFilter.ofName packageName
SmartInstall(dependenciesFile, UpdateFiltered(groupName, filter), options)
/// Update a filtered list of packages
let UpdateFilteredPackages(dependenciesFileName, groupName, packageName : string, newVersion, options : UpdaterOptions) =
let dependenciesFile = DependenciesFile.ReadFromFile(dependenciesFileName)
let filter = PackageFilter.PackageFilter(PackageMatch packageName)
let dependenciesFile =
match newVersion with
| Some v -> dependenciesFile.UpdateFilteredPackageVersion(groupName, filter, v)
| None ->
tracefn "Updating %O in %s group %O" packageName dependenciesFileName groupName
dependenciesFile
SmartInstall(dependenciesFile, UpdateFiltered(groupName, filter), options)
/// Update a single group command
let UpdateGroup(dependenciesFileName, groupName, options : UpdaterOptions) =
let dependenciesFile = DependenciesFile.ReadFromFile(dependenciesFileName)
if not (dependenciesFile.Groups.ContainsKey groupName) then
failwithf "Group %O was not found in paket.dependencies." groupName
tracefn "Updating group %O in %s" groupName dependenciesFileName
SmartInstall(dependenciesFile, UpdateGroup groupName, options)
/// Update command
let Update(dependenciesFileName, options : UpdaterOptions) =
let dependenciesFile = DependenciesFile.ReadFromFile(dependenciesFileName)
SmartInstall(dependenciesFile, UpdateAll, options)
|
As a First-Term Senator, McCain Railed Against His Own Pork
Created: September 16, 2008 08:58 | Last updated: July 31, 2020 00:00
On the campaign trail, Sen. John McCain frequently decries earmarks and pork-barrel legislation, proudly bragging that he has never requested a single earmark for his home state of Arizona. However, a news article and a scathing editorial from The Arizona Republic during his first-term as the state’s junior senator reveal that McCain did, in fact, go outside the normal legislative process to secure funding for at least one pet project for Arizona. He also supported appropriations for at least two more — three projects that, much to his embarrassment, he later railed against as “pork.”
In 1991, McCain was embroiled in the The Keating Five Scandal, in which he and four other senators were implicated in a corruption investigation connected to the Savings & Loan crisis. Though McCain was cleared of wrongdoing in August, he was reprimanded by the Senate Ethics Committee for exercising poor judgment for meeting with federal regulators on behalf of one of his major fund-raisers, Charles Keating Jr., the chairman of Lincoln Savings and Loan Association. Keating would spend four and a half years in prison for fraud and racketeering following the bank’s failure.
Facing re-election the following year, McCain sought to salvage his damaged reputation by re-branding himself as a champion of government reform and a foe of wasteful spending. According to the article from The Arizona Republic dated June 14, 1991, McCain joined with two other senators and nine House members June 13 to introduce legislation to rescind more than $1 billion in funding for 325 federal pork-barrel projects in the 1991 budget that had not yet been spent.
“Listen, my friends, the system is broke, and this is the way to start fixing it,” McCain announced at a news conference. “There may be legitimate projects on this list, but I assure you, they are the exception and not the rule.”
According to the article, within hours of the news conference, McCain’s press secretary, Scott Celley, announced three Arizona projects on the list “could be ‘justified’ and ‘would pass muster’ if they went through the traditional process of hearings.”
In an interview, McCain said, “I’m not criticizing the projects, I’m criticizing the process. You can make a big-deal story about John McCain opposing three Arizona projects. I’m sure it will make good copy.”
There was just one problem. McCain had circumvented the “traditional process of hearings” to secure the funding for one of the Arizona pork projects he was now criticizing, and supported the other two.
Among the projects that made McCain’s “pork list” were the construction of a forestry-science center at Northern Arizona University, the expansion of a border-crossing station at Mariposa, 10 miles west of Nogales, and the paving of a road in the Black Mesa area of the Hopi Indian Reservation, which for generations has been at the center of a land dispute between the Hopis and Navajos.
The projects were called pork because they were not subject to hearings, were awarded without competitive bidding, or were of purely local interest and not of national importance, among other reasons.
“The funds for the dubious local projects were ‘snuck through’ the normal budget process,” a McCain news release said.
However, McCain, along with Sen. Daniel Inouye, D-Hawaii, chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Indian Affairs, wrote a letter in July 1990 to Sen. Frank Lautenberg, D-N.J., chairman of an Appropriations subcommittee that oversees transportation funds, specifically asking for $5.5 million for the Black Mesa road…
The project was given $4.7 million, apparently through actions by Lautenberg outside the normal legislative process.
“It seems pretty weird ,” said Bob Maynes, press secretary for Sen. Dennis DeConcini, D-Ariz., who is increasingly at odds with McCain. “I just don’t understand it. He (McCain) appears to have done exactly what he is criticizing.”
The article also notes that Celley, McCain’s press secretary, said McCain had supported the NAU forestry center, but pointed to $4.5 million appropriated for its construction from the Federal Buildings Fund, as pork. Celley said McCain also supported the $10.6 million expansion of the Mariposa border-crossing station.
McCain said he didn’t know what the Arizona projects were and said he would not comment on their merits.
“I have no comment, because I do not know if they are good or bad or indifferent,” McCain said. “They might be the most good and valuable project that all civilization rests on, I don’t know, but if they did not go through the correct process, then I think they are wrong.”
According to the article, this was apparently not the first time McCain had gone around the normal legislative process to fund pet projects.
Celley admitted that McCain has worked in the past to push appropriations through in whatever manner was necessary.
“We have worked for them (appropriations),” he said. “Letters were written about these projects, and the senator may have talked with people to work their way through.”
A June 15, 1991 editorial from The Republic recounted the episode, lambasting McCain’s hypocrisy.
While Mr. McCain spoke [at the news conference], a news release from his office thundered that “the funds for the dubious local projects were ‘snuck through’ the normal budget process.” In other words, these boondoggles had bypassed public hearings, the preferred practice for all 535 members when it comes to funding home-district projects that cannot stand on their own merits.
Much to his discomfort, Mr. McCain subsequently learned from a reporter that three Arizona projects were to be found on the diabolical list. In fact, Mr. McCain himself had sought funding for one of them, $4.7 million for the Turquoise Trail road, which would link Navajo and Hopi Indian communities.
“Oh, my God, is there three?” a chagrined Mr. McCain sputtered. “Oh…really? Is there really three in there?…I’m just shocked.”
Later on, the senator averred that what was really at issue was the “process,” not the projects themselves, although in the earlier news release he described the projects as “dubious.” Finally, Mr. McCain even back-pedaled on whether they actually had “snuck through” the process.
Had Mr. McCain attacked the process and even singled out those three Arizona projects as examples of extravagant spending, he could have made an important point. Instead, he was left defending his pet projects while criticizing everyone else’s pork-barreling. And that is precisely why Congress cannot get spending under control.
Even on McCain’s signature issue — his supposed career-long opposition to pork — he is not telling the truth. |
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Wednesday, May 14, 2014
There's a new listing for 118 E. First St. ... in that area where East First Street, Avenue A and East Houston all converge.
According to the listing at Streeteasy, the property has a total approximate square footage of 3,900 — with an additional 9,000 square feet of air-rights. The folks at Marcus & Millichap are peddling the building as either "a cash flowing asset, retail-user opportunity or a development site."
Let's have the listing break it down for us...
Cash Flow Opportunity: The property contains a total of three free market apartments and one retail space. The residential portion consists of one three-bedroom, one two-bedroom and one one-bedroom. All three apartments are on month to month leases and tenants are responsible for their own heat. All the residential units have been renovated, are in fantastic condition and offer great details such as exposed bricks and decorative fire places. The 1,300 square foot retail space on the ground floor is currently vacant, with a projected rent of $12,000 per month ($111 per square foot).
Retail User Opportunity: The 1,300 square foot retail space's ideal user would be for a restaurant/bar, with an approximate 800 square foot court yard/garden. The property features highly coveted East Houston frontage and is located directly across from the famed Katz's Delicatessen and steps away from Whole Foods.
Development Site: The property contains an approximate 9,000 square feet of additional air rights. Feasibility studies done over the past couple years have determined a new structure could be built with approximately 12,500 square feet. The property is subject to the "sliver law," however, in the past year there has been Zoning Reports from the city that have ruled 118 east 1st street as being on a "Wide Street," due to East Houston Frontage.
Price: $5.15 million.
In a different lifetime, 118 E. First St. was home to Darinka, the performance space that Gary Ray opened in 1983 (RIP — 1987). Darinka's many performers through the years included house band They Might Be Giants and cabaret nights hosted by Steve Buscemi and Mark Boone Junior.
We've been meaning to do a Darinka post, so we'll revisit this topic again soon.
7 comments:
Anonymous
said...
who in there right mind would rend an apartment in a building which allows a bar or restaurant to expand into the outdoor space? I know people that live above Double Wide on 12th street which commands the garden and the noise means no sleep for tenants.
The fact that in amongst the mentions of "cash flowing asset, retail-user opportunity or a development site", not one mention is made of "housing", shows me that I can add "real estate" to "politics" on my list of jobs to never, never, never do if I want to retain my soul.
Back in 1987 the landlord ~Tom G.~ told me he was going to put the building on the market and that I would have to lease the space on a month to month basis. Can't run a club like that... From what I understand it's still in the G family. Otherwise Tom was a wonderful landlord and character. I miss him. Thanks for mentioning Darinka EV Grieve & keep up the good work!
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Text and photos by Stacie Joy It's early evening when I arrive at C&B Cafe , 178 E. Seventh St. between Avenue A and Avenue B, f...
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Introduction {#s1}
============
Maternal obesity during pregnancy and lactation may predispose the offspring to increased adiposity, accompanied by higher leptin and glucose levels later in life, especially in the presence of a genetic tendency [@pone.0059937-Gorski1], [@pone.0059937-Levin1]. The maternal nutritional and hormonal environment during the perinatal period thus programs life-long appetite and metabolism in the offspring. The hormonal, neuronal and autocrine mechanisms mediating the maintenance of energy balance develop during this period, making it of high relevance in determining the programming of later sensitivity or resistance to obesity [@pone.0059937-Taylor1].
Leptin is mainly secreted by adipocytes in direct proportion with the amounts of adipose tissue in the body [@pone.0059937-Maffei1]. Its provides the central nervous system with information about adipose stores to enable the brain to make the adjustments necessary to balance energy intake and expenditure [@pone.0059937-deLuca1]. Early hyperleptinemia (caused by either maternal undernutrition or exogenous administration) can potentially induce peripheral leptin resistance in adult offspring [@pone.0059937-deOliveiraCravo1], [@pone.0059937-Toste1], [@pone.0059937-Yura1]. Leptin signaling impairment, frequently found in obesity [@pone.0059937-Banks1], [@pone.0059937-Enriori1], [@pone.0059937-Zhang1], has been associated with sensitivity to diet induced obesity, especially when animals are exposed to high fat/highly palatable diets [@pone.0059937-Munzberg1]. In addition, leptin has a permissive role in initiating puberty and is crucial in the pathogenesis of reproductive dysfunction in several disease states of energy imbalance, such as anorexia on one side, and obesity on the other. Leptin interacts with the reproductive axis at multiple sites, stimulating at the hypothalamus and pituitary and inhibiting at the gonads. In conditions with excess energy stores or metabolic disturbances, elevated serum or follicular fluid leptin levels have been reported, raising the possibility that leptin deficiency or resistance may be at least partly responsible for the reproductive abnormalities usually found in these conditions [@pone.0059937-Moschos1].
The Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rat is a model of early onset hyperphagia induced obesity [@pone.0059937-Blumberg1], [@pone.0059937-Schroeder1]. As a result of the lack of CCK~1~ receptors [@pone.0059937-Nakamura1] the short term satiety signal produced by CCK when fat is consumed [@pone.0059937-Gibbs1] is ineffective. Previous studies showed that OLETF pups presented high adiposity during lactation, accompanied by a spontaneous leptin surge around postnatal (PND) 7 [@pone.0059937-Schroeder1]. The relevance of this model relies in the fact that its obesity results from hyperphagia and can be completely prevented by food restriction [@pone.0059937-Schroeder2], [@pone.0059937-Schroeder3] in contrast to other genetic models [@pone.0059937-Cleary1], [@pone.0059937-Coleman1], [@pone.0059937-Johnson1]. Basal hypothalamic mRNA levels of the long form of leptin receptor (Ob-Rb) (the one that mediates intracellular signaling) at adulthood, do not differ between OLETF and LETO (Long Evans Tokushima Otsuka) control males [@pone.0059937-Bi1] even though OLETF males appear to develop peripheral leptin resistance around the age of 8 weeks [@pone.0059937-Niimi1]. While the leptin system has never been examined in OLETF females, the high circulating levels of leptin appear to affect the estradiol/progesterone-induced luteinizing hormone (LH) and prolactin (PRL) surges in the proestrus phase of the estrous cycle, leading to fertility problems. This can be partially improved by food restriction leading to normalized levels of leptin [@pone.0059937-Watanobe1]. Finally, the cycle of OLETF females is abnormal in structure, and intake across the cycle is not sufficiently decreased towards the estrous phase [@pone.0059937-Schroeder4].
We performed two different studies examining the contribution of the early postnatal environment to obesity in the offspring [@pone.0059937-Schroeder5], [@pone.0059937-Schroeder6] using the cross-fostering strategy. We found that OLETF dams made pups obese through high fat milk and increased predisposition to nurse [@pone.0059937-Schroeder5], while LETO dams reared lean pups [@pone.0059937-Schroeder6]. Long term influences included some moderation in parameters of the metabolic syndrome in OLETF and hyperadiposity, hyperphagia and dyslipidemia in LETO females reared by obese dams, implying deep long lasting effects of the perinatal environment on their health [@pone.0059937-Schroeder6].
On the basis of those results, the present study explored a potential mechanism underlying long term effects of early environment on adult phenotype. We exposed LETO pups to an obesogenic postnatal environment and OLETF pups to lean dams. This lead to four experimental groups: LETO controls, OLETF controls, OLETF dams rearing LETO pups (OdLp) and LETO dams rearing OLETF pups (LdOp). We aimed to, first, examine the potential of the early environment in determining lifelong sensitivity to diet induced obesity resulting from alterations in leptin sensitivity; and second, to assess the effects of early overnutrition and hyperleptinemia on reproductive health parameters in female offspring, as adults.
Materials and Methods {#s2}
=====================
Ethics statement {#s2a}
----------------
The research protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Bar-Ilan University (Permit Numbers: 10-03-07, 08-03-10), and it adhered to the guidelines of the Society for Neuroscience.
Subjects {#s2b}
--------
OLETF and LETO rats were raised in the SPF facility of the Gonda Brain Research Center at Bar-Ilan University, Israel. LETO rats were chosen as controls, since the OLETF strain is an outbred line originating in that specific (Long Evans) colony and are considered as normal. Offspring were housed with their dams and litters until weaning and in pairs from then and on, in polycarbonate cages (23.5 cm height×26.5 cm width×43 cm length), with stainless steel wire lids, wood shavings as bedding and plastic tubes for enrichment. Food (2018S Teklad Global, 5% fat) and water were freely available. The animals were on a 12∶12 hr light∶dark cycle (lights on at 06:00) and 22+/−2°C room temperature. Newborn litters found until noon each day were designated as PND0. On PND1, litters were culled to 10 pups (minimum 8), with sex distribution kept as equal as possible. At this point, 2--3 females were fostered to a dam from the opposite strain and mixed with the rest of the litter. The research protocol was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Bar-Ilan University (Permit Numbers: 10-03-07, 08-03-10), and it adhered to the guidelines of the Society for Neuroscience. All tests were performed on the diestrous phase of the estrous cycle.
Experimental procedure {#s2c}
----------------------
### Body weight and intake {#s2c1}
Rats were weighed every fifth day from birth until PND90. Intake was assessed daily from pairs of same-condition females starting at the time of weaning (PND22).
### Nursing test {#s2c2}
Nursing was determined as described [@pone.0059937-Schroeder7]. Nursing of pups was examined once with their foster dam in their home cages, between 18--20 days postpartum. Experiments took place between 10:00 and 15:00 hrs, after a 4 hr separation from the dam. Pups were placed as a group in a cage containing bedding from the home cage and in a humid and warm incubator (33°C) for that period while the dams remained in their home cage. Excretion was induced with a cotton swab and then pups were weighed and individually identified with a permanent marker. After the isolation period, the pups were returned to the nest, scattered in the 4 corners of the cage (e.g., as in [@pone.0059937-Schroeder7]) and weight gain (% of BW) and nursing time were recorded.
### Leptin sensitivity test {#s2c3}
Test (modified from [@pone.0059937-Niimi1], [@pone.0059937-Patterson1]) took place around PND60 (females always in the diestrous phase of their cycle). At 14 hr, food was removed from the cages for a two-hour deprivation period. At 16 hr, rats were injected with either murine leptin (i.p.) at a concentration of 2 mg/kg (Peprotech) or saline. All females underwent both treatments in the diestrous phase of their cycles in a random order. Intake was assessed 4 and 24 hours after injection. [Results](#s3){ref-type="sec"} were calculated by deducting the females\' intake after leptin injection by the amounts consumed after injection of saline.
### High fat ENSURE challenge {#s2c4}
Around PND75, rats received a choice of standard chow (5% fat), ENSURE vanilla (20% fat) and ENSURE plus vanilla (30%) overnight for a period of 12 hours without food deprivation. Ensure (Abbot) is a liquid rich in calories, very attractive to rats and frequently used in studies. The test was conducted for 4 days, with 2--3 days break for estrous changes. Food preference during the first and the following trials, as well as total kcal intake were examined.
### Physiological measures {#s2c5}
Rats were sacrificed on PND7, PND22 (weaning) or on PND90. On PND7 blood was collected after decapitation for determination of plasma leptin levels. At weaning, pups were anesthetized (pentobarbital (200 mg/ml) and Assival (5 mg/ml) (1∶1)), weighed, measured (body length and waist circumference) and scanned using Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA; Lunar Piximus II). Percentage body fat, lean body mass, bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC) and bone area were assessed. On PND90 animals were decapitated after the scan, and trunk blood for leptin and insulin analysis was collected in chilled heparinized vacutainer tubes coated with EDTA. Brains were extracted and immediately frozen on dry ice. Plasma and brains were stored at −80°C.
### Leptin, insulin, TNFα, IL 1β and IL 6 {#s2c6}
Plasma hormones were assessed using commercial ELISA kits. Leptin (R&D Systems, intra-assay variance 2.70, inter-assay variance 5.76, minimum detectable amount \[MDA\] 22 pg/ml), insulin (Linco, intra-assay variance 1.91, inter-assay variance 7.63, MDA 0.2 ng/ml), TNFα, IL 1β and IL 6 (Peprotech, intra-assay variance 2.31--4.22, inter-assay variance 4.68--6.93, MDA 0.2--0.4 ng/ml) ELISAs were determined according to the manufacturers\' instructions.
### Steroid metabolites extraction from feces {#s2c7}
The protocol was modified from previous protocols [@pone.0059937-Chelini1], [@pone.0059937-Palme1], [@pone.0059937-Bardi1]. Briefly, fresh feces were collected between 12--14PM, two-four hours after vaginal smears sampling. Feces were stored in absolute ethanol and preserved at −20°C until analysis. The day of the assay, samples were dried in a hood overnight, triturated and weighed. Ten ml of ethanol 96% were added to each sample (0.2--0.5 gr), followed by incubation overnight at room temperature in glass tubes. The next day, samples were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 2000×g; supernatants were collected with a Pasteur pipette and transferred to new glass tubes. Feces were then dried in a speed vac, reconstituted with the kits running buffer and diluted for steroid analysis. The extract of each fecal sample was diluted 1∶16, according to results from pre-tested samples. Estradiol and progesterone metabolites were assessed using commercial ELISA kits (Cat.No.582601 for progesterone and Cat.No.52251 for Estradiol, Cayman). Quality-control samples were run during the assays, and the intra assay precision of our samples was in the range of the kit standards. The final concentration obtained was divided by the weight of the original sample for normalization. Estradiol intra-assay variance was 12.3, inter-assay variance was 5.5, and MDA was 20 pg/ml. Progesterone intra-assay variance was 4.9, inter-assay variance was 1.5, and MDA was 10 pg/ml.
### Estrous cycle {#s2c8}
The estrous cycle of 50--80 day old females was examined daily in the morning as previously described [@pone.0059937-Schroeder4]. Samples were collected by introduction and immediate extraction of a small amount of phosphate buffer with a micropipette in the rat\'s vagina. The stage of the estrous cycle (diestrous 1 or metaestrous, diestrous 2, pro-estrous or estrous) was determined by examining the appearance and abundance of cells within the vaginal cytology samples.
### Immunohistochemistry {#s2c9}
In a separate set of animals (N = 5--6) (aged 60--70 days), food was removed at 14 hr for a two-hour deprivation period. At 16 hr, rats were injected with either murine leptin (i.p.) at a concentration of 2 mg/kg (Peprotech) or saline and were perfused 90--100 minutes after the leptin/saline injection. Rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium (200 mg/ml) and Assival (5 mg/ml) (1∶1), and transcardially perfused with heparinized saline containing 2% sodium nitrite, followed by a fixative containing 4% paraformaldehyde in 0.1 M phosphate buffer. Brains were removed and post-fixed in perfusing fixative for 24 hs and in 35% sucrose solution for 2 weeks at 4°C. The hypothalamic slices containing the ARC, DMH and NTS were cut (35 µm) using a freezing cryostat (−20°C) (ARC: Bregma −3.30 to −2.12, DMH: −3.30 to −2.56 and NTS: −14.08 to −13.68 respectively) according to Paxinos & Watson, 1997). Free-floating brain sections were stained for c-fos immuno-reactivity using the avidin-biotin-peroxidase method as previously described [@pone.0059937-Blumberg2]. Briefly, the tissue was permeabilized using 0.2% Triton X-100, washed in a Tris Buffered Saline (TBS) solution containing 0.5% BSA and were then immersed for 18--20 h in anti-c-Fos oncoprotein polyclonal antiserum specific for c-Fos protein (1∶20.000; Ab-5, Oncogene Sciences, Cambridge MA). Sections were then washed and incubated in biotinylated secondary antibody to rabbit IgG in goat (1∶2000; Vector Laboratories, Peterborough, UK), were washed again and then put into avidin-biotin complex (1∶70; Vectastain Elite ABC Kit, Vector Laboratories). Visualization was by incubation in 2% diaminobenzidine (DAB) solution (Kirkegaard and Perry Laboratories, Gaithersburg, MD). Brain sections were later mounted, dehydrated and coverslipped with Permount (Fisher). Both sides of the bilateral structure were counted and averaged. Digital photographs of coronal sections were taken using the ACT1 program, at ×40 magnification. CFLI cells were identified by dark black immunoreactivity in the nucleus and were counted by an observer blind to the experimental treatment, using the public domain NIH Image-J software. Cell counting was performed on the ARC and DMH (both analyzed from 2 sections containing the largest extent of the nucleus) and the caudal NTS in the hindbrain.
### Western Blot {#s2c10}
ARC punches were extracted from frozen brains, samples were boiled with sample buffer after protein extraction, and total protein was fractionated by 7.5% SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes at 4°C. After blocking with 5% skim milk for 3 hours at room temperature, the membranes were incubated with Leptin Receptor antibody (ab5593) or pSTAT3 antibody (Cell signaling) at 4°C overnight (1∶2000 and 1∶200 respectively). The first antibody detects both the short (Ob-Ra) and long form (Ob-Rb) of the leptin receptor. The expression of GAPDH was determined as a loading control. After further incubation with horseradish peroxidase-conjugated secondary (Goat anti-rabbit IgG, SC-2004, Santa Cruz), ECL (Ornat) was added and the signal was detected by gel documentation equipment. The signal intensity was determined by the public domain NIH Image J program. Ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) punches were also extracted and prepared in a similar manner for the relative quantification of the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) protein. Similarly, proteins were extracted, and total protein was fractionated by 7.5% SDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes at 4°C. Blocking was shorter (1 hour at room temperature) with 5% skim milk and then membranes were incubated with ERα antibody (Santa Cruz) at 4°C overnight (1∶1000). The rest was performed exactly as in the leptin receptor protocol.
Statistical approach {#s2d}
--------------------
Group differences in DEXA and external measures were analyzed by one way ANOVA comparing the LETO, OdLp (OLETF dam LETO pup), OLETF and LdOp (LETO dam OLETF pups) groups (with post-hoc Duncan\'s test). For the hormones leptin and insulin, strain differences were pronounced so data were analyzed separately within each pup-genotype (LETO/OLETF). In the leptin and the high fat ENSURE challenges, a similar approach was adopted, examining only the effects of adoption within strains (one-way ANOVA with Duncan\'s post-hoc tests). Differences in intake between the first and following trials in the high fat challenge within each group were analyzed by paired t-tests. Western blot results were analyzed by one sample t-tests. Estrous cycle structure was analyzed by chi-square test.
Results {#s3}
=======
Fostering reduced long term body weight and food intake in LdOp offspring {#s3a}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Body weight (BW) and intake were assessed in females of all groups from weaning and on. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed a significant effect of cross-fostering on BW (F(54,24) = 1.88, p\<0.05). Overall, fostering did not affect long term BW and food intake in OdLp females, with the exception of BW at weaning ([Fig. 1a](#pone-0059937-g001){ref-type="fig"}). LdOp females weighed significantly less in 7 of the 19 days examined, including at weaning and PND90 and consumed less food compared to OLETF females (F(3,24) = 325.59, p\<0.001; Duncan\'s test, p\<0.05) ([Figs. 1a&d](#pone-0059937-g001){ref-type="fig"}).
![Developmental data.\
[Body weight in grams]{.ul} at weaning (PND22) and PND90 (**A**); [nursing time]{.ul} in minutes (**B**); [weight gain (%) from nursing]{.ul} (**C**), [total food intake in kcal]{.ul} from weaning until PND90 (**D**) and [body fat in %BW]{.ul} weaning (PND22) and PND90 (**E**). Representative DEXA pictures of females offspring (**F**). Data are presented in means and SEM. Duncan tests: \*p\<0.05 for significant differences from LETO controls; \# p\<0.05 for significant differences from OLETF controls. ∼ for statistical tendency (p = 0.09). N = 6--8 per group.](pone.0059937.g001){#pone-0059937-g001}
Dams of both strains nursed their litters according to their own genetic background and were not affected by the adopted offspring {#s3b}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
On PND18, a nursing test was performed in order to determine the effectiveness of the manipulation, designed to prevent the maternal adaptation reported when whole litters are fostered [@pone.0059937-Schroeder6]. Indeed, nursing time differed between the dams, with OLETF nursing longer than LETO dams ([Fig. 1b](#pone-0059937-g001){ref-type="fig"}). Overall weight gain (normalized to BW) from nursing bouts tended to differ among the groups. In the LETO offspring, weight gain was similar regardless of the strain of the mother, while LdOp offspring showed decreased weight gain compared to OLETF offspring ([Fig. 1c](#pone-0059937-g001){ref-type="fig"}).
Body composition in the offspring was determined by the early environment at the time of weaning and by genotype at adulthood {#s3c}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used for determination of body composition and bone morphology. We examined lean and fat mass, bone mineral density, content and area both at weaning (PND22) and PND90. At weaning (F(3,15) = 16.02, p\<0.001) and adulthood (F(3,26) = 30.26, p\<0.001) percentage body fat differed significantly between the groups. The females\' adiposity at weaning was determined by the strain of the mother, but it returned to be genotypically determined at adulthood ([Figs. 1d&f](#pone-0059937-g001){ref-type="fig"}). Lean body mass also differed between the groups at the time of weaning and was determined by the strain of the mother (F(3,15) = 6.86, p\<0.01) ([Table 1a](#pone-0059937-t001){ref-type="table"}). At adulthood the effect was also significant (F(3,26) = 6.89, p\<0.001) and determined by genotype. Bone mineral density (BMD) differed between the groups at weaning (F(3,15) = 14.48, p\<0.001) and tended to be significantly different on PND90 (F(3,26) = 2.36, p = 0.094)([Table 1b](#pone-0059937-t001){ref-type="table"}). A similar profile was observed regarding bone mineral content (BMC); it differed between the groups at weaning (F(3,15) = 15.75, p\<0.001), but this difference was not evident at adulthood; OLETF females presented overall lower mineral content than LETO females ([Table 1b](#pone-0059937-t001){ref-type="table"}). Accordingly, bone area differed between the groups at weaning (F(3,15) = 11.17, p\<0.001), but not at adulthood ([Table 1](#pone-0059937-t001){ref-type="table"}).
10.1371/journal.pone.0059937.t001
###### DEXA parameters at weaning (A) and on PND 90 (B).
{#pone-0059937-t001-1}
\(A\)
------------------------------------- ------------ ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- -----------------------------------------------------
**Lean body mass (gr)** 30.85±1.49 [37.07±1.51]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"} [39.55±1.86]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"} [37.32±0.65]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"}
**Bone mineral content (gr)** 0.35±0.02 [0.45±0.03]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"} [0.52±0.02]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"} [0.54±0.02]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"}
**Bone area (cm^2^)** 8.365±0.23 [9.48±0.43]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"} [9.87±0.34]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"} [10.48±0.18]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"}
**Bone mineral density (cm^2^/gr)** 0.042±0.00 [0.048±0.00]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"} [0.052±0.00]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"} [0.052±0.00]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"}
**body length (cm)** 11.15±0.35 [13.43±0.30]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"} [13.08±0.30]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"} 13.02±0.12
\(B\)
------------------------------------- ------------- ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------
**Lean body mass (gr)** 101.58±2.53 96.60±2.81 [112.88±4.11]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"} [114.83±3.53]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"}
**Bone mineral content (gr)** 2.26±0.20 2.00±0.25 [1.79±0.28]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"} [1.58±0.14]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"}
**Bone area (cm^2^)** 12.38±0.85 10.98±0.91 11.34±1.26 10.41±0.77
**Bone mineral density (cm^2^/gr)** 0.191±0.02 0.183±0.02 [0.155±0.01]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"} [0.152±0.01]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"}
**body length (cm)** 21.38±0.21 21.00±0.25 [22.77±0.14]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"} [22.13±0.23]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"}
**insulin (ng/ml** 2.39±0.31 [1.47±0.17]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"} [4.45±1.08]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"} [4.21±0.70]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"}
**TNFα (pg/ml)** 547.4±68.6 [951.4±146.5]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"} 945±227.0 777.3±206.6
**IL 1β (ng/ml)** 6.21±0.43 7.57±1.11 6.26±0.58 7.70±0.89
**IL 6 (ng/ml)** 5.12±0.43 [2.80±0.73]{.ul} [\*](#nt101){ref-type="table-fn"} 4.70±0.98 5.21±0.89
p\<0.05 for significant differences compared to LETO controls.
OLETF dams induced a transitory postnatal leptin surge in the LETO offspring, while LETO dams blunted the expected postnatal leptin surge in OLETF offspring {#s3d}
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Previous studies showed that PND7 reflects a critical time window where abnormal leptin levels can lead to life-long metabolic complications [@pone.0059937-deOliveiraCravo1], [@pone.0059937-Toste1], [@pone.0059937-Yura1]. We therefore examined leptin at PND7 and adulthood. In addition, we examined adult insulin levels and further inflammatory markers to assess possible inflammation in lean and obese females with and without childhood hyperadiposity. Plasma leptin levels on PND7 were significantly affected by adoption in both strains (F(3,22) = 12.64, p\<0.001), with OdLp females presenting twice as much leptin compared to LETO and with LdOp females presenting normalized (to LETO levels) levels ([Fig. 2a](#pone-0059937-g002){ref-type="fig"}). On PND90, leptin was no longer affected by adoption and was low in LETO and high in the OLETF strain ([Fig. 2b](#pone-0059937-g002){ref-type="fig"}). While OLETF females showed no alterations in plasma insulin, OdLp females showed significantly lower insulin levels compared to LETO (F(1,9) = 14.26, p\<0.01; [Table 1b](#pone-0059937-t001){ref-type="table"}). Overall, TNFα, IL1β & IL6 did not differ between the strains. However, within the LETO strain, higher levels of TNFα (F(1,10) = 6.24, p\<0.05) and lower levels of IL6 (F(1,11) = 9.03, p\<0.05) were detected in OdLp vs. LETO ([Table 1b](#pone-0059937-t001){ref-type="table"}).
![Leptin and leptin receptors.\
[Plasma leptin levels on PND7]{.ul} (**A**) and [on PND90]{.ul} (**B**); [peripheral leptin sensitivity challenge]{.ul} (intake changes in grams, 4, 20 & 24 hours after peripheral leptin injection (2 mg/kg) (normalized to intake after saline injection)) (**C**); [protein levels for the long form (Ob-Rb)]{.ul} (**D**) [and the short form (Ob-Ra) of the leptin receptors]{.ul} (**E**) [and pSTAT3]{.ul} (**F**) [in the ARC]{.ul}. Data are presented in means and SEM. \*p\<0.05 for significant differences from LETO controls; \# p\<0.05 and \#\# p\<0.01 for significant differences from OLETF controls; + p\<0.05 for significant changes in intake within each group; ∼ = 0.053. N = 5--8 per group.](pone.0059937.g002){#pone-0059937-g002}
Adult food intake levels after exogenous leptin administration were determined by the early postnatal environment {#s3e}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
We performed a leptin sensitivity test to assess the effects of acute increase in peripheral leptin on food intake in adult females reared in each experimental condition. LETO females presented a normal response (decreased food intake in the first hours following leptin administration) to acute leptin administration, while OdLp females failed to decrease food intake during the first 4 hours after the injection (F(1,9) = 20.90, p\<0.001). OLETF females presented complete resistance to leptin, and while LdOp females showed an evident response, the high variability prevented statistical significance ([Fig. 2c](#pone-0059937-g002){ref-type="fig"}).
Ob-Ra and Ob-Rb levels in the Arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus were affected by the early postnatal environment {#s3f}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Next, we examined protein levels of the short (Ob-Ra) and long (Ob-Rb) forms of leptin receptor in adult females of all groups. Additionally, we examined the levels of the phosphorylated transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription (pSTAT3), which becomes activated by leptin, to assess Ob-Rb functioning. In the Arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC) we found significant differences between the groups in the expression of the short form of Leptin receptor (Ob-Ra). One sample t-test analysis revealed significantly higher Ob-Ra levels in OLETF and OdLp females (t(5) = 2.62, p\<0.05 and t(7) = 3.26, p\<0.05, respectively) and normalized (to LETO) levels in LdOp females ([Fig. 2d](#pone-0059937-g002){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, OdLp females tended to show increased ARC levels of Ob-Rb (t(7) = 2.33, p = 0.052) ([Fig. 2e](#pone-0059937-g002){ref-type="fig"}). ARC pSTAT3 levels were significantly higher in OLETF compared to LETO while LdOp and LETO levels did not differ (F(3,24) = 3.22, p\<0.05). OdLp pSTAT3 levels were normal ([Fig. 2f](#pone-0059937-g002){ref-type="fig"}).
The sensitivity to leptin in the ARC was determined by the early postnatal environment {#s3g}
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To determine the hypothalamic and the brainstem sensitivity to leptin between the groups, we examined c-fos activation in the ARC, in the dorsomedial hypothalamus (DMH) and the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) after exogenous leptin administration. The ARC response to leptin was significantly higher in LETO females compared to all other groups (F(3,22) = 6.51, p\<0.003, specific between-group differences based on Duncan\'s test). When compared to same group saline response, activation in response to leptin was significant in the LETO and LdOp groups, while in the OLETF and OdLp groups leptin did not significantly increase c-fos activation ([Fig. 3a](#pone-0059937-g003){ref-type="fig"}). In the NTS, leptin significantly and similarly increased c-fos response, compared to saline, in all groups ([Fig. 3b](#pone-0059937-g003){ref-type="fig"}). In the DMH, leptin also significantly increased the response in all groups (all t-tests p\<0.05) ([Fig. 3c](#pone-0059937-g003){ref-type="fig"}). However, c-fos response was much higher in LETO & OdLp (F(3,18) = 16.83, p\<0.001) compared to the OLETF strain ([Fig. 3c](#pone-0059937-g003){ref-type="fig"}). Representative pictures of the c-fos response in the ARC are shown in [fig. 3d](#pone-0059937-g003){ref-type="fig"}. NTS and DMH pictures are shown in [figs. 4](#pone-0059937-g004){ref-type="fig"} & [5](#pone-0059937-g005){ref-type="fig"}.
![C-fos.\
[C-fos-like immunoreactivity in the ARC (**A**), NTS (**B**) and DMH (**C**) after peripheral saline and leptin administration]{.ul} (2 mg/kg); and representative pictures of the ARC (**D**). **\***p\<0.05, **\*\***p\<0.01, **\*\*\***p\<0.001, **\#**p\<0.05 for significant differences from LETO leptin. Data are presented in means and SEM. N = 5--6 per group.](pone.0059937.g003){#pone-0059937-g003}
![C-fos in the NTS.\
[Representative pictures of the NTS]{.ul}.](pone.0059937.g004){#pone-0059937-g004}
![C-fos in the DMH.\
[Representative pictures of the DMH]{.ul}.](pone.0059937.g005){#pone-0059937-g005}
OdLp females presented hyperphagia when challenged with a high fat/palatable liquid, while LdOp females moderated their intake across the challenge trials {#s3h}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The observed alterations in leptin sensitivity were tested in a food challenge, where females were provided with the option to consume unlimited amounts of two palatable liquids: ENSURE vanilla (20% fat), ENSURE PLUS vanilla (30% fat) and standard chow, overnight, for four nights. In the first trial, intake of the unfamiliar liquids reflects short term satiety and functioning of the orosensory signals. In the following trials, long term satiety signals, such as leptin, become involved. Both in the first and the following trials, LETO females showed a clear preference for the low-fat ENSURE (based on paired t-tests). OdLp, LdOp and OLETF females showed no preference for any of the liquids in any of the trials ([Figs. 6a&b](#pone-0059937-g006){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, one-way ANOVA revealed significant differences between the groups in the amounts of ENSURE (F(3,26) = 3.51, p\<0.05 and F(3,26) = 3.48, p\<0.05) and ENSURE PLUS (F(3,26) = 8.45, p\<0.001 and F(3,26) = 14.47, p\<0.001) consumed in the first and following trials (respectively). Specifically, LETO and LdOp females maintained their caloric intake, OLETF females increased their intake across the trials (t(5) = −3.75, p\<0.05) and OdLp females showed a strong tendency in the same direction ([Figs. 6a&b](#pone-0059937-g006){ref-type="fig"}). Regarding cumulative caloric intake, levels differed among the groups both in the first (F(3,26) = 8.94, p\<0.001) and following trials (F(3,26) = 16.72, p\<0.001) ([Fig. 6c](#pone-0059937-g006){ref-type="fig"}). Finally, body weight gain was significantly higher in OdLp vs. LETO females after the 4-day challenge, reaching OLETF-like levels (F(3,26) = 3.00, p\<0.05) ([Fig. 6d](#pone-0059937-g006){ref-type="fig"}).
{#pone-0059937-g006}
The estrous cycle structure and pattern of intake were affected by the early environment {#s3i}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Given the involvement of leptin in reproduction, we examined the structure of the estrous cycle and respective intake patterns. Overall, fostering significantly affected the structure of the cycle. In OdLp rats compared to LETO rats (chi-square = 16.97, df = 2, p\<0.001), the amount of 4-day cycles remained unaffected, the 5-day double diestrous cycles were less frequent and 5-day double estrous cycles were increased. In the OLETF strain, changes in the estrous cycle were also evident (chi-square = 14.15, df = 2, p\<0.001), with drastically reduced frequency of 4-day cycles in LdOp compared to OLETF females, but significantly increased frequency of 5-day double diestrous and 5-day double estrous cycles ([Fig. 7a](#pone-0059937-g007){ref-type="fig"}). The day of full vaginal opening did not differ among the groups. Food intake was also affected by adoption. LETO females showed the expected reduction in food intake in the estrous phase of the cycle, but this reduction was abolished in the OdLp females ([Fig. 7b](#pone-0059937-g007){ref-type="fig"}). Similarly, adoption fixed the food intake profile across the cycle in LdOp females compared to OLETF controls, which showed no significant intake reduction in the estrous phase of the cycle ([Fig. 7c](#pone-0059937-g007){ref-type="fig"}).
![Females\' estrous cycle parameters.\
[Structure]{.ul} (data are presented in percentages of total cycles examined) (**A**); [Intake (in grams) across the estrous cycle]{.ul} in LETO (**B**) and OLETF (**C**) females; [feces estradiol]{.ul} (**D**) and [progesterone]{.ul} (**E**) levels across the estrous cycle. Representative pictures of the estrous phases (**F**). \*p\<0.05, \*\*p\<0.01, \*\*\*p\<0.001. N = 11--12 per group. 4D: 4 day cycles, 5DD: 5day double diestrous cycle and 5EE: 5 day double estrous cycles.](pone.0059937.g007){#pone-0059937-g007}
Fostering normalized the otherwise abnormal levels of estradiol in the proestrous phase of the cycle in OLETF females {#s3j}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The female hormones are known to interact with leptin and have a strong influence on the fluctuations in appetite across the reproductive cycle. Given the alterations in the estrous cycle and intake observed among the groups and, in OLETF, the known fertility problems, we examined the female hormonal profile across the cycle by analyzing estradiol and progesterone metabolites in the feces. The levels of estradiol tended to differ between the groups only during the pro-estrous phase of the cycle (p = 0.052). Specifically, OLETF females presented significantly lower levels than LETO (F(1,16) = 14.75, p\<0.001), while LdOp females showed estradiol levels similar to LETO controls ([Fig. 7e](#pone-0059937-g007){ref-type="fig"}). Progesterone levels differed between the groups only in the diestrous phase of the cycle (F(3,18) = 3.97, p\<0.05). OLETF females presented higher progesterone levels than LETO during the diestrous phase (F(1,8) = 9.00, p\<0.05) and tended to have higher levels both in the pro-estrous phase (p = 0.065) and estrous (p = 0.061) phases. Both fostering groups fell in-between, showing no significant differences from any of the control groups ([Fig. 7f](#pone-0059937-g007){ref-type="fig"}).
Discussion {#s4}
==========
Alterations in leptin functioning as a result of postnatal hyperleptinemia and hyperadiposity {#s4a}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The food preference test revealed that wild type females can be strongly affected by an early obese environment leading to an acquired predisposition to diet induced obesity in the presence of palatable food. While LETO control females clearly preferred the low-fat ENSURE, OdLp females\' over-consumption of the high fat liquid, which was gradually exacerbated across the trials, induced significant weight gain exposing a potential predisposition to diet induced obesity. OLETF rats failed to discriminate between the high fat and the low fat liquids regardless of the early postnatal environment, but LdOp females managed to limit overall food intake during the progressive food challenge trials, implying a relative moderation in their hyperphagia even in the presence of the strong genetic tendency to obesity.
The present study further demonstrates that an early obesogenic postnatal environment can induce selective peripheral leptin resistance in the ARC, without affecting leptin signaling proceeding from the vagal pathway. Both the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) (and the nodose ganglia on the vagal nerve) and the ARC express both the long and short forms of leptin receptors [@pone.0059937-Hosoi1], suggesting two pathways of action of leptin in the brain. Sensory signals from the gastrointestinal tract (GI) and associated digestive viscera are delivered to the brain primarily by vagal afferents that terminate centrally within the caudal NTS (cNTS) [@pone.0059937-Huo1]; and previous studies reported dense axonal projections from the cNTS to the dorsomedial hypothalamus [@pone.0059937-Rinaman1]. The ARC on the other hand, responds primarily to leptin signaling originating in adipose tissue. Leptin receptors in the ARC responding to circulating leptin represent the main pathway and leptin receptors on vagal afferent fibers (a portion of which exert its actions through interactions with CCK1R [@pone.0059937-Li1]) transmitting information from the GI are a further, secondary pathway.
Resistance to leptin can develop by at least two different mechanisms [@pone.0059937-ElHaschimi1], either circulating leptin fails to reach its targets in the brain (peripheral leptin resistance) [@pone.0059937-Burguera1] [@pone.0059937-Banks2] or when there is a failure of components of the intracellular Ob-Rb signaling cascade (hypothalamic leptin resistance) [@pone.0059937-Yura1] [@pone.0059937-Munzberg2]. There is a lack of consensus regarding the actual cause of peripheral leptin resistance, which might result either from a reduction in the expression of Ob-Rb (the long form of leptin receptor, responsible for all the biological actions) [@pone.0059937-Toste1], reduction in Ob-Ra (the short form of leptin receptor, believed to be responsible for leptin transport into the brain) [@pone.0059937-Hileman1], [@pone.0059937-Banks3] or alternatively, from the saturation/malfunctioning of the existing receptors [@pone.0059937-Burguera1], [@pone.0059937-Page1], [@pone.0059937-Yura2]. In some cases, malfunctioning of Ob-Rb in adult offspring resulting from early postnatal leptin administration [@pone.0059937-Yura2] or high fat diet during pregnancy and lactation [@pone.0059937-Page1] was accompanied by up-regulation in the expression of leptin receptors. One study performed on diet induced obese mice suggested that leptin resistance resulted from selective insensitivity of the ARC to circulating levels of leptin, while other brain areas remained responsive [@pone.0059937-Munzberg1]. Ob-Rb presents two tyrosine residues that become phosphorylated during receptor activation, which mediate distinct signaling pathways as follows: SHP-2 binding to Tyr985 positively regulates the ERK/MAPK/c-fos pathway and STAT3 binding to Tyr1138 mediates the inhibitory SOCS3 pathway [@pone.0059937-Banks4]. We examined pSTAT3 levels and c-fos activation in the ARC in order to examine both pathways as possible contributors to the alterations in leptin sensitivity.
Regarding c-fos in the vagal pathway, the DMH and NTS response to leptin remained intact in LETO females regardless of the adoption condition. In contrast, the ARC c-fos response was determined by the postnatal environment. Accordingly, OdLp females showed reduced ARC c-fos response to leptin that correlated with the blunted response to peripheral leptin in the behavioral sensitivity test. Ob-R receptors were highly expressed in the ARC of these females probably as a consequence of the early leptin surge (similarly to control OLETF females). In the OLETF strain, c-fos response in the NTS was relatively low but still within the normal range. In the DMH, the only hypothalamic area naturally expressing CCK~1~ receptors in wild type rats [@pone.0059937-Bi2], c-fos activation was decreased regardless of adoption, implying the need for functional CCK~1~ receptors in order to adequately activate this brain area. In the ARC, the c-fos response to leptin was sharply improved in LdOp females, despite their hyperleptinemia at the time of sacrifice; and ARC Ob-Rb were normalized to LETO levels. To our knowledge, only one study examined central leptin sensitivity in OLETF (male) rats. Their conclusions suggested that the OLETFs\' central leptin sensitivity was intact despite evident peripheral insensitivity and hyperleptinemia. However, the study lacked any statistical findings and the pictures presented reflected impaired central leptin sensitivity, contrary to their conclusions [@pone.0059937-Niimi1]. In another study, Ob-Rb levels were reportedly reduced in OLETF males subjected to food restriction, but leptin sensitivity was not directly examined [@pone.0059937-Han1]. LdOp females, despite being obese and hyperleptinemic as adults, showed an improved response resulting from re-gained sensitivity of ARC neurons to circulating leptin. Overall, high levels of Ob-Rb protein were accompanied by high levels of pSTAT3 (suggesting normal activation) so the option of early receptor saturation was discarded. Given that c-fos response in the ARC of OLETF and OdLp females was abnormal, we conclude that the ERK/MAPK/c-fos pathway was the one susceptible to early hyperleptinemia. The specific location of the alteration in this particular cascade will be examined in future studies.
Implications of postnatal hyperleptinemia/obesity to female health {#s4b}
------------------------------------------------------------------
OLETF females present an abnormal estrous cycle structure [@pone.0059937-Watanobe1], [@pone.0059937-Schroeder4], abnormal intake across the cycle [@pone.0059937-Schroeder4], [@pone.0059937-Schroeder6] and disrupted hormonal profile and fertility complications [@pone.0059937-Watanobe1] which are consistent with pathologies often found in obese women. Estrous cycle structure, hormonal profile and food intake are also abnormal in obese Koletsky rats, which have leptin receptor gene mutations. Specifically, these rats show high progesterone and low estradiol levels and hyperphagia, effects that can be fixed by insertion of functional leptin receptors by viral therapy specifically in the ARC [@pone.0059937-KeenRhinehart1]. Leptin signaling in the ARC is also critical for restoring estrous cyclicity as shown in a study using viral insertion in Zucker rats [@pone.0059937-KeenRhinehart2].
In our study, we examined the long term effects of the early postnatal environment on most of the mentioned parameters. At adulthood, OdLp females were characterized by normal adiposity/body weight/food intake profile, but showed a permanent disruption in the estrous cycle structure and intake profile across the cycle. Given normal estradiol and estradiol receptor alpha levels in the VMH of these females (not shown), we suggest that their abnormal food intake pattern across the cycle may be related to impaired leptin sensitivity. One well-accepted role of leptin is to act as a gatekeeper to a range of activities that are not essential for immediate survival, such as reproduction [@pone.0059937-Watanobe1]. The normalization of the estrous cycle structure to the strain of the adopting mother also has potential implications for the fertility problems of the OLETF females. One previous study has related their fertility complications to the hyperleptinemia these females present as adults. Moreover, their abnormal estrous cycle structure was accompanied by abnormal LH/prolactin surges in response to estradiol [@pone.0059937-Watanobe1]. We suggest that fertility and hormonal related issues may be determined much earlier in life than previously believed. In addition, normalization of intake across the cycle in LdOp females may results from the significant improvement in their hormonal profile (especially the estradiol surge in the proestrous phase) together with improved sensitivity to leptin. Our results may complement those reported by Watanobe et al [@pone.0059937-Watanobe1]: The lack of LH/prolactin response to E~2~ administration in hyperleptinemic animals may also be related to early-acquired leptin resistance and the low endogenous estradiol secretions during proestrous in OLETF females. In addition, the anorectic effects of estradiol during the estrous phase of the estrous cycle are believed to rely on an increase in the central sensitivity to CCK and leptin [@pone.0059937-Asarian1]. It is very surprising then, that intake across the cycle in these females appeared to be mostly determined by developmental parameters rather than the actual levels of leptin or an intact CCK system at adulthood. This highlights the need for intact leptin sensitivity as a key feature required for the correct behavioral response to hormonal changes across the estrous cycle. While no fertility assessments were performed in the present study, our findings suggest a new concept regarding leptin involvement in reproduction and highlight the importance of the early nutritional status by linking fertility-related female health to normal functioning of the leptin system rather than to obesity (and the accompanying hyperleptinemia) itself.
One further aspect regarding the females\' health was the issue of bone morphology. Visceral fat is increasingly recognized as a determinant (inversely correlated) of bone mineral density (BMD) [@pone.0059937-Russell1], [@pone.0059937-Bredella1], an association that may be mediated by adipokines, such as adiponectin and leptin, and inflammatory fat products such as IGF-1, IL-6, IL-1β and TNFα. Chronic inflammation is deleterious to bone and may be related to a predisposition to osteoporosis in obese women [@pone.0059937-Russell1]. In this context, we examined BMD (and mineral content and bone area) at weaning and adulthood, as well as circulating levels of IL-6, IL-1β and TNFα. OLETF females presented increased BMD, BMC and bone area at weaning and reduced BMD and BMC levels at PND90 compared to LETO controls. Given that LdOp females showed no improvement in these parameters in the long term we concluded that the pre-requisites for osteoporosis result from chronic obesity rather than obesity & leptin levels during the early postnatal period. Additionally, IL-6, IL-1β and TNFα did not differ significantly between OLETF and LETO controls on PND90, but OdLp females showed higher TNFα and lower IL-6, despite normal levels of leptin and adiposity and intact BMD. We can only hypothesize about the implications of these alterations, which may predispose these females to increased inflammation given an immunological challenge. OLETF females only tended to higher TNFα levels but showed normal IL-6 and IL-1β despite being chronically obese and with hypertrophic adipocytes [@pone.0059937-Schroeder1], [@pone.0059937-Schroeder4]. This profile is similar to the one found in OLETF males, who also showed higher TNFα levels but IL-1β levels similar to LETO controls in a different study [@pone.0059937-ElMahmoudy1]. Given the high levels of inflammatory cytokines usually found in obesity, it is likely that their levels will probably rise as females\' approach the age of 4 months, an age when they usually become morbidly obese [@pone.0059937-Schroeder4].
In sum, adult OdLp females were characterized by a normal phenotype, but showed a permanent disruption in estrous cycle parameters, decreased response to leptin and sensitivity to diet induced obesity when exposed to an unbalanced/palatable diet. LdOp females presented reduced BW/intake/body fat at adulthood, normal estrous parameters, improved peripheral leptin sensitivity and remarkable self-moderation when given the chance to overconsume ENSURE. Altogether, it appears that the emergence of morbid obesity in the OLETF strain is either caused or accompanied by the disruption of the leptin system, which worsens their innate hyperphagic phenotype. More importantly, the pattern found in the OdLp offspring highlights the importance of the lactating period on female development, showing that manipulations at this time window can potentially disrupt the development of an intact leptin/reproductive system and apparently induce sensitivity to diet induced obesity, when challenged, even in the absence of a supporting genetic predisposition.
The authors thank Dr. Kawano of the Tokushima Research Institute (Otsuka Pharmaceutical, Japan) for the generous gift of the OLETF and LETO rats.
[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
[^2]: Edited the manuscript: AW NK-S. Conceived and designed the experiments: MS AW. Performed the experiments: MS. Analyzed the data: MS AW. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: NK-S. Wrote the paper: MS.
|
Antiplatelet Therapy for Long-Term Management of Patients with Mechanical Aortic Prostheses.
A mechanical aortic prosthesis (MAP) may cause platelet activation secondary to shear forces, and the release of adenosine diphosphate (ADP). This platelet-mediated event may lead to arterial embolism. Traditionally, warfarin has been used to treat such cases, although this anticoagulant has no inhibitory effects on platelets. The study aim was to determine if antiplatelet agents could prevent thromboembolic events in patients with a MAP. Since 2001, a total of 265 patients (average age 64.5 ± 12.0 years), each of whom received a MAP with or without additional aortic surgery, was followed at the authors' institution. Patients received a loading dose of clopidogrel or prasugrel + asprin 325 mg and tested for platelet inhibition. The maintenance dose was 75 mg clopidogrel or 10 mg prasugrel + 81 mg aspirin. Platelet reactivity was tested, using two different methods, after one month and at six-month intervals thereafter. The average follow up was 47.3 ± 44.3 months; total follow up was 11,688.8 months [974 patient-years (pt-yr)]. Over a 16-year period 51 patients died, primarily from myocardial infarction. Twelve patients had strokes (1.2%/pt-yr); of these patients, 10 had discontinued the antiplatelet medication (and were receiving warfarin). One patient was nonresponsive to clopidrogel and another (a compliant patient) was never tested. Strokes were not observed in compliant patients who responded to antiplatelet agents. Thirteen patients had gastrointestinal bleeding, four required transfusion, and three died due to cerebral aneurysms. Platelet-mediated thromboembolism following MAP installation can be treated with antiplatelet agents. The 16-year results of the present study suggested that antiplatelet agents can reduce thromboembolic events in patients with MAP. Strokes can be prevented in patients with MAP if treated with the correct antiplatelet agent, if the patient responds to the agent employed and is strictly compliant. |
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Artificial Intelligence (ΑΙ) increasingly integrates our daily lives with the creation and analysis of intelligent software and hardware, called intelligent agents. Intelligent agents can do a variety of tasks ranging from labor work to sophisticated operations. A chatbot is a typical example of an AI system and one of the most elementary and widespread examples of intelligent Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) \[[@CR1]\]. It is a computer program, which responds like a smart entity when conversed with through text or voice and understands one or more human languages by Natural Language Processing (NLP) \[[@CR2]\]. In the lexicon, a chatbot is defined as "A computer program designed to simulate conversation with human users, especially over the Internet" \[[@CR3]\]. Chatbots are also known as smart bots, interactive agents, digital assistants, or artificial conversation entities.
Chatbots can mimic human conversation and entertain users but they are not built only for this. They are useful in applications such as education, information retrieval, business, and e-commerce \[[@CR4]\]. They became so popular because there are many advantages of chatbots for users and developers too. Most implementations are platform-independent and instantly available to users without needed installations. Contact to the chatbot is spread through a user's social graph without leaving the messaging app the chatbot lives in, which provides and guarantees the user's identity. Moreover, payment services are integrated into the messaging system and can be used safely and reliably and a notification system re-engages inactive users. Chatbots are integrated with group conversations or shared just like any other contact, while multiple conversations can be carried forward in parallel. Knowledge in the use of one chatbot is easily transferred to the usage of other chatbots, and there are limited data requirements. Communication reliability, fast and uncomplicated development iterations, lack of version fragmentation, and limited design efforts for the interface are some of the advantages for developers too \[[@CR5]\].
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Sect. [2](#Sec2){ref-type="sec"}, we briefly present the history of chatbots and highlight the growing interest of the research community. In Sect. [3](#Sec3){ref-type="sec"}, some issues about the association with chatbots are discussed, while in Sect. [4](#Sec4){ref-type="sec"}, essential concepts relevant to chatbot technology are described. Next, in Sect. [5](#Sec5){ref-type="sec"}, we present a classification of existing chatbots while in Sect. [6](#Sec6){ref-type="sec"}, we present the underlying chatbot architecture and the leading platforms for their development. Finally, Sect. [7](#Sec7){ref-type="sec"} reports conclusions and highlights further research topics.
History {#Sec2}
=======
Alan Turing in 1950 proposed the Turing Test ("Can machines think?"), and it was at that time that the idea of a chatbot was popularized \[[@CR6]\]. The first known chatbot was Eliza, developed in 1966, whose purpose was to act as a psychotherapist returning the user utterances in a question form \[[@CR7]\]. It used simple pattern matching \[[@CR8]\] and a template-based response mechanism. Its conversational ability was not good, but it was enough to confuse people at a time when they were not used to interacting with computers and give them the impetus to start developing other chatbots \[[@CR5]\]. An improvement over ELIZA was a chatbot with a personality named PARRY developed in 1972 \[[@CR9]\]. In 1995, the chatbot ALICE was developed which won the Loebner Prize, an annual Turing Test, in years 2000, 2001, and 2004. It was the first computer to gain the rank of the "most human computer" \[[@CR10]\]. ALICE relies on a simple pattern-matching algorithm with the underlying intelligence based on the Artificial Intelligence Markup Language (AIML) \[[@CR11]\], which makes it possible for developers to define the building blocks of the chatbot knowledge \[[@CR10]\]. Chatbots, like SmarterChild \[[@CR12]\] in 2001, were developed and became available through messenger applications. The next step was the creation of virtual personal assistants like Apple Siri \[[@CR13]\], Microsoft Cortana \[[@CR14]\], Amazon Alexa \[[@CR15]\], Google Assistant \[[@CR16]\] and IBM Watson \[[@CR17]\].
As shown in Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"} according to Scopus \[[@CR18]\], there was a rapid growth of interest in chatbots especially after the year 2016. Many chatbots were developed for industrial solutions while there is a wide range of less famous chatbots relevant to research and their applications \[[@CR19]\].Fig. 1.Search results in Scopus by year for "chatbot" or "conversation agent" or "conversational interface" as keywords from 2000 to 2019.
Associate with Chatbots {#Sec3}
=======================
Why do users use chatbots? Chatbots seem to hold tremendous promise for providing users with quick and convenient support responding specifically to their questions. The most frequent motivation for chatbot users is considered to be productivity, while other motives are entertainment, social factors, and contact with novelty. However, to balance the motivations mentioned above, a chatbot should be built in a way that acts as a tool, a toy, and a friend at the same time \[[@CR8]\].
The reduction in customer service costs and the ability to handle many users at a time are some of the reasons why chatbots have become so popular in business groups \[[@CR20]\]. Chatbots are no longer seen as mere assistants, and their way of interacting brings them closer to users as friendly companions \[[@CR21]\]. According to a study, social media user requests on chatbots for customer service are emotional and informational, with the first category rate being more than 40% and with users not intending to take specific information \[[@CR22]\]. Machine learning is what gives the capability to customer service chatbots for sentiment detection and also the ability to relate to customers emotionally as human operators do \[[@CR23]\].
Concerning the user's trust in chatbots, it depends on factors relative to the chatbot itself, like how much it responds like a human, how it is self-presented, and how much professional its appearance is. Nevertheless, it depends also on factors relative to its service contexts, like the brand of the chatbot host, privacy and security in the chatbot, and other risk issues about the topic of the request \[[@CR10]\]. Human-likeness can be suggested by using human figures (visual cues), human-associated names, or identity (identity cues) and mimicking of human languages (conversational cues) \[[@CR24]\]. It has already been studied the influence of personification and interactivity in people's disclosures around sensitive topics, such as psychological stressors \[[@CR25]\]. Important to mention is that chatbots still lack empathy understanding meaning and that they are not as capable as humans of understanding conversational undertones. Though progress has been made in this field, and soon machines will not only be able to understand what somebody is saying but also what is the feeling of what he is saying \[[@CR26]\].
However, a biased view of gender is revealed, as most of the chatbots perform tasks that echo historically feminine roles and articulate these features with stereotypical behaviors. Accordingly, general or specialized chatbots automate work that is coded as female, given that they mainly operate in service or assistance related contexts, acting as personal assistants or secretaries \[[@CR21]\].
Soon we will live in a world where conversational partners will be humans or chatbots, and in many cases, we will not know and will not care what our conversational partner will be \[[@CR27]\].
Essential Concepts {#Sec4}
==================
Below are some fundamental concepts related to chatbot technology.
**Pattern Matching** is predicated on representative stimulus-response blocks. A sentence (stimuli) is entered, and output (response) is created consistent with the user input \[[@CR11]\]. Eliza and ALICE were the first chatbots developed using pattern recognition algorithms. The disadvantage of this approach is that the responses are entirely predictable, repetitive, and lack the human touch. Also, there is no storage of past responses, which can lead to looping conversations \[[@CR28]\].
The **Artificial Intelligence Markup Language (AIML)** was created from 1995 to 2000, and it is based on the concepts of Pattern Recognition or Pattern Matching technique. It is applied to natural language modeling for the dialogue between humans and chatbots that follow the stimulus-response approach. It is an XML-based markup language and it is tag-based. As shown in Fig. [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"}, AIML is based on basic units of dialogue called categories (tag \<category\>) which are formed by user input patterns (tag \<pattern\>) and chatbot responses (tag \<template\>) \[[@CR11]\].Fig. 2.Example of AIML code
**Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA)** may be used together with AIML for the development of chatbots. It is used to discover likenesses between words as vector representation \[[@CR29]\]. Template-based questions like greetings and general questions can be answered using AIML while other unanswered questions use LSA to give replies \[[@CR30]\].
**Chatscript**, being the successor of the AIML language, is an expert system, which consists of an open-source scripting language and the engine that runs it. It is comprised of rules which are associated with topics, finding the best item that matches the user query string and executing a rule in that topic. Chatscript also includes long-term memory in the form of \\\$ variables which can be used to store specific user information like the name or age of the user. It is also case-sensitive, widening the possible responses that can be given to the same user input based on the intended emotion, as uppercase is typically used in conversations to indicate emphasis \[[@CR28]\].
**RiveScript** is a plain text, line-based scripting language for the development of chatbots and other conversational entities. It is open-source with available interfaces for Go, Java, JavaScript, Perl, and Python \[[@CR31]\].
**Natural Language Processing (NLP)**, an area of artificial intelligence, explores the manipulation of natural language text or speech by computers. Knowledge of the understanding and use of human language is gathered to develop techniques that will make computers understand and manipulate natural expressions to perform desired tasks \[[@CR32]\]. Most NLP techniques are based on machine learning.
**Natural Language Understanding (NLU)** is at the core of any NLP task. It is a technique to implement natural user interfaces such as a chatbot. NLU aims to extract context and meanings from natural language user inputs, which may be unstructured and respond appropriately according to user intention \[[@CR32]\]. It identifies user intent and extracts domain-specific entities. More specifically, an **intent** represents a mapping between what a user says and what action should be taken by the chatbot. Actions correspond to the steps the chatbot will take when specific intents are triggered by user inputs and may have parameters for specifying detailed information about it \[[@CR28]\]. Intent detection is typically formulated as sentence classification in which single or multiple intent labels are predicted for each sentence \[[@CR32]\].
An **entity** is a tool for extracting parameter values from natural language inputs. For example, consider the sentence "What is the weather in Greece?". The user intent is to learn the weather forecast. The entity value is Greece. Therefore, the user asks for the weather forecast in Greece \[[@CR33]\]. Entities can be either system-defined or developer-defined. For example, the system entity \@sys.date corresponds to standard date references like 10 August 2019 or the 10th of August \[[@CR28]\]. Domain entity extraction usually referred to as a slot-filling problem, is formulated as a sequential tagging problem where parts of a sentence are extracted and tagged with domain entities \[[@CR32]\].
Finally, **contexts** are strings that store the context of the object the user is referring to or talking about. For example, a user might refer to a previously defined object in his following sentence. A user may input "Switch on the fan." Here the context to be saved is the fan so that when a user says, "Switch it off" as the next input, the intent "switch off" may be invoked on the context "fan" \[[@CR28]\].
Types of Chatbots {#Sec5}
=================
Chatbots can be classified using different parameters: the knowledge domain, the service provided, the goals, the input processing and response generation method, the human-aid, and the build method.
Classification based on the **knowledge domain** considers the knowledge a chatbot can access or the amount of data it is trained upon. **Open domain** chatbots can talk about general topics and respond appropriately, while **closed domain** chatbots are focused on a particular knowledge domain and might fail to respond to other questions \[[@CR34]\].
Classification based on the **service provided** considers the sentimental proximity of the chatbot to the user, the amount of intimate interaction that takes place, and it is also dependent upon the task the chatbot is performing. **Interpersonal** chatbots lie in the domain of communication and provide services such as Restaurant booking, Flight booking, and FAQ bots. They are not companions of the user, but they get information and pass them on to the user. They can have a personality, can be friendly, and will probably remember information about the user, but they are not obliged or expected to do so. **Intrapersonal** chatbots exist within the personal domain of the user, such as chat apps like Messenger, Slack, and WhatsApp. They are companions to the user and understand the user like a human does. **Inter-agent** chatbots become omnipresent while all chatbots will require some inter-chatbot communication possibilities. The need for protocols for inter-chatbot communication has already emerged. Alexa-Cortana integration is an example of inter-agent communication \[[@CR34]\].
Classification based on the **goals** considers the primary goal chatbots aim to achieve. **Informative** chatbots are designed to provide the user with information that is stored beforehand or is available from a fixed source, like FAQ chatbots. **Chat-based/Conversational** chatbots talk to the user, like another human being, and their goal is to respond correctly to the sentence they have been given. **Task-based** chatbots perform a specific task such as booking a flight or helping somebody. These chatbots are intelligent in the context of asking for information and understanding the user's input. Restaurant booking bots and FAQ chatbots are examples of Task-based chatbots \[[@CR34], [@CR35]\].
Classification based on the **input processing and response generation method** takes into account the method of processing inputs and generating responses. There are three models used to produce the appropriate responses: **rule-based** model, **retrieval-based** model, and **generative** model \[[@CR36]\].
**Rule-based** model chatbots are the type of architecture which most of the first chatbots have been built with, like numerous online chatbots. They choose the system response based on a fixed predefined set of rules, based on recognizing the lexical form of the input text without creating any new text answers. The knowledge used in the chatbot is humanly hand-coded and is organized and presented with conversational patterns \[[@CR28]\]. A more comprehensive rule database allows the chatbot to reply to more types of user input. However, this type of model is not robust to spelling and grammatical mistakes in user input. Most existing research on rule-based chatbots studies response selection for single-turn conversation, which only considers the last input message. In more human-like chatbots, multi-turn response selection takes into consideration previous parts of the conversation to select a response relevant to the whole conversation context \[[@CR37]\].
A little different from the rule-based model is the **retrieval-based** model, which offers more flexibility as it queries and analyzes available resources using APIs \[[@CR36]\]. A retrieval-based chatbot retrieves some response candidates from an index before it applies the matching approach to the response selection \[[@CR37]\].
The **generative** model generates answers in a better way than the other three models, based on current and previous user messages. These chatbots are more human-like and use machine learning algorithms and deep learning techniques. However, there are difficulties in building and training them \[[@CR36]\].
Another classification for chatbots considers the amount of **human-aid** in their components. **Human-aided** chatbots utilize human computation in at least one element from the chatbot. Crowd workers, freelancers, or full-time employees can embody their intelligence in the chatbot logic to fill the gaps caused by limitations of fully automated chatbots. While human computation, compared to rule-based algorithms and machine learning, provides more flexibility and robustness, still, it cannot process a given piece of information as fast as a machine, which makes it hard to scale to more user requests \[[@CR35]\].
Chatbots can also be classified according to the permissions provided by their development platform. Development platforms can be of open-source, such as RASA, or can be of proprietary code such as development platforms typically offered by large companies such as Google or IBM. **Open-source platforms** provide the chatbot designer with the ability to intervene in most aspects of implementation. **Closed platforms**, typically act as black boxes, which may be a significant disadvantage depending on the project requirements. However, access to state-of-the-art technologies may be considered more immediate for large companies. Moreover, one may assume that chatbots developed based on large companies' platforms may be benefited by a large amount of data that these companies collect.
Of course, chatbots do not exclusively belong to one category or another, but these categories exist in each chatbot in varying proportions.
Design and Development {#Sec6}
======================
The design and development of a chatbot involve a variety of techniques \[[@CR29]\]. Understanding what the chatbot will offer and what category falls into helps developers pick the algorithms or platforms and tools to build it. At the same time, it also helps the end-users understand what to expect \[[@CR34]\].
The requirements for designing a chatbot include accurate knowledge representation, an answer generation strategy, and a set of predefined neutral answers to reply when user utterance is not understood \[[@CR38]\]. The first step in designing any system is to divide it into constituent parts according to a standard so that a modular development approach can be followed \[[@CR28]\]. In Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}, a general chatbot architecture is introduced.Fig. 3.General chatbot architecture
The process starts with a user's request, for example, "What is the meaning of environment?", to the chatbot using a messenger app like Facebook, Slack, WhatsApp, WeChat or Skype, or an app using text or speech input like Amazon Echo \[[@CR39]\].
After the chatbot receives the user request, the Language Understanding Component parses it to infer the user's intention and the associated information (intent: "translate," entities: \[word: "environment"\]) \[[@CR35]\].
Once a chatbot reaches the best interpretation it can, it must determine how to proceed \[[@CR40]\]. It can act upon the new information directly, remember whatever it has understood and wait to see what happens next, require more context information or ask for clarification.
When the request is understood, action execution and information retrieval take place. The chatbot performs the requested actions or retrieves the data of interest from its data sources, which may be a database, known as the Knowledge Base of the chatbot, or external resources that are accessed through an API call \[[@CR35]\].
Upon retrieval, the Response Generation Component uses Natural Language Generation (NLG) \[[@CR41]\] to prepare a natural language human-like response to the user based on the intent and context information returned from the user message analysis component. The appropriate responses are produced by one of the three models mentioned in Sect. [5](#Sec5){ref-type="sec"} of the paper: rule-based, retrieval based, and generative model \[[@CR36]\].
A Dialogue Management Component keeps and updates the context of a conversation which is the current intent, identified entities, or missing entities required to fulfill user requests. Moreover, it requests missing information, processes clarifications by users, and asks follow-up questions. For example, the chatbot may respond: "Would you like to tell me as well an example sentence with the word environment?" \[[@CR35]\].
Many commercial and open-source options are available for the development of a chatbot. The number of chatbot-related technologies is already overwhelming and growing each day \[[@CR42]\]. Chatbots are developed in two ways: using any programming language like Java, Clojure, Python, C++, PHP, Ruby, and Lisp or using state-of-the-art platforms. At this time, we are distinguishing six leading NLU cloud platforms that developers can use to create applications able to understand natural languages: Google's DialogFlow \[[@CR43]\], Facebook's wit.ai \[[@CR44]\], Microsoft LUIS \[[@CR45]\], IBM Watson Conversation \[[@CR17]\], Amazon Lex \[[@CR46]\], and SAP Conversation AI \[[@CR47]\]. All these platforms are supported by machine learning. They share some standard functionality (they are cloud-based, they support various programming and natural languages) but differ significantly in other aspects \[[@CR33]\]. Other known chatbot development platforms are RASA \[[@CR48]\], Botsify \[[@CR49]\], Chatfuel \[[@CR50]\], Manychat \[[@CR51]\], Flow XO \[[@CR52]\], Chatterbot \[[@CR53]\], Pandorabots \[[@CR54]\], Botkit \[[@CR55]\], and Botlytics \[[@CR56]\].
Conclusions {#Sec7}
===========
Minimal human interference in the use of devices is the goal of our world of technology. Chatbots can reach out to a broad audience on messaging apps and be more effective than humans are. At the same time, they may develop into a capable information-gathering tool. They provide significant savings in the operation of customer service departments. With further development of AI and machine learning, somebody may not be capable of understanding whether he talks to a chatbot or a real-life agent.
We consider that this research provides useful information about the basic principles of chatbots. Users and developers can have a more precise understanding of chatbots and get the ability to use and create them appropriately for the purpose they aim to operate.
Further work of this research would be exploring in detail existing chatbot platforms and compare them. It would also be interesting to examine the degree of ingenuity and functionality of current chatbots. Some ethical issues relative to chatbots would be worth studying like abuse and deception, as people, on some occasions, believe they talk to real humans while they are talking to chatbots.
This work is partially supported by the MPhil program "Advanced Technologies in Informatics and Computers", hosted by the Department of Computer Science, International Hellenic University.
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---
abstract: 'In this work, we further investigate the family of $f(R)$ dark energy models that can exactly mimic the same background expansion history as that of the $\Lambda$CDM model. We study the large scale structure in the $f(R)$ gravity using the full set cosmological perturbation equations. We investigate the structure formation in both the spatially flat and curved Universe. We also confront our model with the latest observations and conduct a Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis on the parameter space.'
author:
- 'Jian-hua He$^{1}$'
title: 'Testing $f(R)$ dark energy model with the large scale structure'
---
Introduction
============
There has been accumulated conclusive evidence from supernovae[@1] and other observations[@WMAP; @BAOm] in the last decade, indicating that our Universe is undergoing a phase of accelerated expansion. Understanding the nature of the cosmic acceleration is one of the biggest questions in modern physics.
The leading explanation of the accelerated expansion is the cosmological constant within the context of General Relativity. However, the measured value of cosmological constant is far below the prediction of any sensible quantum field theories and the cosmological constant will inevitably lead to the coincidence problem that why the energy density of matter and vacuum are in the same order today(see [@sean] for review). Another possibility for the acceleration is that the universe is driven by a new and yet-unknown component called dark energy. The dark energy is some kind of dynamical fluid with negative and time-dependent equation of state $w(a)$. However, the nature of the dynamical dark energy is even harder to be understood in the fundamental physics than that of the cosmological constant.
Alternatively, a promising explanation of the acceleration is the modified gravity. The General relativity might not be ultimately correct in the cosmological scale. The Universe might be described by some kind of modified gravity. One simplest attempt is called $f(R)$ gravity, in which the scalar curvature in the Lagrange density of Einstein’s gravity is replaced by an arbitrary function of $R$[@fr]. The $f(R)$ gravity can produce the accelerated expansion of the Universe with any designed effective dark energy equation of state $w$[@Song]. Furthermore, the time dependent effective DE EoS in the Jordan frame can be reproduced from the dilation of the inertial mass in the Einstein frame through the conformal transformation [@dicke][@Fujii][@Hefr]. In this sense, the time dependent dark energy phenomenon can be better understood in a physical way in the framework of modified gravity.
In this paper, we investigate a specific family of $f(R)$ models that can reproduce the same background expansion history as that of the $\Lambda$CDM model since it has been argued that a valid $f(R)$ model should closely math the $\Lambda$CDM background[@Husawicki]. The family of $f(R)$ model contains only one more extra parameter than that of the $\Lambda$CDM model and furthermore, it does have the well-defined Lagrangian formalism in the spatially flat Universe, which is valid for the whole expansion history of the Universe from the past to the future. The model is no longer simply a phenomenological model. Although this model has been studied by a number of work within the parameterized framework of modified gravity [@PPF] [@gbz], it still needs to solve the full set of cosmological perturbation equations to get more accurate results on the scale $k$ dependent growth history of the Universe when confronted with upcoming high precision data in cosmological surveys. Therefore, in this work, instead of using the parameterized framework of modified gravity, we investigate the impact of $f(R)$ models on the large scale structure using the full set of covariant cosmological perturbation equations. We will confront our $f(R)$ model with the latest observations and conduct a Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis on the parameter space. We will also exploit the spatially non-flat case in the $f(R)$ gravity, which has not been addressed in the previous work [@gbz] [@songfitting] [@Lucas].
This paper is organized as follows: In section \[background\], we review the background dynamics of the Universe in the $f(R)$ gravity and present the well-defined Lagrangian formalism in the spatially flat Universe for the family of $f(R)$ models that reproduce the $\Lambda$CDM background expansion history. In section \[perturbations\], we present the scalar perturbation equations in the synchronous gauge for the $f(R)$ gravity and study the impact of $f(R)$ gravity on the large scale structure formation. In section \[constrains\], we present the fittings results by confronting our model with the latest observations. In section \[conclusions\], we summarize and conclude this work.
The background dynamics\[background\]
=====================================
We work with the 4-dimensional action in the $f(R)$ gravity[@frreview] $$S=\frac{1}{2\kappa^2}\int d^4x\sqrt{-g}f(R)+\int d^4x\mathcal{L}^{(m)}\quad,$$ where $\kappa^2=8\pi G$. We consider a homogeneous and isotropic background universe described by the Friedmann-Robertson- Walker(FRW) metric $$ds^2=a^2[-d\tau^2+d\sigma^2]\quad,$$ where $d\sigma^2$ is the conformal space-like hypersurface with a constant curvature $R^{(3)}=6K$ $$d\sigma^2=\frac{dr^2}{1-Kr^2}+r^2(d\theta^2+sin^2\theta d\phi^2)\quad .$$ The dynamics of the Universe in the $f(R)$ gravity is described by[@frreview] $$\ddot{F}+2F\dot{H}-H\dot{F}-\frac{2K}{a^2}F=-\kappa^2(\rho+p)\quad.\label{dfield}$$ where $F=\frac{df(R)}{dR}$, the dot denotes the time derivative with respect to the cosmic time $t$ and $\rho $ is the total energy density of the matter which consists of the cold dark matter, baryon and radiation $\rho=\rho_c+\rho_b+\rho_r$. $p$ is the total pressure in the Universe. If we convert the derivatives in Eq.(\[dfield\]) from the cosmic time $t$ to $x=\ln a$ , Eq.(\[dfield\]) can be recast into $$\begin{split}
&\frac{d^2}{dx^2}F+(\frac{1}{2}\frac{d\ln E}{dx}-1)\frac{dF}{dx}+(\frac{d\ln E}{dx}-\frac{2K}{E}e^{-2x})F\\
&=\frac{\kappa^2}{3E}\frac{d\rho}{dx}\quad ,\label{Ffield}
\end{split}$$ where $$\begin{split}
E&\equiv\frac{H^2}{H_0^2}\quad ,\\
R&\equiv3(\frac{d E}{dx}+4E)+6Ke^{-2x}\quad ,\\
\frac{d\rho}{dx}&=-3(\rho+p)\quad.\label{Rdef}
\end{split}$$
For convenience, the energy density $\rho$, $K$ and the scalar curvature $R$ in Eq.(\[Ffield\]) are in the unit of $H_0^2$ and we also set $\kappa^2=1$ in our analysis. In order to get a viable $f(R)$ model with a reasonable expansion history of the Universe and without loss of generality, we can parameterize the quantity $E(x)$ in Eq.(\[Ffield\]) as the standard model in Einstein’s gravity with an effective dark energy equation of state(EoS) $w$[@Song][@Pogosian] $$E(x)=\Omega_r^0e^{-4x}+\Omega_m^0e^{-3x}+\Omega_k^0e^{-2x}+\Omega_d^0e^{-3\int_0^x(1+w)dx}\quad,\label{Ex}$$ where $$\begin{split}
\Omega_k^0&\equiv-\frac{K}{H_0^2}\quad ,\\
\Omega_m^0&\equiv\frac{\kappa^2\rho_m^0}{3H_0^2}\quad,\\
\Omega_d^0&\equiv\frac{\kappa^2\rho_d^0}{3H_0^2}\quad,\\
\Omega_r^0&\equiv\frac{\kappa^2\rho_r^0}{3H_0^2}\quad.\label{defination}
\end{split}$$ $\rho_d^0$ indicates the energy density of the effective dark energy, $\rho_m^0=\rho_b^0+\rho_c^0$ is the energy density of non-relativistic matter and $\rho^0=\rho_m^0+\rho_r^0$ is the total energy density of the matter.
The $f(R)$ model can be constructed by specifying the background expansion history of the Universe in Eq.(\[Ffield\]). Eq.(\[Ffield\]) becomes a second order differential equation only with respect to $F(x)$. However, any specifically designed time dependent effective dark energy equation of state can hardly be well motivated in physics because we still have less knowledge about the nature of the dark energy at present. Therefore, it is of great interest to investigate the simplest case that the $f(R)$ model can reproduce the same background expansion history as that of the $\Lambda$CDM model $w=-1$. Therefore, in this work we will only focus on this case hereafter.
In the spatially flat Universe $K=0$ filled with dust matter, the late time expansion history of the Universe with the effective dark energy EoS $w=-1$ can be written as, $$E(x)=\Omega_m^0e^{-3x}+\Omega_d^0\quad.\label{Ex}$$ In this case, Eq.(\[Ffield\]) can be solved analytically. The general solutions for Eq.(\[Ffield\]) are $$\begin{split}
F(x)-1&= C(e^{3x})^{p_-}{_2F_1}[q_-,p_-;r_-;-e^{3x}\frac{\Omega_d^0}{\Omega_m^0}]\\
&+D(e^{3x})^{p_+}{_2F_1}[q_+,p_+;r_+;-e^{3x}\frac{\Omega_d^0}{\Omega_m^0}] \quad\label{mG},
\end{split}$$ where the indexes in the above expressions are given by $$\begin{aligned}
q_\pm&=&\frac{1\pm\sqrt{73}}{12}\nonumber \quad,\\
r_\pm&=&1\pm\frac{\sqrt{73}}{6}\nonumber \quad,\\
p_\pm&=&\frac{5\pm\sqrt{73}}{12}\nonumber \quad.\end{aligned}$$ ${_2F_1}[a,b;c;z]$ is the Gaussian hypergeometric function. $C$ and $D$ are arbitrary constants. A viable $f(R)$ model should be in a “chameleon" type [@Mota][@Khoury] where in the past of the Universe, the model should go back to the standard model $$\lim_{x\rightarrow-\infty}F(x)=1\quad.\label{boundary}$$ The first term in Eq.(\[mG\]) is divergent when $x$ goes to the minus infinity due to the negative index $p_-$ and $C$, therefore, should vanish $C=0$ to satisfy the boundary condition Eq.(\[boundary\]).
After we get the expression for $F(x)$, we can obtain the explicit expression for $f(R)$ by doing the integration $$f(R)=\int F(x)\frac{dR}{dx}dx\quad\label{generalfr}\quad,$$ and using the relationship between $R$ and $x$. $$R=3\Omega_m^0e^{-3x}+12\Omega_d^0\quad.\label{Rscalar}$$ The final result for $f(R)$ turns out to be $$\begin{split}
f(R)&=R-2\Lambda\\
&-\varpi\left (\frac{\Lambda}{R-4\Lambda}\right )^{p_+-1}{_2F_1}\left[q_+,p_+-1;r_+;-\frac{\Lambda}{R-4\Lambda}\right ]
\end{split}\quad,\label{viable}$$ where $\Lambda$, $\varpi$ are constant parameters. $$\varpi= D(R_0-4\Lambda)^{p_+}/(p_+-1)/\Lambda^{p_+-1}\quad.$$ When $\varpi=0$, $\Lambda $ is just the cosmological constant. If we write Eq.(\[viable\]) in the units of $H_0^2$, $R_0$ and $\Lambda$ can be presented as $R_0= (3\Omega_m^0+12\Omega_d^0)$ and $\Lambda=3\Omega_d^0$ respectively.
The hypergeometric function ${_2F_1}[a,b;c;z]$ can have the integral representation on the real axis when $b>0$ and $c>0$ $${_2F_1}[a,b;c;z]=\frac{\Gamma(c)}{\Gamma(b)\Gamma(c-b)}\int_0^{1}t^{b-1}(1-t)^{c-b-1}(1-zt)^{-a}dt\quad,\label{defhypergeometric}$$ where $\Gamma$ is the Euler Gamma function. In this case, ${_2F_1}[a,b;c;z]$ is well-defined in the range $-\infty<z<1$ The expression of Eq.(\[viable\]), therefore, is a well-defined real function on the real axes in the physical range $R>4\Lambda$, which is different from the results given by [@solution]. A more detailed analysis on Eq.(\[viable\]) has been presented in our companion work [@frlcdm].
In the past of the Universe, when $R>>4\Lambda$, the hypergeometric function goes back to unity ${_2F_1}\sim1$, and Eq.(\[viable\]) becomes $$f(R)\sim R-\varpi\left (\frac{\Lambda}{R}\right )^{p_+-1}\quad.$$ The above expression can further go back to the standard model $f(R)\sim R$ when $R$ becomes more larger. On the other hand, in the future expansion, Eq.(\[viable\]) does not have the future singularity because $f(R)$ is finite at the point of $R=4\Lambda$. $$\begin{split}
&\lim_{R\rightarrow4\Lambda}f(R)=2\Lambda-\\
&\frac{\varpi4(-511+79\sqrt{73})\Gamma(2/3)\Gamma(-r_-)}{(-5+\sqrt{73})(-1+\sqrt{73})(7+\sqrt{73})\Gamma(-p_-)\Gamma(q_+)}\\
&\approx2\Lambda-1.256\varpi
\end{split}\quad.$$ When $R<4\Lambda$ the expression of Eq.(\[viable\]) becomes complex, which is clearly unphysical.
![The f(R) models that can reproduce the $\Lambda$CDM expansion history. From top $D=-0.6,-0.4,-0.2,0,0.2,0.4,0.6$ and $\Omega_m^0=0.24$[]{data-label="frmodels"}](1.eps){width="3.2in" height="2.8in"}
In the spatially flat Universe, Eq.(\[viable\]) is valid for the whole expansion history of the Universe from the radiation dominated epoch to the future expansion of the Universe. Eq.(\[viable\]) can exactly mimic the $\Lambda$CDM expansion history from the matter dominated epoch to the late time acceleration. For illustrative propose, in Fig. \[frmodels\], we plot the $f(R)$ models for a few representative values of $D$. The curves in Fig. \[frmodels\] are evaluated from Eq.(\[viable\]) directly. By noting the different conventions of $f(R)$ used in our work and [@Song], our results are consistent with the numerical results presented in [@Song].
As shown in [@Ignacy], in order to avoid the instabilities in the high curvature region, it requires that $F>0$ and $f_{RR}=\frac{\partial F}{\partial R}>0$. Therefore, in our model $D$ should be negative $D<0$. The models presented in the red dashed lines in Fig. \[frmodels\]($D>0$) are ruled out by the instabilities in the high curvature region. Since the $f(R)$ model investigated in our work has only one more extra parameter than that of the $\Lambda$CDM model, the family of $f(R)$ models can be characterized by either $D$ or $B_0=\frac{f_{RR}}{F}\frac{dR}{dx}H/\frac{dH}{dx}(x=0)$[@Song]. In the appendix, we provide the explicit relationship between $B_0$ and $D$.
However, in this work, we are not only limited in the spatially flat Universe, we will also exploit the $f(R)$ model in the spatially curved Universe. Without losing generality, we will numerically find the solution of Eq.(\[Ffield\]) to include the spatially curved case $\Omega_k^0\neq0$. We perform our numerical calculation starting from the deep matter dominated epoch($a_i\sim0.03$). The curvature term $K$ can be neglected at this epoch and the analytical solutions for Eq.(\[Ffield\]) give rise to $$\begin{split}
F(x)&\sim1+D(e^{3x})^{p_+}\quad,\\
\frac{dF(x)}{dx}&\sim3Dp_+(e^{3x})^{p_+}\quad,
\end{split}$$ We take the above expressions as the initial conditions for Eq.(\[Ffield\]). In this work, we use the parameter $D$ to characterize the family of $f(R)$ models and treat $B_0$ as derived parameter since $D$ directly relates to the covariant parameter $\varpi$ for this kind of $f(R)$ models in the spatially flat Universe. Since the $f(R)$ model investigated in our work and the $\Lambda$CDM model can only be distinguished in their perturbed space-time, in the next section, we will turn to the cosmological perturbations theory.
cosmological perturbations\[perturbations\]
===========================================
The cosmological perturbation theory for the $f(R)$ gravity has been well studied in [@frperturbationreview]. [@frperturbationreview] has extensively presented the perturbation equations for a wide family of modified gravities. The perturbation equations in the spatially flat Universe for the $f(R)$ gravity can be found in [@bean].
For the scalar perturbation, the perturbed line element can be written as[@Kodama] $$\begin{aligned}
ds^2 &=& a^2[-(1+2\psi Y^{(s)})d\tau^2+2BY^{(s)}_id\tau
dx^i\nonumber \\
&+&(1+2\phi Y^{(s)})\gamma_{ij}dx^idx^j+\mathcal{E}Y^{(s)}_{ij}dx^idx^j]\label{pert_jordan}\quad,\end{aligned}$$ where $\gamma_{ij}$ in the spherical coordinate can be written as $$[\gamma_{ij}]=\begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{1-Kr^2} & 0 & 0 \\
0 & r^2 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & r^2sin^2\theta
\end{pmatrix}\quad,$$ $Y$,$Y_{j}$ and $Y_{ij}$ are the scalar harmonic functions which are defined by $$\begin{split}
&(\Delta+k^2)Y^{(s)}=0\quad ,\\
&Y_j^{(s)}\equiv-\frac{1}{k}Y_{|j}^{(s)}\quad ,\\
&Y_{ij}^{(s)}\equiv\frac{1}{k^2}Y_{|ij}^{(s)}+\frac{1}{3}\gamma_{ij}Y^{(s)}\quad.
\end{split}$$ The detailed general covariant perturbation equations including the spatially curved case for the $f(R)$ gravity are presented in the appendix.
In this work, we focus on the synchronous gauge which is defined by $\psi=0$ and $B=0$. The synchronous gauge is widely used in the Einstein-Boltzmann codes [@cmbfast] [@easy] [@CAMB] [@Class] to calculate the temperature and polarization power spectra of the cosmic microwave background anisotropy.
The synchronous gauge is characterized by the following two parameters $$\begin{aligned}
\eta_T&=&-(\phi+\frac{\mathcal{E}}{6})\nonumber\quad,\\
h_L&=&6\phi\quad,\end{aligned}$$ where $\eta_T$ refers to the conformal 3-space curvature perturbation $$\delta R^{(3)}=6\delta K=-4(k^2-3K)\eta_T\quad.$$ The perturbed modified Einstein equations in the synchronous can be written as $$\begin{aligned}
-\frac{1}{2}\kappa^2a^2\delta \rho&=&-(\frac{1}{2}F\mathcal{H}+\frac{1}{4}F')h_L'-\frac{3}{2}\mathcal{H}\delta F'-\frac{1}{2}\delta F k^2\nonumber \\
&+& F \eta_T(k^2-3K)+\frac{3}{2}\mathcal{H}'\delta F\label{SynE1}\quad, \\
\kappa^2a^2\delta p&=&F[-\frac{2}{3}\mathcal{H}h_L'+\frac{2}{3}k^2\eta_T-\frac{1}{3}h_L''-2\eta_TK]\nonumber \\
&+&\delta F[\mathcal{H}^2+\frac{a''}{a}-\frac{2}{3}k^2+2K]-\frac{1}{3}F'h_L'\nonumber \\
&-&\delta F''-\delta F'\mathcal{H}\quad,\label{SynE2}\\
\alpha'&=&-2\mathcal{H}\alpha+\eta_T-\frac{F'}{F}\alpha -\kappa^2a^2\frac{p\Pi}{Fk^2}-\frac{\delta F}{F}\nonumber\quad ,\\\label{SynE3}
\\
\frac{k^2-3K}{k}F\eta_T'&=&\frac{1}{2}\kappa^2a^2q+\frac{1}{2}k\delta F'-\frac{1}{2}k\mathcal{H}\delta F+\frac{Fh_L'K}{2k}\nonumber\quad ,\\
\label{SynE4}\end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{split}
\alpha&\equiv\frac{(h_L+6\eta_T)'}{2k^2}\quad,\\
q&=(\rho+p)v
\end{split}$$ and $$\begin{aligned}
&&\delta F''+2\mathcal{H}\delta F'+a^2(\frac{k^2}{a^2}+M^2)\delta F\nonumber\\
&=&\frac{\kappa^2a^2}{3}(\delta \rho -3\delta p) -\frac{1}{2}F'h_L'\quad,\label{deltF}\end{aligned}$$ where $$M^2=\frac{1}{3}(\frac{F}{f_{RR}}-R)\label{Mdef}\quad.$$ The scalar curvature perturbation $\delta R$ is given by $$a^2\delta R=h_T''+3\mathcal{H}h_T'-4\eta_Tk^2+12K\eta_T\quad.$$ With the perturbation equations, we perform our numerical analysis based on the public available Einstein-Boltzmann code CAMB [@CAMB]. In the appendix, we summarize the details on how to modify the code. In Fig.\[angular\], we show the full spectrum of temperature anisotropy $C_l^{TT}$ for a few representative values of $D$. The cosmological parameters used in the numerical process are taken from the WMAP 7-year best-fitted values for the $\Lambda$CDM model [@WMAP] $\Omega_bh^2=0.0227,\Omega_ch^2=0.112,n_s=0.966,\Delta^2_{\mathcal{R}}=2.42\times10^{-9},\Omega_{\Lambda}=0.729,\tau=0.085$ . From Fig.\[angular\], we can see that the $f(R)$ gravity only affects the lowest multipoles in the power spectrum while not change the acoustic peaks. This observation is consistent with what found in[@Song]. The small $l$ power is suppressed as the decreasing of the value of $D$. However, there is a turning around point, roughly about $D<-0.37(B_0>1.5)$, after which there is a prominent enhancement in the power as further decreasing the value of $D$. Numerical results of our work agree with the already presented results within the parameterized framework of modified gravity[@PPF][@gbz].
![The angular power spectrum of the temperature correlation []{data-label="angular"}](2.eps){width="3.2in" height="2.8in"}
In Fig.\[matter\], we show the linear matter power spectrum at redshift zero $z=0$. The $f(R)$ gravity changes not only the amplitude but also the shape of the power spectrum due to the scale $k$ dependent growth history [@Song]. However, the $f(R)$ model investigated in our work should not change the position of the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation(BAO) peak in the two-point correlation function in the real space because the sound horizon is only determined by the background cosmological parameters[@BAOreview][@BAO] and the family of $f(R)$ models investigated in our work has the same background expansion. By doing the Fourier transformation $$\xi(r)=\frac{1}{2\pi^2}\int dk k^2P_L(k)\frac{\sin(kr)}{kr}\quad,$$ in Fig \[correlation\], we show the two-point correlation function in the real space. We can see clearly that although the shape of the correlation function has changed a lot for a few representative values of $D$, the position of the BAO peak does not change under the Fourier transformation, which shows that our numerical results are consistent with the theoretical prediction.
In the spatially curved Universe, $\Omega_k^0$ has significant impact on both the matte power spectrum and the CMB angular power spectrum. In the matter power spectrum, as shown in Fig.\[curture\], the positive $\Omega_k^0>0$ will suppress the power at all scales and the negative $\Omega_k^0<0$ will oppositely enhance the power. The slight positive value of $\Omega_k^0>0$ could compensate part of the impact induced by the modified gravity $D$ on the matte power spectrum, which enhance the power at scale $k>0.001{\rm h Mpc^{-1}}$(see Fig.\[matter\]). Meanwhile, the spatial curvature $\Omega_k^0$ also shifts the positions of acoustic peaks in the CMB temperature angular power spectrum. However, the high precision measurement of the acoustic peaks in the CMB temperature angular power spectrum in combination with BAO and $H_0$[@WMAP] can put very tight constrains on the spatial curvature. The spatial curvature, therefore, could not affect significantly on the large scale structure in the $f(R)$ gravity.
Compared with the CMB temperature angular power spectrum $C_l^{TT}$(see Fig.\[angular\]), there are no significant imprint of $f(R)$ gravity on the temperature polarization cross-correlation and polarization auto-correlation spectrum $C_l^{TE}$,$C_l^{EE}$(see Fig.\[EE\]) because the CMB polarization anisotropy only arises from the quadrupole anisotropy at the last scattering surface and does not correlate with the late time ISW effect. There are no gravitational perturbation terms appearing in the source term $S_E$ for the polarization correlation. For instance, in the spatially flat Universe, $S_E$ can be written as [@source][@cambequations] $$S_E=\frac{g\zeta}{4k^2(\tau_0-\tau)^2}\quad,$$ where $g$ is the visibility function and $\zeta$ is given by $\zeta=(\frac{3}{4}I_2 +\frac{9}{2}E_2)$. $I_2$, $E_2$ indicate the quadrupole of the photon intensity and the E-like polarization respectively [@cambequations]. After the last scattering, the visibility function $g\simeq\delta(\tau-\tau_{dec})$ drops almost to be zero. The perturbation of the $f(R)$ gravity has no impact on $S_E$ unless the $f(R)$ model changes the background expansion.
After the qualitative analysis of the impact of $f(R)$ model on the large scale structure, in the next section, we will present cosmological constrains on the $f(R)$ model from the latest observations.
![The linear matter power spectrum. []{data-label="matter"}](3.eps){width="3.2in" height="2.8in"}
![The two-point correlation function in the real space []{data-label="correlation"}](4.eps){width="3.2in" height="2.8in"}
![The impact of the curvature $\Omega_k$ on the matter power spectrum []{data-label="curture"}](5.eps){width="3.2in" height="2.8in"}
![The TE and EE angular power spectrum. []{data-label="EE"}](6.eps){width="3.2in" height="2.8in"}
constrains from observations \[constrains\]
============================================
The parameter space of our model is $$P=(\Omega_bh^2,\Omega_ch^2,\theta_A,\Omega_k,\ln[10^{10}A_s],n_s,\tau,D)\quad,$$ where $\theta_A$ is the angular size of the acoustic horizon, and $A_s$ is amplitude of the primordial curvature perturbation. The priors for cosmological parameters are listed in table \[priors\].
------------------------------
$0.005<\Omega_bh^2<0.1$
$0.01<\Omega_ch^2<0.99$
$0.5<\theta<10$
$-0.2<\Omega_k<0.2$
$0.01<\tau<0.8$
$0.5<n_s<1.5$
$2.7<\rm{ln}[10^{10}As]<4.0$
$-1.2<D<0$
------------------------------
For the CMB data, we use the seven-year WMAP(WMAP 7) CMB temperature and polarization power spectra [@WMAP]. We also take the measurement of the power spectrum of LRG from SDSS DR7 [@SDSS]. However, we limit our considerations of the matter power spectrum in a relative linear scale and we only take the samples within bins for $k<0.1h/\rm{Mpc}$. We add the supernovae data [@sneia] and the present day value of the Hubble constant from the measurement of Hubble Space Telescope(HST) $H_0=74.2\pm3.6 \rm{kms}^{-1}\rm {Mpc}^{-1}$ [@HST] in order to put tighter constrains on the background cosmological parameters. The global fitting results using above data sets are listed in Table \[flat\] and \[cur\]. In the flat Universe, we find the constrains on the parameter $D$ as $|D|<0.709(95\%{\rm CL})$ and $|D|<0.711(95\%{\rm CL})$ in the curved Universe. These results are equivalent to $B_0<3.86(95\%{\rm CL})$ and $B_0<3.88(95\%{\rm CL})$ if we use the parameter $B_0$. The result is consistent with [@songfitting]. Although the $f(R)$ gravity has significant impact on the shape of the matter power spectrum(see Fig. \[matter\]), the SDSS LRG matter spectrum can not put very tight constrains on $D$ because there are degeneracies between $D$ and other cosmological parameters[@songfitting]. When $D\sim-0.6$($B_0\sim3$), the CMB temperature angular power spectrum $C_l^{TT}$ of the $f(R)$ model goes back similar to that of $\Lambda$CDM model. Therefore, there are two peaks in the likelihood distribution of $D$ which are clearly shown in the black lines in Fig.\[fittingflat\] and Fig.\[fittingcur\]. Clearly, the combination of the data set CMB+SN+HST+MPK can not put very tight constrains on the $f(R)$ models. We need to add additional data set.
As pointed out in [@songfitting], the $f(R)$ gravity can produce the anti-correlation in the Galaxy-ISW angular power spectrum. However, the measurement of the Galaxy-ISW correlation favors the positive correlation. Therefore, the Galaxy-ISW correlation data set can put very tight constrains on the $f(R)$ model. We consider the cross correlation $$C_l^{gI}=\frac{2}{\pi}\int k^2dk P_m(k,0)W_l^g(k)W_l^I(k)\quad,\label{CgI}$$ where the window functions $W_l^I(k)$ and $W_l^g(k)$ are given by $$\begin{aligned}
W_l^I(k)&=&-T_0\int dz \frac{d}{dz}(\Psi-\Phi)j_l[k\chi(z)]\nonumber \quad,\\
W_l^g(k)&=&\int dz b(z)\Pi(z)D_g(z)j_l[k\chi(z)]\quad,\label{gicross}\end{aligned}$$ where $\Psi-\Phi$ can be presented in terms of the quantities in the synchronous gauge as $\Psi-\Phi=\eta_T+\alpha'$, $\chi(z)$ is the looking back time, $j_l(x)$ is the spherical bessel function, $b(z)$ is the bias, $\Pi(z)$ is the normalized selection function, $D_g(z)$ is defined as $D_g(z)=\frac{\delta_m(z)}{\delta_m(0)}$ and $T_0$ is the temperature of the CMB today.
In order to improve the performance in the numerical process, we use the Limber approximation $$\frac{2}{\pi}\int k^2dk j_l[k\chi]j_l[k\chi']\approx\frac{\delta(\chi-\chi')}{\chi^2}\quad,$$ and Eq.(\[CgI\]) reduces to $$C_l^{gI}\sim T_0\int dz \frac{b(z)\Pi(z)}{\chi^2}P_{gI}(\frac{l+1/2}{\chi},z)\quad,$$ where $$P_{gI}(k,z)=\frac{2\pi^2}{k^3}P_{\chi}(k)\delta_m(k,z)\frac{d}{d\tau}(\Psi-\Phi)\quad,$$ and $$P_{\chi}(k)=A_s(\frac{k}{k_*})^{n_s-1}\quad.$$
In this work, we adopt the Galaxy-ISW correlation data from [@ISW] and use the public available ISWWLL code[@ISW] to calculate the likelihood. The bias $b(z)$ and the selection function $\Pi(z)$ are provided by the ISWWLL code and will be recomputed for each time according to different cosmological parameters in the Markov chain. We have turned off the contribution of weak lensing in the original code. The results of the joint likelihood analysis with the data sets from CMB+SN+HST+MPK+gISW are shown in Table \[flat\] and \[cur\]. The marginalized $1D$ and $2D$ likelihoods for interested parameters are shown in red lines in Fig.\[fittingflat\] and Fig.\[fittingcur\]. The Galaxy-ISW correlation data set has improved significantly the constrains on the parameter of $D$ up to $|D|<0.109(B_0<0.376)(95\%{\rm CL})$ in the flat Universe and $|D|< 0.131(B_0<0.459)(95\%{\rm CL})$ in the curved Universe. The result in the flat Universe are in good agreement with the work done by [@gbz]and [@Lucas]. The best fitted point for the curvature is slightly positive $\Omega_k=0.0063^{+0.0061}_{-0.0061}$ which is different from the results in the non-flat $\Lambda$CDM model $\Omega_k=-0.0023^{+0.0054}_{-0.0056}$[@WMAP].
Although there has been reported recently that more stringent constrains on the $f(R)$ gravity can be obtained by using the data from cluster abundance[@cluster], we will not include this data in this work because we do not have the reliable knowledge about the halo mass function in our $f(R)$ model. The halo mass function used in [@cluster] has been tested by a large suite of N-body simulations and shown to be a reasonable fit to Hu-Sawicki model[@cluster][@HuI]. However, in our model, we still need to investigate the halo mass function before the data can be used for our global fitting analysis.
Parameters CMB+SN+HST+MPK CMB+SN+HST+MPK+gISW
---------------------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------------
$\Omega_bh^2$ $0.02257^{+0.00053}_{-0.00053}$ $0.02257^{+0.00053}_{-0.00053}$
$\Omega_ch^2$ $0.1067^{+0.0040}_{-0.0040}$ $0.1055^{+0.0041}_{-0.0041}$
$\theta$ $1.0396^{+0.0026}_{-0.0026}$ $1.0395^{+0.0027}_{-0.0027}$
$\tau$ $ 0.091^{+0.015}_{-0.015}$ $0.091^{+0.015}_{-0.015}$
$n_s$ $0.966^{+0.013}_{-0.013}$ $0.968^{+0.013}_{-0.013}$
$\rm{ln}[10^{10}As]$ $3.065^{+0.035}_{-0.035}$ $3.060^{+0.036}_{-0.036}$
$|D|$ $ <0.709$(95%[CL]{}) $ <0.109$(95%[CL]{})
Parameters CMB+SN+HST+MPK CMB+SN+HST+MPK+gISW
---------------------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------------
$\Omega_bh^2$ $0.02240^{+0.00055}_{-0.00055}$ $0.02246^{+0.00054}_{-0.00054}$
$\Omega_ch^2$ $0.1102^{+0.0052}_{-0.0052}$ $0.1084^{+0.0050}_{-0.0050}$
$\theta$ $1.0390^{+0.0027}_{-0.0027}$ $1.0392^{+0.0025}_{-0.0025}$
$\tau$ $ 0.088^{+0.014}_{-0.014}$ $0.089^{+0.015}_{-0.015}$
$\Omega_k$ $0.0063^{+0.0061}_{-0.0061}$ $0.0051^{+0.0058}_{-0.0058}$
$n_s$ $0.962^{+0.014}_{-0.014}$ $0.964^{+0.014}_{-0.014}$
$\rm{ln}[10^{10}As]$ $3.070^{+0.035}_{-0.035}$ $3.066^{+0.035}_{-0.035}$
$|D|$ $ <0.711$(95%[CL]{}) $ <0.131$(95%[CL]{})
{width="6in" height="5in"}
{width="6in" height="5in"}
conclusions\[conclusions\]
==========================
In this work, we have studied the impact of the specific family of $f(R)$ models that can reproduce the same background expansion history as that of $\Lambda$CDM model on the cosmic microwave background and the large scale structure using the full set of covariant cosmological perturbation equations. Based upon the covariant perturbation equations, we have modified the public available Einstein-Boltzmann code CAMB and CosmoMC [@mcmc] to conduct the Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis on the parameter space and confront our $f(R)$ model with the latest observations. In the flat Universe, our results are in a good agreement with the previous independent work done within the parameterized framework of modified gravity. We have also extended our analysis to the non-flat Universe. From the fitting results, at the best fitted point we find that the curvature $\Omega_k$ term is slightly positive which is different from the results in the non-flat $\Lambda$CDM model[@WMAP]. Although more severe constraints on the $f(R)$ model can be obtained by adding the data from cluster abundance, the halo mass function in our $f(R)$ model should be carefully studied before the data is used for our global fitting analysis. This will be an objective to our future work.
*Acknowledgment: J.H.He would like to thank B. R. Granett and L. Guzzo for helpful discussions. J.H.He acknowledges the Financial support of MIUR through PRIN 2008 and ASI through contract Euclid-NIS I/039/10/0.*
Appendix
========
The relation between $B_0$ and $D$
----------------------------------
Noting that $$\frac{f_{RR}}{F}\frac{dR}{dx}\frac{H}{\frac{dH}{dx}}=\frac{\frac{\partial F}{\partial x}}{F}\frac{H}{\frac{\partial H}{\partial x}}\quad,$$ using Eq.(\[Ex\]) and Eq.(\[mG\]) calculating straightforwardly, we obtain, $$\begin{split}
B(x)&=\frac{2D p_+e^{3xp_+}(e^{3x}\Omega_d^0+\Omega_m^0)}{(\Omega_m^0)^2\left\{1+De^{3xp_+}{_2F_1}\left[q_+,p_+;r_+;-\frac{e^{3x}\Omega_d^0}{\Omega_m^0}\right]\right\}}\\
&\times\{\frac{q_+}{r_+}\Omega_d^0e^{3x}{_2F_1}\left[q_++1,p_++1;r_++1;-\frac{e^{3x}\Omega_d^0}{\Omega_m^0}\right]\\
&-\Omega_m^0{_2F_1}\left[q_+,p_+;r_+;-\frac{e^{3x}\Omega_d^0}{\Omega_m^0}\right]\}\quad.
\end{split}$$ When $x=0$, we can find the explicit relationship between $D$ and $B_0$ as $$\begin{split}
B_0&=\frac{2D p_+}{(\Omega_m^0)^2\left\{1+D{_2F_1}\left[q_+,p_+;r_+;-\frac{\Omega_d^0}{\Omega_m^0}\right]\right\}}\\
&\times\{\frac{q_+}{r_+}\Omega_d^0{_2F_1}\left[q_++1,p_++1;r_++1;-\frac{\Omega_d^0}{\Omega_m^0}\right]\\
&-\Omega_m^0{_2F_1}\left[q_+,p_+;r_+;-\frac{\Omega_d^0}{\Omega_m^0}\right]\}\quad.
\end{split}$$
Modifying CAMB
--------------
Our work is based on the public available Einstein-Boltzmann code CAMB [@CAMB]. The basic equations in the CAMB code are based on the covariant approach in which it describes the cosmological perturbations in terms of the variables that are covariantly defined in the real universe(see [@cambequationsreviw] for reviews). When making $1+3$ decomposition of the physical quantities with respect to a family of observers, CAMB choose the observer coincide with the motion of CDM in the Universe, and the equations in CAMB are thus equivalent to the general perturbation equations as presented in [@Kodama] to be fixed in the synchronous gauge. Here we summarize our cosmological perturbation equations in the $f(R)$ gravity in the synchronous gauge with the same conventions as that used in CAMB. In CAMB, the curvature perturbations are characterized by $\mathcal{Z}$ and $\sigma$ $$\begin{aligned}
\mathcal{Z}&=&\frac{h_L'}{2k}\nonumber\quad, \\
\sigma&=&k\alpha\nonumber \quad,\end{aligned}$$ where $$\eta_T'=\frac{k}{3}(\sigma-\mathcal{Z})\quad.$$ The perturbed modified Einstein equations can be written as $$\begin{aligned}
(F\mathcal{H}+\frac{1}{2}F')k\mathcal{Z}&=&\frac{\kappa^2}{2}a^2\delta \rho+Fk^2\eta_T\beta_2-\frac{3}{2}\mathcal{H}\delta F'\nonumber\\
&-&\frac{1}{2}\delta F k^2+\frac{3}{2}\mathcal{H}'\delta F\quad,\\
\frac{k^2}{3}F(\beta_2\sigma-\mathcal{Z})&=&\frac{\kappa^2}{2}a^2q+\frac{1}{2}k\delta F'\nonumber \\
&-&\frac{1}{2}k\mathcal{H}\delta F\quad,\\
\sigma'+2\mathcal{H}\sigma+\frac{F'}{F}\sigma&=&k\eta_T-\kappa^2a^2\frac{p\Pi}{F k}-k\frac{\delta F}{F}\quad,\\
\mathcal{Z}'+(\frac{1}{2}\frac{F'}{F}+\mathcal{H})\mathcal{Z}&=&(-k\beta_2+\frac{k}{2}+\frac{3\mathcal{H}^2}{k})\frac{\delta F}{F}\nonumber\\
&-&\frac{\kappa^2a^2}{2kF}(\delta \rho+3\delta p)-\frac{3}{2}\frac{\delta F''}{kF}\quad,\end{aligned}$$ where $\beta_2$ is the curvature factor $$\beta_2=\frac{k^2-3K}{k^2}\quad.$$ The propagation of the perturbed field $\delta F$ is given by $$\begin{aligned}
&&\delta F''+2\mathcal{H}\delta F'+a^2(\frac{k^2}{a^2}+M^2)\delta F\nonumber\\
&=&\frac{\kappa^2a^2}{3}(\delta \rho -3\delta p) -kF'\mathcal{Z}\quad,\label{deltF}\end{aligned}$$ and the perturbation of the scalar curvature $\delta R$ is given by $$a^2\delta R=2kZ'+6kZ\mathcal{H}-4k^2\beta_2\eta_T\quad.$$
We have replaced the original perturbation equations with the above set of equations in the original CAMB code. Another important part we need to modify is the source term of the CMB temperature anisotropy [@source][@cambequations] $$\begin{split}
&S_T(\tau,k)\\
&=e^{-\varepsilon}(\alpha''+\eta_T')\\
&+g(\Delta_{T0}+2\alpha'+\frac{v_b'}{k}+\frac{\zeta}{12\sqrt{\beta_2}}+\frac{\zeta''}{4k^2\sqrt{\beta_2}})\\
&+g'(\alpha+\frac{v_b}{k}+\frac{\zeta'}{2k^2\sqrt{\beta_2}})+\frac{1}{4}\frac{g''\zeta}{k^2\sqrt{\beta_2}}\\
&=e^{-\varepsilon}(\frac{\sigma''}{k}+\frac{k\sigma}{3}-\frac{k\mathcal{Z}}{3})\\
&+g(\Delta_{T0}+2\frac{\sigma'}{k}+\frac{v_b'}{k}+\frac{\zeta}{12\sqrt{\beta_2}}+\frac{\zeta''}{4k^2\sqrt{\beta_2}})\\
&+g'(\frac{\sigma}{k}+\frac{v_b}{k}+\frac{\zeta'}{2k^2\sqrt{\beta_2}})+\frac{1}{4}\frac{g''\zeta}{k^2\sqrt{\beta_2}}\quad,
\end{split}$$ where $g=-\dot{\varepsilon}e^{-\varepsilon}=an_e\sigma_Te^{-\varepsilon}$ is the visibility function and $\varepsilon$ is the optical depth. $\zeta$ is given by $$\zeta=(\frac{3}{4}I_2 +\frac{9}{2}E_2)\quad,$$ where $I_2$, $E_2$ indicate the quadrupole of the photon intensity and the E-like polarization respectively [@cambequations]. In the original code, $\sigma$ and $\mathcal{Z}$ are calculated from the perturbation equations in the standard Einstein’s gravity. In our work, $\sigma$ and $\mathcal{Z}$ are calculated from perturbation equations in the $f(R)$ gravity.
Cosmological perturbation in f(R) gravity
-----------------------------------------
The perturbed modified Einstein equations in the $f(R)$ gravity are given by $$\begin{aligned}
-\frac{\kappa^2}{2}\delta \rho a^2&=&F[-k^2\phi+3\mathcal{H}(\mathcal{H}\psi-\phi')\nonumber\\
&+&k\mathcal{H}B+K(3\phi+\frac{1}{2}\mathcal{E}) -\frac{1}{6}k^2\mathcal{E}]\nonumber \\
&+&F'(\frac{k}{2}B+3\mathcal{H}\psi-\frac{3}{2}\phi')-\frac{3}{2}\mathcal{H}\delta F'\nonumber \\
&-&\delta F(\frac{3}{2}\mathcal{H}^2-\frac{3}{2}\frac{a''}{a}+\frac{k^2}{2})\quad.\label{JE_1}\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
\kappa^2a^2\delta p&=&F[-\frac{2}{3}k^2\psi-\frac{2}{3}k^2\phi-\frac{1}{9}k^2\mathcal{E}\nonumber\\
&+&4\frac{a''}{a}\psi+\frac{2}{3}kB'+\frac{4}{3}k\mathcal{H}B-2\mathcal{H}^2\psi\nonumber\\
&+&2\mathcal{H}\psi'-4\mathcal{H}\phi'-2\phi''+K(2\phi+\frac{1}{3}\mathcal{E})]\nonumber \\
&+&F'[\frac{2}{3}kB+\psi'+2\mathcal{H}\psi-2\phi']\nonumber \\
&+&\delta F[\mathcal{H}^2+\frac{a''}{a}-\frac{2}{3}k^2+2K]\nonumber \\
&-&\delta F''-\delta F'\mathcal{H}+2\psi F''\quad.\label{JE_2}\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
\kappa^2a^2p\Pi&=&F[-k^2\psi-k^2\phi+2k\mathcal{H}B+\mathcal{H}\mathcal{E}'\nonumber\\
&-&\frac{1}{6}k^2\mathcal{E}+\frac{1}{2}\mathcal{E}''+kB']\nonumber \\
&+&F'(\frac{1}{2}\mathcal{E}'+kB)-k^2\delta F\quad.\label{JE_3}\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
-\frac{1}{2}\kappa^2a^2q&=&F[k\phi'-k\mathcal{H}\psi+2\mathcal{H}^2B\nonumber\\
&-&\frac{a''}{a}B+\frac{1}{6}k\mathcal{E}'-\frac{1}{2}\mathcal{E}'\frac{K}{k}]\nonumber \\
&+&F'[\mathcal{H}B-\frac{1}{2}k\psi]+\frac{1}{2}k\delta F'\nonumber \\
&-&\frac{1}{2}k\mathcal{H}\delta F-\frac{1}{2}B F''\quad,\label{JE_4}\end{aligned}$$ where $q=(\rho+p)v$. The above perturbation equations are self-consistent covariant equations. We can show that under the infinitesimal coordinate transformation, namely, Eq.(\[transformation\]), the perturbation equations could keep the same form. $$\begin{aligned}
\hat{\psi}Y^{(s)}&=& (\psi-{\xi^0}'-\mathcal{H}\xi^0)Y^{(s)}\nonumber\quad,\\
\hat{\phi}Y^{(s)}&=& (\phi-\frac{1}{3}k\beta-\mathcal{H}\xi^0)Y^{(s)}\nonumber \quad,\\
\hat{B}Y^{(s)}_i&=&(B-k\xi^0-\beta')Y^{(s)}_i\nonumber\quad, \\
\hat{\mathcal{E}}Y^{(s)}_{ij}&=&(\mathcal{E}+2k\beta)Y^{(s)}_{ij}\quad.\label{transformation}\end{aligned}$$ The perturbation for the scalar field $\delta F$ satisfies $$\begin{split}
\delta F&=f_{RR}\delta R \quad, \\
f_{RR}&=\frac{\partial F}{\partial R}\quad,\nonumber
\end{split}$$ where the perturbation of scalar curvature $\delta R$ is given by $$\begin{split}
a^2\delta R&=-12\psi\frac{a''}{a}-6\mathcal{H}\psi'+4\phi k^2-2K\mathcal{E} \\
&+2\psi k^2+18\mathcal{H}\phi'+\frac{2}{3}\mathcal{E}k^2+6\phi''\\
&-6B\mathcal{H}k-12\phi K-2B'k\quad .\label{deltaR}
\end{split}$$
Inserting Eq.(\[deltaR\]) into Eq.(\[JE\_2\]) to eliminate $\phi''$ and using Eq.(\[JE\_1\]) to eliminate $k^2\phi$, the equation governing the behavior of $\delta F$ gives rise to $$\begin{split}
\delta F''&+2\mathcal{H}\delta F'+a^2(\frac{k^2}{a^2}+M^2)\delta F\\
&=\frac{\kappa^2a^2}{3}(\delta \rho-3\delta p) +2\psi F'' \\
&+F'(4\mathcal{H}\psi-3\phi'+\psi'+kB)\quad,\label{gdeltF}
\end{split}$$ where $$M^2=\frac{1}{3}(\frac{F}{f_{RR}}-R)\label{Mdef}\quad,$$ and $$R=\frac{6a''}{a^3}+\frac{6K}{a^2}\quad.$$
[99]{}
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import {NgModule} from '@angular/core';
import {SharedModule} from '../shared/shared.module';
import {RxJsStreams} from './rxjs-streams';
@NgModule({
imports: [SharedModule],
declarations: [RxJsStreams],
})
export class RxJsStreamsModule {}
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46 N.J. Super. 101 (1957)
134 A.2d 14
IRMA H. CHRISTIANSEN, PLAINTIFF-RESPONDENT,
v.
CLARENCE L. CHRISTIANSEN, DEFENDANT-APPELLANT.
Superior Court of New Jersey, Appellate Division.
Argued June 20, 1957.
Decided July 22, 1957.
*103 Before Judges CLAPP, FRANCIS and STANTON.
Mr. Eugene J. Kirk argued the cause for the respondent.
Mr. Benjamin M. Ratner argued the cause for the appellant.
The opinion of the court was delivered by FRANCIS, J.A.D.
The defendant husband appeals from a judgment awarding his wife separate maintenance.
Some history is necessary in order to present the issues to be considered.
The parties were married on October 4, 1951. Disharmony arose very quickly and on March 8, 1952 they separated physically, although remaining in the same household. On October 14, 1952 the wife sued for separate maintenance alleging refusal on the part of the husband to cohabit with her since on or about March 8, 1952, and a failure to support beginning about June 1, 1952. They were still occupying the same house at this time. The complaint is somewhat inartistically drawn. The thrust of its single count seems to have been to present a case of simple abandonment under the statute, N.J.S.A. 2A:34-24. However, contained therein were a number of allegations respecting a course of cruelty pursued by the husband down to its filing date. They seem to have been set out in passing and as incidents *104 of the married life because there was no assertion of any claim of constructive abandonment arising from extreme cruelty. A further example of this running account of the marital troubles appears in the charges relating to failure of support. Although the paragraph charging the statutory abandonment alleges a failure to support adequately as of June 1, 1952, a later paragraph asserts that between June 1 and September 1, 1952 the husband gave the wife $25 per week (a lower amount than had been given previously) and that after about September 15 he gave her no support at all. Such a complaint necessarily caused difficulties for the trial court in pinpointing the exact cause of action relied upon.
In this connection it may be noted that the defendant's answer admitted a refusal to cohabit with plaintiff after March 8, 1952, and alleged as the reason therefor his discovery that her previous divorce was fraudulently obtained, which made his marriage to her a nullity. Moreover, he admitted also in this pleading that for the same reason he had ceased supporting her after the middle of September 1952. In furtherance of these charges an original and amended counterclaim was filed, seeking in one count a divorce on the ground of plaintiff's extreme cruelty and in a second count an annulment because of plaintiff's alleged incapacity to contract the marriage. Incidentally this counterclaim alleged that on account of plaintiff's extreme cruelty he was compelled to separate himself from her on March 8, 1952.
The pretrial order described the plaintiff's action as a simple abandonment and failure to support, the former state arising "in March 1952" and the latter "commencing September 1952."
The action was tried on several days in the latter part of 1953 and in 1954, final judgment being entered on November 15, 1954. Prior to the inception of the trial complete separation of the parties had occurred, the plaintiff having left the marital home on November 21, 1952.
It is not entirely clear from the record of this trial just what use plaintiff intended to make of the charges of cruelty *105 whether the intention was to submit the proof simply as a circumstance or condition tending to corroborate an ordinary statutory abandonment, or whether an incidental motive was to establish also a constructive abandonment based upon extreme cruelty. In any event, although the husband's course of conduct throughout the marriage and down to the wife's departure in November 1952 was shown, the trial court confined the abandonment issue to the date alleged, namely, March 8, 1952. The proof showed a cessation of marital relations as of that time, but it appeared that defendant was physically incapable of engaging in such function because of an infection from which he was suffering. The court felt that under the circumstances the defendant's failure to do so did not constitute abandonment in the statutory sense. So, without passing upon the other element of the cause of action, i.e., failure of support, and confining himself to the single date of March 8, he found no abandonment as of that date.
The oral opinion and the judgment are important because they make it plain that the adverse result was predicated entirely upon the conclusion that one of the two elements necessary to a cause of action for separate maintenance, that is, an abandonment as of March 8, had not been proved. The court was careful to say:
"Judgment may be entered dismissing the complaint for separate maintenance with prejudice insofar as it charges an abandonment by defendant on or about March 8, 1952."
And:
"As to the other allegations in the complaint, particularly those relating to the attitude and conduct of the defendant toward the plaintiff between March 8, 1952 and October 14, 1952, the date of filing of the complaint, the complaint is dismissed without prejudice."
The defendant's counterclaim was dismissed with prejudice.
It is obvious that the intention was to limit the decision to the cause of action predicated upon the alleged March 8 *106 abandonment. This becomes crystal clear from an examination of the colloquy at the end of the trial between court and counsel and the ruling on an application to amend the complaint to charge an abandonment as of September 15, 1952. The motion was denied even though the court expressed the opinion that the amendment was advisable because of the extensive proof in the case covering the entire period down to November 21, 1952. But he felt that R.R. 4:95-4(a) barred it. This rule provides that:
"* * * [A]n amendment to the complaint * * * may be allowed to set forth a cause of action which has arisen or become known since the filing of the original complaint * * *."
Pointing out that the cause of action based upon a September 15, 1952 date was known to plaintiff and in existence on October 14, 1952 when the complaint was filed, he declared that the rule limited his authority to amend to cases where the cause of action arose or became known subsequent to the institution of the litigation. So being sympathetic to plaintiff's position but considering himself unable to aid because of the rule, he was careful to limit his disposition of the matter to the date in the complaint and to preserve any other cause of action she might have.
At this point some discussion of R.R. 4:95-4(a) seems advisable. The restrictive force attributed to it is not sound as reference to its evolution will demonstrate. R.R. 4:93-1 directs that the rules governing civil actions generally shall apply to matrimonial actions unless otherwise provided in R.R. 4:93 to 4:98 inclusive (the matrimonial actions rules). The ordinary rules of civil practice direct that leave to amend pleadings shall be freely given when justice requires. R.R. 4:15-1. When issues not raised by the pleadings and pretrial order are tried without objection, they are to be treated as if included therein. And such amendments as may be necessary to cause them to conform to the evidence and to raise the issues may be made upon motion of any party at any time, even after judgment. Also, *107 if objection is made to the admission of evidence "on the ground that it is not within the issues made by the pleadings and pretrial order," the court may allow such amendments as are necessary. The relief is to be granted freely to accomplish the presentation of the merits unless the objecting party satisfies the court that he would suffer prejudice in the prosecution of his case. And in the court's discretion a continuance may be granted in such cases to enable the objecting party to meet such evidence. R.R. 4:15-2. Thus in the present case, aside from the influence of R.R. 4:95-4(a) to be discussed presently, having in mind the broad allegations of the complaint and pretrial order, both of which mention the September date, and the extensive proof, a grant of the application to amend clearly would seem to have been justified. But does R.R. 4:95-4(a) operate as a limitation on this broad power?
The purpose of R.R. 4:95-4(a) is clearly indicated by the tentative draft of the original rule, 3:83-5(a), promulgated in the 1951 Rules as 3:84-4(a), and the comment thereunder. Under the old Chancery practice, there was at least serious doubt as to whether a cause of action which arose subsequent to the filing of a complaint for separate maintenance or a petition for divorce could be added by supplemental bill or petition. Tentative Draft of the Rules Governing the Courts of New Jersey, p. 287 (1948); 2A N.J. Practice Series (Waltzinger) 389 (1954). The prevailing view seemed to be that in such case an independent suit would have to be brought. To make certain that this archaic practice would be eliminated, the rule under discussion was suggested and adopted. The design was not to limit the power of amendment but to broaden it (if such broadening was necessary in view of the last portion of R.R. 4:15-3 (originally Rule 3:15-3); note the comment in the Tentative Draft, supra, under this rule at p. 127; 2 N.J. Practice Series (Waltzinger) 195 (1954)) and to remove any possible doubt that a subsequently arising matrimonial cause of action could be introduced into the pending suit by way of amendment.
*108 Under the circumstances, the amendment sought here should have been permitted. Cf. Urian v. Urian, 31 N.J. Super. 608 (App. Div. 1954); and see 2 Schnitzer and Wildstein, N.J. Rules Service, § 5, at p. A-IV 364 (1954). However, the failure to do so does not affect the merits of the judgment in the second action which is now before us. The matter has been discussed merely to clarify the practice.
On January 5, 1955 the present complaint for separate maintenance was filed. It contains three counts, charging a simple abandonment and failure to support beginning on or about March 9, 1952, an abandonment and failure to support accompanied by an allegation that plaintiff was compelled to separate from her husband on November 21, 1952, on account of his extreme cruelty, and finally an abandonment and failure to support arising during a consensual separation.
At this trial the entire course of the stormy married life of the parties was presented. The proof began with the marriage, covered the period of their residence in a common household down to the wife's departure in November 1952, and established the husband's attitude toward her thereafter through November 30, 1954. The proof was in conflict as to the responsibility for the events which culminated the final separation. However, the failure to support was clear; in fact, dating from mid-September 1952 it was undisputed. The trial court in a long and detailed oral opinion decided the issue of credibility in favor of the wife. And he concluded that the "defendant unjustifiably abandoned and refused to support the plaintiff, beginning on or about March 9, 1952 and culminating in a complete and final abandonment on November 21, 1952." He decided also that the charge of extreme cruelty had been proved and that it justified the wife's departure on November 21, 1952; and finally that the separation on that day was provoked, inspired and consented to by the husband. So, on all three grounds, a judgment for separate maintenance was entered.
We do not consider it necessary to set forth here the facts adduced by the parties. It seems sufficient to say that study *109 of the record has convinced us that the finding of extreme cruelty and acquiescence in the wife's separation by the husband is amply supported. The same is true with respect to the court's disbelief of his alleged efforts at reconciliation.
The husband argues strenuously that the judgment of November 15, 1954, after the first trial, constitutes res adjudicata and required dismissal of the action. This is true as to the alleged abandonment of March 8, 1952, for the action predicated upon that date was dismissed with prejudice. But the dismissal was limited expressly to that date and, as stated above, the court took pains to preserve any other claim for relief based upon extreme cruelty or a subsequent abandonment. The preservation arose from the specific reference to the allegations of the complaint relating to the conduct of the defendant between March 8 and October 14, 1952 and from the judgment of dismissal without prejudice as to any cause of action based upon them.
A dismissal without prejudice is comparable to a nonsuit under the former practice at law. It adjudicates nothing. Another action may be instituted and the same facts urged, either alone or in company with others as the basis of a claim for relief. Spencer v. Steel, 23 N.J. Super. 504, 509 (App. Div. 1952); Merrill v. Merrill, 95 N.J. Eq. 398, 399 (Ch. 1924); Spence v. Spence, 74 N.J. Eq. 786, 788 (Ch. 1908); Coles v. Coles, 32 N.J. Eq. 547, 557 (Ch. 1880); English v. English, 27 N.J. Eq. 579, 586 (E. & A. 1876); Mills v. Mills, 18 N.J. Eq. 444, 445 (Ch. 1867); 12 N.J. Practice Series, Herr, Marriage, Divorce and Separation, § 1461 (1950); cf. R.R. 4:42-2(b).
Therefore an action based upon a constructive abandonment arising on November 21, 1952 (more than a month after the suit was started) from a course of conduct constituting extreme cruelty and culminating in a separation on that day, cannot be said to be barred by such a judgment. The same is true of a cause of action for separate maintenance based upon a separation beginning on that day and acquiesced in by the husband.
*110 With respect to the latter issue, the trial court found that the husband wanted his wife to leave the home, that he had asked her to get out on occasions and that his course of conduct was such as to impel her to leave. And he concluded that regardless of the existence of justification founded in extreme cruelty, when she left it was instigated and acquiesced in by him. In our opinion, the record adequately supports that determination. Such a separation does not relieve the husband of the duty to support his wife. Nashman v. Nashman, 33 N.J. Super. 602, 605 (App. Div. 1955); Armour v. Armour, 135 N.J. Eq. 47, 52 (E. & A. 1944). Under the circumstances, this reason alone would have warranted the award of separate maintenance.
An allowance of $60 per week was made to the wife. It is not alleged to be excessive. However, complaint is made that the order should not have been made retroactive to February 4, 1955. The reason assigned is that the husband's financial means are limited and payment of the substantial sum which has accumulated would be inequitably burdensome.
The record reveals that on February 4, 1955 pendente lite support was sought. The application seems to have been continued or carried along for a considerable period, for reasons which are not explained in the appendix but which undoubtedly were sufficient for the parties and the court. Ultimately, on August 30, 1955, an order was entered denying support pending the final hearing. Among other things, it recited that any allowance then made would date back to February 4, 1955. Thus, as far back as August 1955 appellant was aware of a potential lump sum liability if the result of the litigation was adverse to him. In the face of that contingency, the making of some provision to meet it would seem to be the course of a reasonably prudent man. And Christiansen's method of living indicates that if the will to do so had been present, the alleged difficulty would be academic, not real. The retroactive award is discretionary with the court and we are not persuaded that the discretion was mistakenly exercised.
*111 The suggestion is made that if the order is sustained, we should permit payment in reasonable installments. This is a matter which should be dealt with by the trial court.
Finally, it is argued that the judgment should be reversed because the action was commenced in the improper venue and it was error for the trial court to deny defendant's motion for transfer.
The parties lived in Short Hills, Essex County, New Jersey, when the separation occurred in November 1952. The cause of action arose there. R.R. 4:94(a) requires the venue to be laid in the county where the cause arose, which in this instance means Essex and not Union County. Cabibo v. Cabibo, 13 N.J. Super. 373 (Ch. Div. 1951).
Upon separation, the wife went to the home of her father in Union County and was living there when the complaint was filed. Defendant, whose business is in Union County, moved to another address in Essex County. These factors do not affect the mandatory application of the rule. Thus it was improper to use the Union County venue and the motion to transfer should have been granted. However, our study of the entire proceedings fails to disclose that any prejudice resulted to the defendant from the error and consequently it does not provide a basis for interfering with the final result of the trial. R.R. 1:5-3(b).
For all the reasons stated the whole of the judgment, including the allowances to counsel and the plaintiff's accountant, is affirmed.
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1. “It is not ‘progressive’ to try to resolve problems by eliminating a human life.” ― Pope Francis
2. “Right now, we don’t have a very good relation with creation.” ― Pope Francis
3. “No one can grow if he does not accept his smallness.” ― Pope Francis
4. “Work ends up dehumanizing people.” ― Pope Francis
5. “This is the struggle of every person: be free or be a slave.” ― Pope Francis
6. “The root of this possibility of doing good – that we all have – is in creation.” ― Pope Francis
7. “I love tango, and I used to dance when I was young.” ― Pope Francis
8. “Living together is an art. It’s a patient art, it’s beautiful art, it’s fascinating.” ― Pope Francis
9. “We all have the duty to do good.” ― Pope Francis
10. “There is never a reason to lose hope. Jesus says: ‘I am with you until the end of the world.” ― Pope Francis
11. “To say that you can kill in the name of God is blasphemy.” ― Pope Francis
12. “Since God created the world, He also created reality.” ― Pope Francis
13. “Lord Jesus, make us capable of loving as you love.” ― Pope Francis
14. “God loves us. May we discover the beauty of loving and being loved.” ― Pope Francis
15. “We just cannot worry about ourselves.” ― Pope Francis
16. “The secret of Christian living is love. Only love fills the empty spaces caused by evil.” ― Pope Francis
17. “Oh, how I would like a poor Church, and for the poor.” ― Pope Francis
18. “He who doesn’t pray to the Lord prays to the devil.” ― Pope Francis
19. “Christmas is joy, religious joy, an inner joy of light and peace.” ― Pope Francis
20. “I dream of a church that is a mother and shepherdess.” ― Pope Francis
21. “Life is a journey. When we stop, things don’t go right.” ― Pope Francis
22. “God never tires of forgiving us; we are the ones who tire of seeking his mercy.” ― Pope Francis
23. “Mercy is the true power that can save humanity and the world from sin and evil.” ― Pope Francis
24. “A little bit of mercy makes the world less cold and more just.” ― Pope Francis
25. “Human self-understanding changes with time, and so also human consciousness deepens.” ― Pope Francis
26. “What zest life acquires when we allow ourselves to be filled by the love of God!” ― Pope Francis
27. “This is the struggle of every person: be free or be a slave.” ― Pope Francis
28. “We must not reduce the bosom of the universal church to a nest protecting our mediocrity.” ― Pope Francis
29. “You cannot be in a position of power and destroy the life of another person.” ― Pope Francis
30. “Find new ways to spread the word of God to every corner of the world.” ― Pope Francis |
The class of 2014 in Ohio has already seen several prospects received Division I scholarship offers. Within the last week, Minster tight end Ethan Wolf has joined those ranks with his first two scholarship offers. |
Photo
Doug Cruger, a volunteer and vice president of the Bonita Valley Horsemen, and Bow Tie cross a bridge at Otay Valley Regional Park, west of Interstate 805 and north of the U.S.-Mexico border.
— David Brooks / UNION-TRIBUNE |
Psilocybin mushrooms (Wikimedia)
Not only are they medically useful, but in a free country, people should be allowed to use whatever substances they want.
The decriminalization of magic (psilocybin) mushrooms is going to be on the ballot in Denver in May, and voters should definitely go for it.
On February 1, the Denver Elections Division certified a petition from decriminalization activists, noting that it had received enough signatures for voters to decide on the issue in the municipal election. The measure would decriminalize the use of psilocybin — or “magic” — mushrooms within city limits.
It’s important to note that the measure would not legalize the drug, but simply make stopping possession of it a low priority for police, prohibiting the city and county from using any of its resources to punish people ages 21 and older for possessing the drug. The drug would still, of course, be considered illegal on the federal level.
Although mushrooms are a drug that may carry a lot of stigma, voters would be right to pass this measure in May. In fact, speaking generally, I would argue that drug decriminalization is always the right choice. After all, we are supposed to be a country that was founded on the principles of freedom and individual liberty, and locking people up for what they choose to put in their own bodies certainly seems opposite to that philosophy.
Even aside from the general philosophical argument for the decriminalization of all drugs, there is a lot of evidence that the decriminalization of mushrooms in particular could be beneficial for a lot of people. In fact, the Food and Drug Administration has designated psilocybin a “breakthrough therapy” for depression. According to the company working toward approval of medicinal psilocybin, this means that “preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the drug may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies.” “Breakthrough” status means that the therapy can move faster along the pathway to approval. As Reason notes in a column on the issue, a study sponsored by the British life-sciences company COMPASS Pathways found that its dozen participants experienced major improvements in their depression thanks to psilocybin. After one week, their mean score on the Quick Inventory of Depressive Systems, which ranges from 0 to 27, had dropped from 19.2 to 7.4. After three months, the mean was 10.0, which was 48 percent lower than the baseline.
Another study suggests that mushrooms are also helpful for the mental health of those who are suffering with life-threatening illnesses. In 2016, a Johns Hopkins study reported that cancer patients who had received psilocybin experienced an average 78 percent reduction in depression and an 83 percent reduction in anxiety.
Psilocybin may actually be a very helpful drug that could make life easier for a lot of people, and our laws should not stop people from being able to enjoy the benefits of that help. Dealing with depression can be very difficult, and we certainly shouldn’t be taking options away from people that might be able to help them with those issues.
I do understand, of course, that this measure would decriminalize the drug for all adults, and not just people who might have a medical need for it — but, to me, that’s even better. Our bodies should belong to ourselves, not to the government. If someone wants to take magic mushrooms to help them with their mental-health issues, they should absolutely be able to do so. If someone wants to take magic mushrooms because they want to feel giggly and weird and have fun with their friends, they should be able to do that, too. At the very least, it’s not like it’s hurting anyone else — and laws that punish “crimes” without victims shouldn’t exist in a free and fair country. |
Histological characteristics of collagen denaturation and injuries in bipolar radiofrequency-induced colonic anastomoses.
Bipolar radiofrequency-induced thermo-fusion has been explored as an advanced surgical method for intestinal anastomoses; however, the histological characteristics of collagen denaturation and injuries arising from this process remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the microcosmic changes and tissue damage of fusion regions with various parameters of injury. Ex vivo colons of pigs were fused serosa-serosa on two carrier rings, which were installed on a homemade anastomotic device. Five levels of compressive pressure from 171 to 313 kPa were applied for 5s to fuse the colons under radiofrequency power of 160 W, and then the collagen denaturation of the fused region was examined by transmission electron microscopy. Light microscopy was utilized to observe histological slices that were stained with picrosirius red in order to visualize the tissue injuries under two levels of radiofrequency power (120 vs. 140 W) and operation time (5 vs. 10s). Transmission electron micrographs showed that increased compressive pressure led to thicker denatured collagen fibrils and wider gaps between each collagen fibril. Serosa adhesion regions appeared abundant in collagen. No histological differences were observed when 120 W of power was applied for 5 and 10s. Significant muscle cracking occurred when colons were fused using 140 W for 5s. When the operation time was extended to 10s, 140 W led to tight fusion and less splitting on muscles. These results suggest that higher compressive pressure results in more severe collagen unfolding and also reduces collagen crosslinking in fused colons. Improved radiofrequency power along with operation time could avoid tissue injury upon radiofrequency-induced colonic anastomoses. |
from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
from mock import patch
from ...unittest import TestCase
from oauthlib.oauth2.rfc6749.parameters import *
from oauthlib.oauth2.rfc6749.errors import *
from oauthlib import signals
@patch('time.time', new=lambda: 1000)
class ParameterTests(TestCase):
state = 'xyz'
auth_base = {
'uri': 'https://server.example.com/authorize',
'client_id': 's6BhdRkqt3',
'redirect_uri': 'https://client.example.com/cb',
'state': state,
'scope': 'photos'
}
list_scope = ['list', 'of', 'scopes']
auth_grant = {'response_type': 'code'}
auth_grant_list_scope = {}
auth_implicit = {'response_type': 'token', 'extra': 'extra'}
auth_implicit_list_scope = {}
def setUp(self):
self.auth_grant.update(self.auth_base)
self.auth_implicit.update(self.auth_base)
self.auth_grant_list_scope.update(self.auth_grant)
self.auth_grant_list_scope['scope'] = self.list_scope
self.auth_implicit_list_scope.update(self.auth_implicit)
self.auth_implicit_list_scope['scope'] = self.list_scope
auth_base_uri = ('https://server.example.com/authorize?response_type={0}'
'&client_id=s6BhdRkqt3&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2F'
'client.example.com%2Fcb&scope={1}&state={2}{3}')
auth_grant_uri = auth_base_uri.format('code', 'photos', state, '')
auth_grant_uri_list_scope = auth_base_uri.format('code', 'list+of+scopes', state, '')
auth_implicit_uri = auth_base_uri.format('token', 'photos', state, '&extra=extra')
auth_implicit_uri_list_scope = auth_base_uri.format('token', 'list+of+scopes', state, '&extra=extra')
grant_body = {
'grant_type': 'authorization_code',
'code': 'SplxlOBeZQQYbYS6WxSbIA',
'redirect_uri': 'https://client.example.com/cb'
}
grant_body_scope = {'scope': 'photos'}
grant_body_list_scope = {'scope': list_scope}
auth_grant_body = ('grant_type=authorization_code&'
'code=SplxlOBeZQQYbYS6WxSbIA&'
'redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fclient.example.com%2Fcb')
auth_grant_body_scope = auth_grant_body + '&scope=photos'
auth_grant_body_list_scope = auth_grant_body + '&scope=list+of+scopes'
pwd_body = {
'grant_type': 'password',
'username': 'johndoe',
'password': 'A3ddj3w'
}
password_body = 'grant_type=password&username=johndoe&password=A3ddj3w'
cred_grant = {'grant_type': 'client_credentials'}
cred_body = 'grant_type=client_credentials'
grant_response = 'https://client.example.com/cb?code=SplxlOBeZQQYbYS6WxSbIA&state=xyz'
grant_dict = {'code': 'SplxlOBeZQQYbYS6WxSbIA', 'state': state}
error_nocode = 'https://client.example.com/cb?state=xyz'
error_nostate = 'https://client.example.com/cb?code=SplxlOBeZQQYbYS6WxSbIA'
error_wrongstate = 'https://client.example.com/cb?code=SplxlOBeZQQYbYS6WxSbIA&state=abc'
error_response = 'https://client.example.com/cb?error=access_denied&state=xyz'
implicit_base = 'https://example.com/cb#access_token=2YotnFZFEjr1zCsicMWpAA&scope=abc&'
implicit_response = implicit_base + 'state={0}&token_type=example&expires_in=3600'.format(state)
implicit_notype = implicit_base + 'state={0}&expires_in=3600'.format(state)
implicit_wrongstate = implicit_base + 'state={0}&token_type=exampleexpires_in=3600'.format('invalid')
implicit_nostate = implicit_base + 'token_type=example&expires_in=3600'
implicit_notoken = 'https://example.com/cb#state=xyz&token_type=example&expires_in=3600'
implicit_dict = {
'access_token': '2YotnFZFEjr1zCsicMWpAA',
'state': state,
'token_type': 'example',
'expires_in': '3600',
'expires_at': 4600,
'scope': ['abc']
}
json_response = ('{ "access_token": "2YotnFZFEjr1zCsicMWpAA",'
' "token_type": "example",'
' "expires_in": 3600,'
' "refresh_token": "tGzv3JOkF0XG5Qx2TlKWIA",'
' "example_parameter": "example_value",'
' "scope":"abc def"}')
json_error = '{ "error": "invalid_request" }'
json_notoken = ('{ "token_type": "example",'
' "expires_in": 3600,'
' "refresh_token": "tGzv3JOkF0XG5Qx2TlKWIA",'
' "example_parameter": "example_value" }')
json_notype = ('{ "access_token": "2YotnFZFEjr1zCsicMWpAA",'
' "expires_in": 3600,'
' "refresh_token": "tGzv3JOkF0XG5Qx2TlKWIA",'
' "example_parameter": "example_value" }')
json_expires = ('{ "access_token": "2YotnFZFEjr1zCsicMWpAA",'
' "token_type": "example",'
' "expires": 3600,'
' "refresh_token": "tGzv3JOkF0XG5Qx2TlKWIA",'
' "example_parameter": "example_value",'
' "scope":"abc def"}')
json_dict = {
'access_token': '2YotnFZFEjr1zCsicMWpAA',
'token_type': 'example',
'expires_in': 3600,
'expires_at': 4600,
'refresh_token': 'tGzv3JOkF0XG5Qx2TlKWIA',
'example_parameter': 'example_value',
'scope': ['abc', 'def']
}
json_notype_dict = {
'access_token': '2YotnFZFEjr1zCsicMWpAA',
'expires_in': 3600,
'expires_at': 4600,
'refresh_token': 'tGzv3JOkF0XG5Qx2TlKWIA',
'example_parameter': 'example_value',
}
url_encoded_response = ('access_token=2YotnFZFEjr1zCsicMWpAA'
'&token_type=example'
'&expires_in=3600'
'&refresh_token=tGzv3JOkF0XG5Qx2TlKWIA'
'&example_parameter=example_value'
'&scope=abc def')
url_encoded_error = 'error=invalid_request'
url_encoded_notoken = ('token_type=example'
'&expires_in=3600'
'&refresh_token=tGzv3JOkF0XG5Qx2TlKWIA'
'&example_parameter=example_value')
def test_prepare_grant_uri(self):
"""Verify correct authorization URI construction."""
self.assertURLEqual(prepare_grant_uri(**self.auth_grant), self.auth_grant_uri)
self.assertURLEqual(prepare_grant_uri(**self.auth_grant_list_scope), self.auth_grant_uri_list_scope)
self.assertURLEqual(prepare_grant_uri(**self.auth_implicit), self.auth_implicit_uri)
self.assertURLEqual(prepare_grant_uri(**self.auth_implicit_list_scope), self.auth_implicit_uri_list_scope)
def test_prepare_token_request(self):
"""Verify correct access token request body construction."""
self.assertFormBodyEqual(prepare_token_request(**self.grant_body), self.auth_grant_body)
self.assertFormBodyEqual(prepare_token_request(**self.pwd_body), self.password_body)
self.assertFormBodyEqual(prepare_token_request(**self.cred_grant), self.cred_body)
def test_grant_response(self):
"""Verify correct parameter parsing and validation for auth code responses."""
params = parse_authorization_code_response(self.grant_response)
self.assertEqual(params, self.grant_dict)
params = parse_authorization_code_response(self.grant_response, state=self.state)
self.assertEqual(params, self.grant_dict)
self.assertRaises(MissingCodeError, parse_authorization_code_response,
self.error_nocode)
self.assertRaises(MissingCodeError, parse_authorization_code_response,
self.error_response)
self.assertRaises(MismatchingStateError, parse_authorization_code_response,
self.error_nostate, state=self.state)
self.assertRaises(MismatchingStateError, parse_authorization_code_response,
self.error_wrongstate, state=self.state)
def test_implicit_token_response(self):
"""Verify correct parameter parsing and validation for implicit responses."""
self.assertEqual(parse_implicit_response(self.implicit_response),
self.implicit_dict)
self.assertRaises(MissingTokenError, parse_implicit_response,
self.implicit_notoken)
self.assertRaises(ValueError, parse_implicit_response,
self.implicit_nostate, state=self.state)
self.assertRaises(ValueError, parse_implicit_response,
self.implicit_wrongstate, state=self.state)
def test_json_token_response(self):
"""Verify correct parameter parsing and validation for token responses. """
self.assertEqual(parse_token_response(self.json_response), self.json_dict)
self.assertRaises(InvalidRequestError, parse_token_response, self.json_error)
self.assertRaises(MissingTokenError, parse_token_response, self.json_notoken)
scope_changes_recorded = []
def record_scope_change(sender, message, old, new):
scope_changes_recorded.append((message, old, new))
os.environ['OAUTHLIB_RELAX_TOKEN_SCOPE'] = '1'
signals.scope_changed.connect(record_scope_change)
try:
parse_token_response(self.json_response, scope='aaa')
self.assertEqual(len(scope_changes_recorded), 1)
message, old, new = scope_changes_recorded[0]
for scope in new + old:
self.assertIn(scope, message)
self.assertEqual(old, ['aaa'])
self.assertEqual(set(new), set(['abc', 'def']))
finally:
signals.scope_changed.disconnect(record_scope_change)
del os.environ['OAUTHLIB_RELAX_TOKEN_SCOPE']
def test_json_token_notype(self):
"""Verify strict token type parsing only when configured. """
self.assertEqual(parse_token_response(self.json_notype), self.json_notype_dict)
try:
os.environ['OAUTHLIB_STRICT_TOKEN_TYPE'] = '1'
self.assertRaises(MissingTokenTypeError, parse_token_response, self.json_notype)
finally:
del os.environ['OAUTHLIB_STRICT_TOKEN_TYPE']
def test_url_encoded_token_response(self):
"""Verify fallback parameter parsing and validation for token responses. """
self.assertEqual(parse_token_response(self.url_encoded_response), self.json_dict)
self.assertRaises(InvalidRequestError, parse_token_response, self.url_encoded_error)
self.assertRaises(MissingTokenError, parse_token_response, self.url_encoded_notoken)
scope_changes_recorded = []
def record_scope_change(sender, message, old, new):
scope_changes_recorded.append((message, old, new))
os.environ['OAUTHLIB_RELAX_TOKEN_SCOPE'] = '1'
signals.scope_changed.connect(record_scope_change)
try:
token = parse_token_response(self.url_encoded_response, scope='aaa')
self.assertEqual(len(scope_changes_recorded), 1)
message, old, new = scope_changes_recorded[0]
for scope in new + old:
self.assertIn(scope, message)
self.assertEqual(old, ['aaa'])
self.assertEqual(set(new), set(['abc', 'def']))
finally:
signals.scope_changed.disconnect(record_scope_change)
del os.environ['OAUTHLIB_RELAX_TOKEN_SCOPE']
def test_token_response_with_expires(self):
"""Verify fallback for alternate spelling of expires_in. """
self.assertEqual(parse_token_response(self.json_expires), self.json_dict)
|
package main
import (
"bufio"
"fmt"
"github.com/cloudflare/golibs/spacesaving"
"io"
"os"
"strconv"
"strings"
"time"
)
const TimeFormatString = "2006-01-02 15:04:05.999999999 -0700 MST"
const halfLife = 60 * time.Second
func main() {
ss := spacesaving.Rate{}
slots, err := strconv.ParseInt(os.Args[1], 10, 64)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
ss.Init(uint32(slots), halfLife)
var lastTime time.Time
in := bufio.NewReader(os.Stdin)
for lineno := 1; true; lineno += 1 {
line, err := in.ReadString('\n')
if err == io.EOF {
break
}
if err != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "%s\n", err)
os.Exit(1)
}
line = strings.TrimSpace(line)
parts := strings.SplitN(line, ",", 2)
ts, err := time.Parse(TimeFormatString, parts[0])
if err != nil {
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "Ignoring line %d: %v\n",
lineno, err)
continue
}
key := strings.TrimSpace(parts[1])
ss.Touch(key, ts)
lastTime = ts
}
elements := ss.GetAll(lastTime)
for _, e := range elements {
fmt.Printf("%s, %f, %f\n", e.Key, e.LoRate, e.HiRate)
}
}
|
by
Verizon, AT&T and the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) are spearheading a three-pronged attack against net neutrality, the open Internet and other open forms of digital communications. If they succeed, telecommunications will be further “deregulated” and, thus, further privatized and monopolized. As a consequence, telecom services will get more expensive, local requirements subordinated to the whims of huge corporate monopolies, competition and innovation will suffer and U.S. world ranking in terms of broadband speed will further decline.
Last year, many within the broad tech, Internet and media communities – as well as ordinary citizens — organized to halt the Hollywood studios and record companies from pushing new “anti-piracy” laws through Congress. The battle against SOPA-PIPA is a model campaign for the next battle against the Communications Trust to preserve net neutrality, an open Internet and America’s very communications future.
One front in the campaign to end net neutrality is being pushed by Verizon. In 2011, it initiated a federal suit against the FCC’s authority to regulate digital communications. Currently, the FCC adheres to what is known as the “Open Internet rules,” an extension of the analog-era 1934 Communications Act. They require all Internet Service Providers (ISPs) — like Verizon – to maintain “net neutrality” standards, thus treating all data equally and barring them from slowing down or blocking websites.
Verizon argues that in the new world of digital communications, it is morphing from an old-fashioned “common carrier” or distribution pipe into a publisher, somehow analogous to CNN or the New York Times. It insists that FCC regulatory practices violate its 1st Amendment right to edit, prioritize or block its customers’ access to Internet content. Many reject this contention.
In 1995, Verizon was created out of the merger of Bell Atlantic (covering New Jersey to Virginia) and the New York Bell operating company, NYNEX (covering Maine through New York). In 2000, it acquired the independent phone company GTE and, in 2005, it acquired MCI, followed in 2008 with the acquisition of another independent, AllTel. The FCC challenge may foreshadow Verizon’s long-term plans to follow in the footsteps of cable companies like Comcast and TimeWarner and integrate content ownership with near-monopoly control over distribution.
The federal D.C. Circuit Court is expected to rule on this sometime soon. It is a pretty conservative and somewhat split Court. In December 2012, it supported the FCC’s regulation of Verizon Wireless over data roaming services. However, in 2010, it ruled that the FCC could not stop Comcast from blocking BitTorrent’s video sharing program. Stay tuned.
A second front is being pushed by AT&T and involves new Congressional legislation that would essentially end all regulatory obligations. AT&T insists, “this [traditional] regulatory experiment will show that conventional public-utility-style regulation is no longer necessary or appropriate in the emerging all-IP ecosystem.” No accountability – problem with your bill, too bad; slow bandwidth speeds, good luck; rural customers, get f**ked; schools, hospitals, police stations, pay up or good-by.
To cover-up this campaign, AT&T’s PR flacks recently promoted a new “$14 Billion” investment plan to upgrade its network. The nation’s leading media outlets — the New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The Washington Post, Reuters, Fox News, Los Angeles Times, Forbes and Bloomberg – all gave it prominent coverage. None of the established media asked the most obvious question: What have the telecoms, telco and cable, been doing for the last 20 years?
Two decades ago the telecoms promised to build Al Gore’s “Information Superhighway” and were deregulated to do so. Since then, they’ve pocketed an estimated $350 billion to build a post-modern digital telecom system. What do we have today? A 2nd-rate communications system! Further deregulations – toothless regulation – will likely only make things worse.
A third front is taking place outside the Washington beltway. ALEC “model legislation” ending traditional telephone company accountability requirements has been adopted by 23 states. This legislation removes a host of current obligations, including providing basic service filing pricing information, meeting quality-of-service standards, provid basic service, provide Lifeline services or operate as the “carrier of last resort.”
* * *
The telecommunication industry is loosely regulated monopoly. Broadly speaking, wireline phone and cable companies are “natural monopolies,” industries that require high start-up investment costs to build the infrastructure required to offer the services they provide. Such monopolies are traditional in electricity, water and natural gas, regulated by federal, state and/or local entities. As such, these regulated monopolies face limited if any competition.
Once upon a time, AT&T, the old Ma Bell, was a regulated monopoly. In 1984, it was broken up into seven regional monopolies and two long-distance providers. Over the intervening three decades, “deregulation” has led to ever-greater telecom market consolidation. The new Ma Bell duopoly of AT&T and Verizon dominate phone and wireless services.
Cable is “regulated” as another natural monopoly. Local governments regulate or oversee cable services through franchise agreements. Over the last half-century, the cable industry grew into a network of micro-monopolies, with (for the most part) a single operator controlling a local territory. Today, the more local the “regulator,” the less authority it has. Like the telcos, cable companies face little to no meaningful competition.
The phone and cable companies run two different types of natural monopolies, one “open,” the other “closed.” The best way to understand the difference is by considering the TV set top box. Because the telco network is “open,” one can purchase a separate 3rd party Internet set top box from Apple, Roku or Boxee and access Over-The-Top (OTT) TV programming. However, one can’t do the same with cable service that is, in effect, “closed.”
In 1996, the FCC requested the cable industry to “open” the cable box to 3rd parties. It has steadfastly resisted repeated efforts to open its network to 3rd set-top boxes providers. In October 2012, the FCC further strengthened the hand of the cable companies by granting them the right to encrypt broadcast channels or 1st tier programming. It did this ostensibly to block consumers from “stealing” cable programming. (Comcast is working the Boxee on an approved 3rd-party box.)
Way back when, both phone and cable providers used copper wires to run their very different networks. Telcos employed “twisted pair” to carry analog voice signals while cable companies used “coaxial” cable to offer analog television programming; wonderfully appropriate for the analog age, twisted pair didn’t support video and coax didn’t support voice. The telecom world was simple.
Well, those technology days are over, but telecom companies won’t give them up. With digital communications, all data is 1s and 0s. This should, in principle, encourage competition. Yet, it has led to the very opposite, decreased competition. The most revealing example of this process is the decisions by both AT&T and Verizon to cease building out their respective “next-generation” networks, U-Verse and FiOS, respectively. As of December 2012, FiOS had 4.7 million subscribers; as of September 2012, U-Verse had 4.3 million TV and 7.1 million Internet subscribers. More troubling, Verizon has entered into a $4 billion non-compete, “joint marketing agreement,” with TimeWarner and other cable companies.
* * *
The Communications Trust of telcos and cable companies, not unlike the giant media conglomerates, are moving to exercise greater control over telecommunications. Their strategies are noteworthy.
One involves regulating data traffic. Telcos endlessly complain about data bottlenecks and the need to impose restrictive data management methods to better regulate online traffic. This is their oft-repeated claim to end net neutrality. The basic problem with this argument is that, while the telecom network “backbone” is robust, the “last mile” to one’s home is woefully inadequate to support high-speed broadband. And why is it inadequate? This is the question, the industry, the Congress nor the media will ask. Why? The telcos still rely on the old “twisted pair” copper phone line and haven’t really invested in upgrading the last mile.
A second strategy involves gaining greater control over content, its ownership and/or copyright. This was most clearly evident in last year’s battle over SOPA and PIPA, Congressional bills pushed by the Hollywood studios and record labels under the guise of “anti-piracy” legislation to control what streams on the web. Verizon’s challenge to the FCC’s regulatory authority is a comparable effort.
A third approach is for the giant conglomerates to gain greater control over the market through vertical consolidation. A generation ago, AT&T was broken up and now a new “Ma Bell” of AT&T and Verizon is back bigger and badder then ever. Also a generation ago, GE pioneered the model of corporate control over content. It successfully integrated (i) content creation with NBC production, (ii) content distribution through NBC broadcast channels and Owned & Operated stations) and (iii) content reception through GE TV sets.
Today, a new era of vertical integration is taking shape. Cable companies Comcast, TimeWarner and Cablevision have proven that integrating content and distribution fattens the bottom line. The capstone of this new business model is Comcast acquisition of GE’s old content business, NBC-Universal. Similar efforts seem to part of the long-term development strategies of Apple and Google. One can only wonder if AT&T or Verizon will move into the “content” business by acquiring Sony Entertainment or Yahoo, both stumbling companies?
The telecom trust is moving to impose data caps to neutralize net neutrality requirements and to end the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), the underlying telecom system. These efforts further the consolidation of communications by the monopolies.
Last year people successfully organized to fight SOPA-PIPA legislation. This year, public interest and other groups are organizing to fight effort by telecoms to further privatize telecom service and block all regulatory oversight. The AARP, Rural Strategies and others effectively resisted efforts by telcos in Kentucky and Ohio to raise rates and limit service. Groups in New York and Washington, DC, are organizing to take on the telecom trust at both the state and federal level. Stay tune.
David Rosen writes the blog, Media Current, for Filmmaker and regularly contributes to CounterPunch, Huffington Post and the Brooklyn Rail, check out www.DavidRosenWrites.com; he can be reached at drosennyc@verizon.net. |
J-mate Pod Refiller is a patent pending new product of its kind. Customers can enjoy any kinds of flavors in the once-closed pod system. With special design of the rubber sealer, any normal kinds of oil bottle can be used with J-mate Pod Refiller without any leakage inside the device.
J-mate Pod Refiller creates a low air pressure inside the filled pod when it is pulled out from the device. Thanks to the patent-pending design. Thus the refilled pod will be as good as the original pod in terms of oil leakage.
With special designed cotton swap. the extra oil soaked in the cotton filter inside the mouthpiece of the pod will be cleaned. Therefore customer won’t have the oily smell while vaping.
J-mate Pod Refiller supports any kinds of liquid, very sticky or a little erosive. Vitamin oil or other oil. However, please squeeze the bottle slowly and gently if the oil is sticky.
Caution: |
Cloning and expression of rat cDNA encoding corticosteroid 11 beta-dehydrogenase.
Corticosteroid 11 beta-dehydrogenase (11-DH) catalyzes the conversion of cortisol to the inactive metabolite cortisone. Absence of 11-DH activity leads to a potentially fatal form of childhood hypertension termed apparent mineralocorticoid excess. As a first step in elucidating the molecular basis of this disorder, we isolated and characterized a rat cDNA clone encoding 11-DH. This clone hybridized to a single mRNA species in liver, kidney, and testis RNA but not to RNA from heart. The insert was 1265 base pairs long and included an 861-base pair open reading frame encoding 287 amino acids. A search of sequence databases revealed that 11-DH is identical in about 27% of amino acid residues to ribitol dehydrogenase from Klebsiella and to the product of the nodG gene from the nitrogen-fixing bacterium, Rhizobium meliloti, thus defining a new superfamily of genes encoding dehydrogenases. The 11-DH cDNA was expressed by transfection into Chinese hamster ovary cells under the control of an SV40 promoter. The expressed enzyme mediated both 11 beta-dehydrogenation and the reverse 11-oxoreduction reaction. Southern blot analysis of rat and human DNA suggested that additional genes related to 11-DH exist in both species. |
Three more officers fired
Misconduct probe results in 2 detectives, 1 sergeant losing jobs.
June 19, 2010|By Christopher Cadelago
DOWNTOWN — The Burbank Police Department has severed ties with three more police officers, bringing to 10 the total number of officers fired since the city initiated a probe into allegations of misconduct stemming from the 2007 Porto's Bakery robbery.
All of the officers were fired for allegedly acting improperly or using excessive force. While some of the alleged misconduct occurred during the robbery investigation, other actions were discovered when the city widened its internal review of the incident.
Sgt. Chris Canales and Dets. Angelo Dahlia and Pete Allen, who were fired Tuesday, join Capt. Bill Taylor, Lt. Omar Rodriguez, Sgt. Edgar Penaranda, Det. Mike Reyes and Officers Elfego Rodriquez, Nick Nichols and Tom Perez to round out those who lost their jobs as a result of the probes.
They were fired when Police Chief Scott LaChasse determined that they likely committed the alleged acts.
Det. Mike Parrinello, president of the Burbank Police Officers' Assn., said the officers could appeal to an arbitrator, who would make a recommendation to City Manager Mike Flad.
"We want to make clear that we believe in the system, and we've had other officers who have had success," Parrinello said. "Going in front of an independent arbitrator is a good way for these officers to get at least a fair shot. If through that process they are able to get their jobs back, they will be welcomed back to the department."
Several of the fired officers have also been embroiled in a federal investigation into excessive use of force, as well as back-and-forth lawsuits alleging everything from retaliation and discrimination to harassment and civil rights violations.
Canales, a former Los Angeles Police Office, joined the Burbank Police Department in 2000 and later became part of the Special Enforcement Detail, an elite unit responsible for making high-risk arrests. He was called in to help investigate the Porto's case.
His attorney, Bill Seki, could not be reached for comment.
Allen, who joined the department in 1992, was the case agent for the robbery and Dahlia was the on-call detective. In his November lawsuit, Dahlia, a 20-year veteran, alleged that a rogue group of cops intimidated and harassed him in an attempt to keep him and witnesses from talking about improper use of force and misconduct during the robbery investigation. |
Q:
Put getElementById() at the bottom
I have the following code
<html>
<head>
<script>
document.getElementById("txt").innerHTML = "Hello";
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="txt"></div>
</body>
</html>
and of course the text "Hello" isn't displayed because it's before the div. However because i use egl i can put js code only on head.
Is there any way to fix this?
A:
You need to wait for your page to be ready before your code can execute on markup in the page. For example, use window.onload handler as in the example below. There are nicer ways to do this such as jQuery methods, but this will serve as an example of what you need.
<html>
<head>
<script>
window.onload = function ()
{
document.getElementById("txt").innerHTML = "Hello";
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="txt"></div>
</body>
</html>
|
Yoga and Arthritis
It's no secret that stress can increase the symptoms of chronic health problems like arthritis. Therefore, stress management is a key element to maintain mental and physical health.
Yoga is an excellent way to manage stress but it can also have many other benefits, including for arthritis sufferers.
Arthritis is caused by inflammation or swelling of the joints. It can leave you feeling stiff and in pain and make even the simplest movements difficult.
So how can Yoga help?
To begin with, yoga exercises can help to strengthen joints. Increasing your joint strength is very important to help you begin to deal with your arthritis as well as preventing further deterioration of the tissue that protects the joints.
In addition, the relaxation and stress relieving properties of yoga can reduce the stiffness, pain, and other symptoms associated with this condition.
Weight is also an issue that effects arthritis. Carrying too much weight puts unnecessary pressure on the body, including the joints which can increase the likely hood of developing arthritis and can increase the severity of its symptoms.
Yoga can help you lose weight and stay in shape. The best part is that it is a low-impact exercise so it won't put any additional pressure on already sensitive joints.
Yoga is composed of slow and controlled movements that will increase the mobility and flexibility of your body and increases blood circulation. All of which is great news for arthritis sufferers.
In addition to these benefits, practicing yoga regularly can improve your overall quality of life. You can begin to experience total body well-being that will have a significantly positive impact on your life.
If you suffer from arthritis, have your doctor's approval, and would like to begin practicing yoga, I recommend that you begin with the Mayo Clinic Wellness Solutions for Arthritis which includes guided relaxation poses and meditation with Rodney Yee designed specifically for arthritis sufferers.
Please Note: While yoga is a great exercise and can bring improvements to your health and well being, it isn't right for everyone. Doing the exercises incorrectly can cause injury and you should never push yourself if it doesn't feel right. As always, be sure to get your Doctor's approval before beginning this or any exercise program.
Looking for something? Search This Site:
The information presented on this site is not intended to diagnose or treat any medical condition. Always seek the advice of your individual Health Care Professional. |
Chronic disease risk factors among healthy adolescents attending public schools in the state of Morelos, Mexico.
Little research (and fewer interventions) has been done on longitudinal exposure to risk factors for chronic diseases in young people in Latin America, including Mexico, although chronic diseases constitute the first cause of death in Mexico. Our objective was to document the prevalence of chronic disease risk factors among adolescents as a baseline measurement for a cohort study and to develop educational interventions. Questionnaires, blood samples, and anthropometric measurements were collected from 13,293 public school students of both sexes, ages 11-24 years in Morelos, Mexico. This constitutes the baseline measurement for a cohort study. Twenty focus groups and 10 in-depth interviews were done with girls aged 12-17 years. Two educational interventions promoting physical activity and sexual health were designed. Prevalence of obesity was 21.2%. On average, participants spent 0.5 h/day on vigorous physical activity and 3.7 h/day watching television. Sexual initiation was reported by 14.5% (girls = 9.1%, boys = 21.5%); 52.3% of whom reported using condoms. Young women demonstrated correct condom use and perceived themselves at risk for HIV/AIDS but did not have condom negotiation skills. Prevalence of experimenting with tobacco was 15.1% (girls = 10.4%, boys = 21.1%); current smoking was 14.4% (girls = 10.6%) and boys = 19.2%), while 6.3% of participants reported monthly intoxication with alcohol, and 4.5% reported past and 2.1% reported current illegal drug use. Results indicate substantial exposure to risk factors for chronic diseases and reproductive health problems in this population. The study will generate interventions and constitutes initiation of a longitudinal study able to explore causal associations between risk factors and chronic diseases in this population. |
Enhanced efficiency of direct-space structure solution from powder X-ray diffraction data in the case of conformationally flexible molecules.
A strategy is reported for assessing the feasibility of molecular conformations within direct-space structure-solution calculations of organic molecular crystal structures from powder X-ray diffraction data, focusing in particular on the genetic algorithm technique for structure solution in which fitness is defined as a function of the whole-profile figure-of-merit Rwp. The strategy employs a readily computed distance-based function to assess the feasibility of the molecular conformation in each trial structure generated in the genetic algorithm calculation, and structures considered to have low-feasibility conformations are penalized within the evolutionary process. The strategy is shown to lead to significant improvements in the success rate of structure-solution calculations in the case of flexible molecules with a significant number of conformational degrees of freedom. |
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5 Ways to Prioritize Your Time During the Holidays
Thanksgiving is behind us. We all returned to work this week with full stomachs and a growing to-do list. This time of the year always seems like a whirlwind, in the office and at home. If you are like me, you make a list of all the things you need to accomplish before the holidays and the end of the year, all the events you have coming up, and what you still need to run to the store to pick up. As I make this list, I grow anxious, and at times overwhelmed. We’re busy all throughout the year, but there’s something about the holidays and the coming new year that makes it seem even more urgent. How can we make the most of the last month of 2016? Here are five ways you can prioritize your time, fit in all your holiday activities, and make strides in the office as well.
1. Make a List – “He’s making a list and checking it twice…” we all know how the rest of the song goes. Hey, if it works for Santa it should work for us too, right? We all have multiple to-do lists; one for work, another for home, shopping lists, and more. Keeping lists is a great way to organize your thoughts and get a game plan together. I know it’s a simple suggestion but that’s the beauty of it.
2. Keep a Routine – This time of year is all about traditions; try to keep to your routine as much as possible during the day. This will help you stay focused, especially in the work place. Not deviating much from your normal routine will help you be less stressed and able to work more effectively.
3. Delegate – During this time of the year there is usually family around; or maybe you have/know some kids who are looking to score a few extra brownie points before the big guy in red comes down the chimney. They may not be able to help you with office work, but you can definitely use those around you at home as a resource. One less thing on your mind and your to-do list will help you concentrate on bigger more pressing tasks.
4. Categorize – When you made your list I bet you noticed that some overlap. When working through your list, complete tasks that are related rather than jumping all over the place, it’ll save you time, energy, and even some sanity.
5. Reflect – Another big part of the holiday season is reflecting on the year that was. As you rush to finish all your work, take a moment, step back, and reflect. Take time to evaluate what truly needs to be completed and what can wait until the next year. Some things you will not be able to complete in this short period of time. Recognizing this will help you be less stressed and more successful in completing the projects that are time sensitive.
It’s easy to get caught up in the rush of the season. We all feel pressure from many directions–from work, from our family, and from ourselves. We want everything to be perfect. By taking time to step back and prioritize our work, hopefully the holidays will be less stressful and we will be able to enjoy the season and each other.
Do you have any other suggestions for prioritizing during the holidays? What type of tasks do you have on your to do list in December and how are you conquering them? Let’s help each other create a strategy for the best way to accomplish our goals in this last month! |
Introduction {#s01}
============
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a chronic and disfiguring condition that can lead to significant disability.[@r1] Global estimates project that infection with the filarial parasite, which causes LF, is present in at least 120 million persons, with about 40 million people exhibiting clinical symptoms and signs.[@r2] Thus, the condition is now recognized as a public health priority, along with other neglected tropical diseases (NTDs).[@r3]
This recognition has led to concerted efforts to eliminate the threat of LF and other NTDs, such as the launch of the Global Programme to Eliminate LF by 2020.[@r4] A combined approach using several initiatives---including the use of mass drug administration campaigns as preventive chemotherapy in endemic areas, the provision of effective treatment for infected persons, and sustainable water, sanitation, and hygiene programs---has been deployed globally with successful results. The prevalence of LF in Nigeria ranges from 14% to 32%, depending on the region.[@r5] Over 106 million people in the country have been found to be at risk of LF, making Nigeria the country with the largest at-risk population in Africa.[@r6] Nonetheless, significant progress is being made with respect to mass drug administration across endemic regions and treatment for affected persons. Indeed, two North Central states of Nigeria that were previously endemic for LF (Plateau and Nassarawa) recently met criteria to stop statewide mass drug administration for LF---the very first states in Nigeria to achieve this feat.[@r7] Despite this progress in prevention efforts, individuals already affected must live with the long-term consequences of the disease.
Increasingly, NTDs, including LF, have been recognized as being associated with a reduced quality of life as a result of social exclusion, stigma, and discrimination.[@r8] Stigma is the result of a real or perceived difference that causes affected individuals or groups to be identified as inferior. It pertains to "any attribute, trait or disorder that marks an individual as being unacceptably different from the accepted norm, and that elicits some form of community sanction".[@r9] Such traits or attributes include physical deformity, disease condition, gender, sexual orientation, and ethnicity, among others. Discrimination---also described as enacted stigma---is a closely associated concept that describes unfair and unjust treatment. Thus, stigma is best seen as a composite of three issues: (1) ignorance of a condition or people; (2) prejudice manifesting as fear, anxiety, and avoidance; and (3) discrimination resulting in systematic disadvantages in various domains of life, including work life, home and personal life, community participation, and access to health care.[@r10]
Several studies have explored stigma and its associated socioeconomic consequences among affected persons living with LF and other NTDs, but there is a paucity of studies seeking to understand the stigma, associated experiences of exclusion and discrimination, and emotional reactions and consequences among persons living with LF in Nigeria, despite the country having the largest disease burden in Africa.[@r11] Recent estimates conservatively estimate that 50% of clinical patients with LF have co-morbid depression.[@r12] Others have also postulated that stigma and discrimination lead to co-morbid mental health problems and to a reduction in health-related quality of life.[@r13] The wider burden of LF is therefore likely to be considerably higher if these co-morbidities are taken into account.
Furthermore, the spirit of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is to "leave no one behind," thus emphasizing the importance of equity as a consideration in international development. LF and other NTDs are known to disproportionately affect the most disadvantaged: the rural poor with reduced access to health care services and clean potable water.[@r14] Such marginalized groups tend to have little power, and therefore a human rights-based approach should be an important consideration in efforts to combat LF and other NTDs. Nigeria has ratified most international treaties and conventions that provide a framework for respecting these rights, such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, and the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. Unfortunately, implementation has been very weak, making the realization of these rights a challenge for marginalized communities, including those with NTDs.
Thus, although previous studies from Nigeria have described the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of LF, the experiences of stigma, discrimination, and associated mental health challenges remain unclear for individuals living with this disease in Nigeria. A better understanding of such experiences is an important first step upon which to premise advocacy for a rights-based approach to address the identified problems. Our study sought to fill this gap. Specifically, it explored three aspects: (1) sociocultural perceptions and beliefs around LF, as experienced by persons affected by LF; (2) stigma experiences associated with LF, as well as the disease's impact on daily functioning, including work, family and community life, and enjoyment of human rights; and (3) the emotional and mental health consequences of the disease, as well as the coping strategies used by persons living with LF.
Study methodology {#s02}
=================
Study setting {#s03}
-------------
Our study was conducted in Plateau State, across the five sites of Jos, Nyes, Amper, Dadur, and Gwam Lar, which are a combination of urban and rural communities that are endemic for LF. The communities are agrarian, with high levels of poverty and limited access to health services and social amenities, including potable water. The Carter Centre, in partnership with the state government of Plateau, has organized them into catchment groups for the provision of treatment. Thus, they provided a readily available convenience sample for our study. We utilized this pre-existing organization into catchment areas to identify designated treatment clinics that are in close proximity to each community, where patients can receive wound management, antibiotics and anti-fungal creams (for infections), and analgesia (for pain relief).
Sampling and recruitment procedures {#s04}
-----------------------------------
We used a combination of purposive and snowball sampling methods to recruit participants. We approached all individuals who presented at the designated clinics in each of the five communities on the specified medication collection days (following a month's notice sent to them) and explained the study to them. All consenting patients were recruited and were also asked to nominate other individuals who might have useful information. We then approached these nominated individuals to encourage their participation as well. Efforts were made to ensure representativeness across gender and location (urban/rural). The inclusion criteria included a diagnosis of LF, the presence of lymphedema (with or without hydrocele), and an age of 18 years and above. Those who could neither understand nor speak English or the local Hausa languages were excluded. While most communities in north central Nigeria understand Hausa, they retain their specific ethnic identities and language, and a few may not understand the Hausa language.
Data collection methods {#s05}
-----------------------
We employed three qualitative methods, with different strengths, to ensure comprehensive and in-depth coverage of the study objectives. In total, we conducted eight focus group discussions, six key informant interviews, and seven McGill Illness Narrative Interviews (MINIs).[@r15] In addition to using a facilitator and note-taker at each session, we recorded the sessions using audio recording equipment. The key informant interviews provided in-depth but broad descriptions of the situation of persons living with LF, while the MINIs provided personalized insight into the lived experiences of those affected by LF. The focus group discussions aimed to achieve consensus from the respective groups about the experiences of affected persons.
Focus group discussions {#s06}
-----------------------
We conducted eight focus group discussions, each of which included six to eight participants who were affected by LF according to the criteria above. Special care was taken to ensure relative homogeneity within each group (urban/rural and gender) in order to promote free conversation and enhance the chances of attaining consensus around issues of discussion. Each session began by introducing the topic and then initiated a discussion using a topic guide that was synthesized from previous research. The focus groups explored five broad themes: commonly held views about LF within the community; experiences of being treated differently (e.g., stigma and discrimination) on account of LF; emotional reactions to stigma and discrimination; experiences of support and encouragement; and what participants would like to see change for the better.
Key informant interviews {#s07}
------------------------
We conducted key informant interviews with six respondents across the five sites. These interviews were focused on gaining a deep understanding of the research issues from individuals with extensive experience and knowledge of the subject. One of the respondents did not have LF but had more than two decades of field experience and first-hand involvement caring for persons with LF in one of the clinics. The other five respondents had lived with LF for at least five years and were identified by their peers as very well informed. Indeed, three of these five were serving unofficially as volunteers to provide peer support to other affected persons. For this method, it was not critical to achieve a representative sample; rather, the purpose was to select persons who were identified as clearly knowledgeable and experienced with regard to LF in these communities.
McGill Illness Narrative Interviews {#s08}
-----------------------------------
Persons identified either from the focus group discussions or via the snowball approach as having experienced significant stigma, life events, or psychological consequences as a result of their status as persons affected by LF were approached for the MIN-Is.[@r16] The MINI is a qualitative interview schedule for investigating meanings and experiences related to a specific illness---in this case, LF. The interviewee is asked to talk about the health problem in terms of a timeline of events that explores causes, symptoms and signs, effects, and what the person did or is doing about the problem, including seeking care in the formal biomedical system or with non-biomedical healers. MINIs have been found to be culturally valid and have been previously utilized to explore experiences of perinatal depression in Nigeria.[@r17]
Data coding and analysis {#s09}
------------------------
We transcribed and translated into English the audiotapes of the interviews, paying special attention to removing mentions of people's names and descriptions of specific individuals who may be identifiable from such descriptions. This task was performed by Samuel Dakwak, a clinical psychologist and a native Hausa speaker, and reviewed by Jibril Abdulmalik for accuracy. Back translation of randomly selected portions was performed by Abdulmalik to ensure that the meanings were retained.
The final transcript data was analyzed based on the qualitative content analysis method, using a sequential combination of deductive and inductive coding.[@r18] Two experienced qualitative researchers (Jibril Abdulmalik and Motunrayo Ayobola) independently performed this. Both researchers subsequently harmonized their themes and reconciled areas of disagreement.
Specifically, the qualitative data coding and analysis entailed the following steps:
1. A set of codes based on a previous review of the literature was prepared for use in interrogating the data (deductive coding).
2. An initial read-through of all the transcripts was performed to gain a feel for the responses and important themes that were immediately striking (inductive coding). Aspects or concepts that were unclear necessitated listening to the audio tapes again to gain appropriate insight into the intended meanings of the participants.
3. A thematic codebook was prepared as the final coding template for data analysis.
4. The transcripts were uploaded into the Atlas. ti software, and the transcripts were read and assigned thematic codes and memos within the software.
5. The software was utilized to pull, aggregate, and display salient quotations and segments for individual codes and themes.
Ethical considerations {#s10}
----------------------
We obtained ethical clearance from the Ethics and Research Committee of the University of Jos Teaching Hospital. Privacy and confidentiality were ensured for all participants in the interview settings, and these issues were discussed prior to conducting the interviews. Written informed consent was also obtained from the participants. Those of us who conducted the interviews are experienced mental health clinicians (a psychiatrist and a clinical psychologist, each with several years of clinical experience), and where we identified respondents who required psychological interventions, qualified professionals on our team provided the respondents with brief psychosocial support and then referred them for ongoing care at the University of Jos Teaching Hospital. Furthermore, all participants were screened for depression as part of an associated study evaluating the prevalence and correlates of depression, and which included the provision of treatment for identified persons.[@r19] Any participants who screened positive for depression in that study were referred for follow-up care.
Results {#s11}
=======
Sociodemographic profile of respondents {#s12}
---------------------------------------
Out of a total of 93 patients seen at the five sites, 69 respondents (74.2%) provided consent and were interviewed. Four respondents who provided consent were excluded due to language difficulties, while the others did not satisfy the inclusion criteria and were therefore excluded. The participants with language difficulties were unlikely to have different experiences of the illness, as they were living within their own communities and could speak their local dialects. While the qualitative methods employed do not demand large sample sizes, the high proportion of participants recruited for the study promoted the achievement of saturation for this sampled group, and the subsequent analysis of results confirmed this.[@r20] There were slightly more female participants (37) than male ones (32). The age of the participants ranged from 20 to 80 years, with a mean age of 53.8 years (SD=15.93). The results are presented below following the outline of our research themes.
Community perceptions of LF {#s13}
---------------------------
According to respondents, the most common belief about the cause of LF in their communities is that it is a spiritually inflicted illness that affects individuals who have stepped on a charm that was placed on the ground by their enemies. Thus, it is viewed with some apprehension, and community members wish to be far removed from affected individuals in order to reduce the chances of the charms somehow affecting them as well.
Other commonly expressed perceptions include views that LF is a strange, scary, and poorly understood illness; that affected persons are dirty and foul smelling; that it is an infectious condition caused by mosquitoes; and that it is an incurable disease (see [Box 1](#box1){ref-type="boxed-text"}).
###### Community perceptions and beliefs around lymphatic filariasis, as reported by respondents
**Spiritual illness**
"People began to tell me that the sickness was caused by others through charm, and it was because I stepped on a charm that was intended to harm someone else---if not, it would have killed me."
---MINI 2 (female)
**No treatment**
"They usually pity the people that have this condition, because it cannot be cured."
---Focus group discussion 6 (male)
**Strange and scar**
"Some of them get scared, and will not want to get close to us."
---Focus group discussion 1 (female)
**Dirty and undesirable:**
"They see the sickness as very dirty, and they run away from us because of it, especially when it discharges fluid."
---Focus group discussion 6 (male)
"Although I am handsome and good looking, people look at me as incapacitated and not clean because of this condition."
---Key informant interview 3 (male)
**Infectious**
"From what I know people call it 'ciwon sauro' which means 'mosquito sickness' because they say that it is caused or spread by a mosquito."
---Focus group discussion 7 (female)
"When my own sickness usually comes, my husband doesn't want to come close to me; not even to help kindle the fire to warm me. He becomes afraid and says he doesn't want to get infected also. He stays away from me."
---Focus group discussion 4 (female)
Experiences of stigma and discrimination {#s14}
----------------------------------------
Nearly all respondents revealed personal experiences of stigma and discrimination that included being shunned, receiving embarrassing stares and insults, and being viewed as inferior on account of the disability. Social interactions---including the ability to find a marital partner, the quality of marital relationships, and participation in social events---were all negatively affected by the presence of LF for the majority of the respondents. These experiences, however, were directly linked to the severity of the illness, as individuals with minimal leg swellings could escape negative attention, unlike those with severe and disfiguring leg swellings (see [Box 2](#box2){ref-type="boxed-text"}).
###### Experiences of stigma and discrimination
**Insults and stares**
"They become afraid of us, and others even insult us because of the legs."
---Focus group discussion 1 (female)
"Sometime when children see me, and adults too they stay away ... they just keep turning to look at my leg. This happens all the time, especially the people that don't know me. Sometimes others might even say 'look at her leg, the way it is so big.'"
---Focus group discussion 1 (female)
"They call it 'shi di magal' or 'shi fuk' ... which means 'big leg.' They call us people with big leg."
---Focus group discussion 5 (female)
**Discrimination**
"Some of them spit out saliva when they see us \[in disgust or revulsion\]."
---Focus group discussion 3 (male)
"I have had several difficulties with relationships. Sometime in 2006, I had a relationship with a lady and we were making plans to get married. Until one day she told me that her aunty saw my leg in their house and called her to talk to her about this kind of condition and what it entails to manage my condition and the risks if she decided to marry me. With such negative information, the lady gradually broke off the relationship."
---Key informant interview 3 (male)
"People look down on those with this kind of sickness, such that they are uncomfortable with our presence in social gatherings. Such treatment \[also\] happens at work places and even in the homes."
---Key informant interview 4 (female)
"Sometimes people don't want to offer us employment when they look at the nature of our leg."
---Focus group discussion 7 (female)
"Yes, it happened to me. My wife left me, saying to me that I do not have the strength to provide adequately for her just because of this sickness."
---Focus group discussion 3 (male)
**Non-discrimination**
A few respondents did not have negative relationship or marital experiences.
"Some of us here are widows ... but when our husbands were alive, we did not have any problems."
---Focus group discussion 1 (female)
"I am married with children and I had this sickness before my marriage; it didn't bother my wife."
---Key informant interview 1 (male)
Impact of LF on work, family life, and interpersonal relationships {#s15}
------------------------------------------------------------------
The presence of LF restricts affected individuals' ability to obtain employment or perform optimally at work or in school. This is especially true during periods when the person suffers acute attacks characterized by debilitating pain and fever, which may last for weeks. Thus, the individual may be forced to miss long spells of school or work. Furthermore, those who are self-employed, such as craftspeople and traders, also notice that people stop buying from them once they see their swollen legs. However, a few respondents did not report a negative social impact, especially with respect to family life, as they enjoyed good support from their spouses, family members, and members of the community (see [Box 3](#box3){ref-type="boxed-text"}).
###### Impact of LF on work, family life, and interpersonal relationships
"There was a time I went for a teaching job interview but was unsuccessful. I was later informed that I was not offered employment because of my condition, as they were concerned about my ability to stand and teach students."
---Focus group discussion 6 (male)
"As a tailor, when my customers' attention and eyes are on my leg, I quickly pull down my trouser to cover it, and I don't feel comfortable to do my work."
---Focus group discussion 8 (male)
"When I gained admission into a tertiary institution, I could not return to school on time after the semester holidays because my leg became swollen to the extent that I lost some of my nails \[pointing to her toes\]. After about five months, I managed to go and write the exams."
---Focus group discussion 2 (female)
"They become poor because they usually produce little on their farms. When they fall sick, it affects their work in the farm and the harvest becomes very low, which in the end pushes the individual into more poverty."
---Key informant interview 6 (male)
"About two years ago, I had fever and severe pains such that I stayed at home for about two months without going to work. I could not go anywhere within that period, other than to eat and use the restroom. Then my employer began to consider laying me off because I was unable to come to work for about two months in a row, but it took the grace of God for them to retain me and to pay me my salaries for those months. So, this condition really affects my work; when the sickness comes, I become incapacitated, to the point that I wouldn't be able to lift even a bucket of water by myself. But whenever the fever leaves me, I become strong enough to do work."
---Key informant interview 3 (male)
"When the condition is not severe, then a person can get married without much difficulty. But when the sickness is very severe, it can be a deformity and no girl will want to marry you."
---Focus group discussion 6 (male)
Personal coping strategies and family and community support {#s16}
-----------------------------------------------------------
Three broad categories of coping mechanisms emerged from the data: personal strategies, family support, and community support.
1. **Personal strategies**: Participants responded to their circumstances in a number of practical ways, including social withdrawal, in order to avoid awkward encounters and to avoid the need to wear long clothes that cover their feet, thus preventing stares. In addition, respondents reported a number of cultural rationalizations, such as resignation to fate and seeking solace in their faith in God. A few described turning to alcohol and drugs. Finally, some described their need to beg on the streets as a result of their lack of other economic opportunities. ""I have to dress and cover the leg well---if not, people will not want to be close to me."---Focus group discussion 3 (male)" ""It \[LF\] is the will of God. He can afflict anyone with sickness. So, I look up to God for help."---Focus group discussion 5 (female)"
2. **Family**: Support and encouragement from family members was also an important way for some respondents to cope. ""It was my family members that have been washing and dressing my wounds each morning during that period. In fact, our children were very happy for me and were even singing out of joy, when I eventually began walking with the aid of a walking stick after eight months of being bed-ridden. They were very happy for me."---Focus group discussion 1 (female)" ""I know my family supported me all the way and they encouraged me when I was going to the hospital, and they have been there for me in my condition. My family has been very supportive."---Key informant interview 4 (female)"
3. **Community**: Some respondents described being helped by their communities through support, encouragement, and financial aid. Religious bodies, especially women's church groups, provided regular visits, prayers, emotional support, and financial contributions to individuals with LF. ""The women fellowship of my church and other people gave me money as a form of assistance because of this condition. And I used the money to go to the hospital."---Key informant interview 5 (female)" ""The people of my own village supported and encouraged me ... It is only people that are not from our community that did not \[support me\]."---Focus group discussion 1 (female)"
###### Emotional consequences of stigma and discrimination on persons with LF
**Emotional reactions**
"When people tell me to stay away because of this sickness, it makes me angry."
---Focus group discussion 2 (female)
"Sometimes it makes us to be ashamed, and angry."
---Focus group discussion 6 (male)
"People insult me when they see me and I feel bad about it ... and I used to cry. Sometimes, I used to cry for up to three days."
---Focus group discussion 2 (female)
"How can I be happy when I am unable to do my work?"
---Focus group discussion 3 (male)
"I feel very bad because of the experiences of discrimination I had. At such times, I weep a lot."
---Focus group discussion 6 (male)
"Sometimes when I look at the leg, I become angry and always want to cry. It makes me to become discouraged because of the fact that the leg will remain big for the rest of my life. I usually become sad and frustrated."
---Focus group discussion 7 (female)
**Suicidal ideation**
"I feel demoralized and very sad. There was a time that I was in severe pain and I prayed to God to just take my life so that I will be relieved of the pain. But when I am stigmatized, I also feel very bad and demoted."
---Key informant interview 3 (male)
"When the sickness begins, it used to get swollen and secrete fluid. On account of the pains, I used to say that it is better to die so I can rest."
---Focus group discussion 2 (female)
"I get worried and feel so sad because I wish to be able to work like others, and be able to feed myself but I cannot. I get so worried that I prayed to God to just take my life because I have no use in this life: I have a disease that I can't walk and so people avoid me, and when I do business people don't patronize me \[participant started sobbing and required a break, as well as supportive therapy\]."
---MINI 3 (female)
Respondents reported receiving free medications and general health counseling from the Carter Centre but were unaware of any governmental support at the local, state, or federal level for persons with LF.
The majority of respondents indicated that they had initially sought treatment from traditional healers---to no avail and often at considerable expense---before eventually arriving at the designated clinics where the Carter Centre provided free treatment services. The counseling services at these clinics were aimed at providing information about medications and general health care issues; there was no systematic or coordinated manner of identifying or providing interventions for emotional and other mental health difficulties experienced by individuals with LF.
Changes desired by persons with LF {#s17}
----------------------------------
The most pronounced wish of respondents was the discovery of a definitive solution for the physical disfigurement of their limbs so their lives could return to normal. Another recommendation was public awareness campaigns to increase the level of community understanding of LF and to reduce stigma and discrimination. Free and regularly available medications were also mentioned, as medications are sometimes either unavailable or available only for a fee. The respondents specifically requested opportunities to earn a livelihood and care for themselves independently. Given that they could no longer farm successfully, several respondents wanted the opportunity to receive government benefits such as supported employment, small loans to start a business, and other forms of welfare support. Such benefits are currently not available in Nigeria, apart from through charitable donations, which are not regular
Discussion {#s18}
==========
Perceptions of LF within communities {#s19}
------------------------------------
The perceptions of LF reported by respondents reflected a mix of accurate information (such as knowledge that LF is an infection that may be transmitted by mosquitoes) and inaccurate information (such as the belief that it is a spiritual illness caused by "enemies"). This is in line with earlier reports from developing countries.[@r21] The pervasive nature of misconceptions about the causative mechanism for LF may have a negative impact on the effectiveness of prevention and eradication efforts. However, it is salient to note the overlap between the perception of LF as a form of spiritual affliction that can spread to others and the biomedical fact that it is an infectious condition that can be transmitted among people living in close proximity. This link may be exploited in public awareness campaigns.
Stigma experiences and impact on functioning {#s20}
--------------------------------------------
A central theme from our study's results is respondents' overwhelmingly negative experiences of stigma and discrimination. Similar findings have also been reported for other NTDs, such as leprosy, which also has physical and cutaneous signs that are strongly associated with stigma and poor mental health outcomes.[@r22]
The social exclusion experienced by respondents resulted in high levels of disability, as many of them could not complete their education, secure employment, hold down jobs, engage in farming, or engage in business. These findings agree with earlier reports about the psychosocial consequences for persons with LF from low- and middle-income countries.[@r23] Indeed, another study illustrated how stigma and disability from LF not only resulted in social isolation and avoidance behavior (linked to self-stigma) but also led to reduced career aspirations and a downward spiral into poverty.[@r24]
Another salient finding was the association between increased levels of stigma and the severity of the disease---those with minimal swellings managed to get by with as near normal lives as possible, while those with more severe disability were unable to hide their condition and had more negative experiences in their social interactions. A recent study reported a similar observation about this association.[@r25] Enacted stigma is more pronounced with greater severity of the disease and obvious physical deformities. This, in turn, can exacerbate the felt stigma of affected individuals.[@r26]
However, it is pertinent to note that some respondents had positive stories of spousal, family, and community support, which greatly enhanced their ability to cope. This positive finding in the face of widespread stigma has also been reported by previous studies.[@r27] Other coping strategies were both negative and positive. Examples of negative coping strategies were social withdrawal and isolation, street begging, and resorting to alcohol and drugs. The positive coping styles of resignation to fate, drawing comfort from religious beliefs, and use of loose clothing that covers the legs and feet demonstrate adaptation to the challenging realities faced in everyday life. These coping strategies hold promise for future research efforts aimed at developing simple psychological interventions to counter stigma. Such efforts are much more effective if they take cultural beliefs into account. Furthermore, a multimodal approach that looks at individual factors as well as community and other contextual factors is more likely to be effective.[@r28]
Emotional consequences {#s21}
----------------------
The most common emotional reactions were suggestive of anxiety and depressive illness. A subset of this project with the same study population utilized standardized assessment instruments and found a 20% prevalence of depression in this population, which is high compared with the lifetime prevalence of 3.2% in the country's general population.[@r29] The presence of depressive symptoms in this study was also associated with expressions of suicidal ideation (but there were no reported suicidal attempts in this study). These findings are supported by the high prevalence of depression reported among individuals with LF from other studies, estimated at 70% in Togo and 97% in India.[@r30]
A recent review highlighted the extent of co-morbid mental illnesses among persons with NTDs such as LF. This is supported by a report which clearly illustrate how the experiences of stigma and discrimination, as well as other attendant social disadvantages among persons with NTDs (including LF), predispose them to mental health problems.[@r31] Furthermore, while the initial burden of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) attributed to LF (taking account of physical disabilities only) in the Global Burden of Disease Study of 2010 was estimated at 2.78 million DALYs, a more recent calculation of the attributable burden due to depressive illness alone among persons with LF puts the figure at about 5.09 million DALYs.[@r32] This doubling of the attributable burden of disease has important consequences for public health planning and resource prioritization. It is also worthy to note that the significant caregiver burden and impact on families as illustrated by our study results are often not captured in attributable disease burden calculations. The emotional toll and its resultant burden on these individuals and their communities deserve attention and urgent intervention---especially since the physical disfigurement, once established, is usually lifelong.
Using a human rights-based approach {#s22}
-----------------------------------
The association between LF (and other NTDs) and poverty and social disadvantage---such as difficulties with access to health, education, and employment---has been reported elsewhere.[@r33] Our findings support these observations: respondents reported difficulties in accessing their rights to health, education, and work, as well as meaningfully participating in their communities.[@r34] Their relative lack of power means that there are few opportunities for them to engage in democratic processes to advocate for their rights.
While the government of Nigeria has ratified several pertinent international conventions, such as the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, these instruments lack legislative muscle since they have not been domesticated by the National Assembly. Indeed, section 12(1) of the Nigerian Constitution states that "\[n\]o treaty between the Federation and other countries shall have the force of law except to the extent to which any such treaty has been enacted into law by the National Assembly."[@r35] People affected by NTDs are poorly represented in the national disability federation (the Joint National Association of Persons With Disabilities), which has a mandate to engage in reporting under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
A holistic approach to addressing the individual and structural discrimination faced by affected persons and their communities entails domesticating relevant legal instruments in order to guarantee and protect these persons' rights as enshrined in international and regional law.
The SDGs also provide opportunities for promoting the rights of persons with LF in Nigeria and reducing their experiences of stigma, discrimination, and social exclusion. As stated earlier, one overarching principle of the SDGs is a commitment to "leave no one behind", which might be achieved through the application of Universal Health Coverage, without financial hardships.[@r36] Considering that LF and other NTDs are most prevalent in poor populations, the success or failure of the universal health coverage paradigm within the SDGs can be measured against the extent of its effectiveness in reaching persons with NTDs.[@r37] In specific terms, SDGs 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 10, and 16 lend themselves to the cause of promoting the human rights of persons with LF and other NTDs in Nigeria and elsewhere.[@r38]
SDG 1 aims to end poverty in all its forms, which stands to have an impact on the vulnerable population of persons (and their families) living with LF and other NTDs. Indeed, it has been proposed that LF is simultaneously an outcome and a driver of poverty.[@r39] SDG 2 aspires to "end hunger, achieve food security and improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture"; this is directly relevant to the Nigerian communities where LF is endemic, such as our study population. Participants were mainly farmers, and even those who had other vocations still maintained family farms on a subsistence basis. Episodes of painful infections of their limbs frequently interfered with their farming activities, resulting in reduced agricultural production and worsening food security while pushing them into poverty.
SDG 3 aims to achieve health for all, including persons with NTDs. SDG 4 aspires to achieve inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. This is particularly relevant for our study's participants, who described how their experience with LF had disrupted their educational pursuits, particularly during episodes of acute and painful infections. SDG 6 focuses on ensuring the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all, which is pertinent for all persons with NTDs.
Lastly, SDGs 10 and 16 have clear human rights implications for persons with LF and other NTDs and should be utilized to advocate for their rights. Goal 10 calls for addressing inequalities; here, the majority of affected persons are the rural poor, whose needs are often not prioritized. Reducing inequalities should translate into an improvement in their status in society and an overall reduction in their experience of stigma. Goal 16 calls on governments to "promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels." Ensuring the inclusion of persons with LF and other NTDs in Nigeria will necessarily cut across several areas, including health care, social services, economic empowerment, and community participation. Health sector inclusiveness will entail not only the provision of physical therapies and interventions but also support for their mental health needs.
In order to achieve this health sector inclusiveness, the Nigerian government needs to provide training for health workers that allows them to identify and provide interventions for mental health problems among persons with LF and other NTDs. This could be via improvements in the integration of mental health into primary health care services (mental health is the ninth pillar of primary care in Nigeria). The World Health Organization's Mental Health Gap Action Programme Intervention Guide, which has been contextualized and piloted in Nigeria, provides a useful manual for this implementation.[@r40] In addition, the World Health Organization's QualityRights program, focused on realizing meaningful access to rights in mental health services, has also been piloted in Nigeria.[@r41] These and other resources can support the development of self-help groups that can advocate for their rights. Such groups may play a role in expanding community education and outreach programs to improve individuals' knowledge and reduce stigma and discrimination. In addition, these groups also play a role in advocacy for the protection and promotion of their rights by the government.
Lastly, it is clear that current efforts to tackle LF and other NTDs---which are focused predominantly on mass drug administration for the prevention of disease transmission---neglect important associated rights (including the right to physical and mental health care, the right to live and participate fully in community life, and the right to education) of people affected by NTDs. The SDGs provide opportunities to advance the cause of persons living with LF and other NTDs through their commitment to Universal Health Coverage, which ensures that all populations, including those living with NTDs, have access to health care.
Conclusion {#s23}
==========
Given the pervasive stigma and discrimination experienced by persons affected by LF, and the associated emotional consequences, interventions that address stigma and the psychosocial consequences of this condition must be considered an essential component of LF-related services. Such interventions can be supported through the enactment of a legislative framework that promotes and protects the human rights of affected citizens. The training of health workers, the provision of accessible services via primary care, and public education campaigns are additional steps that can be taken by the government and civil society organizations alike.
The screening, identification, and treatment of mental health needs, as well as social and economic inclusion, should gain prominence as rights-based considerations during policy discussions on contemporary challenges for LF in particular and NTDs in general.
The authors acknowledge the support of the Health and Development Support Programme and the Carter Center, which provided access to their programs in Nigeria. We also gratefully acknowledge the contribution of Toyin Aderemi of CBM's country office in Nigeria to the success of this project.
[^1]: Competing interests: None declared.
|
If you live in an area where power supplies are frequently interrupted, you may consider getting a generator. However, if you never have to choose a generator, you may have no idea how to choose the right generator for your home.
By following some simple tips and taking into account the energy requirements of your home, finding a generator that can power your home during a power outage may be much simpler than you think. Here are some tips to start looking for a generator.
Wattage and network connections
Before choosing a generator, you must select the items you want to power. For example, if you want an electric generator to supply your home with electricity during an electrical outage, you probably want to save energy for light fitting at least. But you may also want to turn on your TV, computer, game console, boiler and other electrical appliances in your home. Note down the wattage needed for each of these items and add the values. The generator you choose must eventually have a higher watt rate that exceeds this number.
You also need to think about whether you want to connect your generator to the main power source in your home. Wiring up connection to the main power lines means that if electrical power is lost, the generator will automatically start so that you may notice a power failure. With this option, professional training is recommended to install your generator.
However, if this installation cost exceeds your budget, you may need to get a generator that needs to be manually started. In this case, the generator may be preferred to a gas or diesel model, because refueling the generator in the dark can be a daunting task and sometimes dangerous.
Standby or Portable
Another important decision you should make is whether you want a backup generator or a portable generator. Stand-by generators are larger units that do not move nor provide more power. Portable units can be transported where they are needed and require less fuel, but they also generate less power wattage.
If you have a large house or a large number of devices that need power, it is possible that the backup generator is the best choice for you. If you need only a little power or if you want to use your generator for other purposes rather than emergency, the portable generator will be sufficient. Regardless of your decision, remember to think about the wattage, where there is a wide range of energy options for each of the generators.
Fuel options
All generators require fuel, although what they need varies exactly from model to model. The smaller generators generally operate using a power inverted engine, which is quieter and uses lead-free gas or a gas/oil mixture. Larger generators often use propane instead. Propane fuel is more expensive, but it can also sustain normal gas and is more available in major emergencies.
If you take into account the guidelines above, it will be easier to choose a generator for your home. Also, remember to budget fuel and accessories such as the transfer key since they are necessary. Be sure to test your generator at least once before you buy it to make sure it fits your needs. |
Q:
I am looking for how to draw a vertical line on a table component of material ui
Is there a good way to do it?
I am looking for the way...
However, I can't reach reliable information.
https://material-ui.com/ja/components/tables/
A:
make a div above the material-ui table with a unique className, then in css make following changes
eg:
<div className="uniqueName">
<Material UI Table/> //material ui table here
</div>
in Css
.uniqueName th,
td {
border: 1px solid rgba(224, 224, 224, 1);
}
|
Q:
How to call an Angular method when browser closes
I'm relatively new in AngularJS and I have been asked to modify our application so that when the user closes the browser, we also log them out of Auth0 service.
I have the code below but I can't get it to fire. Kindly help.
$rootScope.$on("$destroy", function() {
lockService.logout();
});
lockService.logout() holds the functionality that successfully logs out the user when they click logout button, including the Auth0 signout function.
Somewhere I read that I can use the $on.$destroy of the main Controller but I am not sure how to do this. The above code is in fact inside the mainController function but it still doesn't work.
This is where I found my answer: https://stackoverflow.com/a/36444134/1168597
A:
I have found a much cleaner and more effective approach.
$rootScope.$on('$locationChangeStart', function () {
if (!($window.performance.navigation.type === 1) && lockService.isAuthenticated()) {
$rootScope.logout();
}
});
So here if window.performance.navigation.type is 1, it means the page was refresh-ed. What I do then is if it is not refreshed AND my lockService.isAuthenticated() returns true, I logout the user.
|
Shooting victim's mom pleads for answers; memorial planned
The past year has been filled with unfathomable decisions for Pamela Coss.
"I've made decisions that you're not prepared for as a mother," she said.
Coss made the decision to keep the bags filled with belongings her son, Fabian Cano, had with him when he died.
"I still can't open these up yet," she said.
She decided to display the statue that symbolizes her son was an organ donor. But there are also the decisions she just can't bring herself to make.
"What do you put on his grave site? I don't know, he has an unmarked grave site because I don't know what to put on there. What do you put on there? How do you say goodbye? You never expect that to happen," Coss said.
Her agony is enough to break your heart. She's hoping it has the same effect on the person who killed her son.
On Jan. 8, 2012, Cano was at a house party in the 7900 block of West Clayton Drive in Phoenix when a bullet ripped through the house and hit him while he was standing in the backyard. The killer took off and hasn't been seen since. His cousin, Casey Coss, was there that night.
"I don't really like to talk about it," Casey Coss said.
But he does want to talk about what his cousin's killer has done to their family.
"I don't know if he has a family, he has a mother. Picture the one he loved very much in pain. I would like him to try to do that. And to come forward," he said.
Pamela Coss hung a banner on the outside of her fence near 75th Avenue and Missouri Drive, not only in remembrance of her son, but as a reminder to anyone who knows what happened that day.
"I just need peace. I need this person caught," she said.
If you have any information about what happened, give Silent Witness a call at 800-343-TIPS or 480-WITNESS. The reward in this case is $5,000, and you can remain anonymous.
Cano's mother will be unveiling a memorial wall banner in honor of Cano on Thursday, Jan. 10, 2013 at 7495 W. Luke Ave. in Phoenix. |
The rapidly evolving enabling technology of computer networking and its associated hardware and software services has dramatically altered the business landscape. New techniques for communication between people in different locations have been pivotal in the success of many organizations. The increased availability of computer networks and the trend towards distributed team work has empowered workers to operate efficiently anywhere, giving rise to a new term, “telecooperation.” Telecooperation is defined as persons working together in real-time on collaborative tasks while at different locations, with the persons known as “teleworkers.” The notion of computer support for telecooperation has come to be known as “groupware” or computer-supported cooperative work (“CSCW”). CSCW refers to any computer-based system that provides an interface to a shared environment where a group of users works together towards a common goal. The key elements of CSCW are group awareness, multi-user interfaces, concurrency control, communication and coordination within the group, and shared information space.
Referring to FIG. 1 there is shown a representation of a group interaction session 100 among four mobile devices: a PDA 140 and three laptops 130, 150, and 160. The four mobile devices represented here are sharing the services of an environmental service device 110 which in this example is a shared interactive whiteboard such as the SMART Board™ by SMART Technologies. The four mobile devices are able to interact with the whiteboard 110 through a wireless connection. Groupware tools such as IBM's Lotus Domino and shared whiteboards facilitate such collaborative efforts.
In the example of FIG. 1 the four mobile devices are all participants in the session 100 and they are all sharing the display capabilities of the whiteboard 110. The users of each of the mobile devices are able to view the display screen of the whiteboard 110 on their smaller screens, in real-time. As the contents of the whiteboard change, so too will the content on the mobile device screens. Anything written or drawn on the shared whiteboard 110 will show up on each participant's display. Each of the users of the mobile devices will be able to input data and make revisions to the content of the whiteboard 110.
The interactions among the mobile devices and the whiteboard 110 are synchronous and the feedback is immediate. At any point in time the session 100 has a well-defined state which can be changed by events transmitted over the wireless network 180. These events are initiated by user actions, such as text added to the whiteboard 110 (again via the wireless network 180), or changing the display on the whiteboard 110. Within a session, a direct connection between two devices is termed an “association.” Each of the mobile devices 130, 140, 150, and 160 has an association with the whiteboard 110. The associations in FIG. 1 are represented by dashed lines.
Modern computer-supported cooperative work applications supporting same-time/different-place interaction, such as the one illustrated in FIG. 1, are often required to open several communication channels (associations). The problem is that once a session is suspended, there is no easy way to resume the session where it left off and recover the input from the different channels. If the users of the mobile devices in FIG. 1 wish to resume a suspended session they may not be able to resume the session at the point where it was suspended and some data may be lost. They would have to spend time finding the exact spot where the session previously ended. Another problem is that the same group of participants may resume their session, but in a different setting where one of the previous environmental services may not be available. In this instance, the session may be lost if the session information was kept at one of these unavailable services. This is a likely scenario if the setting used to resume the session is far enough from the initial setting. Most, if not all of the devices participating in a session, are collocated; occasionally, sessions can include remote devices hosting services used by the collocated session participants. Such services must be either state-less, which means that no state needs to be saved or restored upon session suspend or resume, respectively, or the services must implement explicit features for state extraction and insertion, to be used upon session suspend or resume, respectively.
Another problem that could arise occurs when the group reconvenes and not all of the participants from the previous session are present. It is also possible that new participants may be added to the session when the session resumes. Changes in the collaborative scenario may make it impossible to recapture a previously suspended session; therefore much time and effort may be lost.
Many of us have experienced the irritation of losing hours of work because of a system failure. In a collaborative scenario, this loss is multiplied by the number of participants in the session. A system failure could wipe out the work of multiple users. Unfortunately, recovery procedures are generally not adequate for groupware sessions as described in FIG. 1.
There is a need for a better method of managing collaborative sessions in order to overcome the shortcomings of the prior art. |
Top Customer Reviews
Where reviews refer to foods or cosmetic products, results may vary from person to person. Customer reviews are independent and do not represent the views of The Hut Group.
Spacesaver A nice set of things that everyone should have in their kitchen. The stacking certainly helps save some space which is really helpful in any kitchen but of course especially if you don't have that much space to begin with. Nice with the different colours to spark things up a bit aswell. Great buy, especially since I got it for less than half price of what I would've had to pay in the local store Was this helpful? Yes (0) No (0) Report this review
Nest Plus 9 Bowl Stacking Set (Multi) - 9 Piece This Nest Plus is fantastic with its 9 in 1 stacking. It's great because it takes up little space but you have available the most commonly used accessories. Also, in addition, the set is colorful and it looks perfect in a modern kitchen. Was this helpful? Yes (0) No (0) Report this review
Kitchen Delight! We already had one of these Nest Plus 9 Bowl Stacking Sets but in the old design. Lots of visitors to our house had commented on them so decided we'd spread the Joseph Joseph love around and bought two sets as gifts. They were really well-received on both occasions. We love them, they look really good on display but as everything sits nicely inside each other, they take up less cupboard space! The big green bowl has a rubberised base which stops it slipping on the worksurface when mixing which is handy. Was this helpful? Yes (0) No (0) Report this review
Great product at a great price The Nest Plus 9 Bowl Stacking Set is a great product for baking and it stacks very well so it doesn't need too much storage space. I highly recommend this product and also ordering it from IWOOT! Was this helpful? Yes (0) No (0) Report this review
joseph joseph I bought the Nest Plus 9 Bowl Stacking Set as a birthday presant for my sister, and she absolutely loves them! They look and feel really cool too. A must for any budding baker or cook in any funky kitchen! Was this helpful? Yes (0) No (0) Report this review
Storage problems no more All our kitchen storage worries are over with this well-designed and well-made Joseph Joseph Nest Plus 9 Bowl Stacking Set which stacks 9 items all together in funky and fun colours. It's dishwasher safe and sturdy, the only problem is now I want more Joseph Joseph stuff!! Was this helpful? Yes (0) No (0) Report this review |
Three Boston hospitals reported Wednesday that a combined 100 of their employees have tested positive for the new coronavirus.
The deadly virus, which has already prompted the area's medical centers to hunker down in anticipation of a massive surge of cases -- Massachusetts has reported more than 1,800 cases and the coronavirus can take days to present in infected people or worsen enough to send them to the hospital.
Brigham and Women's Hospital said it has 45 employees who have tested positive for COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, as of Wednesday afternoon.
At Massachusetts General Hospital, 41 hospital employees have contracted the coronavirus, though the institution noted in a statement that "it is believed that the vast majority of these individuals did not contract the virus at work."
At Boston Medical Center, 15 employees have tested positive, the hospital said.
Researchers are optimistic that an antiviral drug will shorten recovery time and reduce the side effects of the virus.
The major interventions in public life ordered recently in Massachusetts and around the country -- school closures, bans on most gatherings and more -- are aimed at slowing the spread of the coronavirus so the number of patients doesn't overwhelm hospitals. In Italy and other hard-hit countries, doctors have been working around the clock to deal with the onslaught.
Doctors at Massachusetts General have already found themselves in a marathon, one said earlier Wednesday, with no end in sight.
"Even our amazing team is getting worn down," said Ali Raja, who runs the hospital's emergency department. "They aren't used to having this kind of stuff affect their daily lives at home. that's what's so different about this."
The virus is highly contagious and has already deeply strained hospitals' reserves of personal protective equipment, including at Massachusetts General, whose president last week asked people with 3D printers to help make masks in an effort to keep his staff protected.
There is a need for supplies at Massachusetts General Hospital where N-95 masks and face shields are running low amid the coronavirus pandemic.
Without adequate masks, gloves, gowns and more, doctors and nurses are more likely to contract the virus themselves. Many local emergency room physicians have been forced to use the supplies sparingly.
“Practicing medicine in this country, you don't think of needing to ration supplies,” said Dr. Joshua Lerner, with Wachusett Emergency Physicians at Leominster Hospital.
He said the staff there has begun using the same mask for half their shift – about four hours at a time – in an effort to conserve their current supply.
“We can remove the mask without touching the front of it. We put it in a paper bag with our name on it," Lerner said, noting that it's clearly not a perfect solution and echoing others' calls for companies to step up and help out however they can.
State lawmakers are asking businesses or anyone with access to masks to donate them as supplies run low. |
‘online offers on trimmers’ Tagged Posts
Why You Should Buy Troy Bilt Trimmers Troy Bilt Trimmers: When plants start to grow too long and their branches are extending further than you'd ...
Why You Should Buy Troy Bilt TrimmersTroy Bilt Trimmers: When plants start to grow too long and their branches are extending further than you'd like, that can be annoying so then it's time to look into purchasing Troy Bilt trimmers to tame the growth. Ordinary clippers can mend the edges and the thorny roses overgrowing but grass and weeds can also grow to long around edges a lawn mower just can't reach so Troy Bilt trimmers or weed whackers as they’re sometimes called, can help cut down the plants and the time. Troy Bilt trimmers are built like the rest of the company's gardening machines to last a lifetime and do a great job for a happy gardener. There are three types of Troy Bilt trimmers currently sold online, by phone, or in most Lowe's stores across the country. Electric string Troy Bilt trimmers are cordless, battery-powered trimmers to cut away the weeds and grass growing astray in hard to reach areas. This is the starter model of Troy Bilt trimmers but the body structure and operation is similar to the other higher-end models, only less power and precision for less complicated and precise jobs. Two-cycle string Troy Bilt trimmers are the next step up and these models run on gas for power with a better blade head to handle thicker brush and the increased power over the electric model and the two-cycle comes in a few different body structures, some with curved build to reach around and into other areas hard to get to, but they are still operated the same as the electric Troy Bilt trimmers. Four-string Troy Built trimmers are the most powerful trimmers and have a larger gas tank to do more work before refueling. These also have a contoured shape on some for jobs that may require the shaping around trees and in between other plants. Research the company website or visit Lowe’s before purchasing Troy Bilt trimmers to make sure you buy the right one for your gardening needs.Amazing Video Of Troy Bilt Trimmers |
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Al-Jazeera Web Site Faces Continued Hacker Attacks
i found this and thought it was interesting, and since i hate the media its also giving me a good laugh hehehehe TAKE THAT MEDIA film the damn war and then when a kid goes to school with a gun blame manson for it.
WASHINGTON (Reuters) - Hacker attacks continued to plague the Web site of Arab satellite TV network al-Jazeera on Thursday, as cyber-vandals replaced the news site with a stars-and-stripes logo saying "Let Freedom Ring."
Both the Arabic site, at (http://www.aljazeera.net), and the English-language version at (http://english.aljazeera.net) could not be accessed on Thursday. Users who tried to log onto the site found a message that read, "Hacked by Patriot, Freedom Cyber Force Militia" beneath a logo containing the U.S. flag.
Al-Jazeera information technology manager Salah Al Seddiqui said someone had hijacked the domain name and redirected it to another server computer.
"Our Web site is working but nobody can see it," Al Seddiqui said.
The al-Jazeera Web site has faced near-constant cyber attacks since an English-language version devoted exclusively to the war in Iraq
was launched on Monday.
Hackers have blitzed the site with meaningless data in an effort to squeeze out legitimate traffic and render the site inaccessible, a technique known as a "denial of service" attack.
That attack eased at around 3 a.m. London time on Thursday, Al Seddiqui said, but the domain name was hijacked shortly after.
The Qatar-based network had tried to switch the address back but was denied access by domain-name seller Network Solutions Inc.
he said.
"We can't say it's their fault or our fault," he said.
A Network Solutions spokesman was not immediately available for comment.
The company also HAS had to search for a new home for the site after U.S.-based DataPipe said it could no longer host the site from the end of the month. Al Seddiqui said the company had moved its servers to a data center in France. |
Clinical intervention to reduce central obesity and menopausal symptoms in women aged 35 to 55 years.
Central obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Women commonly increase central fat deposition during the menopausal transition. The purpose of this demonstration project was to determine whether a personalized sex-specific intervention, WAIPointes (WAI stands for Who Am I), could reduce central obesity in women undergoing perimenopausal transition. Eighty-three of 103 women aged 35 to 55 years and experiencing symptoms of the menopausal transition completed a 6-month WAIPointes demonstration project; 75 consented to data review.Sex-specific history was obtained on visit 1; directed physical examination for body mass index, body fat percentage, waist circumference, and blood pressure were performed at each of four or five subsequent monthly visits. Other tests were ordered as necessary to determine risk stratification.Participants were assessed for menopause status, and they reported activity and menopausal symptoms at each visit. Personalized strategies for health improvement were developed in partnership. Women served as their own controls. Data from visit 2 were compared with data from visit 4. The intervention reduced waist circumference and diastolic blood pressure and improved self-reported menopausal symptoms and physical activity levels. Although further study is needed, findings suggest that the WAIPointes program offers potential as an effective office-based clinical intervention to reduce cardiovascular risk factors and symptoms of menopause in women during the menopausal transition. |
i have the same problem i deposited 0.03btc on 6th of december, still not have arrived. I contacted the support they said i've have sent it to my own wallett and they want to charge me 10% for recovering it as it is "user error". Really dont understand how is that possible as i scanned the qr code what was displayed to me by Cryptopia. I did the same deposit to binance ten minutes earlier before my cryptopia deposit, what arrived without a single problem. Here is the transcation id:https://blockchain.info/tx/4c9a7f6cd42f16587fafd1312ec42e23db0c3975cfd98168273ae7f9fb1a4f31
I do not advise using this exchange (only in the most extreme case). Translated 2 days ago by BTCD and they are suspended in Unconfirmed and what now to do is not clear. The subport ignores. So they do not need users. |
Q:
how to add permission to an ftp account
I add a new subdomain with plesk , and with command line I've copied a directory from the root to the directory of the subdomain , when I connect with an ftp account I don't have the right permission for this folder , and I can't change them from the ftp
A:
Open the following file with this command : nano /etc/passwd
Then search for the user name : ctl+w username in my case anass
then copy the two numbers in right of the user name anass:x:1000:1000 , in this case 1000:1000
Connect with root and type this command : chown -R 1000:1000 yourdirectory
chow mean change owner
|
Pharmacophore and three-dimensional quantitative structure activity relationship methods for modeling cytochrome p450 active sites.
Structure activity relationships (SAR), three-dimensional structure activity relationships (3D-QSAR), and pharmacophores represent useful tools in understanding cytochrome P450 (CYP) active sites in the absence of crystal structures for these human enzymes. These approaches have developed over the last 30 years such that they are now being applied in numerous industrial and academic laboratories solely for this purpose. Such computational approaches have helped in understanding substrate and inhibitor binding to the major human CYPs 1A2, 2B6, 2C9, 2D6, 3A4 as well as other CYPs and additionally complement homology models for these enzymes. Similarly, these approaches may assist in our understanding of CYP induction. This review describes in detail the development of pharmacophores and 3D-QSAR techniques, which are now being more widely used for modeling CYPs; the review will also describe how such approaches are likely to further impact our active site knowledge of these omnipresent and important enzymes. |
HIS 303 Week 2 DQ 2 A Symbolic Figurehead
This file of HIS 303 Week 2 Discussion Question 2 A Symbolic Figurehead shows the solutions to the following problems:
Americans tend to pay more attention to the president than to any other government official, blaming him when things go wrong, even in areas over which the president has little control, and crediting him with successes which stem from the legislature instead of the executive. In many ways, the president serves as a symbolic figurehead of both the government and the nation, with the consequence that the executive often overshadows the other branches of government. Review the powers and responsibilities which the Constitution grants to the president. Then explain how presidents from, George Washington through Abraham Lincoln, have wielded and expanded those powers.
How did the role of the president change from 1789 to 1865? Which presidents were most responsible for those changes? How did the judiciary and the legislature encourage or seek to curtail the expansion of executive power?
In your response, draw from material in two of the following videos:
a. The presidents: 1789-1825
b. The presidents: 1825-1849
c. The presidents: 1849-1865
d. Presidents from 1789-1849 |
Q:
The string "ďťż" appears on my page randomly but only in firefox. IE and chrome don't have this problem.
Nothing actually prints that anywhere in my code. So far i've found it in only two places one of them being:
<li class="spatiu"> </li>
<li class="memento_li">
<div id="afisare_alerte">
<script language="javascript">
afisare_alerte_php();
</script>
</div>
</li>';
and this is "afisare_alerte_php()"
xmlhttp_alerte.onreadystatechange=function() {
if (xmlhttp_alerte.readyState == 4) {
if(document.getElementById("afisare_alerte").innerHTML=xmlhttp_alerte.responseText){
}
schimbare_tip_cursor('default');
}
else{
schimbare_tip_cursor('progress');
}
};
well the ajax part of it.
the file it loads is
<?php
echo'
0 Notificari
';
?>
and the output :
ďťż 0 Notificari
A:
That sequence ďťż is called the Windows Byte Order Mark. It shows up whenever you save a file as UTF in most Windows programs. So the problem here is that you must be serving that ajax endpoint from a Windows server, and the server is configured to output a BOM. How to fix this depends on what web server you are using.
|
Introduction
============
Infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a worldwide public health problem. It is estimated that more than 2 billion people have been infected with HBV, among whom 360 million have chronic liver disease, and 600 000--1 200 000 deaths result from HBV infection-related diseases annually.[@R1]^-^[@R3] According to a 2006 national seroepidemiologic survey, the HBV infection rate in China is high, with an HBsAg carrier rate of 7.2% in people between 1 and 59 y of age. It is estimated that 9.3 million people in this group are chronic HBV carriers.[@R4]^,^[@R5]
Because the many HBV carriers do not know their infection status, they pose a significant risk of infection to a susceptible population. Especially perilous are the consequences to young children, because approximately 90% of HBV-infected newborns and 25--30% of children become chronic HBV carriers and thus are at increased risk for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.[@R6]^-^[@R8] In China, over 80% of the general population have anti-HAV, with the highest incidence in children.[@R9] Furthermore, chronic HBV carriers have a higher morbidity and mortality when super-infected with hepatitis A virus.[@R10] However, the universal infantile hepatitis A vaccination program began in 2007 in China, and the current hepatitis A vaccine is used on a "self-select and self-pay" basis in people \>7 y of age, but does not result in 100% coverage levels in chronic HBV carriers to reduce the morbidity and mortality. Also, prevention of hepatitis B can prevent hepatitis D, as the hepatitis D virus is a defective virus that only causes hepatitis in the presence of the HBV.
While costly anti-viral treatment has limitations in resolving chronic HBV infection,[@R11]^,^[@R12] hepatitis B vaccination is an effective and inexpensive measure against HBV infection,[@R6]^,^[@R13] although a small number of immunization failures do occur.[@R14]^-^[@R17] In China, infants initiated a program of 10 μg plasma-derived HepB administered at zero, 1 and 6 mo in 1992--1997, and this was modified to dosages of 5 μg of recombinant HepB in 1998. After \>10 y of HepB mass vaccination, the HBV infection rate in the Chinese population, especially among children \<15 y of age, has declined significantly. The prevalence of HBsAg has decreased from 9.67% in 1992 to 0.96% in 2006, and the number of HBV-infected children has decreased by nearly 80 million,[@R4]^,^[@R5] but the prevalence of HBsAg in children between 5 and 14 y of age was 3.1--6.6% in some counties.[@R18]^,^[@R19] It is generally observed that the antibody titers decline over time following immunization,[@R20] resulting in an increased rate of infection, especially when the antibody titers are reduced below the protective level.[@R21]^,^[@R22] Consequently, the need for booster vaccination is becoming apparent. Some studies have reported that due to persistence of cellular immunity, booster vaccinations are unnecessary in a healthy population.[@R6]^,^[@R23] However, Ren et al.[@R24] reported that the percentages of IFN-γ-positive and IL-4-positive in a population with an anti-HBs titers (anti-HBs \< 10 mIU/mL) was significantly lower than those in a population with an anti-HBs titers (anti-HBs ≥ 10 mIU/mL) after primary immunization. This study indicates that cellular immunity to HBV may be as weak as humoral immunity in the population with an anti-HBs titers \< 10 mIU/mL.
Currently, little is known about the effects of booster vaccination with HepB at different dosages in a large sample study. Although the effects of booster vaccination against hepatitis B have been examined,[@R25]^-^[@R28] these studies have been limited by small sample sizes or the lack of comparability of enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) or radioimmanoassay (RIA) detection methods.
Furthermore, previous studies have shown that horizontal transmission is one of the main ways children are infected with HBV,[@R29] and booster vaccination is cost-effective.[@R30] Because children \>5 y of age attend school, they have a greater chance of exposure to HBV than younger children. Therefore, in this study we determined the effects of different dosage levels of HepB as booster on children \>5 y of age. Subjects were vaccinated, after which the booster immunization effect of different dosages of HepB in children with anti-HBs lower less than the protective level (\<10 mIU/ml) was determined. From this study we developed recommendations for a specific program of vaccination.
Results
=======
Characteristics of the study subjects
-------------------------------------
A total of 3818 children between 5 and 15 y of age were initially enrolled in screening, and 2229 of these children were eligible for the study. Only subjects with three negative indices (HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc) were included. Of these 2229 subjects, 123 children were lost to follow-up. Thus, there were 2106 children who participated in the entire vaccination study.
Among the 2106 children, 976 (46.3%) were vaccinated with 5 μg of HepB, and the other 1130 children (53.7%) were vaccinated with 10 μg of HepB. The children characteristics are shown in [Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}. The proportion of males and females were similar in children 5--9 y of age who were vaccinated with 5 μg of HepB and with 10 μg of HepB, or in children 10--15 y of age.
###### **Table 1.** Characteristics of the study subjects
Age group (Years) Number of cases Male Female Age (‾x ± s, years)
---------------------------------------------- ----------------- ------ -------- --------------------- ------ ------------
Received hepB booster vaccination with 5 ug
5-- 458 225 49.1 233 50.9 7.8 ± 1.5
10--15 518 248 47.9 270 52.1 12.5 ± 1.3
Received hepB booster vaccination with 10 ug
5-- 506 266 52.6 240 47.4 7.9 ± 1.3
10--15 624 318 51.0 306 49.0 12.4 ± 1.4
Before the booster vaccination, in children 5--9 y of age, the proportions of anti-HBs titers \< 1 mIU/ml and anti-HBs titers ≥ 1 mIU/ml and \< 10 mIU/ml were 36.9% and 63.1%, respectively; in children 10--15 y of age, the proportions of anti-HBs titers \< 1 mIU/ml and anti-HBs titers ≥ 1 mIU/ml and \< 10 mIU/ml were 50.1% and 49.9%, respectively. The proportion of anti-HBs titers in children 5--9 y of age who were revaccinated with 5 μg of HepB is similar to that in children who were revaccinated with 10 μg of HepB, similarly, in children 10--15 y of age . Whereas the differences in the proportion of anti-HBs titers in children who were revaccinated with 5 or 10 ugHepB are statistically significant between children 5--9 y and 10--15 y of age (*χ^2^* = 15.582 or 21.054, *P*\< 0.05, chi-square test). The distribution of age-specific anti-HBs titers on the basis of sex stratificationis is shown in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}.
###### **Table 2.** Distribution of age-specific anti-HBs titers before booster vaccination
Sex Age group (Years) Dosage Number of cases anti-HBs titer (0--1 mIu/ml) anti-HBs titer (1--10 mIu/ml) *χ^2^* *P* value
-------- ------------------- -------- ----------------- ------------------------------ ------------------------------- -------- ----------- -------- --------
Male 5-- 5 μg 225 80 35.6 145 64.4 0.407 \>0.05
10 μg 266 102 38.3 164 61.7
10--15 5 μg 248 121 48.8 127 51.2 0.082 \>0.05
10 μg 318 159 50.0 159 50.0
Female 5-- 5 μg 233 88 37.8 145 62.2 0.190 \>0.05
10 μg 240 86 35.8 154 64.2
10--15 5 μg 270 134 49.6 136 50.4 0.231 \>0.05
10 μg 306 158 51.6 148 48.4
Total 5-- 5 μg 458 168 36.7 290 63.3 0.023 \>0.05
10 μg 506 188 37.2 318 62.9
10--15 5 μg 518 255 49.2 263 50.8 0.280 \>0.05
10 μg 624 317 50.8 307 49.2
Antibody seroconversion rates and GMTs after booster vaccination with 5 or 10 μg of HepB
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
After the first booster dose, the anti-HBs seroconversion rates with 5 or 10 μg of HepB were 90.3% and 93.6%, respectively, and these observed differences were statistically significant (*χ^2^* = 8.107, *P*\< 0.05 chi-square test); the corresponding GMTs were 255 ± 11 mIU/ml and 877 ± 11 mIU/ml respectively (*t* = −11.755, *P*\< 0.05, *t* test). While the differences in anti-HBs seroconversion rates with 5 μg of HepB and 10 μg of HepB in 10--15 y old boys were statistically significant (*χ^2^* = 5.753, *P*\< 0.05 chi-square test). The distribution of dosage-specific anti-HBs titers on the basis of sex stratificationis is shown in [Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"}.
###### **Table 3.** Antibody seroconversion rates and GMTs after the different-dosage hepatitis B vaccine booster vaccination
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sex Age group (Years) Dosage Number of cases After the first booster vaccination After the third booster vaccination *χ*[@R2]^\*^ *P* value\* *Z*\*\* *P* value\*\*
-------- ------------------- -------- ----------------- ------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- -------------- ------------- --------- --------------- --------- --------- -------- --------
Male 5-- 5 μg 225 217 96.4 626 ± 4 225 100.0 786 ± 3 \_ \<0.05 −2.437 \<0.05
10 μg 266 258 97.0 2002 ± 5 266 100.0 2847 ± 3 \_ \<0.05 −4.633 \<0.05
10--15 5 μg 248 209 84.3 267 ± 5 246 99.2 620 ± 4 35.027 \<0.05 −9.529 \<0.05
10 μg 318 289 90.9 972 ± 7 318 100.0 2644 ± 3 27.034 \<0.05 −11.391 \<0.05
5--15 5 μg 473 426 90.1 686 ± 5 471 99.6 669 ± 3 43.022 \<0.05 −9.037 \<0.05
10 μg 584 547 93.7 2205 ± 5 584 100.0 2841 ± 3 35.027 \<0.05 −11.995 \<0.05
Female 5-- 5 μg 233 215 92.3 358 ± 5 232 99.6 644 ± 4 \_ \<0.05 −0.939 \>0.05
10 μg 240 231 96.3 907 ± 6 240 100.0 2339 ± 4 \_ \<0.05 −2.948 \<0.05
10--15 5 μg 270 240 88.9 655 ± 5 269 99.6 724 ± 3 27.034 \<0.05 −7.849 \<0.05
10 μg 306 280 91.5 2095 ± 5 303 99.0 2844 ± 3 \_ \<0.05 −10.686 \<0.05
5--15 5 μg 503 455 90.5 312 ± 5 501 99.6 632 ± 4 42.188 \<0.05 −6.644 \<0.05
10 μg 546 511 93.6 939 ± 6 543 99.5 2490 ± 3 28.265 \<0.05 −10.375 \<0.05
Total 5-- 5 μg 458 432 94.3 463 ± 8 457 99.8 717 ± 3 21.333 \<0.05 −2.317 \>0.05
10 μg 506 489 96.6 1675 ± 6 506 100.0 2844 ± 3 \_ \<0.05 −5.393 \<0.05
10--15 5 μg 518 449 86.7 150 ± 22 515 99.4 610 ± 2 64.015 \<0.05 −12.410 \<0.05
10 μg 624 569 91.2 519 ± 14 621 99.5 2415 ± 4 48.176 \<0.05 −15.580 \<0.05
\ 5 μg 976 881 90.3 255 ± 11 972 99.6 658 ± 4 87.097 \<0.05 −11.060 \<0.05
5--15
10 μg 1130 1058 93.6 877 ± 11 1127 99.7 2599 ± 3 65.127 \<0.05 −15.858 \<0.05
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\*McNemar test,"---"is Exact test; \*\*Wilcoxon signed--rank test.
After the third booster dose, the anti-HBs seroconversion rates with 5 or 10 μg of HepB were higher than those after the first booster dose (all *P*\< 0.05); the anti-HBs GMTs in 5- to 9-y-old girls vaccinated with 5 μg of HepB were similar after the third and first booster dose, whereas the differences in the other corresponding GMTs are statistically significant (all *P*\< 0.05; [Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"}) .
After the first booster dose, the age-specific anti-HBs seroconversion rates with 5 or 10 μg of HepB in boys were similar to that in girls.
After the first booster dose, the difference in anti-HBs seroconversion rate for revaccination both with 5 or 10 μg of HepB was statistically significant in children 5--9 y and 10--15 y of age (*χ^2^* = 16.164 or 13.934, *P*\< 0.05 chi-square test), whereas after the third booster dose, the anti-HBs seroconversion rates were similar.
Discussion
==========
This study's results showed that the post--third dose anti-HBs seroconversion rates and GMTs for booster vaccination with 5 and 10 μg HepB were at a high level in children 5--15 y of age. The results of this study are similar to the results of a study involving booster vaccination in non-and-low responsers reported by Wu.[@R28]Specifically, a three-dose booster vaccination regimen with 10 or 5 μg of HepB is effective.
It is generally believed that individuals whose anti-HBs antibody titers ≥10 mIU/ml after vaccination with HepB will resist HBV infection.[@R31]Although the anti-HBs seroconversion rates with a 3-dose booster vaccination were greater than those with a 1-dose booster vaccination, the post-single dose anti-HBs seroconversion rates for booster vaccination with 5 or 10 μg HepB were at high levels (\>88%) in 5- to 15-y-old girls and 5- to 9-y-old boys, thus a single booster dose with 5 or 10 µg of HepB for the majority of such children can prevent HBV infection. In contrast, the rate for booster vaccination with 5 μg HepB was at lower levels(\<85%) in 10- to 15-y-old boys, and it may be correlated with that the vaccinees, 10--15-y-old boys, were at the upper end of the age group for which 5 μg HepB is recommended in China and that the larger body mass index than the same age girls affected the response to the first hepatitis B booster; whereas the post-dose-one anti-HBs seroconversion rate for booster vaccination with 10 μg of HepB was at a high level (\>90%) in 10- to 15-y-old boys, and was higher than that reported in Sprading PR et al. study,[@R32] which indicates one dose of 5 μg HepB is insufficient for 10- to 15-y-old boys, whereas a single booster dose with 10 µg of HepB for 10- to 15-y-old boys is ideal.
In addition, this study's results also show the post-single dose anti-HBs GMTs for booster vaccination with 10 μg of HepB were more than twice those with 3-dose 5 μg of HepB in children 5--9 y of age and were very similar to the anti-HBs GMTs with 3-dose 5 μg of HepB in children 10--15 y of age. The results of this study were higher than other reported results.[@R25]^,^[@R33] A possible explanation for this difference was the use of different testing methods, and the serum anti-HBs antibody titers of the latter studies were measured using an ELISA or RIA.
Although the post-3 dose anti-HBs seroconversion rates and GMTs for vaccination with 10 or 5 μg of HepB were higher than the post-single dose rates and GMTs in children 5--15 y of age, a booster vaccination with one dose can reduce the number of needles. The small percentage of children (\<8%) with anti-HBs titers less than protective levels after the first dose can be given an additional booster dose to improve their anti-HBs titers.
This study also showed that the proportion of anti-HBs titers (1--10 mIU/ml) in children aged 5- to 9-y-old who have anti-HBs titers less than protective levels was higher than that in children aged 10- to 15-y-old after primary immunization. The previous studies showed the immunization effect of booster vaccination was correlated with the pro-vaccination anti-HBs titers,[@R33]^,^[@R34] and the duration of protection may be evaluated indirectly by measuring the anamnestic immune response to a booster dose of vaccine. This study showed that the same age and different sex children had similar anti-HBs seroconversion rates after the first booster dose and have an equal duration of protection, but the post-single dose anti-HBs seroconversion rates for children aged 5- to 9-y-old who were booster vaccinated with 5 or 10 μg of HepB were higher than those in children aged 10- to 15-y-old, which indicates that a shorter interval between primary immunization and booster vaccination gives a better response. The results of this study were similar to other reported studies.[@R35]^-^[@R38]Thus, the anti-HBs titer should be monitored regularly to screen for anti-HBs-negative children at the time of the students' annual examinations. Booster vaccination can then be given to increase the antibody levels for these children.
This study had some limitations. First, it was not possible to identify the reasons that some children had lower than protective levels of anti-HBs titers before booster vaccination. Possibly, this may be due to non-responsiveness to primary immunization or a decrease in the antibody titer over time. Second, we could not collect blood samples from each subject and detect antibody titer after the second booster dose because of field operation constraints, so that we could not analyze the effects of the second and the third booster doses. In Clemens R et al. study,[@R39] all non-responders developed anti-HBs levels ≥100 mIU/ml after the third booster dose, and all low-responders reached this level after the second booster dose; whereas in this study, 99.6% of anti-HBs negative children developed anti-HBs levels ≥10 mIU/ml after the third booster dose, thus this may have had an minimal impact on the results. Finally, this study used vaccines produced by different companies to compare the immunization effects of different dosages, and it is possible that the use of HepB produced by different companies caused a small effect in this study.
In conclusion, the immunization effects of booster vaccination with 3 doses of HepB with 5 or 10 µg are effective; a single booster dose with 10 µg of HepB for 10--15-y-old boys and with 5 or 10 µg of HepB for 5--9 y old boys and for 5--15-y-old girls are effective in generating protective antibody against HBV; however, for anti-HBs-negative children after a single dose of booster, 3 doses are needed.
Materials and Methods
=====================
Study participants
------------------
This research was performed in Longquan County, Xinqu County, Yuhuan County, Kaihua County, and Changshan County in Zhejiang province, in 2009--2010; two towns were selected in each county as research sites. Sample subjects were clustered based on school enrolment. Children were selected who were born between 1993 and 2003, and who had received three vaccinations against the hepatitis B virus: at birth, at 1 mo and at 6 mo of age (children born between 1993 and 1997 received 10 μg hepatitis B Vaccine prepared from plasma; children born between 1998 and 2003 received 5 μg recombinant hepatitis B vaccine), Children who had previously received booster vaccinations were excluded from this study, as were children who tested positive for HBsAg, anti-HBs or antibody to hepatitis B c antigen (anti-HBc). A flowchart of the participants enrolled in the study is summarized in [Figure 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}. We ascertained whether children had received a primary hepatitis B vaccine by checking their vaccination certificates. Finally, the children's ages were calculated on the survey date, and then rounded to the nearest whole number in years. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Zhejiang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and written informed consent was obtained from every parent.
{#F1}
Specific inclusion criteria were as follows:
1. Born between May 1, 1993 and September 30, 2003 and vaccinated against HBV at 0, 1, and 6 mo;
2. Never received a Hepatitis B vaccine booster;
3. Parental willingness to participate in the follow-up study and to have their child's blood sampled after vaccination;
4. Stable home address since birth;
5. No acute illness within the previous 7 d; no fever within the past 3 d (armpit temperature ≥38 °C); and no allergies or severe reaction to vaccination.
6. All information regarding the study was provided to the parents, and the consent form was signed by them.
Designs and Methods
===================
Methods
-------
After acquiring informed consent from the parents or guardians, 3 ml blood samples were collected from each subject. Booster vaccinations of Hepatitis B vaccine (lot number: 20090309 (01--06), dosage: 10 μg HBsAg; produced by Dalianhanxin Biotechnology Co Ltd. lot number: 20071223(1--9), dosage: 5 μg HBsAg; produced by Shenzhenkangtai Biotechnology Co Ltd.) were administered by intramuscular injection in the upper arm deltoid according to the immunization procedure used at months 0, 1, and 6. One month after the first and the third dose of booster vaccine injections, 3 ml blood samples were collected from each subject and preserved for testing.
Lab testing and sample processing
---------------------------------
Frozen separated serum samples were sent to ADICON Clinical Laboratories, Inc. in Hangzhou for quantification of HBsAg, anti-HBs, and anti-HBc by chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA). Samples with anti-HBs ≥ 1000 mIU/ml were diluted for further testing, while samples with anti-HBs ≥ 15 000 mIU/ml were excluded from further analysis to avoid large errors in the results.
Apparatus and reagents
----------------------
An Architect-i2000 (Abbott) was used for the chemical luminescence immunoassay. The reagent lot number for the HBsAg tests was 70318HN00 (Abbott Laboratories). An signal to noise(S/N) ratio ≥ 0.05 was considered to be positive. The reagent lot number for the anti-HBs tests was 75684M100 (Abbott Laboratories), and an anti-HBs ≥ 10 mIU/ml was considered to be positive and to provide protection against HBV infection. The reagent lot number for the anti-HBc tests was 72448M100 (Abbott Laboratories), and an anti-HBc ≥ 1 mIU/ml was considered to be positive.
Data analysis
-------------
A database EpiData3.2 (EpiData) was established, and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 18.0 and Excel 2003. We used the McNemar test for related samples enumeration data and Chi-square test or the Fisher exact test for independent samples enumeration data and the Student *t*test for independent sample measurement data (normal continuous variables) and Wicoxon Singed-Rank test for related samples measurement data. A two-tailed probability was used in statistical tests, with an α of 0.05 considered to be significant.
No potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
We are grateful to the children and parents who volunteered to participate in this study and to the doctors in Longqua, Xinqu, Yuhuan, Kaihua, Changshan counties Center for Disease Control and Prevention. This work was supported by the National Scientific and Technological Major Project of China (No.2008ZX10002-001) and grant from the scientific research fund of medical and health in Zhejiang province (No.2009A035 and No.2012ZHB001).
[10.4161/hv.26936](10.4161/hv.26936)
[^1]: These authors contributed equally to this work.
|
/-
Copyright (c) 2019 Jesse Han. All rights reserved.
Released under Apache 2.0 license as described in the file LICENSE.
Authors: Jesse Han
Some goodies for working with `omitted`
- `depends_omitted e` checks if `omitted` occurs in `e`. it will unfold one layer of
proof terms (e.g. a propositional field of a structure being checked) and check if
`omitted` occurs in those proof terms
- `omitted` tries to close a propositional goal with `exact omitted`
- `omit_proofs` tries to close any visible goals with the `omitted` tactic
- `tidy_omitted` runs `tidy` and lets it use `omitted` (and still produces proof traces).
`tidy_omitted` will always attempt to split existential statements and sigma-types in the goal, and will fill in as little data as possible (it is not allowed to use assumption,
solve_by_elim, simp, or dsimp)
if it has used `omitted`, `tidy` will emit a trace urging the user to replace
the call to `tidy_omitted` with the proof trace generated by
`tidy_omitted {trace_result := tt}
-/
import tactic.tidy ..basic tactic.explode
section omitted_tactics
open tactic
/-- Check if the goal is a proposition; if so, prove it using omitted.
When called with "tidy using omitted", tidy will run as usual and fulfill all
proof obligations using omitted, leaving it to the user to specify the data. -/
meta def tactic.interactive.omitted : tactic unit :=
propositional_goal >> `[exact omitted] <|> tactic.fail "Goal is not a proposition and cannot be omitted"
meta def tactic.interactive.omit_proofs : tactic unit := `[all_goals {try {omitted}}]
meta def tactic.verbose_omitted : tactic string :=
tactic.interactive.omitted >> tactic.trace "`tidy` used `omitted`, please replace this call to `tidy_omitted` with the output of {trace_result := tt}"
>> return "omitted"
open tactic.tidy
meta def omitted_default_tactics : list (tactic string) :=
[ reflexivity >> pure "refl",
`[exact dec_trivial] >> pure "exact dec_trivial",
-- propositional_goal >> assumption >> pure "assumption",
ext1_wrapper,
intros1 >>= λ ns, pure ("intros " ++ (" ".intercalate (ns.map (λ e, e.to_string)))),
auto_cases,
`[apply_auto_param] >> pure "apply_auto_param",
-- `[dsimp at *] >> pure "dsimp at *",
-- `[simp at *] >> pure "simp at *",
fsplit >> pure "fsplit",
injections_and_clear >> pure "injections_and_clear",
-- propositional_goal >> (`[solve_by_elim]) >> pure "solve_by_elim",2
`[unfold_aux] >> pure "unfold_aux",--
-- tidy.run_tactics
tactic.verbose_omitted ]
meta structure omitted_cfg :=
(trace_result : bool := ff)
(trace_result_prefix : string := "/- `tidy` says -/ ")
(tactics : list (tactic string) := omitted_default_tactics)
meta def cfg_of_omitted_cfg : omitted_cfg → cfg :=
λ X, { trace_result := X.trace_result,
trace_result_prefix := X.trace_result_prefix,
tactics := X.tactics }
/- Calls tidy, but with `omitted` thrown into the tactic list.
tidy {trace_result := tt}` produces a proof trace as usual.-/
meta def tactic.interactive.tidy_omitted (cfg : omitted_cfg := {}): tactic unit :=
tidy (cfg_of_omitted_cfg cfg)
end omitted_tactics
section depends_omitted_cmd
open tactic expr
meta def extract_proof_names_aux : ∀(e : expr) (l : list name), tactic (list name)
| (const a b) l := do b <- infer_type (const a b) >>= is_prop,
if b then return (a::l) else return l
| e l := return l
meta def extract_proof_names (e : expr) : tactic $ list name :=
e.mfold [] (λ e n l₁, extract_proof_names_aux e l₁)
meta def depends_omitted_aux (n : name) : tactic expr :=
do const n _ ← resolve_name n | fail "cannot resolve name",
d ← get_decl n,
e ← match d with
| (declaration.defn _ _ _ e _ _) := return e
| (declaration.thm _ _ _ e) := return e.get
| _ := fail "not a definition"
end, return e
meta def depends_omitted_aux' (n : name) : tactic expr :=
do const n _ ← resolve_name n | fail "cannot resolve name",
d ← get_decl n,
e ← (match d with
| (declaration.defn _ _ _ e _ _) := return e
| (declaration.thm _ _ _ e) := return e.get
| _ := fail "not a definition"
end) <|> return expr.inhabited.default, return e
meta def depends_omitted (n : name) : tactic unit :=
do e <- depends_omitted_aux n,
o <- to_expr ``(omitted),
ls <- (extract_proof_names e) >>= λ l, l.mmap depends_omitted_aux',
b_l <- ls.mfoldr (λ e b, (kdepends_on e o) >>= return ∘ (bor b)) ff,
b <- kdepends_on e o,
if (bor b b_l) then trace (n ++ " directly depends on `omitted`") else
trace (n ++ " does not directly depend on `omitted`")
open interactive lean lean.parser interaction_monad.result
@[user_command] meta def depends_omitted_cmd (_ : parse $ tk "#depends_omitted") : lean.parser unit :=
do n ← ident,
depends_omitted n
end depends_omitted_cmd
/- Tests -/
-- section test0
-- lemma test : 1 + 1 = 2 := by omitted
-- noncomputable def test' : ℕ := classical.choice $ by omitted
-- structure test_structure :=
-- (x : ℕ)
-- noncomputable def test'' : test_structure :=
-- ⟨test'⟩
-- #depends_omitted test
-- --test. directly depends on `omitted`
-- #depends_omitted test'
-- --test'. directly depends on `omitted`
-- #depends_omitted test''
-- --test''. does not directly depend on `omitted`
-- end test0
-- section test1
-- variable {α : Type*}
-- variable (P : α → Prop)
-- variable (a : α)
-- open vector
-- example : vector α 1 ≃ α :=
-- begin
-- split, omit_proofs,
-- from λ x, ⟨[x], dec_trivial⟩,
-- from λ x, x.head
-- end
-- /- In this example, (a : α) is in context, but `tidy_omitted` refuses to use it -/
-- include a
-- example : Σ' a : α, P a := -- by {tidy_omitted, exact a}
-- by {/- `tidy` says -/ fsplit, work_on_goal 1 { omitted }, exact a}
-- end test1
-- section test2
-- private def is_even (n : ℕ) := ∃ k, 2 * k = n
-- private lemma test : ∃ m : ℕ, is_even m :=
-- begin
-- tidy_omitted, exact 2
-- end
-- private lemma test'' : ∃ m, is_even m :=
-- by {use 2, use 1, refl}
-- -- #print test''
-- -- #print test
-- /-
-- 92:1: theorem test : ∃ (m : ℕ), is_even m :=
-- id (Exists.intro (2 * 2) (Exists.intro 2 (eq.refl (2 * 2))))
-- -/
-- private lemma test' : ∃ m, is_even m := by omitted
-- -- #print test'
-- /-
-- 100:1: theorem hewwo' : ∃ (m : ℕ), is_even m :=
-- omitted
-- -/
-- end test2
|
---
abstract: 'We perform the first systematic analysis of particle spectra obtained from heterotic string compactifications on non–Abelian toroidal orbifolds. After developing a new technique to compute the particle spectrum in the case of standard embedding based on higher dimensional supersymmetry, we compute the Hodge numbers for all recently classified 331 non–Abelian orbifold geometries which yield $\mathcal{N}=1$ supersymmetry for heterotic compactifications. Surprisingly, most Hodge numbers follow the empiric pattern $h^{(1,1)} - h^{(2,1)} = 0\text{ mod } 6$, which might be related to the number of three standard model generations. Furthermore, we study the fundamental groups in order to identify the possibilities for non–local gauge symmetry breaking. Three examples are discussed in detail: the simplest non–Abelian orbifold $S_3$ and two more elaborate examples, $T_7$ and $\Delta(27)$, which have only one untwisted Kähler and no untwisted complex structure modulus. Such models might be especially interesting in the context of no–scale supergravity. Finally, we briefly discuss the case of orbifolds with vanishing Euler numbers in the context of enhanced (spontaneously broken) supersymmetry.'
bibliography:
- 'Orbifold.bib'
---
\
\
\
[**Heterotic non–Abelian orbifolds**]{}
**Maximilian Fischer**\
* Physik–Department T30, Technische Universität München, James–Franck–Straße, 85748 Garching, Germany*\
**Saúl Ramos-Sánchez**\
* Department of Theoretical Physics, Physics Institute, UNAM, Mexico D.F. 04510, Mexico*\
**Patrick K.S. Vaudrevange**\
* Deutsches Elektronen–Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany*
Introduction
============
Ten–dimensional superstring theory is perhaps the most promising candidate to yield an ultraviolet completion of particle physics and to explain some persisting cosmological puzzles. One useful mechanism to overcome the challenge of reducing the number of dimensions while preserving $\mathcal N=1$ supersymmetry and other phenomenologically appealing features is to compactify the six extra spatial dimensions on a toroidal orbifold.
Toroidal orbifolds offer a fairly simple geometrical structure that allows one to deal with the compactification in terms of the conformal–field framework of string theory [@Dixon:1985jw; @Dixon:1986jc]. Moreover, in recent years these constructions have become a fruitful source of semi–realistic models in the heterotic strings[^1]. The resulting scenarios can simultaneously reproduce the matter spectrum of the minimal supersymmetric version of the standard model [@Buchmuller:2005jr; @Buchmuller:2006ik; @Lebedev:2006kn; @Lebedev:2008un] (or its singlet extensions [@Lebedev:2009ag]) and provide new approaches for solving puzzles such as the existence of hierarchies [@Antoniadis:1994hg; @Kappl:2008ie], family symmetries [@Kobayashi:2006wq] and proton stability [@Lee:2010gv; @Forste:2010pf].
Despite these encouraging features, not all possible toroidal orbifold geometries have been explored. In the past, several efforts have led to partial classifications of orbifold geometries. The first attempts were restricted to [$\mathds{Z}_{N}$]{} orbifolds [@Kobayashi:1991rp; @Bailin:1999nk]. Much later, ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}$ orbifolds including so–called roto–translations[^2] were successfully classified [@Donagi:2008xy] (see also [@Donagi:2004ht; @Forste:2006wq]). However, it is evident that more general orbifolds, which include not only Abelian (i.e. ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{N}}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{M}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{N}}}$) but also non–Abelian point groups (for example, $S_n$ for $n=3,4$ and $D_{2n}$ for $n=2,3$), could also lead to appealing physics. Only recently a full classification of all (symmetric[^3]) toroidal orbifold geometries which preserve $\mathcal{N}=1$ SUSY in the context of heterotic compactifications has been achieved [@Fischer:2012qj].
Even though most of the $\mathcal N=1$ heterotic orbifolds of Ref. [@Fischer:2012qj] (331 out of 469) are based on the discrete action of non–Abelian point groups, the geometrical aspects and phenomenology of these non–Abelian orbifolds have been studied only in few cases [@Kakushadze:1996hj; @Konopka:2012gy]. The purpose of this paper is to provide the first tools to address these questions.
With this goal in mind, after a brief description of orbifold compactifications of the heterotic string, we develop a technique to systematically determine all twisted sectors and their fixed points/tori of all toroidal orbifolds in [Section \[sec:nonabelianorbifolds\]]{}. Further, for the so–called [*standard embedding*]{} of the orbifold action into the gauge degrees of freedom, which leads to an ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{E}_{6}}}$ gauge group, we develop a technique based on supersymmetry in four and six dimensions to compute the number of ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{27}}$ and ${\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{27}}}$ matter representations. This provides, as is known, the Hodge numbers $h^{1,1}$ and $h^{2,1}$, respectively. Furthermore, we determine the fundamental groups of all non–Abelian orbifolds in order to identify the possibility of non–local GUT breaking [@Ross:2004mi; @Hebecker:2004ce; @Anandakrishnan:2012ii]. [Section \[sec:examples\]]{} is devoted to a detailed study of three sample non–Abelian orbifolds, with point groups $S_3$, $T_7$ and $\Delta(27)$, which illustrate the main properties of these constructions. Finally, we discuss our findings in [Section \[sec:Discussion\]]{}. Our most important results are summarized in [Table \[tab:FundamentalGroups\]]{} for a list of all non–trivial fundamental groups and [Table \[tab:NonAbelianPointGroups\]]{} for a list of Hodge numbers and their geometrical origin.
Heterotic non–Abelian orbifolds {#sec:nonabelianorbifolds}
===============================
We consider compactifications of the ten–dimensional heterotic string on (symmetric) toroidal orbifolds [@Dixon:1985jw; @Dixon:1986jc], where points on the six–dimensional torus $T^6$ are identified under the action of the so–called orbifolding group $G$, i.e. $$\mathds{O} ~=~ T^6/G ~=~ {\ensuremath{\mathds{R}}}^6/S\;.$$ Equivalently, the orbifold $\mathds{O}$ is defined as ${\ensuremath{\mathds{R}}}^6$ with an identification of points under the action of the so–called space group $S$. An element of $S$ consists of a rotational part and a translation. In detail, $$g=(\vartheta, \lambda) \in S \quad\text{acts on $x\in{\ensuremath{\mathds{R}}}^6$ as}\quad g\; x = \vartheta\; x + \lambda\;,$$ where $\lambda$ is a shift of $x$ in ${\ensuremath{\mathds{R}}}^6$ and $\vartheta\in{\ensuremath{\mathrm{SU}(3)}}\subset{\ensuremath{\mathrm{SO}(6)}}$ a rotation. Then, $g\; x \sim x$ for all $g \in S$ is the equivalence relation that defines $\mathds{O}$. The pure–translational elements of $S$ have the form $({\ensuremath{1\!\!1}},\lambda)$, where $\lambda$ can be expanded in terms of six basis vectors $e_i$ as $\lambda = n_i e_i$ with integer coefficients $n_i$ and summation over $i=1,\ldots,6$. Hence, the pure translations define a lattice $\Lambda$ and hereby the torus $T^6={\ensuremath{\mathds{R}}}^6/\Lambda$. On the other hand, for $\vartheta\neq{\ensuremath{1\!\!1}}$ there can additionally be elements $(\vartheta, \lambda) \in S$ with $\lambda\not\in\Lambda$ (i.e. with fractional $n_i$), which are called roto–translations [@Hebecker:2004ce].
The rotational part $\vartheta$ of all elements $g = (\vartheta,\lambda) \in S$ forms a group, the so–called point group $P$. We further define the orbifolding group $G$ as the group generated by all $g = (\vartheta,\lambda) \in S$, where two elements that are related by a pure lattice translation are identified. Therefore, the orbifolding group $G$ is equivalent to the point group $P$ if no roto–translations are present.
The Abelian case is well studied, resulting in many phenomenological interesting models in, for example, ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{6}}}$-II [@Kobayashi:2004ya; @Buchmuller:2005jr; @Buchmuller:2006ik; @Lebedev:2006kn; @Lebedev:2008un], ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{12}}}$-I [@Kim:2007mt], ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}$ [@Blaszczyk:2009in] and ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{4}}}$ [@Pena:2012ki] (there were also earlier phenomenological studies in 3 and 7, e.g. [@Ibanez:1987pj; @Casas:1990yt]). In this paper we deal with non–Abelian orbifolds, i.e. with orbifolds whose point groups $P$ are non–Abelian. We consider all inequivalent point groups (also known as [*${\ensuremath{\mathds{Q}}}$–classes*]{}), all inequivalent lattices (called [*${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}}}$–classes*]{}) and all roto–translations (i.e. *affine classes*)[^4]. We use these six–dimensional spaces to compactify the 10D ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{E}_{8}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathrm{E}_{8}}}'$ heterotic string to four dimensions.
On heterotic orbifolds, there are two kinds of closed strings which contribute to the massless particle spectrum of the resulting four–dimensional effective theory: (i) untwisted strings that close already in flat ${\ensuremath{\mathds{R}}}^6$, and (ii) twisted strings that close only on the orbifold due to a non–trivial rotation $\vartheta$ (and possibly a translation $\lambda$) in the respective boundary condition, e.g. a twisted string generated by $g=(\vartheta,\lambda)$ closes under the boundary condition $X(\tau,\sigma+2\pi)=\vartheta\; X(\tau,\sigma) + 2\pi \lambda$ for the bosonic string coordinate. It follows that twisted strings are localized at the fixed points/fixed tori of the orbifold geometry. In the case of standard embedding (which is a specific choice of how the orbifold acts in the gauge degrees of freedom of the heterotic string), the matter spectrum consists of ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{27}}$–, ${\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{27}}}$–plets and singlets of the four–dimensional observable gauge group ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{E}_{6}}}$. As we describe in more detail in the next section, counting the numbers of the non–trivial representations of 6 allows us to compute the Hodge numbers of these heterotic compactifications, which is the primary purpose of this paper.
Hodge numbers {#sec:hodgeNumbers}
-------------
The Hodge numbers $(h^{(1,1)}, h^{(2,1)})$ count the Kähler and complex structure moduli, respectively, which correspond to deformations (of size and shape) of the geometry. For the heterotic orbifolds under consideration, we can split these numbers into contributions from the untwisted sector and from the twisted sectors, $$(h^{(1,1)}, h^{(2,1)}) = (h_\text{U}^{(1,1)}, h_\text{U}^{(2,1)})
+ (h_\text{T}^{(1,1)}, h_\text{T}^{(2,1)})\,,$$ and compute them as we explain in the following.
### Contributions from the untwisted sectors
In this section, we demonstrate that the number of untwisted moduli can be computed directly from the point group $P$ using representation theory of finite groups.
The 4D untwisted Kähler and complex structure moduli, counted respectively by $h_\text{U}^{(1,1)}$ and $h_\text{U}^{(2,1)}$, originate from the nine plus nine internal components of the 10D supergravity multiplet of the heterotic string, which correspond to the following string excitations
\[eqn:untwistedmoduli\] $$\begin{aligned}
|q\rangle_\text{R} \otimes \tilde\alpha_{-1}^{\bar{\jmath}} |0\rangle_\text{L} &&\qquad\text{for K\"ahler moduli,} \label{eqn:UntwistedKahlerModulus} \\
|q\rangle_\text{R} \otimes \tilde\alpha_{-1}^j |0\rangle_\text{L} &&\qquad\text{for complex structure moduli,} \label{eqn:UntwistedComplexStructureModulus}\end{aligned}$$
where $j=1,2,3$ and $|q\rangle_\text{R}$ denotes the ground state of the (supersymmetric) right–mover with (bosonized) momenta $$q=(0,\underline{-1,0,0})\;,$$ where the underline denotes permutations. Furthermore, $\tilde\alpha_{-1}^{\bar{\jmath}}$ or $\tilde\alpha_{-1}^j$ excites the left–moving ground state $|0\rangle_\text{L}$ in the $j$–th complex plane spanned by the complex coordinate $\bar{z}^{\bar{\jmath}}$ or $z^j$.
On the orbifold only the invariant combinations of these (untwisted) states survive as unfixed moduli. As untwisted moduli are uncharged with respect to the gauge group, they transform only under the action of the point group $P$. From Table C.2 in Ref. [@Fischer:2012qj] we know the explicit form of the point group as a three–dimensional, in general reducible representation ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{\rho}}$ of $P$, with $P$ being a finite sub-group of ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{SU}(3)}}$. Under the action of the point group $P$ the right–moving ground state and the oscillator excitations transform as
\[eqn:trafountwistedmoduli\] $$\begin{aligned}
|q\rangle_\text{R} & \text{ transforms as } & {\ensuremath\boldsymbol{\rho}} \\
\tilde\alpha_{-1}^{\bar{\jmath}} & \text{ transforms as } & {\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{\rho}}} \\
\tilde\alpha_{-1}^j & \text{ transforms as } & {\ensuremath\boldsymbol{\rho}}\;.\end{aligned}$$
Hence, using [Equations and ]{}, one can count the number of untwisted moduli $(h_\text{U}^{(1,1)}, h_\text{U}^{(2,1)})$ from the tensor products $$\label{eq:TensorProduct}
{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{\rho}} \otimes {\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{\rho}}} \;\rightarrow\; h_\text{U}^{(1,1)} {\ensuremath\boldsymbol{\rho_0}} \oplus \ldots \quad\text{and}\quad {\ensuremath\boldsymbol{\rho}} \otimes {\ensuremath\boldsymbol{\rho}} \;\rightarrow\; h_\text{U}^{(2,1)} {\ensuremath\boldsymbol{\rho_0}} \oplus \ldots \;,$$ where ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{\rho_0}}$ denotes the trivial singlet representation of $P$ and $h_\text{U}^{(1,1)}$ and $h_\text{U}^{(2,1)}$ are the multiplicities in the respective decomposition. These multiplicities can be computed most easily using characters (the character of an element $g \in P$ in the representation ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{\rho}}$ is given by $\chi_{{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{\rho}}}(g) = \text{Tr}({\ensuremath\boldsymbol{\rho}}(g))$). In general, a decomposition of a tensor product reads ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{\rho_1}} \otimes {\ensuremath\boldsymbol{\rho_2}}
= \bigoplus_{i=1}^c n_i {\ensuremath\boldsymbol{\rho_i}}$, where $c$ is the number of inequivalent irreducible representations, which are denoted as ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{\rho_i}}$, and $n_i$ are the corresponding multiplicities. Then, $\chi_{{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{\rho_1}} \otimes {\ensuremath\boldsymbol{\rho_2}}}(g) = \sum_{i=1}^c n_i \chi_{{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{\rho_i}}}(g)$ and one can compute the multiplicities $n_i$ using the orthogonality of the rows of the character table, see e.g. Section 4.2 of Ref. [@Fischer:2012qj].
We use the software GAP [@GAP4] and Mathematica to perform these computations. The results are listed in [Table \[tab:SummaryUntwistedModuli\]]{}. Note that there are many cases with only one untwisted Kähler modulus (i.e. only the overall volume of $\mathds{O}$ is unfixed) and no complex structure modulus (for example $P=T_7$, see [Section \[sec:T7Example\]]{}), which might be especially interesting in the context of no–scale supergravity [@Ellis:1983sf; @Cvetic:1988yw; @Brignole:1997dp; @Covi:2008ea]. This is in contrast to orbifolds with Abelian point groups where always at least the three Kähler moduli (associated with the sizes of the compact space split in three complex planes) survive the orbifold projection (see e.g. [@Ibanez:1992hc]).
-------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
untwisted moduli
$(h_\text{U}^{(1,1)}, h_\text{U}^{(2,1)})$ non–Abelian point groups
(2,2) $S_3$, $D_4$, $D_6$
(2,1) $QD_{16}$, $({\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{4}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}})\rtimes{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}$, ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{4}}}\times S_3$, $\left({\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{6}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}\right)\rtimes{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}$,
${\ensuremath{\mathrm{GL}(2,3)}}$, ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{SL}(2,3)}}\rtimes{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}$
(2,0) ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{8}}}\rtimes{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}$, ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}\times S_3$, ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}\rtimes{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{8}}}$, ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{SL}(2,3)}}\mathrm{-I}$, ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}\times D_4$,
${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}\times Q_8$, $\left({\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{4}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{4}}}\right)\rtimes{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}$, ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}\times \left({\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}\rtimes{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{4}}}\right)$, ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{6}}}\times S_3$,
${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathrm{SL}(2,3)}}$, ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}\times\left(\left({\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{6}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}\right)\rtimes{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}\right)$, ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{SL}(2,3)}}\rtimes{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{4}}}$
(1,1) $A_4$, $S_4$
(1,0) $T_7$, $\Delta(27)$, ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}\times A_4$, $\Delta(48)$, $\Delta(54)$, ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}\times S_4$, $\Delta(96)$,
$\Sigma(36\phi)$, $\Delta(108)$, ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{PSL}(3,2)}}$, $\Sigma(72\phi)$, $\Delta(216)$
-------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: List of non–Abelian point groups with specified number of untwisted moduli $(h_\text{U}^{(1,1)}, h_\text{U}^{(2,1)})$. For example, orbifolds with point group $S_3$, $D_4$ and $D_6$ have two untwisted Kähler moduli and two untwisted complex structure moduli, i.e. $(h_\text{U}^{(1,1)}, h_\text{U}^{(2,1)})=(2,2)$.[]{data-label="tab:SummaryUntwistedModuli"}
### Contributions from the twisted sectors
The twisted sectors of the orbifold yield some twisted Kähler moduli (also known as [*blow–up modes*]{}) and twisted complex structure moduli (which describe the shapes of unorbifolded fixed tori, as explained in more detail later).
In order to determine their numbers, we analyze the standard embedding of the ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{E}_{8}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathrm{E}_{8}}}'$ heterotic string, which results in a four–dimensional $\mathcal{N}=1$ theory with ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{E}_{6}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathrm{E}_{8}}}'$ gauge group [@Konopka:2012gy] (for Abelian point groups, the gauge group includes additional model–dependent gauge factors, such as ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{U}(1)}}^2$, ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{SU}(2)}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathrm{U}(1)}}$ or 3). Due to the (2,2) world–sheet supersymmetry, the number of twisted ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{27}}$–plets corresponds to $h_\text{T}^{(1,1)}$ and the number of twisted ${\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{27}}}$–plets gives $h_\text{T}^{(2,1)}$ [@Dine:1986zy; @Dixon:1989fj]. In order to identify the number of twisted ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{27}}$– and ${\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{27}}}$–plets we first have to consider the orbifold fixed points and fixed tori in some detail, with a special focus on four– and six–dimensional supersymmetry (see also Ref. [@Nibbelink:2012de] for a related discussion).
#### Twisted sectors.
In Abelian orbifolds, the twisted sectors are labeled by their point group elements, e.g. for a ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{M}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{N}}}$ point group with generators $\vartheta$ and $\omega$ we use $T_{k,\ell}$, with $k=0,\ldots,M-1$ and $\ell=0,\ldots,N-1$, to denote the (twisted) sector produced by $\vartheta^k \omega^\ell \in P$. In contrast, for non–Abelian orbifolds a twisted sector is characterized by a conjugation class $[\vartheta]$ for $\vartheta \in P$ and hence it is denoted as $T_{[\vartheta]}$.
#### Fixed points/tori.
For a given twisted sector $T_{[\vartheta]}$, a space group element $g=(\vartheta,\lambda) \in S$ with $\vartheta \neq {\ensuremath{1\!\!1}}$ is called a constructing element of a massless string if the fixed point equation associated with $g$, $$g\; f = f \qquad\Leftrightarrow\qquad \vartheta\; f + \lambda = f \quad\text{for } f \in {\ensuremath{\mathds{R}}}^6\;,$$ has a zero– or a two–dimensional solution $f$. In the former case, $f$ is called a fixed point, while in the latter it is called a fixed torus.
#### Equivalence of fixed points/tori.
Different solutions $f$ can be geometrically equivalent in the compact space due to the symmetries induced by the compactification. Equivalences between the solutions are easily identified via their corresponding constructing elements. We distinguish two different kinds of equivalences:
1. [**Equivalence on the torus.**]{} Take two constructing elements of massless strings with the same point group element, i.e. $g_1=(\vartheta,\lambda_1) \in S$ and $g_2=(\vartheta,\lambda_2)
\in S$. They are said to be equivalent on the torus if $g_1$ and $g_2$ are in the same conjugacy class with respect to translations, i.e. $$g_1 = h g_2 h^{-1} \quad\text{for some } h=({\ensuremath{1\!\!1}},\lambda) \in S\;.$$ In other words, $g_1\sim g_2$ on the torus if $\lambda\in\Lambda$ exists such that $\lambda_1-\lambda_2 = \left({\ensuremath{1\!\!1}}-\vartheta\right)\lambda$. Then, the corresponding fixed points/tori differ by a lattice vector. Using this definition of equivalence one can determine for each twisted sector $T_{[\vartheta]}$ all inequivalent constructing elements on the torus.
2. [**Equivalence on the orbifold.**]{} Fixed points/tori that are inequivalent on the torus can be equivalent on the orbifold, i.e. fixed points/tori of a given twisted sector can be identified by a further orbifold action. Again, this equivalence can be determined using the concept of conjugacy classes, now allowing for general $h \in S$, i.e. $$g_1 \sim g_2 \quad\text{if}\quad g_1,g_2 \in [g]=\{hgh^{-1} \text{ for all } h \in S\}\;.$$ Fixed points/tori associated with elements of the same conjugacy class are identified on the orbifold. In more detail, take $g_1, g_2 \in [g]$ with $$g_1\; f_1 = f_1 \quad\text{and}\quad g_2\; f_2 = f_2\;,$$ where $f_1, f_2 \in {\ensuremath{\mathds{R}}}^6$ denote the fixed points/tori. As $g_1, g_2 \in [g]$ there exists an element $h \in S$ such that $g_2 = hg_1h^{-1}$. Then, $\left(h^{-1}f_2\right) = \left(h^{-1}g_2\right)f_2 =
\left(g_1 h^{-1}\right)f_2 = g_1 \left(h^{-1}f_2\right)$. Consequently, $f_1 = h^{-1}f_2$ and we see that the fixed points/tori $f_1$ and $f_2$ are identified on the orbifold.
#### Massless twisted matter.
After obtaining all inequivalent constructing elements on the orbifold we start with the determination of the associated twisted matter spectrum. Each constructing element $g=(\vartheta, \lambda) \in S$ defines a boundary condition for a closed string on the orbifold, i.e. $$Z(\tau, \sigma + 2\pi) = g\; Z(\tau, \sigma) = \vartheta\;Z(\tau, \sigma) + 2 \pi \lambda\;.$$ For each twisted sector one can choose a basis of the three compactified complex coordinates $Z^i$ such that the twist $\vartheta \in {\ensuremath{\mathrm{SU}(3)}}$ becomes diagonal. Using this basis, the twist can be expressed by the so-called twist vector $v=(v_1,v_2,v_3)$, whose components are the rotational phases in units of $2\pi$. These twist vectors are analogous to the well–known ones for the case of Abelian point groups (see e.g. Table 1 in Ref. [@Dixon:1986jc] and Table 5.2 in Ref. [@Fischer:2012qj]). Furthermore, the gauge embedding can be diagonalized such that its action is parametrized by a shift, similarly as in the Abelian case. For the standard embedding, we choose $V=(v_1,v_2,v_3,0^5)(0^8)$. In order to compute the twisted matter, one may need a basis change for each twisted sector of a non–Abelian orbifold. However, for each individual sector one can use the standard tools and the intuition developed from the well–known Abelian case, such as the usual masslessness equations for left– and right–movers and their solutions.
#### Invariance of twisted matter.
In this way one can construct the Hilbert space $\mathcal H_{[g]}$ of massless twisted strings with constructing element $g$. However, not all states from $\mathcal H_{[g]}$ are necessarily invariant under the full orbifold action. One has to consider projections, i.e. one has to project the Hilbert space $\mathcal H_{[g]}$ of massless strings to the invariant subspace with respect to all space group elements $h$ that commute with the constructing element $g$, $gh=hg$. The set of commuting elements is called the centralizer of $g$. It is important to note that the rotational part of $g$ and $h$ and their gauge embeddings can be diagonalized simultaneously, as they commute.
For each constructing element $g \in [g]$ one distinguishes two cases:
1. In the first case, $g$ is related to a fixed point (not a fixed torus). Then, ten–dimensional $\mathcal{N}=1$ supersymmetry is broken down to $\mathcal{N}=1$ in four dimensions at the fixed point of $g$, and the Hilbert space $\mathcal H_{[g]}$ only respects 4D $\mathcal{N}=1$. Fixed points with these properties contribute only one twisted ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{27}}$–plet, which can be related to one twisted Kähler modulus (i.e. blow–up mode), but no ${\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{27}}}$–plet and therefore no twisted complex structure modulus. In other words, the constructing element $g$ yields a contribution $(1,0)$ to the Hodge numbers $(h_\text{T}^{(1,1)}, h_\text{T}^{(2,1)})$. Let us point out that $\mathcal H_{[g]}$ and $\mathcal H_{[g^{-1}]}$ are not independent, since $\mathcal H_{[g^{-1}]}$ contains the CPT conjugate partners of $\mathcal H_{[g]}$. Thus, it suffices to consider only $\mathcal H_{[g]}$ in the computations.
2. In the second case, $g$ has a fixed torus. Considering only the action of $g$ (and $g^{-1}$) on the internal space, the theory on this fixed torus has $\mathcal{N}=1$ in six dimensions (i.e. 4D $\mathcal{N}=2$) with ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{E}_{7}}}$ observable gauge group and a twisted ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{56}}$ hypermultiplet (or half–hypermultiplet). In terms of 4D $\mathcal{N}=1$ this twisted ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{56}}$–plet originates from the sector $g$ contributing a left–chiral superfield, which transforms as ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{56}}$ of ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{E}_{7}}}$, and from the sector $g^{-1}$ contributing another left–chiral superfield, which transforms in the complex conjugate representation, e.g. as a ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{56}}$–plet with negative ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{U}(1)}}$ charge. However, in the case $g=g^{-1}$ (or $[g]=[g^{-1}]$) the twisted ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{56}}$–plet is real, e.g. a ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{56}}$–plet with zero ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{U}(1)}}$ charge. Hence, it transforms as a half–hypermultiplet.
From the full 4D perspective the ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{E}_{7}}}$ is broken to ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{E}_{6}}}$ and the left–chiral ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{56}}$–plet from $g$ branches into ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{27}} \oplus
{\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{27}}}$ plus two singlets. Thus, 4D matter originates from $\mathcal{N}=2$ (half–)hypermultiplets and in terms of 4D $\mathcal{N}=1$ a constructing element $g$ with fixed torus contributes both, one twisted ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{27}}$–plet and one twisted ${\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{27}}}$–plet, to the Hilbert space $\mathcal H_{[g]}$. This would result in one twisted Kähler modulus and one twisted complex structure modulus per fixed torus.
However, in the whole orbifold one has to perform the projection on invariant states: if there is (at least) one element in the centralizer of $g$ which breaks $\mathcal{N}=1$ in six dimensions to $\mathcal{N}=1$ in four dimensions, the twisted ${\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{27}}}$–plet is removed from $\mathcal H_{[g]}$ and, consequently, the twisted complex structure modulus of this orbifolded fixed torus is projected out. Then, the fixed torus of $g$ contributes $(1,0)$ to the Hodge numbers. On the other hand, if all elements of the centralizer keep $\mathcal{N}=1$ in six dimensions, the twisted ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{27}}$– and ${\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{27}}}$–plet and hence the respective moduli survive this projection. In this case, the fixed torus is not orbifolded further by the action of the centralizer and the twisted complex structure modulus describes the shape of this torus. Then, the fixed torus of $g$ contributes $(1,1)$ to the Hodge numbers.
Based on these observations, we notice that it is enough to know the geometrical aspects (space group, constructing elements, etc.) of the orbifold and not the details of the gauge embedding in order to arrive at the Hodge numbers. As a test, we have first used this procedure to corroborate the Hodge numbers for all 138 orbifolds with Abelian point groups of Ref. [@Fischer:2012qj] (originally obtained using the [orbifolder]{} [@Nilles:2011aj]). Then, we applied this procedure to the 331 orbifolds with non–Abelian point groups. The results are listed in [Table \[tab:NonAbelianPointGroups\]]{} of [Appendix \[sec:NonAbelianResults\]]{}. We discuss three examples in detail in [Section \[sec:examples\]]{}. It is interesting to note that, like in the Abelian case of Ref. [@Fischer:2012qj], also the Hodge numbers of most non–Abelian cases satisfy the empiric rule $$h^{(1,1)} - h^{(2,1)} = 0 \text{ mod } 6\;,
\label{eq:empiricRelation}$$ for which we have not found an explanation yet (see also Ref. [@Bailin:1999nk]). In the cases where [Equation ]{} is satisfied and the Euler number $\chi=2(h^{(1,1)} - h^{(2,1)})$ does not vanish, it seems conceivable that the addition of discrete Wilson lines [@Dixon:1986jc; @Ibanez:1986tp] can lead to candidate models with three generations of standard model particles.
Fundamental group
-----------------
The fundamental group $\pi_1$ of a toroidal orbifold is given by the following quotient group [@Dixon:1985jw; @Brown:2002] $$\pi_1 ~=~ S/\langle F\rangle\;,$$ where $S$ is the space group that defines the orbifold, $F$ is the set of all constructing elements and $\langle F\rangle$ is the group generated by the elements of $F$.
There are two possible origins for a generator of $\pi_1$: either it arises from a roto–translation (i.e. from the orbifolding group $G$) or from a pure translation (i.e. from the lattice $\Lambda$). In order to identify this, we compute in addition to $\pi_1 = S/\langle F\rangle$ also $G/G_F$ and $\Lambda/\Lambda_F$, where $G_F \subset G$ is generated by the roto–translations of $\langle F\rangle$ and $\Lambda_F\subset\Lambda$ is the lattice of $\langle F\rangle$.
In total we find that 38 out of 331 orbifolds with non–Abelian point group and $\mathcal{N}=1$ have a non–trivial fundamental group, for example $\pi_1={\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}$, ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}$, ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}$. They are listed in [Table \[tab:FundamentalGroups\]]{} of [Appendix \[sec:NonAbelianResults\]]{}. In the next section we discuss one of them in detail. Combined with the results of [@Fischer:2012qj] we have a complete list of (toroidal, $\mathcal{N}=1$) orbifold geometries which offer a non–trivial fundamental group: there are 69 cases out of 469. These cases are of special interest for phenomenology as they may allow for non–local GUT breaking [@Ross:2004mi; @Hebecker:2004ce; @Anandakrishnan:2012ii]. Therefore, the gauge embeddings of the (freely–acting) elements of the fundamental group and the conditions from modular invariance must be analyzed, cf. [@Blaszczyk:2010db].
#### Example: $\boldsymbol{D_4}$ orbifold.
Let us discuss the case $D_4$–1–5 (i.e. [$\mathds{Z}$]{}–class \#1, affine class \#5) with Hodge numbers $(6,6)$ in detail. $D_4$ is generated by $\vartheta$ and $\omega$ fulfilling $\vartheta^2=\omega^2=(\vartheta\omega)^4={\ensuremath{1\!\!1}}$. In the case (1–5) the space group $S$ is generated by $g_1=(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_1+\frac{1}{4} e_5)$ and $g_2=(\omega, 0)$, where $$\vartheta_{\mathfrak{e}} ~=~ \left(
\begin{array}{cccccc}
1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & -1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & -1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & -1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -1 \\
\end{array}
\right) \quad\text{and}\quad
\omega_{\mathfrak{e}} ~=~ \left(
\begin{array}{cccccc}
0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & -1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -1 \\
\end{array}
\right)\;,$$ and by the lattice $\Lambda=\{e_1,\ldots,e_6\}$.
On the other hand, the group $\langle F\rangle$ is generated by two roto–translations[^5] $$h_1=(\omega, 0) \quad\text{and}\quad h_2= g_1 g_2 g_1 = (\vartheta\omega\vartheta, \tfrac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3+e_5))$$ and six translations $({\ensuremath{1\!\!1}},e_i)$ for $i=2,4,5,6$, $({\ensuremath{1\!\!1}},e_1+e_3)$ and $({\ensuremath{1\!\!1}},-e_1+e_3)$, which define a (six–dimensional) sublattice $\Lambda_F\subset\Lambda$.
As a subgroup of $G$ the roto–translations $h_1$ and $h_2$ generate $G_F={\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}$ and one can show that $D_4/\left({\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}\right) = {\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}$, which is generated by $g_1$ using $g_1^2 = ({\ensuremath{1\!\!1}},e_1) \sim ({\ensuremath{1\!\!1}}, 0)$ in the orbifolding group. Furthermore, one can take the quotient of the respective lattices and obtains $\Lambda/\Lambda_F = {\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}$, which is generated by $({\ensuremath{1\!\!1}},e_3)$ using $({\ensuremath{1\!\!1}},e_3) ({\ensuremath{1\!\!1}},e_3) = ({\ensuremath{1\!\!1}},2e_3) \sim ({\ensuremath{1\!\!1}},0)$ (or equivalently generated by $({\ensuremath{1\!\!1}},e_1)$ using $({\ensuremath{1\!\!1}},e_1) ({\ensuremath{1\!\!1}},e_1)
= ({\ensuremath{1\!\!1}},2e_1) \sim ({\ensuremath{1\!\!1}},0)$).
The full fundamental group $\pi_1 = S/\langle F\rangle$ of the orbifold $D_4$–1–5 is generated by $g_1$. Then, $g_1^2 = ({\ensuremath{1\!\!1}},e_1)$ (not identified with $({\ensuremath{1\!\!1}},0)$ in $\pi_1$), $g_1^3=(\vartheta,\frac{3}{2} e_1+\frac{1}{4} e_5)$ and $g_1^4 = ({\ensuremath{1\!\!1}}, 2e_1) \sim ({\ensuremath{1\!\!1}},0)$. Thus, we find $\pi_1 = {\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{4}}}$, see [Table \[tab:FundamentalGroups\]]{}.
Examples {#sec:examples}
========
In this section we discuss three examples of orbifolds with non–Abelian point group in detail. The first example in [Section \[sec:S3Example\]]{} considers $S_3$ [@Konopka:2012gy], the easiest non–Abelian case, which unfortunately yields only non–chiral spectra. Then, in [Section \[sec:T7Example\]]{} we discuss a $T_7$ orbifold which yields chirality. Furthermore, this model has the interesting property of having just one untwisted Kähler modulus and no untwisted complex structure modulus. Last, in [Section \[sec:Delta27Example\]]{} we describe a $\Delta(27)$ orbifold which possesses a non–trivial fundamental group and gives chirality.
The heterotic $S_3$ orbifold {#sec:S3Example}
----------------------------
The symmetric group $S_3$ is generated by two generators $\vartheta$ and $\omega$ of orders 2 and 3, i.e. $\vartheta^2=\omega^3={\ensuremath{1\!\!1}}$. They fulfill the relation $\vartheta\omega\vartheta=\omega^2$. $S_3$ has $3! = 6$ elements which split into three conjugacy classes as follows: $$\label{eqn:S3ConjugacyClasses}
\begin{array}{lclcl}
\left[{\ensuremath{1\!\!1}}\right] & = & \{{\ensuremath{1\!\!1}}\}\;, &\qquad& v_{\left[{\ensuremath{1\!\!1}}\right]} = \left(0,0,0\right)\;, \\
\left[\omega\right] & = & \{\omega, \omega^2\}\;, && v_{\left[\omega\right]} = \left(\frac{1}{3},-\frac{1}{3},0\right)\;, \\
\left[\vartheta\right] & = & \{\vartheta, \vartheta\omega, \vartheta\omega^2\}\,, && v_{\left[\vartheta\right]} = \left(\frac{1}{2},-\frac{1}{2},0\right)\;,
\end{array}$$ where we listed for later use the corresponding twist vectors related to the corresponding 3–compatible point–group generators given below in [Equation ]{} (obtained by choosing appropriate bases that diagonalize the respective rotation matrices).
From crystallography [@Plesken:1998; @Fischer:2012qj], we know that for this [$\mathds{Q}$]{}–class (i.e. point group $P=S_3$), there are six [$\mathds{Z}$]{}–classes (i.e. inequivalent lattices) and in total eleven affine classes (i.e. for each lattice except for lattice \#6 there are two affine classes: first the trivial affine class without roto–translations and a second affine class where $g_\omega$ is a roto–translation), see [Table \[tab:NonAbelianPointGroups\]]{}.
Let us discuss the first affine class, i.e. $S_3$–1–1. In this case the generators of the $S_3$ orbifolding group are $g_\vartheta = \left(\vartheta, 0\right)$ and $g_\omega = \left(\omega, 0\right)$, where $$\vartheta_{\mathfrak{e}} ~=~
\left(
\begin{array}{cccccc}
1 & -1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & -1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & -1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & -1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & -1 \\
\end{array}
\right) \quad\text{and}\quad
\omega_{\mathfrak{e}} ~=~
\left(
\begin{array}{cccccc}
-1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
-1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & -1 & -1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\
\end{array}
\right)\;,$$ given in the lattice basis as matrices from ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{GL}(6,{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}}})}}$, for example, $\vartheta_{\mathfrak{e}} e_1 = e_1$. One can go to the ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{SO}(6)}}$ form by a basis change $\vartheta = {B}_{\mathfrak{e}}\, \vartheta_{\mathfrak{e}}\, {B}_{\mathfrak{e}}^{-1}$ and $\omega = {B}_{\mathfrak{e}}\, \omega_{\mathfrak{e}}\, {B}_{\mathfrak{e}}^{-1}$, where the columns of ${B}_{{\mathfrak{e}}}$ are the basis vectors $e_i$, $i=1,\ldots,6$. In the ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{SU}(3)}}$ basis these generators read (see Table C.2 of [@Fischer:2012qj]) $$\label{eqn:S3asSU3}
\vartheta^{({\ensuremath\boldsymbol{3}})} ~=~ \left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
-1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 \\
0 & 1 & 0
\end{array}
\right) \quad\text{and}\quad
\omega^{({\ensuremath\boldsymbol{3}})} ~=~ \left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & \mathrm{e}^{-2\pi\,{\mathrm{i}}\,\frac{1}{3}} & 0 \\
0 & 0 & \mathrm{e}^{2\pi\,{\mathrm{i}}\,\frac{1}{3}}
\end{array}
\right)\;.$$ These matrices generate a reducible three–dimensional representation ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{3}}$ of $S_3$, which decomposes into irreducible representations as ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{3}}={\ensuremath\boldsymbol{2}}\oplus{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1'}}$. Furthermore, there exists one additional irreducible representation of $S_3$: ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1}}$, the trivial singlet.
As discussed in [Section \[sec:hodgeNumbers\]]{}, the number of untwisted Kähler and complex structure moduli is determined by the tensor products of the three–dimensional representation of [Equation ]{}, i.e.
$$\begin{aligned}
\label{sec:S3tensor1}
{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{3}} \otimes {\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{3}}} & = & \left({\ensuremath\boldsymbol{2}}\oplus{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1'}}\right)\otimes\left({\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{2}}}\oplus{\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{1'}}}\right) \; \rightarrow {\ensuremath\boldsymbol{2}}\oplus{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{2}}\oplus{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{2}}\oplus{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1'}}\oplus{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1}}\oplus{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1}}\,,\\
\label{sec:S3tensor2}
{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{3}} \otimes {\ensuremath\boldsymbol{3}} & = & \left({\ensuremath\boldsymbol{2}}\oplus{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1'}}\right)\otimes\left({\ensuremath\boldsymbol{2}}\oplus{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1'}}\right) \; \rightarrow {\ensuremath\boldsymbol{2}}\oplus{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{2}}\oplus{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{2}}\oplus{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1'}}\oplus{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1}}\oplus{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1}}\;.\end{aligned}$$
Since [Equation ]{} contains two trivial singlets ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1}}$, there are two orbifold–invariant untwisted Kähler moduli from the states given in [Equation ]{}. Further, also [Equation ]{} contains two singlets ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1}}$ and hence there are also two orbifold–invariant untwisted complex structure moduli from [Equation ]{}. In total, we find $$(h_\text{U}^{(1,1)}, h_\text{U}^{(2,1)}) = (2,2)\;.$$
Next, we discuss the contributions from the two twisted sectors of the $S_3$ orbifold, specified by the inequivalent conjugacy classes given in [Equation ]{}. The $[\omega]$ twisted sector has nine inequivalent constructing elements $g^{(i)} \in S$, $i=1,\ldots,9$ on the torus, $$\begin{array}{lll}
g^{(1)} = \left(\omega, 0\right) &,\;\; g^{(2)} = \left(\omega, e_4\right) &,\;\; g^{(3)} = \left(\omega, 2e_4\right)\;,\\
g^{(4)} = \left(\omega, e_2\right) &,\;\; g^{(5)} = \left(\omega, e_2+e_4\right) &,\;\; g^{(6)} = \left(\omega, e_2+2e_4\right)\;, \\
g^{(7)} = \left(\omega, e_1+e_2\right) &,\;\; g^{(8)} = \left(\omega, e_1+e_2+e_4\right) &,\;\; g^{(9)} = \left(\omega, e_1+e_2+2e_4\right)\;. \\
\end{array}$$ These constructing elements by themselves lead to a six–dimensional $\mathcal N=1$ supersymmetric theory, where the six dimensions include the uncompactified 4D space along with the two–torus defined by the basis vectors $e_5$ and $e_6$.
Finally, the $[\vartheta]$ sector has four inequivalent constructing elements on the torus, $$\left(\vartheta, n_5 e_5 + n_6 e_6\right) \quad\text{with}\quad n_5,n_6 = 0,1\;,$$ which are also inequivalent on the orbifold. As the $[\omega]$ sector, the $[\vartheta]$ twisted sector yields an $\mathcal N=1$ supersymmetric theory in the six dimensions composed of the uncompactified 4D space and the two–torus defined by the basis vectors $e_1$ and $e_4-e_3$.
The centralizer elements of the constructing elements of both twisted sectors do not further break supersymmetry in their respective six–dimensional $\mathcal N=1$ theories. Therefore, all $9+4$ fixed tori are endowed with both a ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{27}}$– and a ${\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{27}}}$–plet in four dimensions, contributing with as many twisted Kähler and complex–structure moduli as the number of inequivalent constructing elements.
In summary, the Hodge numbers are $(h^{(1,1)}, h^{(2,1)}) = (15,15)$ arising from the various sectors as $$(2, 2) U + (9, 9) T_{[\omega]} + (4, 4) T_{[\vartheta]}\;,$$ confirming the results of [@Konopka:2012gy]. Unfortunately, in the standard heterotic CFT description the $S_3$ orbifold necessarily leads to a non–chiral spectrum in 4D, as we can see from the Hodge numbers $h^{(1,1)}=h^{(2,1)}$. Hence, the $S_3$ orbifold seems phenomenologically not promising. It might be possible to circumvent this by introducing magnetized tori [@Nibbelink:2012de].
The heterotic $T_7$ orbifold {#sec:T7Example}
----------------------------
The Frobenius group $T_7$ is generated by two generators $\vartheta$ and $\omega$ of orders 3 and 7, i.e. $\vartheta^3=\omega^7={\ensuremath{1\!\!1}}$. They fulfill the relation $\omega\vartheta=\vartheta\omega^2$. $T_7$ has 21 elements, they split into five conjugacy classes, i.e. $$\label{eqn:T7ConjugacyClasses}
\begin{array}{lcllcl}
\left[{\ensuremath{1\!\!1}}\right] & = & \{{\ensuremath{1\!\!1}}\}\;, & v_{\left[{\ensuremath{1\!\!1}}\right]} & = & \left(0,0,0\right)\;, \\
\left[\omega\right] & = & \{\omega, \omega^2, \omega^4\}\;, & v_{\left[\omega\right]} & = & \left(\tfrac17,\tfrac27,-\tfrac37\right)\;, \\
\left[\omega^3\right] & = & \{\omega^3, \omega^5, \omega^6\}\;, & v_{\left[\omega^3\right]} & = & \left(-\tfrac17,-\tfrac27,\tfrac37\right)\;, \\
\left[\vartheta\right] & = & \{\vartheta, \vartheta\omega, \vartheta\omega^2, \vartheta\omega^3, \vartheta\omega^4, \vartheta\omega^5, \vartheta\omega^6\}\;, & v_{\left[\vartheta\right]} & = & \left(\tfrac13,-\tfrac13,0\right)\;, \\
\left[\vartheta^2\right] & = & \{\vartheta^2, \vartheta^2\omega, \vartheta^2 \omega^2, \vartheta^2 \omega^3, \vartheta^2 \omega^4, \vartheta^2 \omega^5, \vartheta^2 \omega^6\}\;, & v_{\left[\vartheta^2\right]} & = & \left(\tfrac13,-\tfrac13,0\right)\;. \\
\end{array}$$ where, as in the $S_3$ example, we provide for later use the corresponding twist vectors associated with [Equation ]{}.
From crystallography [@Plesken:1998; @Fischer:2012qj] we know that for this [$\mathds{Q}$]{}–class (i.e. point group $P=T_7$), there are three [$\mathds{Z}$]{}–classes (i.e. inequivalent lattices) and in total three affine classes (i.e. for each lattice there is only the trivial affine class without roto–translations), see [Table \[tab:NonAbelianPointGroups\]]{}.
Let us discuss the first [$\mathds{Z}$]{}–class, i.e. $T_7$–1–1. In this case the generators of the $T_7$ orbifolding group are $g_\vartheta = \left(\vartheta, 0\right)$ and $g_\omega = \left(\omega, 0\right)$, where $$\vartheta_{\mathfrak{e}} ~=~ \left(\begin{array}{cccccc}
0 &-1 & 0 & 0 &-1 & 0 \\
0 &-1 & 0 & 1 &-1 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 0 &-1 & 1 &-1 \\
-1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 &-1 \\
0 & 0 &-1 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\
1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0
\end{array}\right) \quad\text{and}\quad
\omega_{\mathfrak{e}} ~=~ \left(\begin{array}{cccccc}
0 &-1 & 0 & 0 & 0 &-1 \\
1 &-1 & 0 & 0 & 0 &-1 \\
-1 & 1 & 0 & 0 &-1 & 1 \\
1 & 0 & 1 & 0 &-1 & 0 \\
-1 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
-1 & 1 & 0 &-1 & 0 & 0
\end{array}\right)\;,$$ given in the lattice basis as matrices from ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{GL}(6,{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}}})}}$, for example, $\vartheta_{\mathfrak{e}} e_1 = -e_4+e_6$. One can go to the ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{SO}(6)}}$ form by a basis change $\vartheta = {B}_{\mathfrak{e}}\, \vartheta_{\mathfrak{e}}\, {B}_{\mathfrak{e}}^{-1}$ and $\omega = {B}_{\mathfrak{e}}\, \omega_{\mathfrak{e}}\, {B}_{\mathfrak{e}}^{-1}$, where the columns of ${B}_{{\mathfrak{e}}}$ are the basis vectors $e_i$, $i=1,\ldots,6$. In the ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{SU}(3)}}$ basis these generators read (see Table C.2 of [@Fischer:2012qj]) $$\label{eqn:T7asSU3}
\vartheta^{({\ensuremath\boldsymbol{3}})} ~=~ \left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
0 & 1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 \\
1 & 0 & 0
\end{array}
\right) \quad\text{and}\quad
\omega^{({\ensuremath\boldsymbol{3}})} ~=~ \left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
\mathrm{e}^{2\pi\,{\mathrm{i}}\,\frac{4}{7}} & 0 & 0 \\
0 & \mathrm{e}^{2\pi\,{\mathrm{i}}\,\frac{2}{7}} & 0 \\
0 & 0 & \mathrm{e}^{2\pi\,{\mathrm{i}}\,\frac{1}{7}}
\end{array}
\right)\;.$$ These matrices generate an irreducible three–dimensional representation ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{3}}$ of $T_7$. Furthermore, there exist four additional irreducible representations of $T_7$: ${\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{3}}}$ is the complex conjugate of ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{3}}$, ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1'}}$ and its complex conjugate ${\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{1'}}}$ are two non–trivial one–dimensional representations and, finally, ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1}}$ is the trivial singlet.
One can think of the $T_7$ orbifold as a standard ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{7}}}$ orbifold generated by $\omega$ with an additional, non–freely acting ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}$ generated by $\vartheta$ that permutes the three complex planes $(z_1,z_2,z_3)$ as $z_1 \mapsto z_3
\mapsto z_2 \mapsto z_1$.
As discussed in [Section \[sec:hodgeNumbers\]]{}, the number of untwisted Kähler and complex structure moduli is determined by the tensor products of the three–dimensional representation of [Equation ]{}, i.e.
$$\begin{aligned}
\label{sec:T7tensor1}
{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{3}} \otimes {\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{3}}} & \rightarrow & {\ensuremath\boldsymbol{3}}\oplus{\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{3}}}\oplus{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1}}\oplus{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1'}}\oplus{\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{1'}}}\,,\\
\label{sec:T7tensor2}
{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{3}} \otimes {\ensuremath\boldsymbol{3}} & \rightarrow & \left({\ensuremath\boldsymbol{3}}\oplus{\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{3}}}\right)_s \oplus {\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{3}}}_a\;,\end{aligned}$$
where $s$ and $a$ denotes the symmetric and anti–symmetric part, respectively. As [Equation ]{} contains one singlet ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1}}$, there is one orbifold–invariant untwisted Kähler modulus from [Equation ]{}. Furthermore, [Equation ]{} does not contain the singlet ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1}}$ and hence there is no orbifold–invariant untwisted complex structure modulus from [Equation ]{}. In summary, we find $$(h_\text{U}^{(1,1)}, h_\text{U}^{(2,1)}) = (1,0)\;.$$
Next, we study the contributions from the four twisted sectors of the $T_7$ orbifold arising from its conjugacy classes (see [Equation ]{}). The $[\omega]$ twisted sector has seven inequivalent constructing elements $g^{(i)} \in S$, $i=1,\ldots,7$, on the torus: $$\begin{array}{ll}
g^{(1)} = \left(\omega, 0\right) &,\;\; g^{(2)} = \left(\omega, e_1+e_2\right) \;, \\
g^{(3)} = \left(\omega, e_1+e_2+e_6\right) &,\;\; g^{(4)} = \left(\omega, e_1+e_3+e_5+e_6\right)\;, \\
g^{(5)} = \left(\omega, 2e_1+2e_2+e_6\right) &,\;\; g^{(6)} = \left(\omega, 2e_1+e_2+e_3+e_5+e_6\right)\;, \\
g^{(7)} = \left(\omega, 2e_1+e_2+e_3+e_5+2e_6\right) &.
\end{array}$$ They are also inequivalent on the orbifold. The corresponding fixed points are given in the $e_\alpha$ basis by $f^{(i)}= \frac{1}{7} \hat{f}^{(i)}_\alpha e_\alpha$, $i=1,\ldots,7$, with $$\begin{array}{lll}
\hat{f}^{(1)} = \left(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0\right) &,\;\; \hat{f}^{(2)} = \left(2, 4, 1, 1, 2, 1\right) &,\;\; \hat{f}^{(3)} = \left(1, 2, 4, 4, 1, 4\right)\;, \\
\hat{f}^{(4)} = \left(4, 1, 2, 2, 4, 2\right) &,\;\; \hat{f}^{(5)} = \left(3, 6, 5, 5, 3, 5\right) &,\;\; \hat{f}^{(6)} = \left(6, 5, 3, 3, 6, 3\right)\;, \\
\hat{f}^{(7)} = \left(5, 3, 6, 6, 5, 6\right)\;. & &
\end{array}$$ As these are fixed points (and not tori) and the centralizers of $g^i$ are trivial, the $[\omega]$ twisted sector combines with the inverse twisted sector $[\omega^6] = [\omega^3]$ and gives seven left–chiral ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{27}}$–plets plus their CPT conjugate partners. Hence, this sector contributes with $(7,0)$ to the Hodge numbers.
The $[\vartheta]$ twisted sector has one inequivalent constructing element with associated fixed torus, $$\left(\vartheta, 0\right) \quad\text{with}\quad f = \left(f_1, f_2, 0, -f_1+f_2, -f_1-f_2, -f_2\right)\;,$$ where the torus is parametrized by $f_1, f_2 \in {\ensuremath{\mathds{R}}}$. As the centralizer of this sector is trivial, the $[\vartheta]$ twisted sector feels the full $\mathcal{N}=1$ in six dimensions and hence contributes $(1,1)$ to the Hodge numbers.
Finally, the $[\vartheta^2]$ is very similar to the $[\vartheta]$ twisted sector. It has one inequivalent constructing element with associated fixed torus, $$\left(\vartheta^2, 0\right) \quad\text{with}\quad f = \left(f_1, f_2, 0, -f_1+f_2, -f_1-f_2, -f_2\right)\;,$$ where the torus is parametrized by $f_1, f_2 \in {\ensuremath{\mathds{R}}}$. Again, as the centralizer is trivial, it gives rise to one twisted Kähler and one twisted complex structure modulus and therefore contributes $(1,1)$ to the Hodge numbers.
In summary, the Hodge numbers are $(h^{(1,1)}, h^{(2,1)}) = (10,2)$, distributed in the various sectors according to $$(1, 0) U + (7, 0) T_{[\omega]} + (1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]} + (1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}\;.$$
The heterotic $\Delta(27)$ orbifold {#sec:Delta27Example}
-----------------------------------
The group $\Delta(27)$ is generated by two generators $\vartheta$ and $\omega$ both of order 3, i.e. such that $\vartheta^3=\omega^3={\ensuremath{1\!\!1}}$. $\Delta(27)$ has 27 elements, they split into the following eleven conjugacy classes $$\label{eqn:Delta27ConjugacyClasses}
\begin{array}{lclcll}
\left[{\ensuremath{1\!\!1}}\right] & = & \{{\ensuremath{1\!\!1}}\}\;, &\qquad& v_{\left[{\ensuremath{1\!\!1}}\right]} &\!\!\!\! = \left(0,0,0\right)\;, \\
\left[\omega\right] & = & \{\omega, \vartheta\omega\vartheta^2, \vartheta\omega^2\vartheta^2\omega^2\}\;, && v_{\left[\omega\right]} &\!\!\!\! = \left(\frac{1}{3},-\frac{1}{3},0\right)\;, \\
\left[\omega^2\right] & = & \{\omega^2, \vartheta\omega^2\vartheta^2, \vartheta\omega\vartheta^2\omega\}\;, && v_{\left[\omega^2\right]} &\!\!\!\! = \left(\frac{1}{3},-\frac{1}{3},0\right)\;, \\
\left[\vartheta\right] & = & \{\vartheta, \omega\vartheta\omega^2, \omega^2\vartheta\omega\}\;, && v_{\left[\vartheta\right]} &\!\!\!\! = \left(\frac{1}{3},-\frac{1}{3},0\right)\;, \\
\left[\vartheta^2\right] & = & \{\vartheta^2, \omega^2\vartheta^2\omega, \omega\vartheta^2\omega^2\}\;, && v_{\left[\vartheta^2\right]} &\!\!\!\! = \left(\frac{1}{3},-\frac{1}{3},0\right)\;, \\
\left[\omega\vartheta\right] & = & \{\omega\vartheta, \omega^2\vartheta\omega^2, \vartheta\omega\}\;, && v_{\left[\omega\vartheta\right]} &\!\!\!\! = \left(\frac{1}{3},-\frac{1}{3},0\right)\;, \\
\left[\omega\vartheta^2\right] & = & \{\omega\vartheta^2, \vartheta^2\omega, \omega^2\vartheta^2\omega^2\}\;, && v_{\left[\omega\vartheta^2\right]} &\!\!\!\! = \left(\frac{1}{3},-\frac{1}{3},0\right)\;, \\
\left[\omega^2\vartheta\right] & = & \{\omega^2\vartheta, \vartheta\omega^2, \omega\vartheta\omega\}\;, && v_{\left[\omega^2\vartheta\right]} &\!\!\!\! = \left(\frac{1}{3},-\frac{1}{3},0\right)\;, \\
\left[\omega^2\vartheta^2\right] & = & \{\omega^2\vartheta^2, \omega\vartheta^2\omega, \vartheta^2\omega^2\}\;, && v_{\left[\omega^2\vartheta^2\right]} &\!\!\!\! = \left(\frac{1}{3},-\frac{1}{3},0\right)\;, \\
\left[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^2\omega^2\right] & = & \{\vartheta\omega\vartheta^2\omega^2\}\;, && v_{\left[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^2\omega^2\right]} &\!\!\!\! = \left(\frac{1}{3},\frac{1}{3},-\frac{2}{3}\right)\;, \\
\left[\vartheta\omega^2\vartheta^2\omega\right] & = & \{\vartheta\omega^2\vartheta^2\omega\}\;, && v_{\left[\vartheta\omega^2\vartheta^2\omega\right]} &\!\!\!\! = \left(\frac{1}{3},\frac{1}{3},-\frac{2}{3}\right)\;, \\
\end{array}$$ where we also give the corresponding twist vectors obtained, as before, by choosing bases in which the rotation matrices are diagonal, as in [Equation ]{}.
Once again, it is known that there are three lattices and a total of ten affine classes (three orbifolding groups without roto–translations and seven ones which include them) for the point group $P=\Delta(27)$.
Let us discuss the fourth affine class of the first [$\mathds{Z}$]{}–class, i.e. $\Delta(27)$–1–4, see [Table \[tab:NonAbelianPointGroups\]]{}. In this case the generators of the $\Delta(27)$ orbifolding group are $g_\vartheta = (\vartheta,\frac{1}{3}(2e_2+e_3+2e_5))$ and $g_\omega = (\omega,\frac{1}{3} e_1)$, where $$\vartheta_{\mathfrak{e}} ~=~ \left(\begin{array}{cccccc}
0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \\
0 & 1 & 0 &-1 & 2 & 1 \\
0 & 0 & 1 &-1 & 1 & 1 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 0 \\
1 & 0 & 0 & 0 &-1 & 0
\end{array}\right) \quad\text{and}\quad
\omega_{\mathfrak{e}} ~=~ \left(\begin{array}{cccccc}
1 & 1 &-1 & 0 & 0 &-1 \\
0 &-1 & 1 &-1 & 0 & 1 \\
0 & 0 & 0 &-1 & 0 &-1 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 &-1 &-1 \\
0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & 0 &-1 \\
0 &-1 & 0 & 1 &-1 & 0
\end{array}\right)\;,$$ given in the lattice basis as matrices from ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{GL}(6,{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}}})}}$, for example, $\vartheta_{\mathfrak{e}} e_1 = e_6$. One can go to the ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{SO}(6)}}$ form by a basis change $\vartheta = {B}_{\mathfrak{e}}\, \vartheta_{\mathfrak{e}}\, {B}_{\mathfrak{e}}^{-1}$ and $\omega = {B}_{\mathfrak{e}}\, \omega_{\mathfrak{e}}\, {B}_{\mathfrak{e}}^{-1}$, where the columns of ${B}_{{\mathfrak{e}}}$ are the basis vectors $e_i$, $i=1,\ldots,6$. In the ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{SU}(3)}}$ basis these generators read (see Table C.2 of [@Fischer:2012qj]) $$\label{eqn:Delta27asSU3}
\vartheta^{({\ensuremath\boldsymbol{3}})} ~=~ \left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
0 & 1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 \\
1 & 0 & 0
\end{array}
\right) \quad\text{and}\quad
\omega^{({\ensuremath\boldsymbol{3}})} ~=~ \left(
\begin{array}{ccc}
1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & \mathrm{e}^{2\pi\,{\mathrm{i}}\,\frac{1}{3}} & 0 \\
0 & 0 & \mathrm{e}^{2\pi\,{\mathrm{i}}\,\frac{2}{3}}
\end{array}
\right)\;,$$ which generate an irreducible three–dimensional representation ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{3}}$ of $\Delta(27)$.
The number of untwisted moduli corresponds to the number of invariant singlets within the tensor products of the three–dimensional representation and its conjugate:
$$\begin{aligned}
\label{sec:Delta27tensor1}
{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{3}} \otimes {\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{3}}} & \rightarrow & {\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1_0}}\oplus{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1_1}}\oplus{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1_2}}\oplus{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1_3}}\oplus{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1_4}}\oplus{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1_5}}\oplus{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1_6}}\oplus{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1_7}}\oplus{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1_8}}\,,\\
\label{sec:Delta27tensor2}
{\ensuremath\boldsymbol{3}} \otimes {\ensuremath\boldsymbol{3}} & \rightarrow & {\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{3}}}\oplus{\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{3}}}\oplus{\ensuremath\overline{\boldsymbol{3}}}\;,\end{aligned}$$
where only ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{1_0}}$ in [Equation ]{} denotes a $\Delta(27)$–invariant singlet. Therefore, by using [Equation ]{}, we conclude that there is only one orbifold–invariant untwisted Kähler modulus and no orbifold–invariant untwisted complex–structure modulus, i.e. $$(h_\text{U}^{(1,1)}, h_\text{U}^{(2,1)}) = (1,0)\;.$$
The only nonvanishing contributions to the Hodge numbers from the twisted sectors arise from the 27 fixed points of the $T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}$ sector, which are inequivalent on the torus. The constructing elements associated to these fixed points are $g^{(i)} = \left(\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2},\lambda^{(i)}\right)$ with: $$\label{eqn:Delta27ConstrcutingElements}
\mbox{\footnotesize$
\begin{array}{ll}
\lambda^{(1)} = \tfrac13(-2e_1+5e_2+e_3-e_4-e_5+5e_6)\,, & \lambda^{(2)} = \tfrac13(-2e_1+5e_2+e_3+2e_4-e_5+5e_6) \,,\\
\lambda^{(3)} = \tfrac13(e_1+2e_2+e_3-e_4-e_5+2e_6)\,, & \lambda^{(4)} = \tfrac13(e_1+2e_2+e_3+2e_4-e_5+2e_6)\,,\\
\lambda^{(5)} = \tfrac13(e_1+2e_2+e_3+5e_4-e_5+2e_6)\,, & \lambda^{(6)} = \tfrac13(e_1+5e_2+e_3-e_4-e_5+2e_6)\,, \\
\lambda^{(7)} = \tfrac13(e_1+5e_2+e_3+2e_4-e_5+2e_6)\,, & \lambda^{(8)} = \tfrac13(e_1+5e_2+e_3+5e_4-e_5+2e_6)\,,\\
\lambda^{(9)} = \tfrac13(-2e_1+5e_2-2e_3-e_4-4e_5+5e_6)\,, & \lambda^{(10)} = \tfrac13(-2e_1+5e_2-2e_3-e_4-e_5+5e_6)\,,\\
\lambda^{(11)} = \tfrac13(-2e_1+5e_2+e_3-e_4-4e_5+5e_6)\,, & \lambda^{(12)} = \tfrac13(-2e_1+5e_2+e_3+2e_4-4e_5+5e_6)\,,\\
\lambda^{(13)} = \tfrac13(-2e_1+8e_2-2e_3-e_4-4e_5+5e_6)\,, & \lambda^{(14)} = \tfrac13(-2e_1+8e_2+e_3-e_4-4e_5+5e_6)\,,\\
\lambda^{(15)} = \tfrac13(-2e_1+8e_2+e_3+2e_4-4e_5+5e_6)\,, & \lambda^{(16)} = \tfrac13(e_1+2e_2-2e_3-e_4-4e_5+5e_6)\,,\\
\lambda^{(17)} = \tfrac13(e_1+2e_2-2e_3+2e_4-4e_5+5e_6)\,, & \lambda^{(18)} = \tfrac13(e_1+2e_2+e_3+2e_4-4e_5+5e_6)\,,\\
\lambda^{(19)} = \tfrac13(e_1+5e_2-2e_3-e_4-4e_5+5e_6)\,, & \lambda^{(20)} = \tfrac13(e_1+5e_2-2e_3+2e_4-4e_5+5e_6)\,,\\
\lambda^{(21)} = \tfrac13(e_1+5e_2+e_3-e_4-4e_5+2e_6)\,, & \lambda^{(22)} = \tfrac13(e_1+5e_2+e_3+2e_4-4e_5+2e_6)\,,\\
\lambda^{(23)} = \tfrac13(e_1+5e_2+e_3+2e_4-4e_5+5e_6)\,, & \lambda^{(24)} = \tfrac13(e_1+5e_2+e_3+5e_4-4e_5+2e_6)\,,\\
\lambda^{(25)} = \tfrac13(e_1+8e_2-2e_3-e_4-4e_5+5e_6)\,, & \lambda^{(26)} = \tfrac13(e_1+8e_2-2e_3+2e_4-4e_5+5e_6)\,,\\
\lambda^{(27)} = \tfrac13(e_1+8e_2+e_3+2e_4-4e_5+5e_6)\,. & \\
\end{array}
$}$$ Out of these 27 constructing elements, only three are inequivalent on the orbifold. We choose $g^{(1)}, g^{(2)}$ and $g^{(3)}$. The corresponding fixed points are localized at $f^{(i)}= \frac{1}{9} \hat{f}^{(i)}_\alpha e_\alpha$, $i=1,2,3$, with $$\begin{array}{lll}
\hat{f}^{(1)} = \left(1, 1, 6, 5, 6, 7\right)\,, &\hat{f}^{(2)} = \left(1, 1, 3, 8, 6, 7\right)\,, &\hat{f}^{(3)} = \left(4, 1, 6, 2, 3, 1\right)\;.
\end{array}$$
Since these are fixed points (and not tori) and the centralizers of $g^{(i)}$ are trivial, the $T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}$ twisted sector combines with the inverse twisted sector $T_{[\vartheta\omega^2\vartheta^{2}\omega]}$ yielding three left–chiral ${\ensuremath\boldsymbol{27}}$–plets plus their CPT conjugate partners. Hence, the only twisted contribution to the Hodge numbers is $(3,0)$.
In summary, the Hodge numbers are $(h^{(1,1)}, h^{(2,1)}) = (4,0)$ originating from the various sectors as $$(1, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}\;.$$
The main feature that distinguishes this case from the previous examples is the existence of a non–trivial fundamental group $\pi_1=S/\langle F\rangle$. The group $\langle F\rangle$ generated by the set $F$ of the constructing elements listed in [Equation ]{} contains the full lattice $\Lambda$ of the space group $S$ and a (normal subgroup) ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}} \subset \Delta(27)$ generated by $\vartheta\omega\vartheta^2\omega^2$. Thus, we identify the fundamental group of the $\Delta(27)$–1–4 orbifold as $$\pi_1 ~=~ S/\langle F\rangle ~=~ \Delta(27)/{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}} ~=~ {\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}\;.$$
Summary and Discussion {#sec:Discussion}
======================
We have computed systematically the number of (untwisted and twisted) moduli and fundamental groups of all 331 recently classified [@Fischer:2012qj] $\mathcal N=1$ non–Abelian (symmetric) orbifold compactifications of the ${\ensuremath{\mathrm{E}_{8}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathrm{E}_{8}}}'$ heterotic string with standard gauge embedding. We have developed the tools that allow us to determine the number of Kähler and complex–structure moduli by using group–theoretical and geometrical properties of the orbifolds rather than by direct computation. Our results are presented in [Table \[tab:NonAbelianPointGroups\]]{}, where the Hodge numbers, classified by sector, are displayed. Furthermore, we list all 38 non–trivial fundamental groups in [Table \[tab:FundamentalGroups\]]{}. Further details (such as orbifold generators, constructing elements, non–trivial centralizer elements, compactification lattices, etc.) are made available at\
.<http://einrichtungen.physik.tu-muenchen.de/T30e/codes/NonAbelianOrbifolds/>\
in a `Mathematica`–compatible format.
Most of the fundamental groups (35 out of 38) are Abelian (see [Table \[tab:FundamentalGroups\]]{}), such as ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}$, ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}$, ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{4}}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}$[^6]. In 14 cases the fundamental group is generated by translations, in 16 cases all generators are rotations and in the remaining 8 cases the fundamental group is generated by translations and rotations. From a phenomenological point of view, orbifolds with non–trivial fundamental groups are very interesting as they may allow for non–local GUT breaking, which can improve gauge coupling unification. Furthermore, it would be interesting to study the connection of these orbifolds to smooth Calabi–Yau spaces [@Blaszczyk:2009in; @Blaszczyk:2010db], since the standard model gauge group (especially the hypercharge) can survive a full blow–up of the orbifold to a smooth Calabi–Yau when the fundamental group of the orbifold is non–trivial and the gauge group is broken non–locally.
Besides the fact that, like almost all Abelian cases, most non–Abelian orbifold geometries satisfy the relation $\chi=0\mod12$, for which we have no explanation, we observe that, in contrast to Abelian orbifolds, there is a large number of geometries (and a greater number of models) with the overall volume modulus as the only untwisted modulus available. These models should be further analyzed in the context of no–scale supergravity. Note also that this might be a positive feature for moduli stabilization, although unfortunately it prevents anisotropic compactifications, which are desirable to solve the tension between the string scale and the GUT scale [@Witten:1996mz; @Hebecker:2004ce].
An interesting observation is that 42 out of the 331 orbifold geometries have vanishing Euler numbers $\chi$ (i.e. $h^{(1,1)} = h^{(2,1)}$). In these cases we note that we have $h_\text{U}^{(1,1)} = h_\text{U}^{(2,1)}$ and $h_\text{T}^{(1,1)} =
h_\text{T}^{(2,1)}$, independently. The latter, $h_\text{T}^{(1,1)} =
h_\text{T}^{(2,1)}$, is related to higher–dimensional supersymmetry. Hence, 4D chiral spectra can never be obtained in these cases using standard heterotic orbifold CFT techniques alone. The inclusion of magnetized tori [@Abe:2009uz; @Nibbelink:2012de] may offer a plausible way to circumvent this hurdle. However, their description is only known in blow–up, but not on the singular orbifold.
Furthermore, it would be interesting to analyze the cases of vanishing Euler numbers in the context of [@KashaniPoor:2013en], which states that type II string theory compactified on Calabi–Yau threefolds with vanishing Euler numbers leads to $\mathcal{N}=4$ enhanced supersymmetry (spontaneously broken to $\mathcal{N}=2$). Translated to the case of heterotic orbifolds with standard embedding and vanishing Euler numbers, one might expect $\mathcal{N}=2$ enhanced supersymmetry (spontaneously broken to $\mathcal{N}=1$). In addition, we find cases where $h_\text{T}^{(1,1)} =
h_\text{T}^{(2,1)} = 0$, for example, $D_4-1-6$ has only untwisted Hodge numbers $(2,2)$ (see [Table \[tab:NonAbelianPointGroups\]]{}) and there are few other similar cases in Abelian orbifolds [@Fischer:2012qj]. One might conjecture that these cases give even higher enhanced supersymmetry, i.e. (spontaneously broken) $\mathcal{N}=4$. On the other hand, there are cases of orbifolds with vanishing Euler numbers where the orbifold intuition naively contradicts the general results of [@KashaniPoor:2013en]: e.g. consider the first case of [Table \[tab:NonAbelianPointGroups\]]{}, $S_3$–1–1, with Hodge numbers $(15,15)$ decomposed as $(2, 2) U+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta]}+(9, 9) T_{[\omega]}$. In this case, the two twisted sectors $T_{[\vartheta]}$ and $T_{[\omega]}$ both feel $\mathcal{N}=2$ supersymmetry, while the untwisted sector $U$ is $\mathcal{N}=1$ in four dimensions. However, $T_{[\vartheta]}$ has different $\mathcal{N}=2$ than $T_{[\omega]}$, as one can easily verify by noticing that the generators $\vartheta$ and $\omega$ leave untouched different two–tori. This implies that the full action of the orbifold breaks explicitly (not spontaneously) $\mathcal{N}=2$ to $\mathcal{N}=1$ supersymmetry, even though $\chi=0$.
In addition, we have presented the details of three sample models with the point groups $S_3$ (confirming the results of Ref. [@Konopka:2012gy]), $T_7$ and $\Delta(27)$. We have chosen these point groups because they illustrate the main properties of non–Abelian orbifold compactifications and because of their relevance in particle physics, for example in the context of neutrino mixing and family symmetries (see e.g. [@Ishimori:2012zz; @Luhn:2007sy; @Luhn:2012bc]). As in the Abelian case, we expect the (non–Abelian) point group of the orbifold to be in close connection with the family symmetry of the 4D effective theory via string–selection rules [@Kobayashi:2006wq]. If this was the case, our examples would be of phenomenological interest. Yet the specifics of the string selection rules for non–Abelian orbifolds should still be worked out.
The results of this work lay the foundation stone of future phenomenological studies based on non–Abelian orbifolds and can be extended in various ways. Particularly, it would be interesting to extend this study to type IIA strings on orientifolds [@Blumenhagen:1999ev; @Forste:2000hx; @Blumenhagen:2006ab], where appealing phenomenology can also emerge. Likewise, it might be desirable to apply our techniques to compactifications of the heterotic strings on four–dimensional orbifolds, in order to reveal further connections to K3 manifolds [@Erler:1993zy; @Honecker:2006qz]. Finally, one is now in position to tackle the technical details of the gauge embedding in order to possibly arrive at promising constructions. In this respect, it is phenomenologically relevant to emphasize that in general the rank of the gauge group shall be reduced for non–Abelian orbifolds, which is in contrast to the situation in Abelian orbifolds, where the rank is always 16 after compactification. This can help avoiding multiple Higgs mechanisms to arrive at phenomenologically viable constructions from string theory.
Acknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}
---------------
We would like to thank Sebastian Konopka, Jan Louis and Michael Ratz for useful discussions. The authors thank the Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics in Bonn, where part of this project was done, for hospitality and support. P.V. is supported by SFB grant 676 and is grateful to the Institute of Physics, UNAM, for hospitality and support. S.R-S. is partially supported by CONACyT grant 151234 and DGAPA-PAPIIT grant IB101012. M.F. is supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) through the cluster of excellence “Origin and Structure of the Universe”.
Results {#sec:NonAbelianResults}
=======
In this appendix we list the generators of the orbifolding group, the total Hodge numbers, their contributions from the various twisted and untwisted sectors and the mechanism of higher–dimensional gauge group breaking (local or non–local, see [Table \[tab:FundamentalGroups\]]{}) for all 331 orbifolds with non–Abelian point group. For example, consider the $S_3$ point group with [$\mathds{Z}$]{}–class \# 6 and affine class \# 1 (i.e. no roto–translations and the orbifolding group is generated by $(\vartheta,0)$ and $(\omega,0)$). The higher–dimensional gauge group is broken locally in higher dimensions, which corresponds to a trivial fundamental group. The Hodge numbers are $(7,7)$, where $(2,2)$ originate from the untwisted sector $U$, $(4, 4)$ from the twisted sector $T_{[\vartheta]}$ and, finally, $(1, 1)$ from $T_{[\omega]}$.
[|c|c|c|l|c|]{} [$\mathds{Q}$]{}–class ($P$), & [$\mathds{Z}$]{}– & affine & generators of $G$ &\
GAPID, & class & class, & &\
[[carat]{}]{} index & ($\Lambda$) & breaking & contributions to $(h^{(1,1)},h^{(2,1)})$ from $U$ and $T$ sectors & $(h^{(1,1)},h^{(2,1)})$\
[$\mathds{Q}$]{}–class ($P$), & [$\mathds{Z}$]{}– & affine & generators of $G$ &\
GAPID, & class & class, & &\
[[carat]{}]{} index & ($\Lambda$) & breaking & contributions to $(h^{(1,1)},h^{(2,1)})$ from $U$ and $T$ sectors & $(h^{(1,1)},h^{(2,1)})$\
\
$S_3$ & 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[6,1\right]$]{} & & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta]}+(9, 9) T_{[\omega]}$ & $(15, 15)$\
2262 & & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{3} e_5)$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta]}$ & $(6, 6)$\
& 2 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta]}+(9, 9) T_{[\omega]}$ & $(15, 15)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{3} e_5)$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta]}$ & $(6, 6)$\
& 3 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 3) T_{[\omega]}$ & $(9, 9)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{3} e_1)$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta]}$ & $(6, 6)$\
& 4 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta]}+(9, 9) T_{[\omega]}$ & $(15, 15)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{3} e_5)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta]}$ & $(6, 6)$\
& 5 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 3) T_{[\omega]}$ & $(9, 9)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{3} e_1)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta]}$ & $(6, 6)$\
& 6 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta]}+(1, 1) T_{[\omega]}$ & $(7, 7)$\
$D_4$ & 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[8,3\right]$]{} & & local & $(2, 2) U+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(9, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(31, 7)$\
4682 & & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_1), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(7, 3) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(21, 9)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_1), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_2)$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(5, 5) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(11, 11)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{4} e_5), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 4) T_{[\omega]}$ & $(10, 10)$\
& & 5 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_1+\frac{1}{4} e_5), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 4) T_{[\omega]}$ & $(6, 6)$\
& & 6 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_1+\frac{1}{4} e_5), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_2)$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 2) U$ & $(2, 2)$\
& & 7 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_5), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(9, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(27, 3)$\
& & 8 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_5)), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 2) U+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(7, 3) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(17, 5)$\
& & 9 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_5)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_2)$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 2) U+(5, 5) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(7, 7)$\
& 2 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(22, 4)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_5), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 4) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(13, 7)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_1)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(4, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(12, 6)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_5), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_1)$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(9, 3)$\
& & 5 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{4} e_3), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 4) T_{[\omega]}$ & $(8, 8)$\
& & 6 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{4} e_3), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_1)$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 2) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}$ & $(4, 4)$\
& & 7 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_3), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(20, 2)$\
& & 8 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_3), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_1)$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(10, 4)$\
& 3 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(5, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(17, 5)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_3), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(14, 2)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{4} e_1), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\omega]}$ & $(6, 6)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_1), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(5, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(15, 3)$\
& 4 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(15, 3)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_3), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(10, 4)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_3), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_4)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(7, 7)$\
& 5 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(16, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(10, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(36, 6)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_1)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(6, 4) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(16, 10)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{4} e_5), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(8, 8) T_{[\omega]}$ & $(12, 12)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{4} e_5), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_1)$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 2) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}$ & $(4, 4)$\
& & 5 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_5), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(16, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(10, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(32, 2)$\
& & 6 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_5), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_1)$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(6, 4) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(12, 6)$\
& 6 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(22, 4)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_4)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(16, 4)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_1)$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(4, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(12, 6)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_4))$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 2) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(6, 6)$\
& & 5 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{4} e_3), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 4) T_{[\omega]}$ & $(8, 8)$\
& & 6 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{4} e_3), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_1)$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 2) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}$ & $(4, 4)$\
& & 7 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_3), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(20, 2)$\
& & 8 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_3), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_1)$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(10, 4)$\
& 7 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(15, 3)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_4)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(10, 4)$\
& 8 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(7, 3) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(21, 9)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{4} e_5), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 2) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\omega]}$ & $(6, 6)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_5), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(7, 3) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(17, 5)$\
& 9 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(5, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(17, 5)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{4} e_1), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 2) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\omega]}$ & $(6, 6)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_1), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(5, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(15, 3)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+\frac{1}{2}e_3+e_5))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\omega]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(8, 8)$\
& & 5 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_3)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(5, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(17, 5)$\
$A_4$ & 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[12,3\right]$]{} & & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 1) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}$ & $(6, 4)$\
4893 & 2 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & non–local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}$ & $(11, 3)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2))$ &\
& & non–local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}$ & $(3, 3)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 4) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}$ & $(7, 7)$\
& 3 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}$ & $(7, 3)$\
& 4 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & non–local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}$ & $(7, 3)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3))$ &\
& & non–local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}$ & $(5, 5)$\
& 5 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & non–local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}$ & $(7, 3)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_5)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_5))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}$ & $(5, 5)$\
& 6 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(16, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}$ & $(19, 3)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_4))$ &\
& & non–local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}$ & $(3, 3)$\
& 7 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}$ & $(11, 3)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3+e_5)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}$ & $(3, 3)$\
& 8 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}$ & $(7, 3)$\
& 9 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}$ & $(7, 3)$\
$D_6$ & 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[12,4\right]$]{} & & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(1, 1) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(5, 5) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(5, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}$ & $(21, 9)$\
2258 & & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{6} e_5)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(6, 6)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{3} e_5)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(5, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}$ & $(15, 3)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_5)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(5, 5) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(11, 11)$\
& 2 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(1, 1) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(5, 5) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(5, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}$ & $(21, 9)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{6} e_5)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(6, 6)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{3} e_5)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(5, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}$ & $(15, 3)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_5)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 2) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(5, 5) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(11, 11)$\
${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{8}}}\rtimes{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}$& 1& 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[16,6\right]$]{} & & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(10, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(5, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ & $(37, 1)$\
6222 & & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_4)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_3+e_4))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(5, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ & $(27, 3)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(5, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_4)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_3+e_4+e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(5, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& 2 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ & $(30, 0)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_4+e_5)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_3+e_4+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ & $(21, 3)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ & $(30, 0)$\
& 3 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(7, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ & $(24, 0)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_1), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3+e_4+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(1, 1) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ & $(19, 1)$\
& 4 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(12, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(10, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ & $(42, 0)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_3+e_4)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_3+e_4))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(4, 2) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ & $(22, 4)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ & $(30, 0)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_3+e_4)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_3+e_4+e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(4, 2) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ & $(20, 2)$\
& 5 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ & $(30, 0)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_3+e_4)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ & $(30, 0)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_3+e_4+e_5))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ & $(19, 1)$\
& 6 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 1) T_{[\omega]}+(7, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_4)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_4+e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ & $(18, 0)$\
$QD_{16}$ & 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[16,8\right]$]{} & & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(5, 2) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(26, 8)$\
5650 & & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_6), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(5, 2) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(22, 4)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_1), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(5, 2) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(26, 8)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_6)), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(5, 2) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(22, 4)$\
& 2 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(22, 4)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_1), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(20, 2)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_3+e_6)), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(19, 1)$\
& 3 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(31, 7)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_6), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(27, 3)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_1)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 3) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(21, 9)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_6)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_1)$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 3) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(17, 5)$\
& 4 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(22, 4)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_1), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(20, 2)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_6)), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(22, 4)$\
$({\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{4}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}})\rtimes{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}$& 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0), (\rho, 0)$ &\
[$\left[16,13\right]$]{} & & local & $(2, 1) U+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(16, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega\rho]}$ &\
5645 & & & $+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(7, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(61, 1)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_5), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2} e_5)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(8, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(7, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(37, 1)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(8, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega\rho]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}$ &\
& & & $+(6, 1) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(36, 6)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3+e_5)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3+e_5))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(6, 1) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(22, 4)$\
& & 5 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_1), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_4))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(8, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega\rho]}+(5, 2) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(31, 7)$\
& & 6 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_5)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_4+e_5))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(5, 2) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(17, 5)$\
& & 7 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_3+e_5)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_3+e_4+e_5))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(6, 1) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(22, 4)$\
& & 8 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_6), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(7, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& & 9 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3+e_5)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(8, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega\rho]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(6, 1) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(32, 2)$\
& & 10 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3+e_6)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3+e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(6, 1) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(20, 2)$\
& & 11 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_5)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_4))$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 1) U+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(8, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega\rho]}+(5, 2) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(27, 3)$\
& & 12 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_6)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_4+e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(5, 2) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(15, 3)$\
& & 13 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_4)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_4))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(2, 2) T_{[\omega\rho]}$ &\
& & & $+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(7, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(31, 7)$\
& & 14 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_4+e_5)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_4+e_5))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(7, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(27, 3)$\
& & 15 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_4)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(2, 2) T_{[\omega\rho]}+(5, 2) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(21, 9)$\
& & 16 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_4+e_5)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_5))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(5, 2) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(17, 5)$\
& & 17 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_4+e_6)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_4+e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(7, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& & 18 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_4+e_5)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2))$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 2) T_{[\omega\rho]}+(5, 2) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(17, 5)$\
& & 19 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_4+e_6)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(5, 2) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(15, 3)$\
& & 20 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_1), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_4)), (\rho,\frac{1}{2} e_4)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(2, 2) T_{[\omega\rho]}+(4, 3) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(16, 10)$\
& & 21 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_5)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_4)), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_4+e_5))$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(4, 3) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(12, 6)$\
& & 22 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_6)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_4)), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_4+e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & non–local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(4, 3) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(10, 4)$\
& 2 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0), (\rho, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(10, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega\rho]}$ &\
& & & $+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(5, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(37, 1)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_6), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(3, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(19, 1)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2} e_1)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(5, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_6), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(3, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(13, 1)$\
& & 5 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_6), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_6)), (\rho,\frac{1}{2} e_5)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(16, 4)$\
& & 6 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_1), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2} e_1)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(5, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& & 7 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_6)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_6)), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_5))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(15, 3)$\
& 3 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0), (\rho, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(7, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega\rho]}$ &\
& & & $+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_6)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(7, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega\rho]}$ &\
& & & $+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{4}(e_1+2e_2+2e_3+3e_4+3e_5+3e_6)), (\omega, 0),$ &\
& & local & $ (\rho,\frac{1}{4}(e_1+3e_2+e_3+2e_4+3e_6))$ &\
& & & $(2, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(1, 1) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(10, 4)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_4+e_5+e_6)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_3+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(7, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega\rho]}$ &\
& & & $+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& 4 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0), (\rho, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(12, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(3, 1) T_{[\omega\rho]}$ &\
& & & $+(12, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(7, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(51, 3)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_4))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(8, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(3, 1) T_{[\omega\rho]}$ &\
& & & $+(5, 2) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(31, 7)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2} e_5)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(8, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(12, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(7, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(37, 1)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_4+e_5))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(5, 2) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(17, 5)$\
& & 5 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_6), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2} e_6)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(7, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(32, 2)$\
& & 6 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_6)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_4+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(5, 2) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(22, 4)$\
& & 7 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_6), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(7, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& & 8 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_6)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_4+e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(5, 2) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(15, 3)$\
& 5 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0), (\rho, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(10, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega\rho]}$ &\
& & & $+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(5, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(37, 1)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_1), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2} e_1)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(5, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_3+e_4+e_5)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_3+e_4+e_5))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(1, 1) T_{[\omega\rho]}$ &\
& & & $+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(5, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(27, 3)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_3+e_4+e_5)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_3+e_4+e_5))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(5, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(20, 2)$\
& & 5 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_3+e_4)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_3))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(1, 1) T_{[\omega\rho]}$ &\
& & & $+(4, 1) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(22, 4)$\
& & 6 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3+e_4)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_3))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(4, 1) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(20, 2)$\
& & 7 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_5)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_4+e_5))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(4, 1) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(15, 3)$\
& & 8 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_6)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(8, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(1, 1) T_{[\omega\rho]}$ &\
& & & $+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(5, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(32, 2)$\
& & 9 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_3+e_4+e_6)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_3+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(8, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega\rho]}$ &\
& & & $+(4, 1) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(27, 3)$\
& & 10 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_5+e_6)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_4+e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(1, 1) T_{[\omega\rho]}$ &\
& & & $+(4, 1) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(17, 5)$\
& & 11 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2} e_1)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(5, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& & 12 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_3+e_4)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_3))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(4, 1) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(15, 3)$\
& & 13 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_6)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\rho^{3}]}+(5, 0) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& & 14 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_3+e_4+e_6)), (\omega, 0), (\rho,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(4, 1) T_{[\rho^{2}]}$ & $(15, 3)$\
${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}\times S_3$ & 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[18,3\right]$]{} & & local & $(2, 0) U+(9, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(15, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(9, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(9, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{4}]}$ & $(49, 1)$\
4235 & & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{3}(e_3+e_4))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(3, 3) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}$ & $(16, 4)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{3}(e_5+e_6)), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(3, 3) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(3, 3) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{4}]}$ & $(19, 7)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{3}(e_5+e_6)), (\omega,\frac{1}{3}(e_3+e_4))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}$ & $(13, 1)$\
& 2 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(9, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{4}]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{3}(2e_1+e_5)), (\omega,\frac{1}{3}(2e_2+e_3))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}$ & $(13, 1)$\
& 3 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(5, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(9, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{4}]}$ & $(27, 3)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{3}(e_1+e_3))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(3, 3) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}$ & $(16, 4)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{3}(2e_5+e_6)), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{4}]}$ & $(15, 3)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{3}(2e_5+e_6)), (\omega,\frac{1}{3}(e_1+e_3))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}$ & $(13, 1)$\
& 4 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(9, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{4}]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{3}(e_2+e_4))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{4}]}$ & $(16, 4)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{3}(e_5+e_6)), (\omega,\frac{1}{3}(e_1+e_2))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}$ & $(13, 1)$\
& 5 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(7, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{4}]}$ & $(17, 1)$\
& 6 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(5, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(9, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{4}]}$ & $(27, 3)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{3}(2e_5+e_6)), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{4}]}$ & $(15, 3)$\
$\text{Frobenius }T_7$& 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[21,1\right]$]{} & & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(7, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}$ & $(10, 2)$\
2935 & 2 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(7, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}$ & $(10, 2)$\
& 3 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(7, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}$ & $(10, 2)$\
${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}\rtimes{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{8}}}$& 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[24,1\right]$]{} & & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 2) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ &\
6266 & & & $+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}\omega]}$ & $(27, 3)$\
${\ensuremath{\mathrm{SL}(2,3)}}\mathrm{-I}$& 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[24,3\right]$]{} & & local & $(2, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 4) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(12, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(5, 1) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(29, 5)$\
6743 & & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_5)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(12, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(5, 1) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& 2 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 4) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(12, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(5, 1) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(29, 5)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_5)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(12, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(5, 1) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& 3 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 4) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(12, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(5, 1) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(29, 5)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_5)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(12, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(5, 1) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& 4 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(1, 1) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(12, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{4}}}\times S_3$ & 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[24,5\right]$]{} & & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{6}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}$ &\
3414 & & & $+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{11}]}+(3, 2) T_{[\omega^{4}]}+(4, 1) T_{[\omega^{6}]}$ & $(36, 6)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_5)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{6}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(3, 2) T_{[\omega^{4}]}$ &\
& & & $+(4, 1) T_{[\omega^{6}]}$ & $(22, 4)$\
$\left({\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{6}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}\right)\rtimes{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}$& 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[24,8\right]$]{} & & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(4, 1) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(4, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ &\
3408 & & & $+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega^{5}]}$ & $(31, 7)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{4} e_5)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 1) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}$ & $(16, 4)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_5)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 1) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(4, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega^{5}]}$ & $(27, 3)$\
& 2 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 4) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(4, 1) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(5, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega^{5}]}$ & $(36, 6)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{4} e_5)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 1) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(4, 2) T_{[\omega^{3}]}$ & $(18, 6)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_5)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 1) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(5, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega^{5}]}$ & $(32, 2)$\
${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}\times D_4$ & 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[24,10\right]$]{} & & local & $(2, 0) U+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}$ &\
4326 & & & $+(2, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{3}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega^{5}]}$ & $(31, 1)$\
& 2 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}$ &\
& & & $+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{3}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega^{5}]}$ & $(24, 0)$\
${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}\times Q_8$ & 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[24,11\right]$]{} & & local & $(2, 0) U+(2, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 2) T_{[\omega^{6}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{8}]}$ &\
6735 & & & $+(6, 0) T_{[\omega^{8}]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(2, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{3}]}$ & $(29, 5)$\
& 2 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{6}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{8}]}$ &\
& & & $+(6, 0) T_{[\omega^{8}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{3}]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
$S_4$ & 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[24,12\right]$]{} & & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 4) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(10, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(20, 6)$\
4895 & & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{4}(e_1+e_3)), (\omega,\frac{1}{4}(e_1+3e_2))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(4, 4)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(10, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(16, 2)$\
& 2 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(14, 4)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_5)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 1) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(9, 3)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{4}(e_1+e_2)), (\omega,\frac{1}{4}(e_2+3e_3))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(4, 4)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_3))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(12, 2)$\
& 3 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(14, 4)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_4), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(8, 4)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{4}(e_1+e_2)), (\omega,\frac{1}{4}(e_2+3e_3))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(4, 4)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_3))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(12, 2)$\
& 4 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(1, 1) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(11, 3)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_4)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(8, 2)$\
& 5 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(1, 1) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(11, 3)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_2), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_1)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(6, 4)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_4+e_5)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_4)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(8, 2)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_4+e_5)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_4))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(5, 5)$\
& 6 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(1, 1) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(11, 3)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_4), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_3)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 1) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ & $(6, 4)$\
$\Delta(27)$ & 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[27,3\right]$]{} & & local & $(1, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ &\
2864 & & & $+(3, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(11, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}$ & $(36, 0)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{3}(e_2+e_5)), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(1, 1) T_{[\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}$ & $(8, 4)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{3}(2e_1+2e_2+e_5)), (\omega,\frac{1}{3} e_1)$ &\
& & non–local & $(1, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}$ & $(12, 0)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{3}(2e_2+e_3+2e_5)), (\omega,\frac{1}{3} e_1)$ &\
& & non–local & $(1, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}$ & $(4, 0)$\
& 2 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(9, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(9, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ &\
& & & $+(1, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(11, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}$ & $(36, 0)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{3}(2e_3+e_4)), (\omega,\frac{1}{3}(e_1+e_4))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(5, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}$ & $(12, 0)$\
& 3 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ &\
& & & $+(3, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(11, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}$ & $(36, 0)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{3}(e_2+e_4+e_6)), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(7, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}$ & $(20, 0)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{3}(2e_2+2e_4+e_5+e_6)), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & non–local & $(1, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(5, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}$ & $(12, 0)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{3}(e_2+e_4+e_5)), (\omega,\frac{1}{3}(e_1+e_3))$ &\
& & non–local & $(1, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}$ & $(4, 0)$\
$\left({\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{4}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{4}}}\right)\rtimes{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}$& 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[32,11\right]$]{} & & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(9, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ &\
6337 & & & $+(12, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{7}\omega]}+(9, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ & $(61, 1)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_6), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_5)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{7}\omega]}+(7, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(36, 0)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3)), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(7, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(7, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ & $(37, 1)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3+e_6)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_5)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(24, 0)$\
& & 5 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_5), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(7, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}+(12, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{7}\omega]}+(9, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ & $(54, 0)$\
& & 6 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3+e_5)), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(7, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ & $(30, 0)$\
& 2 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(7, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ &\
& & & $+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{7}\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ & $(42, 0)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_5), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ &\
& & & $+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{7}\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ & $(37, 1)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_2), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{7}\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ & $(36, 0)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3)), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& & 5 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3+e_5)), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ & $(30, 0)$\
& & 6 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_3)), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ & $(24, 0)$\
& 3 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(10, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ &\
& & & $+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{7}\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ & $(54, 0)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_5), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{7}\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ & $(42, 0)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_6), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_5)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{7}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(30, 0)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3)), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ & $(27, 3)$\
& & 5 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3+e_5)), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& & 6 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3+e_6)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_5)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(24, 0)$\
& & 7 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_4), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(4, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{7}\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ & $(39, 3)$\
& & 8 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_4+e_5)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(4, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{7}\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ & $(37, 1)$\
& & 9 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_4+e_6)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_5))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(4, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{7}\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& & 10 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3+e_4)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ & $(22, 4)$\
& & 11 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3+e_4+e_5)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ & $(20, 2)$\
& & 12 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3+e_4+e_6)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_5))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(19, 1)$\
& 4 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(7, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ &\
& & & $+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{7}\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ & $(42, 0)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_3+e_4+e_5+e_6)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_4))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(2, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(19, 1)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_3), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_2)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{7}\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ & $(30, 0)$\
& 5 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ &\
& & & $+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{7}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ & $(30, 0)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2)+\frac{1}{4}(e_3+3e_4)), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(1, 1) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(16, 1)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_3+e_4)), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}]}$ &\
& & & $+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{7}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ & $(30, 0)$\
${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}\times \left({\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}\rtimes{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{4}}}\right)$& 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[36,6\right]$]{} & & local & $(2, 0) U+(5, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(9, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}$ &\
4353 & & & $+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{4}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{5}]}+(3, 1) T_{[\omega^{6}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{6}]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{8}]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{9}]}$ & $(51, 3)$\
${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}\times A_4$ & 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[36,11\right]$]{} & & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ &\
2875 & & & $+(1, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}$ & $(20, 0)$\
& 2 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ &\
& & & $+(1, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}$ & $(16, 0)$\
& 3 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ &\
& & & $+(1, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}$ & $(16, 0)$\
${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{6}}}\times S_3$ & 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[36,12\right]$]{} & & local & $(2, 0) U+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(9, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}$ &\
4356 & & & $+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}\omega^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{3}]}$ & $(48, 0)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{3}(e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(2, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}+(2, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{4}\omega^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{3}]}$ & $(26, 2)$\
& 2 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(3, 1) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}\omega^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{3}]}$ & $(37, 1)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{3}(2e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}\omega^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{3}]}$ & $(24, 0)$\
$\Delta(48)$ & 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[48,3\right]$]{} & & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(9, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(12, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega^{3}]}$ & $(32, 2)$\
2774 & & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(5, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega^{3}]}$ & $(12, 2)$\
& 2 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(5, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega^{3}]}$ & $(20, 2)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega^{3}]}$ & $(9, 3)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3)), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(5, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega^{3}]}$ & $(16, 2)$\
& 3 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(5, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega^{3}]}$ & $(20, 2)$\
& 4 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega^{3}]}$ & $(14, 2)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega^{3}]}$ & $(8, 2)$\
${\ensuremath{\mathrm{GL}(2,3)}}$ & 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[48,29\right]$]{} & & local & $(2, 1) U+(5, 5) T_{[\vartheta]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 1) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(1, 1) T_{[\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}$ & $(26, 8)$\
5713 & & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{3} e_6), (\omega,\frac{1}{3} e_6)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 1) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}$ & $(20, 2)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_2+\frac{2}{3} e_5), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_2+\frac{2}{3} e_5)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 1) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}$ & $(20, 2)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_2), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_2)$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(5, 5) T_{[\vartheta]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 1) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(1, 1) T_{[\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}$ & $(26, 8)$\
${\ensuremath{\mathrm{SL}(2,3)}}\rtimes{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}$& 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[48,33\right]$]{} & & local & $(2, 1) U+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{6}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{7}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(3, 2) T_{[\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ &\
5712 & & & $+(8, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 2) T_{[\omega^{4}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega^{10}]}$ & $(41, 5)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{6}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{7}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(3, 2) T_{[\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(3, 2) T_{[\omega^{4}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega^{10}]}$ & $(26, 8)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_3+e_4)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_3+e_4))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 1) U+(2, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{6}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{7}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(3, 2) T_{[\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 2) T_{[\omega^{4}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega^{10}]}$ & $(31, 7)$\
$\Delta(54)$ & 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0), (\rho, 0)$ &\
[$\left[54,8\right]$]{} & & local & $(1, 0) U+(2, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(9, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega\rho]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\rho]}$ &\
2897 & & & $+(7, 0) T_{[\omega\rho^{2}\omega^{2}\rho]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{3}(e_1+e_2+2e_3+2e_4+e_5+e_6)),$ &\
& & local & $ (\rho,\frac{1}{3}(e_1+e_2+2e_3+2e_4+e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & & $(1, 0) U+(2, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(1, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega\rho]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\rho]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega\rho^{2}\omega^{2}\rho]}$ & $(13, 1)$\
& 2 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0), (\rho, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(2, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega\rho]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\rho]}$ &\
& & & $+(7, 0) T_{[\omega\rho^{2}\omega^{2}\rho]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{3}(2e_1+e_2+e_3+2e_5)), (\omega,\frac{2}{3}(e_1+e_3+e_4)),$ &\
& & local & $ (\rho,\frac{2}{3}(e_1+e_3+e_4))$ &\
& & & $(1, 0) U+(2, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\rho]}+(5, 0) T_{[\omega\rho^{2}\omega^{2}\rho]}$ & $(17, 1)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{3}(2e_1+2e_3+e_4+2e_5+e_6)), (\omega,\frac{1}{3}(2e_2+2e_3+e_6)),$ &\
& & local & $ (\rho,\frac{1}{3}(2e_2+2e_3+e_6))$ &\
& & & $(1, 0) U+(2, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\rho]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega\rho^{2}\omega^{2}\rho]}$ & $(13, 1)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{3}(e_2+e_3+e_4)), (\rho,\frac{1}{3}(e_2+e_5+2e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(2, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega\rho^{2}\omega^{2}\rho]}$ & $(9, 1)$\
& 3 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0), (\rho, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(2, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega\rho]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\rho]}$ &\
& & & $+(7, 0) T_{[\omega\rho^{2}\omega^{2}\rho]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{3}(2e_1+e_3+e_4+2e_6)), (\omega,\frac{1}{3}(2e_1+2e_3+e_4)),$ &\
& & local & $ (\rho,\frac{1}{3}(2e_1+2e_3+e_4))$ &\
& & & $(1, 0) U+(2, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(1, 1) T_{[\rho]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(1, 1) T_{[\omega^{2}\rho]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega\rho^{2}\omega^{2}\rho]}$ & $(11, 3)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{3}(e_2+e_5)), (\omega,\frac{1}{3}(e_2+2e_3)), (\rho,\frac{1}{3}(e_2+2e_3))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(2, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\rho]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega\rho^{2}\omega^{2}\rho]}$ & $(13, 1)$\
& & 4 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{3}(e_1+e_2+e_3+e_4+2e_6)), (\omega,\frac{1}{3}(2e_1+e_2+2e_3+e_4)),$ &\
& & local & $ (\rho,\frac{1}{3}(e_1+2e_3+2e_4+2e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & & $(1, 0) U+(2, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega\rho^{2}\omega^{2}\rho]}$ & $(9, 1)$\
${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathrm{SL}(2,3)}}$& 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[72,25\right]$]{} & & local & $(2, 0) U+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ &\
6988 & & & $+(1, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{3}]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega^{3}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{5}]}$ &\
& & & $+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{6}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{7}]}+(3, 1) T_{[\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega^{7}]}$ & $(51, 3)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{3}(e_5+e_6)), (\omega,\frac{1}{3}(e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}$ &\
& & & $+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{3}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega^{3}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{5}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{6}]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}\times\left(\left({\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{6}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}\right)\rtimes{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}\right)$ & 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
$= {\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}\times\text{GAPID}$[$\left[24,8\right]$]{} & & local & $(2, 0) U+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}$ &\
[$\left[72,30\right]$]{} & & & $+(2, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{4}\omega^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}$ &\
4533 & & & $+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{3}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{5}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{5}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega^{5}]}$ &\
& & & $+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{5}\omega^{5}]}$ & $(55, 1)$\
${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{3}}}\times S_4$ & 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[72,42\right]$]{} & & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{8}]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega^{3}]}$ &\
2924 & & & $+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega^{8}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{6}]}$ & $(23, 1)$\
& 2 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{8}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}$ &\
& & & $+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega^{8}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{6}]}$ & $(20, 0)$\
& 3 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{8}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}$ &\
& & & $+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega^{8}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{6}]}$ & $(20, 0)$\
$\Delta(96)$ & 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[96,64\right]$]{} & & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(9, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}$ &\
2802 & & & $+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{3}\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(32, 2)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_3+e_4)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_4+e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}$ & $(15, 1)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_4+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(7, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{3}\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& 2 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(7, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}$ &\
& & & $+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{3}\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_3+e_4+e_5))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{3}\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(17, 1)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_3+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}$ & $(13, 1)$\
& 3 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(7, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}$ &\
& & & $+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{3}\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_3+e_4)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_4+e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}$ &\
& & & $+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{3}\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(20, 2)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2} e_4)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{3}\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(19, 1)$\
& 4 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}$ &\
& & & $+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{3}\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(19, 1)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{4}(3e_1+3e_2+3e_3+e_5)), (\omega,\frac{1}{4}(3e_2+e_5))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(1, 1) T_{[\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}$ & $(11, 2)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_3+e_5)), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_2+e_5))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}$ &\
& & & $+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{3}\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(19, 1)$\
${\ensuremath{\mathrm{SL}(2,3)}}\rtimes{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{4}}}$& 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[96,67\right]$]{} & & local & $(2, 0) U+(3, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(8, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ &\
6512 & & & $+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{3}\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{3}\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(6, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega\vartheta\omega^{2}]}$ & $(44, 2)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{2} e_1), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_3))$ &\
& & local & $(2, 0) U+(3, 2) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{3}\vartheta\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{3}\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega\vartheta\omega^{2}]}$ & $(27, 3)$\
$\Sigma(36\phi)$ & 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[108,15\right]$]{} & & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(2, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ &\
2806 & & & $+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{2}{3}(e_1+e_4)), (\omega,\frac{1}{3}(e_1+2e_2+2e_3+e_4+e_5+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(17, 1)$\
& 2 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(2, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& & 2 & $(\vartheta,\frac{1}{3}(2e_3+e_4)), (\omega,\frac{1}{3}(e_1+2e_4+2e_5+2e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(17, 1)$\
$\Delta(108)$ & 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[108,22\right]$]{} & & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}$ &\
2810 & & & $+(1, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{4}\vartheta^{2}\omega^{5}]}$ &\
& & & $+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{3}\vartheta^{2}\omega^{4}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega^{3}]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{4}\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(5, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega^{2}\vartheta^{2}\omega^{4}]}$ & $(36, 0)$\
${\ensuremath{\mathrm{PSL}(3,2)}}$ & 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[168,42\right]$]{} & & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(7, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(14, 2)$\
2934 & & 2 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_3+e_6))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(1, 1) T_{[\omega]}+(7, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(10, 2)$\
& & 3 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega,\frac{1}{2}(e_1+e_2+e_3+e_5))$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 1) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(7, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}$ & $(11, 1)$\
$\Sigma(72\phi)$ & 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
[$\left[216,88\right]$]{} & & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(2, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ &\
2846 & & & $+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
& 2 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0)$ &\
& & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega]}+(2, 1) T_{[\vartheta^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{3}\omega]}$ &\
& & & $+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta^{2}\omega]}+(3, 0) T_{[\omega\vartheta^{3}\omega]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{4}]}$ & $(25, 1)$\
$\Delta(216)$ & 1 & 1 & $(\vartheta, 0), (\omega, 0), (\rho, 0)$ &\
[$\left[216,95\right]$]{} & & local & $(1, 0) U+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta]}+(2, 1) T_{[\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\rho]}+(2, 0) T_{[\vartheta\omega]}+(1, 0) T_{[\vartheta\rho]}+(4, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\rho]}$ &\
2851 & & & $+(3, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega\rho]}+(3, 0) T_{[\vartheta^{2}\omega^{3}\rho]}+(1, 0) T_{[\omega\rho\vartheta\omega^{3}\rho^{2}]}+(4, 0) T_{[\omega^{2}\rho\vartheta\omega^{2}\rho]}$ &\
& & & $+(4, 0) T_{[\omega\rho\omega\rho]}+(2, 0) T_{[\omega^{3}\rho\omega^{3}\rho]}$ & $(31, 1)$\
[^1]: References for other successful constructions are for example (see also references therein): for the free fermionic construction [@Faraggi:1991jr], for Gepner constructions [@Dijkstra:2004cc], for type II with D–branes [@Gmeiner:2005vz; @Blumenhagen:2006ci; @Gmeiner:2008xq], for M–theory on $G_2$ manifolds [@Acharya:2008zi] and for Calabi–Yau spaces [@Bouchard:2005ag; @Anderson:2011ns]. For the connection between (singular) orbifolds and (smooth) Calabi–Yau compactifications, see e.g. [@Blaszczyk:2010db; @Blaszczyk:2011ig; @Blaszczyk:2011hs; @Buchmuller:2012mu].
[^2]: They are also known as [*shift orbifolds*]{}; see e.g. Ref. [@Blumenhagen:2006ab] for type IIA string theory on shift ${\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}\times{\ensuremath{\mathds{Z}_{2}}}$ orientifolds.
[^3]: For a recent work on asymmetric orbifolds, see e.g. [@Beye:2013moa].
[^4]: For further details on the definitions of these classes, we suggest Refs. [@Brown:1978; @Plesken:1998; @Fischer:2012qj].
[^5]: Note that $\omega$ and $\vartheta\omega\vartheta$ belong to the same conjugacy class of $D_4$.
[^6]: This is in contrast to smooth Calabi–Yau spaces, which have a much wider variety of fundamental groups, see e.g. [@Anderson:2009mh; @Braun:2010vc] for fundamental groups of complete intersection Calabi–Yau threefolds.
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---
author: pawel
levels:
- basic
- advanced
- medium
type: normal
category: tip
tags:
- javascript-engine
- server-side
notes: 'First time using tags, hopefully used them correctly.'
links:
- >-
[developer.mozilla.org](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Projects/Rhino){website}
---
# Rhino - Java class which can execute JScripts.
---
## Content
Rhino is an open-source implementation of JavaScript written in Java. While it has some limitations, like no access to objects or methods for manipulating HTML documents, it still can be very useful.
Rhino converts JavaScript into classes. It works in both compiled as well as interpreted mode. It is intended to be used in server-side applications, hence there is no built-in support for the Web browser objects that are commonly associated with JavaScript.
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