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(Photo: Josh Kenzer / Flickr)Arguments for privatization too often hide its true costs. One hundred years ago, New York state senator George Washington Plunkitt, a member of the Tammany Hall gang, became wealthy through what he called “honest graft” – or, what honest people would call plundering the public purse. Eventually, when the facts came out, the public was enraged and insisted on good government laws to put an end to the Plunkittocracy. Today, state and federal “sunshine” laws give the public important anticorruption protection, such as open meetings acts, freedom of information acts and civil service regulations that require government decisions to hire or fire be based on facts and merit – not “honest” graft. This December, Massachusetts can celebrate the 20th anniversary of another important sunshine law – the Pacheco-Menard Law. This law protects the state treasury and infrastructure – and the people of Massachusetts – from looting. But critics of the law treat the decision about whether public services or infrastructure should be private or public as if it were a choice of paper or plastic, or a team sport where you cheer on Team Privatization. The Pacheco-Menard law is based on facts that will ensure that the “citizens of the commonwealth receive high quality public services at low cost, with due regard for the taxpayers of the commonwealth and the needs of public and private workers.” It creates an open process with fair standards to guide decision-making and ensure that privatization does not cost more. It stops destructive practices by contractors, such as lowering pay and benefits or moving jobs to other states or countries. While it may look as if money has been saved, the reality is that the state loses tax revenue, while the displaced workers draw unemployment and other benefits. The result is less money in the state treasury, no savings and greater costs. The costs to the public of unemployment and retirement benefits and the monitoring and administering of contract performance add up, but they are often not included in decisions to privatize. The Pacheco law forbids hiding these costs. Before a bid can be accepted, a comprehensive written analysis of the contract cost must be prepared, and the bid must include “the costs of transition from public to private operation.” Other public protections include preventing contractors from making lowball bids based on cutting employee wages and benefits and requiring contractors to submit quarterly payroll records to show whether the contractor has underpaid its workers. Private and Public Sector Accountability Hard lessons led to some things being provided by the public sector, while others are provided by the private sector. These decisions come down to accountability, but different types of accountability are needed for the private and public sectors. Private sector accountability is based on robust market competition that leads to better goods and services at lower cost. Services and infrastructure now provided by state and local government are the result of hard experience with poor service and graft. There is no reason to believe that accountability and quality problems will not recur if public services are privatized. One privatization advocate claims that “Private firms have access to two federal subsidies that are not available to public agencies: tax deductions for accelerated depreciation on capital equipment and interest payments on borrowed funds” and that “under certain circumstances, the combined effect of these can enable a firm to deliver better services at a lower cost than a public agency can.” But, a tax deduction to the private sector is a subsidy that shifts costs to the public and makes less money available for public needs. Moreover, if private contractors need a government handout to do the same job that the public sector does without a tax deduction, that is an admission that the private sector costs more. It is possible to dream up many theories about why the private sector might do a better job than the public sector. But in the real world, facts are facts, and a law that promotes good decision-making is definitely in the public interest.
Update: Judge rejects “Extreme Makeover” lawsuit A judge has dismissed a case filed by five orphaned siblings against ABC Television based on the aftermath of their appearance on “Extreme Makeover: Home Edition”. The Higgins siblings said they expected to wind up with a new home after the show’s filming, but later disagreements with the couple who had hosted them, and who held title to the newly built mansion, led to their departure from the house. Awarding summary judgment, Judge Paul Gutman threw out the siblings’ case against ABC, the reality-TV producers and the homebuilder, saying that their remedy, if any, could be only against the host couple, Phil and Loki Leomiti. (AP/ABCNews.com, Jul. 17). Our earlier coverage: Mar. 4, May 17, etc.
Video Podcast: Seeking Clues in Harrington Case Mollie Halpern: A $150,000 reward is being offered in the murder case of Virginia Tech student Morgan Harrington. I’m Mollie Halpern and this is Wanted by the FBI. The 20-year-old was last seen after a Metallica concert in Charlottesville, Virginia back in 2009. Her remains were later found outside of the city in a remote field. Captain Timothy Lyon of the Virginia State Police says this case has been a priority since day one. Timothy Lyon: This crime we feel was horrific in nature and what we want to do is bring closure to Morgan’s family. We want an arrest and that’s what we’re committed to doing. Halpern: Morgan’s case is linked by DNA to a 2005 sexual assault in Fairfax City, Virginia. Two enhanced composite sketches of the suspect are available to the public. Alasdair Mackenzie, the FBI’s Assistant Special Agent in Charge of the Richmond Division says… Alasdair Mackenzie: We’re asking for the public’s assistance if they recognize the composite, be sure to call law enforcement. We want to take this individual off the street and keep him from re-offending in the future.
0000726994 2013-05-01 2013-05-01 0000726994vlcf:S000007566Member 2013-05-01 2013-05-01 0000726994vlcf:S000007566Membervlcf:C000020631Member 2013-05-01 2013-05-01 0000726994vlcf:S000007566Membervlcf:Sp500IndexMember 2013-05-01 2013-05-01 xbrli:pureiso4217:USD<div align="left" style="display: block; margin-left: 0pt; text-indent: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="display: inline; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-family: times new roman;">Value Line </font><font style="display: inline; font-size: 10pt; font-style: italic; font-family: times new roman;">Centurion Fund, Inc.</font></div><div><font size="2" style="font-family:times new roman,times"><b><em>Investment objective</em></b></font></div><div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt;">The Fund’s investment objective is long-term growth of capital.</font></div><div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="font-style: italic; display: inline; font-family: times new roman; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Fees and expenses</font></div><div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt;">This table describes the fees and expenses you pay in connection with an investment in the Fund. It does not take into account any fees or other expenses of any variable annuity or variable life insurance product. If such fees were reflected, expenses would be higher.</font></div><div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="font-style: italic; display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Annual Fund Operating Expenses (expenses that you pay each year as a percentage of the value of your investment.)</font></div><div style='display: none;'> ~ http://www.vlfunds.com/role/ScheduleAnnualFundOperatingExpensesVALUELINECENTURIONFUNDINC column dei_LegalEntityAxis compact vlcf_S000007566Member row primary compact * ~ </div><div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="font-style: italic; display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Example</font></div><div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt;">This example is intended to help you compare the cost of investing in the Fund to the cost of investing in other mutual funds. The example assumes that you invest $10,000 in the Fund for the time periods indicated whether or not you redeem all of your shares at the end of those periods. The example also assumes that your investment has a 5% return each year and that the Fund’s operating expenses remain the same except in year one. Although your actual costs may be higher or lower, based on these assumptions your costs would be:</font></div><div style='display: none;'> ~ http://www.vlfunds.com/role/ScheduleExpenseExampleVALUELINECENTURIONFUNDINCTransposed column dei_LegalEntityAxis compact vlcf_S000007566Member row primary compact * ~ </div><div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Portfolio turnover</font></div><div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt;">The Fund pays transaction costs, such as commissions, when it buys and sells securities (or “turns over” its portfolio). A higher portfolio turnover rate may indicate higher transaction costs and may result in higher taxes when Fund shares are held in a taxable account. These costs, which are not reflected in annual fund operating expenses or in the example, affect the Fund’s performance. During the most recent fiscal year the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate was 11% of the average value of its portfolio.</font></div><div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="font-style: italic; display: inline; font-family: times new roman; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Principal investment strategies</font></div><div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt;">To achieve the Fund’s goal, EULAV Asset Management (the “Adviser”) invests substantially all of the Fund’s net assets in common stocks. While the Fund is actively managed by the Adviser, the Adviser relies primarily on the rankings of companies by the Value Line Timeliness™ Ranking System (the “Ranking System”) in selecting securities for purchase or sale. The Ranking System is a proprietary quantitative system that compares an estimate of the probable market performance of each stock within a universe during the next six to twelve months to that of all stocks within that universe and ranks stocks on a scale of 1 (highest) to 5 (lowest). The universe followed by the Ranking System consists of stocks of approximately 1,700 companies accounting for approximately 95% of the market capitalization of all stocks traded on the U.S. securities exchanges. All the stocks followed by the Ranking System are listed on U.S. stock exchanges or traded in the U.S. over-the-counter markets. The Fund’s investments principally are selected from common stocks ranked 1, 2 or 3 by the Ranking System at the time of purchase. Apart from the diversification requirements of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the “1940 Act”) applicable to diversified funds (which generally means that it will not invest more than 5% of its total assets in the stocks of any one company), the Fund is not subject to any limit on the percentage of its assets that may be invested in any particular stock. Because the Adviser relies on the Ranking System in managing the Fund’s portfolio, the Fund is not limited to investments according to a company’s size.</font></div> <div> </div> <div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt;">The Adviser may sell securities for a variety of reasons, such as to secure gains, limit losses or redeploy assets into more promising opportunities.</font></div> <div> </div> <div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt;">As described above, the Adviser relies primarily on the rankings of companies by the Ranking System (“Timeliness Rankings”) in selecting stocks for the Fund, but has discretion, including whether and which ranked stocks to include within the Fund’s portfolio, whether and when to buy or sell stocks based upon changes in their rankings, and the frequency and timing of rebalancing the Fund’s portfolio. The Adviser will determine the percentage of the Fund’s assets invested in each stock based on the stock’s relative attractiveness.</font></div><div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="font-style: italic; display: inline; font-family: times new roman; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;; font-family:times new roman,times" size="2">Principal risks of investing in the Fund</font></div><div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt;">Investing in any mutual fund involves risk, including the risk that you may receive little or no return on your investment, and that you may lose part or all of your investment. Therefore, before you invest in this Fund you should carefully evaluate the risks.</font></div> <div> </div> <div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt;">The chief risk that you assume when investing in the Fund is market risk, which is the possibility that the securities in a certain market will decline in value because of factors such as economic conditions. Market risk may affect a single issuer, an industry, a sector of the economy or the market as a whole.</font></div> <div> </div> <div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt;">Certain securities may be difficult or impossible to sell at the time and price that the Fund would like. The Fund may have to lower the price, sell other securities instead or forego an investment opportunity. This could have a negative effect on the Fund’s performance.</font></div> <div> </div> <div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt;">Because the Fund is actively managed, its investment return depends on the ability of the Adviser to manage its portfolio successfully. The Adviser’s investment strategies may not be able to produce the desired results.</font></div> <div> </div> <div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt;">The Fund’s annual portfolio turnover rate has exceeded 100% in four of the last five years. A rate of portfolio turnover of 100% would occur if all of the Fund’s portfolio were replaced in a period of one year. To the extent the Fund engages in short - term trading in attempting to acheive its investment objective, it will increase the Fund’s portfolio turnover rate and the Fund will incur higher brokerage commissions and other expenses.</font></div> <div> </div> <div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt;">An investment in the Fund is not a complete investment program and you should consider it just one part of your total investment program. An investment in the Fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other governmental agency. For a more complete discussion of risk, please turn to page 9.</font></div> <div> </div> <div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt;">Because the Fund uses the Ranking System, there is the risk that securities not covered by the Ranking System or lower rated securities will appreciate to a greater extent than those securities in the Fund’s portfolio.</font></div> <div> </div> <div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt;">The price of Fund shares will increase and decrease according to changes in the value of the Fund’s investments. The Fund will be affected by changes in stock prices, which have historically tended to fluctuate more than bond prices.</font></div><div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="font-style: italic; display: inline; font-family: times new roman; color: #000000; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;; font-family:times new roman,times" size="2">Fund performance</font></div><div style="text-align: left; text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt;">This bar chart and table can help you evaluate the potential risks of investing in the Fund. The bar chart below shows how returns for the Fund’s shares have varied over the past ten calendar years, and the table below shows the average annual total returns of these shares for one, five, and ten years. These returns <font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt;">are compared to the performance of the S&P 500® Index, which is a broad based market index. This performance information does not reflect separate account or variable insurance contract fees or charges. If such fees and charges were reflected, the Fund’s returns would be less than those shown. All returns reflect reinvested dividends. The Fund’s past performance is not necessarily an indication of how it will perform in the future.</font></font></div><div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="font-style: italic; display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Total returns as of 12/31 each year (%)</font></div><div style='display: none;'> ~ http://www.vlfunds.com/role/Scheduleannualtotalreturnsvaluelinecenturionfundincbarchart column dei_LegalEntityAxis compact vlcf_S000007566Member row primary compact * ~ </div><table style="width: 100%; font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 10pt;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="11%"> <div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-left: 0pt; display: block;"><font style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; display: inline;">Best Quarter:</font></div> </td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%"> <div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-left: 0pt; display: block;"><font style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; display: inline;">Q3 2010</font></div> </td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="57%"> <div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-left: 0pt; display: block;"><font style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; display: inline;">+12.86%</font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="left" valign="top" width="11%"> <div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-left: 0pt; display: block;"><font style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; display: inline;">Worst Quarter:</font></div> </td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="8%"> <div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-left: 0pt; display: block;"><font style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; display: inline;">Q4 2008</font></div> </td> <td align="left" valign="top" width="57%"> <div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt; margin-left: 0pt; display: block;"><font style="font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold; display: inline;">–27.42%</font></div> </td> </tr> </table><div><font style="font-style: italic; display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Average Annual Total Returns for Periods Ended December 31, 2012</font></div><div style='display: none;'> ~ http://www.vlfunds.com/role/ScheduleAverageAnnualTotalReturnsVALUELINECENTURIONFUNDINCTransposed column dei_LegalEntityAxis compact vlcf_S000007566Member column rr_ProspectusShareClassAxis compact * column rr_PerformanceMeasureAxis compact * row primary compact * ~ </div>0.00500.00400.00160.0106-0.00150.00919332257012810.19490.11510.09130.03850.2072-0.49270.11090.25750.05020.1529<div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Value Line Centurion Fund</font></div><div><font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">S&P 500® Index (reflects no deduction for fees or expenses)</font></div>0.15290.1600-0.02990.01660.04590.0710485BPOS2012-12-31VALUE LINE CENTURION FUND INC0000726994falseVLCF2013-05-012013-05-012013-05-010.11<div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt;">To achieve the Fund’s goal, EULAV Asset Management (the “Adviser”) invests substantially all of the Fund’s net assets in common stocks. While the Fund is actively managed by the Adviser, the Adviser relies primarily on the rankings of companies by the Value Line Timeliness™ Ranking System (the “Ranking System”) in selecting securities for purchase or sale. The Ranking System is a proprietary quantitative system that compares an estimate of the probable market performance of each stock within a universe during the next six to twelve months to that of all stocks within that universe and ranks stocks on a scale of 1 (highest) to 5 (lowest). The universe followed by the Ranking System consists of stocks of approximately 1,700 companies accounting for approximately 95% of the market capitalization of all stocks traded on the U.S. securities exchanges. All the stocks followed by the Ranking System are listed on U.S. stock exchanges or traded in the U.S. over-the-counter markets. The Fund’s investments principally are selected from common stocks ranked 1, 2 or 3 by the Ranking System at the time of purchase.</font></div><div><font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt;">Investing in any mutual fund involves risk, including the risk that you may receive little or no return on your investment, and that you may lose part or all of your investment. </font></div><div><font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt;">An investment in the Fund is not a complete investment program and you should consider it just one part of your total investment program. An investment in the Fund is not insured or guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or any other governmental agency. </font></div><div><font style="font-family: times new roman,times;" size="2">This bar chart and table can help you evaluate the potential risks of investing in the Fund. The bar chart below shows how returns for the Fund’s shares have varied over the past ten calendar years, and the table below shows the average annual total returns of these shares for one, five, and ten years.</font></div><div><font style="font-family: times new roman,times;" size="2">The Fund’s past performance is not necessarily an indication of how it will perform in the future.</font></div><div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Best Quarter:</font></div>2010-09-300.1286<div align="left" style="text-indent: 0pt; display: block; margin-left: 0pt; margin-right: 0pt;"><font style="display: inline; font-family: times new roman; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: bold;">Worst Quarter:</font></div>2008-12-31-0.2742<div><b><font style="font-family: times new roman,times;" size="2">(reflects no deduction for fees or expenses)</font></b></div>Effective May 1, 2013 through June 30, 2014, EULAV Securities LLC (the "Distributor") has contractually agreed to waive a portion of the Fund's 12b-1 fee in an amount equal to 0.15% of the Fund's average daily net assets. There is no assurance that the Distributor will extend the fee waiver beyond June 30, 2014. The waiver cannot be modified or terminated before June 30, 2014 without the approval of the Fund's Board of Directors.
The prognostic effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy on the change of PD-L1 expression in patients with locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma. To evaluate the prognostic effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy on the change of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in patients with locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma, by comparing PD-L1 expression in pretreatment biopsies and PD-L1 expression in pathological specimens after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. A total of 25 patients with rectal adenocarcinoma were evaluated. Patients were treated by neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (radiotherapy:44Gy normofraxionation; chemotherapy: capecitabine 825 mg/m2 in two daily doses). Surgery was performed 6-8 weeks after the chemoradiotherapy completion. PD-L1 expression was determined in endoscopic biopsies and in resected specimens with immunohistochemistry. All 25 patients received radiotherapy without interruption, while concomitant chemotherapy was discontinued prematurely in one patient because of hematological toxicity. In 13 patients sphincter-saving surgery were performed, and 12 patients underwent rectum resection. Downstaging was noticed in 17 patients. Stable disease was found in 5 patients, and progression in 3. The median disease free survival (DFS) was not reached. Three-year DFS was 54.3% (95% CI 34.3-74.2). The median overall survival (OS) was 60 months (95% CI 48-60). Three-year OS was 75 % (95% CI 57.7-92.3). No PD-L1 expression was noticed in pretreatment biopsy and in resected tissue after chemoradiotherapy. No prognostic effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy on the change of PD-L1 expression was demonstrated in patients with locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma.
Trader thoughts - The long and short of it After all the excitement yesterday, confirming that all financial markets do actually have a pulse and that they can actually fall, we should see more reserved conditions today. IG Analyst 2017-03-22T21:48:03+0000 Source: Bloomberg Whether we’re seeing the ‘calm before the storm’ was the question asked yesterday. Remember this is a market that is still so full of complacency, and clearly long equities and short US Treasuries. The prospect of increased volatility is real, although that proposition still sounds too good to be true, at least for the traders out there. Calmer conditions and leads have been offered for Asia though, and with perhaps the exception of Japan, we should see a modest upside to the various Asian indices, but there won’t be any real conviction behind the buying. This was thematic yesterday, where there were so few buyers and the markets fell under their own weight. Has the overnight session provided any clarity and renewed optimism to wade in? I don’t believe so. So once again financial strategists become political pundits, as we try and assess the probability of House Speaker Paul Ryan’s healthcare plan being passed through the House. We know the Republicans hold 237 of the 430 seats in the House (or 55.1%) and effectively need 216 votes to get the required majority. However, Alyssa Farah, spokesperson for the Freedom Caucus (the collective who want Obamacare to be completely torn apart and reworked), has suggested that they have 25 hard ‘no’ votes, and Trump and Ryan cannot afford any more than 21. This suggests Trump/Ryan would be four votes shy of the required tally to get the bill over the line, given every Democrat will vote against this bill. Clearly, the Freedom Caucus want their time in the sun and want to be heard. This could be the second big loss for President Trump after his immigration order was rejected. This vote then during Asian trade tomorrow (no set time as of yet - http://www.house.gov/) will be seen as a proxy for the strength of the mandate that Trump has had to govern. There is no tax reform without the Ryan healthcare plan voted through. However, the likelihood is that it will be reworked and voted on again in the future. This is a key event risk for tomorrow, and as I mention, likely to keep the buyers in Asia at bay. If we look at other markets to view semantics, we can see small buying in US fixed income, with the US five-year Treasury falling a couple of basis points to 1.93%, and the five-year ‘real’ yields still just in negative territory. The USD index is largely unchanged, but is still holding under the 100 level. Even though we have seen some buying in the likes of the ZAR and other emerging market currencies, the AUD has certainly not fared as well, although is now eyeing a move back into the trading session highs of $0.7691. Small buying has also been seen in high yield credit, with the Shares High Yield corporate exchange traded fund (HYG ETF) gaining 0.3%. It all suggests calmer conditions from the prior session, but as I mention, it’s all about tomorrow. It would be interesting if we actually saw the Bill being passed, followed by a strong (February) durables goods data (consensus 1.3%). New York Fed president Bill Dudley speaks at 1.00am AEDT on Saturday morning and if he talks up the prospect of a June Fed hike, given financial conditions are still so accommodative, then things will get very interesting. Obviously a lot of hypotheticals, but do we start saying the reflation trade is back on if this scenario plays out? These are fickle markets. Turning to the Asian open, it’s interesting that SPI futures have pushed up 17 points, largely as a function that S&P 500 futures are 8 points, or 0.4% higher from the ASX 200 close. So a number of traders who had positioned for another night of fairly heavy selling have likely closed out of SPI futures shorts. As far as sector leads go in the S&P 500, the buying really centred on tech. This won’t really help the ASX 200 too greatly. US financials and materials are largely unchanged, but BHP’s ADR (American Depository Receipt) is up 0.8%. CBA’s ADR is 0.5%. Commodity leads are mixed, with spot iron ore falling 3% to $84.99 and the days of calling $100 spot prices seem a distant memory. Iron ore and steel futures (traded on the Dalian exchange) has pulled back 1% and 0.2% respectively. Gold is modestly high, as is US crude, which is actually around 20c higher from the ASX 200 close, despite a 4.95 million barrel increase in the weekly (official) inventory data. The offset being a sizeable draw in gasoline inventories of 2.81 million. 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pesonal health - Kaitlyn Beachler 11/05/07 Personal Health... Kaitlyn Beachler 11/05/07 Personal Health Painter Nutritional Analysis It is never too late to analyze your health and nutritional intake; there is always time to become a healthier and happier person . Mypyramid.gov is an excellent tool to use when trying to become healthier person. This became a guideline for me. When I started entering my daily intake, to this site, I was disgusted. I started to follow the recommendation for a healthier lifestyle and I am satisfied and happier with the change I made. When I started the program I was eating every snack food under the sun and did not care what it was. I was not getting my proper intake of grains, vegetables, fruits, and meats, but I was getting more then enough fats. My usual food for the day was either fried in grease or deep fried, not something you would consider healthy. When I entered in my daily intake of food, I was below every recommendation the food pyramid gave me. I was at least thirty to seventy percent below my recommended intake of grains, vegetables, fruits, and meats. If I kept this lifestyle I would sure be lead down the path of health problems. This preview has intentionally blurred sections. Sign up to view the full version.
Q: Do MLB players wear new uniforms every game? Do MLB players wear new uniforms every game? Or only when pants or top becomes too dirty or torn. The uniforms always look spotless so I assumed they were new. A: The answer is basically No, though there is no official statement of teams many articles I have read so far points out teams does not provide new jerseys to the players for every game. Uniforms are washed, mended and pressed to look as new every game. From a article of CNN: Mitch Poole, clubhouse manager for the Los Angeles Dodgers "uniforms used to be scrubbed until the fabric resembled fur. But now they use an industrial stain remover specifically made for Major League called Slide Out". Factory on Columbus Avenue in New Rochelle (NY), the Raleigh Athletic Equipment Company is where uniforms of the New York Yankees are washed, mended and pressed. An article on Erica Ford, the official seamstress for the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim baseball team will further helps in clarifying things.
About UNAAB His Royal Eminence, Edidem Ekpo Okon The Obong of Calabar, His Royal Eminence, Edidem Ekpo Okon Abasi Otu V was born on November 20, 1949. His parents were Etubom Okon Abasi Otu Ukpong Mbo Otu and Madam Ikwo Okokon Ansa of Adiabo Ikot Mbo Otu. He descends from Adiabo clan of the Eburutu tribe and he is traceable to the founding ancestor of the Efik kingdom with the genealogical name Ekpo Okon Abasi Otu Ukpong Mbo Otu Meseme Ukpong Ukpong Atai Ema Atai Iboku. The young Prince Ekpo Okon began his educational career at the St. Patrick
Q: Not all data (only 1000 elements) retrieved from S3 using Amazon SDK I have a problem with retrieving the data from S3 using Amazon SDK. The problem is that it retrieves only 1000 elements, while indeed I have 10,000 elements in the aws_bucket_data -> currentDataDirectory. I do not use setMaxKeys(...), so the result seems to be weird. BasicAWSCredentials credentials = new BasicAWSCredentials("...", "..."); client = new AmazonS3Client(credentials); ListObjectsRequest listObjectsRequest = new ListObjectsRequest() .withBucketName(aws_bucket_data) .withPrefix(currentDataDirectory); ObjectListing objectListing = client.listObjects(listObjectsRequest); System.out.println(objectListing.getObjectSummaries().size()); How can I solve this problem? A: AWS S3 API has a limit of maximum 1000 keys per response. You will have to do multiple requests to retrieve all of your objects. You can take a look at the API here: http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/RESTBucketGET.html I have found a example to retrieve all your objects: How to list all AWS S3 objects in a bucket using Java
New Jersey Governor Chris Christie surprised critics Wednesday by stepping up and expanding the state’s medical marijuana program, signing a bill allowing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to be added to the program’s list of qualified conditions. On Thursday, the Republican governor, who in the past has characterized medical marijuana expansion efforts as a “front for legalization,” put his signature on a proposal (Assembly Bill 457) that includes PTSD sufferers in the state’s medical marijuana program. The law is effective immediately. Pointing out that close to 20 percent of the veterans who served in the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq are living with the disorder, Christie said the new law “would provide struggling veterans and others with the ability to use medical marijuana to treat PTSD.” You can read Christie’s full statement here. The law requires the patient’s doctor or psychiatrist attest that conventional medical therapy is ineffective. Assemblyman Tim Eustace, the lawmaker responsible for moving Assembly Bill 457 through the legislature, said that while the addition of PTSD is a victory, New Jersey’s law remains far from comprehensive. Eustace told North Jersey.com that he plans to address the issue of adding more qualified conditions in the near future, as well as make a push to allow edible cannabis products for children suffering from epilepsy. Right now New Jersey ‘s medical marijuana program only allows patients with a handful of serious conditions to access the program. Christie’s support for adding PTSD to the state’s list of qualified conditions comes weeks after more than 18,000 people signed a petition on Change.org calling on him to sign the bill. Christie can’t run for re-election in 2017 because of the state’s term limits law. His ill-fated presidential bid has left him with dismal popularity in his home state. He is currently chairman of Donald Trump’s transition committee. Ironically, veterans hoping to get their hands on medical marijuana will need to find a doctor outside of the Department of Veterans Affairs to make it happen. Federal law still prohibits doctors employed with the VA from so much as even discussing the possibility of cannabis medicine with their patients.
Hockey conquers Vikings for first win By Jonnie Hersey Thursday Jan 17, 2013 at 2:00 AM The varsity hockey team picked up its first win of the season last Wednesday night at home in a 9-2 blowout of South Shore Voke. The Whalers (1-4-1, 1-2 Mayflower Athletic Conference) were scheduled to take to the road last night to face off against league rival Blue Hills, too late for this edition of Sports, before hosting Sacred Heart Saturday. Coach Jon Bell couldn’t praise his team’s performance enough following last Wednesday’s win. The Whalers’ shootout victory over Cape Tech in the Kostas Tournament over the holiday break counts as a tie in the official standings. To read the entire story, pick up the print edition or register for the I&M's new online edition by clicking here. Original content available for non-commercial use under a Creative Commons license, except where noted. The Inquirer and Mirror ~ One Old South Road, Nantucket, MA 02554 ~ Privacy Policy ~ Terms Of Service
class Types::ImageView < Types::BaseObject implements Types::Interface::WithTimestamps field :name, String, null: false, description: 'The name of this view of the image' field :url, String, null: false, description: 'The URL of this view of the image' field :width, Integer, null: true, description: 'The width of the image' field :height, Integer, null: true, description: 'The height of the image' end
YeoJohnsonTransformer ===================== The Yeo-Johnson transformation is defined as: .. image:: ../images/yeojohnsonformula.png where Y is the response variable and λ is the transformation parameter. API Reference ------------- .. autoclass:: feature_engine.variable_transformers.YeoJohnsonTransformer :members: Example Use ----------- .. code:: python import numpy as np import pandas as pd import matplotlib.pyplot as plt from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split from feature_engine import variable_transformers as vt # Load dataset data = data = pd.read_csv('houseprice.csv') # Separate into train and test sets X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split( data.drop(['Id', 'SalePrice'], axis=1), data['SalePrice'], test_size=0.3, random_state=0) # set up the variable transformer tf = vt.YeoJohnsonTransformer(variables = ['LotArea', 'GrLivArea']) # fit the transformer tf.fit(X_train) # transform the data train_t= tf.transform(X_train) test_t= tf.transform(X_test) # un-transformed variable X_train['LotArea'].hist(bins=50) .. image:: ../images/lotarearaw.png .. code:: python # transformed variable train_t['LotArea'].hist(bins=50) .. image:: ../images/lotareayeojohnson.png
Beware of the Lion’s Mane Published:13:04Monday 25 September 2017 Share this article Gazette reader Michael Malgorzata came across this giant jellyfish, the ‘Lion’s Mane’ jellyfish, at the weekend on Tolsta beach. Michael warns: “Anybody who finds such a jellyfish should not touch it, as they can give a nasty sting, and in some cases cause an anaphylactic shock, and the sting is retained for a long time even after the jellyfish has died.” If you would like to submit any items of news or notices for upcoming events email: news@stornowaygazette.co.uk
MSNBC anchor Katy Tur sat down with a liberal evangelical pastor and a conservative evangelical activist who supports President Trump on MSNBC Live Monday afternoon to talk about how Trump is doing with evangelical voters these midterms. While Tur let her liberal guest talk at length about how un-Christian Trump is, she berated her conservative guest, and even claimed that abortion was a lesser evil than the former border policy. Right from the start, Tur made the differences between the two racial, asking conservative guest, Timothy Head, the executive director of the Faith and Freedom Coalition, if “white evangelicals” were still with Trump, like they were in 2016. While Head avoided making a racial distinction, Tur continued the race-baiting, asking her liberal guest, Reverend Raphael Warnock of the Ebenezer Baptist Church, “Reverend are evangelicals a monolith, do they vote the same? Do black evangelicals vote the same?" Warnock then complained that Trump did nothing for the poor, because apparently tax cuts only benefited the “greedy” as he put it, adding that Trump had made an “assault on health care.” Tur wondered how they had such different political viewpoints being of the same faith. That gave her liberal guest time to self-righteously rant about how white evangelicals supporting Trump were supporting an “un-Christian” immigration policy of not letting a caravan of illegal aliens enter the country, undeterred. That moral lecture inspired Tur to badger her conservative guest on how evangelicals could support President Trump: What do you say to those out there who say hey listen when I think about evangelical voters, I think about the past, I think about family values, I think about morals. Donald Trump is not somebody who is hued closely to that. He has three marriages. He says whatever he wants on Twitter. He swears all the time. He makes fun of people's appearances. How do you argue that? As Head started to argue that Trump had made tremendous progress for the pro-life movement, and that was important to Christian voters, Warnock interrupted to argue that illegal aliens' children were “our babies” too: I don't mean to interrupt but we have innocent children being separated from parents at the border. Those are our babies. Instead of jumping in to moderate, or even push back asking Warnock how abortion fit in with his faith, Tur egged him on, asking if abortion really was that big an offense, compared to the cruelty of enforcing immigration policies:
'Palace File' Bogs Down In Sloppy Editing December 21, 1986\|By Reviewed by Cauncey G. Parker III, Special to The Sentinel To read this book is to relive the maddening agony of those four endless years required to extricate U.S. forces from Vietnam. Remember the months and months of wrangling over the size and configuration of the negotiating table for the peace talks in Paris, even as the casualties mounted with each passing day? The palace file, from which this book's title derives, consisted of secret letters, messages and proposals -- hitherto unpublished -- exchanged among Presidents Nixon, Ford and Nguyen Van Thieu from Dec. 31, 1971 through March 22, 1975. Thieu safeguarded the file in his bedroom at the presidential palace, mistakenly believing the letters meant what they promised and were therefore his ace in the hole. In August, 1969, Nixon sought to expedite the still-meandering peace process by secretly dispatching Henry Kissinger to Paris to commence direct negotiations with Le Duc Tho, North Vietnam's Politburo member charged with pursuing the war in South Vietnam. Only after the talks were launched was Thieu informed, by which time he had no choice but to go along. The incident was to prove a grim harbinger of things to come. Time and again, the hapless Thieu was maneuvered into agreeing to concessions after the fact, in exchange for written presidential assurances that the U.S. would intervene militarily should North Vietnam ever be so rash as to breach the terms of the peace agreement. So much for promises. Clearly, Kissinger is perceived here as the principal villain of the piece, as a dissembler obsessed by a finely cultivated sense of self- preservation at whatever the cost to others, in this case South Vietnam. Indeed, the reader can easily empathize with Thieu's rueful conclusion at one point that ''whenever Kissinger was involved, South Vietnam had come out badly.'' And judging from subsequent events, the agreement Kissinger negotiated on South Vietnam's behalf with Le Duc Tho (for which they shared a Nobel Peace Prize) turned out to be every bit the disaster Thieu anticipated. Because of its interpretative nature and step-by-step examination of events, this is a complicated book. The abundance of unfamiliar Vietnamese names of people and places also makes for some difficult reading. Additionally, again and again, material appears to have been transcribed directly -- and redundantly -- from notes. We have ''Thieu did not take Kissinger seriously,'' and then, ''Thieu could not imagine Kissinger was serious,'' followed by an observer saying, ''but we never paid serious attention.'' Such sloppy editing is surprising for a work of this quality and highly annoying. Worse, it saps a reader's much-needed concentration. Although the title page credits two authors, Hung predominates, recording events as a government insider, first as Thieu's eyes and ears in Washington and ultimately as one of his ministers in Saigon. Hung writes with a remarkable lack of rancor, given the depth of his conviction of America's betrayal. He admirably conveys the creeping desperation of one nation fighting for survival having to rely wholly on another nation, whose by-then overriding goal was to get the Vietnam nightmare behind it. For those interested in acquiring an in-depth collateral perspective of a tragic era, The Palace File will warrant a second reading.
Torsten Anderson Torsten Reinhold "Tom" Anderson (né Andersson, 9 February 1904 – 19 December 1986) was a New Zealand wrestler who represented his country at the 1938 British Empire Games. Biography Born in Sollefteå, Sweden, on 9 February 1904, Anderson was the son of Johan Reinhold Andersson and Fanny Sofia Hägglund. Anderson began wrestling in 1925 when he met Anton Koolmann at the latter's newly established wrestling school in Sydney, Australia. The pair would later reconnect in Wellington after both had moved to New Zealand. Anderson became a naturalised New Zealand citizen on 12 January 1938, less than a month before the 1938 British Empire Games in Sydney. At those games, he competed in the freestyle wrestling light-heavyweight (90 kg) division, finishing in fourth place. Anderson died on 19 December 1986, and he was buried at Memorial Park Cemetery, Christchurch. References Category:1904 births Category:1986 deaths Category:People from Sollefteå Municipality Category:Swedish emigrants to New Zealand Category:Naturalised citizens of New Zealand Category:Commonwealth Games competitors for New Zealand Category:Wrestlers at the 1938 British Empire Games Category:New Zealand male sport wrestlers Category:Burials at Memorial Park Cemetery, Christchurch
The first month of the baseball season rarely tells us anything, but as far as draft season goes, there are a lot of stories to be told. The initial Top 50 prospect list on MLB Pipeline has been radically altered, and there is a new number one prospect on the list. There have been rumblings about certain players and where they will land. That being said, mocks have yet to surface. Sure there are a few out there, but nothing truly groundbreaking, or for that matter, comprehensive. In fact, some mocks aren’t even complete, just going into the top 10 or 15 picks. That changes today. With the expanded prospect list and updated rankings, it’s time to deliver this month’s edition of the mock. Same rules apply. Picks are either determined by organizational depth, team tendencies, or rumors that have surfaced. Detroit Tigers: The last 3 drafts have seen the consensus top talent not go first overall in the draft, so in this scenario I envision the Tigers skipping out on Casey Mize and going for Jarred Kelenic. Kelenic has been connected to the Tigers with some believing his visits to their Spring Training facility in Lakeland a hint that there’s genuine interest. Playing on a travel team a la Brandon Nimmo in 2011 has really boosted his stock as of late. San Francisco Giants If the Tigers do not take Casey Mize, the Giants absolutely should. With the rotation doing more harm than good, even with Madison Bumgarner expected to come back in a couple weeks from his broken hand, it’s time to start thinking long term. Mize has been especially dominant this season and has gone toe to toe with many of his SEC ace counterparts. Philadelphia Phillies Before the season, Alec Bohm was considered a first round talent because of a strong summer. He’s followed up on that summer with a strong spring, surpassing his teammate Greyson Jenista. The Phillies could use his bat in their lineup, and concerns about Bohm’s defense at the hot corner seem to be less prevalent than they were at the beginning of the year. Chicago White Sox Travis Swaggerty is this year’s small school darling, and his potential to be a five tool outfielder makes him ideal for the White Sox’s young and exciting core. The question remains though, is he able to make the adjustment from the Sun Belt to the minor leagues? Cincinnati Reds The Reds have caught fire as of late, but they are still a long way from getting out of the NL Central basement. Hopefully Nick Senzel will be called up soon so the Reds will actually have something worth watching. That being said, the Reds should also take a page out of the Astros handbook and draft Nick Madrigal. Madrigal is an Americanized Jose Altuve with gold glove potential and speed and contact. He’ll be a gamechanger in a young Reds lineup. New York Mets Devin Mesoraco and (when he returns) Kevin Plawecki are decent stopgaps at the catcher position, but if the Mets really want a game caller and someone who is going to command the respect of his pitchers, they really should go after Joey Bart, the latest in a line of Georgia Tech catchers that includes Matt Wieters and Jason Varitek. San Diego Padres San Diego has a nice stable of young starting pitching that began with Joey Lucchesi and will end with Mackenzie Gore, however, the team could add yet another dangerous young starter in Carter Stewart. Stewart’s scuffled a bit in his last couple outings, but scouts are still in love with his curveball which has a very high spin rate. Atlanta Braves: Atlanta and pitching are as synonymous as Penn and Teller, and this year’s talented, if somewhat mercurial pitching class will certainly allow them to make any selection they so desire. If Arizona lefty Matt Liberatore falls here, you can expect him to be snatched up. Liberatore is a rare high floor prep starter who can grind through games. Oakland Athletics The consensus number 1 pick at the beginning of the year, Brady Singer scuffled a bit to start the year, but he has since come back and tossed multiple dominant outings, including a duel against Casey Mize. The A’s have plenty of Florida Gators in their system, so if Singer should fall here, expect him to be seriously considered even with his body and ceiling concerns. Pittsburgh Pirates Shane McClananhan was my pick last time to go first overall, and then he torpedoed his stock by posting a few bad outings and letting his ERA balloon to 3. Still, the Pirates could use a starter like him even though they’ve surpassed expectations. His windup does scare scouts, but Ray Searage has worked with bigger enigmas before. Baltimore Orioles Manny Machado’s going, there’s no doubt about it, so it wouldn’t come as a surprise if Baltimore decides to pounce on arguably the best power hitter in the class. Nolan Gorman was at one point a top 5, possibly top pick, but his spring has been inconsistent. Still the power potential is there, and his game would greatly translate to OPACY’s smallish dimensions. Toronto Blue Jays Toronto will most likely lose Josh Donaldson and Marcus Stroman so it may be time to consider getting some young quick rising replacements. Ryan Rolison has been impressive his sophomore year, and in a class that is flush with left-handed pitching, he’ll make a strong case to go in the top half of the draft. Miami Marlins This may be a stretch considering the Marlins haven’t picked a college player in the first round since 2013, but Jon India is a special player. His baseball IQ is off the charts, and his Christian Yelich-like offensive profile will certainly add dimension to the Marlins game. He’s a good fielder as well. India may be gone by the time the Marlins pick, but should he be here, they should seriously consider him. Seattle Mariners The Mariners have more failures than successes as of late with their draft picks, but James Paxton’s no-hitter offers hope that the Mariners could be trending in the right direction. Seattle could use another lefty starter for when Felix eventually slows down, which is getting closer each year, but since all the tier 1 starters will likely be gone, they should go with the high floor Ryan Weathers, whose major league father spent 19 years as a major league relief pitcher. Texas Rangers The Rangers need to accept the reality that their time as AL west contenders is up and so start rebuilding. Their rotation especially needs a boost and there’s no doubt that Cole Hamels is getting closer to the twilight of his career. Assuming Jackson Kowar is here, the Rangers could be getting a sneaky ace pitcher, since Kowar has been matching his Florida teammate Brady Singer this entire spring. Tampa Bay Rays While the Rays dont like spending on their existing stars, they seem to have no problem shelling out the cash on young talent. Cole Wilcox has had a strong spring, and scouts are still debating on if he’s a legit contender for the top right handed prep pitcher this year in light of Ethan Hankins’ rough spring. Los Angeles Angels It’s a run on righties as the Angels grab the ultra athletic Georgia fireballer Kumar Rocker. Rocker, who’s precise value has been inconsistent all spring, is making his own case to be the first prep righty off the board. Considering the Angels biggest weakness is their pitching, perhaps they can right their mistakes and give Shohei Ohtani the pitching support Mike Trout never really got. Kansas City Royals Another enigma this season, Logan Gilbert has gone as high as top 10 in some mocks and as low as out of the first round entirely. The Royals have a lot of picks this year so they could rebuild their rotation in this draft alone. Gilbert comes from the same pipeline as Corey Kluber and Jacob deGrom, so one would hope that he becomes the next Hatters pitcher to be a dominating starter in this league. St. Louis Cardinals If Ethan Hankins falls to the Cardinals, they should jump on it. Even though he’s been dealing with injuries all spring and has lose stock value, he’s got Lucas Giolito like potential to be a flamethrowing starter that teams will regret passing on. Minnesota Twins When the Mauer era ends, who will take his place as the Twins first baseman? Triston Casas has had a strong spring to this point, but there is a bit of a bias against prep first baseman. Still Casas’ athleticism, not to mention his power make him an attractive slugger for the Twins. Milwaukee Brewers Milwaukee likes their hitters, especially those that have seen their stock drop. Brice Turang has suffered the same prospect fatigue that hurt Daz Cameron in 2015 and Jay Groome in 2016, so it wouldn’t be a surprise if he fell here. That being said, he’s an attractive shortstop project who could be a middle of the lineup threat, and pair him with Keston Hiura, and that infield could be dangerous. Colorado Rockies Connor Scott was a freshman when Kyle Tucker had his meteoric rise at HB Plant High School, and there is belief that Scott could see that happen this year. His mechanics are worth noting and for a team like the Rockies, who are still digesting the contracts of Ian Desmond and Gerardo Parra, he’d be a welcome young talent to usher the team into a new era. New York Yankees The Yankees are a great team and they are primed to be dominant for the foreseeable future, but they do need to address the elephant in the room, pitching. Mason Denaburg has seen his value both rise and plummet this season, but there’s no denying his athleticism and ability as a starter would be attractive to the Yankees, who would definitely be looking for someone to complement Clarke Schmidt and Luis Severino as next generation ace level pitchers. Chicago Cubs When Nick Madrigal was hurt, Trevor Larnach filled the void of producer admirably for Oregon State. Larnach is an incredibly disciplined hitter and a more natural outfielder, so he’s got the potential to replace Kyle Schwarber, who’s been an incredibly awkward fit in the outfield for the Cubs. Arizona Diamondbacks Grayson Rodriguez is this year’s quick riser thanks in part to major adjustments made to his game and his pitching. He’s got the prototypical body of a starter, and with more room to grow, could be a nice young homegrown starter that could step into Zack Greinke’s role when he finishes his time in Arizona. Boston Red Sox Though Greyson Jenista hasn’t had the spring that Alec Bohm has, he’s still got value as a highly athletic 1B/OF hybrid. Jenista would be a nice heir to Hanley Ramirez’s first base position, and his power and defense certainly would make him a solid lineup presence for the Red Sox. Washington Nationals No matter where Seth Beer ends up being taken, he’s going to be viewed as the Lamar Jackson of this class. However unlike Jackson, there’s a lot of flaws in Beer’s potential pro game. Chief among them is his transition to wood as well as his future pro position. Scouts see him as a pro DH a la Billy Butler, but for the Nationals, he’d definitely make a decent Lucas Duda type masher at first base. Houston Astros High school catchers are risky investments, but when you have a team as young and strong as the Astros, risks aren’t going to be that dangerous. Will Banfield has the mentality of a veteran, and there is definitely some Yadier Molina to his game. He’s got the bat to hold his own in a major league lineup, and scouts see him as a pro catcher in the future. Cleveland Indians Stanford’s reputation as a talent factory took a hit when Mark Appel became only the third number 1 pick to never play a major league game. Hopefully Kris Bubic can fix that. He’s got starter potential, and with the right team and pitching coach, he can be a nice mid rotation arm. With the Indians rotation looking to free agency in the coming years, expect them to look at rebuilding internally. Los Angeles Dodgers Jake Burger became the first ever Missouri state offensive first round pick last year. While Jeremy Eierman has had a very weird spring, there’s no doubt he still has first round potential. A possible fit is the Dodgers who are starting to show their age. Eierman would make a nice heir to Justin Turner, allowing them to seamlessly transition to him when he’s done. Tampa Bay Rays The Rays get Noah Naylor whose power is comparable to Nolan Gorman. There’s debate over where he will play professionally, catcher or first base. Either way, the Rays have a masher comparable to Carlos Santana. Tampa Bay Rays The Rays add Kentucky’s best arm since James Paxton in Sean Hjelle. Hjelle is the tallest pitcher in baseball and although he is a bit of a beanpole, he has potential for growth. Pairing him with Cole Wilcox, and eventually Brent Honeywell and Jose DeLeon gives the Rays a scary post-Chris Archer rotation. Kansas City Royals An admittedly controversial pick, Kyler Murray has really shown this season why he was a highly regarded baseball star in high school with his power and speed. Murray has a tough choice to make if he gets drafted this high, does he sign and play pro baseball or does he become Baker Mayfield’s heir at Oklahoma. One factor that could push him to baseball is his stature, he’s no Mayfield height wise and it’s highly doubtful that an NFL team would consider him a legit draft prospect. Kansas City Royals I like Jordan Groshans as a first round pick, and seeing him as the potential heir to Mike Moustakas seems right. His tools are all average to above average, and there definitely is potential for growth for him. He’d be the first Magnolia high school graduate to go in the first round. Cleveland Indians Steele Walker may have the 80 grade name of the draft, but he also has the offensive firepower and speed to be a solid candidate to address Cleveland’s outfield uncertainty. He’s got left field potential, and could find himself as a 2 hitter in a major league lineup. CB LOTTERY: Pittsburgh Pirates Parker Meadows is Pirates prospect Austin Meadows’ younger brother. While he may not have the pro potential that Austin had when he was a draft prospect, he still is toolsy enough to be regarded as a draft project. The Houston Astros and Washington Nationals have also done this, drafting younger brothers of prospects, and it’s worked out well for them, so Pittsburgh has nothing to lose by taking Meadows and pairing him with his big brother. Baltimore Orioles A rough start to the spring dropped Nander de Sedas from top 5 pick to first round uncertainty. Still for a team like the Orioles, his potential to be another Francisco Lindor, but with more power makes him an attractive piece, and one to pair with Nolan Gorman on the left side of the infield. Signability comes into play here, but to be labeled as Manny Machado’s heir certainly could be attractive enough for de Sedas. San Diego Padres The Padres could use an outfielder here, and considering the outfield crop is a bit better where they stand with this pick, it came down to Jameson Hannah and Tristan Pompey. Ultimately, Pompey’s pedigree, plus the potential for him to play with fellow Canadians Josh Naylor and Cal Quantrill won out. Pompey is a bit of an enigma, but one hopes that he can shake off his poor summer in the Cape and injury plagued start to the season to be the top potential left field prospect he was pegged to be. Arizona Diamondbacks AJ Pollock’s MVP April is going to make it incredibly difficult for the Diamondbacks to keep him in the desert, so they may have to look to the draft to replace him. Jameson Hannah has had a strong spring for Dallas Baptist, and while he’s not a power guy, his offensive profile makes him an ideal candidate to be a producer for the Diamondbacks, ideally at the top of the order. Kansas City Royals The Royals add yet another starter in Blaine Knight in their embarrassment of riches draft. Knight has the ace potential and has thrived in the SEC this year. Depending on how this class performs, the Royals could kickstart their rebuild in strong fashion or end up being the 2011 Tampa Bay Rays. Cleveland Indians The Indians save enough money with their first two selections to grab Cole Winn, who in this mock tumbles because of signability concerns. Winn attends Orange Lutheran, the same school that Gerrit Cole attended before spurning the Yankees to attend UCLA 10 years ago. Colorado Rockies The Rockies play it safe and grab diminuitive southpaw Tim Cate. Cate’s had an up and down spring which culminated in a shutdown, but he has thrived in big situations, having pitched for Team USA. Considering UConn is playing a series against Houston in Hartford, where the Rockies’ AA affiliate is, it wouldn’t be surprising if the Rockies tab him. St. Louis Cardinals The Cardinals find Kolten Wong’s successor in Stanford’s Nico Hoerner. Hoerner is known as a streaky hitter, but in a good way, because of how prolonged his hot streaks are. Although he’s listed as a shortstop, scouts believe that he’ll play second base professionally. — And so that concludes this month’s mock draft. The final mock, which will be the week before the draft, will go back into the full detail you have come to know from this site. Until then, see you in June!
= 16 for j. 5 Let y be 10/((-2)/(-1))(-2)/(-10). Let d be 1 - y - 2 - 40/(-8). Let t be (-230)/(-30) - (-1)/3. Solve 0 = dv + 10 + 5, -4u - t = 4v for u. 3 Let k(m) = 4m + 354 - 383 - m. Let u be k(12). Let q(n) = n2 + 3n. Let j be q(-3). Solve 4w - 16 = j, -o - u = 2w - 5w for o. 5 Let i(z) = z3 + 9z*2 - 9z + 12. Let a = 54 - 71. Let c = a - -7. Let m be i(c). Solve 0 = my + 5k + 27, 5y + 2k = -3k - 30 for y. -1 Let z = -809 + 831. Suppose z = 24g - 26. Solve 3f = 4i - gi - 6, -4i - 2f = 20 for i. -3 Suppose 127 + 56 = 73w - 36. Suppose -n + 0 = -6. Suppose 27 = ws - n. Solve 4x + 2z = -3 - 7, -s = 5x + 3z for x. -4 Suppose 3o = -5w + 41, -4o + 207 - 179 = 0. Solve -3d - wx - 25 = 0, -17d + 12d + x = 11 for d. -3 Let i(d) = -61d + 446. Let t be i(7). Solve 4a + t = -5h - 1, 0 = -3h for a. -5 Let r(k) be the third derivative of -k*5/60 - 11k*4/12 - 50k*3/3 - 109k*2. Let m be r(-8). Solve y + 4 = 5f + m, 9 = -3f + 2y for f. -1 Suppose -649q + 674q = -47 + 272. Solve -2m = 5f + 18, -5m - qf = -12f + 14 for m. -4 Suppose 77 = 6q + 29. Suppose 2s + 3 = -3z, 3z + q + 4 = s. Let b be (z - (1 - 4)) + 4. Solve -c - 4c - 5v = -35, 0 = 3c - 2v + b for c. 2 Suppose -4m = -15d + 10d + 10, 0 = 5m - 2d + 4. Solve 5q + 7 = 4r + 20, m = 5q - 5 for r. -2 Let w = 20 - 14. Suppose -2i + 0q + 4q = -18, 4i - 45 = -q. Suppose -9a = 323a + 2755 - 3751. Solve -2o - a = -3b + w, 0 = -4b + 3o + i for b. 5 Let c(i) = -i3 - 5i*2 + 9i + 19. Let r be c(-6). Suppose -g - r = -33. Solve -2a = -0a - 3n + 2, 0 = -4a - 3n + g for a. 5 Let s(r) = 3r*2 - 1142r - 2294. Let x be s(-2). Solve 2q - 4p + 14 = 0, -4q - p - xp - 6 = 0 for q. -3 Suppose 20 = -4l - 363s + 358s, -3l = -4s - 16. Solve l = j - 1, -2j - 5 = 2g - 5j for g. -1 Let j(z) = -120z2 + 3 + 14z + 3 + z*3 + 109z*2. Let h be j(10). Let a = 51 - h. Solve 0 = m + an - n - 20, -m - 10 = -2n for m. 0 Let g(w) = w2 - 20w - 18. Let x(k) = 7k + 6. Let j(d) = 3g(d) + 8x(d). Let u be j(3). Solve 0 = -4b + 5c + u, 4c = 3b + 2c + 2 for b. -4 Let o be ((-4)/(-3))/(6/(-36)-4). Let g = 7 - 10. Let j = o - g. Solve 2m + 2 = -5k, -jm + 2m + 4 = 4k for k. -2 Suppose -5v = -2q - 14, 210q + v - 19 = 205q. Solve 15z = 12z + 4o - q, z + 4o = 15 for z. 3 Let h be (-1940)/(-200) + 27/90. Solve 5a = 5f + 40, -6f = -7f - 5a + h for f. -5 Let d(i) = i3 - 7i*2 + 5i - 63. Let w be d(8). Solve 37g = wg - 2v + 12, 4g = -5v + 16 for g. -1 Let h(q) = q + 12. Let b be h(9). Suppose -3z = 38 - 44. Suppose -o + zj = 0, -3j + b = 2o - 0. Solve -u - 2g = -6u - 1, 0 = 3u - 3g + o for u. 1 Let t be (8 - -6) + 4/(-1 + -1). Suppose -4y = -ty. Solve -3q = -7q + 3s, -4q - 3s + 24 = y for q. 3 Let y = -271 - -274. Suppose 4q - 9 = -2w + 9, -yw + q = -13. Solve -wh - 3r = -0h, 0 = -2h - 3r for h. 0 Suppose 0 = -4g - 4l - 4, 4g + 327l - 26 = 329l. Let r(o) = -29o - 1. Let s be r(-1). Let w = s - 0. Solve -3y - y = 4b + w, y + 22 = -gb for b. -5 Suppose 0 = 80i - 68i - 192. Solve -3n - 14 = 3p - 8, -3p - i = -2n for n. 2 Let f(w) = -2w + 44. Let s = -231 + 250. Let i be f(s). Let p be 2/6 + 11/3. Solve -pv + iz - 4z - 12 = 0, -v + 11 = 3z for v. -1 Suppose -8h = 6h - 28. Let f(m) = -m3 + m2 + 5m - 2. Let t be f(h). Solve to + 4x = 5x + 9, o - 16 = 3x for o. 1 Suppose 0 = -4c - 16, 16r - 3c = 15r - 96. Let p be ((-9)/(r/(-16)))/((-8)/84). Solve -2x - 2l = -0l + p, x + 15 = -3l for x. -3 Suppose 2r - 55 = -3z, 0 = 18r - 16r - 5z - 15. Suppose u - 14 = -4q, ru - 22u + q + 1 = 0. Solve 0 = -t + b + u, 2b + 3b + 1 = 2t for t. 3 Suppose 2 = -43b + 174. Solve 5t = -10d + 5d - 20, bd = -20 for t. 1 Suppose 22u + 24974 - 25150 = 0. Solve 0 = 5n - 5y - 35, -4n + u = 29y - 28y for n. 3 Let d(j) = j2 + 65j - 828. Let c be d(-76). Solve -5t + 4t - 4w = 19, -w = -3t + c for t. 1 Let q(k) = -17k3 - 6k - 2. Let r(h) = h*3 - h. Let l(i) = q(i) - 5r(i). Let w be l(-1). Solve -2j - 5d = j - 13, 0 = j + 5d - w for j. -4 Let b = 30387 - 30383. Solve 0 = 4s + 20, -9 = -bn + 5s + 32 for n. 4 Let l(j) = -5j + 7 - 52 - 49 - 34. Let p be l(-28). Solve 5s - p = 2k, 0k = -s + k for s. 4 Let l(f) = f*3 - 10f*2 + f - 8. Let v be l(10). Suppose -5h = -2c + 3c - 17, 2c = h + 1. Solve -2p = -4, 2p + h = 5y + v for y. 1 Let j be 7 + -12 + -1 + (-18)/(-3). Suppose j = -104a + 108a - 20. Solve -2c + 2m + 4 = -m, -2c - am = 28 for c. -4 Suppose -3v + 3229 - 499 = 0. Suppose -vx = -905x - 25. Solve -11 = 3n - 5m, 0 = xn - 6m + 3m + 13 for n. -2 Let y be ((-3)/(-2))/((-36)/(-5376)). Suppose 62j - y = 58j. Suppose -jl + 54l = -10. Solve -4s + 13 = la, 0 = s + 1 + 2 for a. 5 Let p = 579 + -576. Suppose 270 = 51y + py. Suppose -r + 5i + 9 = -3, -5r + 4i + 60 = 0. Solve d = -2g + 3d + r, yd = 2g - 15 for g. 5 Let j(h) = -8h*2 + 9h - 15. Let u(l) = 3l2 - 4l + 7. Let b(d) = -2j(d) - 5u(d). Let w be b(2). Solve -5y = -wy - 2n + 6, n - 9 = 4y for y. -2 Let a be 4/((26 - 22)/(2 - 0)). Suppose m = ag - 6, g + 140m - 145m - 3 = 0. Solve 0 = 5p - gd + 8d, 4 = 2p + 4d for p. -2 Let b = -361 + 359. Let c be (b6/(-4))/(60/100). Solve -u + cu + 17 = 5y, u = -y + 7 for u. 2 Suppose 2d - 12 + 8 = 0. Let s be ((-22)/(-7) + -4)(-14)/d. Suppose sc + 5c = 110. Solve 5x - c = 0, -3g + 1 = -3x - 5 for g. 4 Let p be -143 + -5 - 5/1. Let k = 153 + p. Solve 5j + kj - 8 = 4n, -3j = 0 for n. -2 Suppose 0s - s = 0. Let z(g) = -3g - 40. Let v(t) = -t - 21. Let d(b) = 7v(b) - 3z(b). Let m be d(15). Solve s = -f - 2y - m, -f - 5y - 14 = -5f for f. 1 Let o be (0 - 3)3 - -3. Let q be (-165)/(-10)((-8)/o)/2. Solve 0y + q = -5p + 4y, -5p + 1 = -y for p. 1 Suppose -2f = -3f + 333. Suppose fk = 332k + 4. Solve kw = -3g + 8, 2g + 2g - 15 = -w for g. 4 Let c be (-272)/(-1768) + (-154)/(-13). Solve 9p - cp - 4m = 11, 0 = 5p + 2m + 23 for p. -5 Suppose 36w - 38 = 106. Suppose 5y - 5 = -3k, 5k = wy + 9k + 4. Solve 2x + 4 = -2t + 5t, 5 = -3x + yt for x. 1 Let a be 51/((-62)/8 + 7). Let i = a - -70. Solve 3p = io - 7o - 17, -3p + 2o + 11 = 0 for p. 1 Let g(d) = d*2 - 68d + 1122. Let c be g(40). Solve o - 7 = -4p + cp, -5p + 19 = 2o for p. 5 Suppose 89l - 135l + 71l = 300. Solve -5h - l = -3u, -5u + 6h + 20 = 5h for u. 4 Let v be -620(-6)/216 + 4/(-18). Solve -4j - 5t - 20 = 0, 14t - vt = 0 for j. -5 Let g be (-29)/(-30 + -57)(4 - 3/3). Let c(z) = z*2 + 2z - 3. Let w be c(2). Solve 2k - h + g - 7 = 0, -wh + 3 = k for k. 3 Suppose -21 = 33q - 36q. Suppose -qr - 18 = -67. Solve -5 = 3c - rp + 3p, -c - 1 = -2p for c. -3 Let z = -226 - -230. Suppose -zp + 4 = -4. Solve 3k = -2l + p, -4k - 1 = -l - 0 for l. 1 Suppose 33r = -38r + 84r - 52. Solve -5v + 2t = 2, 27t + 16 = -rv + 31t for v. 2 Let j be 0/(((-8)/6)/((99/(-27))/(-11))). Solve 3z = -2y + 3, j = -5y + 23z - 19z - 27 for y. -3 Let f(a) = a*2 - 9a + 20. Suppose 0 = -27x + 91 - 10. Let i be f(x). Solve 11 = -io + 3u, -3o = -2o - 5u + 23 for o. 2 Suppose -26w = -2 - 310. Suppose wn = 10n + 5v + 25, 4n + 5v = 5. Solve 3g + 8 + 9 = -ns, 3g - s + 11 = 0 for g. -4 Let t = -2369 + 2434. Solve -2j - 4c - 16 = 0, -61j + tj = -c - 4 for j. 0 Let j be 2((-1)/(-6))/((-6)/(-90)). Solve 5l + 3m = 3l - 10, -l = 2m + j for l. -5 Suppose 4j = -2f + 14, -5j - 15f + 13 = -11f. Solve a + 2 - 7 = o, 0 = 5o + j for a. 4 Let s = 22 - 17. Suppose -sk = 1 - 26. Let h(n) = 4n - 36. Let u be h(9). Solve -kf = 2l - 14 - 14, 5f - 5l = u for f. 4 Suppose 0 = l - 9l + 192. Suppose 0 = -3u - 3t, l = 5u - 5t + 2t. Suppose 7i + 2 = 23. Solve ix = j - u - 9, 2x - 2 = 4j for x. -5 Let b = 6609 + -6591. Solve 3s - b = -i, 2i - 24 = 5i - 4s for i. 0 Suppose -6c = -11c - 260. Let o = c + 55. Suppose 4z - 3z = o. Solve 0 = -5y - 0y - 2j - 6, -zy - 4j = 12 for y. 0 Let v = -11773 + 11780. Solve vq = 4i + 9q - 18, -5q = -2i - 21 for i. 2 Let i(h) = 126 + 2h2 + 6h*2 - 2h - 127 - h*2. Let j be i(-1). Solve 0 = -2n - a, 8 = 4*a - j for n. -2
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Calcium homeostasis and hypercalciuria in hyperprostaglandin E syndrome. Children with hyperprostaglandin E syndrome, a neonatal variant of Bartter syndrome with enhanced renal and systemic formation of prostaglandin E2, have hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis, and osteopenia. Because prostaglandin E2 affects tubular calcium handling, stimulates the formation of calcitriol in vitro, and has osteolytic activity, we studied calcium homeostasis and the influence of prostaglandin E2 formation on hypercalciuria in nine patients with hyperprostaglandin E syndrome during long-term indomethacin treatment and after its withdrawal. Suppression of prostaglandin E2 formation by indomethacin resulted in improvement of biochemical and clinical features of hyperprostaglandin E syndrome. However, hypercalciuria, osteopenia, and nephrocalcinosis did not completely resolve. Despite a low calcium diet, daily urinary calcium excretion was enhanced during and after withdrawal of indomethacin treatment (median 6.3, range 5.3 to 14, and median 9.4, range 4.4 to 38 mg/kg per day, respectively). Daily urinary calcium excretion was greater after withdrawal than during indomethacin treatment. Urinary calcium excretion was not correlated with urinary prostaglandin E2 excretion. Plasma levels of intact parathyroid hormone (median 11, range 6.8 to 12 pmol/L) and calcitriol (median 157, range 108 to 236 pg/ml) were elevated during indomethacin treatment and decreased after withdrawal of indomethacin. These data suggest that hypercalciuria in hyperprostaglandin E syndrome is mainly due to a renal leak of calcium, which is caused by enhanced renal formation of prostaglandin E2 and a tubular defect not related to prostaglandin E2 formation. There is no evidence for prostaglandin-stimulated calcitriol formation. Decreasing plasma levels of parathyroid hormone in the presence of renal calcium losses after withdrawal of indomethacin treatment may be due to a bone resorption process caused by systemic prostaglandin formation; the process may contribute to hypercalciuria in the patient not receiving indomethacin.
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Meta Brexit Euro lies There are a number of myths that the Brexit campaigns keep repeating about the EU which are so obviously false that the only reason that they keep being pulled out can only be to mislead the voting public. Here are three big ones that I have heard or seen in the last few days. The EU is not democratic. The EU is democratic, with one directly elected legislature chamber (the European Parliament) , one indirectly elected legislature chamber (the Council of Ministers) and an unelected executive (the European Commission) who are nominated by elected National Governments but approved by & directly answerable to the European Parliament. This compares favourably with the British system where we have one elected legislature chamber (House of Commons, where a party with 35% of the popular vote can get a majority), an unelected legislature chamber (the House of Lords, with over 800…
[Edema in nervous tissue studied on model of hemorrhagic stroke in vitro]. The development of edema in the survival olfactory cortex slices under the long-term action of autoblood has been studied by monitoring the bioelectric activity of nervous cells. The level of disorder in electrogenesis of cells was revealed by comparing the focal potentials with their control values; the degree of the nervous tissue swelling in various periods of autoblood action was determined by weighing. In the model of hemorrhagic stroke, the dependence of edema growth on the level of activity of ionotropic glutamate receptors has been determined using the pharmacological blockade technique.
Jan Mandijn Jan Mandijn or Jan Mandyn (c.1500, Haarlem –c.1560, Antwerp) was a Dutch Renaissance painter, who worked in Antwerp after 1530. Biography Mandijn trained in Haarlem. He moved to Antwerp in 1530. He was the teacher of Jan van der Elburcht, Gillis Mostaert and Bartholomeus Spranger. He died in Antwerp. Work Only one signed work of Mandijn survives, the Temptation of Saint Anthony (Frans Hals Museum in Haarlem). It is similar in style to Hieronymus Bosch and that is why he is called a follower of Bosch. This is confirmed by the early biographer Karel van Mander who wrote that Mandijn was good at painting spooky and funny scenes like Hieronymus Bosch. The 'Temptation' is inspired by Bosch’s work, but Mandijn's style was freer and looser and the colours and fantastic creatures are less harmonious. As a result the whole is less powerful than Bosch. Mandijn's paintings incorporate the elements typical of Bosch such as hybrid demons composed of various parts of insects, amphibians, reptiles and birds. The stylistic features of Mandijn's style have been identified in a series of Antwerp ‘devil pictures’ that have been attributed to him, such as the Temptation of Saint Christopher (Alte Pinakothek in Munich). A recent study showed that Mandijn was also proficient in the "antique" manner. In 1552, for instance, the painter and his workshop completed a monumental altarpiece in a classicizing style for the Church of Saint Eustace in Zichem. The triptych with scenes from the life of Saint Eustace is still preserved in the afore-mentioned church. References External link Category:1500 births Category:1560 deaths Category:Dutch Renaissance painters Category:Artists from Haarlem
Transplantation of endothelial progenitor cells improves neovascularization and left ventricular function after myocardial infarction in a rat model. Cell transplantation has recently emerged as a novel therapy for ischemic heart disease. The presented study investigated the effect of intramyocardial transfer of human endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and stromal-cell derived factor-1alpha (SDF-1alpha) on left ventricular function in a chronic setting after myocardial infarction in cyclosporine treated rats. BrdU-labeled EPCs (10(6)), 10 microg SDF-1alpha, EPCs+SDF-1alpha or placebo medium were injected directly into the border infarct zone 4 weeks after acute myocardial infarction. Eight weeks after transplantation, echocardiography identified significantly improved fractional shortening after EPC or EPCs+SDF-1alpha injection as compared with injection of placebo medium. Investigating isolated hearts revealed a significant increase in left ventricular developing pressure after transplantation of SDF-1alpha or EPCs+SDF-1alpha. Furthermore, coronary flow rates were significantly elevated, especially after transplantation of EPCs+SDF-1alpha (under catecholamine stress 24.2 +/- 1.55 ml/min vs. 13.1 +/- 1 ml/min in the control) correlating with increased density of CD31+ vessel structures in the EPC as well as EPCs+SDF-1alpha groups, thus defining a higher rate of neovascularization. Notably, SDF-1alpha injected hearts showed only a trend towards improvement in coronary flow. BrdU+ signals were detected in infarct areas, partially integrating into vascular networks. The rate of apoptotic cells as well as the amount of inflammatory cells was significantly elevated in the placebo control group. In conclusion, transplantation of EPCs as well as EPCs+SDF-1alpha associated with improvement in cardiac function after infarction, which was attributable to enhanced neovascularization and decreased inflammation. These results imply a combined benefit of EPCs+SDF-1alpha in the treatment of myocardial infarction.
Use of percutaneous endoscopy to place syringopleural or cystoperitoneal cerebrospinal fluid shunts: technical note. The authors describe a technique for percutaneous endoscopic shunt placement to treat clinically symptomatic spinal cysts. Seven patients underwent the procedure--five with syringomyelia, one with a symptomatic perineurial cyst, and one with a large arachnoid cyst. In all patients the shunt was successfully placed, and clinical improvement occurred in six. In four patients the entire procedure was performed endoscopically, whereas in three conversion to an open surgical exposure was required for safe access of a syrinx cavity. Overall, however, the pleural or peritoneal catheter was successfully placed endoscopically in all seven patients. There were two cases of postoperative positional headaches of which one required valve revision. In one case the catheter migrated and required repositioning. Percutaneous endoscopic shunt placement appears feasible in appropriately selected patients.
CategoriesCategories Solar P1 Adjustable Anti-Twist Bankstick 9-13ins Solar Tackle's precision-engineered P1 range is CAD designed to the highest specifications and precision engineered in Solar Tackle's UK headquarters. FEATURES Bankstick Top - 5-Spoke Diamond-Grip top with a 8/3ins BSF to fit any buzzbar, bite alarm, back rest or similar fi tting. Hand built from high-grade stainless steel to provide a lifetime of trouble-free service. Ground Driver Point - Designed and shaped for easy use on even the hardest of grounds. A NEW GENERATION OF STAINLESS In keeping with being credited as being known as the original stainless brand, Solar have 'reset the bar' yet again. Designed from a blank sheet of paper upwards, every item has then been meticulously hand crafted to the same exacting standards that anglers have come to expect from Solar. No stone has been left unturned in the refining of the P1 range.Made in England from the highest quality stainless steel components, reliability and a lifetime of use comes as standard with every item. Subtle, 1K carbon detailing runs throughout the range, which has been integrated with the stainless components to give a unique look to the product range. Coupled with the unique, 5-spoke, diamond-knurled, super grip collars, the P1 range is unmistakable and unquestionably desirable. Solar's original, Pozi-Loc alignment feature has been incorporated into all of the P1 buzz bars. Their unique Taper-Loc feature on the buzzer bars has been further refined, ensuring that the Screwless Adjustment system provides faultless, secure aligned adjustment and a streamlined finish throughout the range. Utilising 3/8ins BSF threads, the P1 range is universally compatible with all bank sticks, bite alarms, back rests etc and of course, all previous Solar Tackle bank ware.
Weather affects somatic cell counts By: South Dakota State University Extension Service, South Dakota State University Extension Service BROOKINGS, S.D. — Wet weather conditions experienced in eastern South Dakota increase the risk of mastitis and the resultant increase in somatic cell counts on dairies, says Alvaro Garcia, South Dakota State University Extension dairy specialist. “Some herds have already experienced moderate spikes in somatic cell counts in their milk during the month of May, an indication that an inflammation process is occurring in the udder,” Garcia says. This comes at a time when counts state-wide have trended downward. “Dairy somatic cell counts have seen constant improvements in the state,” Garcia says. In the past five years, dairy herds in the Dairy Herd Improvement Association in South Dakota have improved somatic cell counts by nearly 21 percent from 282,000 to 255,000. He adds that during the last year alone, this improvement was 13 percent from 255,000 to 222,000. What to do if your counts increase If producers need to address a sudden increase in somatic cells during wet weather, Garcia says they should consider two main areas. First, make sure an adequate milking protocol is followed. “Place particular emphasis on stripping (at least three squirts) to eliminate the most contaminated milk first, which is the one present in the teat cistern,” he says. Make sure that teat dip coverage is thorough and that it remains in contact with the skin for at least 20 seconds. Garcia says using clean, dry towels to wipe the teats clean is critical. “Make sure cloth towels are washed properly with detergent and bleach, and the temperature setting in the machine is on hot — not just warm,” Garcia says. Do not overload the washing machine, as this will not allow for a good washing cycle. Make sure the drier is not overloaded, also to allow towels to dry completely. Ask employees to maintain the towel bins closed while not being in use to prevent manure from splashing on the clean towels. Cutting a relatively small round hole on the lid of the tote through which the towels can be retrieved will reduce the chances of them getting soiled while in the parlor. Second, he says producers should focus on cow comfort and cleanliness. “Make sure bedding is replaced as often as possible, and that it is clean and dry,” he says. He says deep bedding replaced less often is worse than more-shallow bedding that producers replace daily. “Those producers that use recycled manure solids or bedded packs as bedding must take extra precautions during wet weather by removing solid bedding often,” Garcia says. “These two types of bedding are high in organic matter and an increase in moisture will promote bacteria proliferation.” In addition, Garcia says manure-soiled water from alleys is more likely to splash on udders in barns that are not cleaned regularly. It happens more often when cows are moved rapidly from the parlor. In general, Garcia says milking protocols have been more consistent and milk quality has improved when the same person takes care of stripping, pre-dipping, drying the teats and attaching the unit. A producer who wants to revisit the milking procedure of his employees can contact SDSU Extension dairy specialists for help. “It is easier to correct any milking procedural drifts early than to wait after somatic cells increase too much,” Garcia says. A producer interested in establishing a clinic for dairy, or needing to work with an SDSU Extension Specialist, may contact an SDSU Extension Regional Center or call the SDSU dairy science department at 605-688-4166.
Joe Biden is very lucky that the media is protecting him at every turn. He has so much baggage from his past gaffes and racist comments that the media completely ignores. After his disastrous performance in the Democratic Debate last week, the Washington Post wrote an article about how Biden did just fine in the debate. That’s laughable! There were many gaffes and odd moments during the three-hour debate that it’s hard to keep them straight. At one point, Biden even had his dentures pop out of place! One more thing the media is ignoring is the racism from Biden. A video has surfaced where Biden is proudly touting that he can match up with Southern candidates because Deleware was a “slave state”. In fact, on several occasions, Biden spewed the talking point. On at least 3 occasions in 2006, Joe Biden touted Delaware's history as a "slave state." pic.twitter.com/NzK4AxB2cQ — Trump War Room (@TrumpWarRoom) September 15, 2019 This goes hand in hand with what Biden said during the debate last week about black families. He claimed the black parents don’t know any better and need help raising their children. Unbelievable! While the record player moment in the transcript and video below is getting the most attention for being out of step, the more important thing to pick up on is Biden’s racism. The bold print below points out Biden’s inherent belief that blacks need help raising their children because they “don’t know quite what to do.” Transcript of Biden’s answer below: I propose that what we take is those very poor schools, the Title I schools, triple the amount of money we spend from 15 to $45 billion a year. Give every single teacher a raise, the equal raise to getting out ― the $60,000 level. Number two, make sure that we bring in to help the teachers deal with the problems that come from home. The problems that come from home, we need ― we have one school psychologist for every 1,500 kids in America today. It’s crazy. The teachers are ― I’m married to a teacher. My deceased wife is a teacher. They have every problem coming to them. We have ― make sure that every single child does, in fact, have 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds go to school. School. Not daycare. School. Should Trump appoint a new Supreme Court Justice before the election? Yes No Just show the results Enter your email to see the results... * Comments This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged. Completing this poll entitles you to 100 Percent Fed Up updates free of charge. You may opt out at anytime with a single click. Here's our Privacy Policy. We bring social workers into homes and parents to help them deal with how to raise their children. It’s not that they don’t want to help. They don’t ― they don’t know quite what to do. Play the radio, make sure the television ― excuse me, make sure you have the record player on at night, the ― the ― make sure that kids hear words. A kid coming from a very poor school ― a very poor background will hear 4 million words fewer spoken by the time they get there. Biden is not as Biden was‼️ 👨‍⚕️ Two brain surgeries in 1989 & a clear decline happening RIGHT NOW ‼️ 🎪 This is the best the Democrats can put forward⁉️🎪pic.twitter.com/W8wW6DqIGg — John 🐘 (@NobamaDotCom) September 13, 2019 Wow! It’s hard to unpack all that Biden said.
Osteotomy of the fusion mass in scoliosis. The value of an osteotomy of the fusion mass in attaining realignment of the spine when a lateral shift of the trunk over the pelvis has developed in the frontal plane was studied in fifty-five patients. All had had a previously fused but progressive spinal deformity. The indications for osteotomy were progression of the curve, imbalance of the trunk, pain, deteriorating cardiopulmonary function, or pseudarthrosis, or a combination of these conditions. Twenty-one patients had idiopathic scoliosis; fourteen, congenital scoliosis; ten, paralytic scoliosis; four, myelodysplastic scoliosis; and six had scoliosis secondary to miscellaneous conditions. A total of 154 osteotomies of the fusion mass, or 2.8 osteotomies per patient, were performed. Nine patients underwent an anterior spinal osteotomy or wedge resection as well. Most had a two-stage procedure which consisted of a posterior osteotomy, halo-femoral traction, and a posterior re-fusion with Harrington instrumentation two weeks later. At an average follow-up of thirty-two months, it was found that osteotomy of the fusion mass enabled the surgeon to realign the trunk over the pelvis and to correct pelvis obliquity, but correction of the angular deformity was only secondary. Although the rate of complications was high (51 per cent, including one postoperative death), osteotomy of the fusion mass and re-fusion may be indicated in a patient with a previously fused but progressively unbalanced, painful deformity of the spine.
NavG is a part of the AUV Sentry vehicle tracking console that allows the Operations team, ship, and science users to monitor the progress of the vehicle's progress while underway. This user interface is, in general, set up in the Sentry Operations watchstanding station as well as at ship's bridge so that the team and the ship can closely communicate to optimize Sentry navigation by monitoring the same real-time information. Scientists could preview NavG on one of the lab monitors upon request to track the mission progress in part of their strategizing the next science activities. ** For Sentry's electrical and mechanical interfaces that can integrate users sensors and equipment, please visit AUV Sentry's Systems and Sensors page.
I did a test last week where we shot an old Marlin Goose Gun with a 36 inch barrel and compared it to other shotguns with shorter barrels but with the same chokes. We wanted to see if the extra barrel length would cause the patterns to “tighten up”. The results were kind of surprising, as they indicated that barrel length had nothing to do with pattern size. Only the choke mattered. You can read about it here: Does a [...] I am very fortunate to have a great Pastor at my church. Not only is he a great preacher, but he is also my very good friend. And, he is a gun nut. He recently told me that he had gotten an old shotgun from his Dad. It is a Marlin Goose Gun, also sometimes called a “Long Tom”. It has a 36 inch barrel. Marlin marketed these to goose hunters with the understanding that they would “reach way up” and knock down the [...] My friend Matt came to go shooting with me and we were going to shoot our Ruger 22/45 pistols with our suppressors on them. Matt said, “I have this new thing you need to see. It is amazing.” It is a device called The Ultimate Cliploader and is made by McFadden Machine Co. Inc. It is made to quickly and easily charge the magazines for a .22 pistol. The problem is that with a Ruger 22/45, the magazines are very hard to [...] You may remember that while I was waiting for my suppressor, I ordered a .22 rifle to use it on. It is a Ruger American Rifle. Here’s the link: http://www.theboxotruth.com/the-ruger-american-rimfire-rifle/ Well, I got the suppressor and it was time to try it out. First, here’s the rifle without the suppressor. Tests have shown that it will have an average of 140 decibels of sound without a can. With the can, [...] I don’t know why it took me so long to realize my dire need for a suppressor, but I finally got one. It took right at 9 months from ordering the suppressor and filing the paper work with the BATF before I got my stamp and could pick up the suppressor. First, let’s talk about the suppressor and what it does. Suppressors “suppress” the sound of a firearm firing. They are also called “silencers” or even [...]
Alzheimer's Care Info Alzheimer's Care Summary:Alzheimer's care providers offer personalized care for individuals who suffer from Alzheimer's disease. They are able to provide Alzheimer's care for people with memory loss, dementia, or other symptoms. Alzheimer's Care FAQs:What is Alzheimer's Care ?An Alzheimer's Care provider is a caretaker who specializes in caring for people who suffer from Alzheimer's disease. What does a provider of Alzheimer's Care do?An Alzheimer's Care provider takes care of people who suffer from Alzheimer's disease, helping them with everyday activities such as dressing, eating and grooming. Wellness.com does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment nor do we verify or endorse any specific business or professional listed on the site. Wellness.com does not verify the accuracy or efficacy of user generated content, reviews, ratings or any published content on the site. Use of this website constitutes acceptance of the Terms of Use.
1993 Swiss Indoors The 1993 Swiss Indoors was a men's tennis tournament played on indoor hard court at the St. Jakobshalle in Basel, Switzerland that was part of the World Series of the 1993 ATP Tour. It was the 24th edition of the tournament and was held from 26 September until 2 October 1993. Second-seeded Michael Stich, who entered on a wildcard, won the singles title. Future world no. 1 Roger Federer appeared as a ball boy in this tournament. Finals Singles Michael Stich defeated Stefan Edberg 6–4, 6–7(5–7), 6–3, 6–2 It was Stich's 4th singles title of the year and the 11th of his career. Doubles Byron Black / Jonathan Stark defeated Brad Pearce / Dave Randall 3–6, 7–5, 6–3 References External links ITF tournament edition profile Swiss Indoors Category:Swiss Indoors Category:1993 in Swiss sport
How to Calculate a Sequence's Terms by Using the Sequence Expression If you're given a few terms of a sequence, you can often use these terms to find the general formula for the sequence. If you're given the general formula (complete with n as the variable), you can find the nth term of the sequence by plugging in the position number for n. The general formula for any sequence involves the letter n, which is the position of the term in the sequence (the first term would be n = 1, and the 20th term would be n = 20), as well as the rule to find each term. You can find any term of a sequence by plugging n into the general formula, which gives you specific instructions on what to do with this value n. Unless otherwise noted, the first term of any sequence {an} begins with n = 1. The next n always goes up by 1.
(defn f [[[a b] c & d]] (println 'a (inc a) 'b b 'c c) nothing) (main [_] (f (either (maybe [["19" 3] 4 6]) nothing)) (println 'done))
Functional dissection of human protease mu-calpain in cell migration using RNAi. Calpains are a family of calcium-dependent cysteine proteases involved in a variety of cellular functions. Two isoforms, m-calpain and mu-calpain, have been implicated in cell migration. However, since conventional inhibitors used for the studies of the functions of these enzymes lack specificity, the individual physiological function and biochemical mechanism of these two isoforms, especially mu-calpain, are not clear. In contrast, RNA interference has the potential to allow a sequence-specific destruction of target RNA for functional assay of gene of interest. In the present study, we found that small interfering RNAs-mediated knockdown of mu-calpain expression in MCF-7 cells that do not express m-Calpain led to a reduction of cell migration. This isoform-specific function of mu-calpain was further confirmed by the rescue experiment as overexpression of mu-calpain but not m-calpain could restore the cell migration rate. Knockdown of mu-calpain also altered cell morphology with increased filopodial projections and a highly elongated tail that seemed to prevent cell spreading and migration with reduced rear detachment ability. Furthermore, knockdown of mu-calpain decreased the proteolytic products of filamin and talin, which were specifically rescued by overexpression of mu-calpain but not m-calpain, suggesting that their proteolysis could be one of the key mechanisms by which mu-calpain regulates cell migration.
Factors related to patients' nutritional state after orthognathic surgery. The purpose of this study was to evaluate patients' nutritional state after orthognathic surgery. The subjects were 40 female patients with dentofacial deformity aged 17-33 years who were undergoing bilateral sagittal splitting ramus osteotomy. Twenty patients were treated with intermaxillary fixation, and 20 patients were treated without intermaxillary fixation. Age and body mass index (kg/m2) were assessed as physical factors, operation time, blood loss, and amount of mandibular movement with or without intermaxillary fixation were assessed as operation stress factors, and the following laboratory data, total protein, serum albumin, total cholesterol, total lymphocytes, and cholinesterase were assessed as nutritional state factors at 1 and 2 weeks after surgery. Statistical analysis was performed for body weight loss and relationship between body weight loss and examination factors. Body weight significantly decreased 2.3% at 1 week and 3.9% at 2 weeks after surgery rather than preoperation. All laboratory data except total lymphocyte were decreased at 1 week after surgery and still remained significantly decreased at 2 weeks after surgery. There was a statistically significant relationship between body weight loss at 1 week after surgery and operation time. These results indicate that long operation time caused body weight loss in orthognathic surgery.
Good sci-fi writing, in games and other media, require scientific understanding to create a believable universe--there are no shortcuts. Basic, conceptual knowledge of the subject you're trying to write about will make you a better writer. Subscribe for new episodes every Wednesday! http://bit.ly/SubToEC (---More below) (Original air date: December 7, 2011) _______ Get your Extra Credits gear at the store! http://bit.ly/ExtraStore Play games with us on Extra Play! http://bit.ly/WatchEXP Watch more episodes from this season of Extra Credits! http://bit.ly/2n8QcIn Contribute community subtitles to Extra Credits: http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?c=UCCODtTcd5M1JavPCOr_Uydg&tab=2 Talk to us on Twitter (@ExtraCreditz): http://bit.ly/ECTweet Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/ECFBPage Get our list of recommended games on Steam: http://bit.ly/ECCurator _________ Would you like James to speak at your school or organization? For info, contact us at: contact@extra-credits.net _________ ♪ IntroMusic: "Penguin Cap" by CarboHydroM http://bit.ly/1eIHTDS ♪ Outro Music: "SR388" by CursedLemon http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ienyt-vWihE In which Brandon introduces his winter 2012 class at Brigham Young University on creative writing for science fiction and fantasy authors. Next up: "Ideas are Cheap" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3JlBLG7xOI . See all the lectures in one place at http://www.writeaboutdragons.com/home/brandon_w2012/ Help us caption & translate this video! http://amara.org/v/CVfw/ 3 EasySteps for World Buildinghttp://www.writers-realm.com/ One of the most difficult aspects of writing a work of fiction is world building. World building refers to the construction of a fictional universe. In literary fiction, the hard work has already been done for you—the author uses the real world for the setting of their work. However, for those of us who craft and live in the fantasy and Sci-Fi genres, world building is a distinct challenge and fraught with dangers. In this article, author Vic Salinas will present to you three easy steps for world building that he's found handy in his own work—both in the Grauwelt books and other creative projects. You can also read this content as an article here: http://www.writers-realm.com/3-easy-steps-for-world-building/ *****DON'T FORGET TO COMMENT, SHARE, & SUBSCRIBE!***** published:26 Jan 2016 views:33104 It's time to crush those filthy rebels for the glory of the Empire! Evil empires are common in science fiction and fantasy. This video will show you how to take an extremely interesting topic rich in history and potential, and boil it down into a boring cliché! As always you can read my real thoughts on evil empires here: http://jpbeaubien.com/terrible-writing-advice-chapter-10-evil-empires/ Check out BestFantasy Books HQ review of my book here: http://www.bestfantasybookshq.com/aeon-legion-labyrinth-beaubien/ Check out their YouTube Channel Here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCaus8WEZ0kjOzvzB8RsW4rA Read my sf-books.com interview here: http://sf-books.com/2017/02/12/j-p-beaubien-gives-us-terrible-writing-advice-and-a-book-of-some-pretty-good-writing/ SOCIAL MEDIA LINKS My Website: http://jpbeaubien.com/ My Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/authorJPBeaubien/ My Twitter: https://twitter.com/JosephPBeaubien My Goodreads: https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/15180667.J_P_Beaubien Buy my book!: http://mybook.to/AeonLegionBook1 CREDITS Music: "Quirky Dog", "MonkeysSpinning Monkeys", and "Son of a Rocket" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution3.0License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ All other music tracks from www.bricktrick.de published:17 Feb 2017 views:529284 For such an important and well-loved genre, sci-fi is rather difficult to define. Is it space opera? High-brow philosophical parables? Serious speculation about the future of technology? Is it all of those things? And then, what isn't it? In this episode, we attempt to "solve" this puzzling genre by answering one simple question: "what is science fiction?" Audible ➤ http://amzn.to/2xlMBM8 Join the community for discussion and daily posts! Support us on Patreon! ➤ https://www.patreon.com/TaleFoundry TaleFoundry ➤ https://thetalefoundry.wordpress.com/ Facebook ➤ http://www.facebook.com/TaleFoundry Twitter ➤ http://www.twitter.com/TheTaleFoundry Tumblr ➤ http://www.TaleFoundry.tumblr.com Discord ➤ https://discord.gg/ZN3TYrr ▬▬▬▬ What is Tale Foundry? ▬▬▬▬ If fiction were a material, we would be its manufacturing plant. We take apart stories to see what makes them tick, then recycle what we find to create our own. Every month we make a video discussing what we've discovered, a list of interesting ideas, and then, finally, an original short story that makes use of all the new material. Episodes ➤ https://goo.gl/rdzcn5 Lists ➤ https://goo.gl/7Msq3v Stories ➤ https://goo.gl/VjnLBR Also, if you find anything worth writing about in any of our videos, we take fan-submitted stories as well! Visit our website for more info: https://thetalefoundry.wordpress.com/contact/ ▬▬▬▬ Support Us▬▬▬▬ https://www.patreon.com/TaleFoundry Our videos will always be available on Youtube for free, but there's extra content waiting on our Patreon for those who choose to support us: •Voting — Every month we let our patrons vote for which theme they'd like us to cover the following month; higher-tier patrons get to suggest themes for the poll •Updates and Previews — Get a sneak peek at what we're working on before anyone else ▬▬▬▬ PastThemes ▬▬▬▬ •View all of our past series here: https://goo.gl/6npTCg ▬▬▬▬ Tale Foundry Team ▬▬▬▬ •Talebot — the talent •The Taleoids — the talent's helpers •ChloeMansfield — writing/research/content manager •Benjamin Cook — writing/art/channel owner ▬▬▬▬ Credit/Attributions ▬▬▬▬ The following resources were used in accordance with (17 U.S.C. Section 107) United States "Fair Use" Doctrine: •Music: —Tale Foundry themes by Rohan Parry (https://soundcloud.com/midimachine) —“Inventing the Future”, by Kinoton: https://soundcloud.com/kinotonmusic —“Exploration”, by Axivis: https://soundcloud.com/axivis —“Again Again”, by Warm •Video Footage: —Footage from “I AMLegend Animated Comics 3: Shelter”, by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment —Footage from “Nosferatu: A Symphony of Horror”, by F.W. Murnau •Research: —“Speculative Fiction”: http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/SpeculativeFiction —“SlidingScale of Realistic vs. Fantasy”: http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/SlidingScaleOfRealisticVersusFantastic —“Sci-fiGhetto”: http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/ScifiGhetto —“On the Poetics of the Science Fiction -Genre”, by Darko Suvin —“A Historical Look at Why Science Fiction AlwaysGetsScrewed at the Oscars”: https://www.inverse.com/article/27692-oscars-scifi-science-fiction-arrival-star-wars-2001-kubrik —“Science Fiction Awards are Basically Bullshit”: https://www.inverse.com/article/28274-nebulas-2016-science-fiction-awards-books —“Why no Sci-fi movie ever won Best Picture”: https://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/Movies/2016/0225/Oscars-2016-Why-has-no-sci-fi-movie-ever-won-Best-Picture —“Why Science fiction authors can’t win”: https://galacticbrain.com/why-science-fiction-authors-cant-win/ ▬▬▬▬ SpecialThanks to our Patreon Engineers ▬▬▬▬ —Arch di Angelo —Aaron Hislop —Andrew Jacobson —Daniel Alexander —Darragh Counihan —Eric Porter —Jezz is Cheese —Kidjchai Yingseri —Nik Maier —Quinn —Rachel Reeves —RPGgrenade - RocketMooseX —StefanieDomingo —TuckerWhite —Zeth Crowley published:22 Sep 2017 views:25495 Tim Poston tells about every detailing that goes into writing a science fiction. Every component in a fictional book is supported by existing scientific theories. He explains the geographical intricacies of a different planet which plays the backdrop in the story. He presents the fictional story in a factually believable manner by providing phenomenal explanation. Timothy "Tim" Poston (born 19 June 1945 in St Albans, Hertfordshire) is an English mathematician best known for his work on catastrophe theory. His 1972Ph.D at the University of Warwick was directed by Christopher Zeeman on "FuzzyGeometry". Tim specializes in geometry, graphics, algorithm design, human-computer interaction, medical imaging, patent writing and singularity theory.[4] His books on catastrophe theory and on differential geometry and relativity are still in print after a third of a century. This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx published:30 Jan 2017 views:1035 Day 2 in a ROWWW. There's a weird bit around the one hour mark where the stream cut out because I used spotlight. Note to self: don't use spotlight while streaming! Watch live at http://www.twitch.tv/futurepaul published:25 Nov 2015 views:913 View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-build-a-fictional-world-kate-messner Why is J.R.R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings trilogy so compelling? How about The Matrix or Harry Potter? What makes these disparate worlds come alive are clear, consistent rules for how people, societies -- and even the laws of physics -- function in these fictional universes. AuthorKate Messner offers a few tricks for you, too, to create a world worth exploring in your own words. Lesson by Kate Messner, animation by Avi Ofer. published:09 Jan 2014 views:3738297 HOW TO WRITE AN EPICSCIENCE FICTION OPENING SCORE USING VARIOUS PROJECTSAM SAMPLE LIBRARIES. Sample libraries used in this video: Symphobia 1, 2 & 3: https://www.projectsam.com/Symphobia TrueStrike 1: https://www.projectsam.com/Products/True-Strike-Series/1386 ConcertHarp: https://www.projectsam.com/Products/Other-Libraries/1357 Sequencer software used is Apple's Logic Pro X. Watch our other how-to tutorials here on this channel and download the project file to open it on your own system via the Tutorials section on our website: https://www.projectsam.com/tutorials Copyright notice: the music compositions featured in this tutorial are offered to you for educational and referencing purposes only and may not be used or distributed commercially. Enjoy! www.projectsam.com Definitions Science fiction is difficult to define, as it includes a wide range of subgenres and themes. Author and editor Damon Knight summed up the difficulty, saying "science fiction is what we point to when we say it", a definition echoed by author Mark C. Glassy, who argues that the definition of science fiction is like the definition of pornography: you do not know what it is, but you know it when you see it. Extra Credits Extra Credits is a video lessonseries presented by game designer James Portnow, animator/narrator Daniel Floyd, and artists Allison Theus, Elisa "LeeLee" Scaldaferri, Scott DeWitt, and Dan Jones. The series of videos discuss issues pertinent to video games and game studies, particularly discussing issues concerning video game development, addressing the legitimacy of video games as art, and creating intellectual discourse on important issues in gaming culture. The series was developed directly from a series of lecture videos by Floyd and Portnow, informally known as "Video Games And...", which ran sporadically from February 17, 2008 to April 16, 2010. The series originally aired on The Escapist from July 28, 2010 to August 10, 2011, before being split off over a financial dispute. Between September 7, 2011 and December 31, 2013, the show aired on PATV, a distribution channel hosted by Penny Arcade, whose downsizing of partner services after the latter date was cited as the reason for the show's subsequent "move" to YouTube, where the show is currently aired. In addition, the episodes have been syndicated on many websites, including ScrewAttack and the creators' own EC Network. Fiction Fiction is a term used to classify any story created by the imagination, rather than based strictly on history or fact. Fiction can be expressed in a variety of formats, including writings, live performances, films, television programs, video games, and role-playing games, though the term originally and most commonly refers to the major narrative forms of literature (see literary fiction), including the novel, novella, short story, and play. Fiction constitutes an act of creative invention, so that faithfulness to reality is not typically assumed; in other words, fiction is not expected to present only characters who are actual people or descriptions that are factually true. The context of fiction is generally open to interpretation, due to fiction's freedom from any necessary embedding in reality; however, some fictional works are claimed to be, or marketed as, historically or factually accurate, complicating the traditional distinction between fiction and non-fiction. Fiction is a classification or category, rather than a specific mode or genre, unless used in a narrower sense as a synonym for a particular literary fiction form. In the 17th and 18th centuries scientists increasingly sought to formulate knowledge in terms of laws of nature. Over the course of the 19th century, the word "science" became increasingly associated with the scientific method itself, as a disciplined way to study the natural world. It was in the 19th century that scientific disciplines such as physics, chemistry, and biology reached their modern shapes. The same time period also included the origin of the terms "scientist" and "scientific community," the founding of scientific institutions, and increasing significance of the interactions with society and other aspects of culture. Technobabble - Bad Writing Makes Bad Sci-Fi - Extra Credits Good sci-fi writing, in games and other media, require scientific understanding to create a believable universe--there are no shortcuts. Basic, conceptual knowledge of the subject you're trying to write about will make you a better writer. Subscribe for new episodes every Wednesday! http://bit.ly/SubToEC (---More below) (Original air date: December 7, 2011) _______ Get your Extra Credits gear at the store! http://bit.ly/ExtraStore Play games with us on Extra Play! http://bit.ly/WatchEXP Watch more episodes from this season of Extra Credits! http://bit.ly/2n8QcIn Contribute community subtitles to Extra Credits: http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?c=UCCODtTcd5M1JavPCOr_Uydg&tab=2 Talk to us on Twitter (@ExtraCreditz): http://bit.ly/ECTweet Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/ECFBPage Get our list of recommended games on Steam: http://bit.ly/ECCurator _________ Would you like James to speak at your school or organization? For info, contact us at: contact@extra-credits.net _________ ♪ IntroMusic: "Penguin Cap" by CarboHydroM http://bit.ly/1eIHTDS ♪ Outro Music: "SR388" by CursedLemon http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ienyt-vWihE Brandon Sanderson Lecture 1: Intro to Sci-Fi/Fantasy Writing (1/5) In which Brandon introduces his winter 2012 class at Brigham Young University on creative writing for science fiction and fantasy authors. Next up: "Ideas are Cheap" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3JlBLG7xOI . See all the lectures in one place at http://www.writeaboutdragons.com/home/brandon_w2012/ Help us caption & translate this video! http://amara.org/v/CVfw/ 3 Easy Steps for World Building 3 EasySteps for World Buildinghttp://www.writers-realm.com/ One of the most difficult aspects of writing a work of fiction is world building. World building refers to the construction of a fictional universe. In literary fiction, the hard work has already been done for you—the author uses the real world for the setting of their work. However, for those of us who craft and live in the fantasy and Sci-Fi genres, world building is a distinct challenge and fraught with dangers. In this article, author Vic Salinas will present to you three easy steps for world building that he's found handy in his own work—both in the Grauwelt books and other creative projects. You can also read this content as an article here: http://www.writers-realm.com/3-easy-steps-for-world-building/ *****DON'T FORGET TO COMMENT, SHARE, & SUBSCRIBE!***** 5:40 EVIL EMPIRES - Terrible Writing Advice EVIL EMPIRES - Terrible Writing Advice EVIL EMPIRES - Terrible Writing Advice It's time to crush those filthy rebels for the glory of the Empire! Evil empires are common in science fiction and fantasy. This video will show you how to take an extremely interesting topic rich in history and potential, and boil it down into a boring cliché! As always you can read my real thoughts on evil empires here: http://jpbeaubien.com/terrible-writing-advice-chapter-10-evil-empires/ Check out BestFantasy Books HQ review of my book here: http://www.bestfantasybookshq.com/aeon-legion-labyrinth-beaubien/ Check out their YouTube Channel Here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCaus8WEZ0kjOzvzB8RsW4rA Read my sf-books.com interview here: http://sf-books.com/2017/02/12/j-p-beaubien-gives-us-terrible-writing-advice-and-a-book-of-some-pretty-good-writing/ SOCIAL MEDIA LINKS My Website: http://jpbeaubien.com/ My Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/authorJPBeaubien/ My Twitter: https://twitter.com/JosephPBeaubien My Goodreads: https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/15180667.J_P_Beaubien Buy my book!: http://mybook.to/AeonLegionBook1 CREDITS Music: "Quirky Dog", "MonkeysSpinning Monkeys", and "Son of a Rocket" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution3.0License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ All other music tracks from www.bricktrick.de 7:45 Solving Science Fiction — Sci-fi Series Solving Science Fiction — Sci-fi Series Solving Science Fiction — Sci-fi Series For such an important and well-loved genre, sci-fi is rather difficult to define. Is it space opera? High-brow philosophical parables? Serious speculation about the future of technology? Is it all of those things? And then, what isn't it? In this episode, we attempt to "solve" this puzzling genre by answering one simple question: "what is science fiction?" Audible ➤ http://amzn.to/2xlMBM8 Join the community for discussion and daily posts! Support us on Patreon! ➤ https://www.patreon.com/TaleFoundry TaleFoundry ➤ https://thetalefoundry.wordpress.com/ Facebook ➤ http://www.facebook.com/TaleFoundry Twitter ➤ http://www.twitter.com/TheTaleFoundry Tumblr ➤ http://www.TaleFoundry.tumblr.com Discord ➤ https://discord.gg/ZN3TYrr ▬▬▬▬ What is Tale Foundry? ▬▬▬▬ If fiction were a material, we would be its manufacturing plant. We take apart stories to see what makes them tick, then recycle what we find to create our own. Every month we make a video discussing what we've discovered, a list of interesting ideas, and then, finally, an original short story that makes use of all the new material. Episodes ➤ https://goo.gl/rdzcn5 Lists ➤ https://goo.gl/7Msq3v Stories ➤ https://goo.gl/VjnLBR Also, if you find anything worth writing about in any of our videos, we take fan-submitted stories as well! Visit our website for more info: https://thetalefoundry.wordpress.com/contact/ ▬▬▬▬ Support Us▬▬▬▬ https://www.patreon.com/TaleFoundry Our videos will always be available on Youtube for free, but there's extra content waiting on our Patreon for those who choose to support us: •Voting — Every month we let our patrons vote for which theme they'd like us to cover the following month; higher-tier patrons get to suggest themes for the poll •Updates and Previews — Get a sneak peek at what we're working on before anyone else ▬▬▬▬ PastThemes ▬▬▬▬ •View all of our past series here: https://goo.gl/6npTCg ▬▬▬▬ Tale Foundry Team ▬▬▬▬ •Talebot — the talent •The Taleoids — the talent's helpers •ChloeMansfield — writing/research/content manager •Benjamin Cook — writing/art/channel owner ▬▬▬▬ Credit/Attributions ▬▬▬▬ The following resources were used in accordance with (17 U.S.C. Section 107) United States "Fair Use" Doctrine: •Music: —Tale Foundry themes by Rohan Parry (https://soundcloud.com/midimachine) —“Inventing the Future”, by Kinoton: https://soundcloud.com/kinotonmusic —“Exploration”, by Axivis: https://soundcloud.com/axivis —“Again Again”, by Warm •Video Footage: —Footage from “I AMLegend Animated Comics 3: Shelter”, by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment —Footage from “Nosferatu: A Symphony of Horror”, by F.W. Murnau •Research: —“Speculative Fiction”: http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/SpeculativeFiction —“SlidingScale of Realistic vs. Fantasy”: http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/SlidingScaleOfRealisticVersusFantastic —“Sci-fiGhetto”: http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/ScifiGhetto —“On the Poetics of the Science Fiction -Genre”, by Darko Suvin —“A Historical Look at Why Science Fiction AlwaysGetsScrewed at the Oscars”: https://www.inverse.com/article/27692-oscars-scifi-science-fiction-arrival-star-wars-2001-kubrik —“Science Fiction Awards are Basically Bullshit”: https://www.inverse.com/article/28274-nebulas-2016-science-fiction-awards-books —“Why no Sci-fi movie ever won Best Picture”: https://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/Movies/2016/0225/Oscars-2016-Why-has-no-sci-fi-movie-ever-won-Best-Picture —“Why Science fiction authors can’t win”: https://galacticbrain.com/why-science-fiction-authors-cant-win/ ▬▬▬▬ SpecialThanks to our Patreon Engineers ▬▬▬▬ —Arch di Angelo —Aaron Hislop —Andrew Jacobson —Daniel Alexander —Darragh Counihan —Eric Porter —Jezz is Cheese —Kidjchai Yingseri —Nik Maier —Quinn —Rachel Reeves —RPGgrenade - RocketMooseX —StefanieDomingo —TuckerWhite —Zeth Crowley Tim Poston tells about every detailing that goes into writing a science fiction. Every component in a fictional book is supported by existing scientific theories. He explains the geographical intricacies of a different planet which plays the backdrop in the story. He presents the fictional story in a factually believable manner by providing phenomenal explanation. Timothy "Tim" Poston (born 19 June 1945 in St Albans, Hertfordshire) is an English mathematician best known for his work on catastrophe theory. His 1972Ph.D at the University of Warwick was directed by Christopher Zeeman on "FuzzyGeometry". Tim specializes in geometry, graphics, algorithm design, human-computer interaction, medical imaging, patent writing and singularity theory.[4] His books on catastrophe theory and on differential geometry and relativity are still in print after a third of a century. This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx 1:21:36 writing a scifi novel - day 002 writing a scifi novel - day 002 writing a scifi novel - day 002 Day 2 in a ROWWW. There's a weird bit around the one hour mark where the stream cut out because I used spotlight. Note to self: don't use spotlight while streaming! Watch live at http://www.twitch.tv/futurepaul 5:25 How to build a fictional world - Kate Messner How to build a fictional world - Kate Messner How to build a fictional world - Kate Messner View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-build-a-fictional-world-kate-messner Why is J.R.R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings trilogy so compelling? How about The Matrix or Harry Potter? What makes these disparate worlds come alive are clear, consistent rules for how people, societies -- and even the laws of physics -- function in these fictional universes. AuthorKate Messner offers a few tricks for you, too, to create a world worth exploring in your own words. Lesson by Kate Messner, animation by Avi Ofer. 14:23 Tutorial: Writing an Epic Sci-Fi Opening Tutorial: Writing an Epic Sci-Fi Opening Tutorial: Writing an Epic Sci-Fi Opening HOW TO WRITE AN EPICSCIENCE FICTION OPENING SCORE USING VARIOUS PROJECTSAM SAMPLE LIBRARIES. Sample libraries used in this video: Symphobia 1, 2 & 3: https://www.projectsam.com/Symphobia TrueStrike 1: https://www.projectsam.com/Products/True-Strike-Series/1386 ConcertHarp: https://www.projectsam.com/Products/Other-Libraries/1357 Sequencer software used is Apple's Logic Pro X. Watch our other how-to tutorials here on this channel and download the project file to open it on your own system via the Tutorials section on our website: https://www.projectsam.com/tutorials Copyright notice: the music compositions featured in this tutorial are offered to you for educational and referencing purposes only and may not be used or distributed commercially. Enjoy! www.projectsam.com Exploring the Tropes of Science Fiction and Fantasy Exploring the Tropes of Science Fiction and Fantasy What makes a science fiction story a science fiction story? What about fantasy? Are there tropes to these genres? Can they be mingled? Can they be mingled with other genres successfully? What things--call it stage settings--that are expected in these genres? Are they overdone? Explore with the Write Pack as we grab our Light Sabers and cast our Light Spell as we go in to the dungeon and seek out the treasure of these genres. All episodes available at: - iTunes - Blog Talk Radio - TuneIn - And other platforms New episodes every Sunday 8:14 How to Write Science Fiction Ep. 01, Before Beginning How to Write Science Fiction Ep. 01, Before Beginning How to Write Science Fiction Ep. 01, Before Beginning When you are going to write somthing, you most first have a story, setting, genre, and characters comes later 0:31 Writing Scifi part 1 Writing Scifi part 1 Writing Scifi part 1 This video goes over what you write on 15:25 Top 10 Iconic Figures in Sci-Fi Literature Top 10 Iconic Figures in Sci-Fi Literature Top 10 Iconic Figures in Sci-Fi Literature They're the people that keep blowing our minds via the written word. Joinhttp://www.WatchMojo.com as we count down our picks for the Top 10 Iconic Figures in Sci-fi Literature. Click here to subscribe: http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=watchmojo or visit our channel page here: http://www.youtube.com/watchmojo Also, check out our interactive Suggestion Tool at http://www.WatchMojo.com/suggest :) Check us out at http://www.Twitter.com/WatchMojo, http://instagram.com/watchmojo and http://www.Facebook.com/WatchMojo. Special thanks to our user Archie Richards for submitting the idea on our Suggestion Tool at http://www.WatchMojo.com/suggest Check out the voting page here, http://watchmojo.com/suggest/Top+ten+most+known+people+in+Sci+fi If you want to suggest an idea for a WatchMojo video, check out our interactive Suggestion Tool at http://www.WatchMojo.com/suggest :) Want a WatchMojo cup, mug, t-shirts, pen, sticker and even a water bottle? Get them all when you order your MojoBox gift set here: http://watchmojo.com/store/ WatchMojo is a leading producer of reference online video content, covering the People, Places and Trends you care about. We update DAILY with 4-5 Top 10 lists, Origins, Biographies, Versus clips on movies, video games, music, pop culture and more! Technobabble - Bad Writing Makes Bad Sci-Fi - Extra Credits Good sci-fi writing, in games and other media, require scientific understanding to create a believable universe--there are no shortcuts. Basic, conceptual knowledge of the subject you're trying to write about will make you a better writer. Subscribe for new episodes every Wednesday! http://bit.ly/SubToEC (---More below) (Original air date: December 7, 2011) _______ Get your Extra Credits gear at the store! http://bit.ly/ExtraStore Play games with us on Extra Play! http://bit.ly/WatchEXP Watch more episodes from this season of Extra Credits! http://bit.ly/2n8QcIn Contribute community subtitles to Extra Credits: http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?c=UCCODtTcd5M1JavPCOr_Uydg&tab=2 Talk to us on Twitter (@ExtraCreditz): http://bit.ly/ECTweet Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/ECFB... Brandon Sanderson Lecture 1: Intro to Sci-Fi/Fantasy Writing (1/5) In which Brandon introduces his winter 2012 class at Brigham Young University on creative writing for science fiction and fantasy authors. Next up: "Ideas are Cheap" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3JlBLG7xOI . See all the lectures in one place at http://www.writeaboutdragons.com/home/brandon_w2012/ Help us caption & translate this video! http://amara.org/v/CVfw/ 3 Easy Steps for World Building 3 EasySteps for World Buildinghttp://www.writers-realm.com/ One of the most difficult aspects of writing a work of fiction is world building. World building refers to the construction of a fictional universe. In literary fiction, the hard work has already been done for you—the author uses the real world for the setting of their work. However, for those of us who craft and live in the fantasy and Sci-Fi genres, world building is a distinct challenge and fraught with dangers. In this article, author Vic Salinas will present to you three easy steps for world building that he's found handy in his own work—both in the Grauwelt books and other creative projects. You can also read this content as an article here: http://www.writers-realm.com/3-easy-steps-for-world-building/ ******DON'T FO... published: 26 Jan 2016 EVIL EMPIRES - Terrible Writing Advice It's time to crush those filthy rebels for the glory of the Empire! Evil empires are common in science fiction and fantasy. This video will show you how to take an extremely interesting topic rich in history and potential, and boil it down into a boring cliché! As always you can read my real thoughts on evil empires here: http://jpbeaubien.com/terrible-writing-advice-chapter-10-evil-empires/ Check out BestFantasy Books HQ review of my book here: http://www.bestfantasybookshq.com/aeon-legion-labyrinth-beaubien/ Check out their YouTube Channel Here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCaus8WEZ0kjOzvzB8RsW4rA Read my sf-books.com interview here: http://sf-books.com/2017/02/12/j-p-beaubien-gives-us-terrible-writing-advice-and-a-book-of-some-pretty-good-writing/ SOCIAL MEDIA LINKS My Website: ... published: 17 Feb 2017 Solving Science Fiction — Sci-fi Series For such an important and well-loved genre, sci-fi is rather difficult to define. Is it space opera? High-brow philosophical parables? Serious speculation about the future of technology? Is it all of those things? And then, what isn't* it? In this episode, we attempt to "solve" this puzzling genre by answering one simple question: "what is science fiction?" Audible ➤ http://amzn.to/2xlMBM8 Join the community for discussion and daily posts! Support us on Patreon! ➤ https://www.patreon.com/TaleFoundry TaleFoundry ➤ https://thetalefoundry.wordpress.com/ Facebook ➤ http://www.facebook.com/TaleFoundry Twitter ➤ http://www.twitter.com/TheTaleFoundry Tumblr ➤ http://www.TaleFoundry.tumblr.com Discord ➤ https://discord.gg/ZN3TYrr ▬▬▬▬ What is Tale Foundry? ▬▬▬▬ If fiction were a material, ... Tim Poston tells about every detailing that goes into writing a science fiction. Every component in a fictional book is supported by existing scientific theories. He explains the geographical intricacies of a different planet which plays the backdrop in the story. He presents the fictional story in a factually believable manner by providing phenomenal explanation. Timothy "Tim" Poston (born 19 June 1945 in St Albans, Hertfordshire) is an English mathematician best known for his work on catastrophe theory. His 1972Ph.D at the University of Warwick was directed by Christopher Zeeman on "FuzzyGeometry". Tim specializes in geometry, graphics, algorithm design, human-computer interaction, medical imaging, patent writing and singularity theory.[4] His books on catastrophe theory and ... published: 30 Jan 2017 writing a scifi novel - day 002 Day 2 in a ROWWW. There's a weird bit around the one hour mark where the stream cut out because I used spotlight. Note to self: don't use spotlight while streaming! Watch live at http://www.twitch.tv/futurepaul published: 25 Nov 2015 How to build a fictional world - Kate Messner View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-build-a-fictional-world-kate-messner Why is J.R.R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings trilogy so compelling? How about The Matrix or Harry Potter? What makes these disparate worlds come alive are clear, consistent rules for how people, societies -- and even the laws of physics -- function in these fictional universes. AuthorKate Messner offers a few tricks for you, too, to create a world worth exploring in your own words. Lesson by Kate Messner, animation by Avi Ofer. published: 09 Jan 2014 Tutorial: Writing an Epic Sci-Fi Opening HOW TO WRITE AN EPICSCIENCE FICTION OPENING SCORE USING VARIOUS PROJECTSAM SAMPLE LIBRARIES. Sample libraries used in this video: Symphobia 1, 2 & 3: https://www.projectsam.com/Symphobia TrueStrike 1: https://www.projectsam.com/Products/True-Strike-Series/1386 ConcertHarp: https://www.projectsam.com/Products/Other-Libraries/1357 Sequencer software used is Apple's Logic Pro X. Watch our other how-to tutorials here on this channel and download the project file to open it on your own system via the Tutorials section on our website: https://www.projectsam.com/tutorials Copyright notice: the music compositions featured in this tutorial are offered to you for educational and referencing purposes only and may not be used or distributed commercially. Enjoy! www.projectsam.com Exploring the Tropes of Science Fiction and Fantasy Exploring the Tropes of Science Fiction and Fantasy What makes a science fiction story a science fiction story? What about fantasy? Are there tropes to these genres? Can they be mingled? Can they be mingled with other genres successfully? What things--call it stage settings--that are expected in these genres? Are they overdone? Explore with the Write Pack as we grab our Light Sabers and cast our Light Spell as we go in to the dungeon and seek out the treasure of these genres. All episodes available at: - iTunes - Blog Talk Radio - TuneIn - And other platforms New episodes every Sunday published: 05 Apr 2016 How to Write Science Fiction Ep. 01, Before Beginning When you are going to write somthing, you most first have a story, setting, genre, and characters comes later published: 16 Mar 2013 Writing Scifi part 1 This video goes over what you write on published: 13 Mar 2015 Top 10 Iconic Figures in Sci-Fi Literature They're the people that keep blowing our minds via the written word. Joinhttp://www.WatchMojo.com as we count down our picks for the Top 10 Iconic Figures in Sci-fi Literature. Click here to subscribe: http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=watchmojo or visit our channel page here: http://www.youtube.com/watchmojo Also, check out our interactive Suggestion Tool at http://www.WatchMojo.com/suggest :) Check us out at http://www.Twitter.com/WatchMojo, http://instagram.com/watchmojo and http://www.Facebook.com/WatchMojo. Special thanks to our user Archie Richards for submitting the idea on our Suggestion Tool at http://www.WatchMojo.com/suggest Check out the voting page here, http://watchmojo.com/suggest/Top+ten+most+known+people+in+Sci+fi If you want to suggest an idea fo... Technobabble - Bad Writing Makes Bad Sci-Fi - Extra Credits Good sci-fi writing, in games and other media, require scientific understanding to create a believable universe--there are no shortcuts. Basic, conceptual knowl... Good sci-fi writing, in games and other media, require scientific understanding to create a believable universe--there are no shortcuts. Basic, conceptual knowledge of the subject you're trying to write about will make you a better writer. Subscribe for new episodes every Wednesday! http://bit.ly/SubToEC (---More below) (Original air date: December 7, 2011) _______ Get your Extra Credits gear at the store! http://bit.ly/ExtraStore Play games with us on Extra Play! http://bit.ly/WatchEXP Watch more episodes from this season of Extra Credits! http://bit.ly/2n8QcIn Contribute community subtitles to Extra Credits: http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?c=UCCODtTcd5M1JavPCOr_Uydg&tab=2 Talk to us on Twitter (@ExtraCreditz): http://bit.ly/ECTweet Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/ECFBPage Get our list of recommended games on Steam: http://bit.ly/ECCurator _________ Would you like James to speak at your school or organization? For info, contact us at: contact@extra-credits.net _________ ♪ IntroMusic: "Penguin Cap" by CarboHydroM http://bit.ly/1eIHTDS ♪ Outro Music: "SR388" by CursedLemon http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ienyt-vWihE Good sci-fi writing, in games and other media, require scientific understanding to create a believable universe--there are no shortcuts. Basic, conceptual knowledge of the subject you're trying to write about will make you a better writer. Subscribe for new episodes every Wednesday! http://bit.ly/SubToEC (---More below) (Original air date: December 7, 2011) _______ Get your Extra Credits gear at the store! http://bit.ly/ExtraStore Play games with us on Extra Play! http://bit.ly/WatchEXP Watch more episodes from this season of Extra Credits! http://bit.ly/2n8QcIn Contribute community subtitles to Extra Credits: http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?c=UCCODtTcd5M1JavPCOr_Uydg&tab=2 Talk to us on Twitter (@ExtraCreditz): http://bit.ly/ECTweet Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/ECFBPage Get our list of recommended games on Steam: http://bit.ly/ECCurator _________ Would you like James to speak at your school or organization? For info, contact us at: contact@extra-credits.net _________ ♪ IntroMusic: "Penguin Cap" by CarboHydroM http://bit.ly/1eIHTDS ♪ Outro Music: "SR388" by CursedLemon http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ienyt-vWihE In which Brandon introduces his winter 2012 class at Brigham Young University on creative writing for science fiction and fantasy authors. Next up: "Ideas are Cheap" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3JlBLG7xOI . See all the lectures in one place at http://www.writeaboutdragons.com/home/brandon_w2012/ Help us caption & translate this video! http://amara.org/v/CVfw/ In which Brandon introduces his winter 2012 class at Brigham Young University on creative writing for science fiction and fantasy authors. Next up: "Ideas are Cheap" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3JlBLG7xOI . See all the lectures in one place at http://www.writeaboutdragons.com/home/brandon_w2012/ Help us caption & translate this video! http://amara.org/v/CVfw/ 3 EasySteps for World Buildinghttp://www.writers-realm.com/ One of the most difficult aspects of writing a work of fiction is world building. World building refers to the construction of a fictional universe. In literary fiction, the hard work has already been done for you—the author uses the real world for the setting of their work. However, for those of us who craft and live in the fantasy and Sci-Fi genres, world building is a distinct challenge and fraught with dangers. In this article, author Vic Salinas will present to you three easy steps for world building that he's found handy in his own work—both in the Grauwelt books and other creative projects. You can also read this content as an article here: http://www.writers-realm.com/3-easy-steps-for-world-building/ *****DON'T FORGET TO COMMENT, SHARE, & SUBSCRIBE!*** 3 EasySteps for World Buildinghttp://www.writers-realm.com/ One of the most difficult aspects of writing a work of fiction is world building. World building refers to the construction of a fictional universe. In literary fiction, the hard work has already been done for you—the author uses the real world for the setting of their work. However, for those of us who craft and live in the fantasy and Sci-Fi genres, world building is a distinct challenge and fraught with dangers. In this article, author Vic Salinas will present to you three easy steps for world building that he's found handy in his own work—both in the Grauwelt books and other creative projects. You can also read this content as an article here: http://www.writers-realm.com/3-easy-steps-for-world-building/ ***DON'T FORGET TO COMMENT, SHARE, & SUBSCRIBE!***** EVIL EMPIRES - Terrible Writing Advice It's time to crush those filthy rebels for the glory of the Empire! Evil empires are common in science fiction and fantasy. This video will show you how to take... It's time to crush those filthy rebels for the glory of the Empire! Evil empires are common in science fiction and fantasy. This video will show you how to take an extremely interesting topic rich in history and potential, and boil it down into a boring cliché! As always you can read my real thoughts on evil empires here: http://jpbeaubien.com/terrible-writing-advice-chapter-10-evil-empires/ Check out BestFantasy Books HQ review of my book here: http://www.bestfantasybookshq.com/aeon-legion-labyrinth-beaubien/ Check out their YouTube Channel Here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCaus8WEZ0kjOzvzB8RsW4rA Read my sf-books.com interview here: http://sf-books.com/2017/02/12/j-p-beaubien-gives-us-terrible-writing-advice-and-a-book-of-some-pretty-good-writing/ SOCIAL MEDIA LINKS My Website: http://jpbeaubien.com/ My Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/authorJPBeaubien/ My Twitter: https://twitter.com/JosephPBeaubien My Goodreads: https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/15180667.J_P_Beaubien Buy my book!: http://mybook.to/AeonLegionBook1 CREDITS Music: "Quirky Dog", "MonkeysSpinning Monkeys", and "Son of a Rocket" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution3.0License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ All other music tracks from www.bricktrick.de It's time to crush those filthy rebels for the glory of the Empire! Evil empires are common in science fiction and fantasy. This video will show you how to take an extremely interesting topic rich in history and potential, and boil it down into a boring cliché! As always you can read my real thoughts on evil empires here: http://jpbeaubien.com/terrible-writing-advice-chapter-10-evil-empires/ Check out BestFantasy Books HQ review of my book here: http://www.bestfantasybookshq.com/aeon-legion-labyrinth-beaubien/ Check out their YouTube Channel Here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCaus8WEZ0kjOzvzB8RsW4rA Read my sf-books.com interview here: http://sf-books.com/2017/02/12/j-p-beaubien-gives-us-terrible-writing-advice-and-a-book-of-some-pretty-good-writing/ SOCIAL MEDIA LINKS My Website: http://jpbeaubien.com/ My Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/authorJPBeaubien/ My Twitter: https://twitter.com/JosephPBeaubien My Goodreads: https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/15180667.J_P_Beaubien Buy my book!: http://mybook.to/AeonLegionBook1 CREDITS Music: "Quirky Dog", "MonkeysSpinning Monkeys", and "Son of a Rocket" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution3.0License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ All other music tracks from www.bricktrick.de Solving Science Fiction — Sci-fi Series For such an important and well-loved genre, sci-fi is rather difficult to define. Is it space opera? High-brow philosophical parables? Serious speculation about... For such an important and well-loved genre, sci-fi is rather difficult to define. Is it space opera? High-brow philosophical parables? Serious speculation about the future of technology? Is it all of those things? And then, what isn't it? In this episode, we attempt to "solve" this puzzling genre by answering one simple question: "what is science fiction?" Audible ➤ http://amzn.to/2xlMBM8 Join the community for discussion and daily posts! Support us on Patreon! ➤ https://www.patreon.com/TaleFoundry TaleFoundry ➤ https://thetalefoundry.wordpress.com/ Facebook ➤ http://www.facebook.com/TaleFoundry Twitter ➤ http://www.twitter.com/TheTaleFoundry Tumblr ➤ http://www.TaleFoundry.tumblr.com Discord ➤ https://discord.gg/ZN3TYrr ▬▬▬▬ What is Tale Foundry? ▬▬▬▬ If fiction were a material, we would be its manufacturing plant. We take apart stories to see what makes them tick, then recycle what we find to create our own. Every month we make a video discussing what we've discovered, a list of interesting ideas, and then, finally, an original short story that makes use of all the new material. Episodes ➤ https://goo.gl/rdzcn5 Lists ➤ https://goo.gl/7Msq3v Stories ➤ https://goo.gl/VjnLBR Also, if you find anything worth writing about in any of our videos, we take fan-submitted stories as well! Visit our website for more info: https://thetalefoundry.wordpress.com/contact/ ▬▬▬▬ Support Us▬▬▬▬ https://www.patreon.com/TaleFoundry Our videos will always be available on Youtube for free, but there's extra content waiting on our Patreon for those who choose to support us: •Voting — Every month we let our patrons vote for which theme they'd like us to cover the following month; higher-tier patrons get to suggest themes for the poll •Updates and Previews — Get a sneak peek at what we're working on before anyone else ▬▬▬▬ PastThemes ▬▬▬▬ •View all of our past series here: https://goo.gl/6npTCg ▬▬▬▬ Tale Foundry Team ▬▬▬▬ •Talebot — the talent •The Taleoids — the talent's helpers •ChloeMansfield — writing/research/content manager •Benjamin Cook — writing/art/channel owner ▬▬▬▬ Credit/Attributions ▬▬▬▬ The following resources were used in accordance with (17 U.S.C. Section 107) United States "Fair Use" Doctrine: •Music: —Tale Foundry themes by Rohan Parry (https://soundcloud.com/midimachine) —“Inventing the Future”, by Kinoton: https://soundcloud.com/kinotonmusic —“Exploration”, by Axivis: https://soundcloud.com/axivis —“Again Again”, by Warm •Video Footage: —Footage from “I AMLegend Animated Comics 3: Shelter”, by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment —Footage from “Nosferatu: A Symphony of Horror”, by F.W. Murnau •Research: —“Speculative Fiction”: http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/SpeculativeFiction —“SlidingScale of Realistic vs. Fantasy”: http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/SlidingScaleOfRealisticVersusFantastic —“Sci-fiGhetto”: http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/ScifiGhetto —“On the Poetics of the Science Fiction -Genre”, by Darko Suvin —“A Historical Look at Why Science Fiction AlwaysGetsScrewed at the Oscars”: https://www.inverse.com/article/27692-oscars-scifi-science-fiction-arrival-star-wars-2001-kubrik —“Science Fiction Awards are Basically Bullshit”: https://www.inverse.com/article/28274-nebulas-2016-science-fiction-awards-books —“Why no Sci-fi movie ever won Best Picture”: https://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/Movies/2016/0225/Oscars-2016-Why-has-no-sci-fi-movie-ever-won-Best-Picture —“Why Science fiction authors can’t win”: https://galacticbrain.com/why-science-fiction-authors-cant-win/ ▬▬▬▬ SpecialThanks to our Patreon Engineers ▬▬▬▬ —Arch di Angelo —Aaron Hislop —Andrew Jacobson —Daniel Alexander —Darragh Counihan —Eric Porter —Jezz is Cheese —Kidjchai Yingseri —Nik Maier —Quinn —Rachel Reeves —RPGgrenade - RocketMooseX —StefanieDomingo —TuckerWhite —Zeth Crowley For such an important and well-loved genre, sci-fi is rather difficult to define. Is it space opera? High-brow philosophical parables? Serious speculation about the future of technology? Is it all of those things? And then, what isn't it? In this episode, we attempt to "solve" this puzzling genre by answering one simple question: "what is science fiction?" Audible ➤ http://amzn.to/2xlMBM8 Join the community for discussion and daily posts! Support us on Patreon! ➤ https://www.patreon.com/TaleFoundry TaleFoundry ➤ https://thetalefoundry.wordpress.com/ Facebook ➤ http://www.facebook.com/TaleFoundry Twitter ➤ http://www.twitter.com/TheTaleFoundry Tumblr ➤ http://www.TaleFoundry.tumblr.com Discord ➤ https://discord.gg/ZN3TYrr ▬▬▬▬ What is Tale Foundry? ▬▬▬▬ If fiction were a material, we would be its manufacturing plant. We take apart stories to see what makes them tick, then recycle what we find to create our own. Every month we make a video discussing what we've discovered, a list of interesting ideas, and then, finally, an original short story that makes use of all the new material. Episodes ➤ https://goo.gl/rdzcn5 Lists ➤ https://goo.gl/7Msq3v Stories ➤ https://goo.gl/VjnLBR Also, if you find anything worth writing about in any of our videos, we take fan-submitted stories as well! Visit our website for more info: https://thetalefoundry.wordpress.com/contact/ ▬▬▬▬ Support Us▬▬▬▬ https://www.patreon.com/TaleFoundry Our videos will always be available on Youtube for free, but there's extra content waiting on our Patreon for those who choose to support us: •Voting — Every month we let our patrons vote for which theme they'd like us to cover the following month; higher-tier patrons get to suggest themes for the poll •Updates and Previews — Get a sneak peek at what we're working on before anyone else ▬▬▬▬ PastThemes ▬▬▬▬ •View all of our past series here: https://goo.gl/6npTCg ▬▬▬▬ Tale Foundry Team ▬▬▬▬ •Talebot — the talent •The Taleoids — the talent's helpers •ChloeMansfield — writing/research/content manager •Benjamin Cook — writing/art/channel owner ▬▬▬▬ Credit/Attributions ▬▬▬▬ The following resources were used in accordance with (17 U.S.C. Section 107) United States "Fair Use" Doctrine: •Music: —Tale Foundry themes by Rohan Parry (https://soundcloud.com/midimachine) —“Inventing the Future”, by Kinoton: https://soundcloud.com/kinotonmusic —“Exploration”, by Axivis: https://soundcloud.com/axivis —“Again Again”, by Warm •Video Footage: —Footage from “I AMLegend Animated Comics 3: Shelter”, by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment —Footage from “Nosferatu: A Symphony of Horror”, by F.W. Murnau •Research: —“Speculative Fiction”: http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/SpeculativeFiction —“SlidingScale of Realistic vs. Fantasy”: http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/SlidingScaleOfRealisticVersusFantastic —“Sci-fiGhetto”: http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/ScifiGhetto —“On the Poetics of the Science Fiction -Genre”, by Darko Suvin —“A Historical Look at Why Science Fiction AlwaysGetsScrewed at the Oscars”: https://www.inverse.com/article/27692-oscars-scifi-science-fiction-arrival-star-wars-2001-kubrik —“Science Fiction Awards are Basically Bullshit”: https://www.inverse.com/article/28274-nebulas-2016-science-fiction-awards-books —“Why no Sci-fi movie ever won Best Picture”: https://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/Movies/2016/0225/Oscars-2016-Why-has-no-sci-fi-movie-ever-won-Best-Picture —“Why Science fiction authors can’t win”: https://galacticbrain.com/why-science-fiction-authors-cant-win/ ▬▬▬▬ SpecialThanks to our Patreon Engineers ▬▬▬▬ —Arch di Angelo —Aaron Hislop —Andrew Jacobson —Daniel Alexander —Darragh Counihan —Eric Porter —Jezz is Cheese —Kidjchai Yingseri —Nik Maier —Quinn —Rachel Reeves —RPGgrenade - RocketMooseX —StefanieDomingo —TuckerWhite —Zeth Crowley Tim Poston tells about every detailing that goes into writing a science fiction. Every component in a fictional book is supported by existing scientific theo... Tim Poston tells about every detailing that goes into writing a science fiction. Every component in a fictional book is supported by existing scientific theories. He explains the geographical intricacies of a different planet which plays the backdrop in the story. He presents the fictional story in a factually believable manner by providing phenomenal explanation. Timothy "Tim" Poston (born 19 June 1945 in St Albans, Hertfordshire) is an English mathematician best known for his work on catastrophe theory. His 1972Ph.D at the University of Warwick was directed by Christopher Zeeman on "FuzzyGeometry". Tim specializes in geometry, graphics, algorithm design, human-computer interaction, medical imaging, patent writing and singularity theory.[4] His books on catastrophe theory and on differential geometry and relativity are still in print after a third of a century. This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx Tim Poston tells about every detailing that goes into writing a science fiction. Every component in a fictional book is supported by existing scientific theories. He explains the geographical intricacies of a different planet which plays the backdrop in the story. He presents the fictional story in a factually believable manner by providing phenomenal explanation. Timothy "Tim" Poston (born 19 June 1945 in St Albans, Hertfordshire) is an English mathematician best known for his work on catastrophe theory. His 1972Ph.D at the University of Warwick was directed by Christopher Zeeman on "FuzzyGeometry". Tim specializes in geometry, graphics, algorithm design, human-computer interaction, medical imaging, patent writing and singularity theory.[4] His books on catastrophe theory and on differential geometry and relativity are still in print after a third of a century. This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx writing a scifi novel - day 002 Day 2 in a ROWWW. There's a weird bit around the one hour mark where the stream cut out because I used spotlight. Note to self: don't use spotlight while strea... Day 2 in a ROWWW. There's a weird bit around the one hour mark where the stream cut out because I used spotlight. Note to self: don't use spotlight while streaming! Watch live at http://www.twitch.tv/futurepaul Day 2 in a ROWWW. There's a weird bit around the one hour mark where the stream cut out because I used spotlight. Note to self: don't use spotlight while streaming! Watch live at http://www.twitch.tv/futurepaul View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-build-a-fictional-world-kate-messner Why is J.R.R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings trilogy so compelling? How about The Matrix or Harry Potter? What makes these disparate worlds come alive are clear, consistent rules for how people, societies -- and even the laws of physics -- function in these fictional universes. AuthorKate Messner offers a few tricks for you, too, to create a world worth exploring in your own words. Lesson by Kate Messner, animation by Avi Ofer. View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-build-a-fictional-world-kate-messner Why is J.R.R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings trilogy so compelling? How about The Matrix or Harry Potter? What makes these disparate worlds come alive are clear, consistent rules for how people, societies -- and even the laws of physics -- function in these fictional universes. AuthorKate Messner offers a few tricks for you, too, to create a world worth exploring in your own words. Lesson by Kate Messner, animation by Avi Ofer. HOW TO WRITE AN EPICSCIENCE FICTION OPENING SCORE USING VARIOUS PROJECTSAM SAMPLE LIBRARIES. Sample libraries used in this video: Symphobia 1, 2 & 3: https://www.projectsam.com/Symphobia TrueStrike 1: https://www.projectsam.com/Products/True-Strike-Series/1386 ConcertHarp: https://www.projectsam.com/Products/Other-Libraries/1357 Sequencer software used is Apple's Logic Pro X. Watch our other how-to tutorials here on this channel and download the project file to open it on your own system via the Tutorials section on our website: https://www.projectsam.com/tutorials Copyright notice: the music compositions featured in this tutorial are offered to you for educational and referencing purposes only and may not be used or distributed commercially. Enjoy! www.projectsam.com HOW TO WRITE AN EPICSCIENCE FICTION OPENING SCORE USING VARIOUS PROJECTSAM SAMPLE LIBRARIES. Sample libraries used in this video: Symphobia 1, 2 & 3: https://www.projectsam.com/Symphobia TrueStrike 1: https://www.projectsam.com/Products/True-Strike-Series/1386 ConcertHarp: https://www.projectsam.com/Products/Other-Libraries/1357 Sequencer software used is Apple's Logic Pro X. Watch our other how-to tutorials here on this channel and download the project file to open it on your own system via the Tutorials section on our website: https://www.projectsam.com/tutorials Copyright notice: the music compositions featured in this tutorial are offered to you for educational and referencing purposes only and may not be used or distributed commercially. Enjoy! www.projectsam.com Exploring the Tropes of Science Fiction and Fantasy Exploring the Tropes of Science Fiction and Fantasy What makes a science fiction story a science fiction story? What about fantasy? Are there tropes to these ge... Exploring the Tropes of Science Fiction and Fantasy What makes a science fiction story a science fiction story? What about fantasy? Are there tropes to these genres? Can they be mingled? Can they be mingled with other genres successfully? What things--call it stage settings--that are expected in these genres? Are they overdone? Explore with the Write Pack as we grab our Light Sabers and cast our Light Spell as we go in to the dungeon and seek out the treasure of these genres. All episodes available at: - iTunes - Blog Talk Radio - TuneIn - And other platforms New episodes every Sunday Exploring the Tropes of Science Fiction and Fantasy What makes a science fiction story a science fiction story? What about fantasy? Are there tropes to these genres? Can they be mingled? Can they be mingled with other genres successfully? What things--call it stage settings--that are expected in these genres? Are they overdone? Explore with the Write Pack as we grab our Light Sabers and cast our Light Spell as we go in to the dungeon and seek out the treasure of these genres. All episodes available at: - iTunes - Blog Talk Radio - TuneIn - And other platforms New episodes every Sunday Top 10 Iconic Figures in Sci-Fi Literature They're the people that keep blowing our minds via the written word. Joinhttp://www.WatchMojo.com as we count down our picks for the Top 10 Iconic Figures in S... They're the people that keep blowing our minds via the written word. Joinhttp://www.WatchMojo.com as we count down our picks for the Top 10 Iconic Figures in Sci-fi Literature. Click here to subscribe: http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=watchmojo or visit our channel page here: http://www.youtube.com/watchmojo Also, check out our interactive Suggestion Tool at http://www.WatchMojo.com/suggest :) Check us out at http://www.Twitter.com/WatchMojo, http://instagram.com/watchmojo and http://www.Facebook.com/WatchMojo. Special thanks to our user Archie Richards for submitting the idea on our Suggestion Tool at http://www.WatchMojo.com/suggest Check out the voting page here, http://watchmojo.com/suggest/Top+ten+most+known+people+in+Sci+fi If you want to suggest an idea for a WatchMojo video, check out our interactive Suggestion Tool at http://www.WatchMojo.com/suggest :) Want a WatchMojo cup, mug, t-shirts, pen, sticker and even a water bottle? Get them all when you order your MojoBox gift set here: http://watchmojo.com/store/ WatchMojo is a leading producer of reference online video content, covering the People, Places and Trends you care about. We update DAILY with 4-5 Top 10 lists, Origins, Biographies, Versus clips on movies, video games, music, pop culture and more! They're the people that keep blowing our minds via the written word. Joinhttp://www.WatchMojo.com as we count down our picks for the Top 10 Iconic Figures in Sci-fi Literature. Click here to subscribe: http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=watchmojo or visit our channel page here: http://www.youtube.com/watchmojo Also, check out our interactive Suggestion Tool at http://www.WatchMojo.com/suggest :) Check us out at http://www.Twitter.com/WatchMojo, http://instagram.com/watchmojo and http://www.Facebook.com/WatchMojo. Special thanks to our user Archie Richards for submitting the idea on our Suggestion Tool at http://www.WatchMojo.com/suggest Check out the voting page here, http://watchmojo.com/suggest/Top+ten+most+known+people+in+Sci+fi If you want to suggest an idea for a WatchMojo video, check out our interactive Suggestion Tool at http://www.WatchMojo.com/suggest :) Want a WatchMojo cup, mug, t-shirts, pen, sticker and even a water bottle? Get them all when you order your MojoBox gift set here: http://watchmojo.com/store/ WatchMojo is a leading producer of reference online video content, covering the People, Places and Trends you care about. We update DAILY with 4-5 Top 10 lists, Origins, Biographies, Versus clips on movies, video games, music, pop culture and more! writing a scifi novel - day 002 Day 2 in a ROWWW. There's a weird bit around the one hour mark where the stream cut out because I used spotlight. Note to self: don't use spotlight while streaming! Watch live at http://www.twitch.tv/futurepaul writing a scifi novel - day 005 writing a scifi novel - day 007 Exploring the Tropes of Science Fiction and Fantasy Exploring the Tropes of Science Fiction and Fantasy What makes a science fiction story a science fiction story? What about fantasy? Are there tropes to these genres? Can they be mingled? Can they be mingled with other genres successfully? What things--call it stage settings--that are expected in these genres? Are they overdone? Explore with the Write Pack as we grab our Light Sabers and cast our Light Spell as we go in to the dungeon and seek out the treasure of these genres. All episodes available at: - iTunes - Blog Talk Radio - TuneIn - And other platforms New episodes every Sunday published: 05 Apr 2016 writing a scifi novel - day 001 Actual writing starts at https://youtu.be/jcvkB-Px4vo?t=241Watch live at http://www.twitch.tv/futurepaul Today we'll be talking to Sci-Fi and Post-Apocalyptic writer CraigMartelle. He'll discuss what got him started in writing, how he maintains such a high output, and how collaborating in collections and communities has helped him. published: 02 Aug 2017 Wizards, Aliens, and Starships: Physics and Math in Fantasy and Science Fiction From teleportation and space elevators to alien contact and interstellar travel, science fiction and fantasy writers have come up with some brilliant and innovative ideas. Yet how plausible are these ideas--for instance, could Mr. Weasley's flying car in the Harry Potter books really exist? Which concepts might actually happen, and which ones wouldn't work at all? Wizards, Aliens, and Starships delves into the most extraordinary details in science fiction and fantasy--such as time warps, shape changing, rocket launches, and illumination by floating candle--and shows readers the physics and math behind the phenomena. With simple mathematical models, and in most cases using no more than high school algebra, Charles Adler ranges across a plethora of remarkable imaginings, from the works of... Sci Fi Ambient Space Music - Orion Belt Produced by JediMaster. Half hour music loopped to 1 hour. www.facebook.com/JediMasterStudio https://jedimaster.bandcamp.com/ All videos on my channel (music mixes and tutorials) are free to watch by all users. If you would like to support me financially you can do so by donating via PayPal. My e-mail address: Jedimasterstudio@gmail.com published: 14 Sep 2016 The Story Telling Podcast #17: Writing Science Fiction Writing and Marketing Military Sci-Fi with Amy J. Murphy Today we talk to Amy J. Murphy, author and creator of the science fiction action adventure series "Allies and Enemies," about military sci-fi, coping with the dreaded sales cliff, and producing audio books. writing a scifi novel - day 002 Day 2 in a ROWWW. There's a weird bit around the one hour mark where the stream cut out because I used spotlight. Note to self: don't use spotlight while strea... Day 2 in a ROWWW. There's a weird bit around the one hour mark where the stream cut out because I used spotlight. Note to self: don't use spotlight while streaming! Watch live at http://www.twitch.tv/futurepaul Day 2 in a ROWWW. There's a weird bit around the one hour mark where the stream cut out because I used spotlight. Note to self: don't use spotlight while streaming! Watch live at http://www.twitch.tv/futurepaul Exploring the Tropes of Science Fiction and Fantasy Exploring the Tropes of Science Fiction and Fantasy What makes a science fiction story a science fiction story? What about fantasy? Are there tropes to these ge... Exploring the Tropes of Science Fiction and Fantasy What makes a science fiction story a science fiction story? What about fantasy? Are there tropes to these genres? Can they be mingled? Can they be mingled with other genres successfully? What things--call it stage settings--that are expected in these genres? Are they overdone? Explore with the Write Pack as we grab our Light Sabers and cast our Light Spell as we go in to the dungeon and seek out the treasure of these genres. All episodes available at: - iTunes - Blog Talk Radio - TuneIn - And other platforms New episodes every Sunday Exploring the Tropes of Science Fiction and Fantasy What makes a science fiction story a science fiction story? What about fantasy? Are there tropes to these genres? Can they be mingled? Can they be mingled with other genres successfully? What things--call it stage settings--that are expected in these genres? Are they overdone? Explore with the Write Pack as we grab our Light Sabers and cast our Light Spell as we go in to the dungeon and seek out the treasure of these genres. All episodes available at: - iTunes - Blog Talk Radio - TuneIn - And other platforms New episodes every Sunday Subscribe for more epic music: https://www.youtube.com/user/wersion751EXTENDED Like our page on facebook: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Wersion751/236499826560... Subscribe for more epic music: https://www.youtube.com/user/wersion751EXTENDED Like our page on facebook: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Wersion751/236499826560046?ref_type=bookmark Publisher: RevoltProductionMusicComposers: Philippe Briand and GabrielSabanAlbum: ''Infinity'' 2016 TRACKLIST: 00:00 Paradigm 01:42 Chronometry 03:54 Dream Or Reality 06:16 Mind Games 08:03 Fabric Of Space-Time 10:02 A New Dimension 12:00 Before It Ends 13:57 Continuum 15:52 FinalHours 18:02 Heart Of Eternity 19:56 MentalControl 21:48 Misty Effect 23:19 No Regrets 25:33 Written In The Shadows 27:25 BeyondLife MORE INFO: Revolt Production Music: buy original tracks/album: https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/infinity/id1172899041 itunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/artist/revolt-production-music/id1067203391 facebook: https://www.facebook.com/revoltproductionmusic/ soundcloud: https://soundcloud.com/revoltproductionmusic youtube: https://www.youtube.com/c/SPMMUSICGROUP Philippe Briand: facebook: https://www.facebook.com/philippe.briand.792 Gabriel Saban: facebook: https://www.facebook.com/gab.saban WALLPAPER: artist: elreviae link to artwork: http://elreviae.deviantart.com/art/Epistellar-Horizon-623261130 PROMOTION: Want to promote your own music, videos or arts in our channel? Fill this short form to submit your work http://goo.gl/forms/64JiXjWgMe IMPORTANT: I am not creator/owner of audio and wallpaper you see in this video! If you want to use music that is promoted in this video, then please contact with music owner(s)! If you are owner of this music/wallpaper and you want this video to be removed from youtube, then please contact with our channel through facebook or gmail and we will remove video immediately after receiving your request. License to use this music in this video was given directly from music owner/artist. This is NOT original extended version, extension created by channel PEHQ. CONTACT WITH US: feel free to contact with us if something is missing, video removal, adding more information, music/video/image submission e-mail: For security reasons view our email adress on our youtube channel ''about page'' facebook: https://www.facebook.com/premexhq/ submit your work: http://goo.gl/forms/64JiXjWgMe official site: http://jurgis511.wix.com/pehq Subscribe for more epic music: https://www.youtube.com/user/wersion751EXTENDED Like our page on facebook: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Wersion751/236499826560046?ref_type=bookmark Publisher: RevoltProductionMusicComposers: Philippe Briand and GabrielSabanAlbum: ''Infinity'' 2016 TRACKLIST: 00:00 Paradigm 01:42 Chronometry 03:54 Dream Or Reality 06:16 Mind Games 08:03 Fabric Of Space-Time 10:02 A New Dimension 12:00 Before It Ends 13:57 Continuum 15:52 FinalHours 18:02 Heart Of Eternity 19:56 MentalControl 21:48 Misty Effect 23:19 No Regrets 25:33 Written In The Shadows 27:25 BeyondLife MORE INFO: Revolt Production Music: buy original tracks/album: https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/infinity/id1172899041 itunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/artist/revolt-production-music/id1067203391 facebook: https://www.facebook.com/revoltproductionmusic/ soundcloud: https://soundcloud.com/revoltproductionmusic youtube: https://www.youtube.com/c/SPMMUSICGROUP Philippe Briand: facebook: https://www.facebook.com/philippe.briand.792 Gabriel Saban: facebook: https://www.facebook.com/gab.saban WALLPAPER: artist: elreviae link to artwork: http://elreviae.deviantart.com/art/Epistellar-Horizon-623261130 PROMOTION: Want to promote your own music, videos or arts in our channel? Fill this short form to submit your work http://goo.gl/forms/64JiXjWgMe IMPORTANT: I am not creator/owner of audio and wallpaper you see in this video! If you want to use music that is promoted in this video, then please contact with music owner(s)! If you are owner of this music/wallpaper and you want this video to be removed from youtube, then please contact with our channel through facebook or gmail and we will remove video immediately after receiving your request. License to use this music in this video was given directly from music owner/artist. This is NOT original extended version, extension created by channel PEHQ. CONTACT WITH US: feel free to contact with us if something is missing, video removal, adding more information, music/video/image submission e-mail: For security reasons view our email adress on our youtube channel ''about page'' facebook: https://www.facebook.com/premexhq/ submit your work: http://goo.gl/forms/64JiXjWgMe official site: http://jurgis511.wix.com/pehq Today we'll be talking to Sci-Fi and Post-Apocalyptic writer CraigMartelle. He'll discuss what got him started in writing, how he maintains such a high output,... Today we'll be talking to Sci-Fi and Post-Apocalyptic writer CraigMartelle. He'll discuss what got him started in writing, how he maintains such a high output, and how collaborating in collections and communities has helped him. Today we'll be talking to Sci-Fi and Post-Apocalyptic writer CraigMartelle. He'll discuss what got him started in writing, how he maintains such a high output, and how collaborating in collections and communities has helped him. published:02 Aug 2017 views:1481 back Wizards, Aliens, and Starships: Physics and Math in Fantasy and Science Fiction From teleportation and space elevators to alien contact and interstellar travel, science fiction and fantasy writers have come up with some brilliant and innova... From teleportation and space elevators to alien contact and interstellar travel, science fiction and fantasy writers have come up with some brilliant and innovative ideas. Yet how plausible are these ideas--for instance, could Mr. Weasley's flying car in the Harry Potter books really exist? Which concepts might actually happen, and which ones wouldn't work at all? Wizards, Aliens, and Starships delves into the most extraordinary details in science fiction and fantasy--such as time warps, shape changing, rocket launches, and illumination by floating candle--and shows readers the physics and math behind the phenomena. With simple mathematical models, and in most cases using no more than high school algebra, Charles Adler ranges across a plethora of remarkable imaginings, from the works of Ursula K. Le Guin to Star Trek and Avatar, to explore what might become reality. Adler explains why fantasy in the Harry Potter and Dresden Files novels cannot adhere strictly to scientific laws, and when magic might make scientific sense in the muggle world. He examines space travel and wonders why it isn't cheaper and more common today. Adler also discusses exoplanets and how the search for alien life has shifted from radio communications to space-based telescopes. He concludes by investigating the future survival of humanity and other intelligent races. Throughout, he cites an abundance of science fiction and fantasy authors, and includes concise descriptions of stories as well as an appendix on Newton's laws of motion. Wizards, Aliens, and Starships will speak to anyone wanting to know about the correct--and incorrect--science of science fiction and fantasy. From teleportation and space elevators to alien contact and interstellar travel, science fiction and fantasy writers have come up with some brilliant and innovative ideas. Yet how plausible are these ideas--for instance, could Mr. Weasley's flying car in the Harry Potter books really exist? Which concepts might actually happen, and which ones wouldn't work at all? Wizards, Aliens, and Starships delves into the most extraordinary details in science fiction and fantasy--such as time warps, shape changing, rocket launches, and illumination by floating candle--and shows readers the physics and math behind the phenomena. With simple mathematical models, and in most cases using no more than high school algebra, Charles Adler ranges across a plethora of remarkable imaginings, from the works of Ursula K. Le Guin to Star Trek and Avatar, to explore what might become reality. Adler explains why fantasy in the Harry Potter and Dresden Files novels cannot adhere strictly to scientific laws, and when magic might make scientific sense in the muggle world. He examines space travel and wonders why it isn't cheaper and more common today. Adler also discusses exoplanets and how the search for alien life has shifted from radio communications to space-based telescopes. He concludes by investigating the future survival of humanity and other intelligent races. Throughout, he cites an abundance of science fiction and fantasy authors, and includes concise descriptions of stories as well as an appendix on Newton's laws of motion. Wizards, Aliens, and Starships will speak to anyone wanting to know about the correct--and incorrect--science of science fiction and fantasy. Sci Fi Ambient Space Music - Orion Belt Produced by JediMaster. Half hour music loopped to 1 hour. www.facebook.com/JediMasterStudio https://jedimaster.bandcamp.com/ All videos on my channel (music ... Produced by JediMaster. Half hour music loopped to 1 hour. www.facebook.com/JediMasterStudio https://jedimaster.bandcamp.com/ All videos on my channel (music mixes and tutorials) are free to watch by all users. If you would like to support me financially you can do so by donating via PayPal. My e-mail address: Jedimasterstudio@gmail.com Produced by JediMaster. Half hour music loopped to 1 hour. www.facebook.com/JediMasterStudio https://jedimaster.bandcamp.com/ All videos on my channel (music mixes and tutorials) are free to watch by all users. If you would like to support me financially you can do so by donating via PayPal. My e-mail address: Jedimasterstudio@gmail.com Writing and Marketing Military Sci-Fi with Amy J. Murphy Today we talk to Amy J. Murphy, author and creator of the science fiction action adventure series "Allies and Enemies," about military sci-fi, coping with the d... Today we talk to Amy J. Murphy, author and creator of the science fiction action adventure series "Allies and Enemies," about military sci-fi, coping with the dreaded sales cliff, and producing audio books. Today we talk to Amy J. Murphy, author and creator of the science fiction action adventure series "Allies and Enemies," about military sci-fi, coping with the dreaded sales cliff, and producing audio books. Technobabble - Bad Writing Makes Bad Sci-Fi - Extra Credits Good sci-fi writing, in games and other media, require scientific understanding to create a believable universe--there are no shortcuts. Basic, conceptual knowledge of the subject you're trying to write about will make you a better writer. Subscribe for new episodes every Wednesday! http://bit.ly/SubToEC (---More below) (Original air date: December 7, 2011) _______ Get your Extra Credits gear at the store! http://bit.ly/ExtraStore Play games with us on Extra Play! http://bit.ly/WatchEXP Watch more episodes from this season of Extra Credits! http://bit.ly/2n8QcIn Contribute community subtitles to Extra Credits: http://www.youtube.com/timedtext_cs_panel?c=UCCODtTcd5M1JavPCOr_Uydg&tab=2 Talk to us on Twitter (@ExtraCreditz): http://bit.ly/ECTweet Follow us on Facebook: http://bit.ly/ECFBPage Get our list of recommended games on Steam: http://bit.ly/ECCurator _________ Would you like James to speak at your school or organization? For info, contact us at: contact@extra-credits.net _________ ♪ IntroMusic: "Penguin Cap" by CarboHydroM http://bit.ly/1eIHTDS ♪ Outro Music: "SR388" by CursedLemon http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ienyt-vWihE 4:31 How to Write Science Fiction and Fantasy: Top 5 Tips Get more writing tips from Dave Butler and other writers https://www.youtube.com/channel/U... Brandon Sanderson Lecture 1: Intro to Sci-Fi/Fantasy Writing (1/5) In which Brandon introduces his winter 2012 class at Brigham Young University on creative writing for science fiction and fantasy authors. Next up: "Ideas are Cheap" http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3JlBLG7xOI . See all the lectures in one place at http://www.writeaboutdragons.com/home/brandon_w2012/ Help us caption & translate this video! http://amara.org/v/CVfw/ 3 Easy Steps for World Building 3 EasySteps for World Buildinghttp://www.writers-realm.com/ One of the most difficult aspects of writing a work of fiction is world building. World building refers to the construction of a fictional universe. In literary fiction, the hard work has already been done for you—the author uses the real world for the setting of their work. However, for those of us who craft and live in the fantasy and Sci-Fi genres, world building is a distinct challenge and fraught with dangers. In this article, author Vic Salinas will present to you three easy steps for world building that he's found handy in his own work—both in the Grauwelt books and other creative projects. You can also read this content as an article here: http://www.writers-realm.com/3-easy-steps-for-world-building/ *****DON'T FORGET TO COMMENT, SHARE, & SUBSCRIBE!***** 5:40 EVIL EMPIRES - Terrible Writing Advice It's time to crush those filthy rebels for the glory of the Empire! Evil empires are commo... EVIL EMPIRES - Terrible Writing Advice It's time to crush those filthy rebels for the glory of the Empire! Evil empires are common in science fiction and fantasy. This video will show you how to take an extremely interesting topic rich in history and potential, and boil it down into a boring cliché! As always you can read my real thoughts on evil empires here: http://jpbeaubien.com/terrible-writing-advice-chapter-10-evil-empires/ Check out BestFantasy Books HQ review of my book here: http://www.bestfantasybookshq.com/aeon-legion-labyrinth-beaubien/ Check out their YouTube Channel Here: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCaus8WEZ0kjOzvzB8RsW4rA Read my sf-books.com interview here: http://sf-books.com/2017/02/12/j-p-beaubien-gives-us-terrible-writing-advice-and-a-book-of-some-pretty-good-writing/ SOCIAL MEDIA LINKS My Website: http://jpbeaubien.com/ My Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/authorJPBeaubien/ My Twitter: https://twitter.com/JosephPBeaubien My Goodreads: https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/15180667.J_P_Beaubien Buy my book!: http://mybook.to/AeonLegionBook1 CREDITS Music: "Quirky Dog", "MonkeysSpinning Monkeys", and "Son of a Rocket" by Kevin MacLeod (incompetech.com) Licensed under Creative Commons: By Attribution3.0License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ All other music tracks from www.bricktrick.de 7:45 Solving Science Fiction — Sci-fi Series For such an important and well-loved genre, sci-fi is rather difficult to define. Is it sp... Solving Science Fiction — Sci-fi Series For such an important and well-loved genre, sci-fi is rather difficult to define. Is it space opera? High-brow philosophical parables? Serious speculation about the future of technology? Is it all of those things? And then, what isn't it? In this episode, we attempt to "solve" this puzzling genre by answering one simple question: "what is science fiction?" Audible ➤ http://amzn.to/2xlMBM8 Join the community for discussion and daily posts! Support us on Patreon! ➤ https://www.patreon.com/TaleFoundry TaleFoundry ➤ https://thetalefoundry.wordpress.com/ Facebook ➤ http://www.facebook.com/TaleFoundry Twitter ➤ http://www.twitter.com/TheTaleFoundry Tumblr ➤ http://www.TaleFoundry.tumblr.com Discord ➤ https://discord.gg/ZN3TYrr ▬▬▬▬ What is Tale Foundry? ▬▬▬▬ If fiction were a material, we would be its manufacturing plant. We take apart stories to see what makes them tick, then recycle what we find to create our own. Every month we make a video discussing what we've discovered, a list of interesting ideas, and then, finally, an original short story that makes use of all the new material. Episodes ➤ https://goo.gl/rdzcn5 Lists ➤ https://goo.gl/7Msq3v Stories ➤ https://goo.gl/VjnLBR Also, if you find anything worth writing about in any of our videos, we take fan-submitted stories as well! Visit our website for more info: https://thetalefoundry.wordpress.com/contact/ ▬▬▬▬ Support Us▬▬▬▬ https://www.patreon.com/TaleFoundry Our videos will always be available on Youtube for free, but there's extra content waiting on our Patreon for those who choose to support us: •Voting — Every month we let our patrons vote for which theme they'd like us to cover the following month; higher-tier patrons get to suggest themes for the poll •Updates and Previews — Get a sneak peek at what we're working on before anyone else ▬▬▬▬ PastThemes ▬▬▬▬ •View all of our past series here: https://goo.gl/6npTCg ▬▬▬▬ Tale Foundry Team ▬▬▬▬ •Talebot — the talent •The Taleoids — the talent's helpers •ChloeMansfield — writing/research/content manager •Benjamin Cook — writing/art/channel owner ▬▬▬▬ Credit/Attributions ▬▬▬▬ The following resources were used in accordance with (17 U.S.C. Section 107) United States "Fair Use" Doctrine: •Music: —Tale Foundry themes by Rohan Parry (https://soundcloud.com/midimachine) —“Inventing the Future”, by Kinoton: https://soundcloud.com/kinotonmusic —“Exploration”, by Axivis: https://soundcloud.com/axivis —“Again Again”, by Warm •Video Footage: —Footage from “I AMLegend Animated Comics 3: Shelter”, by Warner Bros. Home Entertainment —Footage from “Nosferatu: A Symphony of Horror”, by F.W. Murnau •Research: —“Speculative Fiction”: http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/SpeculativeFiction —“SlidingScale of Realistic vs. Fantasy”: http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/SlidingScaleOfRealisticVersusFantastic —“Sci-fiGhetto”: http://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Main/ScifiGhetto —“On the Poetics of the Science Fiction -Genre”, by Darko Suvin —“A Historical Look at Why Science Fiction AlwaysGetsScrewed at the Oscars”: https://www.inverse.com/article/27692-oscars-scifi-science-fiction-arrival-star-wars-2001-kubrik —“Science Fiction Awards are Basically Bullshit”: https://www.inverse.com/article/28274-nebulas-2016-science-fiction-awards-books —“Why no Sci-fi movie ever won Best Picture”: https://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/Movies/2016/0225/Oscars-2016-Why-has-no-sci-fi-movie-ever-won-Best-Picture —“Why Science fiction authors can’t win”: https://galacticbrain.com/why-science-fiction-authors-cant-win/ ▬▬▬▬ SpecialThanks to our Patreon Engineers ▬▬▬▬ —Arch di Angelo —Aaron Hislop —Andrew Jacobson —Daniel Alexander —Darragh Counihan —Eric Porter —Jezz is Cheese —Kidjchai Yingseri —Nik Maier —Quinn —Rachel Reeves —RPGgrenade - RocketMooseX —StefanieDomingo —TuckerWhite —Zeth Crowley Tim Poston tells about every detailing that goes into writing a science fiction. Every component in a fictional book is supported by existing scientific theories. He explains the geographical intricacies of a different planet which plays the backdrop in the story. He presents the fictional story in a factually believable manner by providing phenomenal explanation. Timothy "Tim" Poston (born 19 June 1945 in St Albans, Hertfordshire) is an English mathematician best known for his work on catastrophe theory. His 1972Ph.D at the University of Warwick was directed by Christopher Zeeman on "FuzzyGeometry". Tim specializes in geometry, graphics, algorithm design, human-computer interaction, medical imaging, patent writing and singularity theory.[4] His books on catastrophe theory and on differential geometry and relativity are still in print after a third of a century. This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx 1:21:36 writing a scifi novel - day 002 Day 2 in a ROWWW. There's a weird bit around the one hour mark where the stream cut out b... writing a scifi novel - day 002 Day 2 in a ROWWW. There's a weird bit around the one hour mark where the stream cut out because I used spotlight. Note to self: don't use spotlight while streaming! Watch live at http://www.twitch.tv/futurepaul How to build a fictional world - Kate Messner View full lesson: http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-to-build-a-fictional-world-kate-messner Why is J.R.R. Tolkien's Lord of the Rings trilogy so compelling? How about The Matrix or Harry Potter? What makes these disparate worlds come alive are clear, consistent rules for how people, societies -- and even the laws of physics -- function in these fictional universes. AuthorKate Messner offers a few tricks for you, too, to create a world worth exploring in your own words. Lesson by Kate Messner, animation by Avi Ofer. 14:23 Tutorial: Writing an Epic Sci-Fi Opening HOW TO WRITE AN EPIC SCIENCE FICTION OPENING SCORE USING VARIOUS PROJECTSAM SAMPLE LIBRARI... Tutorial: Writing an Epic Sci-Fi Opening HOW TO WRITE AN EPICSCIENCE FICTION OPENING SCORE USING VARIOUS PROJECTSAM SAMPLE LIBRARIES. Sample libraries used in this video: Symphobia 1, 2 & 3: https://www.projectsam.com/Symphobia TrueStrike 1: https://www.projectsam.com/Products/True-Strike-Series/1386 ConcertHarp: https://www.projectsam.com/Products/Other-Libraries/1357 Sequencer software used is Apple's Logic Pro X. Watch our other how-to tutorials here on this channel and download the project file to open it on your own system via the Tutorials section on our website: https://www.projectsam.com/tutorials Copyright notice: the music compositions featured in this tutorial are offered to you for educational and referencing purposes only and may not be used or distributed commercially. Enjoy! www.projectsam.com writing a scifi novel - day 002 Day 2 in a ROWWW. There's a weird bit around the one hour mark where the stream cut out because I used spotlight. Note to self: don't use spotlight while streaming! Watch live at http://www.twitch.tv/futurepaul Exploring the Tropes of Science Fiction and Fantasy Exploring the Tropes of Science Fiction and Fantasy What makes a science fiction story a science fiction story? What about fantasy? Are there tropes to these genres? Can they be mingled? Can they be mingled with other genres successfully? What things--call it stage settings--that are expected in these genres? Are they overdone? Explore with the Write Pack as we grab our Light Sabers and cast our Light Spell as we go in to the dungeon and seek out the treasure of these genres. All episodes available at: - iTunes - Blog Talk Radio - TuneIn - And other platforms New episodes every Sunday 1:01:37 writing a scifi novel - day 001 Actual writing starts at https://youtu.be/jcvkB-Px4vo?t=241 Watch live at http://www.twit... Subscribe for more epic music: https://www.youtube.com/user/wersion751EXTENDED Like our page on facebook: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Wersion751/236499826560046?ref_type=bookmark Publisher: RevoltProductionMusicComposers: Philippe Briand and GabrielSabanAlbum: ''Infinity'' 2016 TRACKLIST: 00:00 Paradigm 01:42 Chronometry 03:54 Dream Or Reality 06:16 Mind Games 08:03 Fabric Of Space-Time 10:02 A New Dimension 12:00 Before It Ends 13:57 Continuum 15:52 FinalHours 18:02 Heart Of Eternity 19:56 MentalControl 21:48 Misty Effect 23:19 No Regrets 25:33 Written In The Shadows 27:25 BeyondLife MORE INFO: Revolt Production Music: buy original tracks/album: https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/infinity/id1172899041 itunes: https://itunes.apple.com/us/artist/revolt-production-music/id1067203391 facebook: https://www.facebook.com/revoltproductionmusic/ soundcloud: https://soundcloud.com/revoltproductionmusic youtube: https://www.youtube.com/c/SPMMUSICGROUP Philippe Briand: facebook: https://www.facebook.com/philippe.briand.792 Gabriel Saban: facebook: https://www.facebook.com/gab.saban WALLPAPER: artist: elreviae link to artwork: http://elreviae.deviantart.com/art/Epistellar-Horizon-623261130 PROMOTION: Want to promote your own music, videos or arts in our channel? 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CONTACT WITH US: feel free to contact with us if something is missing, video removal, adding more information, music/video/image submission e-mail: For security reasons view our email adress on our youtube channel ''about page'' facebook: https://www.facebook.com/premexhq/ submit your work: http://goo.gl/forms/64JiXjWgMe official site: http://jurgis511.wix.com/pehq Today we'll be talking to Sci-Fi and Post-Apocalyptic writer CraigMartelle. He'll discuss what got him started in writing, how he maintains such a high output, and how collaborating in collections and communities has helped him. 1:10:57 Wizards, Aliens, and Starships: Physics and Math in Fantasy and Science Fiction From teleportation and space elevators to alien contact and interstellar travel, science f... Wizards, Aliens, and Starships: Physics and Math in Fantasy and Science Fiction From teleportation and space elevators to alien contact and interstellar travel, science fiction and fantasy writers have come up with some brilliant and innovative ideas. Yet how plausible are these ideas--for instance, could Mr. Weasley's flying car in the Harry Potter books really exist? Which concepts might actually happen, and which ones wouldn't work at all? Wizards, Aliens, and Starships delves into the most extraordinary details in science fiction and fantasy--such as time warps, shape changing, rocket launches, and illumination by floating candle--and shows readers the physics and math behind the phenomena. With simple mathematical models, and in most cases using no more than high school algebra, Charles Adler ranges across a plethora of remarkable imaginings, from the works of Ursula K. Le Guin to Star Trek and Avatar, to explore what might become reality. Adler explains why fantasy in the Harry Potter and Dresden Files novels cannot adhere strictly to scientific laws, and when magic might make scientific sense in the muggle world. He examines space travel and wonders why it isn't cheaper and more common today. Adler also discusses exoplanets and how the search for alien life has shifted from radio communications to space-based telescopes. He concludes by investigating the future survival of humanity and other intelligent races. Throughout, he cites an abundance of science fiction and fantasy authors, and includes concise descriptions of stories as well as an appendix on Newton's laws of motion. Wizards, Aliens, and Starships will speak to anyone wanting to know about the correct--and incorrect--science of science fiction and fantasy. 'CYBERPUNK' \| Position Music \| 1 Hour of Dark Epic... 1982 - Isaac Asimov, Harlan Ellison, Gene Wolfe on... In August 2016, a research plane was able to observe something strange in the atmosphere above Alaska's Aleutian Islands, lingering aerosol particle that was enriched with the same kind of uranium used in nuclear fuel and bombs, according to Gizmodo. The observation was the first time that scientists detected a particle free-floating in the atmosphere in over 20 years of plane-based observations ... ... -WN.com, Maureen Foody.... The United States said it "strongly disagrees" with the new declaration that effectively bans protests, with a U.S ... He also ruled out a transitional government ... Befekadu Hailu, a prominent blogger who has been jailed for his writings, urged Ethiopia's government to "carry out genuine reforms, negotiate with legitimate opposition groups and prepare the country for a free and fair election" to solve the unrest ... .... One day in August 1995 a man called Foutanga Babani Sissoko walked into the head office of the Dubai Islamic Bank and asked for a loan to buy a car. The manager agreed, and Sissoko invited him home for dinner. It was the prelude, writes the BBC's Brigitte Scheffer, to one of the most audacious confidence tricks of all time. Over dinner, Sissoko made a startling claim ... With these powers, he could take a sum of money and double it ... .... Mexico City – A military helicopter carrying officials assessing damage from a powerful earthquake crashed Friday in southern Mexico, killing 13 people and injuring 15, all of them on the ground. The Oaxaca state prosecutor’s office said in a statement that five women, four men and three children were killed at the crash site and another person died later at the hospital ...Alejandro Murat, neither of whom had serious injuries ... The U.S ... .... MEXICOCITY. A strong earthquake shook southern and central Mexico Friday, causing panic less than six months after two devastating quakes that killed hundreds of people. No buildings collapsed, according to early reports. But two towns near the epicenter, in the southern state of Oaxaca, reported damage and state authorities said they had opened emergency shelters ... It was also felt in the states of Guerrero, Puebla and Michoacan ... AFP ... .... search tools You can search using any combination of the items listed below. Mehr Tarar is among the better known Pakistani journalists in India – she writes regular columns in newspapers here and appears on TV, speaks frankly about the issues and troubles in her country (not to forget the fracas over her Twitter exchange with Sunanda Pushkar shortly before her death) ... How did this book come about? What was the impetus for writing it?.... The government has "hidden" up to £7bn of student loan write-downs from the deficit, a leading parliamentary committee of MPs said today. The write-downs, which relate to student loans that will never be repaid, are equivalent to the entire NHS capital budget, according to a Treasury Select Committee report into how higher education is funded.... Because writing is innately artificial, its every use involves some form of fiction. The dividing line is rather, as Virginia Woolf said, how much truth the fiction inherent in writing is able to capture.... It struck a particular chord with me while writingThe SuitcaseBaby because it deals with themes which were absolutely central to the book – shame and loss ... This led me to writeLetting Go ... In writing the novel, I was interested in the spaces between people and how, in the absence of knowledge, love or fear can flood these spaces ... I love Ashley Hay’s writing. It’s very different writing from mine but it’s so poised and beautiful.... "The government is not willing to give anything to us in writing. Oral promises are not reliable," he said. "We have learned this from the Thangadh incident," said Mevani... However, the stalemate continues over agreement to put it down in writing ... .... LONDON, Feb 18 (Reuters) - The British government should cut the interest rate it charges on loans to English students, and statisticians should review why the cost of hefty write-offs barely figures in official borrowing data, a parliamentary committee said on Sunday ...write-offs from showing up in the main measure of public-sector net borrowing.... “This challenge exceeded the ones presented by the likes of those who had failed to tackle this nascent conservatism (George McGovern), represented the dying flame of liberalism’s most successful days (Teddy Kennedy), or embodied its rich intellectual tradition (Patrick Moynihan),” Ambarwrites... “It was clear that Cuomo’s decision not to run had implications well beyond his own political career,” Ambar writes.... ISLAMABAD ... The letter has been written after a number of incidents in which patients were referred to Pims but ventilators or beds were not available at the hospital ... The letter, which is available with Dawn, states ... Hospitalwrites letter to CapitalAdministration and DevelopmentDivision, provinces ... “Hospitals tell the families that they are referring the patients to Pims and also hand them it in writing ... .... JOHANNESBURG. Barring the chances of running himself out while batting, like he did in Port Elizabeth after another miscommunication with opener Rohit Sharma, Virat Kohli has simply looked unconquerable to bowlers here in South Africa... There was a certain aura of invincibility to Kohli’s batting ... I just go out there and do my job, it is up to the people to write what they write, I don’t want to be called anything ... .... Writing in the Observer, he concedes that prisons are rife with psychoactive drugs, and see “increasing levels of violence committed by prisoners, and horrifying rates of self-harm” ...Stewart, who was appointed prisons minister last month, writes that he wants to tackle the flow of drugs into prisons and improve basic cleanliness. “Criminal gangs have become ever more skilled at pouring new psychoactive drugs into prisons,” he writes....
1. Case Report {#sec1} ============== A 65-year-old patient was referred to our urological clinic for a prostate biopsy indicated for a PSA elevation of 4,5 ng/mL. The patient presented without any previous morbidities in his medical or urological history and was entirely asymptomatic. Digital rectal examination (DRE) and transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) of the prostate were normal, the size of the gland was 36 mL. An octant biopsy was conducted in January 2002 by which adenocarcinoma of the prostate (PCa) was diagnosed in 1 out of 8 cores. The lesion was circumscribed with a length below 2 mm and a Gleason grade of 2, WHO grade was 1, all the other seven biopsies were classified as benign prostatic hyperplasia and chronic inflammation. Following discussion of all therapeutical options, the patient decided to undergo permanent brachytherapy with J^125^. 62 seeds with 0,467 mCi/seed were implanted, total activity was 28,95 mCi, and postoperative course was without any complications. During the early postoperative phase, the patient was free of complaints, there was neither a sign of incontinence nor any stool disorder, even the erectile function was assessed by an IIEF-score of 21. PSA was constantly decreasing to reach its nadir of 0,75 ng/mL 15 months after seed implantation. 21 months after brachytherapy, the first increase of PSA up to 2,6 was observed. Presuming the possibility of a so-called "PSA bouncing" with an episode of prostatitis a cycle of antibiotic therapy with ciprofloxacin over three weeks was administered, after which PSA fell again to a level of 2,11. At the subsequent follow-up examination half a year later, the patient presented with obvious local and systemic progression: PSA rose up to 8,1 ng/mL with a doubling time of three months, and digital rectal examination showed a dense left lobe with a firm node on the contralateral side. At this time, the patient refused restaging and rejected the recommended LHRH agonist therapy. After prophylactic radiation to the breasts with a dose of 1500 cGy antiandrogen monotherapy with bicalutamide 150 mg per day was initiated. Receiving this medication a drop of PSA to 2,4 ng/mL was achieved, the patient was furthermore feeling asymptomatic. Due to a PSA progress up to 10,6 ng/mL after 15 months of antiandrogen treatment, reevaluation was conducted. While choline PET-CT showed an increased fluorocholine (FCH) metabolism in the right lobe of the prostate with no signs of lymph node or bone metastases, a rebiopsy of the gland yielded a dramatic upstaging and upgrading of the local disease: of 15 cores taken 13 were infiltrated by prostate cancer with Gleason Score 8 (4 + 4), WHO grade was 3. Antiandrogen therapy was stopped; the LHRH agonist leuprorelin acetate was administered. Due to the history of brachytherapy, any form of further external beam radiation was not feasible. Only two months later, the patient had to be hospitalised again because of gross haematuria and clot retention. A CT scan showed local progression with a large solid tumour dorsal of the right side of the prostate and bladder with a diameter of 6 cm as well as pathologically enlarged lymph nodes in the pelvis up to 2 cm. Due to continuous bleeding under bladder irrigation palliative transurethral resection of the prostate had to be performed, 15 g of fragile tumour tissue were removed. The pathological report confirmed the diagnosis of an adenocarcinoma with a Gleason score of 8, but additionally larger areas with neuroendocrine differentiation were found. After a period of the next three weeks, transurethral reintervention for severe haematuria had to be undertaken, and due to persistent bleeding transfusions of several red cell concentrates were necessary. Obstruction of the upper urinary tract led to bilateral nephrostomies. After discharge, several recurrent episodes of bleeding and clot retention occurred. The general health status deteriorated preventing the initiation of systemic chemotherapy. Only two months following the previous CT scan, MRI showed a large solid local tumour with a diameter of now 9 cm infiltrating the trigone and the bladder floor on each side ([Figure 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). Beneath lymph nodes, up to 3 cm disseminated bone metastases were diagnosed. Four years after the "first definitive" therapy, the patient received a palliative ileal conduit to control local symptoms. With regards to the limited life expectancy, the prostate and bladder remained in situ; recurrent bleeding was controlled by percutaneous transluminal angiography and coil embolization; additionally, instillations with formalin were performed twice. The patient\'s health status was declining rapidly and three weeks after the last surgery, he died due to dilatation of the right ventricle and pulmonary oedema. Beyond that, autopsy showed extensive pulmonary metastases. 2. Discussion {#sec2} ============= Accurate staging of prostate cancer on the basis of clinical features such as PSA, DRE, and histology of biopsy is difficult. The number of positive cores does not imperatively represent the extension of the cancer, furthermore, in about 50% an upgrading in Gleason score has to be observed after performing radical prostatectomy. Besides, radical prostatectomy and external beam radiotherapy, permanent brachytherapy is one treatment option of nonmetastatic-localised PCa \[[@B1]\]. Even in a localised setting, 10--20% of patients with organ-confined PCa will develop biochemical progression within 5--10 years; if the cancer is locally advanced at the time of treatment, the progression rate increases to up to 30--50% \[[@B2]--[@B4]\]. 70% of the patients with PSA relapse after brachytherapy, present with local persistence as the only site of recurrence, depending on the initial tumour stage \[[@B2], [@B5]\]. In case of a rise in PSA level after radiation therapy the majority of patients will receive androgen deprivation therapy. Since this must be considered as palliative, a reverse strategy is salvage radical prostatectomy (SRP). Heidenreich et al. reported a retrospective series of 55 men with biopsy-proven, locally recurrent PCa after primary radiotherapy. Predictors of organ-confined PCa with negative surgical margins were biopsy Gleason score prior to salvage radical prostatectomy, \<50% positive biopsy cores, PSA doubling-time \>12 months, and low-dose brachytherapy. SRP was judged as a surgically challenging but effective secondary local treatment with curative intent \[[@B2]\]. Furthermore, studies about cryotherapy, brachytherapy and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) with partly encouraging results but smaller numbers of patients were published \[[@B6]\]. If SRP was not performed after PSA relapse castration resistant PCa with local progression and associated complications such as pelvic pain, gross haematuria, infravesical obstruction, and rectal invasion with obstruction and consecutive ileus can possibly occur in the further course; each of those sequels impairs the patient\'s well-being significantly. Voiding problems may require lifelong indwelling catheters, obstruction of the ureters often results in long-term placement of nephrostomy tubes or ureteral stents, and despite those measurements renal failure may occur. In this situation, palliative radical surgery is a therapy option especially in the absence of distant metastases. Leibovici et al. were looking at the effect of cystoprostatectomy for palliation of symptomatic bladder invasion by prostate cancer. 21 patients had previous local therapy, 17 were primary T4 tumours. During surgery, rectal injuries occurred in 13%, there were no perioperative deaths. In 79% (30/38 patients), local symptoms were relieved permanently after the operation. 3 patients (8%) suffered from persistent pelvic pain, another 3 patients from urinary incontinence, and 1 from on going haematuria. The average interval between surgery and clinical systemic disease was 26 months, median disease specific survival was 31 months \[[@B7]\]. Pfister et al. published a series of 20 patients with locally advanced prostate cancer. 70% had an indwelling catheter due to infravesical obstruction, 10% had nephrostomy tubes inserted, 30% recurrent gross haematuria with the need for blood transfusions, 25% suffered from rectal obstruction with consecutive subileus. 15 patients received cystoprostatectomy, median operation time was 260 min, blood loss was 500 mL. In 80%, durable symptom reduction was achieved, median symptom-free survival added up to 15,3 (6--25) months, median survival up to 20,4 (9--28) months \[[@B8]\]. Neuroendocrine differentiation. The number of neuroendocrine cells increases after puberty until an optimum level that persists between the age of 25 and 54, they represent the third epithelial cell type on normal prostatic tissue in addition to basal and secretory cells. Because of the lack of androgen receptors on these cells in normal and neoplastic prostates, they are androgen-insensitive, so hormonal therapy is not a true option for neuroendocrine prostate cancer \[[@B9]\]. In case of loco-regional disease, surgical resection with or without adjuvant treatment (chemotherapy, radiation) is recommended \[[@B10]\]. For prostate cancer with a Gleason score between 8 and 10, Krauss et al. reported inferior clinical outcomes for patients treated with primary radiotherapy if neuroendocrine differentiation exceeds \>1%, 10-year distant metastases rates and cause specific survival were significantly lower. In this paper no differences in outcomes were seen for patients with 0% versus \<1% neuroendocrine differentiation \[[@B11]\]. For patients with metastatic-stage disease, systemic chemotherapy with a platinum agent (cisplatin or carboplatin) and etoposide is recommended. However, due to aggressive histological features of neuroendocrine carcinomas response durations are often short \[[@B10]\]. In a study published by Culine et al., 41 patients were treated with a combination of docetaxel and cisplatin. PSA response rate was 48% and clinical benefit was observed in 45% of patients, median survival was 12 months \[[@B12]\]. Stein et al. published a cohort of 30 patients treated with cisplatin-based chemotherapy with or without pelvic radiotherapy. After an initial response, 25 patients succumbed to massive local and/or distant failure \[[@B13]\]. Based on the disappointing results with the established therapy strategies, novel approaches have to be implicated. Somatostatin analogues, serotonin and bombesin antagonists, and cytokines are under investigation \[[@B14]\]. Recently, Sciarra et al. reported a median overall survival superior to the 10-month median survival in patients with hormone refractory disease using a combination of estrogens and somatostatin \[[@B15]\]. The case presented here may have profited from a surgical approach once rapid progression had become obvious. It teaches that palliative radical tumour surgery should be considered in patients with locally advanced disease, especially when symptoms impair the patient\'s well being. Even in cases with widespread metastases, an effective local symptom control can be achieved for the last months of their lives. ![MRI demonstrating a local solid tumour with a diameter of 9 cm infiltrating the trigone and the bladder floor on each side.](AU2012-632419.001){#fig1} [^1]: Academic Editor: Maximilian Burger
Q: How to display the folder's columns for a document in a view in Sharepoint 2013 foundation? I'm trying to create a flat view that shows all documents in a list without folders, but I can't figure out how to get for each document the columns of the parent folder. We have to keep the folders system, but be able to use filters on this view. View screenshot with folders View Screenshot without folders, where I need to get the folder columns A: I think this is a misunderstanding of the columns behavior, in fact you are displaying the same columns in both views (except for Modified, Index, ISO Language), however I assume what you really want is to display the same Field Values of the parent folder for each child item, that kind of behavior (values inheritance between folders and child items) isn't possible by just editing the view neither by applying some list settings. First of all you need to understand that list items, documents and folders are all list items from the system perspective so they have individual properties for each one of them, a folder is just a special type of item that is able to contain other items (strictly speaking is just simulating a container). In your case the Field Values that are being displayed in the columns of the folders view are values that belong to the folder itself but not to his child items. If you want to propagate those field values for the child items of each folder then you have two options: Manually: Assign the values to each child item by editing their properties using the Edit Form or using a Grid View to edit multiple items faster. Automatically: Create a Workflow or Event Receiver to copy the values of the parent folder to each new item/document that is added to the list/library. However, as I can see your library is not being used in production yet, so my personal recommendation is to change your approach and use something similar to a Managed Metadata term store instead of folders (folders should be your last option to categorize items/documents, just for cases when you really don't have another way to achieve your goal), with the Managed Metadata approach you are able to apply tags to the items allowing them to belong to multiple categories and being filtered and searched more efficiently, but I know what you may be thinking "how can I do this if the Managed Metadata Service is not available in SharePoint Foundation", well thats why I said "use something similar", there should be more than one third party solution out there that will provide a similar functionality, but if you want to choose the less effort path, just use out-of-the-box Multi-choice field or Multi-lookup field, that you can start to using right now and assign the categories that you want to your items and create different views and filter them.
Q: Problema con Bootstrap y ventanas MODAL Buenas tardes, estoy usando bootstrap 3 y utilizo ventanas modal, el problema es que dentro de una ventana modal dando clic en un boton abro otra ventana modal, y cuendo le doy al boton de cerrar de la segunda ventana abierta, se cierran ambas ventas simultaneamente. ¿Se puede solucionar esto, para que cierren en forma independiente?. Imagino que el problema esta en la linea de codigo <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs" data-dismiss="modal">Cerrar</button> que es se repite para ambas ventanas. Espero alguien de en la tecla. Gracias. A: Bootstrap deja en claro en su documentación que no se permiten los modales sobrepuestos, ya que esto requiere código personalizado. Lo que puedes hacer es ocultar este ultimo de la siguiente manera $('#modal2-Cerrar').on('click', function(evt){ evt.preventDefault() $('#Modal2').modal('hide'); $('#Modal1').modal('show'); }); y tu botón quedaría de la siguiente forma en el segundo modal: <button type="button" id="modal2-Cerrar" class="btn btn-primary btn-xs">Cerrar</button> y en el botón superior seria lo mismo. Quedando este de la siguiente manera: <button type="button" class="close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button> y en la función, el selector quedaría de esta forma $('#modal2-Cerrar, .close').on(...) Actualizacion Este ejemplo es usando dos modales con diferente id en el cual se usa la versión de bootstrap 3.3.7, funciona correctamente con los modales añadidos, pero el backdrop no cubre el primer modal (para hacer esto habría que jugar con jquery y css) <link href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <!-- Button trigger modal --> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-lg" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#Modal1"> Modal doble Default </button> <!-- Modal --> <div class="modal fade" id="Modal1" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="myModalLabel"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> <h4 class="modal-title" id="myModalLabel">Modal title</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-lg" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#Modal2">Lanzar segundo modal</button> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" data-dismiss="modal">Close</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Save changes</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Segundo modal --> <div class="modal fade" id="Modal2" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="myModalLabel"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> <h4 class="modal-title" id="myModalLabel">Modal title</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> Aqui estoy en un segundo modal </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" data-dismiss="modal">Close</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Save changes</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> Este segundo ejemplo es usando las funciones que te proporcione y quitando atributos que vienen por default, sucede lo mismo con el backdrop $('#Modal2-cerrar, .close2').on('click', function() { $('#Modal2').modal('hide'); $('#Modal1').modal('show'); }); $('#Modal1-cerrar, .close1').on('click', function() { $('#Modal1').modal('hide'); }); <link href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <script src="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.3.7/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-lg" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#Modal1"> Modal doble Ajustado </button> <!-- Modal --> <div class="modal fade" id="Modal1" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="myModalLabel"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close close1"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> <h4 class="modal-title" id="myModalLabel">Modal title</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary btn-lg" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#Modal2">Lanzar segundo modal</button> </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" id="Modal1-cerrar">Close</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Save changes</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- Segundo modal --> <div class="modal fade" id="Modal2" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="myModalLabel"> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-header"> <button type="button" class="close close2"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> <h4 class="modal-title" id="myModalLabel">Modal title</h4> </div> <div class="modal-body"> Aqui estoy en un segundo modal </div> <div class="modal-footer"> <button type="button" class="btn btn-default" id='Modal2-cerrar'>Close</button> <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">Save changes</button> </div> </div> </div> </div>
RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION Pursuant to Sixth Circuit Rule 206 2 United Food & Commercial Workers No. 02-3415 ELECTRONIC CITATION: 2004 FED App. 0086A (6th Cir.) Local 1099, et al. v. City of Sidney, et al. File Name: 04a0086a.06 UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio at Dayton. FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT No. 00-00296—Walter H Rice, District Judge. _________________ Argued: July 31, 2003 UNITED FOOD & X COMMERCIAL WORKERS - Decided and Filed: March 24, 2004 LOCAL 1099; JUDY BISHOP; - - No. 02-3415 Before: KENNEDY, GILMAN, and GIBBONS, Circuit DOUG BURGSTALLER; JEFF - Judges. CRIDER; RAY EVANS, III; > , BONNIE FRANCE ; CHAD - _________________ HELMLINGER ; LEAH - HELMLINGER ; TONYA - COUNSEL MCCOY ; BRYON O’NEAL; - ARGUED: Timothy M. Burke, MANLEY BURKE, JEFF OSTING ; KEITH - Cincinnati, Ohio, for Appellants. Boyd W. Gentry, - SURDYK, DOWD & TURNER, Dayton, Ohio, Brian L. ROBINSON; JESSICA - Wildermuth, LAW OFFICES OF NICHOLAS E. SUBASHI, SAGRAVES, - Plaintiffs-Appellants, - Dayton, Ohio, for Appellees. ON BRIEF: Timothy M. Burke, Rhonda S. Frey, MANLEY BURKE, Cincinnati, - Ohio, for Appellants. Edward J. Dowd, SURDYK, DOWD v. - & TURNER, Brian L. Wildermuth, Nicholas E. Subashi, - LAW OFFICES OF NICHOLAS E. SUBASHI, Dayton, - Ohio, Michael Fay Boller, ASSISTANT SHELBY COUNTY CITY OF SIDNEY; MICHAEL - PUCKETT ; STEVEN B. PROSECUTOR, Sidney, Ohio, for Appellees. - WEARLY ; SIDNEY CITY - _____________________ SCHOOLS; STEVE MILLER; - KEVIN O’LEARY , - AMENDED OPINION Defendants-Appellees, - _____________________ - WAL-MART STORES, INC., et - JULIA SMITH GIBBONS, Circuit Judge. Plaintiffs- al.; JOHN WATERS ; GREG - appellants, United Food and Commercial Workers Local 1099 FRANKS , - (“Local 1099”) and twelve of its members, brought suit under Defendants. N 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985 against defendants-appellees 1 No. 02-3415 United Food & Commercial Workers 3 4 United Food & Commercial Workers No. 02-3415 Local 1099, et al. v. City of Sidney, et al. Local 1099, et al. v. City of Sidney, et al. after they were prohibited from soliciting signatures for a I. referendum petition outside six polling places on election day in Sidney, Ohio. These polling places included four public A. Factual Background schools, the local Y.M.C.A., and a church. At each location, members of Local 1099 attempted to solicit signatures in On February 28, 2000, the City Council of Sidney, Ohio, areas on school or private property that were outside of the enacted Ordinance No. A-2203, which “effected the rezoning areas that had been designated as “campaign-free zones” of Lots 5918 and 6180 from an I-2 Heavy Industrial District pursuant to an Ohio statute. Nevertheless, appellants were to a B-2 Community Business District.” The process of asked to leave the premises, and in many cases they were rezoning the property was undertaken for the purpose of threatened with arrest if they failed to comply. At one allowing expansion of a Wal-Mart store at that location. On location, two individual appellants were threatened with arrest March 2, 2000, appellants submitted a certified copy of even after they had relocated to a spot on a public sidewalk, Ordinance No. A-2203 and a pre-circulation referendum outside of the campaign-free zone. petition to the City of Sidney. Pursuant to the city’s charter, referendum petitions must be filed within two weeks Defendants-appellees Sidney City Schools, Superintendent following the passage of the ordinance called into question. Steve Miller, and Shelby County Sheriff Kevin O’Leary Given the short amount of time in which they had to collect moved to dismiss. The City of Sidney, City Manager signatures after Ordinance No. A-2003 was enacted on Michael Puckett, and Chief of Police Steven Wearly moved February 28, appellants assert that it was “particularly for judgment on the pleadings. The district court concluded important to gather signatures on March 7, 2000,” the day of that the appellants had not suffered a deprivation of their First the primary election in Ohio. On that date, appellants Amendment rights when they were denied permission to gathered to solicit signatures for the petition from voters solicit signatures at each of the six polling places and granted outside six polling places in Sidney. These locations included the appellees’ motions. We agree with the district court that four public elementary schools (Parkwood, Emerson, appellants’ First Amendment rights were not violated when Whittier, and Lowell), the Sidney-Shelby Y.M.C.A. they were prohibited from soliciting signatures in those areas (“Y.M.C.A.”), and Trinity Church of the Brethren (“Trinity”). that were (a) within the campaign-free zone, regardless of Appellants Judy Bishop, Ray Evans, and Jessica Sagraves whether the campaign-free zone encompassed a traditional were at Parkwood; Bryon O’Neal was at Emerson; Keith public forum such as a sidewalk, or (b) on school or private Robinson and Tonya McCoy were at Whittier; Chad and Leah property, but outside of the campaign-free zone. However, Helmlinger were at Lowell; Jeff Crider and Jeff Osting were plaintiffs have alleged facts supporting a claim that they were at the Y.M.C.A.; and Doug Burgstaller and Bonnie France deprived of their First Amendment rights when they were were at Trinity. threatened with arrest after they moved to the public sidewalk outside of the campaign-free zone at the Y.M.C.A., and to A set of United States flags was placed outside the entrance that extent, their § 1983 claim should be permitted to move of each polling place pursuant to Ohio Rev. Code §§ 3501.30 forward. We therefore affirm in part, reverse in part, and and 3501.35, which together provide for the creation of a 100- remand to the district court for further proceedings consistent foot campaign-free zone around the entrances to polling with this opinion. places in Ohio. Section 3501.30 instructs each county board of elections to place small United States flags 100 feet from No. 02-3415 United Food & Commercial Workers 5 6 United Food & Commercial Workers No. 02-3415 Local 1099, et al. v. City of Sidney, et al. Local 1099, et al. v. City of Sidney, et al. the polling place on the walkways leading to the entrance in At Emerson, O’Neal and Tambra Young had been order “to mark the distance within which persons other than soliciting signatures for approximately ninety minutes before election officials, witnesses, challengers, police officers, and the school principal ordered them to leave the property and electors . . . shall not loiter, congregate, or engage in any kind threatened to call the police if they did not comply. of election campaigning.” Section 3501.35 further states that Appellants allege that at some time during the morning of in the area between the polling entrance and the two flags, no March 7, Ralph Bauer, a member of the Sidney Board of person “shall loiter or congregate,” “hinder or delay an Elections, called the Sidney Police Department and requested elector,” or “solicit or in any manner attempt to influence any that they send cruisers to Emerson, Lowell, the Y.M.C.A., elector in casting his vote.” and Trinity. Bauer purportedly informed police that the appellants were soliciting signatures at each of these locations Appellants have alleged that at each of the polling places, in areas that were within 100 feet of the polling places. An they were positioned outside or beyond the area marked by officer from the Sidney Police Department arrived at Emerson the flags. They further allege that they solicited signatures at and told O’Neal and Young that his supervisor was on the each location in “a peaceful and non-disruptive manner,” and way and that he would decide whether they could remain on that they “neither interfered with school operations nor the property. Shortly thereafter, Sidney Police Captain hindered public access [to any of the polling places at issue.]” Kimpel arrived and told the appellants that if they refused to leave school property they would be trespassing. When The locations at which appellants were attempting to solicit O’Neal asked Kimpel how they could be trespassing on signatures and the manner in which they were denied access public property, Kimpel replied, “I’m not going to argue varied at each polling place. At Parkwood, appellants Bishop, about this. This is your last warning.” According to Evans, and Sagraves positioned themselves on school appellants, “[r]ather than risk receiving a citation or being property, but beyond the flag that had been placed outside the placed under arrest,” they complied with Kimpel’s demand entrance to the polling place. They solicited signatures at this and left the property. location for a short period of time, until the school principal informed them that they would have to relocate to a position At Whittier, appellants Robinson and McCoy positioned beyond a second flag that had been placed “on the side of the themselves outside the side entrance to the polling place. school parking lot opposite the polling place.” According to Although flags had been placed 100 feet from the front appellants, this flag was “far in excess of one hundred feet” entrance to the polling site, there were no flags outside the from the entrance to the polling place. Shortly after they had side entrance. Robinson and McCoy collected signatures for relocated to this new position, a deputy from the Shelby two hours, until they were approached and ordered to leave by County Sheriff’s Office ordered them to leave the premises the assistant superintendent and a polling judge. The assistant and threatened them with arrest for trespassing if they failed superintendent told them that they would have to leave school to comply. Appellants then relocated to a public sidewalk, property because of “safety issues” and that she had already but because most of the voters were parking in the school’s called the police. At this point, Robinson and McCoy left parking lot, they allege that they were unable to solicit school property and moved to a public sidewalk. Because signatures effectively from that location. most of the voters were parking in the school’s parking lot, appellants allege that they were unable to solicit signatures effectively from that location. No. 02-3415 United Food & Commercial Workers 7 8 United Food & Commercial Workers No. 02-3415 Local 1099, et al. v. City of Sidney, et al. Local 1099, et al. v. City of Sidney, et al. When the Helmlingers arrived at Lowell, they asked polling in the Y.M.C.A.’s lot, and the deputy had threatened them officials to identify the locations where they would be with arrest if they either entered the parking lot or attempted permitted to gather signatures. The officials replied that they to contact voters in the parking lot, appellants allege that they did not know and called the Board of Elections. According were unable to solicit signatures effectively from this to appellants, one of the officials grabbed the petition out of location. Leah Helmlinger’s hands and said, “Let me take a look at that. So you’re against the Wal-Mart?” After one official At Trinity, Burgstaller and France collected signatures for told them that they could solicit signatures at any point one hour before an officer with the Sidney Police Department beyond the flags, the Helmlingers positioned themselves “on arrived, again allegedly shortly after a phone call from Bauer. the public sidewalk, beyond the two flags.” Appellants allege While the officer was speaking with Burgstaller and France, that shortly after Bauer’s phone call to the Sidney Police a polling judge came out of the church and told them that they Department, an officer arrived at Lowell and told the would be permitted to collect signatures as long as they Helmlingers that school officials had called to complain. The remained beyond a set of flags that had been placed 100 feet officer told the Helmlingers that the flags had not been placed from the polling entrance. The officer disagreed, and told the far enough from the entrance to the polling place at Lowell appellants that it was irrelevant whether they were outside of and that they would have to stay more than 100 feet from that the 100-foot boundary because the church was private entrance. “Rather than risk receiving a citation or being property, and the church wanted them to leave. Rather than [placed under arrest],” the Helmlingers complied with the “risk arrest for trespassing,” Burgstaller and France complied officer’s request and left the property. with the officer’s demand and left church property. Crider and Osting collected signatures at the Y.M.C.A. for Appellants allege that in response to their petition efforts, approximately one hour before an officer with the Sidney the Mayor of Sidney instructed Puckett to draft a counter- Police Department arrived, allegedly after a phone call from petition to facilitate the removal of signatures from their Bauer, and used a measuring wheel to mark a line 100 feet referendum petition. On March 23, 2000, Puckett presented from the polling place. The officer informed Crider and the Board of Elections with the counter-petition and a list of Osting that they could solicit signatures anywhere beyond that nineteen individuals who purportedly had asked the city to line. After Crider and Osting had been soliciting signatures have their names removed from the referendum petition. for about an hour from this new location, a deputy with the Appellants alleged that the counter-petition failed to comply Shelby County Sheriff’s Department arrived, and, at the with Ohio law, and the Board of Elections referred the issue request of Y.M.C.A. membership director Michael Lieber, to the Ohio Secretary of State. On April 17, 2000, the Board ordered the appellants to leave Y.M.C.A. property. The of Elections informed the City of Sidney that the counter- officer threatened them with arrest if they failed to comply. petition was invalid, and that there were enough valid Crider and Osting again moved to a different location, this signatures on the referendum petition to place the referendum time to a public sidewalk that was more than 100 feet from on the November 2000 ballot. the polling place. The sheriff’s deputy followed and informed them that if they attempted to solicit signatures by calling to The referendum never took place. On April 3, 2000, the anyone in the Y.M.C.A.’s parking lot, he would cite them for Sidney City Council held a special meeting and adopted disorderly conduct. Because most of the voters were parking Ordinance No. A-2207, which repealed Ordinance No. A- No. 02-3415 United Food & Commercial Workers 9 10 United Food & Commercial Workers No. 02-3415 Local 1099, et al. v. City of Sidney, et al. Local 1099, et al. v. City of Sidney, et al. 2203, rendering appellants’ referendum petition on that him in his official capacity, and the City of Sidney, Puckett, ordinance moot. Shortly after Ordinance No. A-2207 was and Wearly filed a motion for judgment on the pleadings. enacted, the City Council adopted Ordinance No. A-2208, The district court granted these motions on March 11, 2002. which effected the same rezoning of lots 5918 and 6180 as The court concluded that the presence of polling sites on the Ordinance No. A-2203. Both Ordinance Nos. A-2207 and A- properties at issue did not transform the areas surrounding 2208 contained emergency clauses that caused them to go into those polling sites into traditional public forums. The court effect immediately. also found that Ohio Rev. Code § 3501.29, which provides that public and private buildings may be utilized “for the B. Procedural History purpose of holding elections,” created a designated public forum “for the limited purpose of voting, [but] not for other On June 13, 2000, appellants filed a complaint in the expressive activities which may accompany elections.” In its United States District Court for the Southern District of Ohio decision granting the motions to dismiss, the court afforded asserting claims under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1983 and 1985. In their appellants an opportunity to file an amended complaint in § 1983 claim, appellants alleged that the appellees deprived order to set forth allegations to support their contention that them of their federal constitutional rights under the First and the Sidney City Schools had, by policy or practice, designated Fourteenth Amendments by preventing them from soliciting school property as a public forum for the purpose of signatures outside the areas demarcated by flags at public campaigning and other expressive activities on days when the polling places on March 7, 2000.1 In their § 1985 claim, schools were being used as polling places. The appellants did appellants alleged that the City of Sidney, Puckett, Wal-Mart, not avail themselves of this opportunity. Since the court Wal-Mart district manager John Waters, and Sidney Wal- concluded that appellants had not alleged sufficient facts to Mart store manager Greg Franks conspired “to prevent [them] support a claim that they were deprived of their First from engaging in their statutorily-protected right to obtain Amendment rights, the court also found that they had failed signatures for the referendum petition, to introduce an to plead that the City of Sidney and Puckett had conspired to improper and misleading ‘counter-petition’ in an attempt to deprive them of those rights, and dismissed their claims under influence the Board of Elections’ decision-making process, § 1985 as well. On April 9, 2002, appellants filed this timely and to circumvent [their] right to a referendum through a appeal. pattern of unlawful, corrupt, and unethical legislative conduct.”2 II. The Sidney City Schools and Miller moved to dismiss. This court reviews a district court’s decision to dismiss a O’Leary filed a separate motion to dismiss the claims against complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) de novo. Bloch v. Ribar, 156 F.3d 673, 677 (6th Cir. 1998). Rule 12(b)(6) provides that a complaint may be 1 dismissed for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be Appellants voluntarily dismissed their claims against Miller, Puc kett, W early, and O ’Leary in their resp ective individual cap acities. granted. Dismissal pursuant to a Rule 12(b)(6) motion is proper “only if it is clear that no relief could be granted under 2 Appellants have voluntarily dismisse d their claims against W al- any set of facts that could be proved consistent with the Mart, Wa ters, and Franks. allegations.” Id. (citing Hishon v. King & Spalding, 467 U.S. No. 02-3415 United Food & Commercial Workers 11 12 United Food & Commercial Workers No. 02-3415 Local 1099, et al. v. City of Sidney, et al. Local 1099, et al. v. City of Sidney, et al. 69, 73 (1984)). Although we must accept as true all of the every type of government property “without regard to the factual allegations in the complaint, we need not accept as nature of the property or to the disruption that might be true legal conclusions or unwarranted factual inferences. caused by the speaker’s activities.” Id. at 799-800. Rather, Morgan v. Church’s Fried Chicken, 829 F.2d 10, 12 (6th Cir. the existence of a right of access to government property and 1987) (citations omitted). the extent to which such access may be limited by the government depend on the character of the property at issue. The standard of review applicable to a motion for judgment Perry Educ. Ass’n v. Perry Local Educators’ Ass’n, 460 on the pleadings under Rule 12(c) is the same de novo U.S. 37, 44 (1983). standard that is applicable to a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). Ziegler v. IBP Hog Mkt., Inc., 249 F.3d 509, 511-12 The Supreme Court has adopted a forum analysis “as a (6th Cir. 2001). In reviewing such motions, we must construe means of determining when the government’s interest in the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, limiting the use of its property to its intended purpose accept all of the complaint’s factual allegations as true, and outweighs the interest of those wishing to use the property for determine whether the plaintiff undoubtedly can prove no set other purposes.” Cornelius, 473 U.S. at 800. The Court has of facts in support of his claims that would entitle him to identified three types of forums: the traditional public forum, relief. Id. the designated public forum, and the nonpublic forum. Id. at 802. Traditional public forums are those places “which by A. Appellants’ § 1983 Claims long tradition or by government fiat have been devoted to assembly and debate.” Perry, 460 U.S. at 45. Government In order to state a cause of action under § 1983, appellants may also create a public forum by its designation of “a place must allege (1) that they were deprived of a right secured by or channel of communication for use by the public at large for the Constitution or the laws of the United States, and (2) that assembly and speech, for use by certain speakers, or for the the deprivation was caused by a person acting under color of discussion of certain subjects.” Cornelius, 473 U.S. at 802. state law. Moore v. City of Paducah, 890 F.2d 831, 833-34 In traditional and designated public forums, content-based (6th Cir. 1989). To evaluate appellants’ § 1983 claims in this restrictions on speech are prohibited unless necessary to serve case, we must consider whether their First Amendment rights compelling state interests and narrowly tailored to achieve were violated when they were not permitted to solicit those interests. Id. By contrast, restrictions on speech in signatures for their referendum petition in the areas nonpublic forums are permissible so long as they are surrounding the six polling places at issue. viewpoint neutral and reasonable in light of the purpose served by the forum. Id. at 49. Assuming that the solicitation of signatures for a referendum petition is a protected form of speech under the To determine the extent to which the government may limit First Amendment, the mere fact that a certain category of access to its property, then, we must first identify the relevant speech is worthy of constitutional protection does not mean forum to which the appellants sought access, and next that it is “equally permissible in all places and at all times.” consider whether the relevant forum is public or nonpublic, Cornelius v. NAACP Legal Def. & Educ. Fund, Inc., 473 U.S. because the government’s ability to place restrictions on 788, 800 (1985). The government is not required to grant speech varies with the type of forum involved. Cornelius, access to all who wish to exercise their right to free speech on 473 U.S. at 797. In this case, appellants were soliciting No. 02-3415 United Food & Commercial Workers 13 14 United Food & Commercial Workers No. 02-3415 Local 1099, et al. v. City of Sidney, et al. Local 1099, et al. v. City of Sidney, et al. signatures for their referendum petition at various positions a traditional public forum on the basis of the content of their around polling places located on both public and private speech as long as the exclusion is necessary to serve a property, but our inquiry into the relevant forum does not end compelling state interest and narrowly tailored to achieve that merely by identifying these two broad categories: “Rather, in interest. Perry, 460 U.S. at 45. defining the relevant forum we have focused on the access sought by the speaker. When speakers seek general access to Appellants’ complaint in this case makes clear that the public property, the forum encompasses that property.” Id. Helmlingers were deterred from soliciting signatures on the When speakers seek more limited access, however, we must public sidewalk in front of Lowell because the sidewalk was take “a more tailored approach to ascertaining the perimeters within the 100-foot campaign-free zone established by Ohio of [the relevant] forum within the confines” of the Rev. Code §§ 3501.30 and 3501.35. The Supreme Court government property at issue. Id. Appellants here were not upheld the constitutionality of a similar “campaign-free zone” seeking general access to the school and private properties in Burson v. Freeman, 504 U.S. 191, 196-97, & n.2 (1992), involved, but were instead seeking more limited access to the even though the statute in question barred speech in areas that areas surrounding each of the six polling places. These included “quintessential public forums,” such as the streets locations can be grouped into three categories: (1) the public and sidewalks adjacent to polling places. The Court sidewalk within 100 feet of the polling place, (2) the parking concluded that the “campaign-free zone” was necessary in lots and walkways on school or private property leading to the order to serve the state’s compelling interest in protecting polling place, and (3) the public sidewalk beyond 100 feet voters from confusion and undue influence, and that the from the polling place. Having identified these three relevant statute was narrowly drawn to achieve that interest. Id. at 199 forums, we must next consider whether each forum is public (noting that the Court has upheld “generally applicable and or nonpublic, and whether the government’s justification for evenhanded restrictions that protect the integrity and prohibiting appellants from soliciting signatures in each area reliability of the electoral process itself”). In light of a long met the requisite constitutional standard. history of problems with voter intimidation and election fraud in this country, the Court held that Tennessee could decide 1. The Public Sidewalk Within 100 Feet of a Polling that the “last 15 seconds before its citizens enter the polling Place place should be their own, as free from interference as possible.” Id. at 210. The Court did not limit its opinion only Appellants allege that at Lowell, the Helmlingers tried to to those cases where voter confusion and undue influence had solicit signatures from a position “on the public sidewalk.” already been shown: “A long history, a substantial They argue that appellees’ conduct prohibiting them from consensus, and simple common sense show that some soliciting signatures at this location constituted an restricted zone around polling places is necessary to protect impermissible restriction on their speech in a traditional [the fundamental right to vote],” even when that right public forum. Traditional public forums are those places conflicts with the exercise of free speech. Id. at 211. which “by long tradition or by government fiat have been devoted to assembly and debate.” Perry, 460 at 45. While it Thus, a state may require persons soliciting signatures to is true that public sidewalks are generally considered stand 100 feet from the entrances to polling places without traditional public forums, see Frisby v. Schultz, 487 U.S. 474, running afoul of the Constitution. Id. at 211. The 480-81 (1988), speakers may nevertheless be excluded from Helmlingers therefore were not deprived of their First No. 02-3415 United Food & Commercial Workers 15 16 United Food & Commercial Workers No. 02-3415 Local 1099, et al. v. City of Sidney, et al. Local 1099, et al. v. City of Sidney, et al. Amendment rights when they were ordered to move from the school’s principal, and she was arrested. Id. at 886-87. In a public sidewalk to a position beyond 100 feet from the polling subsequent action brought under § 1983, the plaintiffs argued place. In keeping with Burson, Ohio may prevent persons that Missouri had designated the school property, and in from soliciting signatures within 100 feet of polling places, particular the limited area in which they were located, “as a even in areas that include traditional public forums such as limited public forum for the purpose of voting and sidewalks. electioneering activities on that particular day.” Id. at 887. The Eighth Circuit held that 2. The Parking Lots and Walkways Leading to the Polling Place [o]nly a portion of the school property was a designated public forum . . . for the limited purpose of voting . . . . At Parkwood, Emerson, Whittier, Trinity, and the Specifically, this area included the parking lot, the Y.M.C.A., appellants set up to gather signatures at various walkway leading to the west entrance, the hallway inside locations on school and private property that were outside the the school leading to the voting booths, and the area campaign-free zone established by §§ 3501.30 and 3501.35. containing the voting booths. All other areas of school Appellants argue that the presence of the polling places property, however, remained a nonpublic forum. affected the character of the school and private property that surrounded them. They contend that Ohio created a Id. at 888. The plaintiffs in Embry were not located on those designated public forum by providing for the use of school portions of school property that had been appropriated for and private buildings “for the purpose of holding elections” election purposes; they were on the grassy area located next in Ohio Rev. Code § 3501.29. The district court concluded to the sidewalk. Id. at 888-89. The court concluded that this that by enacting § 3501.29, the Ohio legislature indicated an area remained a nonpublic forum on election day, and that the intent to open up a portion of public school and private decision to exclude the plaintiffs from this portion of school property to registered voters for the limited purpose of voting, property was a reasonable and viewpoint neutral restriction on but not for other expressive activities which may accompany speech in a nonpublic forum. Id. at 889. elections. This “limited designated public forum” included the parking lot, the walkways and hallways leading to the Appellants note that, unlike the plaintiffs in Embry, they polls, and the area containing the voting booths themselves; attempted to solicit signatures from the parking lots and all other areas on school and private property remained walkways leading to the polling places – precisely those areas nonpublic forums. that the Eighth Circuit concluded had been designated as public forums for the limited purpose of voting on election In reaching this conclusion, the district court relied heavily day. They argue that if these areas were in fact designated as on the Eighth Circuit’s decision in Embry v. Lewis, 215 F.3d public forums, the state could not open them up for the 884 (8th Cir. 2000). In Embry, the plaintiffs attempted to limited purpose of voting and at the same time restrict similar gather signatures for a referendum petition outside a school types of expressive activities that were consistent with the building that had been designated as a polling place. Id. at principal function of the forum. Thus, we must decide 886. They set up a table “on the grass of the school’s west whether the parking lot and walkways leading to polling property,” near, but not upon the public sidewalk. Id. One of places are “designated public forums for the limited purpose the plaintiffs refused to leave the property when asked by the of voting,” and whether the action of appellees in restricting No. 02-3415 United Food & Commercial Workers 17 18 United Food & Commercial Workers No. 02-3415 Local 1099, et al. v. City of Sidney, et al. Local 1099, et al. v. City of Sidney, et al. the appellants’ ability to solicit signatures in these areas was does not automatically follow that electioneering is allowed permissible. anywhere outside the 25 foot line.”). As we have already noted, the government creates a Although the issue was not squarely before the court in designated public forum where it opens up its property for use Embry because the plaintiffs in that case were on the grassy by the public as a place for expressive activity. Perry, 460 area located next to the sidewalk, the Eighth Circuit described U.S. at 45. The government does not create a public forum by the parking lot and walkways leading to the polling places as inaction or by permitting limited discourse, but only by “designated public forums for the limited purpose of voting.” intentionally opening up a nontraditional forum for public We respectfully disagree. The forum at issue here is neither discourse. Cornelius, 473 U.S. at 802. In determining a traditional public forum nor a government-designated one. whether the government has intended to open up its property By opening up portions of school and private property for use for use as a designated public forum, the Supreme Court has as polling places on election day, Ohio has not opened up a said that we must look to the policy and practice of the nontraditional forum for public discourse. In fact, there is no government, as well as to the nature of the property and its evidence in the record of discourse of any sort. There is no compatibility with expressive activity. Id. evidence of expressive activity occurring anywhere on the properties involved, other than “each voter’s communication There is no evidence in the record in this case that indicates of his own elective choice[,] and this has long been carried that Ohio intended to open up nontraditional forums such as out privately – by secret ballot in a restricted space.” See schools and privately-owned buildings for public discourse Marlin v. District of Columbia Bd. of Elections & Ethics, 236 merely by utilizing portions of them as polling places on F.3d 716, 719 (D.C. Cir. 2001) (holding that the interiors of election day. Appellants were given the opportunity by the polling places are nonpublic forums). district court to amend their complaint in order to set forth allegations supporting their contention that the government When the district court, following the decision in Embry, had, by policy or practice, designated the property described the parking lots and walkways leading to the surrounding the polling places as a public forum for the polling places as “limited designated public forums,” it may purposes of campaigning or other expressive activities. They have had in mind the “limited public forum” described in did not avail themselves of this opportunity. Appellants also Good News Club v. Milford, 533 U.S. 98, 106 (2001). In argue that § 3501.30's designation of a campaign-free zone Good News, the Supreme Court employed the term “limited outside every polling place is evidence of the compatibility of public forum” to refer to a forum that the state had reserved expressive activity with polling places because it “implies an “for certain groups or for the discussion of certain topics.” Id. expectation that people will gather at polling places to express In such forums, government restrictions on speech must be themselves.” The district court rejected this argument, and so reasonable and viewpoint neutral, the same standards that do we. Just because certain types of speech are expressly apply to restrictions on speech in nonpublic forums. Id. Our prohibited within a certain area does not mean that they are circuit and others have noted the confusion surrounding the therefore permissible outside that area. See Embry, 215 F.3d use of the terms “designated public forum” and “limited at 888-89 (“Although Missouri law makes it an offense to public forum.” See, e.g., Goulart v. Meadows, 345 F.3d 239, electioneer within 25 feet of a polling place’s outer door, it 249 (4th Cir. 2003); DeBoer v. Vill. of Oak Park, 267 F.3d 558, 567 (7th Cir. 2001) (“[T]he use of this terminology . . . No. 02-3415 United Food & Commercial Workers 19 20 United Food & Commercial Workers No. 02-3415 Local 1099, et al. v. City of Sidney, et al. Local 1099, et al. v. City of Sidney, et al. has introduced some analytical ambiguity because the must be assessed in light of the purpose of the forum and all [Supreme] Court previously had employed the term “limited of the surrounding circumstances. Cornelius, 473 U.S. at public forum” as a subcategory of the designated public 810. According to appellants’ complaint, school officials forum, subject to the strict scrutiny governing restrictions on asked them to leave the premises because they were designated public forums”); Putnam Pit v. City of Cookeville, concerned about “safety issues.” At the Y.M.C.A. and 221 F.3d 834, 842 n.5 (6th Cir. 2000).3 We do not need to Trinity, police officers were responding to requests from the delve deeply into the nuances of designated versus limited owners of those properties when they asked appellants to public forums in this case, however, because these types of leave the premises. Appellants argue that their exclusion forums are characterized by discourse, and discourse is what from these properties was unreasonable because they were is absent here. That some expressive activity occurred within soliciting signatures in a peaceful and non-disruptive manner. the context of the forum created “does not imply that the However, the government does not need to wait “until havoc forum thereby [became] a public forum for First Amendment is wreaked to restrict access to a nonpublic forum.” purposes.” Cornelius, 473 U.S. at 805. In the absence of Cornelius, 473 U.S. at 810. Furthermore, appellees could evidence of an intent on the part of the government to open prohibit appellants from soliciting signatures if they thought these nontraditional forums for public discourse, limited or that their activities would disrupt the polling place or the otherwise, we conclude that the parking lots and walkways school or private property surrounding it. “Although the leading to the polling places are nonpublic forums, with no avoidance of controversy is not a valid ground for restricting different status than the remaining areas on school and private speech in a public forum, a nonpublic forum by definition is property. not dedicated to general debate or the free exchange of ideas. The First Amendment does not forbid a viewpoint-neutral Having concluded that the parking lots and walkways exclusion of speakers who would disrupt a nonpublic form leading to the polling places are nonpublic forums, we must and hinder its effectiveness for its intended purpose.” Id. next consider whether the restriction on soliciting signatures Appellants argue in their brief that their exclusion from the was reasonable and viewpoint neutral. The reasonableness of areas outside of the polling places was an attempt to suppress the government’s restriction on access to a nonpublic forum their speech because public officials opposed their views, but they have alleged no facts to support this allegation. There is no contention, for example, that others were permitted to 3 solicit signatures for referendum petitions on other topics, or The Fourth Circuit treats the terms “d esignated public forum” and that anyone was allowed to engage in other types of “limited public forum,” as two names for the same type of forum. electioneering activities within these areas. Under these Goulart, 345 F.3d at 250. Some circuits co nsider the limited public forum to be a subcategory of the designated public forum. Donovan v. circumstances, we conclude that the decision to exclude Punxsutawney Area Sch. Dist., 336 F.3d 211 , 225 (3d Cir. 20 03); Hopper appellants from soliciting signatures in the parking lots and v. City of Pasco, 241 F.3d 1067, 1075-76 (9th Cir. 2001). Still others walkways leading to the polling places was reasonable and consider the limited public forum to be a subse t of the nonpublic forum viewpoint neutral, and that the appellants’ First Amendment classificatio n. Summum v. City of Ogden, 297 F.3d 995, 100 2 n.4 (10th rights were not violated when they were denied access to Cir. 200 2). W e need not resolve this issue here because we conclude that the parking lots and sidewalks leading to the polling places are no npub lic these nonpublic forums. forums, but we note tha t the result in this case would be the same if we had co ncluded that these areas were instead limited public forum s. No. 02-3415 United Food & Commercial Workers 21 22 United Food & Commercial Workers No. 02-3415 Local 1099, et al. v. City of Sidney, et al. Local 1099, et al. v. City of Sidney, et al. 3. The Public Sidewalk Beyond 100 Feet From the appropriate level of scrutiny is initially tied to whether the Polling Place restriction distinguished between prohibited and permitted speech on the basis of content. See Frisby, 487 U.S. at 481. In a footnote in its opinion dismissing the claims against Content-neutral regulations are those that are “justified the Sidney City Schools and Miller, the district court stated without reference to the content of the speech.” Virginia that “[t]here is no allegation that the [appellants] were denied State Bd. of Pharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer the ability to solicit signatures from adjacent, public property Counsel, Inc., 425 U.S. 748, 771 (1976). Content-based such as the sidewalks in front of the polling place.” United restrictions, on the other hand, regulate speech on the basis of Food & Commercial Workers, Union Local 1099 v. City of the ideas expressed. R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377, Sidney, 199 F. Supp. 2d 739, 742 n.6 (S.D. Ohio 2002). This 382 (1992). It is impossible to determine from this record conclusion is contrary to allegations in the complaint that whether the deputy’s threat of arrest was based on the content appellants were prohibited from soliciting signatures from the of the appellants’ speech or on content-neutral time, place, public sidewalk within the campaign-free zone at Lowell, and and manner concerns. At this stage of the litigation, it from the public sidewalk outside the campaign-free zone at suffices to say that appellants have alleged facts supporting a the Y.M.C.A. We have already determined that appellants claim that their First Amendment rights were violated when were not deprived of their First Amendment rights at Lowell they were threatened with arrest even after they had moved to because, although they were on the public sidewalk, they the public sidewalk. It was not necessary for them to first were also within the 100-foot campaign-free zone established expose themselves to arrest or prosecution in order to be able by §§ 3501.30 and 3501.35. Now we must decide whether to seek relief. See Steffel v. Thompson, 415 U.S. 452, 459 appellants were deprived of their First Amendment rights (1974). We leave it to the district court on remand to when a deputy with the Shelby County Sheriff’s Office determine if the appellants’ First Amendment rights were in threatened two of the appellants with arrest if they attempted fact deterred or chilled by the deputy’s threat of arrest, and to solicit signatures by calling out to anyone in the Y.M.C.A. whether that threat was motivated by reasonable time, place, parking lot, even after they had relocated to a public sidewalk and manner concerns or whether it was an impermissible beyond 100 feet from the polling place. content-based restriction on speech in a traditional public forum. See Pouillon v. City of Owosso, 206 F.3d 711, 717-18 “[S]peech in public areas is at its most protected on public (6th Cir. 2000). sidewalks, a prototypical example of a traditional public forum.” Schenck v. Pro-Choice Network of Western New Because appellants have not alleged facts supporting their York, 519 U.S. 357, 377 (1997). As we have already noted, claims that their First Amendment rights were violated when in a traditional public forum, content-based restrictions on they were denied the opportunity to solicit signatures at the speech must be necessary to serve compelling state interests four public schools involved in this case, we affirm the and narrowly tailored to achieve those interests. Perry, 460 district court’s decision dismissing their § 1983 claims U.S. at 45. The state may also enforce regulations of the against the Sidney City Schools and Superintendent Miller. time, place, and manner of expression, provided the Appellants also have failed to allege facts supporting their regulations (1) are content-neutral, (2) are narrowly-tailored claim that their First Amendment rights were violated by the to serve a significant government interest, and (3) leave open City of Sidney or its employees Puckett and Wearly, and we ample alternative channels of communication. Id. Thus, the No. 02-3415 United Food & Commercial Workers 23 24 United Food & Commercial Workers No. 02-3415 Local 1099, et al. v. City of Sidney, et al. Local 1099, et al. v. City of Sidney, et al. affirm the district court’s decision dismissing those claims as acted pursuant to an official policy or custom. See Monell, well. 436 U.S. at 691. Appellants’ remaining § 1983 claim is against O’Leary in B. Appellants’ § 1985 Claim his official capacity as Shelby County Sheriff, and, as the district court noted, this claim is really one against Shelby In addition to their § 1983 claims, appellants also alleged County itself. See Will v. Mich. Dept. of State Police, 491 in their complaint that the City of Sidney, Puckett, Wal-Mart, U.S. 58, 67 (1989); Monell v. Dept. of Social Servs., 436 U.S. and two of Wal-Mart’s employees conspired to prevent them 658, 690 n. 55 (1978) (noting that official capacity suits from “engaging in their statutorily-protected right to obtain “generally represent only another way of pleading an action signatures for a referendum petition, to introduce an improper against an entity of which an officer is an agent”); Leach v. and misleading ‘counter-petition’ in an attempt to influence Shelby County Sheriff, 891 F.2d 1241, 1245-46 (6th Cir. the Board of Elections’ decision-making process, and to 1989).4 In order to hold a county government liable under circumvent their right to a referendum through a pattern of § 1983, appellants must be able to show that they were unlawful, corrupt, and unethical legislative conduct,” in deprived of a constitutional right and that the county itself violation of § 1985. Because the appellants have dismissed was responsible for the violation. Doe v. Claiborne County, their claims against the three Wal-Mart defendants, the only 103 F.3d 495, 505-06 (6th Cir. 1996). We have already remaining defendants in their § 1985 claim are the City of determined that appellants have succeeded, to this point, in Sidney and City Manager Puckett. alleging that they were deprived of their constitutional rights when a deputy with the Shelby County Sheriff’s Office To state a cause of action under § 1985, appellants must threatened them with arrest even after they moved to the prove the existence of a conspiracy among two or more public sidewalk at the Y.M.C.A. Appellants have also persons. Hull v. Cuyahoga Valley Joint Vocational Sch. Dist. alleged that this constitutional violation occurred “in Bd. of Educ., 926 F.2d 505, 509 (6th Cir. 1991). In this case, furtherance of . . . official policy.” We note that in order to be appellants are alleging a conspiracy between the city and one successful on remand, appellants must prove not only that of its officers acting in his official capacity. This court has their expression was in fact deterred or chilled by the deputy’s rejected the concept of an “intra-corporate conspiracy” and conduct, but also that the deputy threatened to call the police has held that an entity cannot conspire with its own agents or because of the content of their message and not merely employees. See id. Since the remaining § 1985 defendants because he had valid content-neutral time, place, and manner are the City and one of its employees, appellants cannot meet concerns. Additionally, in order to hold the county liable their burden of proving a conspiracy between two or more under § 1983, appellants must be able to prove that the deputy persons. We therefore affirm the district court’s decision dismissing their claims under § 1985. 4 Although Sheriff O’Leary has raised the defense of qualified immunity, this defense is not available to officers who have b een sued in their official capacities. Alkire v. Irving, 330 F.3d 80 2, 810-11 (6th Cir. 2003). No. 02-3415 United Food & Commercial Workers 25 Local 1099, et al. v. City of Sidney, et al. III. For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the district court’s decision dismissing appellants’ § 1983 claims against the Sidney City Schools, the City of Sidney, Miller, Puckett, and Wearly. We also affirm the district court’s decision dismissing appellants’ § 1985 claims against the City of Sidney and Puckett. We reverse the district court’s decision dismissing appellants’ § 1983 claims against Sheriff O’Leary in his official capacity insofar as it relates to activities on the public sidewalk outside the campaign-free zone at the Y.M.C.A. and remand to the district court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
N,N-dimethyldioncophyllinium A iodide: synthesis, stereoanalysis, and antimalarial activity of the first N-quaternary naphthylisoquinolinium salt. The first synthesis of an N-quaternary salt of a naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid, N,N-dimethyldioncophyllinium A iodide, is described. For this potential natural product, a degradative procedure for the unambiguous stereoanalysis of the stereogenic centers has been elaborated. It shows enhanced anti-plasmodial activity in vitro towards Plasmodium falciparum erythrocytic forms, as compared to its less methylated precursors.
An airman conditions during the 90in90 fitness program. Postpartum Air Force women have used the program to get back in shape before an upcoming PT test. (John Walters via YouTube) Related Links Staff Sgt. Alison Mona wanted out of her physical training test. She’d already failed twice. One more failure would mean an end to her Air Force career. Adding to her stress was her recent pregnancy, which left her feeling out of shape. As the Feb. 28 PT test loomed, Mona concocted a plan and enlisted a roommate to help her carry it out. The roommate would stab Mona in the stomach with a steak knife. They’d tell authorities she was attacked by a stranger. Hospitalized, she would be unable to take the test. “I gave birth to my child after 6 weeks of being on maternity leave,” Mona wrote in an official statement after she was charged with misleading authorities. “Realizing I had a PT test due in 6 months, I was nervous I would not be physically fit ... and pass.” Airmen have used drastic measures to pass the abdominal circumference component of the PT test — from slathering on heat rub or hemorrhoid cream, cocooning themselves in plastic wrap, to dehydrating themselves with saunas or steam baths. Some have even had surgical procedures, according to Air Force fitness experts. But Mona’s desperate actions — while caring for a new baby and dreading her PT test — may be the most drastic yet. “I was not ready for my test, and I knew I wouldn’t pass if I had taken it,” Mona told military judge Lt. Col. Jill Thomas. “I intentionally inflicted injury upon myself ... nobody forced me to do this.” PT and pregnancy About 4,800 female airmen each year face the challenge of passing a PT test six months after giving birth. Between January 2001 and December 2010, 47,816 babies were born to women serving in the Air Force,according to the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Center. Women get six months postpartum to get back in shape for their next PT test, under Air Force Instruction 36-2905. The Air Force Fitness Advisory Board, supported by the Air Force Surgeon General’s obstetrics and gynecology consultant, concluded last year that six months is the appropriate recovery time. But in a recent study, “Changes in Air Force Fitness Measurements Pre- and Post- Childbirth,” researcher Lt. Col. NicoleArmitage found that one in four of the women in her test group did not pass the PT test after having a baby. Armitage is the chief of clinical research at the Clinical Investigation Facility, 60th Medical Group, at Travis Air Force Base, Calif. Armitage created a database from PT records between Jan. 1, 2008, and Oct. 31, 2011. She analyzed data from 107 active-duty women, ages 20 to 41 and in varying ranks, from both Travis and Fairchild Air Force Base, Wash. The preliminary study found these women had larger abdominal circumferences, fewer pushup repetitions, and longer run times at six months postpartum than in their prepregnancy assessments. No significant difference was found in situp measurements. “We were trying to show that women physiologically — there are many reasons, that once a woman is pregnant and has a baby — may not be able to pass the PT test,” said retired Lt. Col. Denise Smart, co-author to the study and Armitage’s supervisor. Smart was the chief of public health and chief nurse with the 141st Medical Group at Fairchild. “It takes your body six months to a year to totally heal up internally with cellular rejuvenation. Externally, the scars and the tissue may be healed, but internally, it takes a while,” Smart said of postpartum women. Armitage said that most women in her study had prepregnancy assessments using an older PT scoring system and postpartum assessments using a newer scoring system. Capt. Rose Richeson, an Air Force spokeswoman, also pointed out the difference in scoring: “The increased failure rate after pregnancy is not just because of deconditioning but can also be attributed to [the 2010] changes in the Air Force scoring system that made the fitness test tougher to pass for all airmen.” But Armitage recently completed a second study, not yet published, for which she interviewed 17 women at Travis and Fairchild — again, from varying ranks, but ages 21 to 36 — about the experiences they had as they prepared for their fitness assessments six months postpartum. “They spoke of the struggle of trying to adjust to training after having a baby,” Armitage said. Most of them were concerned with the physical changes — how much conditioning they had lost, challenges of doing situps after having Caesarean sections, and how to schedule training around breastfeeding. “Not all women are struggling [post-pregnancy], but — from a health care perspective, as health care provider — following up with women more closely with referrals, nutritional counseling, would be helpful,” Armitage said. “What we were trying to show is that supervisors, commanders and physicians and nurse practitioners need to know that perhaps these women have had problems either during the pregnancy or right after pregnancy,” Smart said. “We’re trying to get folks to realize, to [make] practitioners and providers more sensitive and try to educate these women about the options they have,” she said. Richeson said that the Air Force has no plans to change its criteria for new mothers. “Placing a priority on fitness by educating airmen and commanders of its importance after pregnancy promotes health and mission performance, which are essential to meeting all Air Force standards,” she said. A different case Mona’s stabbing wound was only superficial, but she spent the day of her PT test in the hospital. A military judge in June sentenced Mona,a content management technician with the 61st Communications Squadron, Los Angeles Air Force Base, to 90 days in jail and busted her three ranks, to an E-2, after she pleaded guilty in a special court-martial to filing a false police report and making two false official statements. She also was found guilty of inflicting self injury for the purpose of avoiding work and bringing discredit upon the armed forces, violations of Article 115 and 134 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Air Force Times was first to report the sentencing in July. More details of the case are included in a partially redacted record of trial provided Sept. 9 at Air Force Times’ request. “My fear of failing the PT test stemmed from a story of which a member failed 3 times and was kicked out of the Air Force,” Mona said in a written statement. “If I failed this most recent PT test, I was sure that I was going to be kicked out of the military.” Friends, relatives and colleagues wrote character statements on Mona’s behalf, praising her devotion to her family, her work and the Air Force. Mona’s roommate — asked to do the stabbing and identified as her husband’s cousin — said “she looked at [Mona] as a mother who was trying to keep her job.” Mona was a “go-getter in their unit,” Staff Sgt. Melvin Batangan testified. When asked if Mona should stay in the Air Force, he replied yes, because “everybody deserves a second chance.” Senior Airman Ivory Salazar, also a witness for the defense, said she and Mona PTed together for about four months — sometimes with the squadron, plus on their own three times a week. They also did pushups and situps for an hour every day for two months before work in the morning. “I do believe I have rehabilitative potential,” Mona told the judge. “I do believe that people make mistakes. It’s exactly that; it’s a mistake.” Bouncing back One airman who failed her PT test after having twins in 2011 described in an email to Air Force Times the challenge she and women like Mona face. “Even though I still had a score of 89 [out of 100], it was considered a failure due to missing the situp minimum by 3 situps,” Anna Mejia wrote. “Three kids in two years by C-section will do a number on your core. I work very hard at PT, but my ab muscles will never be the same and I am terrified of that portion of the test every time.” Another airman wrote on the Air Force Times Facebook page in praise of a program run by the Dover Air Force Base, Del., Health and Wellness Center called 90in90. “I joined this program to get ready for my first test after giving birth and it definitely helped,” Chelli Smithwrote. John Walters, Dover Air Force Base exercise physiologist, created the “90in90” program in January 2012. “The goal is to take someone that’s not reaching a 90 [score] ... and get them to a 90 in that 12-week, almost 90-day period,” Walters said. Airmen must score at least a 75 to pass the PT test, but a 90 allows them to take the test just once a year, instead of every six months. Walters breaks the 90in90 classes into three days a week: speed on Mondays, circuit training on Wednesdays, and a 5-kilometer runon Fridays. “If people do not want to participate in certain components [modeled after the PT test], it’s not mandatory,” he said. “It’s what they can do but use[s] the same premise — getting that heart rate up and then down again — to condition themselves to be ready. The Air Force is asking for a 1 mile run test. If you can’t run it, then I want you to walk two.” Senior Airman Brittany Bailey, vehicle mechanic with the 436th Readiness Squadron at Dover, started the class as a new mom 1½ months before her PT test. During her pregnancy, she said she had gained almost 70 pounds and had complications after having had a C-section. She had no motivation or support to help her get back into shape — until her primary care physician told her to go see Walters. “Mr. Walters really works with you as an individual,” Bailey said. “The way he has the program set up, it’s not only meant for success in PT but also for a healthy lifestyle. It is definitely something the Air Force, even the entire military, should look into doing for everyone.” Before her PT test, Bailey lost 40 pounds. She scored 82. She continued with 90in90 and three months later scored 96. After that, she scored 98. “Every pregnancy is different, especially with complications,” Bailey said. “I think, in the Air Force, it needs to be taken case by case and that women should be reviewed by their [primary care managers] every few weeks, and extensions should be allowed.” 'No option' mentality Ultimately, the extreme measures Mona took to avoid being kicked out of the Air Force ruined her career. She was released from jail Aug. 26, after serving her 90-day sentence. But with six years of service and a reduction in rank to E-2, she is unlikely to be allowed to stay in the Air Force because of limits on tenure and rank. Due to some actions still pending in her case, Mona was not available for an interview, her attorney, Capt. John Capps, said. He declined to speak on her behalf. The prosecution and Mona’s commanding officer couldn’t be reached. “I want to apologize to my family for letting them down, disappointing them, and most importantly, I want to apologize to my colleagues, director, supervisor, and the Air Force, to the uniform I wear and [that] I brought shame upon [with] these charges against me; it was an act of desperation,” Mona said to the judge before sentencing. “I lost the one thing that I love the most, my Air Force career.”
// Copyright (c) 2019 Mikael Simberg // // SPDX-License-Identifier: BSL-1.0 // Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying // file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt) #pragma once #include <hpx/config.hpp> #include <hpx/logging/config/defines.hpp> #include <hpx/modules/logging.hpp> #if HPX_LOGGING_HAVE_DEPRECATION_WARNINGS #if defined(HPX_MSVC) #pragma message( \ "The header hpx/util/logging/writer/format_write.hpp is deprecated, \ please include hpx/modules/logging.hpp instead") #else #warning "The header hpx/util/logging/writer/format_write.hpp is deprecated, \ please include hpx/modules/logging.hpp instead" #endif #endif
Microbiological and clinical effects of a 1% chlorhexidine-gel in untreated periodontal pockets from adult periodontitis patients. The aim of this study was to report the microbiological and clinical effects of repeated subgingival administration of a 1% Chlorhexidine-gel in periodontal pockets from 10 patients with adult periodontitis. Results showed that the experimental treatment significantly improved clinical parameters (Plaque Index, Gingival Bleeding Index, and Pocket Probing Depth). Direct subgingival administration of Chlorhexidine-gel also produced a remarkable modification in the proportions of putative periodontopathic microorganisms, such as Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Veillonella parvula, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Peptostreptococcus micros, in subgingival bacterial plaque from periodontitis patients.
Conference Documents Working papers This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the role of blockholders (large shareholders) in corporate governance. We start with the underlying property rights of public corporations; we discuss how blockholders are critical in...Read more Working papers Outside directors and audit committees are widely considered to be central elements of good corporate governance. We use a 1999 Korean law as an exogenous shock to assess how board structure affects firm market value. The law mandates 50% outside...Read more We report strong OLS and instrumental variable evidence that an overall corporate governance index is an important and likely causal factor in explaining the market value of Korean public companies. We construct a corporate governance...Read more We study the resolution of financial distress in shipping, where the ex-territorial nature of assets has distanced the industry from on-shore bankruptcy legislation. We demonstrate how contracts and private institutions have adapted to the...Read more Corporate governance is concerned with the resolution of collective action problems among dispersed investors and the reconciliation of conflicts of interest between various corporate claimholders. In this survey we review the theoretical and...Read more Outside directors constitute a key component of most prescriptions for good governance of public companies. Given that outside directors are important corporate governance players, one is led to wonder what will motivate the individuals serving...Read more The paper analyzes 362 European activist interventions by hedge funds, focus funds and other activist investors from 2000 to 2008. The sample includes both public and private interventions. The private interventions are based upon proprietary...Read more This Report was prepared, with support by the World Bank, for the Russian Center for Capital Market Development and the Russian Federal Service on the Securities Market (FSFM). We discuss the liability under company law of members of the board of...Read more Coffee Session 2 Public Pension Funds and Corporate Political Activism Speakers: Discussant: Public Pension Funds and Corporate Political Activism Time: 11:45h - 12:35h This paper analyzes agency con icts between U.S. public pension funds and other shareholders. It studies the landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court on Citizens United v. FEC, which opens new doors for political activism by business. At the ruling, politically connected rms held by public pension funds have lower announcement returns. After the ruling, these rms remain engaged in political connections and experience a relative increase in ownership by public pension funds. Our evidence is consistent with public pension funds having a preference for more traditional forms of political activism, a preference not shared by other investors. Most listed firms are freestanding in the U.S, while listed firms in other countries often belong to business groups: lasting structures in which listed firms control other listed firms. Hand-collected historical data illuminate how the present...Read more A central challenge in the regulation of controlled firms is curbing controller tunneling. As independent directors and fiduciary duties are widely seen as not up to the task, a number of jurisdictions have given minority shareholders veto rights...Read more This paper analyzes the effect that the U.S. Supreme Court’s landmark decision on Citizens United vs. FEC had on corporate political activism. The decision opened the door for corporate treasuries to engage in independent political...Read more We investigate whether cultural differences between professional decision-makers affect financial contracts in a large dataset of international syndicated bank loans. We find that more culturally distant lead banks offer borrowers smaller loans...Read more Lunch Session 3 A Collaborative Model of the Corporation Speakers: Discussant: A Collaborative Model of the Corporation Time: 13:45h - 14:35h Two models of the corporation dominate legal discourse. The first is the management-power model, which is premised on vesting corporate insiders -- officers and directors -- with primary decision-making power. The second is the shareholder-power model which contemplates increased shareholder power to reduce managerial agency costs and self-dealing. Both models assume that insiders and shareholders engage in a competitive struggle for corporate power and address, descriptively and normatively, the appropriate allocation of that power. Corporate law and practice have moved beyond existing theories of the corporation framed in terms of a competitive power struggle between insiders and shareholders, however. Increasingly, the insider- shareholder dynamic in the modern corporation is collaborative, not competitive. This Article responds to this development, defending a collaborative model of the corporation on both descriptive and normative grounds. In particular, the Article uses game theory to demonstrate how insider-shareholder collaborations are likely to produce complimentary information that increases firm value. The collaborative model offers several insights for corporate governance. First, it suggests that, to enhance collaboration, core governance provisions should be the product of bilateral action involving both insiders and shareholders. Second, board insulation mechanisms should require shareholder input. Finally, doctrines constraining director use of corporate information should facilitate rather than frustrating information sharing between activist directors and their principals. In turn, implementation of these principles requires rethinking and adapting several existing principles of corporate law. Working papers Event studies have become increasingly important in securities fraud litigation after the Supreme Court?s decision in Halliburton II. Litigants have used event study methodology, which empirically analyzes the relationship between the disclosure...Read more Two models dominate the debate on the theory of the firm. Under the management-power model, decision-making power exclusively belongs to corporate insiders (officers and directors). The competing shareholder-power model contemplates increasing...Read more Passive investors — ETFs and index funds — are the most important development in modern day capital markets, dictating trillions of dollars in capital flows and increasingly owning much of corporate America. Neither the business model of passive...Read more In 2015, Delaware made several important changes to its laws concerning merger litigation. These changes, which were made in response to a perception that levels of merger litigation were too high and that a substantial proportion of merger cases...Read more There is mounting evidence that retail investors make predictable, costly investment mistakes, including underinvestment, naïve diversification, and payment of excessive fund fees. Over the past thirty-five years, however, participant-directed...Read more Directors have traditionally been elected by a plurality of the votes cast. This means that in uncontested elections, a candidate who receives even a single vote is elected. Proponents of “shareholder democracy” have advocated a shift to a...Read more Institutional Investors' Impact on the Outcome of Freezeout Tender Offers Speakers: Discussant: Miriam Schwartz Ziv Back to full programme Institutional Investors' Impact on the Outcome of Freezeout Tender Offers Time: 14:35h - 15:25h We study institutional investors' impact on going private tender offers by controlling shareholders ("freezeout" offers) because these are occasions where engagement-restraining considerations such as keeping the long term relations with the firm are less relevant. Further, we examine data from Israel, where regulation over freezeout offers is loose and where (consequently?) about half of the offers are rejected. We find that in accepted offers, the offer premium increases with institutional investor holdings. Institutional ownership also increases the likelihood that the offer is rejected. However, in rejected offers, institutional investors do not appear to add to public value. This complex evidence is consistent with institutional investors acting as strategic bargaining agents. We examine the effects of a law amendment in Israel in 2011 that imposes a set of minimum corporate governance standards on privately held firms that issue publicly traded bonds. Two main results emerge. First, consistent with US evidence, the...Read more We examine an extensive matched sample of U.S. dual and single class firms in 1980-2015 from the time of their IPO, and document that the valuation difference between dual and single class firms varies over their life cycle. On average, around...Read more We study institutional investors' impact on going private tender offers by controlling shareholders ("freeze-out" offers) in Israel, where regulation over such offers is loose and where (consequently?) about half of the offers are rejected. In 35...Read more Coffee Session 4 Soft Shareholder Activism Speakers: Discussant: Sivan Frenkel Back to full programme Soft Shareholder Activism Time: 15:45h - 16:35h This paper studies communications between investors and firms as a form of corporate governance. The main premise is that activist investors cannot force their ideas on companies; they must persuade the board or other shareholders that implementing these ideas is in the best interest of the firm. In this framework, I show that voice (launching a public campaign) and exit (selling shares) enhance the ability of activists to govern through communication. The analysis identifies the factors that contribute to successful dialogues between investors and firms. It also shows that public communications are likely to be ine§ective, justifying the prevalence of behind-the-scenes communications. Discussants Conference Documents Working papers Conventional wisdom is that diversification weakens governance by spreading an investor too thinly. We show that, when an investor owns multiple firms ("common ownership"), governance through both voice and exit can strengthen -- even if the...Read more We developed a model under which the allocation of control rights between shareholders and managers (“governance structure”) is irrelevant to firm value. In our model, governance structures affect managers’ incentive to invest, as strong...Read more We derive a measure that captures the extent to which common ownership shifts managers’ incentives to internalize externalities. A key feature of the measure is that it allows for the possibility that not all investors are attentive to whether a...Read more Working papers This article tells how a shareholder class action against Teva Pharmaceutical Industries, the largest generic drug maker in the world, ended the practice of hiding individual executive pay figures by companies crosslisted in Israel and the United...Read more We empirically examine whether and how the doctrine of enhanced judicial scrutiny that emerged from Revlon and its progeny actually affects M&A transactions. Combining hand-coding and machine-learning techniques, we assemble data...Read more A central challenge in the regulation of controlled firms is curbing controller tunneling. As independent directors and fiduciary duties are widely seen as not up to the task, a number of jurisdictions have given minority shareholders veto rights...Read more Activism, Strategic Trading, and Liquidity Speakers: Discussant: Zvi Wiener Back to full programme Activism, Strategic Trading, and Liquidity Time: 09:50h - 10:40h We analyze dynamic trading by an activist investor who can expend costly e↵ort to a↵ect firm value. We obtain the equilibrium in closed form for a general activism technology, including both binary and continuous outcomes. Variation in parameters can produce either positive or negative relations between market liquidity and economic e ciency, depending on the activism technology and model parameters. Two results that contrast with the previous literature are that (a) the relation between market liquidity and economic e ciency is independent of the activist’s initial stake for a broad set of activism technologies and (b) an increase in noise trading can reduce market liquidity, because it increases uncertainty about the activist’s trades (the activist trades in the opposite direction of noise traders) and thereby increases information asymmetry about the activist’s intentions. Working papers Short selling campaigns by hedge funds have become increasingly common in the last decade. Using a hand-collected sample of 252 campaigns, we document abnormal returns for targets of approximately -7% around the announcement date. Firm...Read more We develop a model in which an activist shareholder can discipline management through intervention and through the threat of intervention. A weaker disciplinary role played by the intervention mechanism leads to lower firm value and more frequent...Read more We analyze dynamic trading by an activist investor who can expend costly effort to affect firm value. We obtain the equilibrium in closed form for a general activism technology, including both binary and continuous outcomes. Variation in...Read more Working papers An important milestone often reached in the life of an activist engagement is entering into a “settlement” agreement between the activist and the target’s board. Using a comprehensive hand-collected data set, we analyze the drivers, nature, and...Read more In choosing transparency, firms must trade off the benefits from better access to finance against the cost of a greater tax burden. We study this trade-off in a model with distortionary taxes and endogenous rationing of external finance. The...Read more Blockholder monitoring is central to corporate governance, but blockholders large enough to exercise significant unilateral influence are rare. Mechanisms that enable small block-holders to exert collective influence are therefore important. We...Read more This paper studies mutual fund voting in proxy contests using a comprehensive sample of voting records over the period 2008 - 2015, taking into account selective targeting by activists. We find that firm, fund, and event characteristics generate...Read more During episodes of market turmoil, institutional investors with short trading horizons are inclined or forced to sell their holdings to a larger extent than investors with longer trading horizons. This may amplify the effects of market-wide...Read more If unemployment insurance is more generous, workers should demand less implicit insurance from their employers: firm- and government-provided insurance should be substitutes. Using a firm-level international panel dataset, we investigate this...Read more Hedge fund activism is a new form of arbitrage. Using a large hand-collected data set from 2001 to 2006 we find that activist hedge funds in the U.S. propose strategic, operational, and financial remedies and attain success or partial success in...Read more We establish that the labor market helps discipline asset managers via the impact of fund liquidations on their careers. Using hand-collected data on 1,948 professionals, we find that top managers working for funds liquidated after persistently...Read more Working papers Using a comprehensive survey, we show that investors with a larger capital allocation to private equity are more specialized − measured by the degree to which the investor focuses on private equity rather than other classes of investments − and...Read more Cross-border venture capital (VC) investments play an important role in the scaling up of high-growth companies. However, policymakers worry that foreign VC investments transfer the majority of economic activity to the investor country. On the...Read more Most listed firms are freestanding in the U.S, while listed firms in other countries often belong to business groups: lasting structures in which listed firms control other listed firms. Hand-collected historical data illuminate how the present...Read more Financial intermediaries can choose the extent to which they want to be active investors, providing valuable services like advice, support and corporate governance. We examine the determinants of the decision to become an active financial...Read more We develop a theory and empirical test of how the legal system affects the relationship between venture capitalists and entrepreneurs. The theory uses a double moral hazard framework to show how optimal contracts and investor actions depend on...Read more This paper examines the effect of investor power in a model of staged equity financing. It shows how the usual effect where market power reduces valuations can be reversed in later rounds. Once they become insiders, powerful investors may use...Read more Lunch Session 3 Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: The Effects of Passive Investors on Activism Speakers: Discussant: Standing on the Shoulders of Giants: The Effects of Passive Investors on Activism Time: 14:00h - 14:50h We analyze whether the growing importance of passive investors has influenced the campaigns, tactics, and successes of activists. We find activists are more likely to pursue changes to corporate control or influence when a larger share of the target company’s stock is held by passively managed mutual funds. Furthermore, higher passive ownership is associated with increased use of proxy fights and a higher likelihood the activist obtains board representation or the sale of the targeted company. Our findings suggest that the large ownership stakes of passive institutional investors mitigate free-rider problems and ultimately increase the likelihood of success by activists. Working papers This paper provides evidence on the incidence, characteristics, and performance of activist engagements across countries. We find that the incidence of activism is greatest with high institutional ownership, particularly for U.S. institutions. We...Read more We study how deregulation of corporate law affects the decision of entrepreneurs of where to incorporate. Recent rulings by the European Court of Justice (ECJ) have enabled entrepreneurs to select their country of incorporation independently of...Read more Adapting to Radical Change: The Benefits of Short-Horizon Investors Speakers: Discussant: Adapting to Radical Change: The Benefits of Short-Horizon Investors Time: 14:50h - 15:40h We show that following large permanent negative shocks, firms with more short-term institutional investors suffer smaller drops in sales, investment and employment and have better long-term performance than similar firms affected by the shocks. To do so, these firms increase advertising, differentiate their products from those of the competitors, conduct more diversifying acquisitions, and have higher executive turnover in the aftermath of the shocks. Our findings suggest that firms with more short-term investors put stronger effort in adapting their business to the new competitive environment. Endogeneity of institutional ownership and other selection problems do not appear to drive our findings. Working papers We study the impact of directors with foreign experience on firm performance in emerging markets. We use a unique dataset from China and exploit that at different times, Chinese provinces introduced policies to attract highly talented emigrants....Read more Using a sample that provides unprecedented detail on foreign listings for 29 exchanges in 24 countries starting from the early 1980s, we show that although firms list in countries with better investor protection, they are less likely to list in...Read more We study whether the individual decision to become an entrepreneur, entrepreneurial profits and investment are affected by the decisions of other individuals belonging to the same social group. To overcome identification problems, we include...Read more We exploit the domestic portfolios of US mutual funds to provide microeconomic evidence that investors are more likely to liquidate geographically remote investments at times of high aggregate market volatility. This has important implications...Read more We proxy for board members’ differences in opinions and values using directors’ ancestral origins and show that diversity has costs and benefits, which lead to high performance volatility. Consistent with the idea that diverse groups experiment...Read more While the positive growth effects of financial integration are extensively documented, little is known of its impact on small and young firms. This paper aims to fill this void relying on a panel of 60,000 firm-year observations on listed and...Read more Using a data set that provides unprecedented detail on investors' stockholdings, we analyze whether investors take the quality of corporate governance into account when selecting stocks. We find that all categories of investors who generally...Read more Session 4 Do Institutional Investors Monitor their Large vs. Small Investments Differently? Evidence from the Say-On-Pay Vote Speakers: Discussant: Do Institutional Investors Monitor their Large vs. Small Investments Differently? Evidence from the Say-On-Pay Vote Time: 16:00h - 16:50h We consider institutional voting on Say-On-Pay as a function of the size of an institution's position. Smaller positions, measured either as percent of a firm held or portfolio weight invested in a firm, lead to lower support of management in SOP voting, consistent with small-scale investors having limited incentives and opportunity to participate in governance through alternative venues. This result is largest when the firm has significant blockholder presence, and holds independent of ISS recommendations. We also find that the size of investment at the institutional advisor level, rather than the fund level, better predicts voting. Hence, in companies with a dispersed shareholder structure, the SOP vote is particularly likely to be used to oppose management. To summarize, we find that, when a low-cost monitoring opportunity is made available, small institutional positions, which aggregate to a large level of ownership across institutions, can play a meaningful role in corporate governance. Working papers The relationship between changes in GDP and unemployment during the 2008 financial crisis differed significantly from previous experiences and across countries. We study firm-level decisions in France, Germany, Japan, the UK, and the US. We find...Read more Are courts effective monitors of corporate decisions? In a controversial landmark case, the Delaware Supreme Court held directors personally liable for breaching their fiduciary duties, signalling a sharp increase in Delaware?s...Read more Relative performance evaluation (RPE) in CEO compensation can be used as a commitment device to pay CEOs for their revealed relative talent. We find evidence consistent with the talent-retention hypothesis, using two different approaches. First,...Read more Conference Documents Working papers This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the role of blockholders (large shareholders) in corporate governance. We start with the underlying property rights of public corporations; we discuss how blockholders are critical in...Read more Corporate governance is concerned with the resolution of collective action problems among dispersed investors and the reconciliation of conflicts of interest between various corporate claimholders. In this survey we review the theoretical and...Read more A central problem in conducting an event study of the valuation effects of corporate governance reforms is that most reforms affect all firms in a country. Share price changes may reflect the reforms, but could also reflect other information. We...Read more We discuss empirical challenges in multicountry studies of the effects of firm-level corporate governance on firm value, focusing on emerging markets. We assess the severe data, “construct validity,” and endogeneity issues in these studies,...Read more This article reports a unique analysis of private engagements by an activist fund. It is based on data made available to us by Hermes, the fund manager owned by the British Telecom Pension Scheme, on engagements with management in companies...Read more We report strong OLS and instrumental variable evidence that an overall corporate governance index is an important and likely causal factor in explaining the market value of Korean public companies. We construct a corporate governance...Read more Outside directors and audit committees are widely considered to be central elements of good corporate governance. We use a 1999 Korean law as an exogenous shock to assess how board structure affects firm market value. The law mandates 50% outside...Read more Public Pension Funds and Corporate Political Activism Public Pension Funds and Corporate Political Activism Time: 11:45h - 12:35h This paper analyzes agency con icts between U.S. public pension funds and other shareholders. It studies the landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court on Citizens United v. FEC, which opens new doors for political activism by business. At the ruling, politically connected rms held by public pension funds have lower announcement returns. After the ruling, these rms remain engaged in political connections and experience a relative increase in ownership by public pension funds. Our evidence is consistent with public pension funds having a preference for more traditional forms of political activism, a preference not shared by other investors. Conference Documents Working papers We investigate whether cultural differences between professional decision-makers affect financial contracts in a large dataset of international syndicated bank loans. We find that more culturally distant lead banks offer borrowers smaller loans...Read more This paper analyzes the effect that the U.S. Supreme Court’s landmark decision on Citizens United vs. FEC had on corporate political activism. The decision opened the door for corporate treasuries to engage in independent political...Read more Most listed firms are freestanding in the U.S, while listed firms in other countries often belong to business groups: lasting structures in which listed firms control other listed firms. Hand-collected historical data illuminate how the present...Read more A central challenge in the regulation of controlled firms is curbing controller tunneling. As independent directors and fiduciary duties are widely seen as not up to the task, a number of jurisdictions have given minority shareholders veto rights...Read more A Collaborative Model of the Corporation A Collaborative Model of the Corporation Time: 13:45h - 14:35h Two models of the corporation dominate legal discourse. The first is the management-power model, which is premised on vesting corporate insiders -- officers and directors -- with primary decision-making power. The second is the shareholder-power model which contemplates increased shareholder power to reduce managerial agency costs and self-dealing. Both models assume that insiders and shareholders engage in a competitive struggle for corporate power and address, descriptively and normatively, the appropriate allocation of that power. Corporate law and practice have moved beyond existing theories of the corporation framed in terms of a competitive power struggle between insiders and shareholders, however. Increasingly, the insider- shareholder dynamic in the modern corporation is collaborative, not competitive. This Article responds to this development, defending a collaborative model of the corporation on both descriptive and normative grounds. In particular, the Article uses game theory to demonstrate how insider-shareholder collaborations are likely to produce complimentary information that increases firm value. The collaborative model offers several insights for corporate governance. First, it suggests that, to enhance collaboration, core governance provisions should be the product of bilateral action involving both insiders and shareholders. Second, board insulation mechanisms should require shareholder input. Finally, doctrines constraining director use of corporate information should facilitate rather than frustrating information sharing between activist directors and their principals. In turn, implementation of these principles requires rethinking and adapting several existing principles of corporate law. Working papers We examine the Centros decision through the lens of SB 826 – the California statute mandating a minimum number of women on boards. SB 826, like the Centros decision, raises questions about the scope of the internal affairs doctrine...Read more Despite the increasing importance of shareholder voting, regulators have paid little attention to the rights of retail investors who own approximately 30% of publicly traded companies but who vote less than 30% of their shares. A substantial...Read more
Because this piece has no abstract, we have provided for your benefit the first 3 sentences of the full text. The “anniversary phenomenon” is well known to psychiatrists. In the years following a significant (often family) loss, a person may experience grief symptoms to mark the anniversary date. The Christmas holiday may bring reminders of past Christmases.
570 S.W.2d 552 (1978) Jimmie WOODARD, Appellant, v. MARATHON LETOURNEAU COMPANY, Appellee. No. 1276. Court of Civil Appeals of Texas, Corpus Christi. August 29, 1978. Rehearing Denied September 21, 1978. 553 Lee Arnett, Brownsville, for appellant. 554 John E. Lewis, Jones & Lewis, McAllen, for appellee. OPINION YOUNG, Justice. This is an appeal by the plaintiff worker from an unfavorable trial court judgment resulting from a jury trial wherein he sought damages from the owner of the premises for his personal injuries arising from an industrial accident. Jimmie Woodard sued Marathon LeTourneau Company for injuries sustained when he fell while single-handedly lifting a heavy sheet of steel plate. Trial was to the court with a jury which decided that Woodard was guilty of two separate acts of contributory negligence. The court rendered a take nothing judgment in favor of Marathon from which Woodard appeals. We affirm. The evidence indicates that on August 14, 1972, Marathon and Kirk-Mayer, Inc., Woodard's employer, entered into a contract whereby Kirk-Mayer agreed to hire and oversee construction crews for the subassembly of component parts for off-shore drilling rigs appellee was manufacturing. Kirk-Mayer's operation was located on a 300 × 125 foot concrete platform, which, at the time of the accident, was crowded with workers, machines, and steel. So crowded, according to Woodard, that from time to time forklifts were unable to reach some areas of the platform to help move large pieces of steel. Further, according to Woodard, on November 14, 1972, Woodard's supervisor asked him to section a large sheet of defective steel which was resting on top of several sawhorses. Appellant cut the steel into several smaller pieces and then decided to remove from the sawhorses one of the cut pieces which weighed from 300 to 600 pounds. There were no cranes available to lift the steel, and the work area was so cluttered with scrap steel, hoses, wires and steel sheets that forklifts could not reach him. The team of workers that often helped him move such pieces of steel was working on a different project located on another part of the concrete slab. Woodard then decided to slide the steel off the sawhorses onto his thighs, rotate and drop the steel onto a scrap heap. He followed his intended procedure, but as he was turning, he slipped on a hose or wire and fell onto the scrap steel pile causing serious damage to his back and internal organs. Woodard sued Marathon for, among other things, breach of contract based on Marathon's failure to provide Woodard with a lifting crane at the time of the accident. He claimed that the contract between Marathon and Kirk-Mayer required Marathon to provide a "cherry-picker" crane to Kirk-Mayer employees at all times and that he was a third-party beneficiary of that contract. In answer to special issues the jury found that the occurrence in question was proximately caused by the negligence of Marathon and the contributory negligence of Woodard in the following respects: (1 through 3) that Marathon failed to furnish Woodard with a "cherry-picker" crane or other lifting device to lift the piece of steel with which Woodard was working; (6 and 7) that Woodard attempted to remove the piece of steel without help; (8 and 9) that Woodard failed to remove the air hoses and electrical lines from his work area before attempting to remove the piece of steel. The jury refused to find (4 and 5) that the occurrence was proximately caused by Woodard's failure to keep such a lookout for his own safety as a person using ordinary care would have kept. The total damages (10) awarded by the jury were $150,000.00. Appellant, Woodard, brings forward 19 points of error and appellee, Marathon, brings forward 11 cross points. Woodard's point 1 contends that the trial court erred in overruling his motion for judgment on the verdict because the evidence establishes as a matter of law that Marathon breached a third-party beneficiary contract entered on Woodard's behalf. Appellant particularly points to the jury's answers to special issues 1, 3 and 10 to establish appellee's breach. No other issues relative to a breach of third-party beneficiary contract 555 theory were submitted to the jury. During the course of the trial appellant introduced the contract between Marathon and Kirk-Mayer, for the court's use only, so that it might construe its provisions. As a consequence, appellant argues in his brief that his right to enforce the contract was established as a matter of law. We agree with appellant that the jury's answers to special issues 1, 3 and 10 embrace appellee's breach of contract theory by showing a breach, causation and damages. See Bildon Farms, Inc. v. Ward County Water Imp. Dist. No. 2, 415 S.W.2d 890, 894 (Tex.Sup.1967); see also Howell v. Kelly, 534 S.W.2d 737, 740 (Tex.Civ.App. Houston [1st Dist.] 1976, no writ); La Blanc, Inc. v. Gulf Bitulithic Company, 412 S.W.2d 86, 94 (Tex.Civ.App.Tyler 1967, writ ref'd n. r. e.). We do not agree, though, that other required elements of appellant's action were established as a matter of law. In that regard, in order for Woodard to recover on his third-party beneficiary contract theory he also had to prove, first, the existence of a contract to provide a "cherry-picker" crane and other lifting devices for the employees of Kirk-Mayer. Howell v. Kelly, supra, Casey v. Watts, 130 S.W.2d 396, 398 (Tex.Civ.App.Waco 1939, writ dism'd jdgmt. cor.). Second, he had to prove that the contract was made expressly and primarily for the benefit of Kirk-Mayer employees. House v. Houston Waterworks Co., 88 Tex. 233, 31 S.W. 179 (1895); Banker v. Breaux, 133 Tex. 183, 128 S.W.2d 23 (Tex.Comm'n App.1939, opinion adopted) and Casey v. Watts, supra. And finally, he had to prove that Kirk-Mayer had either performed its obligation under the contract, or was ready, willing and able to do so. See Howell v. Kelly, supra, Bartex, Inc. v. Austin Paving Company, 502 S.W.2d 569, 570 (Tex.Civ.App.Austin 1973, writ dism'd); Ryan v. Thurmond, 481 S.W.2d 199, 204 (Tex.Civ.App.Corpus Christi 1972, writ ref'd n. r. e.). About the existence of a contract to provide a "cherry-picker" crane and other lifting devices, Woodard contends in his brief that Marathon "admitted that under the contract it was responsible for providing lifting devices to the employees of Kirk-Mayer." Admissions under Rule 169, T.R. C.P., should be construed in the same manner as judicial admissions. Thornell v. Equitable Life Assurance Soc. of U.S., 385 S.W.2d 716 (Tex.Civ.App.Texarkana 1964, no writ). See Esteve Cotton Co. v. Hancock, 539 S.W.2d 145 (Tex.Civ.App.Amarillo 1976, writ ref'd n. r. e.). For a statement to constitute a judicial admission of a disputed issue, however, it must be clear, deliberate and unequivocal. Hedge v. Bryan, 425 S.W.2d 866, 868 (Tex.Civ.App. Tyler 1968, writ ref'd n. r. e.). The admission to which Woodard refers states: "11. Admit that Marathon LeTourneau was responsible for providing lifting devices such as cranes to the slab for the use of the employees of Kirk-Mayer for the performance of the work contemplated by the contract between Marathon LeTourneau Company and Kirk-Mayer dated August 14, 1972." Answer: True" While appellee did, indeed, admit that it was "responsible" for providing lifting devices, it did not clearly admit to the execution of a contract creating the responsibility. Appellant also implies that the contract dated August 14, 1972, provided for a "cherry-picker" crane and other lifting devices. We find no such expression in the contract.[1] After carefully reviewing the record we find no evidence of the execution of a contract between Kirk-Mayer and Marathon which required Marathon to provide certain lifting devices to Kirk-Mayer employees. About whether a contract was made expressly and primarily for the benefit of Kirk-Mayer employees, we begin with the general rule: 556 "[T]he intention of the contracting parties is of controlling significance to a determination that a third party may enforce [a] contract provision. In deriving intent, we must begin with the presumption that parties contract for themselves, and a contract will not be construed as having been made for the benefit of third parties unless it clearly appears that such was the intention of the contracting parties." Corpus Christi Bank and Trust v. Smith, 525 S.W.2d 501, 503-4 (Tex.Sup.1975). Not only is there no contract here which provides for lifting devices, but the contract which we have in the record presents no indication that it was entered primarily for the benefit of Kirk-Mayer employees. About the third requirement that appellant show that Kirk-Mayer had either performed its obligation under the purported contract or was ready, willing and able, there is no evidence. Appellant's first point is overruled. Appellant's points 2, 3, 8 and 9 contend that there was no evidence to support the submission of contributory negligence issues numbered 6 and 7 (about lifting the steel without help) and that the jury's answers to these issues were supported by insufficient evidence. We disagree. In considering a no evidence point this Court must consider only the evidence and the inferences tending to support the finding and disregard all evidence and inferences to the contrary. Garza v. Alviar, 395 S.W.2d 821 (Tex.Sup.1965). When considering an insufficiency of the evidence point we consider all the evidence in the record and remand if the verdict is so against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence as to be manifestly unjust. In Re King's Estate, 150 Tex. 662, 244 S.W.2d 660 (1951). About whether appellant was negligent in attempting to move the steel by himself, he testified that if he ever needed help moving something, he would get someone to give him a hand. He further testified that the steel he picked up weighed from 300 to 600 pounds. We find this evidence sufficient to justify submission of special issues 6 and 7. As for the insufficiency of the evidence point, we find after reviewing the entire record that the jury's answers to the issues were supported by sufficient evidence. The fact that appellant testified it was customary for him to dispose of steel in this manner does not establish that he was not guilty of contributory negligence as a matter of law. 65A C.J.S. Negligence § 121b (1966). Appellant also contends that his statement on the stand that "I guess if it had weighed 20 pounds I would have still fell the same way" compels the Court to hold that Woodard's picking up the steel was not a proximate cause of the injury. The jury, however, need not believe an interested party's testimony. Broesche v. Bullock, 427 S.W.2d 89, 95 (Tex.Civ.App.Houston [14th Dist.] 1968, writ ref'd n. r. e.). Moreover, his statement was, at best, conjecture and is not binding upon the jury or this Court. Appellant's points 2, 3, 8 and 9 are overruled. Appellant's points 4 through 7 contend there was no evidence to support the submission of contributory negligence issues numbered 8 and 9 (about lifting the steel before removing hoses and lines), particularly because there was no evidence that appellant had a duty to remove the hoses in that it was not shown that he had a right to remove them. Points 10 and 11 contend there was insufficient evidence to support the jury's answers to special issues 8 and 9. Concerning the appellant's no evidence and insufficient evidence contentions we find there was ample evidence to show appellant's duty to remove the hoses. The evidence is undisputed that Woodard knew the hoses were strewn about his work area and that it was dangerous to step on them. Woodard then must have also appreciated the danger in single-handedly lifting a 300 to 600 pound piece of steel while surrounded by these various hoses. One may not proceed blindly and in disregard of dangers that might reasonably be anticipated to exist. Carter v. Harrison, 447 S.W.2d 704, 708 557 (Tex.Civ.App.Fort Worth 1969, writ ref'd n. r. e.). Woodard had a duty to exercise that degree of care that a reasonably prudent person would have exercised under the same or similar circumstances to avoid injury. See Brown v. Frontier Theatres, Inc., 369 S.W.2d 299 (Tex.Sup.1963); see also 65A C.J.S. Negligence § 121 (1966). We think that under these circumstances his duty of care included the removing of the hoses from the area upon which he expected to move. We also find the evidence sufficient to show that his failure to remove the hoses was negligence and a proximate cause of his injury. We disagree that there is no evidence that Woodard had a right to remove the hoses. The evidence clearly shows that Kirk-Mayer employees had the right to move hoses from time to time. Appellant's points 4 through 7, 10 and 11 are overruled. Appellant's points 12 through 19 submit that special issues 6 and 8 are phases and shades of special issue 4, and that special issues 7 and 9 and phases and shades of special issue 5. The gist of appellant's argument is that the issue concerning "lookout for his own safety", i. e., special issue 4, encompassed all other issues dealing with specific acts of negligence of appellant in this situation and that, accordingly, the jury's exonerating appellant of a failure to keep a "lookout for his own safety" precludes any jury findings on negligence in lifting the steel without help and in failing to move the hoses. More specifically, appellant contends that since there is no specific definition of "lookout for his own safety", and since it is analogous to the "proper control" issue discussed in Barclay v. C. C. Pitts Sand and Gravel Company, 387 S.W.2d 644 (Tex.Sup.1965), the "lookout" issue embraces any and every act or omission on Woodard's part which affected his safety. We disagree. We are unable to find any case which specifically defines the phrase "lookout for his own safety." But "proper lookout" was defined for the jury in this case and is generally defined as "that type of lookout which an ordinarily prudent person would have maintained under the same or similar circumstances." Lane v. Dallas Transit Company, 331 S.W.2d 821 (Tex.Civ. App.Amarillo 1959, writ ref'd n. r. e.); Frank v. Walton, 326 S.W.2d 295 (Tex.Civ. App.Texarkana 1959, writ ref'd n. r. e.). Another phrase which imparts a similar connotation is that an adult must exercise "care for his own safety." See e. g. Tidy Didy Wash v. Barnett, 246 S.W.2d 303 (Tex. Civ.App.Galveston 1952, writ ref'd n. r. e.); Kirby Lumber Corporation v. Murphy, 271 S.W.2d 672 (Tex.Civ.App.Beaumont 1954, no writ); 40 Tex.Jur.2d rev. Part 2 Negligence § 86 (1976). It is generally agreed that the duty to care for one's own safety includes the duty to keep a proper lookout. Tidy Didy Wash v. Barnett, supra, Locke v. J. H. Marks Trucking Company, 318 S.W.2d 1 (Tex.Civ.App.El Paso 1958, no writ), 40 Tex.Jur.2d rev. Part 2 Negligence § 86 (1976). Often, the phrases "proper lookout" and "care for one's own safety" are combined and termed "proper lookout for one's safety." See e. g. DeWinne v. Allen, 154 Tex. 316, 277 S.W.2d 95, 98 (1955). Often, both "proper lookout" and "lookout for one's own safety" are used as synonymous terms. DeWinne v. Allen, supra; Rosales v. Lara, 519 S.W.2d 245 (Tex.Civ.App.Corpus Christi 1975, writ ref'd n. r. e.); Jameson v. Melton, 366 S.W.2d 115 (Tex.Civ.App.Dallas 1963, no writ). And we find no material distinction between the two phrases. Did, then, the jury's answer exonerating Woodard of failure to keep a lookout for his own safety exonerate him of all specific acts of negligence raised by the evidence and submitted to the jury? We think not. The evidence shows that Woodard evaluated the situation before him and knew and fully understood that the piece of steel he was lifting weighed from 300 to 600 pounds, and that often he would call for assistance in lifting such a heavy piece of steel. As far as the hoses were concerned, the testimony is clear that Woodard had seen most of the hoses on the ground earlier in the day. The evidence also shows that he 558 walked on many of these hoses prior to his injury. Immediately prior to the accident one of the other employees brought additional hoses into Woodard's area. Woodard knew of these hoses and the danger they posed. We think the evidence is clear, then, that Woodard kept a proper lookout, i. e., he knew of the existence of numerous hoses in his area and he fully appreciated the danger which they posed. Yet, he lifted the steel and attempted to dispose of it in the face of this danger. Consequently, we think his subsequent actions of negligence were independent of his keeping a proper lookout. A similar issue was raised in Christian v. Martin & Company, 384 S.W.2d 202 (Tex. Civ.App.Eastland 1964, writ ref'd n. r. e.). There, the plaintiff sued for injuries suffered when he was struck by some pipe that dislodged when pipe was unloaded from one truck and stacked on a lowboy trailer pulled along side the truck being unloaded. The jury answered special issues in relevant part as follows: 1) the defendant was negligent in carelessly stacking the pipe and this was a proximate cause of the accident; 2) plaintiff was negligent in walking between the trucks and this was a proximate cause of the accident; 3) plaintiff did not fail to keep a proper lookout; 4) plaintiff was not negligent in failing to move his truck prior to the accident; 5) plaintiff did not fail to advise appellee's employees of his intention to walk between the trucks. The plaintiff was denied recovery based upon contributory negligence. On appeal he contended the court should have disregarded the jury's answer to the "walking between the trucks issue" because it was included in the issues 3, 4 and 5. The court overruled his contentions stating that the specific findings (3, 4 and 5 above) related to alleged negligent action on the part of the plaintiff entirely separate and apart from any negligence in walking between the trucks. The court laid special emphasis on the fact that plaintiff admittedly appreciated the danger associated with walking between the trucks, yet did it anyway. See also Whitfill v. Hunt, 387 S.W.2d 653 (Tex.Sup.1965). In Whitfill, the plaintiff did not fail to keep a proper lookout but failed to apply his brakes; the brakes issue was held to be a separate and independent issue. In Broesche v. Bullock, supra, proper lookout was held not to include the issue of a separate act of negligence. Appellant's points 12 through 19 are overruled. In that we have overruled all of appellant's points it is unnecessary for us to consider appellee's cross points. The judgment of the trial court is therefore affirmed. NOTES [1] Marathon did specify in the August 14th contract that it would provide hardhats, safety glasses and all toolroom equipment as necessary, but no mention was made of any lifting devices. The contract also stated that it was the entire agreement of the parties and no oral statements could alter the terms of the agreement.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization study of aneuploidy of chromosomes 7, 10, X, and Y in primary and secondary glioblastomas. The aneuploidy of autosomes 7, 10, and sex chromosomes (X and Y) was analyzed in a series of 44 primary (de novo) and 20 secondary glioblastomas using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on smear preparations of glioma tissue. The tumors were screened for trisomy 7, monosomy 10, as well as loss of the Y chromosome and disomy of the X chromosome in male subjects, and monosomy of the X chromosome in female subjects. We found that taken alone or in combination, these chromosomal abnormalities do not appear to be characteristic of a glioblastoma subtype; therefore, they do not allow the differentiation between primary and secondary glioblastomas. Also, the loss of a chromosome 10 appears to be an earlier event than a gain of a chromosome 7 for the genesis of a secondary glioblastoma.
Medical claims profiles of subjects with temporomandibular joint disorders. The primary goal of this study was to evaluate the claims profiles of subjects with TMJ disorders relative to a control group without the disorders and to provide a characterization of the type of healthcare services received and the associated costs of healthcare for patients with TMJ disorders. The administrative data base of a major medical insurer was used to compare the claims history of 1,819 patients diagnosed with TMJ disorders to matched controls. The analysis was based only on medical claims. The study found that total medical claim payments for the patients with TMJ disorders were double that of the subjects without TMJ disorders, and similarly, the utilization of institutional and professional care services was found to be approximately twice as high, though not uniformly distributed across all Major Diagnostic Categories, physician specialties or types of service. The level and nature of the differences in the quantity and costs of healthcare between subjects with and without TMJ disorders were unexpectedly large. The majority of these differences were attributed to conditions that were not usually considered related to TMJ disorders. These utilization and cost differences extended, in varying degrees, over a wide range of diagnostic and healthcare provider categories.
Ferrets get a bad rep for being smelly animals that attack people. Learn the truth behind the myths. Myths and misconceptions abound for ferrets. From stories about ferrets carrying rabies to being stinky biters, they get a bad rep based on a bunch of falsehoods. Here we debunk 25 of those myths and misconceptions. 1. Ferrets are silent creatures. Tell that to ferret owners. Ferrets can make noises and often do so while playing or dancing (known as “dooking” by some ferret owners). While they may not be the most vocal animals, they are certainly not silent. ADVERTISEMENT 2. Ferrets can’t be trained. They certainly can be trained: to use the litter box, come on command and even do tricks. 3. Ferrets have great vision because they burrow in the dark. Ferrets do not have good vision and can see only in reds and blues. 4. Ferrets can’t use a litter box and poop everywhere. They can — it just takes time and patience with training and a lot of litter boxes in corners (ferrets typically “go” in corners). 5. Ferrets must be caged. Not true. In some homes ferrets have free run of the house just as a cat or dog would enjoy. You will need to proof your home, though (close openings, remove small objects, cover cords, etc.). 6. Ferrets will bite you. Not all ferrets. In fact, not most ferrets. Although any animal with teeth has the potential to bite, the key to prevention is socialization, proper care and training. With these necessities covered, ferrets will not be prone to biting. Ferrets that do bite have typically endured abuse and are fearful. Ferrets that receive proper care are affectionate and friendly. 7. Ferrets attack people. Ferrets don’t attack people as recently portrayed on an episode of Two and a Half Men titled “Ferrets, Attack!” Ferrets will try to get away from the source of harm first, although abused ferrets may be more prone to biting as a form of self-protection. They do not chase after people in packs on command as shown on the show. ADVERTISEMENT The episode angered the ferret community. If you missed the ferret episode and want to see it, click here. A rabies misconception is at 11:45 and ferret attacks are at 15:15 and 18:44. 8. Ferrets don’t need vet care. Yeah, they do, just like any other animal. Annual exams and screenings are important for a ferret’s health, along with exercise and good nutrition. They also receive vaccinations such as rabies and distemper. The earlier you catch and treat an ailment or disease, the better chance of recovery you give to your ferret. 9. Ferrets need to eat fruit. Giving ferrets fruits (and veggies) regularly can actually cause health problems such as tumors. Ferrets need protein from a high-quality food. And by the way, they’re carnivores. 10. Ferrets are rats. Ferrets descend from a polecat and are mammals. They are a member of the weasel family along with skunks, otters and badgers to name a few. 11. Ferrets are wild animals. There isn’t a wild ferret colony hiding in the woods. In fact, ferrets would have a hard time surviving outdoors with their limited eyesight, lack of fear, and inability to endure heat and dehydration. Ferrets were domesticated a long time ago and are indoor companion animals. There are black-footed ferrets that were reintroduced to the wild after captive breeding because the animals had become endangered, but these are in specific areas and monitored by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 12. Ferrets are illegal. Only in some places. Ferrets are legal in most states, although city and county laws can be stricter than state laws (and in some cases ban them). You may need to provide proof of a rabies vaccination to obtain a license for your pet ferret in some areas. Always check the local laws before adding a ferret to your home. 13. Ferrets spread rabies. Domesticated ferrets living indoors would have a difficult time contracting and spreading rabies, and they are statistically less likely to bite than other animals. Previous research has also shown that when presented with rabies, only a small portion of ferrets actually carry the disease. The rate of death in afflicted ferrets was a few days, making a ferret rabies outbreak a bit far-fetched. 14. Ferrets kill other pets. They do have hunting instincts, and some pets that are not recommended for ferret households include reptiles and insects. Birds are another caution, although pet owners have been known to own birds and ferrets, as well as rabbits (this doesn’t mean they’re the best of friends, but that they co-exist). Ferrets can become friends with the family cat and might even share the litter box with them. Dogs can be ferret buddies, although dogs with high prey instincts could cause the ferret harm or death. 15. Ferrets are difficult pets. While it’s true ferrets demand more attention than some other pets, hide your keys or incur higher costs for quality food and vet care, ferrets can be very rewarding and excellent companion pets. 16. Ferrets stink. Ah, one of the most popular ferret myths of them all. Every animal has some kind of odor. Neutering a ferret decreases their scent, as does removing the anal glands. If a ferret is not neutered, has its scent glands, is improperly fed or lacks good hygiene care, then yes — it will smell more than expected. Melissa, owner of ferret Vegeta, confirms that poor-quality food doesn’t help the situation. ADVERTISEMENT The anal glands can release a scent when the ferret feels defensive or threatened. This smell will dissipate easily with some open windows. Any affected area can be washed with soap and water — which is much easier than skunk spray removal. Every animal needs basic, quality care and attention. Cleaning the ears and mouth, trimming the nails, keeping litter boxes and bedding material clean, and bathing your ferret when necessary will greatly reduce the odor produced by ferrets. Don’t wash them too often or you could dry out their skin (and increase oil production, which may make the smell worse). Most ferret owners suggest once per month or once every two to three months for baths. Some ferrets might dislike water, while others love it. Here’s Raja the ferret enjoying his bath: 17. Ferrets are stupid. Ferrets may seem unintelligent for their short attention spans, but based on their curiosity they can be better problem solvers than cats or dogs. They are intelligent animals, and most crave daily play and attention. 18. Ferrets will keep you up all night. There isn’t a ferret conspiracy to ruin your sleep. Every ferret is different, but most of them are active at dusk and dawn or adjust their schedule to fit their human counterparts. They may get up and move around during the night just as any animal would. They can also sleep an average of 18 hours a day! 19. Ferrets need to be kept outside. Not only is this myth wrong, but it’s also dangerous to ferrets. There are many dangers to keeping outdoor-only ferrets. They cannot tolerate heat and dehydration well, can develop heartworms from a mosquito bite or be seen as prey by another animal. Lost or escaped ferrets can be very hard to find; they keep moving wherever their curiosity takes them. 20. Ferrets carry diseases. The conditions prone to ferrets typically occur toward the end of their life spans. These conditions are few, and ferrets have a low rate of genetic diseases. Earlier conditions are minimal and typically adrenal (usually seen at 3 years and older). Ferrets born or raised on “farms” may experience a higher rate of illness. 21. Ferrets need to be declawed. Declawing a ferret is similar to crippling your pet. Their nail and toe formations are not like those of a cat (and we don’t suggest declawing your cat either), and declawed ferrets can suffer pain and trauma from this type of surgery. Long-term effects include difficulty walking, running and climbing. 22. Ferrets eat anything. True, ferrets can eat anything, but it doesn’t mean they should. Proof your home and don’t feed them the same food given to other animals. Provide a high-protein diet available at all times (ferrets free-feed) unless otherwise directed by your vet. Some ferret owners have reported that their pets love anything rubber for chewing, so remove these items as well. An internal blockage can cause serious damage and even death. Speaking of dietary needs, Sheri, mom to ferret Iggy, tells us about the importance of a well-balanced and quality ferret diet. She says, “Diet is a very important part of raising a healthy ferret. I wish more people were aware of this. They are obligate carnivores who require high protein (I’d recommend at least 40% protein) foods with little to no carbs. Ferret owners should look at the ingredients on their ferret’s food. The first several ingredients should be meat based.” She continues: “Ferret owners should also avoid sugary treats, as too much sugar can lead to medical problems. A favorite treat around my house is bits of freeze-dried chicken or turkey. Many people assume that just because a product says ‘ferret food’ on the label that it is going to meet all of their ferret’s food needs. Unfortunately, this isn’t always the case, so I always encourage people to read the labels on their pet’s food and snacks and make sure that the ingredients really do meet the animal’s nutritional needs.” This nifty food chart lists and compares food types and their ingredients. Y ou can review the types of food and their ingredients to choose a healthy product, or check out what you’re already feeding your ferret to see where you might need to improve. Sheri says it is a must-have tool for anyone with ferrets or someone new to owning them. 23. Any cat litter or material is fine. A ferret’s sensitive respiratory system says otherwise. Strong odors, particles and clumping litters can be dangerous for ferrets; the same goes for cedar or wood shaving litters and bedding. 24. I can’t have a ferret because I’m allergic to pets. Untrue. Ferrets are great for allergy sufferers because they are hypo-allergenic. 25. Ferrets are dangerous to children. Children are more of a danger to ferrets. Rough handling, hitting and inappropriate care can cause ferrets distress and harm, and they may feel the need to defend themselves. Always supervise children with pets and teach them proper care guidelines. Shelters and Rescues If you are considering getting a ferret, please check rescues and shelters first. There are many ferrets waiting to find homes. Ferret shelters and rescues don’t get as much attention as cat and dog organizations, and often they can be at full capacity. Sheri tells us that her ferret shelter, Massachusetts Ferret Friends (MaFF), is completely full. One of our Facebook fans says her Oregon shelter is in desperate need of donations, and Vegeta’s mom Melissa actively campaigns for the Broward Ferret Rescue in Florida. These are just a few of the many ferret shelters that need help. While money and space are always key priorities for any shelter or rescue, ferret organizations also have to contend with limited exposure to find homes for their furry friends. To find a ferret shelter or rescue near you, click here. This is a long list of myths and misconceptions, and there are even more out there. Know of one I missed or want to add to an item here? Let me know in the comments below. Additional Resources Photos: downatthezoo(top), h080/Flickr
An in-wheel motor unit includes a reduction gear mechanism such as a planetary gear set in addition to the above-described electric motor, as described in, for example, a patent document 1. These are constituted as one unit. The in-wheel motor unit decreases a speed of the rotational power from the electric motor by the reduction gear mechanism, and transmits this reduced power to a wheel to drive the wheel. Accordingly, the in-wheel motor unit needs to lubricate the above-described reduction gear mechanism. However, when the above-described lubrication is depend on the oil raised up by rotation members within the in-wheel motor unit, oil stirring resistance increases consumed electric power of the in-wheel motor unit (the electric motor), this causes large deterioration of electricity cost (electricity economy) which is a highest priority issue for an electric vehicle. Accordingly, in a conventional art, as described in the patent document 1, the oil in the lower portion within the in-wheel motor unit is sucked by using an oil pump whose the consumed electric power is much smaller than the consumed electric power by the oil stirring resistance. A predetermined lubrication is often performed by supplying this oil to lubrication necessary portions (portions in which the lubrication is needed). In a lubrication control art described in the patent document 1 at this lubrication, when oil temperatures within the in-wheel motor units of a pair of left and right wheels are different from each other, the lubrication oil amount of the high temperature side in-wheel motor unit (the oil pumping amount by the oil pump) is increased than the lubrication oil amount of the low temperature side in-wheel motor unit (the oil pumping amount by the oil pump), so that the oil temperature difference between the left and right in-wheel motor units is eliminated. In this lubrication control art of the in-wheel motor unit, the driving force difference between the left and right wheels due to the oil temperature difference between the left and right in-wheel motor units is relieved. Accordingly, it is possible to improve the running stability of the in-wheel motor drive electric vehicle. However, in the art in which the lubrication oil amounts of the left and right in-wheel motor units (the oil pumping amounts by the oil pumps) are different from each other as described in the patent document 1, the oil levels in the lower portions within the left and right in-wheel motor units are different from each other, so that below-described problems are caused. That is, the electric motor within the in-wheel motor unit has a diameter larger than a diameter of the reduction gear mechanism, as described in the patent document 1. When it is considered that a required mountability needs to be ensured by decreasing a radial size of the in-wheel motor unit as much as possible, it is not possible to set a large gap between the electric motor and the in-wheel motor unit case. On the other hand, the oil pump needs to pump (suck and transfer) the oil in the lower portion within the in-wheel motor unit case even at vibration and inclination of the vehicle. The oil level in the lower portion within the in-wheel motor unit case needs to be considerably high so that the oil pump can suck the oil even at the vibration and the inclination. For these reasons, it is unavoidable that the electric motor (rotational rotor) having the large diameter is dipped in the oil in the lower portion within the in-wheel motor unit. By the way, in a case where (in a method that) the lubrication oil amounts of the left and right in-wheel motor units (the oil pumping amounts by the oil pumps) are different from each other as described in the patent document 1, the levels of the oil in the lower portions within the left and right in-wheel motor units are different from each other, so that below-described problems are caused. That is, a case that the oil levels in the lower portions within the left and right in-wheel motor unit cases are different from each other means that the oil dipping amounts of the electric motors (the rotational rotors) which are positioned below the oil levels are different between the left and right in-wheel motor units. In this way, when the oil dipping amounts of the electric motors (the rotational rotors) are different between the left and right in-wheel motor units, the oil stirring resistances by the electric motors (the rotational rotors) are different between the left and right in-wheel motor units, so that the driving force difference is generated between the left and right wheels. Accordingly, there is generated a problem that the running stability of the in-wheel motor drive vehicle is deteriorated.
Google’s DeepMind AI could soon be diagnosing eye conditions London-based DeepMind which is owned by Google’s parent company Alphabet, is coming up with Artificial Intelligence based devices that can help diagnose eye conditions accurately. The recent progress report appears in the latest issue of the journal Nature Medicine. It says that DeepMind, in collaboration with Moorfields Eye Hospital in London has successfully created algorithms that could help diagnose 50 of the more serious eye conditions that could lead to vision loss. The accuracy of the device is equivalent to expert ophthalmologists. The device can not only detect the eye conditions, but it can also sort out the cases that are more serious and need more urgent care. Thereafter the device can outline the therapeutic measures that could be adopted to treat the patient. This latest project from DeepMind began a couple of years ago when the company started incorporating these algorithms into the machine. The machine was fed with thousands of earlier scans that were in the databases and asked to diagnose them for serious eye conditions. Dr Dominic King, medical director, DeepMind Health explained the process of how they trained the machine to read the scans. He said, “We used two neural networks, which are complex mathematical systems which mimic the way the brain operates, and inputted thousands of eye scans. They divided the eye into anatomical areas and were able to classify whether disease was present.” For initial testing they developed five machine-learning systems that were fed 877 clinical OCT scans. These machines then created the maps of the OCT scans. The five maps were then analysed by a second series of five machine-learning systems. These second learning systems were trained on 14,884 OCT scans from 7,621 patients. Once the machine gave a result it was then trained to provide a referral decision. The researchers found that the machine was capable of detecting these serious vision-threatening eye conditions with 94 percent accuracy. The team says that this machine could soon change how eye exams take place globally. The researchers explain that diagnosing eye conditions from scans manually is a time consuming and tedious job and is also quite complex with a high rate of errors. Further, there is a steep rise in the aging population and this means that the prevalence of eye conditions is also on the rise. This can mean a higher burden on the ocular health care system. AI can shorten the process as well as provide the accuracy needed for diagnosis and detection of these conditions. Pearse Keane, consultant ophthalmologist at Moorfields, in a statement said, “The number of eye scans we’re performing is growing at a pace much faster than human experts are able to interpret them. There is a risk that this may cause delays in the diagnosis and treatment of sight-threatening diseases, which can be devastating for patients.” He added that using AI could mean earlier and more accurate diagnosis and earlier treatment. This could save sights in many patients. The AI developed by DeepMind as of now is useful as a type of eye scanner. Researchers add that the machine is compatible with any model. This means that that there are no hardware restrictions for its use and its use could be widespread. The AI can also be used when the machine is being replaced or updated, they add. The AI does not only give out the diagnosis but also details the steps to the diagnosis for the clinician. This can help the doctor go through the findings in details before deciding upon the next course of action. There are several fields in healthcare where AI is making forays. This year in June, Babylon Health for example, came up with AI incorporated machines for general practitioners that would help them diagnose several diseases. AI was also found to be more effective in classification of the anatomy of the heart by scanning it ultrasonically. This can help emergency heart attack cases. Mustafa Suleyman head of DeepMind Health, said in a press statement that this was a “ground breaking” research and in time it could, “transform the diagnosis, treatment, and management of patients with sight threatening eye conditions around the world.” For this newly developed AI device to be used routinely, it needs to undergo clinical trials and then be approved by the regulatory bodies.
The instant invention relates to retail display apparatus and more particularly to a display assembly for effectively and attractively displaying items, such as jewelry items, in a retail display. Various types of apparatus have been heretofore available for supporting jewelry items, such as earrings and pins, in retail displays. For example, various types of display panels which have been adapted for supporting jewelry display cards thereon have been heretofore available. Free standing display stands which have included one or more substantially horizontal bars for receiving and supporting jewelry display cards have also been heretofore available. However, heretofore the prior art relating to jewelry display apparatus has generally failed to provide an effective and compact display assembly which can be easily and economically manufactured and nevertheless adapted to meet the needs of various different retailers. The instant invention provides an effective display assembly which can be economically manufactured and readily adapted to meet the needs of different retailers. More specifically, the display assembly of the instant invention is preferably adapted for use in displaying jewelry items, such as earrings or pins and it comprises a first tray member, first support means for receiving and supporting an article for display on the first tray member, a second tray member, second support means for receiving and supporting an article for display on the second tray member, and a support post received on the first tray member and operative for supporting the second tray member in upwardly spaced relation to the first tray member. The first and second tray members each include a central tubular portion and each of the tubular portions is formed so that the inner side thereof defines an upwardly opening recess having a lower portion of reduced dimension, an upper portion of enlarged dimension and an inner shoulder therebetween. Each of the tubular portions is further formed so that the outer side thereof defines a downwardly projecting hub having a lower portion of reduced dimension, an upper portion of enlarged dimension and an outer shoulder therebetween. The support post is preferably of tubular configuration and it includes opposite first and second end portions, with the first end portion being snugly received in the upper portion of the recess in the first tray member so that it abuts the inner shoulder therein. The second end portion of the support post is snugly received on the lower portion of the hub of the second tray member so that it abuts the outer shoulder thereon for supporting the second tray member in upwardly spaced relation to the first tray member. The first and second tray members are preferably of substantially identical configuration and the support means on the first and second tray members are preferably formed as upstanding peripheral rims thereon. Further, each of the tray members preferably comprises a body portion which extends downwardly and outwardly around the tubular portion thereof and each of the tray members is preferably integrally formed from a substantially rigid plastic sheet material. The support post and the tubular portions of the tray members are preferably of substantially cylindrical tubular configuration and the display assembly preferably further comprises rotatable turntable means for rotatably supporting the jewelry display assembly on a supporting surface. It has been found that the display assembly of the instant invention can be effectively utilized for a wide variety of display applications. In this regard, a plurality of the tray members can be effectively assembled with a plurality of support posts to provide a multi-tiered display assembly which is relatively compact and nevertheless adapted for supporting a relatively large number of items, such as jewelry items mounted on display cards. Further, by selecting the correct number of tray members and support posts, the display assembly can be effectively adapted to meet the needs of various different retailers. Still further, when the first tray member is supported on a rotatable turntable the entire display assembly can b rotatably supported on a supporting surface. Still further, because of the relatively simple structures of the tray members and the support posts, the display assembly can be manufactured relatively economically. Accordingly, it is a primary object of the instant invention to provide an effective display assembly which can be adapted to meet the needs of various different retailers. Another object of the instant invention is to provide a display assembly which can be easily assembled at point of use and which can be effectively utilized for displaying items, such as jewelry items mounted on display cards. An even further object of the instant invention is to provide an effective display assembly which can be economically manufactured. Other objects, features and advantages of the invention shall become apparent as the description thereof proceeds when considered in connection with the accompanying illustrative drawings.
Q: Is there a "Comprehensive Solid State" book? We have Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry, Comprehensive Organometallics, Comprehensive Organic Synthesis and probably few other similar works that aim to do a wide review of recent works at the time of writing. Is there a similar review book, that reviews modeling, characterization, preparation, structures and properties of crystalline, non-molecular solids, maybe as a part of a wider topic or a series on smaller subjects? A: I think the closest comprehensive analogical literature source for solid state materials to the aforementioned series like Elsevier's Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II, Elsevier's Comprehensive Organic Synthesis or Wiliey's Inorganic Syntheses would be Springer's Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences currently consisting of 223 titles: The Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences consists of fundamental scientific books prepared by leading researchers in the field. They strive to communicate, in a systematic and comprehensive way, the basic principles as well as new developments in theoretical and experimental solid-sate physics. As for the universally recommended textbooks on solid-state chemistry in general, there are the following titles issued for the past 15 years: West, A. R. Solid State Chemistry and Its Applications, 2nd ed.; John Wiley & Sons, Inc: Chichester, West Sussex, 2014. Simon, S. H. The Oxford Solid State Basics, 1st ed.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2013. Smart, L.; Moore, E. Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction, 4th ed.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 2012. Tilley, R. J. D. Understanding Solids: The Science of Materials; J. Wiley: Chichester, West Sussex, England; Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2004. Müller, U. Anorganische Strukturchemie, 6., aktualisierte Aufl., unveränd. Nachdr.; Studium; Vieweg + Teubner: Wiesbaden, 2009. (in German) Dronskowski, R. Computational Chemistry of Solid State Materials: A Guide for Materials Scientists, Chemists, Physicists and Others; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2005.
Blackburn Local Spring Clip Front or Rear Rack Details This rack features our top-deck design plus a spring-loaded clip to hold your gear tight. Made with durable aluminum, you can use it as a front or rear rack. It's width adjustable to fit nearly any road or mountain bike and also disc brake compatible. A handy light clip makes it easy to attach a front or rear light.
Course and Event Calendar Write Right In today’s fast-moving world, it’s imperative for your writing to stand out from the crowd – and communicate your intended message the first time. Clear and engaging prose not only achieves results, but also creates an impression that is professional, knowledgeable and powerful. IPAA Victoria’s renowned half-day writing workshop provides best-practice advice and guidance based on the guidelines in the Australian Government’s Style manual. Participants will examine and practise business writing strategies and processes that can be applied to emails, letters, faxes or short reports – recognising what public sector leaders are looking for in a well-written document. What will you learn? By the end of this workshop, you will be able to: Tailor your written message to a specific audience and set of results Overcome ‘writer’s block’ Structure your information to flow logically and clearly Write with clarity and impact, using best-practice modern writing conventions Use appropriate paragraphs to underline your main points Write strong sentences, using words selected for accuracy and impact Develop effective strategies for the ‘final check’. What should you expect? Write right uses a combination of expert presentations, engaging case studies, and hands-on exercises to deliver its key writing skills. Facilitator Jeanette Learmont will also give each participant a copy of her renowned workbook, which is full of practical tips and valuable advice. Who is the facilitator? Jeanette Learmont is a highly regarded communications consultant and presenter, who has established a national reputation with her dynamic classes in contemporary writing. Over the past 15 years, she has delivered her engaging workshops to hundreds of public and private sector employees across Australia and internationally. Jeanette has developed a wide range of writing skills programs, covering government, academic and technical writing, as well as specialist courses on grammar, punctuation, proofreading, and skilled minute-taking. She is co-author of a book on effective business writing, as well as a contributing author to a national technical writing post-graduate course. Pricing Individual Non-Member $758.00 Personal Member $606.40 Fellow $454.80 Corporate Bronze $606.40 Silver $568.50 Gold $530.60 Platinum $454.80 All prices are GST inclusive Who Should Attend? IPAA’s Write right workshop is for anyone in the public sector seeking clarity and assistance to improve their ability to write accurate and clear short documents and engaging communications in the course of their work.
#project project(phpx) cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 2.4) aux_source_directory(src DIR_SRCS) file(GLOB_RECURSE HEADER_FILES include/*.h) set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Debug) if (DEFINED PHP_CONFIG_DIR) set(PHP_CONFIG_DIR "${PHP_CONFIG_DIR}/") else() set(PHP_CONFIG_DIR "") endif() #execute_process(COMMAND ${PHP_CONFIG_DIR}php-config --includes # RESULT_VARIABLE PHP_INCLUDE # ) execute_process(COMMAND ${PHP_CONFIG_DIR}php-config --include-dir OUTPUT_VARIABLE PHP_INCLUDE_DIR OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE ) execute_process(COMMAND ${PHP_CONFIG_DIR}php-config --libs OUTPUT_VARIABLE PHP_LIBS OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE ) execute_process(COMMAND ${PHP_CONFIG_DIR}php-config --ldflags OUTPUT_VARIABLE PHP_LDFLAGS OUTPUT_STRIP_TRAILING_WHITESPACE ) message("PHP_INCLUDE_DIR: ${PHP_INCLUDE_DIR}") link_directories(${PHP_LDFLAGS}) include_directories(include) include_directories(${PHP_INCLUDE_DIR} ${PHP_INCLUDE_DIR}/Zend ${PHP_INCLUDE_DIR}/main ${PHP_INCLUDE_DIR}/TSRM BEFORE) set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -std=c++11 -fPIC") set(CMAKE_LIBRARY_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/lib) set(CMAKE_ARCHIVE_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY ${PROJECT_SOURCE_DIR}/lib) if (APPLE) SET(CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS "${CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS} -undefined dynamic_lookup") message(${CMAKE_SHARED_LINKER_FLAGS}) endif () #libary add_library(phpx SHARED ${DIR_SRCS}) SET_TARGET_PROPERTIES(phpx PROPERTIES CLEAN_DIRECT_OUTPUT 1) add_library(phpx_static STATIC ${DIR_SRCS}) SET_TARGET_PROPERTIES(phpx_static PROPERTIES OUTPUT_NAME phpx) SET_TARGET_PROPERTIES(phpx_static PROPERTIES CLEAN_DIRECT_OUTPUT 1) #install install(CODE "MESSAGE(\"Are you run command using root user?\")") install(TARGETS phpx LIBRARY DESTINATION lib ARCHIVE DESTINATION lib) install(TARGETS phpx_static ARCHIVE DESTINATION lib) install(FILES ${HEADER_FILES} DESTINATION include)
Microsoft Word is not a Great Blogging Platform When I started this blog, I had this crazy idea that I’d do everything in Microsoft Word, on Windows 10, and publish on WordPress.com. Some people push the limits of that open-source free-software life, I wanted to push the limits of ease-of-use and comfort. I’m calling the experiment a failure, kind of. Microsoft Word is a great word processor. It’s ease of use and feature set are unmatched. Nothing even comes close. It can even push to various blogging platforms. So here’s the blogging experience: Open Word. Choose the “Blog Post” starter template. Type some nonsense. Drag and drop in some images. Click “Publish” It’s up on your site It’s lacking a few things: Code snippets. As a programmer, these are pretty damn important to me. Microsoft Word doesn’t have a good story for adding these, and certainly not syntax highlighting. There is a plugin interface, and several people have tried to make plugins to support this, but they’re kind of awful. That could be due to Word’s plugin interface limiting them, who knows. Maybe I should try to make my own? Then there will be one more awful syntax highlighting plugin! Image thumbnails. I have to plan ahead and make images just the right size so that the contents are visible on the page, but the image isn’t too large to fit on screen. But what if I have a high-res image that must be displayed as high-res, or lose significance? For instance, a circuit schematic diagram, block diagram, etc.? (One of my pet peeves is when people embed circuit diagrams in their blog post, but it’s compressed so much you can’t decipher it, and there’s no option to view the original file). The best solution I have with Microsoft Word is to split the image up into smaller pieces. What I’d like is a thumbnail, which when clicked, displays the full image. I could do that with some custom HTML/CSS/JS tags in the word document, but that sort of defeats the purpose… And so, I’m going to try out the browser-based editor which WordPress.com provides. I’ll miss some things like word auto-correct, but at least it has code blocks with syntax highlighting, a feature that abounds in web-based editors. Microsoft Word really needs to get with the times.
import CoreData class BlogToBlogMigration_61_62: NSEntityMigrationPolicy { override func createRelationships(forDestination dInstance: NSManagedObject, in mapping: NSEntityMapping, manager: NSMigrationManager) throws { try super.createRelationships(forDestination: dInstance, in: mapping, manager: manager) guard dInstance.value(forKey: "account") == nil else { return } guard let sourceBlog = manager.sourceInstances(forEntityMappingName: "BlogToBlog", destinationInstances: [dInstance]).first, let sourceAccount = sourceBlog.value(forKey: "jetpackAccount") as? NSManagedObject, let destinationAccount = manager.destinationInstances(forEntityMappingName: "AccountToAccount", sourceInstances: [sourceAccount]).first else { return } dInstance.setValue(destinationAccount, forKey: "account") } }
Is There an Upper Age Limit for Breast Augmentation? Year after year, breast augmentation consistently ranks as one of the most popular plastic surgery procedures performed. Although there is a minimum age for cosmetic augmentation – 18 for saline implants and 22 for silicone implants – there is technically no upper age restriction for individuals who want to enhance the appearance of their breasts later in life. In fact, many women in their 40s, 50s, 60s, and beyond have received implants to increase the size and improve the shape of their breasts with excellent results. The predominant difference between younger and more mature patients opting for a breast augmentation commonly relates to their overall needs and desires. For instance, most women who are younger in age are mainly seeking to increase the size of their breasts. In contrast, the majority of older breast augmentation patients are often interested in restoring lost volume and/or addressing concerns like excess skin and drooping. As a result, a mastopexy (breast lift) is frequently performed in combination with augmentation for these individuals. As opposed to age, the primary factors in identifying good candidates for breast augmentation are generally the patient’s health and overall expectations. Those who are relatively healthy, have a low risk for operative complications, and who have a good idea of what can realistically be achieved tend to be good candidates for breast enhancement surgery. If you are interested in breast augmentation, my advice is to seek the expertise of a board certified plastic surgeon. Following an extensive evaluation of your unique needs and goals, he or she will ultimately be able to determine if breast augmentation would be a safe and effective option for your desires, regardless of your age.
Q: NiFi - QueryDatabaseTable for 100s of tables - Generic Solution Currently have a flow using QueryDatabaseTable which reads from a DB and puts the data into HDFS. Decided to use QueryDatabaseTable because: of the state kept for using it for delta loads also the fine tuning when tables are in the 100s of million records. My question is that I now have 100 tables that require the same flow (DB => HDFS). I do not want to create the same flow 100 times. I have looked into ListDatabaseTables which would be perfect, but it seems QueryDatabaseTable doesn't take any input. Has anyone encountered something similar? A: QueryDatabaseTable is meant to do incremental loading of a table and therefore has to maintain state about the table so it can now what to retrieve on next execution. As a result, it can't allow dynamic tables because then there is an infinite amount of state that needs to be kept. ListDatabaseTables is meant to be used more with GenerateTableFetch and ExecuteSQL to do bulk loading of a DB table.
Why Argentina Lost and Germany Won – Analyzing the Game Using Adizes Theory Posted on August 1, 2014 For this week’s blog post, I invited Carlos Valdesuso, Managing Director at Adizes Brazil, to share his analysis of the World Cup Soccer Game results using the Adizes theory. I hope you enjoy it. – Dr. Ichak Kalderon Adizes Teams, whether for work or for sports, behave at a level above the individuals and, as such, are subject to system principles. Although all the four Adizes roles (PAEI) are necessary, both for individuals and teams, the (A) and (I) functions seem to impact team performance more than the (E) and (P) ones, particularly in group sports, like soccer. The recent World Cup Soccer games in Rio de Janeiro, where in the game Germany defeated Brazil and in the finals Argentina, is a great example of the impact of team performance over individual member’s performance. Both Brazil and Argentina relied a lot on the performance of individual stars: Brazil on Neymar and Argentina on Messi. On the other hand, Germany relied more on the whole team effort, and ended up winning the 2014 World Cup. What I see happening in professional sports is that, since the Mission (E) and the Task (P) are predefined, the relative importance of the (A) and (I) functions naturally goes up. Thus, the team who can outperform in the (A) and (I) roles is bound to win. And that is precisely what Germany did, in emphasizing (I) going to the extreme of selecting as their home base in Brazil, a small Indian village in the State of Bahia. (I)ntegration means not to depend on any single individual but on the interaction and interdependence between the parts, and between members of the team. The fact that the Germans did not depend on any single individual but on how the team performed can be seen in the fact that their star player, Miroslav Klose, was not even asked to play. Throughout the game, you could not point out one player who was the star with all the others presumably acting in a supporting role. Not so for the Argentinian team. All the commentators kept repeating that what Argentina needs is “a Messi moment” to win. That means expecting Messi to make the difference. And without another top player, who was injured in a previous game, Argentina was in a weaker position than the German team. And that was also a problem for the Brazilian team. When their star player, Neymar, was sidelined with an injury and another top defender was not allowed to play because of yellow cards from previous games, the Brazilian team was like an injured animal. There was no passing of the ball. Everyone was trying to make the goal as an individual. To have team work, (I), you have to work on it. It does not happen with good intentions, nor with short spurts of energy. It is a process that takes time and effort. And that is what the German team did. This team has been playing together for six years. They could anticipate each other’s moves. It was very exciting seeing them pass the ball backwards as if they had eyes in the back of their head. Or sideways as if they had peripheral vision. They simply could feel each other. They had the experience. In comparison, the Brazilian team was put together to play the world cup a few months before the game. And so was the Argentinian team. Teamwork did not happen. Simple. This experience has its moral for soccer, but it applies as well for managing a company. If you rely on a single star for success, the founder of the company for instance, it is not as good as having a team of executives working together producing the results. And building that teamwork is not going to happen by having three month’s leadership training. It takes years of “playing together” and seeking the common goal and not just the individual goal.
Q: Storing and recalling timestamps (or general data) from a single column I'm quite new to programming in general, so I expect this question to have an easy solution. I searched for an answer before posting, but I'm not really sure what I'm looking for. Basically, I have a database with the following structure: Table: things Column 1- ID Column 2- Name Column 3- Year Column 4- Timestamps I have a large collection of timestamps for many things of the format hh:mm:ss that I want to store in the 4th column of the things table. Each item in the table will have a varying number of timestamps associated with it, so I thought it would make sense to simply store them all in a single column separated by commas (hh:mm:ss,hh:mm:ss) rather than store each timestamp in its own column. From here, I hoped that using PHP I could select the name of a thing and recall its year and timestamps, separating each timestamp into its own variable. Example: Column 2- Thing20 Column 3- 1997 Column 4- 00:01:24,00:05:28,00:16:52 $name = "Thing20" $year = 1997 $ts1 = "00:01:24" $ts2 = "00:05:28" $ts3 = "00:16:52" Here are my questions... Is this a practical solution for my needs? I'm having trouble thinking of a better way to do this... How would I go about separating the timestamps (which are separated by commas in the database entry) and storing them as incremental variables? Rather, I suppose you would use an array instead of many variables. Any help at all would be greatly appreciated. As I said above, I am a beginner so I'm very sorry if this is a trivial thing to ask! Thank you! A: Design issue If you need n values for each ID, then instead of storing it in a single column you should split it into two tables. Table 1: things (ID, name, year), where ID is a primary key Table 2: timestamps (ID, timestamp), where ID is a foreign key from 'things' and where you can store as many ID,timestamp pairs as you wish (and timestamp is a single value) So in your example, table 1 will look like this: ID, Name, Year 1, Thing20, 1997 Table 2 will look like this: ID, timestamp 1, 00:01:24 1, 00:05:28 1, 00:16:52 Practical solution However, if changing DB structure is not a case, then you can just use: $ts = explode(',', $timestamp); and you will receive an array of all timestamps in $ts variable
There’s nothing the right, particularly the sectarian right, loves more than the the federal constitution, which by their reckoning is an anti-federal power, libertarian document that hearkens back to the days when the Founding Fathers founded the Tea Party movement. But I’m not sure there’s any better example of what nonsense this is, or the way that the ‘constitution’ has just become a fetish which automatically represents the rightwing wish-list du jour, than the paranoia and rage against the Census. If you’re really devoted to the constitution, by all rights responding to Census should make you something close to giddy since participating in the Census is about as close as you can get to fulfilling an unambiguous and explicit constitutional duty. For a real constitutionalist, it should be like touching the Pope’e garment.But the disconnect between the wingnut fantasy constitution and the actual document actually goes well beyond that. Certainly liberals and conservatives have their own takes on the constitution. And outside the extreme margins each take is rooted in some real history. But what I’m talking about is the Ron Paul, Tea Party, right-wing sectarian take — the ‘constitution’ of Sen. DeMint’s imagination — that really does believe that the constitution is a sort of far-right wishlist. But what’s even weirder and more problematic in terms of our public discourse is that a lot of journalists seem to buy into this fantasy — at least assume it as a given — even if they don’t accept the supposed implications. In other words, ‘Yes, sure the original constitution is a Paulite, radically small government document. But hey, we’re a big country now. Times change.’ But this is a complete crock. The federal constitution doesn’t just not perfectly line up with the anti-federal, small government right. It was actually put into effect precisely to combat the kind of politically philosophy these folks espouses. It’s a centralizing document. It was aimed at making federal power trump that of the states, indeed bringing the states to heel. The idea that of a genuine heir of the South Carolinian political tradition — which DeMint is — is someone whose views are in tune with the constitution is silly if you spend a few moments cracking a history book. The big point of the constitution was to create a strong federal government, one with the power to do pretty much all the things the phony constitutionalists are the far-right want to prevent.
Q: twitter4j id of the user being retweeted in this tweet I am using the twitter4j library to collect some data in twitter. There is an interface called Status which can be used to get various information about a tweet (such as id, location, time, whether it was a retweet...). I am currently interested in retrieving the id of a user that is being retweeted in a tweet. For example, suppose John retweets samantha and suppose I have John's tweet; let's call John's tweet t I would like to do something in code like: Long retweetedUserID = t.getRetweetedUserID(); I find the javadoc very unclear and cannot properly discern the meaning of each function. Does anybody know how to get the user id of the person that is being retweeted? I posted a similar question here about the meaning of a particular method in the Status interface that I believe is related to this problem. All help is greatly appreciated. A: Use the method getRetweetedStatus(). You can store this into a Status variable and then user the getUser() method. Altogether this is: for(Status t : results.getTweets()) { retweetedStatus = t.getRetweetedStatus(); User curRTUser = retweetedStatus.getUser(); curRTUserID = curRTUser.getId(); //do whatever you want }
User reviews 4 out of 5 based on 1 ratings for Hamster Tools 2.1 For Hamster Tools 2.1Publisher's description Advertisement Hamster Tools is a Servers & Network software developed by Stefan Moka. After our trial and test, the software is proved to be official, secure and free. Here is the official description for Hamster Tools: BrothersoftEditor: Hamster is a local server for news and mail. It's a windows-32-bit-program. It allows the use of multiple news- and Mail Server and combines them to one mail- and newsserver for the news/mail-client. It load faster than a normal NewsReader because many Threads can run simultaneous. It contains score file for news and mail, a build-in script language, the GUI allows translation to other languages, it can be used in a network. you can free download Hamster Tools 2.1 now.
Q: how to store a 2D game world in mysql I am making a 2D game in javascript/ajax, that will be using data stored in mysql database. Every user have got his own "area" made of small squares that can have some values. But I have no idea, how to store values of each square in mysql, when each user can have area with different width or height. Do you have some idea? A: How about storing the rectangle's four corners (x0, y0, x1, y1)? If you have an index on them, querying should be fairly efficient too, but your mileage may vary...
Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis in the lower female genital tract: an uncommon simulant of mucocutaneous papillomavirus infection--a report of two cases. Two examples of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (EH) involving the female genital tract are described. The first case, an isolated epidermolytic acanthoma, involved the vulva of a 75-year-old woman. The second case involved the vaginal wall of a 40-year-old woman who had similar lesions of the oral mucosa. EH is characterized by epidermal acanthosis, compact papillomatous hyperkeratosis, and dissolution of the suprabasilar epithelium, resulting in perinuclear clear zones. Granular keratohyalin clumping, hypergranulosis, and dyskeratosis resulting in intracellular eosinophilic globules ("cells within a cell" appearance) are additional distinctive findings. Because of the rarity of the lesion in the female genital tract, it may be confused with other lesions that more commonly affect this region. Correct recognition of EH may have significant clinical implications.
by Arif Islamzade Photography by Oleg Litvin Skies are bright and blue these days in Sumgayit. Especially on Sundays. In fact, it's almost impossible to believe that this city, so beautifully situated on the Caspian, is home to one of the largest chemical industrial complexes in the entire former USSR. Insane concentrations of chemicals were produced in Sumgayit. Environmentally, it's a death zone for the people who live and work here, with no exaggeration. But it's impossible to close all the plants because of the devastating economic impact it would have on the country. But skies are clear these days-not because there have been sweeping environmental reforms; only 20% of the 33 factories are operating. Almost all of them have come to a complete standstill because the interconnective fabric of the former Soviet Union has been severed between the Republics. For lack of a very simple part-a screw from one Republic, a bolt from another, some raw material from another, an entire factory employing thousands can be shut down. It's happening to hundreds and thousands of factories all across the former Soviet Union. Proud of Sumgayit This autumn, Sumgayit, Baku's satellite city, celebrates its 50th anniversary. In 1939, it had a population of 6,000; today there are 350,000 including 62,000 refugees. Azerbaijanis are proud of this city. They built it with their own hands during this century shaping it into one of the largest industrial complexes in the Soviet Union. They're proud of their highly trained chemists. They appreciate its ethnic mix-Azerbaijanis, Russians, Georgians, Jews, Udins, Lezghins, Moldovians, Ukrainian, Belarussians, Kurds, Talysh and Armenian (an estimated 200 still live in the city today according to the mayor). It was easier to get housing in Sumgayit than in other major cities, a strong card for attracting young people from the villages and smaller towns. And the money was good-factory workers make more than doctors. (For example, an aluminum factory worker makes the equivalent of US$10-14 a month these days). Sumgayit has the greatest concentration of petro-chemical production in the former Soviet Union. Photo: June 1994. Paradise Really Hell Azerbaijanis considered Sumgayit a Paradise, unaware that it was really hell. Some of the chemicals they produced are known carcinogens, especially the chlororganic products such as hexochlorine, DDT, Lindane, and caustic sodium. Others injure the heart, internal organs, bones, and teeth. Others suppress the immune system. A permanent sharp-smelling substance hovers in the air irritating nose and eyes. Many chemicals clearly cause severe birth defects and embryotoxic effects. During the Soviet Period, the severity of the pollution was never made public. Health officials never released true statistics. The government used to compensate workers by providing milk, cheese, and meat to those at factories where toxicity was known to be high. Even today, workers in certain factories, such as the aluminium factory, are required to retire after ten years' work because the conditions are so detrimental. Hazardous solid wastes from tube rolling plant dumped close to residential area in Sumgayit. Photo: June 1994. Dumping Wastes Nobody used to pay attention to ecology. When the city was designed 50 years ago, a buffer zone was built between the industrial and residential sections. It's one kilometer wide; to be environmentally safe, there should be a minimum distance of twelve kilometers. The emphasis was only on producing from raw materials; and then simply dumping the wastes-into the air, into the sea and onto garbage heaps. When the factories were fully operational, an estimated 70 to 120,000 tons of harmful wastes were released into the air each year. Less than one third of industrial sewage was directed to the town's dilapidated purifying sites. The majority of the sewage simply was dumped into the sea unprocessed, causing the Caspian shoreline to be turned into a biologically "dead zone" extending 20-25 km into the fishing regions. Factories generated over 300,000 tons of solid wastes of 64 different types; only 170,000 tons are actually utilized. The remaining 130 thousand tons were partially discarded in special furnaces, transported to the city dump as consumer wastes, or left lying around in the yards of factories. The city dump takes 250,000 tons of consumer wastes every year. The country can't finance the waste recycling factory that has already been approved to be constructed. Testing industrial sewerage in Sumgayit. Photo: 1993. Hazards Unknown Scientists know the effect these separate chemicals can have on human beings. But when it comes to the chemicals being mixed together, they don't have a clue. Alone some of these gases may not even be dangerous but combined with other chemicals in the atmosphere, the soil, or water, they may become highly toxic. How dangerous they are simply is not known. Some of the processes themselves are hazardous such as smelting and electrolysis which produces strong magnetic fields. The Baby Cemetery The Sumgayit cemetery reveals the tragic story that was hidden so long during the Soviet period. Dead babies don't lie. This may well be the only cemetery in the world that has an entire section set apart for children. Lots of people don't know about it. Down in the south corner, there amidst the tall overgrown grasses, you've find hundreds and hundreds of graves, mostly unmarked and unnamed. The only identification is a pile of earth heaped up with small slabs of stones on top to prevent the wind from blowing the dirt away. The few grave stones that do exist almost always indicate deformity and retardation on the child's portrait. Sumgayit has a high percentage of babies born premature, stillborn, and with genetic defects: Photo: June 1994. The doctors and nurses in the maternity hospitals will tell you the same thing. They see it every day-a high percentage of deaths. On average 27 out of 1,000 born don't survive the first year (a good rate would be less than 10 as in Japan) There's a high rate of aborted fetuses and still births and a considerable number of birth defects such as Mongolism, anencephalia (no brain), spina bifida (absence of one or more vertebra arches), hydrocephalus (enlarged head with excessive mount of fluid), osteochandro dystrophy (bone disease), and mutations such as club feet, cleft palate, four or six fingers or toes. Once a child was born with its heart on the right side. Nowadays, compared even with last year, doctors are seeing more children born with more than one defect. Approximately 62% of the babies are born with asphyxia. At this writing there were 43 babies in the nursery at the Maternity Hospital; ten of which were premature; they had only three incubators to sustain them. Most mothers show evidence of chronic heart disease and anemia and have low counts of hemoglobin. The medical profession knows there's a strong relationship between the tragic birth rate and the ecology; they just haven't had a chance to really research and quantify it. They don't know for sure, for example, which chemicals are most harmful. They haven't had an ambulance for this 150 bed clinic since 1990; they often run out of antibiotics as they are dependent on humanitarian agencies to donate them now that the economy is so bad. They can offer no pain killers to the mothers during delivery. Patients have to provide their own. Revolutionary Changes Needed Some changes have been made; revolutionary changes are needed. Environmentalists have managed to get a few factories closed including the Lindane factory. Workers are no longer permitted to grow little vegetable plots at some factory grounds where the pollution is considered so toxic. In some factories pregnant women are allowed to go on leave or to transfer out to less dangerous work. The situation requires serious changes and huge capital investments, without which solutions are nearly impossible. The UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) is now drafting a city plan for Sumgayit for restructuring the entire chemical sector. They're hoping to find a balance between ways to protect human health but yet produce industrially. Some believe the real solution lies in converting the plants into other technologies such as producing machinery, equipment building, electronics, robot technology. Until then, Sumgayit remains Azerbaijan's most critical environmental problem. Arif Islamzadeh is a university-trained environmentalist who serves as Head Counselor on Ecological Problems to Sumgayit's Mayor. 1 Used in rubber production, produces a narcotic effect on workers who get "intoxicated" from working around it. 2 Also produced by mercury (quick silver) method. 3Produced in Azerbaijan until 1981 and used even later although a resolution of the Vienna Convention had banned its use in 1965. 4Similar to Agent Orange used in Vietnam. Because of its extremely toxic effect on workers, the factory was closed although the Soviet Government resisted for a long time as they had paid the French $24M for it.
//------------------------------------------------------------------------------ // <copyright file="TableCellCollection.cs" company="Microsoft"> // Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. // </copyright> //------------------------------------------------------------------------------ namespace System.Web.UI.WebControls { using System; using System.Collections; using System.ComponentModel; using System.Drawing.Design; using System.Web; using System.Web.UI; /// <devdoc> /// <para>Encapsulates the collection of <see cref='System.Web.UI.WebControls.TableHeaderCell'/> and <see cref='System.Web.UI.WebControls.TableCell'/> objects within a /// <see cref='System.Web.UI.WebControls.Table'/> /// control.</para> /// </devdoc> [ Editor("System.Web.UI.Design.WebControls.TableCellsCollectionEditor, " + AssemblyRef.SystemDesign, typeof(UITypeEditor)) ] public sealed class TableCellCollection : IList { /// <devdoc> /// <para> /// A protected field of type <see cref='System.Web.UI.WebControls.TableRow'/>. Represents the /// <see cref='System.Web.UI.WebControls.TableCell'/> /// collection internally. /// </para> /// </devdoc> private TableRow owner; /// <devdoc> /// </devdoc> internal TableCellCollection(TableRow owner) { this.owner = owner; } /// <devdoc> /// <para>Gets the <see cref='System.Web.UI.WebControls.TableCell'/> /// count in the collection.</para> /// </devdoc> public int Count { get { if (owner.HasControls()) { return owner.Controls.Count; } return 0; } } /// <devdoc> /// <para> /// Gets a <see cref='System.Web.UI.WebControls.TableCell'/> /// referenced by the specified /// ordinal index value. /// </para> /// </devdoc> public TableCell this[int index] { get { return(TableCell)owner.Controls[index]; } } /// <devdoc> /// <para> /// Adds the specified <see cref='System.Web.UI.WebControls.TableCell'/> to the end of the collection. /// </para> /// </devdoc> public int Add(TableCell cell) { AddAt(-1, cell); return owner.Controls.Count - 1; } /// <devdoc> /// <para> /// Adds the specified <see cref='System.Web.UI.WebControls.TableCell'/> to the collection at the specified /// index location. /// </para> /// </devdoc> public void AddAt(int index, TableCell cell) { owner.Controls.AddAt(index, cell); } /// <devdoc> /// </devdoc> public void AddRange(TableCell[] cells) { if (cells == null) { throw new ArgumentNullException("cells"); } foreach(TableCell cell in cells) { Add(cell); } } /// <devdoc> /// <para>Removes all <see cref='System.Web.UI.WebControls.TableCell'/> controls /// from the collection.</para> /// </devdoc> public void Clear() { if (owner.HasControls()) { owner.Controls.Clear(); } } /// <devdoc> /// <para>Returns an ordinal index value that represents the position of the /// specified <see cref='System.Web.UI.WebControls.TableCell'/> within the collection.</para> /// </devdoc> public int GetCellIndex(TableCell cell) { if (owner.HasControls()) { return owner.Controls.IndexOf(cell); } return -1; } /// <devdoc> /// <para> /// Returns an enumerator of all <see cref='System.Web.UI.WebControls.TableCell'/> controls within the /// collection. /// </para> /// </devdoc> public IEnumerator GetEnumerator() { return owner.Controls.GetEnumerator(); } /// <devdoc> /// <para>Copies contents from the collection to the specified <see cref='System.Array' qualify='true'/> with the /// specified starting index.</para> /// </devdoc> public void CopyTo(Array array, int index) { for (IEnumerator e = this.GetEnumerator(); e.MoveNext();) array.SetValue(e.Current, index++); } /// <devdoc> /// <para> /// Gets the object that can be used to synchronize access to the /// collection. In this case, it is the collection itself. /// </para> /// </devdoc> public Object SyncRoot { get { return this;} } /// <devdoc> /// <para> /// Gets a value indicating whether the collection is read-only. /// </para> /// </devdoc> public bool IsReadOnly { get { return false;} } /// <devdoc> /// <para> /// Gets a value indicating whether access to the collection is synchronized /// (thread-safe). /// </para> /// </devdoc> public bool IsSynchronized { get { return false;} } /// <devdoc> /// <para> /// Removes the specified <see cref='System.Web.UI.WebControls.TableCell'/> from the /// collection. /// </para> /// </devdoc> public void Remove(TableCell cell) { owner.Controls.Remove(cell); } /// <devdoc> /// <para> /// Removes the <see cref='System.Web.UI.WebControls.TableCell'/> from the collection at the /// specified index location. /// </para> /// </devdoc> public void RemoveAt(int index) { owner.Controls.RemoveAt(index); } // IList implementation, required by collection editor /// <internalonly/> object IList.this[int index] { get { return owner.Controls[index]; } set { RemoveAt(index); AddAt(index, (TableCell)value); } } /// <internalonly/> bool IList.IsFixedSize { get { return false; } } /// <internalonly/> int IList.Add(object o) { return Add((TableCell) o); } /// <internalonly/> bool IList.Contains(object o) { return owner.Controls.Contains((TableCell)o); } /// <internalonly/> int IList.IndexOf(object o) { return owner.Controls.IndexOf((TableCell)o); } /// <internalonly/> void IList.Insert(int index, object o) { owner.Controls.AddAt(index, (TableCell)o); } /// <internalonly/> void IList.Remove(object o) { owner.Controls.Remove((TableCell)o); } } }
Genomic analysis of a transposition-deletion variant of orf virus reveals a 3.3 kbp region of non-essential DNA. Restriction endonuclease analysis of the DNA extracted orf virus strain NZ2, which had been serially passaged in primary bovine testis cells, revealed a population of variants that had over-grown the wild-type virus. At least three distinct mutant forms were identified in which the right end of the genome had been duplicated and translocated to the left end, accompanied by deletions of sequences at the left end. Sequencing of a single variant isolated from the heterogeneous population revealed that recombination had occurred between non-homologous sequences. In this case, 6.6 kb of DNA at the left end of the genome had been replaced by 19.3 kb from the right end. The transposition resulted in the deletion at the left end of 3.3 kb of DNA encoding three genes and the terminal sequences of a fourth gene. The three genes completely deleted were a homologue of dUTPase, a gene that encodes a protein containing ankyrin-like repeats and a homologue of the 5K gene of the vaccinia virus WR strain. Experimental inoculation of sheep showed that the genes are also non-essential in vivo, but that the size of the lesion was reduced, compared with that induced by the wild-type, and resolved more rapidly.
Fresh off a jog through Tiananmen Square, Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg has been named one of the first recipients of a fast-track "green card" program aimed at attracting overseas talent to permanently relocate to China. “It’s apparent to me that the zeitgeist of the digital economy has moved from Silicon Valley to Beijing,” Zuckerberg said, simultaneously announcing the purchase of the southern half of the 798 Art District, where he plans to build a 4,000-square-meter digitally-enhanced smart home patterned after the residential portions of the Forbidden City. Under the program, Zuckerberg, his Chinese-American wife Priscilla, and their infant daughter will immediately receive Chinese permanent residency, which according to the Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Administration of the Entry and Exit of Foreigners entitles them to enjoy equal rights and shoulder the same duties as Chinese nationals, with the only exception being political rights and duties. Zuckerberg believes relocating to Beijing will give him the best chance of getting Facebook unblocked in China, and no amount of PM2.5 is going to stop him. “Breathing in a few milligrams of toxic air daily is a small price to pay for access to China’s massively lucrative market,” Zuckerberg said, adding that he intends to homeschool his child in his new courtyard that will be built using negative-pressure cleanroom technology, similar to that used in Intel chip fabrication plants. Zuckerberg’s plans were revealed for the first time during an exclusive interview on the Sinica podcast conducted by hosts Kaiser Kuo and Jeremy Goldkorn, who taped the interview from the rec room of the billionaire’s Palo Alto home. “All of that whining expats do about the air is a little overkill,” Zuckerberg said while recovering from his Beijing jog in the hyperbaric chamber he purchased from the estate of deceased pop star Michael Jackson. "By the time we reach the age when lung cancer typically sets in, I'm sure technology will have a solution anyhow." Under the green card plan, Zuckerberg must stay in China for at least three months every year, and if he is unable to do so, he must apply for a special exception from the Beijing Public Security Bureau. He says this should be no problem for him, as he spends about that much time here currying favor with officials already. "Plus, Beijing is where all the billionaires live these days," Zuckerberg said. "What's not to love?" Local officials praised Zuckerberg’s wisdom in choosing to turn away from Western imperialism and embrace Chinese cultural values, and also lauded him for his brave move being the vanguard of American "white flight" from America. "This is a significant move by China's government to adapt to economic globalization and push forward reform and opening-up,” said one ministry official. “[Zuckerberg] will help with modernization of socialism, and pave the way for the normalization and regulation of examination and approval of permanent residency of aliens in China." Officials eager to net Zuckerberg as a resident have granted him the customary official police detail to create roadblocks during rush hour; given him a personal helicopter with landing rights atop the CCTV tower; and have agreed to erect a statue of his now famous jog adjacent to the Monument of the People's Heroes in Tiananmen Square. He has also been given a permanent advisory seat on the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, where he will represent foreign residents of China. "I plan to use my influence to get foreigners recognized as the official 57th ethnic minority in China," he said. To that end he has already commissioned Chinese-American designer Vera Wang to design the required official ethnic costume and Chinese-American choreographer Shen Wei to create the official ethnic dance. Zuckerberg declined to name which Virtual Private Network (VPN) service he will use to access his own site, but said he sought no special treatment. "I want to experience the way my customers in China do, even if that sometimes means not experiencing it at all," he said. The Zuckerberg family plans to relocate mid-April. Until their new home is finished will be living in the Presidential Suite at the 7-star Pangu Plaza Hotel next to the Olympic Green. Beijing citizens are naturally overjoyed to be adding such a well-known international to its ranks. "A century of Chinese humilation is now over!" exclaimed Dongsi hutong resident Kai Wanxiao. "He's obviously a smart man. His wife is Chinese!" Kai, who operates a small 15-seat noodle shop, promised to give Zuckerberg the "friend price" anytime he visits. To commemorate his relocation, Zuckerberg has booked the Gongti-area Vic's nightclub for an invitation-only party Friday, April 29 hosted by perhaps China's most famous foreign resident, Mark Rowswell, otherwise known as Da Shan. Blogger and China spirits expert Jim Boyce has also signed up Zuckerberg as official spokesperson for World Baijiu Day. Boyce reports that Zuckerberg's favorite tipple is Hongxin Erguotou and the entrepreneur has amassed one of the world's largest collections of the Chinese spirit. In a simultaneous announcement, citizenship has also been granted to Kenny G and the grandchildren of KFC founder Colonel Harland David Sanders for their outstanding contributions to Chinese society. Larry Page and Sergey Brin, the founders of Google, were also offered citizenship but respectfully declined. (Happy April Fool's Day from the Beijinger.) Images: Facebook, Lost Laowai, Spiegel
Introduction {#sec0001} ============ The emergence of the novel coronavirus infection that arose in Wuhan, China in December 2019 has resulted in an epidemic that has quickly expanded to become one of the most significant public health threats in recent times. This newly emergent coronavirus was isolated in China in early January 2020 and initially referred to as 2019-nCov and subsequently termed SARS-CoV-2. The disease it causes has been termed Covid-19 ([@bib0017]). Unfortunately, the disease has spread globally. On March 11th (2020) World Health Organization (WHO) declared Covid-19 a pandemic and has called governments to take urgent and aggressive action to change the course of the outbreak. Robust plans and policies to avoid the disease development seen in the worst-hit countries are urgently needed. Governments must now take decisive action to control more aggressively the outbreak. Covid-19 represents a substantial risk to large sectors of the population. As the outbreak progresses balanced, coherent and consistent communication, based on science, will be essential (Lancet Respir Med 2020). The global expansion of this pandemic makes it very difficult to assess the impact that Covid-19 may have on Assisted Reproduction, hence the objective of our work is to evaluate how this pandemic affects the activity of a Reproductive Medicine center, by establishing a series of measures taken in parallel with government decisions and scientific societies as well as assess how the infection can affect pregnant women. Impact of Covid-19 on Assisted Reproduction {#sec0002} =========================================== Within the context of Assisted Reproduction, both reproductive medicine professionals and patients are also fighting against this unprecedented viral pandemic. Our priority is to maximize the wellbeing of patients, staff, and society at large. However, we are aware that there is a confusing picture of the effect of Covid-19 on fertility treatments with the advice and guidance coming from several different resources ([@bib0001]; [@bib0007]). In view of events, most of us had to make serious decisions, some of them with a lack of scientific evidence due to the circumstances and with the only objective of ensuring the safe care of our patients, reduce non-essential contacts and prevent possible maternal and fetal complications in future pregnancies. As we can see in [Figure 1](#fig0001){ref-type="fig"} , as the number of cases increased in both Spain and Italy, we arranged a series of measures focused on progressively reducing healthcare activity in all its centers in Italy and Spain.Figure 1Measures implemented by IVI Group with the progressive increase of cases in Spain and ItalyFigure 1- Since the state of emergency was declared in Northern Italy on January 31st and a red zone of isolation was subsequently enclosed on February 23rd as the number of population affected by the epidemic increased ([@bib0009]), our first decision was to establish online visits to patients from Northern Italy, while asymptomatic patients from the rest of the country were able to continue with their initial treatment plan. At the same time, specific prevention and prophylaxis information started to be given to IVIRMA staff both in Italy and Spain for patients coming from these Italian areas. Since the situation in Italy did not improve, and in anticipation of a possible lock-down of the country (which occurred on March 9th), restrictive measures were expanded to any cycle of a patient coming from Italy to be performed in Spain. These restraints included the halt of most oocyte donation treatments and all embryo transferences from Italian patients, recommending a "freeze-all" strategy and a later embryo transfer when the situation has normalized. Moreover, egg donation treatments were canceled, as oocytes or frozen embryos for later use. Continuing with the measures taken initially, and considering that in Spain the situation of the public health began to be critical with an almost total suspension of all non-urgent procedures and following the Spanish Fertility Society recommendations, we decided to interrupt the start of any ovarian stimulation protocol, both in self-cycles and oocyte donors and most embryo transfers. As our patient profile is healthy and asymptomatic and that CDC has not considered them as a potential focus of infection, we decided to continue with the ongoing cycles of patients with their own gametes until oocyte retrieval in order not to harm those couples who had already started an Assisted Reproduction treatment. The application of these actions resulted in a complete reorganization of the clinic staff. In order to protect our workers and keep the decreasing activity of our labs, we developed an infectious disease awareness and response plan, whose main objective was to establish two work shifts completely separated one from each other so in case of infection, avoid quarantining of the whole group. This decision especially affected the IVF laboratory staff, since we considered that they belong to one of the most sensitive activities of the clinic. At this point, we would like to highlight how the decision to reduce healthcare activity for our patients has affected our caseload. [Figure 2](#fig0002){ref-type="fig"} shows a comparison of the number of embryo transferences performed in the same period in 2019 and 2020. As we can see, since the implementation of the first measures because of the pandemic, the decline has been progressive during the month of February followed by a pronounced drop in activity since March 10^th^, a date almost coinciding with the declaration of the state of alarm in Spain; on the other hand, and as we expected, the number of fertility preservation procedures increased gradually as the rest of treatments decreased, according to the recommendations established by the different scientific societies. These data could be considered a reflection of the acceptance that our recommendations have had among our patients.Figure 2Decrease in the number of embryo transferences compared to the same period during last yearFigure 2- Another point to consider is how these containment measures can affect infertile patients and the impact in the short-medium term on their opportunities to become mothers. Due to the pandemic and the lack of awareness of its immediate consequences on reproduction, some scientific societies such as American Society of Reproductive Medicine (ASRM, 2020) have classified certain Reproductive Medicine procedures as elective or non-urgent; this definition has generated a great controversy since it underestimates the importance of the time for some specific sectors of the population such as women with advanced maternal age and/or diminished ovaria reserve. In line with the position adopted by the Italian Society of Fertility and Sterility and Reproductive Medicine-(SIFES-MR) ([@bib0015]) we think that limiting indefinitely the access to Assisted Reproduction treatments to these patients will certainly affect their chance to conceive once this outbreak ends. We consider that both advanced maternal age and diminished ovarian reserve are conditions as urgent as the fertility preservation for an oncological patient, so our proposal would be to consider performing a treatment via oocyte or embryo cryopreservation. In this way, a precious time would not be lost to enhance the pregnancy opportunities of these women. In order to successfully develop this proposal, it is necessary to optimize the recovery of oocytes in a single retrieval and having facilities and qualified staff that guarantee the achievement of excellent results in vitrification and later thawing. Moreover, as established by FDA Statement on Feb 14^th^, while respiratory viruses are not known to be transmitted by implantation, transplantation, infusion, or transfer of human cells, tissues, or cellular or tissue-based products (HCT/Ps), the potential for transmission of COVID-19 by these means is unknown at this time. There have been no reported cases of transmission of COVID-19 via these products. Our rationale is that Assisted Reproduction treatments are not via contagion for respiratory viruses. Chronic viral diseases have been a matter of concern for practitioners of Assisted Reproduction treatments. There may not be a lot of information about the Covid-19 and fertility. According to this issue, the latest update from ESHRE stated that any risk of viral contamination to gamete and embryos in the IVF laboratory is likely to be minimal because the repeated washing steps required for the culture and freezing protocols. Even with no specific data available, it is assumed that sperm, oocytes and embryos do not have receptor for Covid-19 and are unlikely to be infected ([@bib0007]). These statements agree with previous publications ([@bib0004]) in which it was concluded that there are not viral sequences after culture and vitrification of oocyte/embryos derived from seropositive patients. Following with this argument, and as long as the health alert has been controlled, there is no saturation in intensive care units and the risk of infection has decreased with the application of preventive measures and appropriate medication, our future approach is to consider age as an emergency time-sensitive factor and infertility as a disease to resume treatments for obtaining oocytes and euploid embryos, although embryo transfer could be postponed for later. At this point, and when the occasion arises, we would like to highlight the importance of transferring the embryos one by one during this period of pandemic, with the aim of not aggravating with a twin pregnancy the condition of a pregnant woman who could be affected by the virus. Impact of Covid-19 on pregnancy {#sec0003} =============================== Interim guidance has been issued by the WHO and CDC on managing Covid-19, which include some recommendations specific to pregnant women mostly drawn on experience from previous coronavirus outbreaks. These recommendations have been dynamic, evolving as more knowledge about epidemiology, pathogenesis, disease progression and clinical course among infected pregnant patients has been gathered ([@bib0010]). There is a limited knowledge regarding coronavirus infection that occur during pregnancy, although as the Covid-19 outbreak unfolds, prevention and control of the infection among pregnant women and the potential risk of vertical transmission have become a major concern ([@bib0012]). What is known has, for the most part, been the results of epidemics resulting from two different diseases, SARS and MERS. The latest researches provide some insight into the clinical characteristics, pregnancy outcomes and vertical transmission potential of Covid-19 infection in pregnant women ([@bib0002], [@bib0003]; [@bib0013]; [@bib0018]); despite the fact these publications include a small sample size, these findings are valuable for preventive and clinical practice . It remains to be seen during the current epidemic which factors modulate obstetrical disease and outcomes including the timing of maternal exposure by gestational age, the effects of medications or other treatment regimens, differences in host immune responses, occurrence of coexisting medical and obstetrical conditions, and other covariables ([@bib0014]). Pregnant women should not be considered at high risk for developing severe infection. We have been extrapolating clinical outcomes of SARS and MERS in pregnant women with Covid-19. Although is widely described that in pregnant women, pneumonia, regardless of its etiology, has a higher complication rate that in the general population, the next question we must ask ourselves is what is the proportion of pregnant women infected with Covid-19 who have developed pneumonia (confirmed and unconfirmed cases), considering the large number of probable cases that have not been diagnosed. According to WHO reports, the overall mortality rate for COVID-19 was 2.9% (2247 in 76769); however, the mortality rate varied among studies.The differences in the results among different studies could be due to the study population, as well as the differences among the studies in terms of disease severity. Up to date, there are no reported deaths in pregnant women with Covid-19, while in the cases that have presented pneumonia because of Covid-19, the symptoms have been moderate and with a good prognosis in recovery ([@bib0011]). Regarding neonatal outcomes, coronaviruses can also result in adverse outcomes for the fetus and although further studies are needed to completely rule it out (Zheng et al., 2020; [@bib0005]; [@bib0008]), perinatal Covid-19 could have adverse effects on the newborn related with the loss of fetal wellbeing. During this current outbreak, there are very few reported cases of neonatal infection with Covid-19. In considering whether these and future cases of neonatal infection are acquired prior to delivery, it is important to remember that newborn infants can acquire an infection in other ways beyond intrauterine maternal-fetal transmission ([@bib0014]).
--- address: \| Michael Harris\ Department of Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA author: - Michael Harris title: 'Square root $p$-adic $L$-functions, I: Construction of a one-variable measure' --- [^1] Introduction ============ This paper is a continuation, after twenty years (!), of the author’s project [@HT] with Jacques Tilouine, whose official goal was the construction of one branch of the square root of the anticyclotomic $p$-adic $L$-function for a triple of classical modular forms. The unofficial goal was for this author to benefit from Jacques’s patient instruction in Hida theory and $p$-adic $L$-functions. To the extent that the author does understand anything about the subject, it is largely a result of this collaboration. Our paper was neither the first nor the last word on the topic of square root $p$-adic $L$-functions. The bibliography of [@HT] included references to earlier work on anticyclotomic $L$-functions of Hecke characters of imaginary quadratic fields, and of classical $L$-functions of modular forms in Hida families, as well as a combination of the two that had been considered by Andrea Mori (finally published, more than 20 years after its discovery, in [@Mo]). The specific case of the triple product was vastly extended (and corrected) and put to good use by Darmon and Rotger in a series of difficult papers on Euler systems and the Birch-Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture over nonabelian extensions of ${{\mathbb Q}}$ (see [@DR]). In the meantime, Gan, Gross, and Prasad had identified a natural setting that includes all these special cases [@GGP], and had formulated precise conjectures regarding the relative representation theory of certain pairs of reductive groups over local fields. These conjectures were completed by the global conjecture of Ichino-Ikeda (for orthogonal groups) and its analogue, due to N. Harris (for unitary groups) [@II; @NH]. In these conjectures, $G \supset H$ is a pair of groups – we consider the case where $G$ is the special orthogonal or unitary group of a vector space $V$ over a local or global field and $H$ the stabilizer in $G$ of an appropriate subspace of codimension $1$. The conjectures of [@GGP] classify the irreducible representations $\pi$ of $G \times H$ over a [local field]{} that admit a linear form $\pi {{~\rightarrow~}}{{\mathbb C}}$ that is invariant under $H$, with respect to the diagonal embedding. The conjectures of [@II; @NH] concern the cuspidal automorphic representations $\pi$ of $G \times H$ over a [number field]{}, and express the central (anticyclotomic) values of certain $L$-functions $L(s,\pi)$ as as squares of periods of integrals over the adèle group of $H$ of elements of $\pi$ – we call them [Gan-Gross-Prasad periods]{} up to local and elementary factors. The Gan-Gross-Prasad conjectures have been proved by Waldspurger (for orthogonal groups over $p$-adic fields) and Beuzart-Plessis (for unitary groups, including the archimedean case) [@W; @BP]. The Ichino-Ikeda-N. Harris conjecture has been proved for unitary groups, under a shrinking set of simplifying hypotheses, by W. Zhang, followed by Hang Xue and Beuzart-Plessis; at present it is known for any everywhere tempered automorphic representation of a unitary group whose base change to $GL(n)$ is supercuspidal at one place. Ichino had already proved the conjecture for orthogonal groups in low dimensions, including a refinement of the result of [@HK] on triple products that was the starting point for [@HT]. The main observation of [@HT] is that the period integrals in [@HK] admit a $p$-adic interpolation over Hida families. The purpose of the present paper is to apply the same observation to the period integrals that arise in certain cases of the Ichino-Ikeda-N. Harris conjecture. In this paper we treat the case where the specialization of the $p$-adic interpolation at a classical point of the Hida family is a cup product of a pair of automorphic forms, one of which is holomorphic, the other antiholomorphic. Here we treat only the simplest case of a function of a single $p$-adic variable, which arises as a direct application of the construction of $p$-adic families of differential operators in [@EFMV]. A planned sequel with Ellen Eischen should extend the results of the present paper to multidimensional Hida families. In subsequent work with Eischen and Pilloni, we hope to treat cases of cup products in coherent cohomology of higher degree. Most of the Gan-Gross-Prasad periods, however, do not have such an interpretation. The corresponding $p$-adic $L$-functions should exist nonetheless, but we don’t see how to construct them. The hardest steps in the construction of any $p$-adic $L$-function are the computation of the local factors at archimedean and $p$-adic places. We deal with these steps in the present paper by avoiding them. The Ichino-Ikeda formula produces local factors at such places and we do not attempt to interpret them explicitly. It follows nevertheless from [@BP] that these factors can be computed in terms of local Rankin-Selberg zeta integrals for $GL(n)\times GL(n-1)$. These should be easier to compute than the Ichino-Ikeda local integrals. We expect to return to these computations in subsequent papers. I thank Ellen Eischen for help with the $p$-adic differential operators, and Raphaël Beuzart-Plessis for discussion of the points mentioned in §§\[locp\], \[locinf\]. I thank Eric Urban for reminding me that (in unpublished work) he had considered a $p$-adic interpolation of periods in the definite case – the method is roughly orthogonal to the one studied here. Most of all, I would like to take this opportunity to thank Jacques Tilouine for teaching me most of what I know about the subject, and for his friendship over many decades. Unitary group Shimura varieties =============================== We work over an imaginary quadratic field ${{\mathcal{K}}}$; most of our results go over without change to general CM fields, at the cost of more elaborate notation. The field ${{\mathcal{K}}}$ is given with a chosen embedding $\iota: {{\mathcal{K}}}\hookrightarrow {{\mathbb C}}$; the complex conjugate embedding is denoted $c$; with respect to $\iota$, the group $$U(1) = \ker N_{{{\mathcal{K}}}/{{\mathbb Q}}}: R_{{{\mathcal{K}}}/{{\mathbb Q}}} GL(1) {{~\rightarrow~}}GL(1)$$ can be attached to a Shimura datum $(U(1),Y_1)$, where $Y_1^{\pm}$ is the homomorphism $$R_{{{\mathbb C}}/{{\mathbb R}}}({{\mathbb G}_m})_{{\mathbb C}}= {{\mathbb C}}^\times \ni z \mapsto z/\bar{z}$$ if the sign is $-1$ and is the [trivial]{} map if the sign is $+1$. The sign is $+1$ (resp. $-1$) if we consider $U(1)$ to be the unitary group of a $1$-dimensional vector space over ${{\mathcal{K}}}$ endowed with a hermitian form of signature $(0,1)$ (resp. $(1,0)$); see the discussion in [@H19], §2.2 for details. Let $V$ be an $n$-dimensional vector space over ${{\mathcal{K}}}$, endowed with a hermitian form of signature $(r,s)$ (relative to $\iota$). Let $U(V)$ be the unitary group of $V$. We define a Shimura datum $(U(V),Y_V)$ as in [@H19]. We choose a point $y \in Y_V$ corresponding to an embedding of Shimura data $(U(1),Y_1^{\pm}) \hookrightarrow (U(V),Y_V)$, and let $K_y \subset U(V)({{\mathbb R}})$ denote its centralizer; in other words, the homomorphism $y$ factors through a rational subgroup of $U(V)$ isomorphic to $U(1)$. Then there is an isomorphism $K_y {{~\overset\sim\longrightarrow~}}U(r) \times U(s)$, where $U(d)$ is the compact unitary group of rank $d$ for any $d$. We fix a maximal torus $T = T_y \subset K_y$ containing the chosen $U(1)$; without loss of generality we may assume $T {{~\overset\sim\longrightarrow~}}U(1)^{r+s}$ as algebraic groups over ${{\mathbb Q}}$, with $U(1)^r \subset U(r)$ and $U(1)^s \subset U(s)$. The Harish-Chandra decomposition of ${{\frak{g}}}= Lie(G_V)$ is given by $${{\frak{g}}}= {{\frak{p}}}^+_y \oplus {{\frak{p}}}^-_y \oplus {{\frak{k}}}_y$$ where ${{\frak{k}}}_y = Lie(K_y)$ and ${{\frak{p}}}^+_y$ and ${{\frak{p}}}^-_y$ are canonically isomorphic, respectively, to the holomorphic and antiholomorphic tangent spaces to $Y_V$ at $y$. Then $\dim {{\frak{p}}}^+_y = \dim {{\frak{p}}}^-_y = rs$. Conventions for holomorphic automorphic forms --------------------------------------------- Irreducible representations of $U(d)$ are parametrized by $d$-tuples $a_1 \geq a_2 \geq \dots \geq a_d$, which are identified with characters of some chosen maximal torus. Thus irreducible automorphic vector bundles ${{\mathcal{E}}}_\kappa$ over the Shimura variety $Sh_V := Sh(U(V),Y_V)$ are parametrized by characters of $T_y$, and thus of $(r,s)$-tuples of integers $$\label{rstuple} (b_1 \geq b_2 \geq \dots \geq b_r; b_{r+1} \geq b_{r+2} \geq \dots \geq b_n).$$ The ${{\mathcal{E}}}_\kappa$ whose global sections defined holomorphic automorphic forms in the discrete series correspond to $\kappa$ of the form $$\label{DS} \kappa =(a_{s+1} - s, \dots a_n -s; a_1 + r, \dots, a_s + r)$$ where $\alpha$ is the dominant parameter $$\label{alpha} \alpha: a_1 \geq a_2 \geq \dots \geq a_n$$ [@H97 Proposition 2.2.7 (iii)]. A $\kappa$ satisfying will be called [of holomorphic type]{}. We let $M_\kappa$ denote the representation space of $K_y$ with highest weight $\kappa$, and let $${{\mathbb D}}_\kappa = U({{\frak{g}}})\otimes_{U({{\frak{k}}}_y \oplus {{\frak{p}}}^-)} M_\kappa$$ be the corresponding holomorphic discrete series. A $\kappa$ for which ${{\mathbb D}}_\kappa$ is the $({{\frak{g}}},K_y)$-module attached to a discrete series representation will be called (for convenience) a [holomorphic discrete series parameter]{}. If $\kappa$ is the parameter of , it is determined by , and we write $\kappa = \kappa_V(\alpha)$. We consider a codimension $1$ hermitian subspace $V' \subset V$, of signature $(r,s-1)$, and we assume that the base point $y \in Y_{V'} \subset Y_V$, so that its centralizer $K'_y \subset U(V')({{\mathbb R}})$ is a maximal compact subgroup, isomorphic to $U(r)\times U(s-1)$. We write $${{\frak{g}}}' = {{\frak{p}}}^{+,\prime}_y \oplus {{\frak{p}}}^{-,\prime}_y \oplus {{\frak{k}}}'_y$$ for the Harish-Chandra decomposition of ${{\frak{g}}}' = Lie(U(V'))$. As representation of $K'_y = U(r)\times U(s-1)$, the $r$-dimensional quotient space $${{\frak{n}}}= {{\frak{p}}}^+_y/{{\frak{p}}}^{+,\prime}_y$$ is isomorphic to the representation $St_r \otimes Triv$, with parameter $(1,0,\dots,0;0,\dots,0)$. It follows from the recipe in [@H86] that the restriction of ${{\mathbb D}}_\kappa$ to $U({{\frak{g}}}')$ can be written $$\label{reskappa} {{\mathbb D}}_{\kappa} ~\|_{U({{\frak{g}}}')} = \bigoplus_{i \geq 0} \bigoplus_{M_{\kappa'} \subset M_\kappa\otimes [Sym^iSt_r \otimes Triv]} {{\mathbb D}}_{\kappa'}.$$ Here the notation $\subset$ in the subscript means that the left-hand representation is an irreducible constituent of the restriction to $U(r)\times U(s-1)$ of the right-hand. In what follows, we let $T' = T_y \cap U(V') = T' = T_y \cap K'_y$. This is a maximal CM torus in $U(V')$ and the parameters in Lemma \[param\] below are relative to this torus. The inclusion $(U(V'),Y_{V'}) \subset (U(V),Y_V)$ is not an embedding of Shimura data, but this can be corrected by replacing $U(V')$ by $U(V')\times U(1)$, where $U(1)$ is the unitary group of the orthogonal complement to $V'$ in $V$. We ignore this for the purposes of this paper. \[param\] If $\kappa = (a_{s+1} - s, \dots a_n -s; a_1 + r, \dots, a_s + r)$, then as $i \geq 0$ varies, the set of irreducible representations of $K'_y$ contained in the above sum is given by : $$(b_1,\dots, b_r; c_1, \dots, c_{s-1});$$ where $$\delta_j := b_j + s - a_{s+j} \geq 0;$$ $$a_1 + r \geq c_1 \geq a_2+r \geq c_2 \dots \geq c_{s-1} \geq a_s + r.$$ The parameter arises in degree $i$ exactly when $\sum_{j = 1}^r \delta_j = i$. The assertion for the $b_j$’s follows from the Littlewood-Richardson rule [@GW §9.3] for the tensor product of an irreducible representation of $U(r)$ with $Sym^i St_r$, given our sign conventions; the assertion for the $c_k$’s follows from the usual branching formula for restriction from $U(s)$ to $U(s-1)$. It thus follows from [@H86 Lemma 7.2] that \[diffops\] Let $\kappa$ be a holomorphic discrete series parameter. Let $\kappa'$ be the highest weight of an irreducible representation of $K'_y$. Then there is a holomorphic differential operator $$\delta_{\kappa,\kappa'}: {{\mathcal{E}}}_\kappa ~\|_{Sh(V')} {{~\rightarrow~}}{{\mathcal{E}}}_{\kappa'}$$ if and only if $\kappa'$ satisfies the inequalities of Lemma \[param\]. The following lemma is then obvious. \[GGP1\] Suppose $\kappa'$ satisfies the inequalities of Lemma \[param\]. Then $\kappa'$ is a holomorphic discrete series parameter for $G_{V'}$, and is of the form $\kappa' = \kappa_{V'}(\alpha')$ for the dominant parameter $\alpha'$ of $G_{V'}$ given by $$\alpha' = (a'_1 \geq \dots \geq a'_{n-1}) = (c_1-r \geq \dots \geq c_{s-1}-r \geq b_1 + s-1 \geq \dots \geq b_r + s-1).$$ \[deg\] We say $\delta^{\kappa,\kappa'}$ is of degree $b$ if $\sum_{j = 1}^r \delta_j = b$ in Lemma \[param\]. ### Parameters and Hodge structures Let $\alpha$ be the dominant parameter in . Then $\alpha$ is the highest weight of an irreducible representation $W_{{\alpha}}$ of $G_V$, or of $GL(n)$. As in [@H97] we can attach to $\alpha$ a collection of Hodge numbers $(p_i,q_i) = (p_i({{\alpha}}),q_i({{\alpha}}))$ with $p_i = a_i + n-i$ and $p_i + q_i = n-1$ for all $i$. We let ${{\mathbb S}}= R_{{{\mathbb C}}/{{\mathbb R}}} {{\mathbb G}_{m,{{\mathbb C}}}}$. For each $i$, let $M_{{\mathbb C}}(p_i)$ denote the complex $1$-dimensional on which ${{\mathbb S}}({{\mathbb C}}) {{~\overset\sim\longrightarrow~}}{{\mathbb C}}^\times \times {{\mathbb C}}^\times$ acts by the character $$(z_1,z_2) \mapsto z_1^{-p_i({{\alpha}})}z_2^{-n+1+p_i({{\alpha}})},$$ and let $M_{{\mathbb C}}({{\alpha}}) = \oplus_{i = 1}^n M_{{\mathbb C}}(p_i)$. Similarly, let $M(p_i)$ denote $R_{{{\mathbb C}}/{{\mathbb R}}}M_{{\mathbb C}}(p_i)$; this is a $2$-dimensional vector space with action of ${{\mathbb S}}({{\mathbb R}})$. Then $M({{\alpha}}) = \oplus_{i = 1}^n M(p_i)$ is a real Hodge structure of dimension $2n$. We denote $M({{\alpha}})$ by the shorthand list of $p_i$’s: $$\label{Mal} M({{\alpha}}) = (a_1 + n-1, \dots, a_i + n-i,\dots, a_n).$$ Let $\pi$ be a cuspidal automorphic representation of $G_V$, and write $\pi = \pi_\infty\otimes \pi_f$, where $\pi_\infty$ is an irreducible $({{\frak{g}}}_V,K_y)$-module and $\pi_f$ is an irreducible representation of $G_V({{{\mathbf A}_f}})$. Suppose $\pi$ contributes to the cohomology $H^0(Sh(V),{{\mathcal{E}}}_{\kappa_V({{\alpha}})})$; in other words $$\label{pif} H^0(Sh(V),{{\mathcal{E}}}_{\kappa_V({{\alpha}})})[\pi] := Hom_{G_V({{{\mathbf A}_f}})}(\pi_f,H^0(Sh(V),{{\mathcal{E}}}_{\kappa_V({{\alpha}})}) \neq 0.$$ This is a property that depends only on $\pi_\infty$; it says precisely that $\pi_\infty$ is (depending on conventions) either isomorphic to or the contragredient of ${{\mathbb D}}_{\kappa_V(\alpha)}$. In the convention of [@EHLS], \[multone\] Assuming , $\dim H^0(Sh(V),{{\mathcal{E}}}_{\kappa_V({{\alpha}})})[\pi] = 1$. This will be proved in the sequel to [@KMSW], and we will assume it here, although it is not strictly necessary. In any case it is known by [@La11] that, assuming , the base change $\Pi = BC_{{{\mathcal{K}}}/{{\mathbb Q}}}(\pi)$ exists as a cuspidal cohomological automorphic representation of $GL(n)_{{\mathcal{K}}}$. The compatible family of homomorphisms $$\rho_{\pi,\ell}: Gal({{\overline{\mathbb Q}}}/{{\mathcal{K}}}) {{~\rightarrow~}}GL(n,{{\overline{\mathbb Q}_{\ell}}}),$$ defined by many people (including in [@CHL11], in most cases) is geometric in the sense of Fontaine-Mazur. In particular, the restriction of $\rho_{\pi,\ell}$ to a decomposition group at a prime dividing $\ell$ is de Rham with the Hodge numbers $(p_i({{\alpha}}),q_i({{\alpha}}))$ defined above. Suppose $\pi' = \pi'_\infty \otimes \pi'_f$ is an automorphic representation such that the contragredient $\pi^{\prime,\vee}$ contributes to the cohomology $H^0(Sh(V'),{{\mathcal{E}}}_{\kappa_V({{\alpha}}')})$, where $\alpha'$ is the highest weight of an irreducible representation $W_{{{\alpha}}'}$ of $GL(n-1)$. In particular, $\pi'$ is antiholomorphic. We assume the analogue of Hypothesis \[multone\] holds for $\pi^{\prime,\vee}$, and we assume $\kappa' = \kappa_{V({{\alpha}}')}$ satisfies the inequalities of Lemma \[param\]; in other words, that $\alpha'$ is one of the parameters in Lemma \[GGP1\]. ### Parameters for the Hodge filtration {#forPan} Using the shorthand of , we have so $$M(\alpha')^{\vee} = (-b_r+ r-1,\dots, -b_1, -c_{s-1}+n-2, \dots, -c_1+r).$$We consider the $2n(n-1)$-dimensional real Hodge structure $$M(\alpha,\alpha') = R_{{{\mathbb C}}/{{\mathbb R}}}M_{{\mathbb C}}({{\alpha}})\otimes M_{{\mathbb C}}(\alpha')^{\vee}.$$ Then $M(\alpha,\alpha')_{{\mathbb C}}$ is the sum of eigenspaces of the form $$(a_i + n-i - b_k +k-1, \bullet); (a_i + n-i - c_j + j - 1 + r, \bullet),$$ where in each case the two integers in the ordered pair add up to $2n-3$. The space $M(\alpha,\alpha')_{{\mathbb C}}$ contains an $n(n-1)$-dimensional subspace $F^+M(\alpha,\alpha')$, defined as in [@H13]: it consists of pairs $(x,y)$ as above with $x > y$. Igusa towers and pairings ------------------------- Let $p$ be a prime that splits in ${{\mathcal{K}}}$ as the product ${{\frak{p}}}\cdot {{\frak{p}}}'$. Identifying the algebraic closures of ${{\mathbb Q}}$ in ${{\mathbb C}}$ and in ${{\bar{{{{\mathbb Q}_p}}}}}$ places the embeddings of ${{\mathcal{K}}}$ in ${{\mathbb C}}$ and in ${{\bar{{{{\mathbb Q}_p}}}}}$ in bijection. We let ${{\frak{p}}}$ be the prime above $p$ associated to the fixed embedding $\iota: {{\mathcal{K}}}\hookrightarrow {{\mathbb C}}$ and identify $$\label{UGL} U(V)({{{\mathbb Q}_p}}) {{~\overset\sim\longrightarrow~}}GL(n,{{\mathcal{K}}}_{{\frak{p}}}) {{~\overset\sim\longrightarrow~}}GL(n,{{{\mathbb Q}_p}})$$ in such a way that ${{\frak{p}}}^-_y \oplus {{\frak{k}}}_y$ is identified with the Lie algebra of an upper triangular parabolic subalgebra of $Lie(GL(n))$. We also denote by $incl_p: {{\mathcal{K}}}\hookrightarrow {{\bar{{{{\mathbb Q}_p}}}}}$ the embedding corresponding to ${{\frak{p}}}$. We fix a neat level subgroup $K \subset U(V)({{{\mathbf A}_f}})$ with $K = K_p\times K^p$ with $K_p = GL(n,{{{\mathbb Z}_p}})$. The Shimura variety ${}_KSh(U(V))$ then has a smooth model ${}_KS(V)$ as a moduli space (Shimura variety of abelian type) over $Spec({{\mathcal{O}}})$ for some finite ${{{\mathbb Z}_p}}$-algebra ${{\mathcal{O}}}$. For each $\kappa$ as above the vector bundle ${{\mathcal{E}}}_\kappa$ extends to a vector bundle over ${}_KS(V)$. We choose $K$ so that $K \cap U(V')({{{\mathbf A}_f}}) = K'$ is neat and admits a factorization $K' = GL(n-1,{{{\mathbb Z}_p}})\times K^{\prime,p}$. We define ${}_{K'}S(V')$ as in the previous paragraph, and assume the embedding $$\label{emb} {}_{K'}S(V') \hookrightarrow {}_{K}S(V)$$ restricts (see §\[igusa\] below) to an embedding of ordinary loci $$\label{embo} {}_{K'}S(V')^{ord} \hookrightarrow {}_{K}S(V)^{ord}$$ which lifts to a morphism of Igusa towers $$\label{emboIg} {}_{K'}Ig(V') \hookrightarrow {}_{K}Ig(V).$$ ### Embeddings of Igusa towers {#igusa} As in [@EHLS], we use the theory of ordinary Hida families developed in Hida’s book [@Hida] (and completed by Kai-Wen Lan’s verification of the necessary conditions: see the discussion in [@EHLS §2.9.6]). This theory is based on the study of analytic functions on Igusa towers. In this paper we use the conventions of §2 of [@EHLS]. We choose a $p$-adic embedding $\iota_p: {{\mathcal{K}}}\hookrightarrow {{\mathbb C}}_p$ as in [@EHLS §1.4.1], so that $\iota_p$ and the chosen inclusion $\iota: {{\mathcal{K}}}\hookrightarrow {{\mathbb C}}$ are associated as in §1 of [@HLS]. In order to define cohomological pairings between $p$-adic modular forms on the Shimura varieties ${}_{K'}S(V')$ and ${}_{K}S(V)$ we need to know that the the map actually exists. In the first place, strictly speaking there is a map of Shimura data $$\label{plus1} (U(V'),Y_{V'})\times (U(1),Y_1^+) \hookrightarrow (U(V),Y_V).$$ The second factor on the left is a (pro)-finite set without any additional arithmetic structure – recall that with our conventions the homomorphism $Y_1^+$ is trivial. To understand the map it is nevertheless better to start with the map of Shimura data of PEL type $$\label{plus2} (G(U(V')\times U(1)),X_{V'}^{''}) \hookrightarrow (GU(V),X_V))$$ with $X_{V'}^{''}$ defined as in [@H19], §2.2. As a reminder: we can also embed $G(U(V')\times U(1))$ in $GU(V') \times GU(1)$, with $GU(1) = R_{{{\mathcal{K}}}/{{\mathbb Q}}} ({{\mathbb G}_m})_{{\mathcal{K}}}$. Then $X_{V'}^{''}$ is a $G(U(V')\times U(1))({{\mathbb R}})$-conjugacy class of homomorphisms whose image under the embedding in $GU(V') \times GU(1)$ lies in the product $X_{V'} \times X_{0,1}$, where $X_{0,1}$ is the homomorphism $R_{{{\mathbb C}}/{{\mathbb R}}} ({{\mathbb G}_m})_{{\mathbb C}}{{~\rightarrow~}}GU(1)({{\mathbb R}})$ whose value on ${{\mathbb R}}$-valued points is given by $z \mapsto \bar{z}$. Now the map defines a morphism of PEL Shimura varieties, and thus of smooth models in level $K = K_p \times K^p$ as above: $$\label{embplus} {}_{K'}S(G(U(V')\times U(1)), X_{V'}^{''}) \hookrightarrow {}_{K}S(GU(V),X_V),$$ with notation (and level subgroup $K'$) defined by analogy with . We define ordinary loci $${}_{K_{V'}}S(GU(V'),X_{V'})^{ord} \subset {}_{K'}S(GU(V'),X_{V'});$$ $${}_{K_1'}S(GU(1),X_{0,1})^{ord} \subset {}_{K'}S(GU(1),X_{0,1});$$ $${}_{K'}S(G(U(V')\times U(1)), X_{V'}^{''})^{ord} \subset {}_{K'}S(G(U(V')\times U(1)), X_{V'}^{''})$$ as well as $${}_{K}S(GU(V),X_{V})^{ord} \subset {}_{K}S(GU(V),X_V).$$ (Level subgroups are assumed compatible with all morphisms.) We recall the discussion of the Igusa varieties in [@HLS]. For any $n \geq 0$ we can define Igusa coverings – we omit the prime-to-$p$ level structures from the notation – $$GIg(V')_n {{~\rightarrow~}}{}_{K_{V'}}S(GU(V'),X_{V'})^{ord}; GIg(0,1)_n {{~\rightarrow~}}{}_{K_1'}S(GU(1),X_{0,1})^{ord}$$ and $$GIg(V)_n {{~\rightarrow~}}{}_{K}S(GU(V),X_{V})^{ord}.$$ (We reserve the notation $Ig(V)$ for the Igusa towers over the unitary group Shimura varieties, and $Ig(V)_n$ for the Igusa covering in level $p^n$.) When $n = 0$ this is the identity map. These correspond to pairs $(\underline{A}_{V'},j^o_{V'}), (\underline{A}_{0,1},j^o_{0,1}), (\underline{A}_{V},j^o_V)$ as in [@HLS], (2.1.6.2). Here for example, $\underline{A}_V$ is a quadruple $(A,\lambda,\iota,\alpha^p)$, with $A$ an abelian scheme of dimension $n$, and $$j^o_V: M(V)^0\otimes \mu_{p^m} \hookrightarrow A[p^m]$$ is an embedding of finite flat group schemes with ${{\mathcal{O}}}_K/p^m{{\mathcal{O}}}_K$-action. The free ${{\mathcal{O}}}_K$-submodule $M(V)^0 \subset V$ (resp. $M(V')^0 \subset V'$, resp. $M(0,1)^0 \subset {{\mathcal{K}}}$) has the property that the action of ${{\mathcal{O}}}_K$ is a sum of $r$ copies (resp. $r$ copies, resp. $0$ copies) of $\iota$ (or $\iota_p$) and $s$ copies (resp. $s-1$ copies, resp. $1$ copy) of $c\iota$ (or $c\iota_p$). We let $GIg(V',(0,1))_m$ denote the fiber product of $GIg(V')_m\times GIg(0,1)_m$ with ${}_{K'}S(G(U(V')\times U(1)), X_{V'}^{''})$ over ${}_{K_{V'}}S(GU(V'),X_{V'})^{ord}\times {}_{K_1'}S(GU(1),X_{0,1})^{ord}$. With these conventions, it follows as in the discussion in [@HLS §2.1.1] that The morphism defines canonical morphisms of Igusa towers $$GIg(V',(0,1))_n \hookrightarrow GIg(V)_n$$ for $n \geq 0$. For $n = 0$ this defines a morphism $${}_{K'}S(G(U(V')\times U(1)), X_{V'}^{''})^{ord} \hookrightarrow {}_{K}S(GU(V),X_{V})^{ord}.$$ Finally, the maps and are obtained by twisting with the Igusa tower for the Shimura datum $(GU(1),X_{0,1})$ as in §2 of [@H19]. We omit the details. The local computations in [@EHLS] make it clear that the Euler factors at $p$ in the standard $p$-adic $L$-function for ordinary families depends strongly on the signatures at primes above $p$, in a way that is broadly consistent with the conjectures of Coates and Perrin-Riou on $p$-adic $L$-functions for motives. The same dependence on archimedean data is expected for $p$-adic $L$-functions constructed in the setting of the Ichino-Ikeda-N. Harris Conjecture \[conjectureII\]. The signature enters in [@EHLS] through a twist that guarantees the existence of embeddings of Igusa towers; see Remark 3.1.4 of [@EHLS]. It is likely that similar twists will be needed in order to extend the constructions of the present paper to the setting of Pilloni’s higher Hida theory [@Pi]. Let $(H_1,h_1) \subset (GU(V),X(V))$ be a CM pair – in other words, $H_1$ is a torus. We say $(H_1,h_1)$ is an [ordinary CM pair]{} if the image of the morphism $_{K(H_1)}S(H_1,h_1) \rightarrow {}_{K}S(GU(V),X_{V})$ consists of PEL abelian varieties with ordinary reduction at $p$, for appropriate level subgroups. Thus when $K\cap U(V)({{\mathbf A}}) = K^p \times GL(n,{{{\mathbb Z}_p}})$, the morphism of $_{K(H_1)}S(H_1,h_1) \rightarrow {}_{K}S(GU(V),X_{V})$ extends to a finite morphism of integral models if $(H_1,h_1)$ is an ordinary CM pair. We define an ordinary CM pair $(H,h) \subset (U(V),Y_V)$ analogously. ### Pairings Fix $\kappa$ and $\delta_{\kappa,\kappa'}: {{\mathcal{E}}}_\kappa ~\|_{Sh(V')} {{~\rightarrow~}}{{\mathcal{E}}}_{\kappa'}$ as in Proposition \[diffops\]. Let $d = rs = \dim Sh(V)$, $d' = r(s-1) = \dim Sh(V')$, and define $${{\mathcal{E}}}_{\kappa^{\prime,\flat}} = \Omega^{d'}\otimes {{\mathcal{E}}}_{\kappa'}^{\vee}$$ be the Serre dual of ${{\mathcal{E}}}_{\kappa'}$. Then there is a canonical Serre duality pairing $$H^0({}_KS(V),{{\mathcal{E}}}_{\kappa}) \otimes H^{d'}({}_{K'}S(V'),{{\mathcal{E}}}_{\kappa^{\prime,\flat}}) {{~\rightarrow~}}{{\mathcal{O}}}.$$ More generally, if $K'_{p,r} \subset K'_p$ is the congruence subgroup defined in [@EHLS], $K'_r = K'_{p,r}\times K^{\prime,p}$, we can define a finite flat ${{\mathcal{O}}}$-module $$H^{0}({}_{K'_r}S(V'),{{\mathcal{E}}}_{\kappa^{\prime}}) \subset H^{0}({}_{K'_r}Sh(V'),{{\mathcal{E}}}_{\kappa^{\prime}}) := H^{0}({}_{K'_r}S(V'),{{\mathcal{E}}}_{\kappa^{\prime}})\otimes_{{{\mathcal{O}}}}{{\mathcal{O}}}[\frac{1}{p}]$$ to be $$\label{padicclass} H^{0}({}_{K'_r}S(V'),{{\mathcal{E}}}_{\kappa^{\prime}}) = H^{0}({}_{K'_r}S(V'),{{\mathcal{E}}}_{\kappa^{\prime}})\otimes_{{{\mathcal{O}}}}{{\mathcal{O}}}[\frac{1}{p}]\cap {{\mathcal{V}}}_{V'}$$ where ${{\mathcal{V}}}_{V'}$ is the algebra of $p$-adic modular forms on $Sh_{V'}$ (see below). Then we let $$\label{intHd} H^{d'}({}_{K'}S(V'),{{\mathcal{E}}}_{\kappa^{\prime,\flat}}) = Hom(H^{0}({}_{K'_r}S(V'),{{\mathcal{E}}}_{\kappa^{\prime}}),{{\mathcal{O}}}).$$ and we obtain a Serre duality pairing $$\label{Serre} H^0({}_{K_r}S(V),{{\mathcal{E}}}_{\kappa}) \otimes H^{d'}({}_{K'_r}S(V'),{{\mathcal{E}}}_{\kappa^{\prime,\flat}}) {{~\rightarrow~}}{{\mathcal{O}}}.$$ where $K_r = K_{p,r}\times K^p$ is defined as before. $p$-adic modular forms and differential operators ================================================= Basic definitions ----------------- The algebra ${{\mathcal{V}}}_V$ of $p$-adic modular forms on $Sh_V$ is defined as in §2.6 of [@EFMV], following [@Hida]. Specifically, we let $B, N, T \subset GL(n)$ denote respectively the upper triangular Borel subgroup, its unipotent radical, and its diagonal torus. For any pair of non-negative integers $(n,m)$ we let $$Ig_{n,m,V} = Ig(V)_n \times_{Spec({{\mathcal{O}}})} Spec({{\mathcal{O}}}/p^m)$$ where $Ig(V)_n$ is the Igusa covering in level $p^n$, as above. In the notation of [@EFMV] we let $$V_{n,m,V} = H^0(Ig_{n,m,V}, {{\mathcal{O}}}_{Ig_{n,m,V}}); V_{\infty,m,V} = \varinjlim_n V_{n,m,V}; V_{\infty,\infty,V} = \varprojlim_m V_{\infty,m,V}.$$ and set $${{\mathcal{V}}}_V = V_{\infty,\infty,V}^{N({{{\mathbb Z}_p}})},$$ where $N$ is the maximal unipotent subgroup of $U(V)$ defined in [@EFMV 2.1]. The group $T({{{\mathbb Z}_p}})$ acts on ${{\mathcal{V}}}_V$ and for any algebraic character $\alpha$ of $T$ we let ${{\mathcal{V}}}_V[\alpha] \subset {{\mathcal{V}}}_V$ denote the corresponding eigenspace; the elements of ${{\mathcal{V}}}_V[\alpha]$ are called $p$-adic modular forms of weight $\alpha$. There are canonical embeddings $$\label{class} \Psi = \Psi_\alpha: H^0(S_V,{{\mathcal{E}}}_\alpha) \hookrightarrow {{\mathcal{V}}}_V[\alpha];$$ compatible with multiplication in the sense that $$\Psi_\alpha \otimes \Psi_\beta = \Psi_{\alpha + \beta}: H^0(S_V,{{\mathcal{E}}}_\alpha)\otimes H^0(S_V,{{\mathcal{E}}}_\beta) \overset{\times}\to H^0(S_V,{{\mathcal{E}}}_{\alpha+\beta}) \hookrightarrow {{\mathcal{V}}}_V[\alpha+\beta];$$ the forms in the image of are called [classical]{}. More generally, if $\alpha: T({{{\mathbb Z}_p}}) {{~\rightarrow~}}{{\mathcal{O}}}_{{{\mathbb C}}_p}^\times$ is any continuous character, we may define the $p$-adic modular forms of weight $\alpha$ ${{\mathcal{V}}}_V[\alpha] \subset {{\mathcal{V}}}_V\otimes {{\mathcal{O}}}_{{{\mathbb C}}_p}$. In what follows, we use the embeddings $incl_p$ and $\iota$ to identify the maximal tori $T_y$ and $T$, so that $B$ is contained in the maximal parabolic subgroup with Lie algebra ${{\frak{p}}}^-_y \oplus {{\frak{k}}}_y$. If $\alpha$ is a classical weight, we write $$\label{inclusion} \Psi_\alpha: {{\mathcal{V}}}_V[\alpha] \subset {{\mathcal{V}}}_V$$ for the tautological inclusion, extending the inclusion of ; the notation is consistent. Let $A$ be an algebraic torus over $Spec({{{\mathbb Z}_p}})$. For any $p$-adic algebra ${{\mathcal{O}}}$, define the Iwasawa algebra $$\Lambda_{{\mathcal{O}}}(A) = {{\mathcal{O}}}[[A({{{\mathbb Z}_p}})]] = \varprojlim_{U \subset A({{{\mathbb Z}_p}})} {{\mathcal{O}}}[A/U]$$ where $U$ runs over open compact subgroups of $A({{{\mathbb Z}_p}})$. Let ${{\mathcal{C}}}(A({{{\mathbb Z}_p}}),{{\mathcal{O}}})$ denote the ${{\mathcal{O}}}$-algebra of continuous ${{\mathcal{O}}}$-valued functions on $A({{{\mathbb Z}_p}})$, endowed with the topology defined by the sup norm. A ${{\mathcal{O}}}$-valued $p$-adic measure – more simply, an ${{\mathcal{O}}}$-valued measure – on $A$ is a continuous ${{\mathcal{O}}}$-homomorphism from ${{\mathcal{C}}}(A({{{\mathbb Z}_p}}),{{\mathcal{O}}})$ to ${{\mathcal{O}}}$. It is well known that the set of ${{\mathcal{O}}}$-valued measures on $A$ forms an ${{\mathcal{O}}}$-Banach module that is naturally identified with $\Lambda_{{\mathcal{O}}}(A)$. Multiplication in the ${{\mathcal{O}}}$-algebra $\Lambda_{{\mathcal{O}}}(A)$ corresponds to [convolution]{} of measures. If $\varphi \in {{\mathcal{C}}}(A({{{\mathbb Z}_p}}),{{\mathcal{O}}})$ and $\mu \in \Lambda_{{\mathcal{O}}}(A)$, we write $$\int_{A({{{\mathbb Z}_p}})} \varphi d\mu := \mu(\varphi).$$ For any torus $A$ over $Spec({{{\mathbb Z}_p}})$, and any ${{{\mathbb Z}_p}}$-algebra ${{\mathcal{O}}}$, let $${{\mathcal{W}}}_{{\mathcal{O}}}(A) = Hom_{cont}(A({{{\mathbb Z}_p}}),{{\mathcal{O}}}^{\times}) = Hom_{cont}(\Lambda_{{\mathcal{O}}}(A),{{\mathcal{O}}}^{\times}).$$ The [weight space]{} for $A$ is the rigid analytic space over ${{{\mathbb Q}_p}}$ attached to $\Lambda_{{\mathcal{O}}}(A)$. A weight for $A$ is then an element of ${{\mathcal{W}}}_{{{\mathcal{O}}}}(A)$. When ${{\mathcal{O}}}= {{\mathcal{V}}}_V$ we write $Meas(A,{{\mathcal{V}}}_V)$ instead of $\Lambda_{{{\mathcal{V}}}_V}(A)$. $p$-adic differential operators {#pdiffops} ------------------------------- There is a quotient ${{T^{sym}}}$ of the torus $T_y$, of rank $min(r,s)$, defined by a sublattice of the lattice of characters of $T_y$: the characters of ${{T^{sym}}}$ are spanned by the ones called [symmetric]{} in Definition 2.4.4 of [@EFMV]. Symmetric characters are also assumed to be [dominant]{}; the precise condition is recalled below. We recall the normalization of $C^\infty$ differential operators (Maass operators) from [@EFMV], §3.3.1. For a weight $\kappa$ of holomorphic type we let ${{\mathcal{E}}}_\kappa(C^\infty)$ denote the space of $C^\infty$ global sections of ${{\mathcal{E}}}_\kappa$. Let $\lambda$ be a symmetric character of $T_y$ and let $$\label{maass} D_\kappa^{\lambda}: {{\mathcal{E}}}_\kappa(C^\infty) {{~\rightarrow~}}{{\mathcal{E}}}_{\kappa+\lambda}(C^\infty)$$ be the differential operator introduced on pp. 467-468 of [@EFMV] (we are writing weights additively rather than multiplicatively). For any weight $\alpha$ of $T$ let $[\alpha]'$ denote its restriction to the subtorus $T' \subset T$. Let $$R^{\infty}_{V,V'}: {{\mathcal{E}}}_{\alpha}(C^\infty) {{~\rightarrow~}}{{\mathcal{E}}}_{[\alpha]'}(C^\infty)$$ denote the restriction of $C^\infty$ sections (any $\alpha$). We denote $$pr^{hol}_{[\alpha]'}: {{\mathcal{E}}}_{[\alpha]'}(C^\infty) {{~\rightarrow~}}H^0(Sh(V'),{{\mathcal{E}}}_{[\alpha]'})$$ denote the orthogonal projection on holomorphic sections (any $\alpha$). Let $\kappa' = [\kappa + \lambda]'$. The relation between the $D_\kappa^\lambda$ and the holomorphic operator $\delta_{\kappa,\kappa'}$ is given by the following \[pluridecomp\] We write $$D^{hol}(\kappa,\kappa^\dag) = pr^{hol}_{[\kappa^\dag]'}\circ R^{\infty}_{V,V'}\circ D_\kappa^{\kappa^\dag - \kappa}$$Then for all $\kappa^{\dag} \leq \kappa'$ there exist unique elements $\delta(\kappa',\kappa^{\dag}) \in U({{\frak{p}}}^{+,\prime})$, defined over ${{\mathcal{K}}}$, such that $$D_\kappa^\lambda = \sum_{\kappa^{\dag} \leq \kappa'} \delta(\kappa',\kappa^{\dag})\circ D^{hol}(\kappa,\kappa^\dag).$$ The term $\delta(\kappa',\kappa')$ is a non-zero scalar in ${{\mathcal{K}}}$. This is the analogue of Corollary 4.4.9 of [@EHLS] and is proved in the same way. The idea of the proof is roughly the following. Write $E_{\kappa,y}$ for the fiber at $y$ of the pullback of ${{\mathcal{E}}}_\kappa$ to the symmetric space $Y_V$; this is an irreducible representation of $K_y$. Then $D_\kappa^{\kappa^\dag - \kappa}$ lifts, on automorphic forms, to a differential operator given in the enveloping algebra of ${{\frak{p}}}^+_y$ by an explicitly normalized projection onto the $\kappa^\dag$-isotypic subspace of $$E_{\kappa,y}\otimes Sym^{\|\kappa^\dag - \kappa\|}({{\frak{p}}}^+_y),$$ where $\|\kappa^\dag - \kappa\|$ is the degree of the weight $\kappa^\dag - \kappa$. This isotypic subspace is the sum of its intersections with the irreducible constituents of the restriction to $U({{\frak{g}}}')$ of the discrete series ${{\mathbb D}}_\kappa$, as in . Only one of these intersections is the highest $K'_y$-type subspace of its corresponding constituent; this is the image of $pr^{hol}_{\kappa'}$. Each of the others is obtained from the highest $K'_y$-type of its irreducible $U({{\frak{g}}}')$-constituent ${{\mathbb D}}_{\kappa^{\dag}}$. The existence of $\delta(\kappa',\kappa^{\dag})$ as in the lemma then follows from the obvious fact that ${{\mathbb D}}_{\kappa^{\dag}}$ is generated over $U({{\frak{p}}}^{+,\prime})$ by its highest $K'_y$-type subspace. The analogous $p$-adic differential operators are constructed in [@EFMV §3.3.2]. To preserve some of their notation while avoiding ambiguity we write $${{\mathcal{E}}}_\kappa(ord) = H^0(Ig_V,{{\mathcal{E}}}_\kappa).$$ Then the operators are denoted $$\label{pmaass} D_\kappa^{\lambda,ord}: {{\mathcal{E}}}_\kappa(ord) {{~\rightarrow~}}{{\mathcal{E}}}_{\kappa+\lambda}(ord).$$ We define a $p$-adic character $\chi$ of ${{T^{sym}}}$ to be a continuous group homomorphism ${{T^{sym}}}({{{\mathbb Z}_p}}) {{~\rightarrow~}}{{{\mathbb Z}_p}}^\times$ that arises as the $p$-adic limit of dominant characters $\lambda$. The main results of [@EFMV] are summarized in the following theorem: \[pdiff\] (a) For any dominant character $\lambda$ of ${{T^{sym}}}$ (or any symmetric character $\lambda$ of $T_y$) there is a $p$-adic differential operator $$\label{adiff} \Theta^\lambda: {{\mathcal{V}}}_V {{~\rightarrow~}}{{\mathcal{V}}}_V$$ characterized uniquely by either of the following properties: - For all classical weights $\alpha$, $$\label{diffclass} \Theta^\lambda\circ \Psi_\alpha = \Psi_{\alpha+\lambda}\circ D_\alpha^{\lambda,ord}.$$ Here $\Psi_{\alpha+\lambda}$ is understood in the sense of . - Let $\alpha$ be algebraic. Let $j: (H,h) {{~\rightarrow~}}(U(V),Y_V)$ be an ordinary CM pair, and for any $\kappa$ let $$R_{H,h,j,\kappa}: H^0(S(V),{{\mathcal{E}}}_\kappa) {{~\rightarrow~}}H^0(S(H,h),j^{{\mathcal{E}}}_\kappa)$$ denote the restriction map. Let $$R_{H,h,j,\kappa}^p: {{\mathcal{E}}}_\kappa^{ord} {{~\rightarrow~}}H^0(S(H,h),j^{{\mathcal{E}}}_\kappa);$$ resp. $$R_{H,h,j,\kappa}^\infty: {{\mathcal{E}}}_\kappa(C^\infty) {{~\rightarrow~}}H^0(S(H,h),j^{{\mathcal{E}}}_\kappa);$$ denote the analogous restrictions on $p$-adic, resp. $C^\infty$, modular forms. Then for any $F \in H^0(S(V),{{\mathcal{E}}}_\alpha)$, $$\label{diffclassp} R_{H,h,j,\alpha+\lambda}^p\circ \Theta^\lambda\circ \Psi_\alpha(F) = R_{H,h,j,\kappa}^\infty\circ D_\alpha^\lambda(F).$$ \(b) For any $p$-adic character $\chi$ of ${{T^{sym}}}$ there exists a $p$-adic differential operator $$\Theta^\chi: {{\mathcal{V}}}_V {{~\rightarrow~}}{{\mathcal{V}}}_V$$ characterized by the property: whenever $\chi$ can be written as $\lim_i \lambda_i$, where $\lambda_i$ are dominant algebraic characters, satisfying the inequalities of Theorems 5.2.4 and 5.2.6 of [@EFMV], then $$\Theta^\chi = \lim_i \Theta^{\lambda_i}$$ (limit in the operator norm). \(c) If $F \in {{\mathcal{V}}}_V$ is a $p$-adic modular form of weight $\alpha \in X^{an}(T_y)$, then $\Theta^\lambda(F)$ is a $p$-adic modular form of weight $\alpha + \lambda$. Parts (a)(i), (b), and (c) are contained in Corollary 5.2.8 of [@EFMV]. Part (a)(ii) can be proved by the arguments quoted in the proof of [@EFMV Proposition 7.2.3]. A complete proof will be supplied in forthcoming work. \[idempotent\] The inequalities cited in the statement of Theorem \[pdiff\] (b) guarantee that the characters $\lambda_i$ tend to infinity in the positive chamber; indeed, that for every positive root $\alpha$, $\lim_i <\alpha,\lambda_i> = \infty$. In particular, when $\chi = 1$ is the trivial character, $\Theta^1 := \Theta^\chi$ is not the identity operator on ${{\mathcal{V}}}_V$, though it is an idempotent. This is familiar from Hida’s theory in the case of elliptic modular forms: the p-adic differential operator of non-integral weight $\chi$ multiplies the $n$-th Fourier coefficient of a classical modular form by the power $n^\chi$, which is only defined if $(p,n) = 1$. A classical modular form whose $n$th Fourier coefficient vanishes for every $n$ divisible by $p$ is called [$p$-depleted]{}. In our situation, the operation $F \mapsto \Theta^1(F)$ can be understood as $p$-depletion, even when the unitary group (over a general totally real field) is anisotropic. One-dimensional $p$-adic measures defined by a holomorphic automorphic form =========================================================================== The differential operators defined in §\[pdiffops\] give rise to a $p$-adic measure. We believe that they can be used to define a measure on the full space ${{T^{sym}}}({{{\mathbb Z}_p}})$, but for the purposes of this paper we restrict our attention to a $1$-dimensional quotient torus, since the necessary definitions are already in [@EFMV] in the form we need. First, we state a corollary to Theorem \[pdiff\]: \[measure\] Let $F \in {{\mathcal{V}}}_V$ be a $p$-adic modular form of weight $\alpha$. Then there exists a ${{\mathcal{V}}}_V$-valued measure $\mu^_F$ on ${{T^{sym}}}({{{\mathbb Z}_p}})$ characterized by the property that, for any $p$-adic character $\chi$ of ${{T^{sym}}}$, viewed as a symmetric character of $T_y$, we have $$\int_{{{T^{sym}}}({{{\mathbb Z}_p}})} \chi d\mu^_F = \Theta^{\chi-\alpha}(F).$$ We recall that $T_y$ is a maximal torus of the group $GL(r)\times GL(s) {{~\overset\sim\longrightarrow~}}K_y$, and that the adjoint action of $K_y$ on ${{\frak{p}}}^+_y$ is equivalent to the natural conjugation action on the space of $r \times s$ matrices. This action is identified in [@EFMV] with the representation $St_r \otimes St_s$, where $St_a$ is the standard representation of $GL(a)$ on $a$-dimensional space. Then the symmetric algebra $$\label{symm} Sym^({{\frak{p}}}^+_y/{{\frak{p}}}^{+,\prime}_y) {{~\overset\sim\longrightarrow~}}\oplus_{i \geq 0}Sym^((St_r\otimes St_s)/(St_r\otimes St_{s-1}) {{~\overset\sim\longrightarrow~}}\oplus_{i \geq 0}Sym^((St_r\otimes St_1)$$ where the last isomorphism is given by the isotypic decomposition $St_s {{~\overset\sim\longrightarrow~}}St_1 \oplus St_{s-1}$ as representation of the standard Levi subgroup $GL(1)\times GL(s-1) \subset GL(s)$. The dominant characters $\lambda$ of ${{T^{sym}}}$ can be written as parameters $$(b_1 \geq b_2 \geq \dots \geq b_s \geq 0 \dots 0; b_1 \geq b_2 \geq \dots \geq b_s)$$ if $r \geq s$, and with the $0$’s in the second half of the parameter if $s > r$. Then the representations occurring in have parameters $$\label{lambdab} \lambda_b = (b \geq 0 \geq \dots \geq 0; b; 0 \geq \dots \geq 0),$$ where the two colons separate parameters for $GL(r)\times GL(1)\times GL(s-1)$. If $b \in {{{\mathbb Z}_p}}$, we write $\lambda_b = \lim_i b_i$ where $b_i = (b_{1,i},\dots, b_{min(r,s)_i})$ where all the $b_{j,i}$ are non-negative integers, $b = \lim_i b_{1,i}$ in the $p$-adic topology, $\lim_i b_{j,i} = 0$ in the $p$-adic topology for $j > 1$, and for all $1 \leq j \leq min(r,s)$, $\lim_i b_{j,i} = \infty$ in the real topology. Let $X({{T^{sym}}})$ denote the character lattice of ${{T^{sym}}}$. Let $X_1 \subset X({{T^{sym}}})$ be the characters of the form $\lambda_b$ as in . Then $X_1$ is the character group of a $1$-dimensional quotient of ${{T^{sym}}}$, which we identify with $GL(1)$. Restricting the measure $\mu^_F$ to characters of $GL(1)$, we obtain the corollary: \[measure1\] Let $F \in {{\mathcal{V}}}_V$ be a $p$-adic modular form of weight $\alpha$. Then there exists a ${{\mathcal{V}}}_V$-valued measure $\mu_F$ on $GL(1,{{{\mathbb Z}_p}})$ characterized by the property that, for any $p$-adic integer $b$, we have $$\int_{GL(1,{{{\mathbb Z}_p}})} x^b d\mu_F = \Theta^{\lambda_b}(F).$$ \[equivmeas\] Let $A$ be a torus over $Spec({{{\mathbb Z}_p}})$. We say the ${{\mathcal{V}}}_V$-valued measure $\mu$ on $A({{{\mathbb Z}_p}})$ is equivariant of weight $\alpha$ if for any character $\chi$ of $A$, the integral $\int_{A({{{\mathbb Z}_p}})} \chi d\mu$ is a $p$-adic modular form of weight $\chi + \alpha$ for some fixed weight $\alpha$. The following corollary is then a consequence of Theorem \[pdiff\] (c). \[equivF\] Let $F\in {{\mathcal{V}}}_V$ be a $p$-adic modular form of weight $\alpha$. Then the measures $\mu^_F$ (resp. $\mu_F$) on ${{T^{sym}}}({{{\mathbb Z}_p}})$ (resp. $GL(1,{{{\mathbb Z}_p}})$) are equivariant of weight $\alpha$. We will be pairing the measure $\mu_F$ – or rather its restriction to $Sh_{V'}$ – with Hida families of ordinary $p$-adic modular forms on $U(V')$. We could also pair the $\dim {{T^{sym}}}$-parameter measure with Hida families, but they will not give rise to more general special values, because the differential operators on $Sh_V$ in directions parallel to $Sh_{V'}$ do not change the automorphic representation of $U(V')$. Suppose now that $F \in {{\mathcal{V}}}_V$ is a classical form of weight $\kappa$. Let $\kappa'$ satisfy the inequalities of Lemma \[param\], so there is a holomorphic differential operator $\delta^{\kappa,\kappa'}$ as in Proposition \[diffops\]. \[decomp\] (a) For all $\kappa^\dag$ that satisfy the inequalities of Lemma \[param\], there is a differential operator $$\theta^{hol}(\kappa,\kappa^\dag): {{\mathcal{V}}}_V {{~\rightarrow~}}{{\mathcal{V}}}_V$$ such that $$R_{V,V'}\circ\theta^{hol}(\kappa,\kappa^\dag)(F) = \delta^{\kappa,\kappa'}(F).$$ (b) For all $\kappa^\dag \leq \kappa'$, there are differential operators $\theta(\kappa,\kappa^\dag): {{\mathcal{V}}}_V {{~\rightarrow~}}{{\mathcal{V}}}_V$ such that $$\theta(\kappa,\kappa') = \sum_{\kappa^{\dag} \leq \kappa'} res_{V'} \circ \theta(\kappa,\kappa^{\dag})\circ \theta^{hol}(\kappa,\kappa^{\dag}),$$ with $\theta(\kappa,\kappa)$ a non-zero scalar. Part (a) is the analogue of Proposition 8.1.1 (d) of [@EHLS]; it is derived in the same way from properties of restriction to CM points – in this case from Theorem \[pdiff\] (a)(ii). Part (b) is then the analogue of [@EHLS Corollary 8.1.2]. \[tkk\] There is a $p$-adic differential operator $\theta^{\kappa,\kappa'}: {{\mathcal{V}}}_V {{~\rightarrow~}}{{\mathcal{V}}}_{V'}$ with the property that, for any anti-holomorphic anti-ordinary automorphic form $g$ of weight $\kappa'$ on $U(V')$ and any holomorphic automorphic form $F$ of weight $\kappa$ on $U(V)$, we have $$[\theta^{\kappa,\kappa'}(F),g] = [\delta^{\kappa,\kappa'}(F),g].$$ This follows from Lemma \[decomp\] and from estimates on the denominators used to define the ordinary projector, as in the proof of [@EHLS Proposition 8.1.3]. Suppose $\delta^{\kappa,\kappa'}$ is of degree $b$, in the sense of Definition \[deg\]. Then $\theta^{\kappa,\kappa'}$ is obtained by projection of $\Theta^b$ on forms of weight $\kappa'$. The proof of the identity should then be the same as that of [@EHLS Proposition 8.1.3]. Hida families ============= Recall the maximal torus $T' \subset U(V')$. Let $\Lambda' = \Lambda_{{{\mathcal{O}}}}(T')$ be the Iwasawa algebra of $T'({{{\mathbb Z}_p}})$; this is non canonically the tensor product over ${{\mathcal{O}}}$ of $n-1$ copies of ${{\mathcal{O}}}[[{{{\mathbb Z}_p}}^\times]]$. Ordinary parameters ------------------- For the purposes of this paper, a Hida family is determined by a single anti-ordinary antiholomorphic automorphic representation $\tau$ of $U(V')$, and the completion of the ordinary Hecke algebra ${{\mathbb T}}_\tau$. We write ${{\mathcal{O}}}$ for the coefficient ring denoted ${{\mathcal{O}}}_\tau$ as in §7.3 of [@EHLS], and let $\Lambda' = \Lambda'\otimes {{\mathcal{O}}}_\tau$, where $\Lambda'$ is the Iwasawa algebra of weights for $T'_y$. We write ${{\mathbb T}}_\tau = \varprojlim_r {{\mathbb T}}_{\tau,\kappa',r}$ for any sufficiently regular $\kappa'$. For all claims regarding Hida families we refer to Hida’s book [@Hida]. In particular, ${{\mathbb T}}_\tau$ is a finite flat $\Lambda'_\tau$-algebra [@Hida]. The Gorenstein condition ------------------------ \[Gorfin\] Write ${{\mathbb T}}= {{\mathbb T}}_\tau := ({{\mathbf{T}}}^{{\mathrm{ord}}}_{K,\kappa,{{\mathcal{O}}}})_{\tau}$. The ${{\mathbb T}}$-module $S^{{\mathrm{ord}}}_{\kappa'}(K,{{\mathcal{O}}})_{\tau}$ is said to satisfy the [Gorenstein hypothesis]{} if the following conditions hold. - ${{\mathbb T}}{{~\overset\sim\longrightarrow~}}Hom_{{\mathcal{O}}}({{\mathbb T}},{{\mathcal{O}}})$ as ${{\mathcal{O}}}$-algebras. - $S^{{\mathrm{ord}}}_{\kappa}(K,{{\mathcal{O}}})_{\tau}$ is free over ${{\mathbb T}}$. The ${{\mathbf{T}}}^{{\mathrm{ord}}}_{K,\kappa,{{\mathcal{O}}}}$-module $S^{{\mathrm{ord}}}_{\kappa}(K,{{\mathcal{O}}})$ is said to satisfy the Gorenstein hypothesis if all its localizations at maximal ideals of ${{\mathbf{T}}}_{K,\kappa,{{\mathcal{O}}}}$ satisfy the two conditions above. \[gor\][(Gorenstein Hypothesis)]{} Let $\hat{{{\mathbb T}}}_{\tau} = Hom_{\Lambda'}({{\mathbb T}}_{\tau^\flat},\Lambda')$. Then - $\hat{{{\mathbb T}}}_{\tau}$ is a free rank-one ${{\mathbb T}}_{\tau}$-module via the isomorphism $\flat: {{\mathbb T}}_{\tau} {{~\overset\sim\longrightarrow~}}{{\mathbb T}}_{{\tau^\flat}}$. - For each $r$, let ${{\mathbb T}}_{\tau}$ act on $Hom_{{{\mathcal{O}}}}(S^{{\mathrm{ord}}}_{\kappa'}(K^{\prime,p}_r,{{\mathcal{O}}}),{{\mathcal{O}}})_{{{\frak{m}}}_{\tau}}$ by the natural action twisted by $\flat$. Then $$\hat{S}^{{\mathrm{ord}}}_\tau = Hom_{{{\mathcal{O}}}}(\varinjlim_r S^{{\mathrm{ord}}}_{\kappa'}(K^{\prime,p}_r,{{\mathcal{O}}}),{{\mathcal{O}}})_{{{\frak{m}}}_{\tau}}$$ is a free ${{\mathbb T}}_{\tau}$-module. Contraction of $p$-adic measures and Hida families -------------------------------------------------- The classical weights are Zariski dense in $Spec(\Lambda')$. Recall that we have defined $[\kappa]'$ to be the restriction of the weight $\kappa$ to $T'_y$. We define $\Lambda'_\kappa$ (which we could also write $\Lambda_{[\kappa]'}$ to be the quotient of $\Lambda'$ corresponding to the Zariski closure of highest weights of $T'_y$ of the form $[\kappa]' + b(1,0,\dots,0)$. As a ring, $\Lambda'_\kappa$ is isomorphic to $\Lambda'_0$, which is just the Iwasawa algebra ${{\mathcal{O}}}[[T]]$. We assume our chosen automorphic representation $\tau$ of $U(V')$ is of weight contained in $Spec(\Lambda'_\kappa)$. As in [@EHLS], we define contraction of $p$-adic measures with Hida families by fixing a sufficiently regular classical weight $\kappa'$ of $T'_y$ and taking the limit over $r$. We don’t assume that $\kappa' = [\kappa]'$, but we do want $\kappa'$ to correspond to a classical point of $Spec(\Lambda'_\kappa)$, defined as above. We start with the equivariant measure $\mu_F$ of weight $\kappa$, then, and define an element $\mu'_F$ of $Hom_{\Lambda'}(C({{{\mathbb Z}_p}}^\times,{{\mathcal{O}}}),{{\mathcal{V}}}_{V'})$ by restricting $\mu_F$ via the map $$R_{V,V'}: {{\mathcal{V}}}_V {{~\rightarrow~}}{{\mathcal{V}}}_{V'},$$ defined to be the restriction map corresponding to the embedding . We let $\mu_F^{{{\prime, {\mathrm{ord}}}}}$ denote the ordinary projection of $\mu'_F$, which is an element of $$\varinjlim_r Hom_{\Lambda'}(C_r({{{\mathbb Z}_p}}^\times,{{\mathcal{O}}})\rho,{{\mathcal{V}}}_{V',r}) = \varinjlim_r Hom_{\Lambda'}(C_r({{{\mathbb Z}_p}}^\times,{{\mathcal{O}}})\rho,S^{{\mathrm{ord}}}_{\kappa'}(K^{\prime,p}_r,{{\mathcal{O}}})),$$ by the control theorem for $\kappa'$. On the other hand, we have the $\Lambda'$-equivariant pairing with the $\tau$-component of $\hat{S}^{\mathrm{ord}}$. In the limit, and under Hypothesis \[gor\], this pairing gives an element $L(F,\tau) \in {{\mathbb T}}_\tau$, as in [@EHLS Proposition 7.4.10]. \[specialization\] Suppose $F$ is classical of weight $\kappa$. Let $x \in Spec({{\mathbb T}}_\tau)$ lie over a weight $\kappa' \in Spec(\Lambda'_\kappa)$, and corresponds to a normalized eigenform $f_x$. Then $$\label{specialx} \begin{aligned} &L(F,\tau,x) = [\theta^{\kappa,\kappa'}(F),f_x] \\ = & \int_{[U(V')]} \delta^{\kappa,\kappa'}(F)(g') \cdot f_x(g') dg' = P_{U(V')}(\delta^{\kappa,\kappa'}(F), f_x). \end{aligned}$$ Since $f_x$ is anti-ordinary, this follows immediately from Proposition \[tkk\]. The Ichino-Ikeda formula and the main theorem ============================================= The formula is given by the Ichino-Ikeda N. Harris conjecture: \[conjectureII\] Let $f \in \pi$, $f' \in \pi'$ be factorizable vectors. Then there is an integer $\beta$, depending on the $L$-packets containing $\pi$ and $\pi'$, such that $${{\mathcal{P}}}(f,f') = 2^{\beta}\Delta_{H} {{\mathcal{L}}}^S(\pi,\pi') \ \prod_{v \in S} I^_v(f_v,f'_v).$$ Here $${{\mathcal{P}}}(f,f'):=\cfrac{\|P_{U(V')}(f,f')\|^{2}}{<f,f> <f',f'>}.$$ and $$\label{421} {{\mathcal{L}}}^S(\pi,\pi'): = \frac{L^S(\tfrac{1}{2},\Pi\otimes \Pi')}{L^S(1,\Pi,As^{(-1)^n})L^S(1,\Pi',As^{(-1)^{n-1}})} .$$ where $\Pi = BC(\pi)$, $\Pi' = BC(\pi')$. Moreover, the local Euler factors $I^_v$ are given by the explicit formula $$\label{Euler} I^_v(f_v,f'_v) = [c_{f_v}(1)c_{f'_v}(1)]^{-1}\cdot \int_{U(V')_v} c_{f_v}(g')c_{f'_v}(g') dg',$$ where $c_{f_v}(g) = <\pi(g)f_v,f_v>_{\pi_v}$, for a fixed inner product $<\bullet,\bullet>_{\pi_v}$, and likewise for the matrix coefficient $c_{f'_v}$. Normalizations are explained in the references cited in the following theorem. \[IItheorem\]\[[@BP18; @X; @Z14]\] Suppose $\pi$ and $\pi'$ are everywhere tempered and there is a non-archimedean place $v$ of ${{\mathbb Q}}$ such that $BC(\pi_v)$ and $BC(\pi'_v)$ are supercuspidal. Then Conjecture \[conjectureII\] holds. We apply this when $f = \delta^{\kappa,\kappa'}(F)$ and $f' = f_x$ in . If $f_x$ is classical we write it in the form $$f_x = \frac{\overline{f^{hol}_x}}{<f^{hol}_x,f^{hol}_x>}$$ where $f^{hol}_x$ is an holomorphic modular form (of weight $\kappa'_x$) rational over ${{\overline{\mathbb Q}}}$, and the denominator is the Petersson inner product. Then \[main\] Suppose $F$ is classical of weight $\kappa$, corresponding to the automorphic representation $\pi$. Suppose there is a non-archimedean place $v_0 \neq p$ of ${{\mathbb Q}}$ such that $BC(\pi_v)$ is supercuspidal. Fix an anti-ordinary antiholomorphic automorphic representation $\tau$ of $U(V')$ of weight $\kappa'$, where $\kappa'$ is in $Spec(\Lambda'_\kappa)$, and suppose $BC(\tau_{v_0})$ is supercuspidal. Let $f = \delta^{\kappa,\kappa'}(F) \in \pi$ be a factorizable vector $\otimes'_v f_v$, which is unramified outside a set $S$ of places containing $p$ and $\infty$. Let $x \mapsto f_x$ be a Hida family over $Spec(\Lambda'_\kappa)$. We assume that, for every classical point $x$, with $f_x$ corresponding to the automorphic representation $\tau_x$ of $U(V')$, $f_x$ is a factorizable vector of the form $\otimes_v f_{x,v} \in \otimes_v\tau_{x,v}$, with $f_{x,v}$ spherical for $v \notin S$, and $f_{x,p}$ the antiordinary vector in $\tau_{x,p}$ as in §8.3 of [@EHLS]. We suppose moreover that, for $v \in S$, $v \neq p, \infty$, the factor $f_{x,v}$ is chosen independently of $x$, as in [@EHLS], §4.2.2 Then for every classical point, the function $L(F,\tau,x)$ is an algebraic number that satisfies $$\|L(F,\tau,x\|^2 = 2^\beta\Delta_H\|\delta^{\kappa,\kappa'}(F)\|^2<f_x,f_x>^2\cdot {{\mathcal{L}}}^S(\pi,\tau_x)\cdot Z_S(x)$$ where $$Z_S(x) = Z_\infty(x)\cdot Z_p(x)\cdot \prod_{v \in S\setminus \{p,\infty\}} I^_v(f_v,f'_{v,x}).$$ Here the local factors $I^_v(f_v,f'_{v,x})$ for $v S\setminus \{p,\infty\}$. are volume terms. Next, $Z_\infty$ is the Euler factor attached to $\delta^{\kappa,\kappa'}(F_\infty) \in \pi_\infty$ and $f_{x,\infty} \in \tau_{x,\infty}$. Finally, $Z_p$ is the Euler factor attached to the specified vectors $f_p$ and $f_{x,p}$. By the cuspidality hypotheses on $\pi$ and $\tau$ and Theorem \[IItheorem\] the formula in Conjecture \[conjectureII\] is valid. The theorem then follows by combining Theorem \[specialization\] with and . Open questions ============== Local factors at $p$ {#locp} -------------------- The most intriguing open question is the determination of the local factor $I^_p(f_p,f'_{x,p})$ in Conjecture \[conjectureII\]. Specifically, the anti-ordinary vector $f'_{x,p}$ has been identified in [@EHLS] as a collection of explicit vectors, of increasing level – bounded below by a constant determined by the level at $p$ of the component $\tau_x$ of $\tau$, which belongs to the (possibly ramified) principal series of $GL(n-1,{{{\mathbb Q}_p}})$. On the other hand, $f_p$ must have the property corresponding to $p$-depletion in the classical context of elliptic modular forms. We can start by replacing $F$ by $\Theta^1(F)$, where $\Theta^1$ is the operator introduced in Remark \[idempotent\]. Assuming $\kappa$ sufficiently regular, it follows from Hida’s control theorem that $\Theta^1(F)$ is a classical holomorphic modular form, but of level divisible by $p$. This probably suffices to determine the vector $f_p \in \pi_p$. The representation $\pi_p \times \tau_{x,p}$ can be viewed as a representation of $GL(n,{{{\mathbb Q}_p}})\times GL(n-1,{{{\mathbb Q}_p}})$, and the Ichino-Ikeda local factors $I^_p(f_p,f'_{x,p})$ can be computed in terms of Jacquet-Piatetski-Shapiro-Shalika local factors for $GL(n)\times GL(n-1)$. As Beuzart-Plessis explained to me, this was first observed by Waldspurger; and independently and more explicitly in §18.4 of [@SV]. Thus it suffices to compute the Jacquet-Piatetski-Shapiro local factors for our chosen vectors, both of which belong to principal series representations. Since these factors behave well with respect to parabolic induction, so the calculation may not be as difficult as it appears. Local factors at $\infty$ {#locinf} ------------------------- The proof of Conjecture \[conjectureII\], in the cases in which is is known, is based on a comparison of the local Euler factors at all places with corresponding local factors in the Jacquet-Piatetski-Shapiro-Shalika integral representation of the Rankin-Selberg $L$-functions for $GL(n)\times GL(n-1)$. In our situation, $\delta^{\kappa,\kappa'}(F_\infty)$ and $f_{x,\infty}$ are vectors in discrete series representations of $U(r,s)$ and $U(r,s-1)$, respectively; the comparison depends on a transfer of test functions on $U(r,s)\times U(r,s-1)$ to $GL(n,{{\mathbb C}})\times GL(n-1,{{\mathbb C}})$. As in the previous section, the local Euler factors in the latter situation can be studied by means of parabolic induction, so the computation of local factors at $\infty$ mainly depends on understanding the local transfer. Maximal dimension ----------------- As $b$ varies among positive integers, the $p$-adic modular forms $\Theta^b(F)$ can be paired not only with classical forms of weight $[\kappa]'+ (b,0,\dots)$ but with those of more general weights in the decomposition . The function $L(f,\tau)$ should thus extend to a function on $min(r,s)$-dimensional Hida families. This will be considered in future work with Ellen Eischen. Extension to coherent cohomology in higher degree ------------------------------------------------- Conjecture \[conjectureII\] applies to many central values of motivic $L$-functions that are not realized as pairings of holomorphic and antiholomorphic modular forms. In many cases they can nevertheless be realized as cup products in higher coherent cohomology; some examples are considered in [@GHLin]. Pilloni’s recent development of [higher Hida theory]{} shows that higher coherent cohomology classes can also be deformed in ordinary families. Work in progress by Loeffler, Pilloni, Skinner, and Zerbes aims to use this theory to study the $p$-adic behavior of special values of $L$-functions of certain automorphic representations, for groups of low dimension, that are known to be related to cup products in coherent cohomology. In future work with Eischen and Pilloni, we hope to make a systematic study of square-root $p$-adic $L$-functions for $U(n)\times U(n-1)$, whenever coherent cohomology can be applied. Many of the period integrals in Conjecture \[conjectureII\] involve coherent cohomological representations but are not identified as cup products. There should be square root $p$-adic $L$-functions in these cases as well, but it is not at all clear how they can be defined. Slopes and the Panchishkin condition ------------------------------------ General conjectures on $p$-adic $L$-functions predict that they can be constructed for quite general motives, but that they belong to Iwasawa algebras, or finite extensions thereof, only when the motive satisfies a [Panchishkin condition]{}, which is the analogue for the $p$-adic slope filtration of the condition on the Hodge filtration that guarantees that a special value is [critical]{} in Deligne’s sense. No such conjectural restriction has been formulated, as far as I know, for the existence of $p$-adic analytic functions with values in finite extensions of Hida’s ordinary Hecke algebra (itself a finite extension of a multivariable Iwasawa algebra) that interpolate square roots of normalized critical values of $L$-functions. The method of the present paper presupposes that the forms on $U(V')$ vary in an ordinary family but impose no restriction on the forms in the larger group $U(V)$. Is the construction here consistent with general conjectures? [99]{} R. Beuzart-Plessis, A local trace formula for the Gan-Gross-Prasad conjecture for unitary groups: the Archimedean case, [Astérisque]{} (in press). R. Beuzart-Plessis, Plancherel formula for $GL_n(F)\backslash GL_n(E)$ and applications to the Ichino-Ikeda and formal degree conjectures for unitary groups, https://arxiv.org/abs/1812.00047v1. L. Clozel, M. Harris, J.-P. Labesse, Construction of automorphic Galois representations, I., in L. Clozel, M. Harris, J.-P. Labesse, B. C. Ngô, eds. [The stable trace formula, Shimura varieties, and arithmetic applications. Volume I: Stabilization of the trace formula]{}, Boston: International Press (2011) 497–527. H. Darmon, V. Rotger, Diagonal cycles and Euler systems I: a $p$-adic Gross-Zagier formula, [Ann. Sci. Ec. Norm. Sup.]{}, [47]{} (2014) 779–832. E. Eischen, J. Fintzen, E. Mantovan, I. Varma, Differential operators and families of automorphic forms on unitary groups of arbitrary signature, [Documenta Math.]{}, [23]{} (2018), 445–495. E. Eischen, M. Harris, J.-S. Li, C. Skinner, $p$-adic L functions for unitary Shimura varieties, II: zeta integral calculations; III : ordinary $p$-adic modular forms and special values of L-functions (submitted to [Forum of Mathematics]{}, 2016). W. T. Gan, B. Gross, D. Prasad, Symplectic local root numbers, central critical $L$-values, and restriction problems in the representation theory of classical groups, [Astérisque]{} [346]{} (2012) 1–109. R. Goodman, N. Wallach, [Symmetry, representations, and invariants]{}, [Graduate Texts in Mathematics]{}, [255]{}, Dordrecht: Springer-Verlag (2009). Grobner, H., Harris, M., Lin, J.: Deligne’s conjecture for automorphic motives over CM-fields, Part I: factorisation, arXiv:1802.02958 \[math.NT\]; Part II: Critical values of $L$-functions (in preparation). M. Harris, Arithmetic vector bundles and automorphic forms on Shimura varieties, II, [Compositio Math.]{}, [60]{} (1986) 323–378. M. Harris, $L$-functions and periods of polarized regular motives, [J. Reine Angew. Math.]{}, [483]{} (1997) 75–161. M. Harris, $L$-functions and periods of adjoint motives, [Algebra and Number Theory]{}, [7]{} (2013) 117–155. M. Harris, Shimura varieties for unitary groups and the doubling method, manuscript (2019). M. Harris, J.-S. Li, C. Skinner, $p$-adic $L$-functions for unitary groups, I: construction of the Eisenstein measure, [Documenta Math.]{}, Extra Volume Coates (2006), 393–464. M. Harris, S. Kudla, The central critical value of a triple product L-function. [Ann. of Math.]{}, [133]{} (1991), 605–672. M. Harris, J. Tilouine, $p$-adic measures and square roots of triple product $L$-functions, [Math. Ann.]{}, [320]{} (2001) 127–147. N. H. Harris, [The Refined Gross-Prasad Conjecture for Unitary Groups]{}, [Int. Math. Res. Not.]{}, [IMRN 2014]{} (2014) 303–389. H. Hida, [$p$-adic automorphic forms on Shimura varieties]{}, Springer Monographs in Mathematics, Springer-Verlag, New York, (2004). A. Ichino, T. Ikeda, On the periods of automorphic forms on special orthogonal groups and the Gross-Prasad conjecture, [Geom. Funct. Anal.]{}, [19]{} (2010), 1378–1425. T. Kaletha, A. Minguez, S. W. Shin, P. J. White, [Endoscopic Classification of Representations: Inner Forms of Unitary Groups]{}, preprint arXiv: 1409.3731 (2014). J.-P. Labesse, Changement de base CM et séries discrètes, in L. Clozel, M. Harris, J.-P. Labesse, B.C. Ngô, eds, [On the stabilization of the trace formula]{}, [Stab. Trace Formula Shimura Var. Arith. Appl.]{}, [1]{}, Int. Press, Somerville, MA, (2011) 429–470. A. Mori, Power series expansions of modular forms and their interpolation properties, [Int. J. Number Theory]{} [7]{} (2011), 529–577. V. Pilloni, Higher coherent cohomology and $p$-adic modular forms of singular weights, manuscript (2018). Y. Sakellaridis, A. Venkatesh, Periods and harmonic analysis on spherical varieties, [Astérisque]{}, [396]{} (2017). H. Xue, On the global Gan-Gross-Prasad conjecture for unitary groups: approximating smooth transfer of Jacquet-Rallis, [J. Reine Angew. Math.]{}, to appear. J.-L. Waldspurger, Sur les conjectures de Gross et Prasad I, II [Astérisque]{}, [346-347]{} (2012). W. Zhang, Automorphic period and the central value of Rankin-Selberg $L$-function, [J. Amer. Math. Soc.]{}, [27*]{} (2014) 541–612. [^1]: This work was partially supported by NSF Grant DMS-1701651. This work was also supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DMS-1440140 while the author was in residence at the Mathematical Sciences Research Institute in Berkeley, California, during the Spring 2019 semester.
William E. Lear, Jr William E. Lear, Jr Dr. William. E. Lear is an Associate Fellow of AIAA, recipient of the 2014 Energy Systems Award from AIAA, former Chair of the Terrestrial Energy Systems technical committee, and has served in multiple roles with the International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, including Technical Program Chair. His areas of research are novel distributed generation systems, advanced turbomachinery, and low temperature fuel cells. He is co-inventor of the Power, Water Extraction, and Refrigeration system, a novel gas turbine-absorption refrigeration combined cycle, as well as several inventions in the area of direct methanol fuel cells.
Fantasy Football: Early Ranking of Top 20 Running Backs for 2014-2015 Fantasy football never ends. You can never be too prepared for your draft, so here's a ranking of the top 20 running backs for 2014 to get you started. First, let's look at some running backs who failed to make the cut. As recently reported by Roy Cummings of The Tampa Tribune, Buccaneers offensive coordinator Jeff Tedford does not want to rely heavily on a single back. That's bad news for Doug Martin, whose stock was already dropping after a weak showing in the first six games of the 2013 season, not to mention his shoulder injury. Arian Foster is coming off back surgery, and it looks like the immense number of touches he has had since 2010 has taken its toll. Foster will be 28 before the 2014 season begins and is a very risky proposition. Fred Jackson has surprisingly not hit the proverbial wall yet but will turn 33 in February, and the wall is close. Depending on their landing spots, Ohio State's Carlos Hyde and Auburn's Tre Mason are two rookies that can make an instant fantasy impact. 20. Maurice Jones-Drew Kim Klement-USA TODAY Sports Maurice Jones-Drew will be a 29-year-old free agent, who averaged a sickly 3.4 yards per carry in 2013. Despite a down year on a putrid Jacksonville offense, Jones-Drew managed 1,117 yards from scrimmage. Jones-Drew is only two years removed from a campaign in which he had 1,980 yards from scrimmage and 11 touchdowns. If the UCLA product lands in the right situation, he may prove that he is being dismissed way too early in fantasy circles. 19. C.J. Spiller Rick Stewart/Getty Images C.J. Spiller was a 2013 bust but can be a steal in 2014. The common misconception is that Spiller had less of a role in Buffalo's offense in 2013 after a breakthrough 2012. The truth is that the Clemson standout only had five more carries and 10 more receptions in 2012. The difference was that Spiller averaged an eye-opening 6.0 yards per carry and 10.7 yards per reception in his career year. Fred Jackson is still in the way, but Spiller is too talented to miss the top 20. 18. LeGarrette Blount Elsa/Getty Images LeGarrette Blount will be a free agent at the end of the season, but the New England Patriots will likely make a play to keep the breakout back. The fantasy world took notice when Blount steamrolled the Indianapolis Colts with 166 rushing yards and four touchdowns during the AFC Divisional Round. With Stevan Ridley's fumble problems and Shane Vereen serving more as a receiving threat, Blount could be the Patriots' feature back in 2014. 14. Giovani Bernard Tom Szczerbowski/Getty Images In his rookie season, Giovani Bernard had 1,209 yards from scrimmage and eight touchdowns. His value was increased in point-per-reception leagues because of his 56 receptions. The potential for more is there, but will the Cincinnati Bengals increase his workload? BenJarvus Green-Ellis was clearly less productive in 2013, but there is no guarantee that his role will be diminished in Bernard's favor. Stacy continued to find holes and crash through defenses even after Sam Bradford had a season-ending injury. The potential for a monster season is there, but can Stacy stay healthy for an entire season with his punishing brand of football? While Morris can easily be a top-10 running back, the uncertainty of Robert Griffin III's health and desire to leave the pocket hurt his value. If RGIII chooses to remain in the pocket in 2014, the Washington offense will sputter. Rice will be only 27 come the start of the 2014 season, and we have to give him the benefit of the doubt. While Rice's 2013 may be an aberration, it may also signal the beginning of the end for the Rutgers product, as there is a lot of wear and tear on his legs. 10. Reggie Bush Brace Hemmelgarn-USA TODAY Sports Reggie Bush was everything fantasy owners envisioned in 2013. A versatile back in a high-octane offense resulted in 1,512 yards from scrimmage and seven touchdowns in 14 games. Bush will build on his 54 receptions as a result of his increased chemistry with Matthew Stafford. Bush's size will always make him susceptible to injury, but he will continue to be an underrated fantasy star. 8. Le'Veon Bell Matt Sullivan/Getty Images In his rookie campaign, Le'Veon Bell gained 1,259 yards from scrimmage and scored eight touchdowns in only 13 games. The bad news is that he averaged only 3.5 yards per carry, which is reminiscent of Trent Richardson's rookie season. Bell is definitely more versatile than Richardson, making 45 receptions, and Pittsburgh's offensive line was among the worst in the league. Also in Bell's favor, Pittsburgh loves to run. 5. Marshawn Lynch Harry How/Getty Images Marshawn Lynch turned on the beast mode to the tune of 1,573 yards from scrimmage and 14 touchdowns. Lynch was supported by a very good offensive line and, more importantly, the league's top defense. Seattle was first in the league in points allowed (14.4), giving Lynch the opportunity to run excessively, often to burn the clock. Lynch is turning 28, and one has to wonder how much longer he has with his physical running style. As of now, he is more likely to find continued success in 2014. 3. Adrian Peterson Adam Bettcher/Getty Images There is no doubt Adrian Peterson is the best running back in the NFL. The question is whether the Minnesota Vikings can find an adequate quarterback. Constantly going up against creeping safeties, Peterson still mustered 1,437 yards from scrimmage and 11 touchdowns. Peterson will turn 29 before the start of the 2014 campaign, and injuries are starting to become a serious issue for him. Still, no one will laugh if Peterson is drafted first overall.
SD Legislature Money Decisions And Common Core on VPU Representative Jim Bolin from Canton will be talking about budget decisions to be made in Pierre as a member of the Appropriations Committee. He will also discuss the status of his bills weakening or ending Common Core Education Standards in South Dakota. Rep. Bolin has been an outspoken critic of aspects of the Common Core, including concern about access to student information. He also has led discussion about not expanding into Science and other areas without much further review and open meetings.
High glucose enhances mitogenic response to endothelin-1 in rabbit vascular smooth muscle cells. To examine the effects of high glucose on the mitogenic response of rabbit aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) to endothelin-1 (ET-1). VSMC were cultured in normal glucose (5.5 mmol.L-1), high glucose (25 mmol.L-1) or high osmolality (glucose 5.5 mmol.L-1, plus mannitol 19.5 mmol.L-1). DNA synthesis was measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation. The expression of phospho-p44/42 MAPK was determined by Western blot. At a concentration range from 10(-12) to 10(-8) mol.L-1, ET-1 stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation and phospho-p44/42 MAPK expression in VSMC in a concentration-dependent manner. From 10(-11) to 10(-8) mol.L-1, the mitogenic effect of ET-1 was higher in VSMC cultured in high glucose at equivalent concentration than cells cultured in normal glucose or high osmolality (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), but no marked difference was observed in the growth response between cells cultured under the latter two conditions. Similarly, ET-1 increased expression of phospho-p44/42 MAPK by 60%-65% in VSMC cultured in high glucose, compared with cells in normal glucose or high osmolality. VSMC cultured in high glucose exhibited increased mitogenic response to ET-1, which seemed to be related to the enhanced expression of phospho-p44/42 MAPK.
--- abstract: 'Super-Kamiokande has reported the results for the lepton events in the atmospheric neutrino experiment. These results have been presented for a 22.5kT water fiducial mass on an exposure of 1489 days, and the events are divided into sub-GeV, multi-GeV and PC events. We present a study of nuclear medium effects in the sub-GeV energy region of atmospheric neutrino events for the quasielastic scattering, incoherent and coherent pion production processes, as they give the most dominant contribution to the lepton events in this energy region. We have used the atmospheric neutrino flux given by Honda et al. These calculations have been done in the local density approximation. We take into account the effect of Pauli blocking, Fermi motion, Coulomb effect, renormalization of weak transition strengths in the nuclear medium in the case of the quasielastic reactions. The inelastic reactions leading to production of leptons along with pions is calculated in a $\Delta $- dominance model by taking into account the renormalization of $\Delta$ properties in the nuclear medium and the final state interaction effects of the outgoing pions with the residual nucleus. We present the results for the lepton events obtained in our model with and without nuclear medium effects, and compare them with the Monte Carlo predictions used in the simulation and the experimentally observed events reported by the Super-Kamiokande collaboration.' author: - 'M. Sajjad Athar, S. Chauhan and S. K. Singh' title: Theoretical study of lepton events in the atmospheric neutrino experiments at SuperK --- Introduction ============ There are now many evidences that neutrinos oscillate and the neutrinos are not massless. These come from the experiments performed with atmospheric [@Atmos1]-[@Atmos7], reactor [@Reac1],[@Reac2], solar [@solar1], [@solar2] neutrinos and neutrinos obtained from the accelerators as in the experiments performed by MiniBooNE [@mini]-[@minicite], SciBooNE [@Sciboonecite], K2K [@Ahn]-[@k2kcite] and MINOS collaboration [@minos1]-[@minoscite]. The information from these experiments puts the limits on the solar and atmospheric neutrino mass differences viz. ${{\Delta m}^2_{solar}}= 7.65^{+0.23}_{-0.20}\times 10^{-5} eV^2$ and $\|{{\Delta m}_{atm}}\|^2= 2.4 ^{+0.12}_{-0.13} \times 10^{-3} eV^2$. Two out of the four parameters of the Pontecorvo-Maki-Nakagawa-Sakata (PMNS) matrix i.e. $sin^2(\theta_{12})=0.304^{+0.022}_{-0.016}$ and $sin^2(2\theta_{23})=0.50^{+0.07}_{-0.06}$ [@neutpara] are known with a better accuracy while $sin^2(\theta_{13})$ and CP violating phase $\delta$ are still unknown. There is some information on $sin^2(\theta_{13})$ ($<$ 0.01 at 1$\sigma$), but there is no information on $\delta$. With these experimental observations lot of theoretical as well as experimental activities are going on. Now the aim of the experimentalists is to determine with better precision the various parameters of the PMNS matrix, absolute masses of the different flavors of neutrinos, to see whether the neutrino mass hierarchy is normal or inverted and the CP violation in the neutrino sector exists or not. On the theoretical side recently it has been emphasized in a series of neutrino workshops and conferences like NuInt [@nuint], NuFact [@nufact], NOW [@now], etc. that at the neutrino energies of a few GeV energy region the study of neutrino nucleus cross section is very important which is relevant for the experiments with atmospheric neutrinos at Super-Kamiokande[@Atmos2], ICARUS[@ICARUS], accelerator neutrinos at MiniBooNE, K2K, T2K [@t2k]-[@t2kcite], NOvA [@nova] and the future experiments planned with Beta beams [@betabeams1]-[@Bando] and superbeams at Neutrino Factories [@Albright],[@Bando]. Neutrino-Nucleus cross section is one of the inputs in predicting the neutrino event rates. In the neutrino nuclear scattering process nuclear medium effects should be taken into account for writing the neutrino generator Monte Carlo codes which are used in analyzing the neutrino oscillation experiments. These oscillation experiments use various nuclear targets like $^{12}C$, $^{16}O$, $^{40}Ar$, $^{56}Fe$, etc. For example, Super-Kamiokande(SuperK) is a 50kT water Cerenkov detector observing neutrinos from the terrestrial as well as accelerator neutrino sources. The nuclear target is $^{16}O$ in water($H_2O$), and neutrinos(antineutrinos) are interacting with the free protons as well as with the nucleons inside the oxygen nucleus. The Monte Carlo simulation of the lepton events uses Smith-Moniz model [@SmithMoniz] for the quasielastic process which does not include the effect of nuclear medium arising due to nucleon-nucleon correlations but includes only the effect of Pauli principle and Fermi motion in a Fermi gas model. In the case of inelastic reaction for incoherent and coherent pion production it uses Rein and Sehgal model [@Rein; @Rein1] with the inclusion of the nuclear effects arising due to final state interactions of pions with the nucleus like pion absorption and pion scattering. Furthermore, there are also some recent calculations on multipion production and deep inelastic neutrino reactions showing that the nuclear effects can be important in these energy regions. In this work, we have studied the lepton event rates for the atmospheric neutrinos at SuperK with and without the nuclear medium effects and compared our results with the experimental observed events and also with the Monte Carlo predictions for the events used by SuperK collaboration [@Atmos2]. These results have been presented for a 22.5kT water fiducial mass on an exposure of 1489 live days, and we have taken the sub-GeV events in our analysis which have been classified as the region in which lepton’s energy $E_l < 1.33GeV$ and minimum observed momenta of electrons and muons are 100MeV and 200MeV respectively [@Atmos2]. Our Monte-Carlo analysis of the events has been done by considering the nuclear medium effects in the quasielastic, incoherent and coherent pion production processes, as they give the most dominant contribution in the sub-GeV energy region of atmospheric neutrino events. We have used the atmospheric neutrino flux given by Honda et al. [@Honda1],[@Honda2]. In the case of quasielastic reaction, the effects of Pauli principle and Fermi motion are included through the Lindhard function calculated in a local density approximation. The renormalization of the weak transition strengths is calculated in the Random Phase Approximation(RPA) through the interaction of the p-h excitations as they propagate in the nuclear medium using a nucleon-nucleon potential described by pion and rho exchanges. The single pion production in the sub-GeV region is dominated by the resonance production in which a $\Delta$ resonance is excited and decays subsequently to a pion and a nucleon. When this process takes place inside the nucleus, there are two possibilities i.e. the target nucleus remains in the ground state leading to coherent production of pions or is excited and/or broken up leading to incoherent production of pions. We have considered both the production processes in the $\Delta$ resonance model in the local density approximation to calculate single pion production accompanied by a lepton from the oxygen nucleus. The effect of nuclear medium on the production of $\Delta$ is treated by including the modification of $\Delta$ properties in the medium. Once pions are produced, they undergo final state interactions with the residual nucleus. We have taken the final state interaction effects for both the incoherent and coherent pion production processes. This work is based on our study of the nuclear medium effects in the neutrino(antineutrino) induced reaction on the various nuclear targets like $^{12}C$, $^{16}O$, $^{40}Ar$, $^{56}Fe$ etc., in the local density approximation, which have been applied to low and intermediate energy neutrinos for the charged current quasielastic process and the inelastic pion production process for the incoherent and coherent lepton production accompanied by a pion [@Quasi1]-[@Coh1]. The plan of presentation is as follows. In section-2, we describe the charged current neutrino(antineutrino) induced quasielastic inclusive production of leptons from the nucleus. In section-3, we describe the charged current neutrino(antineutrino) induced inelastic production of leptons accompanied by a pion from the nucleus, where we describe the incoherent pion production as well as coherent pion production processes. In section-4, we present our results for the total scattering cross section as well as $Q^2$ distribution averaged over the atmospheric neutrino flux given by Honda et al. [@Honda1],[@Honda2] for the SuperK site. Furthermore, we discuss the dependence of the cross sections and $Q^2$ distribution on the axial dipole mass $M_A$ and the various parameterization of the form factors discussed in the literature recently for the isovector form factors in the case of quasielastic scattering and N-$\Delta$ transition form factors in the case of inelastic scattering. We have averaged the total scattering cross section $\sigma(E)$ and $Q^2$-distribution over the atmospheric neutrino flux given by Honda et al. [@Honda2] for the SuperK site to obtain the total lepton production event rate and the results have been compared with the observed numbers at SuperK and also with the numbers used by them in their Monte Carlo [@Atmos2]. In section-5, we conclude our findings. [QUASIELASTIC REACTION]{} ============================= The basic reaction for the quasielastic process is a neutrino interacting with a neutron inside the nucleus is given by $$\begin{aligned} \label{quasi_reaction} \nu_l(k) + n(p) \rightarrow l^{-}(k^\prime) + p(p^{\prime}); l=e^-,\mu^- \end{aligned}$$ The invariant matrix element for the charged current reaction of neutrino, given by Eq.(\[quasi\_reaction\]) is written as $$\begin{aligned} \label{qe_lep_matrix} {\cal M}=\frac{G_F}{\sqrt{2}}\cos\theta_C~l_\mu~J^\mu\end{aligned}$$ where $G_F$ is the Fermi coupling constant (=1.16639$\times 10^{-5}$GeV$^{-2}$), $\theta_C(=13.1^0)$ is the Cabibbo angle and the leptonic weak current is given by $$\begin{aligned} \label{lep_curr} l_\mu&=&\bar{u}(k^\prime)\gamma_\mu(1 - \gamma_5)u(k)\end{aligned}$$ $J^\mu$ is the hadronic current given by $$\label{had_curr} J_\mu=\bar{u}(p')\left[F_1^V(q^2)\gamma_\mu+F_2^V(q^2)i\sigma_{\mu\nu}\frac{q^\nu}{2M} + F_A^V(q^2)\gamma_\mu\gamma_5 + F_P^V(q^2)q_\mu\gamma_5\right]u(p)$$ where, $q^2=(k-k^\prime)^2$ is the momentum transfer square and $M$ is the nucleon mass. $F_{1,2}^V(q^2)$ are the isovector vector form factors and $F_A(q^2)$, $F_P(q^2)$ are respectively the isovector axial vector and pseudoscalar form factors. Using the leptonic and hadronic currents given in Eq.(\[lep\_curr\]) and Eq.(\[had\_curr\]), the matrix element square is obtained by using Eq.(\[qe\_lep\_matrix\]): $$\label{mat_quasi} {\|{\cal M}\|^2}=\frac{G_F^2}{2}\cos^2\theta_C~{ L}_{\mu\nu}^{(\nu)} {J}^{\mu\nu}$$ ${ L}_{\mu\nu}^{(\nu)}$ is the leptonic tensor calculated to be $$\begin{aligned} \label{lep_tens} {L}_{\mu\nu}^{(\nu)}&=&{\bar\Sigma}\Sigma{l_\mu}^\dagger l_\nu=L_{\mu\nu}^{S~(\nu)} + i L_{\mu\nu}^{A~(\nu)},~~~~\mbox{where}\\ L_{\mu\nu}^{S~(\nu)}&=&8~\left[k_\mu k_\nu^\prime+k_\mu^\prime k_\nu-g_{\mu\nu}~k\cdot k^\prime\right]~~~~\mbox{and}\nonumber\\ L_{\mu\nu}^{A~(\nu)}&=&8~\epsilon_{\mu\nu\alpha\beta}~k^{\prime \alpha} k^{\beta}\end{aligned}$$ For antineutrino induced reaction ${\bar\nu}_l(k) + p(p) \rightarrow l^{+}(k^\prime) + n(p^{\prime}); l=e^+,\mu^+ $, ${ L}_{\mu\nu}^{(\bar\nu)}$ is given by $${ L}_{\mu\nu}^{(\bar\nu)} = { L}_{\nu\mu}^{(\nu)}$$ The hadronic tensor ${J}^{\mu\nu}$ is given by: $$\begin{aligned} \label{had_tens} J^{\mu\nu}&=&\bar{\Sigma}\Sigma J^{\mu\dagger} J^\nu\nonumber\\ &=&\frac{1}{2}\mbox{Tr}\left[({\not p^\prime}+M)\Gamma^\mu ({\not p}+M)\tilde\Gamma^\nu\right]\end{aligned}$$ where $$\label{had_inter} \Gamma_\mu=\left[F_1^V(q^2)\gamma_\mu+F_2^V(q^2)i\sigma_{\mu\nu}\frac{q^\nu}{2M} + F_A^V(q^2)\gamma_\mu\gamma_5 + F_P^V(q^2)q_\mu\gamma_5\right]$$ and $\tilde\Gamma^\nu=\gamma^0~{\Gamma^\nu}^\dagger~\gamma^0$\ The hadronic current contains two isovector vector form factors $F_{1,2}^V(q^2)$ of the nucleons, which are given as $$\label{f1v_f2v} F_{1,2}^V(q^2)=F_{1,2}^p(q^2)- F_{1,2}^n(q^2)$$ where $F_{1}^{p(n)}(q^2)$ and $F_{2}^{p(n)}(q^2)$ are the Dirac and Pauli form factors of proton(neutron) which are in turn expressed in terms of the experimentally determined Sach’s electric $G_E^{p,n}(q^2)$ and magnetic $G_M^{p,n}(q^2)$ form factors of the nucleons given by $$\begin{aligned} \label{gm_ge} G_M^{p,n}(q^2)&=&F_1^{p,n}(q^2)-F_2^{p,n}(q^2)\\ G_E^{p,n}(q^2)&=&F_1^{p,n}(q^2)+\frac{q^2}{4M^2}~F_2^{p,n}(q^2)\end{aligned}$$ This results in the following form of the isovector vector form factors $F_{1,2}^V(q^2)$ to be used in Eq.(\[had\_curr\]) $$\begin{aligned} \label{f1pn_f2pn} F_1^{p,n}(q^2)&=&\left(1-\frac{q^2}{4M^2}\right)^{-1}~\left[G_E^{p,n}(q^2)-\frac{q^2}{4M^2}~G_M^{p,n}(q^2)\right]\\ F_2^{p,n}(q^2)&=&\left(1-\frac{q^2}{4M^2}\right)^{-1}~\left[G_M^{p,n}(q^2)-G_E^{p,n}(q^2)\right]\end{aligned}$$ $G_E^{p,n}(q^2)$ and $G_M^{p,n}(q^2)$ are described by Galster parameterization [@Galster] with $Q^2=-q^2$ $$\begin{aligned} \label{gep_gmp} G_E^{p}(Q^2)&=&G_D(Q^2),~~G_E^{n}(Q^2)=-\tau\mu_{n}G_D(Q^2)\xi_{n},~~~G_D(Q^2)=\left[1+\frac{Q^2}{M_V^2}\right]^{-2},\\ \xi_{n}&=&\frac{1}{1+\lambda_{n}\frac{Q^2}{4M^2}},~~ \lambda_{n}=5.6,~~\tau=\frac{Q^2}{4M^2}\\ \frac{G_M^{p}(Q^2)}{\mu_p}&=&G_D(Q^2),~~~~\frac{G_M^{n}(Q^2)}{\mu_n}=G_D(Q^2)\end{aligned}$$ with proton and neutron magnetic moments as $\mu_p$=2.79285$\mu_N$ and $\mu_n$=-1.913$\mu_N$, respectively, $Q^2=-q^2$ and $M_V$=0.84GeV. The isovector axial form factor is parametrized as $$\label{fa} F_A(Q^2)=F_A(0)~\left[1+\frac{Q^2}{M_A^2}\right]^{-2}$$ and is obtained from the quasielastic neutrino and antineutrino scattering as well as from pion electroproduction data. We have used axial charge $F_A(0)$=-1.267 and the axial dipole mass $M_A$=1.1GeV, which is presently being used in the SuperK analysis [@Mitsuka]. The world average value for $M_A$=1.026$\pm$0.020 GeV [@wor_avg], which is consistent with the recent NOMAD results for $M_A$=1.05$\pm$0.02$\pm$0.06 GeV [@nomad] obtained from the quasielastic $\nu_\mu$ and ${\bar\nu}_\mu$ reactions with carbon, however, the values for axial dipole mass obtained by the experiments performed at K2K and MiniBooNE differ from this value. The values reported by the K2K experiments are $M_A$=1.14$\pm$0.11GeV[@k2k_scifi_scibar] from the SciBar detector and $M_A$=1.20$\pm$0.12GeV [@k2k_scifi_scibar] by the SciFi detector experiments and $M_A$=1.23$\pm$0.2GeV recently reported by the MiniBooNE collaboration [@mini]. The pseudoscalar form factor $F_p^V(Q^2)$ is dominated by the pion pole and is given in terms of $F_A^V(Q^2)$ using the Goldberger-Treiman relation as $$\label{fp} F_p^V(Q^2)=\frac{2MF_A^V(Q^2)}{m_\pi^2+Q^2}$$ Recently several new parameterizations for electromagnetic isovector form factors [@BBA03]-[@Alberico] have been presented which are obtained from the fits to the electron scattering data. To see the dependence of the cross section on the various parameterizations of the electromagnetic form factors we have used the parameterizations given by Budd et al. [@BBA03] known as BBA-03, Bradford et al. [@BBBA05] known as BBBA-05, Bosted [@Bosted] as well as the parameterization given by Alberico et al. [@Alberico] The form of the electric and magnetic Sach’s form factor given by Budd et al. [@BBA03] (BBA03) for the nucleon is $$\begin{aligned} \label{ge_gm_bba01} G_{E}^{p}(Q^2)&=&\frac{1}{1+3.253Q^2+1.422Q^4+0.08582Q^6+0.3318Q^8-0.09371Q^{10}+0.01076Q^{12}}\\ \nonumber \frac{G_{M}^{p}(Q^2)}{\mu_{p}}&=&\frac{1}{1+3.104Q^2+1.428Q^4+0.1112Q^6-0.006981Q^8+0.0003705Q^{10}-0.7063E{-05}Q^{12}}\\ \nonumber \frac{G_{M}^{n}(Q^2)}{\mu_{n}}&=&\frac{1}{1+3.043Q^2+0.8548Q^4+0.6806Q^6-0.1287Q^8+0.008912Q^{10}}\\ \nonumber \frac{G_{E}^{n}(Q^2)}{\mu_{n}}&=&-\frac{0.942\tau}{1+4.61\tau}G_D(Q^2) \end{aligned}$$ The form of electric and magnetic Sach’s form factor given by Bradford et al. [@BBBA05] (BBBA-05) is $$\begin{aligned} \label{ge_gm_bbba01} G_{E}^{p}(Q^2)&=&\frac{1-0.0578\tau}{1+11.1\tau+13.6\tau^2+33.0\tau^3}\\ \nonumber \frac{G_{M}^{p}(Q^2)}{\mu_{p}}&=&\frac{1+0.150\tau}{1+11.1\tau+19.6\tau^2+7.54\tau^3}\\ \nonumber G_{E}^{n}(Q^2)&=&\frac{1.25\tau+1.30\tau^2}{1-9.86\tau+305\tau^2-758\tau^3+802\tau^4}\\ \nonumber \frac{G_{M}^{n}(Q^2)}{\mu_{n}}&=&\frac{1+1.81\tau}{1+14.1\tau+20.7\tau^2+68.7\tau^3}\end{aligned}$$ The parametrization given by Bosted [@Bosted] is $$\begin{aligned} \label{gep_bosted} G_E^p(Q^2)&=&\frac{1}{1+0.62Q+0.68Q^2+2.80Q^3+0.83Q^4}\\ \nonumber \frac{G_M^p(Q^2)}{\mu_p}&=&\frac{1}{1+0.35Q+2.44Q^2+0.50Q^3+1.04Q^4+0.34Q^5}\\\nonumber \frac{G_M^n(Q^2)}{\mu_n}&=&\frac{1}{1-1.74Q+9.29Q^2-7.63Q^3+4.63Q^4}\\\nonumber G_{E}^{n}(Q^2)&=&\frac{-1.25 \mu_{n}\tau G_{D}(Q^2)}{1+18.3\tau}\end{aligned}$$ Alberico et al. [@Alberico] have parameterized recently the electromagnetic form factors of the nucleon based on the recent experiments performed at Bates, MAMI and JLab. The form of electric and magnetic Sach’s form factor given by them [@Alberico] is $$\begin{aligned} \label{ge_gm_alberico1} G_{E}^{p}(Q^2)&=&\frac{1-0.14\tau}{1+11.18\tau+15.18\tau^2+23.57\tau^3}\\ \nonumber \frac{G_{M}^{p}(Q^2)}{\mu_{p}}&=&\frac{1+1.07\tau}{1+12.30\tau+25.43\tau^2+30.39\tau^3}\\ \nonumber \frac{G_{M}^{n}(Q^2)}{\mu_{n}}&=&\frac{1+2.13\tau}{1+14.53\tau+22.76\tau^2+78.29\tau^3}\\ \nonumber G_{E}^{n}(Q^2)&=&\frac{-0.10}{(1+2.83Q^2)^2}+\frac{0.10}{(1+0.43Q^2)^2}\end{aligned}$$ Using these parameterizations of the isovector form factors discussed above, we calculate the hadronic tensor given by Eq.(\[had\_tens\]) and the matrix element square using Eq.(\[mat\_quasi\]). With this ${\|{\cal M}\|^2}$ the charged current quasielastic lepton production cross section is calculated. The general expression for the differential cross section for the reaction shown in Eq.(\[quasi\_reaction\]) is given by $$\begin{aligned} \label{diff_xsect_quasi} d\sigma=\left(\frac{G_F^2\cos^2\theta_C}{2}\right)\frac{(2\pi)^{4}\delta^{4}(k+p-p^\prime-k^\prime)}{4\sqrt{(k\cdot k^\prime)^{2}-m_{\nu}^{2}M_n^{2}}}\frac {d^{3}{\bf{k^\prime}}}{(2\pi)^{3}2E_{l}}\frac {d^{3}{\bf p^{\prime}}}{(2\pi)^{3}2E_{p}}\prod_f(2m_f){ L}_{\mu\nu} {J}^{\mu\nu}\end{aligned}$$ where f is the number of fermions in the final state. The double differential cross section $\sigma_0(E_e,\|\vec k^\prime\|)$ for the basic reaction is then written as $$\label{sig_zero} \sigma_0(E_l,\|\vec k^\prime\|)=\frac{{\|\vec k^\prime\|}^2}{4\pi E_{\nu_l} E_l}\frac{M_n M_p}{E_n E_p}{\bar\Sigma}\Sigma{\|{\cal M}\|^2}\delta[q_0+E_n-E_p]$$ In a nucleus, the neutrino scatters from a neutron moving in the finite nucleus of neutron density $\rho_n(r)$, with a local occupation number $n_n({\bf{p}},{\bf{r}})$. In the local density approximation the scattering cross section is written as $$\label{sig_4} \sigma(E_l,\|\vec k^\prime\|)=\int 2d{\bf r}d{\bf p}\frac{1}{(2\pi)^3}n_n({\bf p},{\bf r})\sigma_0(E_l,k^\prime)$$ where $\sigma_0(E_l,\|\vec k^\prime\|)$ is given by Eq.(\[sig\_zero\]). The neutron energy $E_n$ and proton energy $E_p$ are replaced by $E_n(\|\vec p\|)$ and $E_p(\|\vec{p}+\vec{q}\|)$, where $\bf{p}$ is now the momentum of the target neutron inside the nucleus. Inside the nucleus the neutrons and protons are not free and their momenta are constrained to satisfy the Pauli principle, i.e., ${p_{n}}<{p_{F_{n}}}$ and ${p^\prime}_{p}(=\|{\bf p}_{n}+{\bf q}\|) > p_{F_{p}}$, where $p_{F_n}$ and $p_{F_p}$ are the local Fermi momenta of neutrons and protons at the interaction point in the nucleus and are given by $p_{F_n}=\left[3\pi^2\rho_n(r)\right]^\frac{1}{3}$ and $p_{F_p}=\left[3\pi^2\rho_p(r)\right]^\frac{1}{3}$, $\rho_n(r)$ and $\rho_p(r)$ are the neutron and proton nuclear densities which are given in terms of the nuclear density of the oxygen nucleus $$\label{rho} \rho_{n}(r)=\frac{(A-Z)}{A}\rho(r);~~~\rho_{p}(r)=\frac{Z}{A}\rho(r)$$ where $\rho(r)$ is the density of oxygen nucleus taken to be 3 parameter Fermi(3pF) density and the density parameters have been taken from Ref. [@Vries]. There are also other parametrizations for the nuclear ($^{16}O$) density available in the literature like Harmonic Oscillator (HO) density [@Vries] and Modified Harmonic Oscillator (MHO) [@Vries] density and we have also studied the dependence of the cross section on the various nuclear densities. Furthermore, in nuclei the threshold value of the reaction i.e. the Q-value of the reaction($Q_{r}$) has to be taken into account, which we have taken to be the value corresponding to the lowest allowed Fermi transition. These considerations lead to a modification in the $\delta$ function used in Eq.(\[sig\_zero\]) i.e. $\delta[q_0+E_n-E_p]$ is modified to $\delta[q_0+E_n(\vec{p})-E_p(\vec{p}+\vec{q})-Q_{r}]$ and the factor $$\label{delta_modi} \int \frac{d\bf{p}}{(2\pi)^3}{n_n(\bf{p},\bf{r})}\frac{M_n M_p}{E_n E_p}\delta[q_0+E_n-E_p]$$ occurring in Eq.(\[sig\_4\]) is replaced by $-(1/{\pi})$Im${{U_N}(q_0,\vec{q})}$, where ${{U_N}(q_0,\vec{q})}$ is the Lindhard function corresponding to the particle hole(ph) excitation[@Quasi4] shown in Fig.(\[fg:fig1\]) and is given by $$\label{lindhard} {U_N}(q_0,\vec{q}) = {\int \frac{d\bf{p}}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{M_nM_p}{E_nE_p}\frac{n_n(p)\left[1-n_p(\vec p + \vec q) \right]}{q_0+{E_n(p)}-{E_p(\vec p+\vec q)}+i\epsilon}}$$ where $q_0$=$E_{\nu_l}-E_l-Q_{r}$. For the antineutrino reaction the suffix n and p will get interchanged. ![Diagrammatic representation of the neutrino self-energy diagram corresponding to the ph-excitation leading to $\nu_l +n \rightarrow l^- + p$ in nuclei. In the large mass limit of the IVB(i.e.$M_W\rightarrow \infty$) the diagram 1(a) is reduced to 1(b) which is used to calculate ${\|{\cal M}\|^2}$ in Eq.(\[mat\_quasi\]).[]{data-label="fg:fig1"}](fig1_epja.eps) The imaginary part of the Lindhard function is obtained to be [@Quasi4]: $$\label{lindhard_imag} Im{U_N}(q_0, \vec{q}) = -\frac{1}{2\pi}\frac{M_p{M_n}}{\|\vec{q}\|}\left[E_{F_1}-A\right]$$ with $q^2<0$, $E_{F_2}-q_0<E_{F_1}$ and $\frac{-q_0+\|\vec{q}\|{\sqrt{1-\frac{4{M^2}}{q^2}}}}{2}<{E_{F_1}}$, where $E_{F_1}=\sqrt{p{_{F_n}}^2+{M_n}^2}$, $E_{F_2}=\sqrt{{p_{F_p}}^2+{M_p}^2}$ and\ A = $Max\left[M_n,\hspace{2mm}E_{F_2}-q_0,\hspace{2mm}\frac{-q_0+\|\vec{q}\|\sqrt{1-\frac{4{M^2}}{q^2}}}{2}\right]$. With inclusion of these nuclear effects the cross section $\sigma(E_\nu)$ is written as $$\begin{aligned} \label{xsection_medeffects} \sigma(E_\nu)&=&-2{G_F}^2\cos^2{\theta_c}\int^{r_{max}}_{r_{min}} r^2 dr \int^{{k^\prime}_{max}}_{{k^\prime}_{min}}k^\prime dk^\prime \int_{Q^{2}_{min}}^{Q^{2}_{max}}dQ^{2}\frac{1}{E_{\nu_l}^{2} E_l} L_{\mu\nu}J^{\mu\nu} Im{U_N}[E_{\nu_l} - E_l - Q_{r}, \vec{q}].\end{aligned}$$ The outgoing lepton when comes out of the nucleus, its energy and momentum are modified due to the Coulomb interaction. The Coulomb distortion effect on the outgoing lepton has been taken into account in an effective momentum approximation(MEMA) [@Quasi4],[@Engel] in which the lepton momentum and energy are modified. In the local density approximation, the effective energy of the lepton in the Coulomb field of the final nucleus is given by: $$E_{eff} = E_l + V_c(r),$$ where $$\label{effective_coulomb} V_c(r)=Z_f\alpha4\pi\left(\frac{1}{r}\int_0^r\frac{\rho_p(r^\prime)}{Z_f}{r^\prime}^2dr^\prime + \int_r^\infty\frac{\rho_p(r^\prime)}{Z_f}{r^\prime}dr^\prime\right)$$ This leads to a change in the Imaginary part of the Lindhard function occurring in Eq. (\[xsection\_medeffects\]) $$\label{changed_lindhard} Im{U_N}(E_{\nu_l} - E_l - Q_{r}, {\bf q}) \rightarrow Im{U_N}(E_{\nu_l} - E_l - Q_{r} - V_c(r), {\bf q})$$ In the nucleus the strength of the electroweak coupling may change from their free nucleon values due to the presence of strongly interacting nucleons. Conservation of Vector Current (CVC) forbids any change in the charge coupling while magnetic and axial vector couplings are likely to change from their free nucleon values. These changes are calculated by considering the interaction of ph excitations in the nuclear medium in Random Phase Approximation (RPA) as shown in Fig.\[fg:fig2\]. The diagram shown in Fig.\[fg:fig2\] simulates the effects of the strongly interacting nuclear medium at the weak vertex. The ph-ph interaction is shown by the wavy line in Fig.\[fg:fig2\] and is described by the $\pi$ and $\rho$ exchanges modulated by the effect of short range correlations. The weak nucleon current described by Eq.(\[had\_curr\]) gives, in the non-relativistic limit, terms like $F_A \vec{\sigma}\tau_+$ and $i F_2 \frac{\vec{\sigma}\times \vec{q}}{2M}\tau_+$ which generate spin-isospin transitions in nuclei. While the term $i F_2 \frac{\vec{\sigma}\times \vec{q}}{2M}\tau_+$ couples to the transverse excitations, the term $F_A \vec{\sigma}\tau_+$ couples to the transverse as well as longitudinal channels. These channels produce different RPA responses in the longitudinal and transverse channels when the diagrams of Fig.\[fg:fig2\] are summed over. This is illustrated by considering the contribution of a term like $F_A\sigma^i$ in Eq.(\[had\_curr\]). The leading order contribution of this term to the hadronic tensor $J^{ij}$ in the medium is proportional to $F^2_A \delta_{ij}Im U_N$ which is now split between the longitudinal and transverse components as ![ Many body Feynman diagrams (drawn in the limit $M_W\rightarrow \infty$) accounting for the medium polarization effects contributing to the process $\nu_l +n \rightarrow l^- + p$ transitions[]{data-label="fg:fig2"}](fig2_epja.eps) $$\label{f2a_modify} F^2_A\delta_{ij}Im {U_N}\rightarrow F^2_A \left[{\bf{\hat{q_i}}{\hat{q_j}}}+(\delta_{ij}-{\bf{\hat{q_i}}{\hat{q_j}}})\right]Im {U_N}$$ The RPA response of this term after summing the higher order diagrams like Fig.\[fg:fig2\] is modified and is given by $J^{ij}_{RPA}$ $$\label{f2a_rpa} J^{ij}\rightarrow J^{ij}_{RPA}= F^2_A{Im U_N}\left[\frac{{\bf{\hat{q_i}}{\hat{q_j}}}}{1-U_NV_l}+\frac{\delta_{ij}-{\bf{\hat{q_i}}{\hat{q_j}}}}{1-U_NV_t}\right]$$ where $V_l$ and $V_t$ are the longitudinal and transverse parts of the nucleon-nucleon potential calculated with $\pi$ and $\rho$ exchanges and are given by $$\begin{aligned} \label{longi_part} V_l(q) = \frac{f^2}{m_\pi^2}\left[\frac{q^2}{-q^2+m_\pi^2}{\left(\frac{\Lambda_\pi^2-m_\pi^2}{\Lambda_\pi^2-q^2}\right)^2}+g^\prime\right],\nonumber\\ V_t(q) = \frac{f^2}{m_\pi^2}\left[\frac{q^2}{-q^2+m^2_\rho}{C_\rho}{\left(\frac{{\Lambda_\rho}^2-m^2_\rho}{{\Lambda_\rho}^2-q^2}\right)^2}+g^\prime\right]\end{aligned}$$ $\Lambda_\pi=1.3 GeV$, $C_\rho=2$, $\Lambda_\rho=2.5GeV$, $m_\pi$ and $m_\rho$ are the pion and rho meson masses, and $g^\prime$ is the Landau-Migdal parameter taken to be $0.7$ which has been used quite successfully to explain many electromagnetic and weak processes in nuclei [@Mukho],[@Gill]. Recently, in a work by Nieves et al. [@Nieves2], $g^\prime$ has been taken as 0.63. We have studied the dependence of cross section on the Landau-Migdal parameter by varying $g^\prime$ by 10$\%$ i.e. taking $g^{\prime}$ = 0.63 and 0.77. This modified tensor $J^{ij}_{RPA}$ when contracted with the leptonic tensor $L_{ij}$ gives the contribution of the $F^2_A$ term to the RPA response. The effect of the $\Delta$ degrees of freedom in the nuclear medium is included in the calculation of the RPA response by considering the effect of ph-$\Delta$h and $\Delta$h-$\Delta$h excitations as shown in Fig.\[fg:fig2\](b). This is done by replacing $U_N$ by $U_N=U_N+U_\Delta$, where $U_\Delta$ is the Lindhard function for $\Delta$h excitation in the medium and the expressions for $U_N$ and $U_\Delta$ are taken from the Ref. [@Oset1]. The different couplings of $N$ and $\Delta$ are incorporated in $U_N$ and $U_\Delta$ and then the same interaction strengths $V_l$ and $V_t$ are used to calculate the RPA response. These effects have been recently discussed by Nieves et al. [@Nieves2]. Thus, in the presence of nuclear medium effects, the total cross section $\sigma(E_\nu)$, is written as $$\begin{aligned} \label{cross_section_quasi} \sigma(E_\nu)=-2{G_F}^2\cos^2{\theta_c}\int^{r_{max}}_{r_{min}} r^2 dr \int^{{k^\prime}_{max}}_{{k^\prime}_{min}}k^\prime dk^\prime \int_{Q_{min}^{2}}^{Q_{max}^{2}}dQ^2\frac{1}{E_{\nu_l}^2 E_l}L_{\mu\nu}{J^{\mu\nu}_{RPA}} Im{U_N}[E_{\nu_l} - E_l - Q_{r} - V_c(r), \vec{q}]\end{aligned}$$ where $J^{\mu\nu}_{RPA}$ is the modified hadronic tensor when RPA effects are incorporated. INELASTIC PION PRODUCTION ========================= In the case of inelastic production process of leptons, the leptons are produced along with one or multiple pions. Around the energy region of 1 GeV, in the energy spectrum of atmospheric neutrino, the inelastic lepton production is dominated by the processes where lepton is accompanied by a single pion. These pion production processes take place mainly through the excitation of $\Delta$ which subsequently decay into a pion and a nucleon. When these processes take place inside the nucleus then either the target nucleus remains in the ground state where it does not change its identity leading to coherent production of pions or the target nucleus is excited and/or broken up leading to incoherent production of pions. Recently, two pion production and quasielastic hyperons [@Hernandez; @Singh] have been studied and are found to make small contribution to the lepton production in the energy region of present interest. The basic reaction for the charged current neutrino(antineutrino) induced one pion production (CC1$\pi$) in nuclei, is that a neutrino(antineutrino) interacts with a nucleon N. The various possible channels contributing for one pion production processes are $$\begin{aligned} \label{chan_numu_pi+} \nu_l(k)+p(p)&\rightarrow& l^{-}(k^{\prime})+\Delta^{++}(P)\\ &&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ \searrow p + \pi^+\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned} \label{channels_pi} \nu_l(k)+n(p)&\rightarrow& l^{-}(k^{\prime})+\Delta^{+}(P)\\ &&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ \searrow p + \pi^0\nonumber\\ &&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ \searrow n + \pi^+\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned} \label{channels_numubar_pi0} \bar \nu_l(k)+p(p)&\rightarrow& l^{+}(k^{\prime})+\Delta^{0}(P)\\ &&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ \searrow p + \pi^-\nonumber\\ &&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ \searrow n + \pi^0\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned} \label{channels_numubar_pi-} \bar \nu_l(k)+n(p)&\rightarrow& l^{+}(k^{\prime})+\Delta^{-}(P)\\ &&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ \searrow n + \pi^-\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ Now we shall present the formalism for the incoherent and coherent pion productions in brief. INCOHERENT PION PRODUCTION -------------------------- In the case of incoherent pion production in $\Delta$ dominance model, the weak hadronic currents interacting with the nucleons in the nuclear medium excite a $\Delta$ resonance which decays into pions and nucleons. The pions interact with the nucleus inside the nuclear medium before coming out. The final state interaction of pions due to elastic, charge exchange scattering and the absorption of pions leads to reduction of pion yield. The nuclear medium effects on $\Delta$ properties lead to modifications in its mass and width which have been taken from the work of Oset et al. [@Oset]. In the case of incoherent one pion production process, the hadronic current $J^\mu$ for the $\Delta$ excitation from the proton target is given by $$\label{had_incoh} J^\mu=\sqrt3 \bar\Psi_\alpha(p_{\Delta}) \mathcal O^{\lambda \mu} u(p)$$ where ${\psi_\alpha}(p_{\Delta})$ and u(p) are the Rarita Schwinger and Dirac spinors for the $\Delta$ and the nucleon, of momenta $p_{\Delta}$ and p, respectively. $\mathcal O^{\lambda \mu}$ is the N-$\Delta$ transition operator given by $\mathcal O^{\lambda \mu}= \mathcal O^{\lambda \mu}_V + \mathcal O^{\lambda \mu}_A$ where $$\begin{aligned} \label{mat_vector} \mathcal O^{\lambda \mu}_V&=&\left(\frac{C^V_{3}(q^2)}{M}(g^{\alpha\mu}{\not q}-q^\alpha{\gamma^\mu}) + \frac{C^V_{4}(q^2)}{M^2}(g^{\alpha\mu}q \cdot p_{\Delta}-q^\alpha{p^{\mu}_\Delta})+\frac{C^V_5(q^2)}{M^2}(g^{\alpha\mu}q\cdot p-q^\alpha{p^\mu})+C^V_6(q^2) g^{\alpha\mu}\right)\gamma_5\end{aligned}$$ and $$\begin{aligned} \label{mat_axial} \mathcal O^{\lambda \mu}_A&=&\frac{C^A_{3}(q^2)}{M}(g^{\alpha\mu}{\not q}-q^\alpha{\gamma^\mu}) + \frac{C^A_{4}(q^2)}{M^2}(g^{\alpha\mu}q \cdot p_{\Delta} - q^\alpha p^{\mu}_{\Delta}) + C^A_{5}(q^2)g^{\alpha\mu}+\frac{C^A_6(q^2)}{M^2}q^\mu q^\alpha \end{aligned}$$ where $p_{\Delta} = p+q$, $C^V_i$(i=3-6) are the vector and $C^A_i$(i=3-6) are the axial vector transition form factors. The conserved vector current (CVC) hypothesis implies $C_6^V(q^2)$=0. The other form factors $C^V_i(i=3-5)$ are related in terms of the isovector electromagnetic form factors of the $p\rightarrow\Delta^+$ electromagnetic transition, and are determined from the analysis of data on photoproduction and electroproduction of $\Delta$. The N-$\Delta$ vector transition form factors given by Schreiner and von Hippel[@schvon] are $$\begin{aligned} \label{civ_schvon} C_3^V(Q^2)&=&2.05~\left(1+\frac{Q^2}{M_V^2}\right)^{-2}\nonumber\\ C_4^V(Q^2)&=&-\frac{M}{M_\Delta}~C_3^V(Q^2)\nonumber\\ C_5^V(Q^2)&=&0\end{aligned}$$ with $M_\Delta$ as the invariant mass of the $\pi$N system. The N-$\Delta$ axial vector transition form factors are given by[@schvon] $$\begin{aligned} \label{dipole_ff} C_i^A(Q^2)=C_i^A(0)~\left(1+\frac{Q^2}{M_A^2}\right)^{-2}\left(1-\frac{a_{i}Q^2}{(b_i+Q^2)}\right),~~~i=3,4,5\end{aligned}$$ with $C_{3}^A(0)$ = 0, $C_{4}^A(0)$ = -0.3, $C_{5}^A(0)$ = 1.2, $a_3=b_3$ = 0, $a_4=a_5$ = -1.21, $b_4=b_5~$=2 GeV$^2$, M$_A$ = 1.05 GeV. While the various other parametrization for the N-$\Delta$ transition form factor has been discussed in literature [@Leitner],[@Pasff],[@Lalakulich]. The parametrization given by Lalakulich et al. [@Lalakulich] for the N-$\Delta$ transition form factors are given by $$\label{civ_lala} C_i^V(Q^2)=C_i^V(0)~\left(1+\frac{Q^2}{M_V^2}\right)^{-2}~{\cal{D}}_i~~,~~~i=3,4,5.$$ where $$\begin{aligned} \label{di} {\cal{D}}_i&=&\left(1+\frac{Q^2}{4M_V^2}\right)^{-1}~~~\mbox{for}~~~i=3,4~~~ and\nonumber\\ {\cal{D}}_i&=&\left(1+\frac{Q^2}{0.776M_V^2}\right)^{-1}~~~~~~\mbox{for}~~~i=5.\end{aligned}$$ and $$\begin{aligned} \label{cia_lala} C_i^A(Q^2)&=&C_i^A(0)~~\left(1+\frac{Q^2}{M_A^2}\right)^{-2}\left(1+\frac{Q^2}{3M_A^2}\right)^{-1},~~~i=3,4,5\end{aligned}$$ Leitner et al. [@Leitner] and Paschos et al. [@Pasff] use the following form of the N-$\Delta$ vector transition form factor $$\label{civ_pas_leit} C_i^V(Q^2)=C_i^V(0)~\left(1+\frac{Q^2}{M_V^2}\right)^{-2}\left(1+\frac{Q^2}{4M_V^2}\right)^{-1}$$ where $C_3^V(0)=1.95$, $C_4^V(0)=-\frac{M}{W}~C_3^V(0)$, $C_5^V(Q^2)=0$ with W as the center of mass energy ($\sqrt{(p+q)^2}$) and $M_\Delta$ as the mass of $\Delta$. For the axial vector part they use the same parametrization as used by Lalakulich et al.[@Lalakulich]. In the reactions given by Eq.\[chan\_numu\_pi+\]-\[channels\_numubar\_pi-\], a $\Delta$ is produced, which subsequently decays into a nucleon and a pion, for example interaction of a neutrino with a proton inside the nucleus is given by $\nu_l(k) + p(p) \rightarrow l^-(k^\prime) + p(p^\prime) + \pi^+(k_\pi)$, for such a process the transition matrix element $\mathcal M_{fi}$ is given by $$\label{matrix_element} \mathcal M_{fi}=\sqrt{3}\frac{G_F cos\theta_{c}}{\sqrt{2}}\frac{f_{\pi N \Delta}}{m_{\pi}} \bar u({\bf p}^{\prime}) k^{\sigma}_{\pi} {\mathcal P}_{\sigma \lambda} \mathcal O^{\lambda \mu} l_{\mu} u({\bf p})$$ where $l_\mu$ is the leptonic current given by Eq.(\[lep\_curr\]), $\mathcal O^{\lambda \mu}$ is the N-$\Delta$ transition operator given by Eq.(\[mat\_vector\]) & Eq.(\[mat\_axial\]), and ${\mathcal P}^{\sigma \lambda}$ is the $\Delta$ propagator in momentum space which is given by : $$\label{prop} {\mathcal P}^{\sigma \lambda}=\frac{{\it P}^{\sigma \lambda}}{P^2-M_\Delta^2+iM_\Delta\Gamma}$$ with ${\it P}^{\sigma \lambda}$ as the spin-3/2 projection operator given as $$\begin{aligned} \label{propagator} {\it P}^{\sigma \lambda} = \sum_{spins} \psi^{\sigma} \bar \psi^{\lambda} = (\not P+M_{\Delta}) \left(g^{\sigma \lambda}-\frac{2}{3} \frac{P^{\sigma}P^{\lambda}}{M_{\Delta}^2}+\frac{1}{3}\frac{P^{\sigma} \gamma^{\lambda}-P^{\sigma} \gamma^{\lambda}}{M_{\Delta}}-\frac{1}{3}\gamma^{\sigma}\gamma^{\lambda}\right)\end{aligned}$$ and the delta decay width $\Gamma$ is taken from [@Oset] i.e.: $$\label{width} \Gamma(W)=\frac{1}{6 \pi}\left(\frac{f_{\pi N \Delta}}{m_{\pi}}\right)^2 \frac{M}{W}\|{\bf q}_{cm}\|^3$$ $\|{\bf q}_{cm}\|$ is the pion momentum in the rest frame of the resonance given by $$\|{\bf q}_{cm}\|=\frac{\sqrt{(W^2-m_\pi^2-M^2)^2-4m_\pi^2M^2}}{2W}$$ and $M$ is the mass of nucleon and W is the center of mass energy. In the nuclear medium the properties of $\Delta$ like its mass and decay width $\Gamma$ to be used in Eq.(\[prop\] ) are modified due to the nuclear effects. These are mainly due to the following processes. \(i) In the nuclear medium $\Delta$s decay mainly through the $\Delta \rightarrow N\pi$ channel. The final nucleons have to be above the Fermi momentum $k_F$ of the nucleon in the nucleus thus inhibiting the decay as compared to the free decay of the $\Delta$ described by $\Gamma$ in Eq.(\[width\]). This leads to a modification in the decay width of delta. We have taken these modifications given by [@Oset] where the modified delta decay width $\tilde\Gamma$ is given as $$\label{modified_width} \tilde\Gamma=\Gamma \times F(k_{F},E_{\Delta},k_{\Delta})$$ Here $F(k_{F},E_{\Delta},k_{\Delta})$ is the Pauli correction factor given by [@Oset]: $$\label{pauli_correction} F(k_{F},E_{\Delta},k_{\Delta})= \frac{k_{\Delta}\|{{\bf q}_{cm}}\|+E_{\Delta}{E^\prime_p}_{cm}-E_{F}{W}}{2k_{\Delta}\|{\bf q^\prime}_{cm}\|}$$ $E_F=\sqrt{M^2+k_F^2}$, $k_{\Delta}$ is the $\Delta$ momentum and $E_\Delta=\sqrt{W+k_\Delta^2}$. \(ii) In the nuclear medium there are additional decay channels open due to two and three body absorption processes like $\Delta N \rightarrow N N$ and $\Delta N N\rightarrow N N N$ through which $\Delta$ disappears in the nuclear medium without producing a pion, while a two body $\Delta$ absorption process like $\Delta N \rightarrow \pi N N$ gives rise to some more pions. These nuclear medium effects on the $\Delta$ propagation are included by describing the mass and the decay width in terms of the self energy of $\Delta$. These considerations lead to the following modifications in the width $\tilde\Gamma$ and mass $M_\Delta$ of the $\Delta$ resonance. $$\label{final_width} \frac{\tilde\Gamma}{2}\rightarrow\frac{\tilde\Gamma}{2} - Im\Sigma_\Delta~~\text{and}~~ M_\Delta\rightarrow M_\Delta + Re\Sigma_\Delta.$$ The expressions for the real and the imaginary parts of $\Sigma_\Delta$ are [@Oset]: $$\begin{aligned} \label{real_imag_selfenergy} Re{\Sigma}_{\Delta}&=&40 \frac{\rho}{\rho_{0}}MeV ~~and \nonumber\\ -Im{{\Sigma}_{\Delta}}&=&C_{Q}\left (\frac{\rho}{{\rho}_{0}}\right )^{\alpha}+C_{A2}\left (\frac{\rho}{{\rho}_{0}}\right )^{\beta}+C_{A3}\left (\frac{\rho}{{\rho}_{0}}\right )^{\gamma}~~~~\end{aligned}$$ In the above equation $C_{Q}$ accounts for the $\Delta N \rightarrow \pi N N$ process, $C_{A2}$ for the two-body absorption process $\Delta N \rightarrow N N$ and $C_{A3}$ for the three-body absorption process $\Delta N N\rightarrow N N N$. The coefficients $C_{Q}$, $C_{A2}$, $C_{A3}$ and $\alpha$, $\beta$ and $\gamma$ are taken from Ref. [@Oset]. Thus, in the local density approximation the expression for the total cross section for the neutrino induced charged current 1$\pi^+$ production from proton target is written as $$\begin{aligned} \label{sigma_inelas} \sigma_A(E)&=& \frac{1}{(4\pi)^5}\int_{r_{min}}^{r_{max}}\rho_{p}(r) d\vec r\int_{Q^{2}_{min}}^{Q^{2}_{max}}dQ^{2} \times \int^{k^\prime_{max}}_{k^\prime_{min}} d{k^\prime} \int_{-1}^{+1}dcos\theta_{\pi } \nonumber\\ &&\times \int_{0}^{2\pi}d\phi_{\pi} \frac{\pi\|\vec k^\prime\|\|\vec k_{\pi}\|}{M E_{\nu}^2 E_{l}}\frac{1}{E_{p}^{\prime}+E_{\pi}\left(1-\frac{\|\vec q\|}{\|\vec k_{\pi}\|}cos\theta_{\pi }\right)}\bar\Sigma \Sigma\|\mathcal M_{fi}\|^2\end{aligned}$$ Similar expression is obtained for the cross section for neutrino induced charged current 1$\pi^+$ production from neutron target with $\rho_{p}$ replaced by $\frac{1}{9}\rho_{n}$. A factor of $\frac{1}{9}$ comes with $\rho_n$ due to the Clebsch Gordan coefficient occurring in the production of $\pi^+$ from the neutron target ($\nu_\mu + n \rightarrow \mu^- + \Delta^+, \Delta^+ \rightarrow n + \pi^+) $ as compared to the $\pi^+$ production from the proton target. For the antineutrino induced $1\pi^-$ production process the factor of $\frac{1}{9}$ will come with $\rho_{p}$ i.e. $\pi^-$ would get produced dominantly from neutron target. The pions produced in these processes inside the nucleus may rescatter, produce more pions or may get absorbed while coming out from the final nucleus. These are treated using Monte Carlo simulations by generating a pion of given momentum and charge at a point [r]{} in the nucleus. Assuming the real part of the pion nuclear potential to be weak as compared with their kinetic energies, they are propagated following straight lines till they are out of the nucleus. At the beginning, the pions are placed at a point (${\bf r}={\bf b},z_{in}$), where $z_{in}= -\sqrt{{\bf R^2}-\|{\bf b}\|^2}$, with [b]{} as the random impact parameter, obeying $\|{\bf b}\|<R$. R is upper bound for the nuclear radius, which is chosen to be such that $\rho(R)\approx 10^{-3} \rho_{0}$, with $\rho_{0}$ is the normal nuclear matter density. The pion is then made to move along z-direction in small steps until it comes out of the nucleus. We have taken the results of Vicente Vacas [@Private] for the final state interaction of pions which has been discussed in Ref. [@Vicente]. COHERENT PION PRODUCTION ------------------------ The $\nu_{\mu}$ induced coherent one pion production on $^{16}O$ target is given by $\nu_{\mu} + _{8}^{16}O \rightarrow \mu^{-} + _{8}^{16}O + \pi^{+}$ for which the cross section is given by Eq.(\[sigma\_inelas\]). However, the matrix element $\mathcal M_{fi}$ is now given by $$\label{matrix_coh} \mathcal M_{fi} =\frac{G_{F}}{\sqrt{2}} cos\theta_{c} l^{\mu} J_{\mu} {\cal F}(\vec q - \vec k_{\pi})$$ where $l^{\mu}$ is the leptonic current given by Eq.(\[lep\_curr\]) and $J_{\mu}$ is the hadronic current given by [@Coh1] $$\label{coh_had_curr} J_{\mu}= \sqrt{3} \frac{f_{\pi N \Delta}}{m_{\pi}} \sum _{r,s} {\bar u_{s}}(p) k_{\pi \sigma}\mathcal P^{\sigma \lambda} \mathcal O_{\lambda \mu} u_{r}(p)$$ $P^{\sigma \lambda}$ is given by Eq.(\[prop\]), $\mathcal O_{\lambda \mu}$ is given by Eqs. (\[mat\_vector\]) and (\[mat\_axial\]), and u(p) is Dirac spinor for the nucleons. Here ${\cal F}(\vec q - \vec k_{\pi})$ is the nuclear form factor, given by $$\begin{aligned} \label{ff} {\cal F}(\vec q-\vec k_\pi)=\int d^{3}{\vec r} \left[{\rho_p ({\vec r})}+\frac{1}{3}{\rho_n ({\vec r})}\right]e^{-i({\vec q}-{\vec k}_\pi).{\vec r}}\end{aligned}$$ When pion absorption effects are taken into account using the Eikonal approximation then the nuclear form factor ${\cal F}({\vec q}-{\vec k_\pi})$ is modified to $\tilde{\cal F}({\vec q}-{\vec k_\pi})$, which is calculated in Eikonal approximation to be [@Carassco]: $$\label{mod_ff} \tilde{\cal F}({\vec q}-{\vec k_\pi})=2\pi\int_0^\infty b~db\int_{-\infty}^\infty dz~\rho({\vec b}, z)~J_0(k_\pi^tb)~~e^{i(\|{\vec q}\|-k_\pi^l)z} e^{-if({\vec b}, z)}$$ where $$f({\vec b}, z)=\int_z^{\infty} \frac{1}{2\|{\vec{k}_\pi}\|}{\Pi(\rho({\vec b}, z^\prime))}dz^\prime$$ $k_{\pi}^{l}$ and $k_{\pi}^{t}$ are the longitudinal and transverse components of the pion momentum and $\Pi$ is the self-energy of pion, the expression for which is taken from Ref. [@Carassco] and is given by $$\label{self_energy} \Pi(\rho({\vec b}, z^\prime))=\frac{4}{9}\left(\frac{f_{\pi N\Delta}}{m_\pi}\right)^2\frac{M^2}{W^2}\|{\vec k_\pi}\|^2~\rho({\vec b}, z^\prime)~\frac{1}{W-{\tilde M}_\Delta+\frac{i{\tilde \Gamma}}{2}}$$ Using the matrix element given by Eq.(\[matrix\_coh\]) and the modifications in the $\Delta$ mass and width in the nuclear medium given by Eq.(\[final\_width\]) we calculate the total scattering cross section $\sigma$ given in Eq.(\[sigma\_inelas\]). ![image](fig3_epja.eps) ![image](fig4_epja.eps) ![image](fig5_epja.eps) ![image](fig6_epja.eps) ![image](fig7_epja.eps) Results and Discussion ====================== Total Scattering Cross Section $\sigma$ --------------------------------------- For the charged current quasielastic(CCQE) reaction, the numerical results are obtained from Eq.(\[cross\_section\_quasi\]) using the expression for the form factors given by Bradford et al. [@BBBA05] with vector dipole mass ${M}_{V}$=0.84GeV and axial dipole mass $M_A$=1.1GeV. In the case of charged current induced incoherent and coherent pion productions the results for the total cross sections are obtained from Eq.(\[sigma\_inelas\]) using the matrix elements given in Eq.(\[matrix\_element\]) & Eq.(\[matrix\_coh\]) respectively and the N-$\Delta$ transition form factors given by Lalakulich et al. [@Lalakulich] given by Eq.(\[civ\_lala\]) and Eq.(\[cia\_lala\]) with $M_{A}$=1.1 GeV. In Figs.\[fg:fig3\]a-c, we have shown the results with nuclear medium effects for the total cross section $\sigma$ for CCQE and incoherent & coherent CC1$\pi^+$ production cross sections in $^{16}$O, for $\nu_\mu$ induced reaction. For the quasielastic process, in the case of charged current $\nu_\mu$ induced lepton production cross section the results have been presented for the cross section calculated for the free case, with nuclear medium effects without RPA i.e. our local Fermi gas model, and with nuclear medium effects including RPA. These results have been shown in Fig.(\[fg:fig3\]a). We find that when the cross section is calculated in the local Fermi gas model the reduction in the cross section is around $18\%$ at $\text E_{\nu_\mu}$=0.4GeV and around $10\%$ at $\text E_{\nu_\mu}$=1-3GeV from the cross sections calculated for the free case. However, when we encorporate the RPA effects, there is further reduction in the cross section which is about $30\%$ at $\text E_{\nu_\mu}$=0.4GeV, $15\%$ at $E_{\nu_\mu}$=1.0GeV and around $12\%$ at $E_{\nu_\mu}$=2-3GeV. The numerical results for the $\nu_\mu$ induced incoherent 1$\pi^+$ production process have been shown in Fig.(\[fg:fig3\]b) and we find that the nuclear medium effects lead to a reduction of around 40$\%$ for $\text E_{\nu_\mu}$=0.4 GeV, 30$\%$ for $\text E_{\nu_\mu}$=1.5 GeV and 28$\%$ for $\text E_{\nu_\mu}$=3 GeV. When pion absorption effects are also taken into account along with the nuclear medium effects there is a further reduction in the cross section which is around 15$\%$ for $\text E_{\nu_\mu}$=1.0 GeV and 12$\%$ for $\text E_{\nu_\mu}$=3 GeV. For $\nu_\mu$ induced coherent 1$\pi^+$ production process the numerical results have been shown in Fig.(\[fg:fig3\]c) and we find that the nuclear medium effects lead to a reduction of around 40$\%$ for $\text E_{\nu_\mu}$=0.8 GeV, 24$\%$ for $\text E_{\nu_\mu}$=2.0 GeV and 15$\%$ at $\text E_{\nu_\mu}$=3 GeV. When pion absorption effects are also taken into account along with the nuclear medium effects there is a further reduction in the cross section which is around 50$\%$ for $\text E_{\nu_\mu}$=0.8 GeV, 35$\%$ for $\text E_{\nu_\mu}$=2.0 GeV and 25$\%$ $\text E_{\nu_\mu}$=3 GeV. Thus, in the case of incoherent production of pions, the reduction due to nuclear medium effects in the production process is larger than the reduction due to final state interaction while in the case of coherent pion production, the reduction due to final state interaction is quite large as compared to the reduction due to the nuclear medium effects. Furthermore, the contribution of the cross section calculated in the case of coherent pion production process in the nuclear medium with final state interaction effects is around 6-7$\%$ to the total (incoherent+coherent) one pion production cross section in the energy region of $0.4GeV<E<3GeV$, and due to this we have not discussed the form factor dependence, $Q^2$ distribution, etc. in the results presented here for the coherent pion production process as their contribution to the total lepton events in the sub-GeV energy region of present interest is not very significant. Our results for the coherent process also agrees with the other recent calculations performed by the various groups [@Sehgal],[@Nieves],[@Ruso]. In Figs.(\[fg:fig4\]a) and (\[fg:fig4\]b), we have presented the results for the total scattering cross section $\sigma$ as a function of neutrino energy $E_\nu$ for the charged current lepton production process induced by neutrino(antineutrino) in $^{16}O$ in the case of quasielastic and incoherent 1$\pi$ production processes. These results have been presented for $\nu_e$, $\nu_\mu$, ${\bar\nu}_e$ and ${\bar\nu}_\mu$ in the local Fermi gas model with RPA effects in the case of quasielastic process and with nuclear medium and final state interaction effects in the case of incoherent 1$\pi^+$(neutrino) and 1$\pi^-$(antineutrino) production processes. In Figs.(\[fg:fig5\]a) and (\[fg:fig5\]b), we have compared our results for the $\nu_\mu$ and ${\bar\nu}_\mu$ induced charged current quasielastic lepton production cross sections in $^{16}O$, obtained in the local Fermi gas model with and without the RPA effects, with the results obtained in the Fermi gas model given by Smith and Moniz [@SmithMoniz] and Llewellyn Smith [@lsmith], which have been used in some of the Monte Carlo generators. We find that our results in the local Fermi gas model are in fairly good agreement (within 2$\%$) with their results [@SmithMoniz; @lsmith] in the case of $\nu_\mu$ induced process, while in the case of ${\bar\nu}_\mu$ process the results obtained in our local Fermi gas model are within 3-4$\%$ with the results obtained by using Llewellyn Smith’s [@lsmith] Fermi gas model, however, the results obtained by Smith and Moniz [@SmithMoniz] Fermi gas model is about 5-6$\%$ higher. We have also compared our results in the local FGM with the non-relativistic FGM of Gaisser and O’ Connell [@Gaisser](not shown here) and found the cross sections to be within 2-3 $\%$ at the neutrino energies of the present interest. When RPA correlation effects are taken into account the cross section decreases. We find that our results for the total scattering cross section $\sigma(E)$ in the case of charged current neutrino induced process calculated in the local FGM with RPA effects agree with the recent calculations performed by Leitner et al. [@Leitner1], Benhar et al.[@Benhar] and Nieves et al. [@Nieves1]. We have shown in Figs.(\[fg:fig6\]a) and (\[fg:fig6\]b), the effect of varying the axial dipole mass $M_A$ on the total scattering cross section $\sigma$ for the $\nu_\mu$ and ${\bar\nu}_\mu$ induced charged current quasielastic reaction cross sections in $^{16}O$, obtained in the local Fermi gas model with RPA effects using Bradford et al. [@BBBA05] parametrization of the weak form factors given in Eq.(\[ge\_gm\_bbba01\]) with vector dipole mass ${M}_{V}$=0.84GeV. We find that $\sigma$ increases by about 5$\%$ at $E_{\nu_\mu}$=0.5GeV and by 10$\%$ at $E_{\nu_\mu}$=2-3GeV when $M_A$ is taken as 1.21GeV, while it decreases by about 3$\%$ at $E_{\nu_\mu}$=0.5GeV and by 5$\%$ at $E_{\nu_\mu}$=2-3GeV when $M_A$=1.05GeV as compared to the cross sections calculated with $M_A$=1.1GeV. While in the case of ${\bar\nu}_\mu$ induced reaction cross section the dependence on $M_A$ becomes small which is around 6$\%$ at $E_{\bar \nu_\mu}$=1-3GeV when $M_A$ is taken as 1.21GeV, while the decrease is about 3$\%$ at $E_{\bar \nu_\mu}$=1-3GeV when $M_A$=1.05GeV as compared to the cross sections calculated with $M_A$=1.1GeV. We have studied the Landau-Migdal parameter ($g^{\prime}$) dependence(not shown here) given in Eq.\[longi\_part\], expression for which has been used in calculating the cross section with RPA effects, on the total cross section. We find that a 10$\%$ uncertainty in g$^\prime$ leads to a 5-6$\%$ of uncertainty in the cross section. Also we have studied the nuclear density dependence on the total scattering cross section(not shown here). Using other densities(modified harmonic oscillator or 3 parameter Fermi density) leads to 2-3$\%$ of uncertainty in the cross section. In Figs.(\[fg:fig7\]a) and (\[fg:fig7\]b), we have shown the effect of varying the axial dipole mass $M_A$ on the total scattering cross section $\sigma$ for the $\nu_\mu$ and ${\bar\nu}_\mu$ induced 1$\pi$ production cross sections in $^{16}O$ with nuclear medium and final state interaction effects. We have used the N-$\Delta$ transition form factor parameterizations given by Lalakulich et al. [@Lalakulich]. We find that $\sigma$ increases by about 5$\%$ at $E_\nu$=0.5GeV and by 12$\%$ at $E_\nu$=2-3GeV when $M_A$ is taken as 1.21GeV, while it decreases by about 3$\%$ at $E_\nu$=0.5GeV and by 6$\%$ at $E_\nu$=2-3GeV when $M_A$=1.05GeV as compared to the cross sections calculated with $M_A$=1.1GeV. While in the case of ${\bar\nu}_\mu$ induced reaction cross section the dependence on $M_A$ becomes small which is around 10$\%$ at $E_{{\bar\nu}_\mu}$=1-3GeV when $M_A$ is taken as 1.21GeV, while the decrease is about 6$\%$ at $E_\nu$=1-3GeV when $M_A$=1.05GeV as compared to the cross sections calculated with $M_A$=1.1GeV. Our results for the total scattering cross section $\sigma(E)$ in the case of charged current neutrino induced incoherent pion production process in the $\Delta$ dominance model calculated with nuclear medium and final state interaction effects agree with the numerical results of Leitner et al. [@Leitner1] and Benhar et al.[@Benhar]. Differential Scattering Cross Section $<\frac{d{\sigma}}{dQ^2}>$ ---------------------------------------------------------------- In this section we shall present the results for the flux averaged differential scattering cross section $<\frac{d{\sigma}}{dQ^2}>$ as a function of $Q^2$. This has been obtained by integrating $\frac{d{\sigma}}{dQ^2}$ over the atmospheric neutrino flux given by Honda et al. [@Honda2] for the SuperK site. The flux averaged differential scattering cross section $<\frac{d{\sigma}}{dQ^2}>$ is defined as $$\label{avg_diff_xsec} <\frac{d{\sigma}}{dQ^2}>=\frac{\int_{{E_\nu}_{min}}^{{E_\nu}_{max}} \frac{d{\sigma}}{dQ^2} \phi(E) dE}{\int_{{E_\nu}_{min}}^{{E_\nu}_{max}} \phi(E) dE}$$ where $\frac{d{\sigma}}{dQ^2}$ is the differential scattering cross section for the $Q^2$ distribution and $\phi(E)$ is the atmospheric neutrino flux. We discuss the nuclear medium modification effects on $Q^2$-distribution, the effect of $M_A$ and different parameterizations of the various isovector form factors in the case of quasielastic process and N-$\Delta$ transition form factors in the case of 1$\pi$ production process on $Q^2$ distribution. In addition to these, we shall also present the results to show the dependence of $Q^2$ distribution for the two fluxes Kam1997 and Kam2000 given by Honda [@Honda2]. In Figs.(\[fg:fig8\]a) and (\[fg:fig8\]b), we present the results for the $Q^2$-distribution in the case of charged current quasielastic lepton production process induced by electron and muon neutrino(antineutrino). The results have been presented for the $Q^2$-distribution calculated in the local Fermi gas model with and without RPA effects. In the case of $\nu_e$ and $\nu_\mu$ induced processes the results have been shown in Fig.(\[fg:fig8\]a). We find that in the case of $\nu_e$ induced process the differential cross section is calculated in the local Fermi gas model with RPA effects the reduction in the cross section is around 42$\%$ in the peak region of $Q^2$(=0.044GeV$^2$) and around 30$\%$ at $Q^2$=0.2GeV$^2$ as compared to the cross section calculated without the RPA effects. For ${\bar\nu}_e$, there is a shift in the peak region which is towards low $Q^2$(=0.022GeV$^2$) and the reduction is around 35$\%$ which is smaller than in the case of $\nu_e$ induced process and at high $Q^2$ (=0.1GeV$^2$) the reduction is around 30$\%$ as compared to the cross section calculated without the RPA effects. When a cut on the electron’s energy ($E_e < 1.33GeV$) and momenta($p_e \geq 100MeV$) is applied, then there is a small change in the $Q^2$ spectrum which in turn leads to a small change in the event rates. In the case of $\nu_\mu$ induced process the reduction in the cross section when RPA effects are taken into account is around 40$\%$ in the peak region of $Q^2$(=0.06GeV$^2$) and around $30\%$ at $Q^2$=0.2GeV$^2$ as compared to the cross section calculated without the RPA effects in the local Fermi gas model. In the case of ${\bar\nu}_\mu$, there is a shift in the peak region which is towards low $Q^2$(=0.028GeV$^2$) and the reduction is around $36\%$ which is smaller than in the case of $\nu_\mu$ induced process and at high $Q^2$ (=0.2GeV$^2$) the reduction is around $22\%$ as compared to the cross section calculated without the RPA effects. When a cut on the muon’s energy ($E_{\mu} < 1.33GeV$) and momenta($p_{\mu} \geq 200MeV$) are applied, then there is a large suppression in the $Q^2$ distribution in the peak region as shown in the Fig.\[fg:fig8\]. We find that the inclusion of RPA effects in our local Fermi gas model with a cut on muon’s momenta and energy results in a large suppression in the event rates in comparison to the muon events calculated by using the local Fermi gas model without RPA effects and without applying cuts on the muon’s energy and momenta. The $Q^2$ distribution in the case of charged current electron and muon neutrino(antineutrino) induced incoherent 1$\pi^+$(1$\pi^-$) production processes have been shown in Figs.(\[fg:fig9\]a) and (\[fg:fig9\]b). The results have been shown without and with the effect of nuclear medium as well as with the final state interaction of pions taken into account along with the nuclear medium effects. In the case of $\nu_e$ and $\nu_\mu$ induced processes the results have been shown in Fig.(\[fg:fig9\]a). We find that in the case of $\nu_e$ induced process when the cut is applied on the electron’s energy($E_e < 1.33GeV$) and momenta($p_e \geq 100MeV$), and the nuclear medium effects are also taken into account, the reduction in the cross section is around 36$\%$ in the peak region of $Q^2$(=0.08GeV$^2$) and around 33$\%$ at $Q^2$=0.7GeV$^2$ as compared to the cross section calculated without taking nuclear medium effects into account. When final state interactions effects are also taken into account there is a further reduction of around 15$\%$ in the peak region and around 14$\%$ at $Q^2$=0.7GeV$^2$. For ${\bar\nu}_e$, there is a shift in the peak region which is towards low $Q^2$(=0.002GeV$^2$) and the reduction is around 35$\%$ and at high $Q^2$ (=0.2GeV$^2$) the reduction is around 30$\%$ as compared to the cross section calculated without medium effects. Here we have also shown the results of the $Q^2$ distribution calculated by including nuclear medium and final state interaction effects but without applying any cuts on lepton energy and momenta, it has been found that this results in an enhancement in the distribution particularly in the peak region of $Q^2$. In the case of $\nu_{\mu}$ induced process, when the differential cross section is calculated by applying cuts on the lepton’s energy and momenta, with the nuclear medium effects taken into account, the reduction in the cross section is around $35\%$ in the peak region of $Q^2$($\approx$0.1GeV$^2$) as compared to the cross section calculated without the nuclear medium effects. When pion absorption effect is also taken into account there is further reduction of about $15\%$. In the case of ${\bar\nu}_\mu$ induced process there is a shift in the peak region which is towards low $Q^2$(=0.02GeV$^2$) and the nature of reduction is almost the same as in the case of $\nu_\mu$ induced process. When there is no cut applied on the muon’s energy and momenta, then there is a change in the nature of reduction. For example, in the case of $\nu_{\mu}$ induced process the reduction in the cross section calculated with the nuclear medium effects taken into account, is around 35$\%$ in the peak region of $Q^2$ as compared to the differential cross section calculated without the nuclear medium effects, and when pion absorption effect is also taken into account there is further reduction of about 14$\%$, while for $\bar \nu_{\mu}$ induced process this reduction is around 30$\%$ in the peak region and with medium and final state interaction effects taken into account, the further reduction in the differential cross section is around 12$\%$. To see the effect of applying cuts on the muon’s energy and momenta, we calculate $Q^2$ distribution with medium effects and final state interaction effects and find that when cuts are taken into account in the case of $\nu_{\mu}$ induced reaction the reduction is around 45$\%$ in the peak region and becomes 32$\%$ around $Q^2=$0.7$ GeV^2$. However, in the case of $\bar \nu_{\mu}$ induced reaction this reduction is around 35$\%$ in the peak region and becomes 24$\%$ around $Q^2=$0.2$ GeV^2$. ![image](fig8_epja.eps) ![image](fig9_epja.eps) ![image](fig10_epja.eps) In Fig.(\[fg:fig10\]a), we show the results for the $Q^2$ distribution in the case of charged current quasielastic lepton production process induced by $\nu_e$, $\bar\nu_e$, $\nu_\mu$ and $\bar\nu_\mu$ in $^{16}$O calculated in the local Fermi gas model with RPA effects. The results for the $Q^2$ distribution in the case of charged current incoherent 1$\pi^+$ production process induced by $\nu_e$, $\nu_\mu$, and 1$\pi^-$ production process induced by $\bar\nu_e$, $\bar\nu_\mu$ in $^{16}$O with nuclear medium and pion absorption effects have been shown in Fig.(\[fg:fig10\]b). ![image](fig11_epja.eps) We have shown in Figs.(\[fg:fig11\]a) and (\[fg:fig11\]b), the effect of various parameterizations of the isovector vector form factors on the $Q^2$ distribution in the case of charged current quasielastic lepton production process induced by $\nu_e$ and $\bar\nu_e$ in $^{16}$O calculated in the local Fermi gas model with RPA effects. The results have been shown with the parameterizations given by Budd et al. [@BBA03], Bradford et al. [@BBBA05], Bosted et al. [@Bosted] and Alberico et al. [@Alberico]. We find that the use of various parametrization for the isovector form factor results in a very small change in the $Q^2$ distribution in the peak region. In Figs.(\[fg:fig12\]a) and (\[fg:fig12\]b), the dependence of the various parameterizations of the N-$\Delta$ transition form factors on the $Q^2$-distribution in the case of charged current 1$\pi^+$ production process induced by $\nu_e$ and 1$\pi^-$ production process induced by $\bar\nu_e$ in $^{16}$O with nuclear medium and pion absorption effects have been shown. These results are obtained by using the N-$\Delta$ transition form factors parameterizations given by Lalakulich et al. [@Lalakulich], Paschos et al. [@Pasff] and Schreiner et al. [@schvon]. We find that in the case of $\nu_e$ induced pion production process the differential cross section obtained by Paschos et al. [@Pasff] is 5-7$\%$ smaller in the region of $Q^2 \approx$0.1-0.5GeV$^2$, while the differential cross section obtained by Schreiner et al. [@schvon] is 5$\%$ smaller at low Q$^2$ and which increases to around 10-16$\%$ for Q$^2$=0.2-0.4GeV$^2$, than the cross section calculated with Lalakulich et al. [@Lalakulich] parameterization. In the case of $\bar\nu_e$ induced process the use of various parametrization for the N-$\Delta$ transition form factors results in a very small change in the peak region of $Q^2$ distribution. To show the dependence of the different fluxes at the Superkamiokande site for the Solar minimum and Solar maximum defined by Kam1997 and Kam2000 by Honda et al. [@Honda1], we have obtained the numerical results for the $Q^2$ distribution in the case of charged current quasielastic lepton production process induced by $\nu_\mu$ and $\bar\nu_\mu$ reactions in $^{16}$O calculated in the local Fermi gas model with RPA effects. The results for $\nu_\mu$ induced process is shown in Fig.(\[fg:fig13\]a) and for the $\bar\nu_\mu$ induced process the results are shown in Fig.(\[fg:fig13\]b). We find that these two fluxes result in a very small difference in the $Q^2$ distribution. Similarly in the case of inelastic one pion production cross section we find that the difference in the numerical results calculated using these two fluxes is very small. ![image](fig12_epja.eps) ![image](fig13_epja.eps) Muon Events ----- ------------------------------------------------------------------ ----------- ----------------- ----------------- Process Free Case FGM FGM With RPA I $\nu_{\mu}n \rightarrow \mu^{-}p(in ^{16}O)$ 3332 2472 1894 II $\bar \nu_{\mu}p \rightarrow \mu^{+}n(in ^{16}O)$ 966 620 461 III $\bar \nu_{\mu}p \rightarrow \mu^{+}n$(on free p due to $H_{2}$) 241 241$^{\dagger}$ 241$^{\dagger}$ $\nu_{\mu}+\bar \nu_{\mu}$ 4539 3232 2596 Electron Events Process Free Case FGM FGM With RPA IV $\nu_e n \rightarrow e^{-}p$(in $^{16}O$) 2332 1754 1278 V $\bar \nu_e p \rightarrow e^{+}n$(in $^{16}O$) 609 358 266 VI $\bar \nu_e p \rightarrow e^{+}n$(on free p due to $H_2$) 152 152$\dagger$ 152$\dagger$ $\nu_e + \bar \nu_e$ 3093 2264 1696 Muon Events ------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------- ------------------- Inelastic Process Free Case Medium effects with Pion abspn VII $\nu_{\mu}p \rightarrow \mu^{-}\Delta^{++}$(on free p due to $H_{2}$) 154 154 VIII $\bar \nu_{\mu}p \rightarrow \mu^{+}\Delta^{0}$(on free p due to$ H_{2}$) 12 12 IX $\nu_{\mu} ^{16}O$($\mu^{-}$ accompanied by $\pi^{0}$) 171 92 X $\bar \nu_\mu ^{16}O$ ($\mu^{+}$ accompanied by $\pi^0$ 40 23 XI $\nu_\mu ^{16}O$($\mu^{-}$ accompanied by $\pi^+$) 756 409 XII $\bar \nu_\mu ^{16}O$($\mu^{+}$ accompanied by $\pi^-$) 179 102 XIII $\nu_\mu +\bar \nu_\mu$(Coherent) 233 30 XIV $\nu_\mu +\bar \nu_\mu$ (Quasielastic like events from Inelastic Process) - 344 $\nu_\mu +\bar \nu_\mu$ 1545 1166 Electron Events Inelastic Process Free case Medium Effects with Pion Abspn XV $\nu_e p \rightarrow e^{-} \Delta^{++}$(on free p due to $H_2$) 98 98 XVI $\bar \nu_e p \rightarrow e^{+} \Delta^0$(on free p due to $H_2$) 6 6 XVII $\nu_e ^{16}O$ ($e^{-}$ accompanied by $\pi^0$) 99 53 XVIII $\bar \nu_e ^{16}O$ ($e^{+}$ accompanied by $\pi^0$) 21 12 XIX $\nu_e ^{16}O$ ($e^{-}$ accompanied by $\pi^+$) 501 269 XX $\bar \nu_e ^{16}O$ ($e^{+}$ accompanied by $\pi^-$) 91 52 XXI $\nu_e +\bar \nu_e$ (Coherent) 148 19 XXII $\nu_e +\bar \nu_e$ (Quasielastic like events from inelastic process) - 200 $\nu_e +\bar \nu_e$ 964 709 Process $\nu_{e} + \bar \nu_{e}$ $\nu_{\mu} + \bar \nu_{\mu}$ ----------------------------------------------- -------------------------- ------------------------------ Free case(QE+Inelastic) 4057 6084 FGM without RPA+Inelastic with nuclear medium 2973 4499 and final state interaction effects FGM with RPA +Inelastic with nuclear medium 2405 3762 and final state interaction effects Monte Carlo events 2533.9 3979.7 Reported by experiments 3353 3227 Total lepton events ------------------- Here we are going to present the results for the total number of lepton events for the sub-GeV energy region. These results have been presented for a 22.5kT water fiducial mass for 1489 days, and we have put a cut on the lepton’s energy $E_l~<~1.33GeV$ and momenta of electrons and muons as $p_e>$100MeV and $p_\mu>$200MeV. We have integrated the total scattering cross section $\sigma$ over the atmospheric neutrino flux given by Honda et al. [@Honda2] for the SuperK cite. The flux averaged cross section is defined as $$\label{avg_xsection} <\sigma>=\int_{{E_\nu}_{min}}^{{E_\nu}_{max}} \sigma(E) \phi(E) dE$$ where $\sigma(E)$ is the total scattering cross section and $\phi(E)$ is the atmospheric neutrino flux. In Table-I the lepton event rates have been obtained for the CCQE processes induced by $\nu_{l}$ and $\bar \nu_{l}$ ($l=e,\mu$). In Table-II the lepton event rates have been obtained for the CC1$\pi$ production due to $\nu_{l}$ and $\bar \nu_{l}$ ($l=e,\mu$)induced reactions in $^{16}O$, as well as the leptons obtained from $\nu_{l}$ and $\bar \nu_{l}$ ($l=e,\mu$)induced reactions on the free protons and the leptons accompanied by $\pi^0$ in the neutrino(antineutrino) induced processes. In Table-III, we have presented the total lepton events from $\nu_{l}+\bar \nu_{l}$ (e or $\mu$) induced quasielastic and inelastic pion production processes. Here we have compared our final results (leptons obtained from CCQE reaction in local FGM with RPA effect + CC1$\pi$ production with nuclear medium and final state interaction effects) with the experimentally observed lepton events by SuperK collaboration and also with the lepton events used in the Monte Carlo analysis of these events by the SuperK collaboration [@Atmos2]. In our calculations for predicting the lepton events, we have considered the following channels. In the quasielastic process the contributions to the lepton events have been taken from the channels (i) $\nu_l n \rightarrow l^- p(in~ ^{16}O)$, (ii) $\bar \nu_l p \rightarrow l^+ n(in~ ^{16}O)~$ and (iii) $\bar\nu_l p \rightarrow l^{+} n~$(on free p due to $H_{2}$ ). In the case of incoherent pion production process the various channels contributing to the lepton events are (i) $\nu_l p \rightarrow l^{-} \Delta^{++}~$(on free p due to $H_{2}~$), (ii) $\bar \nu_l p \rightarrow l^{+} \Delta^{0}~$(on free p due to $ H_{2}~$), (iii) $\nu_l~ ^{16}O$ ($l^-$ accompanied by $\pi^{0}$ ), (iv) $\bar\nu_l ~^{16}O$ ($l^+$ accompanied by $\pi^0$ ), (v) $\nu_l ~^{16}O$ ( $l^-$ accompanied by $\pi^+$ ), (vi) $\bar \nu_l~ ^{16}O$ ( $l^+$ accompanied by $\pi^-$). In the case of coherent process the contributions would come from (i) $\nu_l + ^{16}O \rightarrow l^- + \pi^+ +^{16}O$ and (ii) $\bar\nu_l + ^{16}O \rightarrow l^+ + \pi^- +^{16}O$ processes. In the case of incoherent and coherent pion production processes, when pion absorption effects are taken into account, the pions which are produced but get absorbed while coming out of the nucleus, the reaction produces only lepton. Such reactions give leptons without the pions in the final state and are labelled as quasielastic like events. We have also considered quasielastic like events in calculating the event rates. The effect of nuclear medium effects on the total number of lepton events can be summarised by saying that it leads to a reduction of 40$\%$ in the event rate. Conclusions =========== In this work we have studied the nuclear effects in the charged lepton production in water induced by atmospheric neutrinos at the SuperK site. The energy dependence for the total cross section for the quasielastic, incoherent and coherent pion productions have been calculated in the local density approximation for neutrino(antineutrino) induced reactions in $^{16}O$. We find that nuclear medium effects play a very important role in the study of $\sigma$ as well as flux averaged differential cross section $<\frac{d\sigma}{dQ^2}>$. The total lepton production event rate is compared with the experimental observed numbers at SuperK and also with the numbers used in their Monte Carlo[@Atmos2]. We conclude the following: \(i) In the case of neutrino induced charged current quasielastic lepton production process, the nuclear medium effects like Pauli blocking, Fermi motion effects, renormalization of weak transition strengths in the nuclear medium, reduces the cross section. This reduction is large in the energy region of $E_\nu$= 0.4-0.5GeV than the reduction in the energy region of $E_\nu$=1-3GeV as compared to the cross section calculated for the free case. However, in the case of antineutrino this reduction is more than in the case of neutrino as compared to the cross section calculated for the free case. In the incoherent charged current lepton production process accompanied by a pion, the reduction in the cross section due to the nuclear medium effects is more than the reduction due to the final state interaction of pions. While in the case of coherent pion production, the reduction due to final state interaction is quite large as compared to the reduction due to the nuclear medium effects. Furthermore, we find that the contribution of the cross section calculated in the case of coherent pion production process in the nuclear medium and final state interaction effects is around 6-7$\%$ to the total (incoherent+coherent) one pion production cross section in the energy region of $0.4GeV<E<3GeV$, and due to this we have not considered the form factor dependence, $Q^2$ distribution, etc. in this case. \(ii) We find that in the case of neutrino, the Q$^2$ distribution calculated in the local Fermi gas model with RPA effects results in a large reduction in the peak region of $Q^2$. For antineutrino induced process, there is a shift in the peak region which is towards low Q$^2$ and the reduction is smaller than in the case of neutrino induced process. In the case of incoherent one pion production process, there is a reduction in the peak region of $Q^2$ by taking medium effects into account which becomes smaller at large value of Q$^2$. When pion absorption effects are also taken along with medium effects then there is a further reduction in the distribution. For antineutrino induced process, peak shifted towards low Q$^2$ and the reduction is smaller than in the case of neutrino induced process. \(iii) The dependence of the axial dipole mass $M_A$ on the total scattering cross section for the neutrino induced charged current quasielastic process and for the incoherent charged current lepton production process in $^{16}O$ is studied. We find that the scattering cross section increases when $M_A$ is taken as 1.21GeV, while it decreases when $M_A$=1.05GeV as compared to the cross sections calculated with $M_A$=1.1GeV. In the case of antineutrino induced reaction the dependence on $M_A$ becomes small. \(iv) The dependence of the various parameterizations of the isovector form factors on the $Q^2$ distribution in the case of charged current quasielastic lepton production process and N-$\Delta$ transition form factors in the case of charged current 1$\pi^+$(1$\pi^-$) production process induced by neutrino(antineutrino) in $^{16}$O has been studied. For the quasielastic process results have been presented with the parameterizations given by Budd et al. [@BBA03], Bradford et al. [@BBBA05], Bosted et al. [@Bosted] and Alberico et al. [@Alberico]. We find that the use of various parametrization for the isovector form factor in the case of charged current quasielastic lepton production process results in a very small change in the peak region of $Q^2$. In the case of incoherent one pion production process these results are obtained by using the N-$\Delta$ transition form factor parameterizations given by Lalakulich et al. [@Lalakulich], Paschos et al. [@Pasff] and Schreiner et al. [@schvon]. We find that in the case of neutrino induced pion production process the differential cross section obtained by Paschos et al. [@Pasff] and Schreiner et al. [@schvon] is smaller in the region of low Q$^2$, which increases by small amount for Q$^2$=0.2-0.4GeV$^2$, than the cross section calculated with Lalakulich et al. [@Lalakulich] parameterization. In the case of antineutrino induced process there is very small change in the $Q^2$ distribution. \(v) Nuclear medium effects play an important role in reducing the number of events obtained by integrating $\sigma$ over the atmospheric neutrino flux. In the case of $\nu+\bar\nu$ induced quasielastic lepton production the reduction is around $25\%$ when the events are calculated in the local Fermi gas model without the RPA effects and a total reduction of around $45\%$ when RPA effects are also taken into account in comparison to the lepton events calculated for the free case. In the case of inelastic lepton production the reduction from the events calculated without medium effects is around $40\%$ in the case of incoherent pion production and around 85$\%$ in the case of coherent pion production, which results in a net reduction of around 50$\%$ when nuclear medium and final state interaction effects are taken into account. The lepton events from the inelastic process also contribute to the quasielastic events even when there are no pions in the final state because of its absorption while coming out of the nucleus. Such quasielastic like events contribute around 12$\%$ to the total quasielastic lepton events. We find that for the total lepton events obtained by integrating the total cross section cross section($\sigma$) over the atmospheric neutrino flux results in a large reduction in the event rates when RPA effects are taken into account. Therefore, the results with nuclear medium effects for muon and electron events may be important in the analysis of neutrino oscillation experiments. Thus, we conclude that in the future neutrino oscillation experiments to be performed at SuperK on the atmospheric neutrino or the accelerator neutrinos like T2K and NO$\nu$A, the study of nuclear medium effects in predicting the event rates would play a very important role. 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Top 2 High Growth Alternative Energy Stocks Trading At Lows Being Bought By Mega Funds In this article, via an analysis based on the latest available Q4 institutional 13-F filings, we identify the alternative energy stocks that are being accumulated and those being distributed by the world's largest fund managers. We have included in this group companies operating in the solar and wind groups, as well as biofuel-based companies. These mega managers, managing between $50 billion and over $700 billion in 13-F assets, control over 35% of the assets invested in the U.S. equity markets, but number just over 30 out of the tens of thousands of funds that invest in the U.S. equity markets. Taken together, they are bearish on the group, cutting a net $95 million in Q4 from their $8.77 billion prior quarter holdings in the group. The following are the alternative energy companies that these mega fund managers are most bullish about, that are trading at their lows, and that are also projected based on consensus analyst estimates to grow their revenues at a high growth rate over the next two years (see Table): Maxwell Technologies Inc. (NASDAQ:MXWL): Maxwell is a leading developer and manufacturer of innovative, cost-effective storage and power delivery solutions, including the manufacture of high-voltage capacitors, ultra-capacitors and radiation-mitigated micro-electronics. Mega funds together added a net $5 million in Q4 to their $60 million prior quarter position in the company, and taken together mega funds hold 26.6% of the outstanding shares. The top buyers were Wells Fargo ($3 million) and Los Angeles-based Capital World Investors, with over $262 billion in 13-F assets ($2 million), and the top holders were mutual fund powerhouse Fidelity Investments ($18 million) and Vanguard Group, with $1.6 trillion in assets under management ($12 million). MXWL shares plunged the week before last, on Friday, after the company reported that in its Q1 (March), while it beat analyst earnings estimates (7c v/s 4c), it guided down on both Q2 ($41-$42 million v/s $47 million) and FY 2012 revenues ($181-$189 million v/s $201 million). The stock gapped down huge the morning after the report, and is currently down 44% since the report came out, and is trading at multi-year lows. A number of brokers, most notably Ardour Capital and Needham, came out in support of the stock, arguing that the projected softness was temporary and that the stock was an even more compelling buy after the drop given that the long-term fundamentals remain intact. Specifically, Ardour lowered their target price to $18 from $25, but that's still well above the $8.88 close today. Currently, consensus estimates from about ten analysts covering the company project that revenues will rise from $157 million in 2011 to $183 million in 2012 and on to $224 million in 2013, at a very respectable growth rate of 19.5%. At the same time, analysts are also projecting that margins will rise during the period, with earnings rising from 17c in 2011 to 26c in 2012 and on to 56c in 2013, at an annual growth rate of 82%. Of the twelve analysts that cover the company, ten rate it at buy/strong buy and the remaining two at hold, with a mean target of $18, well above current prices in the $9 range. Amyris Inc. (NASDAQ:AMRS): AMRS sells ethanol produced by third parties under short-term agreements through a network of storage terminals. Mega funds together added a net $4 million in Q4 to their $12 million prior quarter position in the company, and taken together mega funds hold 15.1% of the outstanding shares. The top buyer was mutual fund powerhouse Fidelity Investments ($4 million), also the top holder at $11 million. AMRS reported its Q1 (March) on Tuesday, missing on both analyst revenue ($30 million v/s $46 million) and earnings estimates ($1.02 loss v/s 65c loss). The stock as a result was down about 22% Wednesday, tracking all-time lows. This is at least the fourth quarter in a row that AMRS has missed estimates, and shares as a result are down about 85% YTD and more than 90% in the past year. Looking forward, however, analysts consensus estimates based on about eight analysts project that revenues will rise going forward from $147 million in 2011 to $234 million in 2012 and on to $404 million in 2013, at an annual growth rate of 65.8%, while losses fall from $3.42 in 2011 to $1.81 in 2012 and on to a projected 78c loss in 2013. The following are some additional alternative energy companies that mega fund managers accumulated in Q4 (see Table): Archer Daniels Midland (NYSE:ADM), mainly a processer and marketer of agricultural commodities, and also the largest ethanol producer in the U.S., in which mega funds together added a net $32 million in Q4 to their $5.25 billion prior quarter position in the company; Sunpower Corp. (NASDAQ:SPWR), that is an integrated solar products and services company that designs, manufactures, and delivers solar electric systems for residential, commercial, and utility-scale power plant customers worldwide, in which mega funds together added a net $19 million in Q4 to their $37 million prior quarter position in the company; Solazyme Inc. (NASDAQ:SZYM), engaged in the production of renewable oils from low-cost sugar feedstocks for use as fuels and chemicals, nutrition, and for skin and personal care, in which mega funds together added a net $12 million in Q4 to their $56 million prior quarter position in the company; First Solar Inc. (NASDAQ:FSLR), that manufactures and sells solar modules using a thin-film semiconductor technology for residential and commercial markets in the U.S., Europe and Asia, in which mega funds together added a net $4 million in Q4 to their $517 million prior quarter position in the company; EnergySolutions Inc. (NYSE:ES-OLD), a provider of specialized, technology-based nuclear services to government and commercial customers, in which mega funds together added a net $3 million in Q4 to their $43 million prior quarter position in the company; and Yingli Green Energy (NYSE:YGE), that is a Chinese manufacturer engaged in the design, development, marketing, manufacture, installation, and sale of photovoltaic products, including PV cells, PV modules, and integrated PV systems, as well as poly-silicon ingots, blocks, and wafers, in which mega funds together added a net $1 million in Q4 to their $42 million prior quarter position in the company. Besides these, mega fund managers based on their Q4 trading activity indicated that they are bearish on the following alternative energy companies: GT Advanced Tech Inc. (GTAT), that provides poly-silicon production technology and multi-crystalline ingot growth systems, and related photovoltaic (PV) manufacturing services for the solar industry worldwide, in which mega funds together cut a net $17 million in Q4 from their $296 million prior quarter position; Trina Solar Ltd. (NYSE:TSL), that is a vertically-integrated Chinese manufacturer of mono-crystalline ingots, wafers and cells to the assembly of high quality solar modules, in which mega funds together cut a net $14 million in Q4 from their $95 million prior quarter position; A123 Systems Inc. (AONE), that manufactures rechargeable lithium-ion batteries and battery systems for transportation, utility and consumer markets, in which mega funds together cut a net $9 million in Q4 from their $37 million prior quarter position; JA Solar Holdings (NASDAQ:JASO), that is a Chinese manufacturer of mono-crystalline and multi-crystalline solar cells for solar modules and systems, in which mega funds together cut a net $8 million in Q4 from their $22 million prior quarter position; Ormat Technologies Inc. (NYSE:ORA), that designs, develops, and operates geothermal and recovered energy-based power plants worldwide, in which mega funds together cut a net $6 million in Q4 from their $92 million prior quarter position; Suntech Power Holdings (NYSE:STP), that is a Chinese manufacturer of photo-voltaic cells and modules for worldwide distribution, in which mega funds together cut a net $3 million in Q4 from their $27 million prior quarter position; LDK Solar Co. (NYSE:LDK), that is a Chinese manufacturer of multi-crystalline solar wafers that are the principal raw material used to produce solar cells, in which mega funds together cut a net $4 million in Q4 from their $41 million prior quarter position; Green Plains Renewable Energy (NASDAQ:GPRE), that is among the top five ethanol producers in North America, operating ethanol plants in Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, and Tennessee, in which mega funds together cut a net $3 million in Q4 from their $42 million prior quarter position; Power One Inc. (NASDAQ:PWER), that designs, manufactures, and markets power conversion and power management solutions for the renewable energy, communications infrastructure, and other high technology markets, in which mega funds together cut a net $2 million in Q4 from their $100 million prior quarter position; and Rentech Inc. (NASDAQ:RTK), that is engaged in the commercialization of its proprietary Rentech-SilvaGas biomass gasification process that converts multiple biomass feedstocks into synthesis gas (syngas) for the production of renewable fuels and power, in which mega funds together cut a net $1 million in Q4 from their $73 million prior quarter position. Table (click to enlarge) Credit: Fundamental data in this article were based on SEC filings, Zacks Investment Research, Thomson Reuters and Briefing.com. The information and data is believed to be accurate, but no guarantees or representations are made. Disclosure: I have no positions in any stocks mentioned, but may initiate a long position in AONE over the next 72 hours. Disclaimer: Material presented here is for informational purposes only. Nothing in this article should be taken as a solicitation to purchase or sell securities. Before buying or selling any stock you should do your own research and reach your own conclusion. 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1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a video-on-demand storage server and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for optimizing data retrieval performance in disk drives exploiting zone bit recording. 2. Description of the Related Art Currently, video tapes may be rented at video rental stores. Typically, the video tapes are rented for one to three nights at a time. The subject matter of the available tapes include movies, entertainment games, and the like. There are certain disadvantages in renting video tapes from video rental stores. First, the selection of movies at each video rental store is limited. Second, the number of rentable copies of each particular video tape is also limited. As a result, all the people seeking to rent a recently released popular movie will not be able to rent a video tape containing a copy of the movie. Hence, the availability of the video tapes cannot be guaranteed. Third, the people renting video tapes are required to go to the video rental store to select and rent a video tape, view the tape, and then return to the video rental store to return the tape. It is time consuming and typically inconvenient for the user to frequent the video store twice in order to view a video tape. Lately, video-on-demand (VOD) systems have received a lot of attention because of their ability to solve these problems. In general, a VOD system would include a central storage server having numerous videos stored in digital form, a controller, a communication network, and customer equipment boxes. A customer would select an available movie (i.e., movie stored in the storage server) using the customer's equipment box. The controller would then transmit the selected movie over the communication network to the customer's equipment box. The customer then views the movie on his/her television without ever having to enter a video rental store. Although file servers exist for applications such as on-line transaction processing, the architecture of the file servers is not well suited to VOD applications. As an example, on-line transaction processing tends to transfer numerous unrelated small pieces of data whose identities are disclosed only when urgently needed, whereas VOD servers are required to concurrently provide a large number of smooth streams of data. The rate of each stream is currently several times lower than the sustained transfer rate of a single magnetic disk drive. For example, a typical stream rate is between 1.5 and 6 Megabits per second, whereas the sustained transfer rate of a modern disk is between 15 and 30 Megabits per second. There are also problems associated with existing VOD systems. In order to cost-effectively meet customer demand, video storage servers are required to provide a large number of current streams of data. Each storage server consists of one or more magnetic disk drives. These magnetic disk drives must be able to retrieve the data such that the streams of data can be smoothly transmitted at an appropriate speed for customer viewing. Because of the heavy demands placed on storage servers, there is a need for optimization of storage servers. In particular, there is a need to increase the number of streams that can be concurrently sourced by a storage server. Classically, data is stored on magnetic disks such that the data transfer rate is independent of the track number. The number of streams that such disks can serve is largely independent of the reading location on the disks. This classical recording approach, however, does not make efficient use of magnetic disk recording area because the data transfer rate and rotation rate are fixed. As a result, the recording density is fixed by the inner most track. Hence, recording density is wasted in all other tracks having a larger circumference. By using zone bit recording, the amount of data stored to a magnetic disk can be increased. That is, the recording density wasted is substantially reduced as compared with the classical case. Zone bit recording is an approximation to fixed linear recording density. More particularly, with zone bit recording, a recording surface is divided into a sequence of concentric zones, and the number of sectors per track in any given zone is equal to the number that fit into the innermost track of that zone at the highest possible linear recording density. As an example, a disk might have between 7 and 15 zones. A problem with using zone bit recording on a magnetic disk with a fixed rotation rate is that the transfer rate will vary considerably (almost by a factor of 2) with track location. As a result, even if access time can be neglected altogether, the number of streams that can be concurrently sourced depends strongly on the reading location. This problem does not occur in magnetic disk drives not employing zone bit recording. The problem also does not occur in compact disks because data, although recorded at a constant linear density, is read at a constant data transfer rate by varying the rotation speed. Although one exploitation of zone bit recording would be to place more frequently viewed material in the outermost tracks, this simplistic approach is problematic because the frequency of viewing usage varies with time. Hence, constant rearrangement of data would be necessary. Such rearrangement of data is a task that not only burdens the video server but is otherwise not well understood. Thus, there is a need for a video storage server that uses zone bit recording on its magnetic disks, yet achieves a substantially constant data transfer rate.
Scripts Question I am trying to run scripts, but I haven't been able to find a good complete set of instructions/reference manual Got the ECMA-262 manual and waveform 2015 ref. man. documents but neither tell me how to make a while loop that will stop when I press a key. Share this post Link to post Share on other sites You are performing 10x10 captures and the thresholdLow is decremented for each capture by 8x0.01 The threshold value for last capture will be 7.92 lower than for the first capture. You may want to initialize it for each capture.
Q: Filter Excel rows using Excel filter or vb.net I have 17728 rows in this format, I need to keep only the rows containing "User active", "First Name", Last Name", "Group", "24 bit card code", and "8,16 bit card code". Like: User active : Yes First Name : Pharma Last Name : Visitor 1 ... And this for all the 17728 rows in the file. Is there a way of doing this by rows number ? if we took the row number 3 for "User active" and add 19 we will land on the second "User active" row. Or is there any other solution ? A: Imports Excel = Microsoft.Office.Interop.Excel Public Class Form1 Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, _ ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button1.Click Dim xlApp As Excel.Application Dim xlWorkBook As Excel.Workbook Dim xlWorkSheet As Excel.Worksheet Dim range As Excel.Range Dim rCnt As Integer Dim cCnt As Integer Dim Obj As Object xlApp = New Excel.ApplicationClass xlWorkBook = xlApp.Workbooks.Open("c:\vbexcel.xlsx") xlWorkSheet = xlWorkBook.Worksheets("sheet1") range = xlWorkSheet.UsedRange For rCnt = 1 To range.Rows.Count For cCnt = 1 To range.Columns.Count Obj = CType(range.Cells(rCnt, cCnt), Excel.Range) MsgBox(Obj.value) Next Next xlWorkBook.Close() xlApp.Quit() releaseObject(xlApp) releaseObject(xlWorkBook) releaseObject(xlWorkSheet) End Sub Private Sub releaseObject(ByVal obj As Object) Try System.Runtime.InteropServices.Marshal.ReleaseComObject(obj) obj = Nothing Catch ex As Exception obj = Nothing Finally GC.Collect() End Try End Sub End Class source : To read the entire worksheet in an Excel workbook through VB.net Code
1. Field of Invention The present disclosure relates generally to categorizing images. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to precisely and efficiently detecting pornographic images located on the Internet or within email communications. 2. Description of the Related Art Offensive images, e.g., pornographic images, are often available on the Internet, and are often sent in email communications to unwitting parties. Pornography is prevalent on the Internet, both in legal and illegal forms. Some parties may find it offensive to view pornographic images. For other parties, viewing pornographic images may result in legal liability issues. Images may be categorized using a text-based analysis and categorization. While text-based analysis and categorization may be effective in categorizing pornographic images, a text-based analysis and categorization is generally only effective when a significant amount of text is included in a web page or an email associated with an image. When little or no text is present in a web page or an email, a text-based analysis and categorization is ineffective. Similarly, if text is presented in an image rather than in raw form, e.g., on a web page or an email associated with the image, text-based analysis and categorization is also ineffective. Some techniques, as for example computer vision techniques, used to identify pornographic images require a significant amount of processing time and, therefore, may not be efficiently used to process relatively high volumes of data. In addition, the precision associated with many techniques is insufficient to accurately categorize small images, e.g., thumbnail images, and may be inaccurate. For example, images of individuals wearing swimsuits may be inaccurately identified as pornographic images. Requiring significant processing time, requiring high image resolution, and providing insufficient precision results limits the ability to efficiently and effectively identify pornographic images.
“Hacktivist” Jeremy Hammond” on FBI on a Terrorism Watchlist Well I know a lot of anonymous that are almost militant when a fellow member is put in jail etc. But We need to know the facts. If this person did unethical hacking then perhaps He May deserve the sentence. but as Usual in USA the sentence is always overboard. and there will be no rehabilitation, education, or other He will likely tell others in the jail, he ends up in how to hack So maybe the Gov Orgs Courts need to rethink, or think, things a little? —————————————————————————————————————————- – By the Guardian – Click here for Original article The prominent Anonymous “hacktivist” Jeremy Hammond, who participated in some of the hacking collective’s most audacious cyber acts, was placed by the FBI on a terrorism watchlist, the Daily Dot reported on Monday. The internet news website obtained a leaked document from the New York state division of…
Flocculation of the yeast Candida famata (Debaryomyces hansenii): an essential role for peptone. Aggregation of Candida famata (Debaryomyces hansenii) is consistent with being a form of lectin-mediated yeast flocculation. Flocculation of C. famata is unusual in that it requires the presence of peptone, either in the growth medium or added later to harvested cells in buffer. Flocculation after peptone addition was rapid, being largely complete within 10 min. Heat-killed cells also flocculated, arguing for direct participation of peptone in the flocculation binding mechanism. Flocculent C. famata cells progressively lost the ability to flocculate when washed with EDTA. Flocculation was fully restored by peptone addition; calcium addition was without effect. C. famata cells were able to agglutinate erythrocytes in the presence or absence of peptone. Pronase E-treated yeast lost both the ability to haemagglutinate and self-flocculate. Haemagglutination was not diminished by progressive EDTA washing, suggesting that surface lectins remained present and active on the yeast cell walls. Non-flocculating C. famata cells mutually flocculated with non-flocculent Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells, shown to have surface-exposed galactose residues. Mutual flocculation was lost following treatment of C. famata with Pronase E. It was concluded that the cell wall of C. famata contains lectins enabling haemagglutination and mutual flocculation but lacks carbohydrate receptors for these lectins. This yeast self-flocculates only via bridging multi-valent carbohydrates; these being present in peptone.
<?php namespace App\Http\Controllers; use App\Models\Comment; use App\Models\Post; use App\Notifications\CommentWereFavorited; use App\Notifications\PostWereFavorited; use Illuminate\Http\Request; class FavoritesController extends Controller { public function __construct() { $this->middleware('auth'); } public function comment(Comment $comment) { if ($comment->user_id == auth()->id()) { return ['code' => 1, 'msg' => '不能给自己点赞哦']; } $comment->user->notify(new CommentWereFavorited($comment)); return $comment->favorite(); } public function post($id) { $post = Post::findOrFail($id); if ($post->user_id == auth()->id()) { return ['code' => 1, 'msg' => '不能给自己点赞哦']; } $post->user->notify(new PostWereFavorited($post)); return $post->favorite(); } }
I HAVE A NEW WEBSITE What you are viewing now is my old, archived site. All new artwork will now be added to my newly redesigned, searchable website. Please go to my top site and check it out! http://arania.kamiki.net Transformation Artwork Transformation artwork has become my specialty. I've always found the process fascinating as to how someone would physically change from human to anthro or animal forms, and depicting that in my artwork has been a fun challenge. Because the transformation artwork has grown to such a massive collection, I have split it into several pages. This page is the main page, and will house the most recent artwork. Older sequences are now found on: - Mar 2015 and Earlier, - Mar 2014 and Earlier, - Mar 2013 and Earlier, - Mar 2012 and earlier, - 2011 and Earlier, - 2010 and Earlier, - 2008 and Earlier * Some sequences contain nudity or adult content - those images are designated with a warning. * SERIES Larger series that have many images to them, often done for many people. * ONGOING COMMUNITY FUNDED SERIES: I continuously will have have three ongoing series running at a time - I set the story and themes, and if you like them, you can donate to continue them. Periodically I will continue them based on the donations to do so. ADULTS ONLY * Lusty Lycanthropes: An OLD series I created to sell on Furbid. Maybe eventually I'll do a print run (after I finish it - I have one more image planned for the series I may do at some point in time.) Click the title to visit the page for this set. * Island of Dr. Moreau Series A group of 5-part transformation sequences done for a Roleplay via the GaiaOnline forums. These are the "subjects" whose artwork I did, although many other artists participated in the roleplay and drew other subjects. Most of these are done in my high-detail CG style. These are located near the bottom of my main ANTHRO ARTWORK webpage - since they are all thumbnailed, it would increase the load time of this already lengthy page. There are over 200 images in total in this series alone. DIGITAL COMICS FOR SALE Collaborations with Full Moon Master: More information on many of these can be found on FullMoonMaster's Deviantart page - he also will usually post with the newest payset availabilities before I do. This table has the older ones at the top, newest at the bottom. The full collection of his digital comics for sale are on his e-junkie site. NAME DESCRIPTION PREVIEW IMAGE PURCHASE LINK & PRICE Mary Todd Lincoln: Lycanthrope + Moonbeast Comic Minor Nudity Warning (Exposed breasts) Another collaboration with TRC - a 5 page colored transformation comic + an unreleased 7pg "moonbeast" inked comic! drawn, inked, colored and dialoged by me. $5 "The Deleted Scene" Nora from "Being Human" 29-page Transformation Comic Minor Nudity Warning (Exposed breasts) A colored werewolf transformation story (Based on Nora from the US version of "Being Human") - 24 comic pages + 5 full pages (29 colored pages total). My favorite of the paysets - drawn, inked, colored and dialoged by me. $10 Tales from the Full Moon Master: Halloween Special Minor Nudity Warning (Exposed breasts) The HOWL of Frankenstein: Frankenstein's (Female) Monster -> Werewolf (4 page greyscaled comic) PLUS The Creature from Malibu: 4 page inked comic of a woman into a female version of the creature from the black Lagoon! Enjoy Halloween with these two4 page Halloween-inspired themed comic! Reminiscent of the classic monster movies - the Frankenstein comic is done in black, white, and shades of grey, and the Black Lagoon is inked! drawn, inked, shaded and dialoged by me. $7 The Lost Diaries of Mary Todd Lincoln Minor Nudity Warning (Exposed breasts) 7 page colored werewolf comic In the setting of Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter, his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln is faced with the curse of Lycanthropy! This is a PREQUEL to the other Mary Todd Lincoln payset above. drawn, inked, colored and dialoged by me. $5 Tales from the Full Moon Master Minor Nudity Warning (Exposed breasts) A 2 for 1 combo, First we see another in series of lost journal entries of one of our most famous 1st ladies (Another Mary Todd Lincoln story) AND young up and coming singer finds a new song she is writing takes on a whole new meaning (Taylor Swift Werewolf). 14 colored pages in total - Drawn and inked by me, colored by FullMoonMaster $9 Alice in Wereland (part 3) Minor Nudity Warning (Exposed breasts) A spiritual sequel to a few of the earlier "Alice in Wereland" commissions that are posted. Alice returns to Wonderland, seeking out the beast that has been ravaging the land... only to discover that it is HER! Werewolf transformation sequence. 7 colored pages - Drawn and inked by me, colored by FullMoonMaster $5 The Lost Diaries of Mary Todd Lincoln: Inauguration Night Minor Nudity Warning (Exposed breasts) 10 page colored werewolf comic Another comic in the setting of Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter, his wife, Mary Todd Lincoln is faced with the curse of Lycanthropy! This installment has Mary Todd in her inauguration dress on the night her husband takes the presidency, fighting and ultimately succumbing to her lycanthropy. Drawn and inked by me, colored by FullMoonMaster $8 Moonlight Duet Minor Nudity Warning (Exposed breasts) 34 page (!) colored werewolf & werebat comic Two young pop stars discover that the full moon can bring out their primal side. (Some mild F/F erotica leading into a werewolf and werebat change!) Drawn and inked by me, colored by FullMoonMaster $10 The Lost Diaries of Mary Todd Lincoln: The All Hallows Eve Party + BONUS! Minor Nudity Warning (Exposed breasts) 21 page colored werewolf comic Another comic in the setting of Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter. This story is set shortly after Abe and Mary meet. They spend some time together at an All Hallow's Eve party before Mary rushes home to try to not be seen as she succumbs to her curse of lycanthropy. BONUS: 3 bonus solo TF images, 6 sketched page preview of the upcoming payset, "Bitches" Drawn and inked by me, colored by FullMoonMaster $10 The "Bitches" Prologue (7 pages) + Passion Night (10 pages) (An interlude in Moonlight Duet) Nudity Warning (Exposed breasts) 17 Inked Comic Pages This Payset is two-in-one! This includes the prologue to an upcoming three-character werewolf story, Bitches - showing how the three girls are infected PLUS "Passion Night" - A sequel/interlude in the Moonlight Duet series where the two girls meet up shortly before the full moon night and their passions overcome them... While there is no actual TF in these pages, they are furthering or kicking off storylines that do. They are available for a minimum donation of $3. $3 Minimum Donation Lunar Complexion Nudity Warning (Exposed breasts) 26 Flat-colored Comic Pages Two women -> Were Bimbos! This Payset shows a young pop music star who loses track of time, to have her secret revealed to her new tour partner... and soon, shares her curse with her! $10 CHILLER Nudity Warning (Exposed breasts) 9 Flat Colored Comic Pages Woman -> Werecat This payset, in time for Halloween, is an Homage to "Thriller" - in which Kylie Quick has a secret that she decides to share with her boyfriend - she's a werecat! (Click for full preview)) $5 Lunar Complexion II Nudity Warning (Exposed breasts) 18 Flat-colored Pages (5 comics, 13 two-char pages) Two women -> Were Bimbos! This Payset continues the story of Lunar Complexion - the two musicians decide to watch a video on Halloween that triggers their transformation! $7.50 Curse of the Were-Futa! Nudity & ADULT Warning (FUTA / HERM TF) 11 Inked comic pages + 1 color 2-char page Woman -> Futa (herm) with BIG horse cock This Payset deals with the same two singers as some of the previous sets - but in this case, Kathy is a were-futa, and when her friend Kylie comes in to see her is mesmerized by what she sees! $4.25 Bimbo Moon Nudity Warning (Exposed breasts) 33 Inked Comic pages PLUS a bounus two-character Bimbo TFsketched sequence Two women -> Were Bimbos! This Payset continues the story of Lunar Complexion - the two musicians Kylie and Kathy succumb to the Bimbo Moon and let their wild sides out. The main comic is two separate sequences, one for each of the women! $7.50 Mary Todd's Carriage Ride Nudity Warning (Exposed breasts) 13 Flat-Colored Comic pages Another entry in the Lost Diaries of Mary Todd Lincoln. This time Mary takes a carriage ride on a autumn evening and there is a full moon. It doesn't end well. 13 pages of colored comic werewolf transformation. $8.25 Paje the Moonbeast Nudity Warning (Exposed breasts) 13 Flat-Colored Comic pages This presentation of the Tales of the Full Moon Master brings you Paje, a waitress at the Tattered Kilt who after being bit by an animal is set upon by the Curse of the Moonbeast at the end of her shift at work. 13 pages of colored comic moonbeast transformation. $8.50 TRANSFORMATION SEQUENCES * Newer ones are Higher up :3 A NOTE ABOUT INCOMPLETE SEQUENCES: 99% of the artwork I do is on commission. If there is an incomplete sequence, then that is because the commissioner has not (or not yet) decided to/paid to continue the artwork. This includes sequences frequently asked about such as Taimon and the Naruto Series. In the case of Taimon, the original commissioner has declined offers for other people to sponsor its completion, and the last time I spoke with him, he intended on completing it himself at some point in the future. However, if you are interested in sponsoring the continuation of the Naruto comic series, drop me an email; I still have the original script and the commissioner has expressed that he would be fine if someone else were to continue it. SEQUENCE BROWSING : Thanks to Vik for providing me with a bit of coding to give you guys another option to browse sequences more easily on my website :) No downloading required. When you normal (left) click on a sequence, it will bring up a small browser that you can click on the left and right arrows (or use your arrow keys) to navigate through a sequence. If you want to see the normal, full-sized images, you can still right-click/open in a new tab the links as normal :) SELECTED SEQUENCES IN FRENCH: Thanks to Cesium and Yohann, who have taken it on himself to do some French translations of some of my sequences. They are gradually working on some of their favorites and uploading them to their Fur Affinity pages. Cesium's page is HERE, and intends on translating some Equine, Bovine, and Cervine TFs. Yohann's page is HERE, and intends on translating some Canine, Dragon, and Reptile sequences. SELECTED SEQUENCES IN GERMAN: Thanks to Jan, some of my sequences have now been translated into German Jan's Fur Affinity page is HERE NEW ADDITIONS Nudity & Adult Warning * ONGOING COMMUNITY FUNDED SERIES: A new experiment and something I think will be fun to do. I will have three ongoing series running at a time - I set the story and themes, and if you like them, you can donate to continue them. Periodically I will continue them based on the donations to do so. < Click here to visit the Ongoing Community Funded Series page > NEW ADDITIONS Nudity & Adult Warning The Cabin in the Woods (Women -> Herm Donkey & Herm Rat & Herm Cougar / Men -> Herm fox, Herm bear, herm deer) (INCOMPLETE) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 305, 306, 307, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 313, 314, 315, 316, 317, 318, 319, 320, ANNOUNCEMENT ! Thanks to the commissioner, I will now be open to accepting contributions towards the funding of this sequence from anyone who wishes to contribute, much in the same format as the ONGOING COMMUNITY FUNDED SERIES: Just click the button below! New This Update NEW ADDITIONS Patreon Solo Sketches <F to Red Panda> Werewolf mini-sequence Nudity Warning (This patron has requested his subsequent month sketches to be a part of the same sequence) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, <Extra - Buff werewolf variant> M - F Werewolf mini-sequence Nudity Warning (This patron has requested his subsequent month sketches to be a part of the same sequence) 1, 2, Commission. Some of my Patreon reward levels include a mid-TF sketch of an animal of the patron's choice drawn on bristol board and mailed to them! Here are what I've done so far! If you're interested, please check out my Patreon Page! New This Update: Werewolf mini-sequence: page 8 NEW ADDITIONS Nudity Warning Xiou Snowmane Wolfheart: Platinum Werewolf (Woman -> Werewolf) (NOW COMPLETE) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 Commission for B.L Wolfheart (Burstinax on DA) based on a novel he is writing, "Full Moon's Heat" about one of Alexis's sisters, Xiou, who is jealous of Alexis as she's walking down a dark alley on the night of the full moon. New This Update : pages 13 - 21 NEW Nudity & Adult Warning Chris Okapi-Taur (Man -> Okapi Taur) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Commission. Another month, another tauric transformation for Chris! This time, his bandana turns him into a tauric okapi! NEW Nudity Warning Sow Candle II (Woman -> Anthro Pig) (INCOMPLETE) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 Commission. A continuation of "Sow Candle" - Lynn has begun to revert just as her friend Carol decides to come for a visit... New This Update : pages 12 - 18 NEW ADDITIONS Nudity & Adult Warning Bovine Lust (M -> Bull) (INCOMPLETE!) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 Commission. Malcolm has never been very lucky in getting girls' attentions. When a good-intending shopkeeper at an occult stores tries to help him out, she warns him of the strength of the philter she's given him... This sequence is being continued again after several years hiatus. New This Update : pages 8 - 19 NEW ADDITIONS Weird Shop Trio (Men -> Female Characters) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 Commission. The Weird Shop reemerges, appearing to three men who make purchases of magical "cosplay" items that will change them into the characters they are associated with. New this update: pages 25 - 29 Nudity & Adult Warning NEW ADDITIONS ElectaBuzz Adventures (Male Anthro Electabuzz -> Female Anthro Phanpy Pokemon) (NOW COMPLETE) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26 Commission. Eric the Electabuzz encounters a female Phanpy, and when he's caught ogling her, is changed into one himself! New This Update : pages 12 - 26 Nudity & Adult Warning NEW ADDITIONS Industry Party: Tenten & Winry (Woman -> Wolf, Woman -> Cheetah) (NOW COMPLETE) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 Commission. Two more victims of the Industry Party! New this update : pages 21 - 30 Nudity Warning NEW ADDITIONS WoWed: Worgen (Man -> Female Worgen) (Working on colors) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65 <Arissia human design sketch> <Arissia worgen design sketch> Commission. A direct sequel to the "WoWed" sequence: another man receives one of the magical authenticators... this time it takes the form of the cell phone ap... New This Update : Pages 23, 24, and 35 are colored! Nudity & Adult Warning NEW Lara Anubis (Woman -> Muscular male Anubis Hound) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 Pinup 1 [to be colored] Pinup 2 [to be colored] Commission. Lara Croft has finally found the sacred Tomb of Anubis... Nudity & Adult Warning NEW Doggy Dildo (Man -> Female dog) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Commission. When he orders a specialized canine-shape dildo, Jason isn't prepared for how much it changes his life... NEW ADDITIONS ScarletWhite's Fairy Tales These longer comics are commissions by ScarletWhite, and all are original fairy tales that involve transformations. ScarletWhite's Blog can be found here. NEW The Cure 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 When she was just a little girl, Njiba was the sole survivor when her parents' car went into Lake Tele. Years later, she wakes from her coma with an increased intelligence, a determined spirit, a good heart, and a drive to learn more about her condition and her savior... Song of the Firebird 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 In the land of the rising sun, there is an auspicious birth of a beautiful young woman and a hideously ugly bird whose fates are intertwined... New This Update : Pages 24 & 26 are colored The Selfish Monster and the Selfless Maiden 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 38.5, 39, 40, 41 A terrible monster has terrorized a kingdom for years, and only the sacrifice of a virtuous maiden can appease the beast... but even for then only for a time. Can a wise, beautiful, and selfless woman finally figure out how to rid the land of his destruction for good? The Crying Wolf 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 Every night, a woman hears the mournful cry of a wolf, even though wolves were supposedly hunted to extinction long ago where she lives. The song is so compelling that she rises from her bed to follow the howl to its source... The Serpent and the Queen 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 One of the oldest themes in literature is the tragic quest of one creature to become something more than themselves. Be it a man who aspires to be immortal like a god... or an animal that aspires to be human... New This Update : Pages 17 - 19 are colored. THIS SEQUENCE IS NOW COMPLETE / COMPLETELY COLORED Daughter of the Sea 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 In Ireland, old folk tales tell of Selkies, women who can don the skin of a seal to take its shape. But those same legends say that as long as they have their pelts, they can never truly belong to a man. But what happens when a selkie falls for a man and bears him a daughter...? A Mermaid Tale 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 A small fishing village was graced with a handful of magical pearls by the Sea King to exchange for a single wish when the village is in need. When times become hard, they send two girls - the wealthy merchant's daughter, and a poor fisherman's daughter with a pearl each to go seek the aide of the sea king. However, along the way to his undersea palace, there are tests... The First Dolphins 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 A fairy tale about some brave children, a scared seal pup, a monstrous shark, and the world's first dolphins... The Sphinx and I 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25 An intelligent young Egyptologist is determined to bypass the hazards of the pyramid to find the burial chamber of the Pharaoh. However, when she does, there is a final test to pass if she wants to make it back out alive. New This Update: Page 25 Colliegirl 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 A lonely woman walks the beach one night with her faithful collie. When her dog runs off and finds an old bottle buried in the sand, she never expected there to be a genie inside, there to fulfill her masters' wishes! The Silver Fox 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 The young woman had always been forbidden to enter a particular room in her own house. One day, curiosity finally boils over and, while her father is away, she sneaks inside to find a trophy room. Drawn to the wardrobe, she opens the door to find a massive silvery fox tail. As she runs her fingers through it, she feels a nostalgic, sad feeling ... and then her fingers begin to itch. Silvery fur begins to sprout all over her arms, her fingers lengthen to nails. Then, she hears the door click behind her and spins to find her father - furious at her entrance to the room and having invoked a "curse". She begs to know what's happening, the significance of the tail, and her father begins a story that started years before her birth... a story about a greedy prince, a young huntsman, and an enormous silver fox that could not be caught... The First Unicorn 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 How did the first unicorn come to be? And why are they such elusive, pure creatures? This story explores the answer to that question. A Fairy Tale 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 > Alternate Page 7 < Design Drawing A young orphan girl, after having her hair cut off, flees to a small garden. There, she hears a rustle in the grass to find a cat poised over a butterfly and about to eat it. She shoos the cat away only to find that the "butterfly" is actually a tiny fairy. The fairy, mischievous and noting the sadness in the girl blows pixie dust on her who begins to find her silent wish for freedom granted. Nudity & Adult Warning Chris Reindeer-Taur (Man -> Reindeer Taur) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Commission. Chris is excited to put on his magic kerchief on Christmas Eve... Nudity & Adult Warning Donkey Dummy (Man -> Donkey) 1, 2, 3 Commission. A man is strapped to a collection dummy and transformed into a donkey! Nudity & Adult Warning Holstaurus (Man -> Cow girl) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Commission. A man's girlfriend yells at him for spending too much time with a monstergirls site, and he is transformed into one of the girls! Monsters YOU (Man -> Monster's U character Brock) <Stand alone image> Commission. Peter gets a Monster's U Letterman jacket for Christmas, and when he puts it on, he gets more than he expected! Nudity & Adult Warning The Kidnapped Princess (Woman -> Demoness / Succubus) (Sequence is complete; working on colors) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 Commission. In retribution for slaughtering his kind, a demon king kidnaps the daughter of his human rival's king... New This Update : Colored pages 21 - 26 Nudity & Adult Warning Sylvia and Sam (Woman -> Male Dog or wolfdog ) (INCOMPLETE) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 Commission. When a woman adopts a remarkably intelligent husky, she doesn't really catch on just HOW smart this dog is. As it turns out, "Sam" is sentient, and quite magical... Nudity Warning The Wood (Men -> Women & ???) (INCOMPLETE) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104 Commission. Two men are lost in the woods in the middle of winter. When they find an old woman in a small cabin, they think themselves saved... New This Update : pages 65 - 104 Nudity & Adult Warning Canine Taur Trio (Three Men -> Fox & Husky Taurs) (INCOMPLETE) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 Commission. Three men have been working on a formula to change them into their canine-taur fursonas and have finally gotten together to try the finished product... New This Update : pages 8 - 14 Nudity & Adult Warning The Froggy Series (Men & Woman -> Frogs & Anthro Frogs) Lucy's ongoing adventures after being cursed by a witch for her poor attitude. Part 1: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Part 2: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 Part 3: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Part 4: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Part 5: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Part 6: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 Part 7: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Part 8: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Part 9: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 Part 10: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Part 11: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 Part 12: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 Part 13: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 Froggy: The Party 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 Froggy: The Party Part 2: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 Froggy: Party 3 1, 2, 2a, 3, 4, 5, 5a, 5b, 6, 7, 8, 9, 9a, 9b, 9c, 9d, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 Froggy: Bargain 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 Froggy: Task 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 13a, 14, 14a, 15, 15a, 16, 16a, 17, 17a, 18, 19, 20 Froggy: Walk 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 Nudity & Adult Warning Tyler Brachiosaurus (Man -> Brachiosaurus Dinosaur) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 Commission. Tyler spent the day of the full moon at the Natural History museum, his change that night influenced by the dinosaur skeletons he saw... Nudity Warning Chicken Lesson (Man -> Female Chicken ) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 Commission. A new entry into the Lesson Series! Tony arrives late to class and finds himself volunteered to demonstrate the lesson for the day without finding out what he's going to turn into! Nudity Warning Hinata Sheepdog (woman -> dog) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 Commission. While walking through the village looking for Kakashi, some strange affect comes over Hinata... Nudity & Adult Warning Lion and Kangaroo (2 men -> Anthro kangaroo & lion) (INCOMPLETE) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 Commission. Two 20-something male roommates' lives are altered when one of them finds a strange looking idol at a garage sale and decides to bring it home... changing them into muscular, anthropormorphic animals with different sexualities. Nudity & Adult Warning The Dion Pack (Man & Woman to Female and Male cougar/deer hybrid) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 Commission. A couple out camping in the woods wake up to find themselves surrounded by two strange creatures that appear to be a mix of cougar and deer that intend on making them join their pack... Nudity & Adult Warning Gorilla Protein (Woman -> Male gorilla) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Commission. Samantha is watching her weight, and decides to try a new banana flavored protein drink... but it has very unexpected results! Nudity Warning Dr. Hazel and Miss Kitty (Woman -> Catgirl) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Commission. Dr. Hazel can't resist the temptation to take her formula again, transforming her into the uninhibited Miss Kitty! Nudity & Adult Warning Call of the Wolf Queen (Man -> Werewolf) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Commission. Enrico has encountered the Wolf Queen, who hypnotizes him and transforms him into a loyal werewolf partner and part of her pack! Nudity & Adult Warning Faust Malamute-taur (Man -> Malamute Satyr -> Malamute Centaur -> Malamute taur) 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 24a, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 Inks by Rott-I-Kins on FA Colors by the commissioner, Faust Crazy-husky 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40 Commission. Faust brews up a concoction to get revenge on a friend of his, but then accidentally spills it on himself! Nudity & Adult Warning Kit the Fox (man -> Fox Satyr -> Fox Centaur -> Foxtaur -> Herm Foxtaur) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15a, 15b, 15c, 15d, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31a, 31b, 31c, 31d, 31e, 31f, 31g,32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41 Alternate Comic-Form Perspectivs: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, Commission. Kit receives a collar with a similar design to his foxtaur character, and when he puts it on, it transforms him into his fursona! Nudity & Adult Warning Chris Eel-Taur (Man -> Moral Eel Taur) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Commission. Chris had so much fun the last time he put on his enchanted kerchief at the beach that he decides to do it again while swimming in the ocean... Nudity & Adult Warning Chris Bat-Taur (Man -> Bat Taur) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Commission. Chris puts on his enchanted kerchief on Halloween.... Nudity Warning Rise of the Platinum Wolf Queen (Woman -> Werewolf) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20 Commission for B.L Wolfheart (Burstinax on DA / ) based on a novel he is writing, "Full Moon's Heat" about his character Alexis "Burstinax" Nudity Warning No Sanctuary from the Full Moon (Woman -> Hunchback monster) INKS: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Colors by FULL MOON MASTER 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Commission. Taylor sneaks away from her tour group one full moon night at Notre Dame to see the legendary bells, despite the warnings of an old legend... Nudity & Adult Warning Stripe Tattoo (Man -> Anthro winged Tiger) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 Commission. A man gets a tattoo representing his fursona, but the changes are more than just skin deep! Nudity Warning Lizzy and Lucie (Woman -> Giant Anthro Lizard) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 Rampage Duo Pinups: <Before> / <After> Colored Pages The sequence is now being colored by the commissioner, Komodo Dave 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24 Pinups: <Before> - in celebration of the Supreme Court Marriage Equality Decision! Commission. Lizzy has recently reverted back after becoming the colossal Lizard creature and seeks refuge in the apartment of her old friend, Lucie. The serum seems to finally have cleared her system... or has it? Commission. A related set of pieces to the Lizzie Rampage sequence earlier. Lizzie had a friend, who also took the lizard serum to join her friend. Nudity Warning Cattle Idol (Man -> Female Cow & Man -> Female Anthro Egret) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Commission. In the Cursed Idol series - two men find a statue of a cow with an egret on its back, and when they both touch it, they are transformed... Nudity & Adult Warning Sow Candle (Woman -> Anthro Pig) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Commission. A woman gets the "barnyard scents" candle and is changed into a lusty sow woman! Nudity Warning Rhino Lesson 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Commission. In the Lesson series!! It's a new semester, and the teacher demonstrates one of her grad students' rhino serum! Nudity & Adult Warning Chris Bulltaur (Man -> Bull Taur) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Commission. Chris puts on his enchanted kerchief to become a bulltaur! Nudity & Adult Warning Magic Plush Huskytaur (Man -> Huskytaur) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Commission. A man receives a plush huskytaur and when he's zapped by static electricity he transforms into a huskytaur! Nudity & Adult Warning Cabin in the Woods: 1920s (Men -> herm bat & herm zebra) (INCOMPLETE) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Commission. An abbreviated Cabin in the Woods spinoff: will be a basic overview story New This Update : pages 8 - 10 Nudity & Adult Warning Hades' Curse: (Two women Merging to become a two-headed cerberus-inspired creature) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 Commission. Two young women sneer at some of the Greek artifacts and myths at their local museum while doing research for a class, and their scorn is punished... Nudity & Adult Warning Chris Seahorse (Man -> Anthro/Tauric Seahorse) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Commission. Chris puts on his enchanted kerchief to become a seahorse! Wolfbane (Woman to werewolf - mid TF) <SOLO IMAGE> Commission. a woman mid-transformation to her lupine alter ego. Nudity & Adult Warning Gym Rat (Man -> Rat) (Will be colored) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Commission. A body builder tries out a new steroid, but is changed into a large, bristly nasty rat instead! This is for the recent auction winner from my collab with Faust. It will be colored by him :) Nudity Warning Ostrich Feather (Man -> Ostrich) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 Commission. When a man finds a stray ostrich feather, he picks it up, transforming him into an ostrich himself! Nudity & Adult Warning Spaaa Sequel (Woman -> Male Sheep / Ram ) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Commission. A direct sequel to "Spaaa Investigation" - the employee is bitten by the investigator-turned-sheep, and is infected! Nudity & Adult Warning Marian and the Wishing Necklace (Woman -> Ethnic changes -> Naga Change -> Kitsune) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90 Part Two: (Woman -> Various animal and gender changes) (INCOMPLETE) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, Commission. A middle-aged woman finds a beautiful necklace that truly has the magic to make one's wishes come true... But be careful what you wish for! New This Update: Part two, pages 76 - 81 Alice in TF Land (Alice -> Mouse -> Elephant -> Duck) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5.5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 13.5, 14, 15, 16, 17, 17.5, 18, 19, 20 Commission. The magical food and drinks of TF Land change more than just your size! Nudity & Adult Warning Chris Squirreltaur (Man -> Squirrel taur) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Commission. This time, Chris's bandana transforms him into a tauric squirrel! Corey Volpe (Man -> fox satyr) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 Commission. When shot by a dart, Corey tranforms into a fox-satyr! Nudity Warning Draenei Shower Shock (M - F Draenei) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 Commission. The transformative current of electricity that transformed Peter in the earlier sequence "Draenei Shock" has spread through the wires and pipes of the neighborhood... Nudity & Adult Warning Princess of Dragons (Woman -> Dragon) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 Commission. A knight bestows a gift of a rare dragon egg to a princess. But after she handles it, it triggers a transformation in the young woman... Nudity & Adult Warning Tyler Smaug (Man -> Dragon / Smaug) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70 Commission. Tyler's monthly change is influenced when he goes to see the new Hobbit movie on the night of the full moon... Nudity & Adult Warning Chris Crested (Man -> Crested Gecko Taur) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Commission. All the magic collecting in his bandana has made it so every time he puts it on, it changes him into a new species of 'taur! This time, he becomes a crested gecko taur! Nudity & Adult Warning Chris Lobstertaur (Man -> Lobstertaur) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Commission. After an absent-minded wish on the beach at night, Chris is transformed into a lobstertaur! Nudity & Adult Warning Cosplay Club: Planet of the Apes (Man -> transwoman -> anthro chimpanzee woman) (INCOMPLETE) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47 Commission. The cosplay club at Chris's university campus has always come up with some of the most impressive, award winning cosplay groups. He'd do anything, play any role, to join the club... New This Update : pages 40 - 47 Nudity Warning Defenders (women -> Squid Mutant Aliens) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Commission. Two women are captured during an alien invasion and tranformed into mutants for the invasion! Based on an old Atari game by the same name. Luperca Werewolf (Woman -> Werewolf) <Stand-Alone Image> A stand-alone piece of Luperca the werewolf Nudity & Adult Warning Horsea Adventures (Man -> Female Anthro Horsea) (INCOMPLETE) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 Commission. While out fishing, a man hooks a wild anthro horsea...! New This Update : pages 13 - 17 Nudity Warning Nia Steampunk (Woman -> Beastly muscular woman) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Commission. Nia's transformation is triggered accidentally, unleashing her inner beast! Nudity & Adult Warning Industry Party: Soi Fon (Soi Fon / Woman -> Dragon) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 Commission. A sequel to Industry Party: Soi Fon was also affected by the curse at the party and is changed into a dragoness! Nudity Warning The Magician Assistant Series The Magician's Assistant (Man -> Camel -> Horse -> Man -> Woman) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 9a, 9b, 9c, 9d, 9e, 9f, 9g, 9h, 9i, 9j, 9k, 9l, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 15a, 16, 17 Commission. A stage magician demonstrates his magic on a reluctant volunteer. The Magician's Assistant II (Man -> camel, elephant, and woman) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 Pinup 1 Pinup 2 Pinup 3 Pinup 4 Commission. The assistant, Erica, becomes the magician and unleashes some well-deserved vengeance. The Magician's Assistant: The Rehearsals (Woman -> various animals) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 Commission. The new Magician, Erica wields her magic on her ex-boss and now assistant, Megan. Includes inked preview at the end for upcoming stories in this series! Magician Assistant: Unicorn (Woman -> Unicorn) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Pinup 2: Spidertaur mid TF Pinup 4: Magical Research Pinup 5: Haircut Commission. Former Magician Megan is put through an intensive transformation into a winged unicorn Magician's Assistant: Holidays (Woman -> Reindeer) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Commission. Erica gets a "letter from the North Pole" that informs her that Santa needs a new Reindeer... And what an excelleng subject Megan is going to make... Magician Assistant: Enchanted Camel (Woman -> Enchanted Camel) 1, 2, 3, 4 Commission. In the "Magician Assistant" series - Megan is transformed into a long-furred, enchanted camel Magician Assistant: Enchanted Skunk (Woman -> Enchanted Skunk) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Commission. In the "Magician Assistant" series - Megan is transformed into a long-furred, enchanted Skunk Magician Assistant: BEAST Preview (Woman -> Herm hellbeast) <Solo Image> Commission. In the "Magician Assistant" series - A teaser image for a future sequence in which a third magician enters the scene, and decides that Erica has had things too easy... Magician's Assistant: Holidays 2 (Woman -> Reindeer) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Commission. Erica gets a "letter from the North Pole" that informs her that Santa needs a new Reindeer... And what an excelleng subject Megan is going to make... Magician's Assistant: Enchanted Cow (Enchanted Skunk -> Enchanted Cow) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Commission. A Direct sequel to "Magician Assistant Enchanted Skunk" - Megan is changed directly from a skunk to an enchanted cow! Magician Assistant: Enchanted Lion Preview <Solo Image> Commission. In the "Magician Assistant" series - A teaser image for a future sequence in which a third magician enters the scene, and decides that Erica has had things too easy... Nudity & Adult Warning My Girlfriend is Anubis (Woman -> Anubis (male) / Man -> Anthro Jackal / Pharaoh Hound) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 Commission. After seeing each other for three months, Marc's girlfriend has a secret she is ready to share with him... Nudity & Adult Warning Tigress Necklace (Man -> Female Anthro Tiger) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Commission. For their anniversary, a man gets his boyfriend a very special necklace. Nudity & Adult Warning Chris Liontaur (Man -> Lion Taur) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Commission. After a strange night gaming, Chris is transformed into a tauric lion! Nudity & Adult Warning The Forest Idol (Man -> Female anthro deer / Man -> Anthro Squirrel) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Commission. Two men are fighting over a priceless idol they found, when they accidentally activate its magic... Nudity & Adult Warning Julien Wolf (Man -> Anthro Wolf) (INCOMPLETE) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Commission. A man quaffs a potion that is supposed to change him into his fursona... Nudity & Adult Warning New Zoo: Chickens (Family -> chickens) (INCOMPLETE) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136 Commission. Another family receives an invitation to a new zoo's opening, including a newly unveiled petting zoo... New This Update : nothing this update Nudity & Adult Warning Bride of Bigfoot (Woman -> Female Bigfoot) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 Commission. Rachel Lawless is determined to find and prove the existence of Bigfoot. She gets more than what she bargains for! Nudity & Adult Warning Be Careful What you Wish For (Man -> Dragon) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57 ALTERNATE ENDING (Picks up after page 40 of the original sequence above) 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50 Commission. A young man has longed to be a dragon for about as long as he can remember. One day, something hears and grants his wish... but the crushing reality of what it means to actually change into a dragon isn't what he expected... Nudity & Adult Warning Chris Boartaur (Man -> Boar Taur) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Commission. After eating a strange mushroom, Chris is transformed into a tauric boar! Nudity & Adult Warning The Dragon's Ring (Woman -> Dragon) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 10, 11, 12 ALTERNATE ENDING (INCOMPLETE) (Picks up after page 4 of the original sequence above / skipping page 9 - will be a comic page later) 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13 Commission. While out hiking, a woman finds a beautiful ring shaped like a coiled dragon... Nudity & Adult Warning David's Potion (Masculine Man -> Femme Man -> ?) (INCOMPLETE) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Commission. David's fallen for a girl who prefers her men more sensitive... Nudity & Adult Warning Sasha's Date Night (Woman -> Werewolf) (INCOMPLETE) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Commission. Sasha (originally from the sequence "Wolf Play") is out on a date with Phil when she feels the change coming over her and she tries her hardest to resist it... Nudity Warning People of the Plains (Zebra & Man -> Anthro Zebras) (INCOMPLETE) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Commission. Lost in the African savannah, a man is found by a magical zebra... New This Update: page 10 > CONTINUE TO NEXT PAGE >
Q: Getting "Updated" Error When Trying to Set Extended Field Value for INRegister I am trying to set an extended field value for INRegister after I create and insert a new INKitRegister object into the KitAssemblyEntry graph. I understand that the INKitRegister, on save, has a method which creates the INRegister that is stored in the database for the kit. After the save, I have code that I want to execute that would set the extension field I added to the INRegister data table. When this code executes, I get the following error: Error #78: Another process has updated the 'INRegister' record. Your changes will be lost. I'm not sure why since I execute this edit after the data table entry is completed. Here is my code: ...//Code to create component children INKitRegister kitHeader = new INKitRegister { //set header fields }; //I also have this extended field on the INKitRegister DAC INKitRegisterExt kitHeaderExt = PXCache<INKitRegister>.GetExtension<INKitRegisterExt>(kitHeader); kitHeaderExt.UsrWOID = CurrentDocument.Current.Id; INTranSplit kitParentAssembly = new INTranSplit { //Making INTranSplit entry for kit }; ... //Do I need to get the graph's extension? set register view? do I need to get kitHeader's inserted refNbr and forward that to function to set woid? KitAssemblyEntry graphKAE = PXGraph.CreateInstance<KitAssemblyEntry>(); graphKAE.Document.Insert(kitHeader); graphKAE.Document.Current.KitRevisionID = "1"; graphKAE.Actions.PressSave(); foreach (INComponentTran ch in kitChildren) { ch.RefNbr = kitHeader.RefNbr; graphKAE.Components.Insert(ch); } graphKAE.Actions.PressSave(); //Code in which I get the newly created INRegister and set the extended field. string refNbr = graphKAE.Document.Current.RefNbr; INRegister reg = PXSelect<INRegister, Where<INRegister.refNbr, Equal<Required<INRegister.refNbr>>, And<INRegister.docType, Equal<Required<INRegister.docType>>>>> .Select(this, refNbr, "P"); INRegisterExt regExt = PXCache<INRegister>.GetExtension<INRegisterExt>(reg); regExt.UsrWOID = CurrentDocument.Current.Id; INRegisters.Update(reg); this.Actions.PressSave(); PXRedirectHelper.TryRedirect(graphKAE, PXRedirectHelper.WindowMode.Popup); Any suggestions? I tried placing the code in a KitAssemblyEntry_Extension class under INKitRegister_RowPersisting and INKitRegister_RowUpdating. I've also looked into possibly executing the update when the popup window closes, but I do not know how to do that. Any help is welcome to point me in the correct direction. A: That indicates the record you have is not the latest as it exists in the database. Try using PXSelectReadonly in place of PXSelect to get your INRegister (reg) object. I assume it is the line "INRegisters.Update(reg);" then save that is failing? I would also try to use the kit graph to update the INRegister and select the inregister. Try changing this one section... //Code in which I get the newly created INRegister and set the extended field. string refNbr = graphKAE.Document.Current.RefNbr; INRegister reg = PXSelectReadOnly<INRegister, Where<INRegister.refNbr, Equal<Required<INRegister.refNbr>>, And<INRegister.docType, Equal<Required<INRegister.docType>>>>> .Select(graphKAE, refNbr, "P"); INRegisterExt regExt = PXCache<INRegister>.GetExtension<INRegisterExt>(reg); regExt.UsrWOID = CurrentDocument.Current.Id; graphKAE.Caches[typeof(INRegister)].PersistUpdated(graphKAE.Caches[typeof(INRegister)].Update(reg));
1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to a peeling device for peeling e.g. a peel-off paper from a peel-off paper-backed adhesive tape, a tape processing device including the peeling device and a trimming device for trimming e.g. an end of the peel-off paper-backed adhesive tape in the form of a label e.g. into one with a radius, and a tape printing apparatus incorporating the tape processing device. 2. Prior Art As a conventional trimming device of the above-mentioned kind, one for being mounted in a tape printing apparatus has been proposed e.g. by Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 3-28739. In this tape printing apparatus, there is mounted a trimming device conforming to the tape width of a peel-off paper-backed adhesive tape to be trimmed, and the trimming device is replaced by another according to a change in the tape width of a tape employed. The trimming device is comprised of a cutter unit for trimming an end of a strip of peel-off paper-backed adhesive tape and a guide member for guiding the strip inserted therein to the cutter unit. The strip of the peel-off paper-backed adhesive tape, which has desired characters and figures printed thereon and has been delivered out of the tape printing apparatus, is inserted into this trimming device, whereby an end of the peel-off paper-backed tape is automatically trimmed to have corners thereof formed into ones with a radius. On the other hand, as a conventional peeling device of the above-mentioned kind, a peeling device has been proposed e.g. by Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 5-169749. The proposed peeling device is provided as an attachment to a tape printing apparatus, and useful in effecting a permanent deformation of part of a peel-off paper-backed adhesive tape by sandwiching a corner portion thereof between a punch and a die of the device. A substrate tape and a peel-off paper as components of the peel-off paper-backed adhesive tape restore their shapes differently to respective permanently deformed shapes due to a difference in their materials, so that the punching causes the peel-off paper to be slightly peeled at a portion thereof from the substrate tape. The resulting slightly separated or peeled portion is used as a portion for seizure by the user when he peels the peel-off paper off the substrate tape. In the proposed peeling device, however, it is required to determine an area and depth of hitting of the punch on the die by taking into account the rigidity of the substrate tape and that of the peel-off paper, the difference in rigidity between them, and adhesion of the adhesive to the peel-off paper, so that the peeling cannot be effected with sufficient reliability which meets the demand of the users. Further, since not only the peel-off paper but also the substrate tape is permanently deformed, the substrate tape acquires a so-called bent property, which makes the substrate tape affixed to an object liable to have pebbling or easy to be removed from the object. Further, since the trimming device and the peeling device do not operate at the same time, when they are simply mounted e.g. in a tape printing apparatus, it is expected that they are provided with respective drive sources, such as motors. This results in duplication of components of the tape printing apparatus, resulting in increased size and manufacturing costs of the whole apparatus.
HIF-1alpha-targeted pathways are activated by heat acclimation and contribute to acclimation-ischemic cross-tolerance in the heart. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a key regulator of the cellular hypoxic response. We previously showed that HIF-1 activation is essential for heat acclimation (AC) in Caenorhabditis elegans. Metabolic changes in AC rat hearts indicate HIF-1alpha activation in mammals as well. Here we characterize the HIF-1alpha profile and the transcriptional activation of its target genes following AC and following heat stress (HS) in hearts from nonacclimated (C; 24 degrees C) and AC (34 degrees C, 1 mo) rats. We used Western blot and immunohistochemistry to measure HIF-1alpha levels and EMSA and RT-PCR/quantitative RT-PCR to detect expression of the HIF-1alpha-targeted genes, including vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf), heme oxygenase-1 (HO1), erythropoietin (Epo), and Epo receptor (EpoR). EpoR and Epo mRNA levels were measured to determine systemic effects in the kidneys and cross-tolerance effects in C and AC ischemic hearts (Langendorff, 75% ischemia, 40 min). The results demonstrated that 1) after AC, HIF-1alpha protein levels were increased, 2) HS alone induced transient HIF-1alpha upregulation, and 3) VEGF and HO1 mRNA levels increased after HS, with greater magnitude in the AC hearts. Epo mRNA in AC kidneys and EpoR mRNA in AC hearts were also elevated. In AC hearts, EpoR expression was markedly higher after HS or ischemia. Hearts from AC rats were dramatically protected against infarction after ischemia-perfusion. We conclude that HIF-1 contributes to the acclimation-ischemia cross-tolerance mechanism in the heart by induction of both chronic and inducible adaptive components.
The latest issue of Nintendo Power claims the motion-controlled strategy game is finally going to reach North America later this year, presumably to tide you over until Pikmin 3 and remind gamers who Olimar and Louie actually are. The enhanced Pikmin 2 originally hit Europe exactly three years ago, but you North Americans can enjoy it for yourself later this year. Having already played this on the GC about a miliion years ago, and now Nintnedo is releasing the NPC 3 years after Europe, the only way I'll be picking this up is if it is in one of those red boxes for $20. As was said here 3 years ago: "The first NPC Pikmin was good fun, but it didn’t fully justify the full-price release," WHY DO YOU DO THIS TO ME NINTENDO!!!! About a year ago I totally gave up on Pikmin 2 reaching North American Wiis and just played the Gamecube version. If I had known we would eventually get this I would have definitely saved it for this version!!! Sigh....oh well. The game WAS a masterpiece so playing through it again wouldn't be the worst thing in the world I guess. Okay, I picked up the GameCube version for $5 the other day, I won't be buying this. When I first saw the picture I thought it said Seeds of Courage, as in the never released Zelda game. That would be a cool release. @BenAV"Better late than never" - except for the people who gave up hope and imported. NoA lost my sale a long time ago. Now, instead of being happy about the news (like I probably should be) my feelings are closer to apathy with a twinge of bitterness. This is great! I got the original on Gamecube for $2 a few months ago, but haven't played it much. I'll make sure to do so.It would be great if the New Play Control series was expanded on the Wii U, preferably through download. Great! I thought this would never happen because of the brands licenses that appears in game. I luckily managed to get a cheap copy of the GCN version at the flea market, but will definitively get this one again! IMO, is worth for a game like pikmin 2(and probalby my last wii game too). Also, probably, this would cut the price of the GCN version, since people are selling used copies for 40$+ because of its rarity. despite owning the GNC version I might get this if it's true because some sites see this as a rumor. Edit: Also is this going to lower the GNC (gamecube) version price because I got this way back in 2004 & I did not know it was rare until years later & for those who are excited I think it will make finding pikmin 2 ALOT easier. I still have and play my GCN Pikmin 2 disc regularly (and I'm still fond of using the C-stick to move my hoard en masse) so I probably won't get this, but for the many people out there that missed it the first time around, you should pick this up in a heartbeat. It's one of the best games Nintendo's ever coded. You have to admit, it's very strategic of Nintendo to wait until now and release it about 6 months to a year before Pikmin 4 releases (assuming Pikmin 3 comes out in that time period) and during the Wii's dry period. NoA has managed to keep this yearly lively with the release of Xenoblade Chronicles, Pikmin 2, The Last Story, and hopefully Pandora's Tower. @Shugo You know, now that I think about it, I think I'll pick this up anyway simply on principle of supporting NoA's decision to bring it over. I think I actually asked them for it in a Club Nintendo survey once and promised them "all my money" if they did it, so I should probably own up to my word. A "Jam with the band" situation! That DS game got released in Europe a few years ago, while America already had it for years and years. Maybe you guys also get Wii chess, while we Europeans get Excitebots?
Revisão da Religião Explicada (Religion Explained)--as origens evolucionárias do pensamento religioso por Pascal Boyer (2002) (revisão revisada 2019) Michael Starks Abstrata Você pode obter um breve resumo deste livro em p 135 ou 326. Se você não está até a velocidade na psicologia evolucionária, você deve primeiramente ler um dos textos recentes numerosos com este termo no título. Um dos melhores é "o manual da psicologia evolucionária" 2a Ed por Buss. Até cerca de 15 anos atrás, ' explicações de comportamento não foram realmente explicações de processos mentais em tudo, mas bastante vago e, em grande parte, descrições inúteis do que as pessoas fizeram e o que eles disseram, sem nenhuma visão sobre o porquê. Podemos dizer que as pessoas se reúnem para comemorar um evento, louvar a Deus, receber suas (ou dela) bênçãos, etc., mas nada disso descreve os processos mentais relevantes,então, podemos dizer que eles são explicações em muito da mesma maneira que explica por que uma maçã cai para o chão, se dizemos que é porque nós lançamos, e é pesado-não há nenhum mecanismo e nenhum poder explicativo ou preditivo. Este livro continua a elucidação da base genética do comportamento humano que tem sido quase universalmente ignorado e negado pela Academia, religião, política e do público (ver Pinker ' s excelente livro ' ' The Blank SLate' – 'o livro vazio'). Sua afirmação (p3) de que não tem sentido perguntar se a religião é genética é confundida como a percentagem de variação de qualquer comportamento devido a genes e ambiente pode ser estudada, assim como eles são para todos os outros comportamentos (ver, por exemplo, Pinker). O título deve ser "tentativas preliminares de explicar alguns aspectos da religião primitiva", uma vez que ele não trata a consciência mais elevada em tudo (por exemplo, satori, iluminação etc.) que são de longe os fenômenos mais interessantes e os únicos parte da religião de interesse pessoal para pessoas inteligentes e educadas no século XXI. Lendo este livro inteiro, você nunca a divinhem tais coisas existem. Da mesma forma, para o imenso campo de drogas e religião. Carece de um enquadramento para a racionalidade e não menciona os sistemas duplos de visão de pensamento que é agora tão produtivo. Por que eu sugiro meus próprios papéis recentes. No entanto, o livro tem muito interesse, e apesar de ser datado ainda vale a pena ler. Aqueles que desejam um quadro até à data detalhado para o comportamento humano da opinião moderna dos dois sistemas consultar meu livros Falando Macacos 3a Ed (2019), A Estrutura Lógica da Filosofia, Psicologia, Mente e Linguagem em Ludwig Wittgenstein e John Searle 2a Ed (2019), Suicídio Pela Democracia,4aEd(2019), Entendendo as Conexões entre Ciência, Filosofia, Psicologia, Religião, Política e Economia Artigos e Análises 2006-2019 (2019), Ilusões Utópicas Suicidas no 21St século 5a Ed (2019), A Estrutura Lógica do Comportamento Humano (2019), e A Estrutura Lógica da Consciência (2019) y outras. "Deus está morto e o homem é livre" Nietzsche "Este mesmo corpo, o Buda, esta mesma terra, o paraíso dos lótus" Osho Eu posso imaginar uma religião em que não há doutrinas, para que nada seja falado. Claramente, então, a essência da religião não pode ter nada a ver com o que pode ser dito Wittgenstein Quando este livro apareceu, foi um esforço pioneiro, mas agora há infinitas discussões sobre este tema e por isso vou dar um resumo suficientemente detalhado e preciso que apenas os especialistas terão de lê-lo. Você pode obter um breve resumo deste livro em p 135 ou 326. Se você não está até a velocidade na psicologia evolucionária você deve primeiramente ler um dos textos recentes numerosos com esta termo no título. Os melhores são "O Manual da Psicologia Evolucionária" 2a Ed (2015) e o 5o Ed. de Psicologia Evolucionária por Buss, prontamente disponível gratuitamente na net. Até cerca de 15 anos atrás, ' explicações de comportamento não foram realmente explicações de processos mentais em tudo, mas em vez vago e, em grande parte, descrições inúteis do que as pessoas fizeram eo que eles disseram, sem nenhuma visão sobre o porquê. Podemos dizer que as pessoas se reúnem para comemorar um evento, elevar Deus, receber suas bênçãos, etc., mas nada disso descreve os processos mentais relevantes, então podemos dizer que eles são explicações da mesma forma que explica por que uma maçã cai para o chão, se dizemos que é porque nós lançamos e é pesado-não há nenhum mecanismo e nenhum poder explicativo ou preditivo. Este livro continua a elucidação da base genética do comportamento humano que tem sido quase universalmente ignorado e negado pela academia, religião, política e do público (ver Pinker ' s excelente livro ' ' a ardósia em branco ' '). Sua afirmação (P3) de que não tem sentido perguntar se a religião é genética é confundida como a percentagem de variação em qualquer comportamento devido a genes e ambiente pode ser estudada, assim como eles são para todos os outros comportamentos (ver, por exemplo, Pinker). O título deve ser ' ' tentativas preliminares de explicar alguns aspectos da religião primitiva desde que ele não trata a consciência mais elevada em tudo (por exemplo, Satori, iluminação etc.) que são de longe os fenômenos mais interessantes e a única parte da religião de interesse pessoal para pessoas inteligentes e educadas no século XXI. Lendo este livro inteiro, você nunca a divinhem tais coisas existem. Da mesma forma, para o imenso campo de drogas e religião. Como e por que os enteógenos disparam os motores da inferência e que papel têm jogado na religião e na vida para os últimos milhão anos? Há uma enorme mina de informações sobre drogas e modelos comportamentais, mas você não encontrará sequer uma pista aqui. Você pode começar com os recentes livros entheogenos e o futuro da religião "e budismo e psicoterapia" ou você pode ler o meu amigo Alexander Shulgin ' s surpreendente sondagem dos modelos cognitivos em PHIKAL e Tikal, disponível, como quase tudo agora, livre na net. Um dos mais incomuns das sondas de drogas é a cetamina, descrita por muitos, mais notavelmente em "viagens para o mundo brilhante" por Altounian e Moore, Jansen em "Ketamine" e, provavelmente, o relato mais detalhado de uma única droga enteógenas por um único usuário nos últimos dois capitulos de John Lilly s O Cientista ' '. Lilly, quase sozinho o fundador da pesquisa de golfinhos, era uma geração ou mais à frente de quase todos em muitos tópicos e ele também sondeu sua própria mente com LSD e tanques de isolamento. Veja o seu "simulações de Deus" (1975 e minha revisão do mesmo) por suas especulações sobre a mente, Deus e cérebro e mais aspectos do espiritual e mental não tocado por Boyer. Também para a autoterapia heróica recente com enteógenos Ver 'Xenolinguistics' por Slattery e 'DMT & minha mente oculta' por Khan. Também não há praticamente nada aqui sobre a relação entre os Estados físicos e mentais. A prática de muitas formas de yoga foi muito avançada milhares de anos atrás. Seu principal objetivo era desencadear Estados espirituais com energia corporal e o inverso. Há uma imensa literatura e centenas de milhões o praticaram. A melhor conta pessoal que eu conheço por um místico detalhando a interação do mental e físico via yoga é encontrado em ' o joelho de ouvir ' por Adi Da (ver a minha revisão). Entrelaçados com o relato fascinante de seu progresso espiritual são os detalhes de seu trabalho com a energia shakti de yoga (por exemplo, p95-9, 214-21, 249281-3, 439-40 da edição 1995-preferível para os posteriores). Estas poucas páginas valem mais do que uma prateleira inteira de livros de yoga, se você quiser chegar ao coração da relação mente/corpo em espiritualidade. Zen e outras práticas sondam os modelos do cérebro com meditação e truques. Boyer não entende que as principais religiões (e inúmeros menores) foram iniciados por pessoas que quebraram o molde i. e., de alguma forma bloqueado ou evitou alguns modelos para destruir grande parte do ego e descobrir aspectos de sua mente normalmente escondido. Não é difícil ver por que a iluminação completa soprado é rara, como aqueles que têm que parar de se comportar como macacos (ou seja, lutando, enganando, reprodução, acumulando) e isso seria fortemente selecionados contra. Pode-se dizer que aqueles que conseguiram isso são os únicos que se tornaram plenamente humanos (ou seja, Jesus, Adi da, Mohammed, Buda, Mahavira, Rumi, Osho e 1000 ou assim outros que conhecemos). Parece Boyer não tem experiência pessoal com a meditação, enteógenos e maior consciência (por exemplo, ver páginas 317, 320-324) para que ele claramente não tratar toda a religião. Isso é novamente evidente (p32), quando ele diz que a religião não tem origem ou explicação clara que é curioso como ele fornece exatamente isso. Naturalmente, isto é verdadeiro em um sentido das religiões primitivas que discute, mas o Buddhism, o Christianity, o Islamismo etc., têm origens e explanações muito desobstruídas no esclarecimento de Jesus, de Buddha, de Mohammed etc. Ele está enganado (p308) em sua crença de que a religião oriental é principalmente sobre ritual, ao invés de experiência pessoal e estados internos e que ele tem tais idéias da filosofia ocidental (3000 anos atrás!). Surpreendentemente, ele rejeita a noção de William James de que a religião é um resultado das experiências de indivíduos excepcionais que são posteriormente degradados pelas massas (P310). James está claramente certo e Boyer é novamente, só pensando em religião primitiva. Talvez a melhor conta pessoal dos vários Estados de samadhi, iluminação, etc. é Adi da s Book-' o joelho da escuta ', mas de longe a melhor fonte para contas pessoais por um mestre iluminado são os inúmeros livros, áudios e vídeos de Osho, todos gratuitos no Net. Testemunhar os pensamentos de um é uma das técnicas mais comuns de meditadores de início em muitas tradições diferentes. Um progresso mais adicional funde o observador e percebido (tudo é um). Uma pergunta como isso se relaciona com os modeloseles entram na consciência, a mudança espiritual abrir novas conexões neurais ou fechar alguns? Psicologia cognitiva mal começou sobre isso, mas é seria interessante ver PET ou fMRI em uma pessoa iluminada ou um em um estado samadhi com bons controles e foi feito. Embora ele esteja certo de que muitas experiências são de algum agente, Estados avançados têm sido descritos em uma vasta literatura que mostra que eles normalmente não têm pensamentos, nenhuma mente, nenhuma pessoa, nenhum Deus. Isso parece ser o melhor em dissociação do sistema 2 modelos em uma pessoa funcional. Para os tipos sobrenaturais de conceitos religiosos para evoluir e sobreviver, eles devem pertencer a uma das categorias ontológicas básicas ou modelos (planta, ferramenta, objeto natural, animal, pessoa, etc.) que o cérebro usa para organizar a percepção e pensamento. Estes são comumente dadas Propriedades contrintuitivas, tais como prescience, Telepathy, imortalidade, capacidade para ouvir umas palavras ou ler umas pensamentos, capacidade de curar ou conferir grande poder etc. Bons conceitos sobrenaturais geralmente permitem que todas as inferências não especificamente barradas pela violação da intuição - ou seja, um Deus terá todas as propriedades humanas, mas não envelhecem ou morrem. O grande número de conceitos religiosos está contido nesta pequena lista de modelos. É a natureza contrária intuitiva dos conceitos que os torna fáceis de lembrar e transmitir aos outros e isso parece por uma razão pela qual conceitos sobrenaturais são uma parte central de quase todas as religiões. Conceitos sobrenaturais interagem com outros tipos de modelos, como psicologia intuitiva, física intuitiva, função de estrutura e detecção de objetivos. Se ele ativa a física, detecção de meta, psicologia intuitiva e uso intencional, então ele será um ser humano-like com propriedades superhumanas. Esta é a psicologia cognitiva padrão e partes contrintuitivas são adicionadas para uso religioso. Há evidências abundantes de que as áreas cerebrais que são ativadas quando fazemos algo também são ativadas quando vemos outra pessoa fazendo uma coisa semelhante (neurônios espelho). É viável que isso esteja correlacionado com a necessidade de participar e a satisfação de participar dos rituais integrais à sociedade (esportes, política, música etc.) e religião. Há também evidências de que ver as emoções de outras pessoas ativa as mesmas áreas que as nossas. Nossa teoria da mente (isto é, da vida mental de outras pessoas--psicologia intuitiva que eu prefiro chamar Understanding of Agency (Compreensão de Agência UA) parece não ser um motor de inferência, mas a soma de muitos e, como mais pesquisa é feita, mais módulos serão descobertos. Outra característica crítica dos motores de inferência é que eles costumam ser executados em modo desacoplado (contrafactual ou imaginário) enquanto consideramos o passado ou o futuro. Isso começa muito cedo, como mostrado pela presença comum de companheiros de brincadeiras imaginários em crianças, sua capacidade de captar histórias e TV, e ele observa que a pesquisa parece mostrar que as crianças que criam companheiros de brincadeiras parecem ser melhores em agarrar os Estados mentais de outras pessoas e emoções. O ponto neste contexto é que parece bastante natural atribuir características como humano aos espíritos, fantasmas, deuses, etc., quando não há nenhuma evidência em tudo para sua presença real. Os motores de inferência inata são automáticos como eles têm que ser rápido e não nos distrair (ou seja, eles são sistema 1, mas infelizmente ele não consegue usar a estrutura de dois sistemas aqui-ver meus papéis para isso). A mente não foi evoluída como uma máquina de explicação e antes da recente ascensão da ciência, ninguém nunca tentou explicar por que nosso pé se move quando andamos, uma maçã cai no chão, ficamos com fome ou com raiva ou por que nós experimentamos ou fazer qualquer coisa. Apenas ocorrências bizarras ou cósmicas como relâmpago ou nascer do sol precisavam de uma causa. Nossos modelos de psicologia e agência intuitivos também nos levaram a atribuir boa e má sorte a algum agente. Muito disso pode soar especulativo, mas agora que o EP (psicologia evolutiva) é um paradigma importante, a evidência de tais funções inatas S1 na primeira infância e a infância é a montagem rápida. Agentes sobrenaturais (incluindo antepassados falecidos) são tratados por psicologia intuitiva como agentes intencionais, pelo sistema de troca social (uma parte ou variante sobre os sistemas de custo/benefício) pelo sistema moral como testemunhas de ações morais, e pela pessoa-arquivo sistema autônomo indivíduos. Desde que todos estes sistemas podem operar-se no modo desacoplado, não há nenhuma necessidade de considerar se estes agentes existem realmente. Elas são impulsionadas pela relevância, pela riqueza de inferências que resultam e pela facilidade com que podem ser lembradas e comunicadas. Os modelos são altamente sintonizados para reunir informações, obter a cooperação e calcular os benefícios em uma maneira muito rápida, subconsciente e normalmente livre de erros, enquanto a razão consciente é lenta e falível. Nos tempos modernos, o ego tem tempo para desperdiçar em debate, explicação e interpretação em tentativas intermináveis de enganar e manipular os outros para ganho pessoal. Com grandes populações móveis e comunicação rápida os resultados do nosso intercâmbio social, a avaliação da confiança, a detecção de trapaceiro e outros modelos são muitas vezes inúteis e autodestrutivos. Informações estratégicas (o que passa os filtros de relevância) ativa os motores relacionados com a interação social e nosso conhecimento de quais informações outros têm é uma parte crítica da mente social. Os agentes sobrenaturais tipicamente têm o conhecimento perfeito. Embora ele não parece mencionar isso, as pessoas poderosas muitas vezes vêm a ter algumas das características dos agentes sobrenaturais e assim as pessoas vão começar a responder a eles como a deuses. Aliens, UFO s, nova idade misticismo, astrologia, fantasia e Sci-Fi atrair grande atenção devido à ativação, e muitas vezes possuem agentes com informações estratégicas. No entanto, centenas de milhões seguiram líderes carismáticos com falsas informações estratégicas (ou seja, agentes quasi-sobrenaturais) para suas mortes (o ramo Davidianos de Waco, comunismo, nazismo, Vietnã, Jonestown, George Bush, cometa Kahoutek etc.). As interações sociais exigem uma mente social - i. e., sistemas mentais que os organizam. Como a maioria dos comportamentos, é só recentemente que foi geralmente percebeu que precisávamos de mecanismos integrados para fazer isso. A informação estratégica é o que ativa a mente social. Nossa teoria da mente (UA) nos diz a que agentes esta informação também está disponível. É comum atribuir a agentes sobrenaturais a capacidade de acessar plenamente informações que normalmente seriam parcialmente ou totalmente indisponíveis para os outros. Todos os motores devem ter algum tipo de filtro de relevância para que eles não são constantemente ativados por trivialidades. Temos taxonomias que nos dizem como agrupar as coisas de maneiras relevantes para o seu comportamento ou propriedades no mundo agora chamado sistema 1 (S1), e então usamos o nosso mais recentemente evoluiu lento sistema linguístico deliberado 2 (S2) quando há tempo. Esperamos grandes coisas felinas com dentes grandes e garras para ser predadores e não herbívoros. Os espíritos se encaixam taxonomia humana e automaticamente têm necessidades e desejos, gostos e desgostos e, assim, dar recompensas e punições e toda a cultura tem que fazer é especificar o que estes são. Esses conceitos que dão as inferências mais ricas com o menor esforço foram selecionados em S1. Um ponto de vista comum é dado pela teoria da relevância, que tenta determinar como e por que alguns 'conceitos' (ou seja, os jogos de linguagem do sistema 2) são mais facilmente transmitidos. Presumivelmente, conceitos que disparam motores(S1 ' conceitos ')mais intensamente ou freqüentemente, ou mais motores diferentes, será superior. Assim, nós podemos ter muitos jogos da língua que são mais fáceis de recordar e aplicar, um pouco do que porque fazem o sentido ou são mais úteis de alguma maneira do que outro. Isso pode ajudar a explicar a existência de muitos conceitos ou práticas que parecem arbitrárias ou estúpidas, ou que tornam a vida mais difícil e se aplica a toda a cultura, não apenas à religião. Quase todas as religiões têm agentes de acesso completo i. e., eles sabem tudo ou quase tudo sobre nós e Boyer distingue 3 classes-brutos divinos com pouco ou nenhum acesso, mas que, no entanto, têm poder, agentes de Aquinas que sabem tudo e agentes estratégicos completos que ter acesso a todas as informações estratégicas ou importantes. Ele diz que isso pode ser responsável pelo nosso interesse em conhecer as idéias religiosas de outras pessoas ou em convertê-las na nossa. Só assim podemos entender como eles podem se comportar e interagir. Agentes que estão cientes e capazes de afetar nossa interação social são mais ricos em inferências, e assim são mais fáceis de representar e lembrar mentalmente e, assim, desfrutar de uma grande vantagem na transmissão cultural. Assim, podemos agora dizer que a religião não cria ou mesmo apoiar a moralidade, mas que o nosso construído em intuições morais (ou seja, os reflexos mentais pré-linguísticos automáticos rápidos de S1) tornam a religião plausível e útil. Da mesma forma, nossos mecanismos para explicar a boa e má sorte faz com que sua conexão com agentes sobrenaturais simples. E uma vez que partilhamos o nosso sistema moral e a nossa informacao com eles, é natural esperar que eles vão impor as nossas atitudes. O recibo de um altruísmo e trapaça são partes centrais do comportamento humano. Para mostrar sentimentos apaixonados e honestidade que são genuínos (difícil de falsificar) é de grande valor social (e genético). Isto pode ser reforçado pela religião como um escolheria cooperar com tais pessoas um pouco do que com calculadoras racionais que podem mudar sua mente ou enganar a qualquer momento seus motores da inferência calculam que é em seus melhores interesses. Este sistema também exige que os trapaceiros sejam punidos, mesmo quando a trapaça tem um custo social mínimo. Um grupo comum de conceitos religiosos são aqueles que fazem batota imoral. O mecanismo é sentimentos (por exemplo, os reflexos S1 rápidos da raiva, do ciúme, do ressentimento, da confusão) um pouco do que a cogitação racional lenta de S2. Isso pode soar estranho, mas tem sido mostrado não só em macacos, mas em animais mais baixos. Sim, existem infinitas elaborações de trapaça na sociedade moderna, mas como todo o nosso comportamento é construído sobre a genética e S1. Sentimos que é errado para alguém roubar o dinheiro de outro, em vez de precisar se sentar e pensar-bem, se ele pega esse dinheiro, então talvez ele vai tomar o meu ou ele terá alguma vantagem futura sobre mim etc. Talvez aqui é um lugar que a culpa entra, a fim de tornar a prática socialmente (geneticamente) destrutiva de trapaça menos atraente. Isso nos leva para a enorme literatura sobre trapaceiros e cooperadores, falcões e pombas e pretendentes e no altruísmo recíproco e teoria do jogo. Tenha em mente que "verdadeiro altruísmo" ou seleção de grupo é claramente uma fantasia como eu tenho detalhado na minha revisão de Wilson ' a conquista social da terra '. Assim, como todo o comportamento, a religião evoluiu porque tinha valor de sobrevivência para os indivíduos. Muitos tipos de gadgets compromisso evoluíram que tendem a garantir a cooperação-manter o controle de reputação, legal ou quase-legal vincula (contratos), paixões fortes, honestidade compulsiva, ressentimento e necessidade de punir trapaceiros. Gadgets de cooperação são construídos em também--intuições morais, culpa, orgulho, gratidão, hostilidade. Em contraste com a idéia quase universal de que o realismo moral (que o próprio comportamento tem um valor moral específico que não depende do seu ponto de vista) só é desenvolvido por adultos ou é dada pela religião, é agora claro que isso aparece em 3 e 4 anos de idade e muda pouco e com a idade. Os métodos foram desenvolvidos agora para estudar infantes e no 2007 atrasado um estudo apareceu na natureza que mostrou que podem distinguir o ajudante dos objetos do não-ajudante e tem havido lotes do trabalho em seres humanos e em outros animais desde. É claro, a moralidade intuitiva dará frequentemente os resultados errados para adultos no mundo moderno, como pode todos os nossos reflexos S1 em muitos contextos. A maioria dos fundamentos do que foi anteriormente considerado como cultura, agora é conhecida ou suspeita de ser herdada. Pinker lista centenas de diferentes aspectos das sociedades humanas que são universais e, portanto, bons candidatos. Pode-se compilar uma lista muito longa de conceitos religiosos que não precisamos ser ensinados---espíritos entendem pensamentos humanos, emoções e intenções e diferenciar entre desejos ou imagens e realidade, etc. Parece que a única característica de seres humanos que é sempre projetada para deuses, espíritos, fantasmas, etc., é uma mente muito parecida com a nossa. Psicologia intuitiva se aplica a agentes intencionais em geral (ou seja, pessoas, animais e tudo o que parece mover-se em busca de seus próprios objetivos). Física intuitiva é provavelmente também composta de muitos subsegmentos e deve ser conectado com o módulo de intencionalidade-por exemplo, quando um leão está perseguindo um antílope, sabemos que se ele muda de curso, o leão provavelmente vai fazê-lo. Seria de esperar que a detecção de tais agentes era uma prioridade evolucionária muito antiga e até 500 milhões anos atrás um trilobite que faltava tais genes em breve seria o almoço. Como mais comportamentalos genes são mapeados nós estão encontrando o mesmo ou semelhantes em moscas de fruta, assim como temos para outros genes, tais como os que controlam a segmentação do corpo e imunidade, e grandes avanços nessa direção foram feitos desde que este livro apareceu. Basta pesquisar o comportamento da Drosophila. Como nossos outros conceitos, os religiosos são muitas vezes vagos e seu uso idiossincrático devido ao fato de que eles resultam do funcionamento inconsciente dos motores de inferência (S1), como elaborado pelos caprichos da cultura. Não podemos dizer precisamente o que significam as palavras simples, mas sabemos usá-las. Assim como Chomsky descobriu a gramática da profundidade, pode-se dizer que Wittgenstein descobriu a semântica de profundidade. Wittgenstein foi o primeiro (e ainda um dos poucos) que entendeu que a filosofia-que eu termo a psicologia descritiva do pensamento de ordem superior- (e todas as tentativas de entender o comportamento) estava lutando com foi primeiro e acima de tudo estas funções internas S1 que são inacessíveis ao pensamento consciente. Embora eu nunca tenha visto isso afirmado, parece razoável considerà-lo como um pioneiro na psicologia cognitiva e evolutiva. Boyer tem uma nova visão da morte também. Os cadáveres têm propriedades que tornam os conceitos sobrenaturais relevantes para além da nossa necessidade de conforto e esta parte da religião pode ser menos sobre a morte do que sobre corpos mortos. Eles produzem uma dissociação entre o animacy, psicologia intuitiva e pessoa 'sistemas de arquivos. Nós vemos tal dissociação no autismo e em Estados neurológicos estranhos tais como a síndrome de Capgras. Ele vê isso como uma outra maneira que a cultura faz uso de gadgets salientes (eventos, objetos, etc.) que são altamente relevantes e agarrar a atenção dos motores de inferência. E desde que este livro apareceu, a evidência continua a acumular que os genes criam a cultura a uma extensão muito maior do que a maioria de povos (que incluem Scholars) imaginados nunca. Tem seu próprio campo - cognição implícita. Ninguém nunca pensa para inquirir quanto aos motriz se uma rocha que caia e nos bate, mas nós fazemos sempre se vem da mão de uma pessoa. Mesmo uma criança muito jovem sabe disso, devido à sua psicologia intuitiva, agência, Animismo e outros motores. Estes motores (genes, comportamentos reflexivos) devem, em suas formas originais, ser centenas de milhões de anos de idade. Uma libélula carbonífera era diferenciada entre objetos animados e inanimados e calculou a trajetória de sua presa. A religião originalmente funcionava em uma atmosfera de medo perpétuo. Motores de inferência evoluíram para encontrar companheiros e alimentos e abrigo e evitar a morte, daí a abordagem para os deuses como um suplicante impotente e o uso de rituais de apaziguamento e ofertas (como gostaríamos de uma pessoa). Nossa evasão de perigos é altamente imperfeita no mundo moderno devido a armas, drogas e transporte rápido (carros, esquis). Em todos os lugares do mundo você pode ver as pessoas andando ou andando de bicicleta nas ruas a apenas um passo de veículos em alta velocidade, mesmo que pelo menos um milhão por ano são atropeladas. Ele diz (P40) que memes (Dawkins famoso analógico cultural do gene) não são um conceito muito bom para a transmissão cultural, uma vez que as idéias são alteradas por cada pessoa, enquanto os genes permanecem os mesmos. No entanto, o que dizer de meios de comunicação i. e., filme, TV, impressão, e-mail? Eles podem replicar mais precisamente do que genes. Estes são agora os meios principais para transmitir e verificar a validez dos memes, não apenas o que alguém diz. Em qualquer caso, os genes também não são perfeitos. Assim como há um fenótipo correspondente ao genótipo, há um fenilalanina correspondente ao meme. Por que invocamos agentes sobrenaturais para o bem e a má sorte? Eles ativam nossos sistemas de intercâmbio social e desde que considerá-los como tendo informações estratégicas que podem controlar o que acontece. Ocorre-me que talvez haja tal oposição grande às explicações genéticas para o comportamento porque os povos sentem qualquer um que aceita este rejeitará automaticamente a troca social e os outros moldes e enganarão sempre. Ou talvez eles temem que a psicologia intuitiva não funcionará mais. E chama a atenção deles para a ilusão fenomenológica (o sentimento ilusório que temos que nosso comportamento é devido a decisões conscientes-ver meus outros escritos). Rituais sociais são exemplos do que os psicólogos têm denominado regras de precaução e estes comumente incluem preocupações sobre a poluição, rituais de purificação (ativação do sistema de contágio), evitar o contato, tipos especiais de toque, atenção especial a limites e limiares, violações de regras, uso de certos números de cores brilhantes, matrizes simétricas e padrões precisos, sons especiais ou música, dança especial e outros movimentos, etc. Todos estes desencadear certos grupos de modelos, criar sentimentos satisfatórios, e são comumente acoplados a conceitos religiosos, e para a política, esportes, caça e agricultura, casamento, criação de crianças, música, arte, folclore, literatura etc. A agência de detecção de sistemas (por exemplo, predador e detecção de presas) são tendenciosos para a detecção de over-i. e., eles não precisam ver um leão ou uma pessoa a ser ativada, mas apenas uma pegada ou um som do tipo certo. Com base em informações muito pouco, estes sistemas, em seguida, produzem sentimentos expectativas sobre a natureza dos agentes e intenções. No caso de agências sobrenaturais, nossos modelos de psicologia intuitiva também são ativados e geralmente produzem uma entidade semelhante a uma pessoa mais as características anti-intuitivas, mas suas características precisas são geralmente deixadas vagas. A anexação de uma tag anti-intuitiva (por exemplo, levantando-se dos mortos) para um agente (por exemplo, Jesus) ou outra categoria ontológica torna fácil de lembrar e um bom candidato para a religião. Todos estes módulos são herdados, mas é claro que um bebê não tê-los totalmente desenvolvido e apenas com o tempo e um ambiente ' normal ' eles vão emergir. Eu li isso pouco antes de ler Ken Wilber s Sexo, Ecologia e Espiritualidade e pude ver em quase todas as páginas como desatualizadas e vazias são a maioria das obras que Wilber está discutindo. Uma grande parte do livro de Wilbur e das centenas que ele analisa sobre religião, psicologia e filosofia são agora arcaicas. No entanto, Wilbur tem escrito muitos livros de grande interesse sobre a espiritualidade e é triste que Boyer nem sequer referenciá-lo-mas nem ele faz referência a drogas, Wittgenstein, meditação, yoga, satori ou iluminação em seu índice! Pode-se dizer que o prêmio Nobel da paz é dado àqueles que são melhores em incentivar-nos a estender coalizões para include outros efetivos ou mesmo outros países ou o mundo inteiro. Ou, pode-se dizer que eles recebem o prêmio para os esforços para desligar o "detector de trapaceiro" ou modelos de troca social que exigem que apenas aqueles que reciprocam estão incluido em um grupo e dado acesso a recoursos (que a maioria dos pobres do mundo claramente não pode fazer). Ele dá um breve resumo de algumas das inferências auto-enganosas que desempenham um papel na religião como em toda a vida-consenso, falso consenso, efeito de geração, ilusões de memória, defeitos de monitoramento de origem, viés de confirmação e dissonância cognitiva. Como os outros modelos, estes deram resultados muito bons 100.000 anos atrás, mas com a vida na pista rápida, eles agora podem provar fatal para os indivíduos e para o mundo. As intuições de coalizões e os conceitos de essência são delineados como partes críticas do comportamento humano. Os seres humanos formam automaticamente grupos e mostram hostilidade a pessoas que não estão no grupo e totalmente inmerecidas amizade com as do grupo (intuições de coalizão), mesmo quando o grupo é composto por estranhos totais. Isto relaciona-se aos motores da operação tais como o custo/benefício e o cálculo da confiabilidade mencionado antes. Essências são os conceitos que usamos para descrever nossos sentimentos (intuições) sobre coalizões e outras categorias sociais (por exemplo, hierarquias e dominância). Embora esses mecanismos evoluíram em pequenos grupos, hoje em dia estes são comumente operando com pessoas a quem não estamos intimamente relacionados, de modo que muitas vezes dão resultados falsos. Estereotipagem, racismo e seus acompanhamentos (ou seja, arbitrárias (ou não tão arbitrárias) definir distinções) são provavelmente os resultados da operação de intuições coalizões construídas em nossos cérebros, ao invés de estereotipagem sendo umn S2 função psicológica e as coalizões com sua exclusão, dominância e antipatia sendo os resultados. Estes motores podem muito bem explicar a "magia social" que forma e orienta as sociedades. Ele sugere que se possa explicar o fundamentalismo como uma reação natural à violação comum do pensamento cococional nas sociedades modernas. A liberdade de agir como um escolhe e na oposição direta a outro na mesma comunidade cria sentimentos fortes e frequentemente violentos naqueles sem a instrução ou a experiência para tratar a diversidade e a mudança. Eles muitas vezes querem punição pública e espetacular para aliviar seus sentimentos. O fundamentalismo pode ser melhor explicado como tentativas de preservar as hierarquias com base em coalizões, quando estas são ameaçadas por defecção fácil ou desatenção. Estes estão funcionando em todas as pessoas o tempo todo, mas eles vêm para a superfície, principalmente quando há uma situação que cria alguma ameaça especial (ou seja, a vida moderna). Claro, como sempre, precisamos ter em mente que a fonte final e recompensa para todo o comportamento está nos genes. Embora ele diz pouco sobre isso, as noções de categorias ontológicas S1 e Tags contra-intuitivo que ' Stick para eles também ir longe para explicar a magia, o paranormal, folclore, mitologia, medicina popular, astrologia, teologia, os trabalhadores milagre,possessão demoníaco e angelical, as artes, e anteriormente até mesmo muita ciência. Os rituais atuam como armadilhas para o pensamento. Nossos moldes do contágio são ativadores poderosos do comportamento e é natural incluir muitos rituais da purificação na religião. Eles também fazem uso de nossos sistemas de planejamento, que podemos ver em forma extrema em transtorno obsessivo-compulsivo. Há preocupação com cores, espaços, limites, movimentos e contato. Gadgets salientes são incorporados. Temos uma poderosa necessidade de imitar os outros. Os rituais ativam nossos sistemas de perigos não detectados. Ofertas de sacrifício para os agentes invisíveis fazem uso de nossos sistemas de intercâmbio social. Nossas intuições de coalizões são satisfeitas por ritos de grupo e casamento. A "Sociologia ingênua" do homem comum se estende em muita filosofia, Sociologia, teologia, antropologia, psicologia, economia, política e é o resultado de nossas tentativas de fazer sentido de nosso próprio comportamento, mas este é o resultado da diversão automática e inconsciente extraviado de nossos modelos. Assim, grande parte da cultura parece mágico-daí o termo "magia social". Inevitavelmente, a sociologia ingênua é fraca, então os rituais e sistemas de crenças enfatizam os benefícios da cooperação e os custos de trapaça ou deserção. Os rituais e gadgets estimulam a memória e satisfazem o sistema de contágio. Participação sinais de cooperação e os deuses e espíritos são opcionais. Assim, modelos levam à religião que leva a doutrinas e não o inverso. Eu acho que ele vai se desviar seriamente quando se discute ciência versus religião (P320). Ele diz que é errado falar sobre a religião como um objeto real no mundo (o que quer que seja), mas é claro que os fenômenos externos e internos (mentais) podem ser estudados, bem como qualquer outro, e ele mostra neste livro que a religião é um ramo da psicologia cognitiva. Ele diz que não há ciência como tal, e sabemos que ele significa que é complexo, mas então não há religião, lei, esportes, corridas de automóveis ou qualquer coisa, como tal. Ele objeta a "teologia pop", que diz que a religião torna o mundo mais bonito ou significativo ou que aborda questões finais, mas toda a religião aborda as questões finais e tenta tornar o mundo significativo e menos feio. Além disso, o que eu chamo de "religião avançada"--ou seja, a maneira como ele começa no não-mentes de Jesus, Buda, Osho etc.--tem uma opinião bastante diferente sobre o mundo do que a religião primitiva que ele discute neste livro (por exemplo, Ver os 200 livros e DVD s de Osho em Oshoworld.com ou em P2P etc., ou ver Wilber, Adi da etc.). Novamente, em p 327 ele acha que não há nenhum centro religioso no cérebro e embora isso é provavelmente verdade para a religião primitiva, parece mais provável que existam centros (redes de conexões) para as experiências de satori e iluminação e talvez para enteógenos também. Ele também pensa (p321) que a ciência é menos natural e mais difícil do que a religião, mas em vista do grande número de cientistas e os fatos que quase todos são capazes de absorver a ciência na escola de grau, e que provavelmente houve menos de 1000 iluminado pessoas em toda a história humana, parece claro que a situação é bastante o inverso para a espiritualidade avançada. É muito menos difícil se tornar um botânico ou um químico do que dissolver o ego de um! A seleção natural eliminará claramente os genes de consciência mais elevados, mas o cálculo racional da ciência é bastante consistente com a coleta de recoursos e produzindo crianças. Claro, o problema é que ele está novamente fixado na religião primitiva. Ele resume-se dizendo (p 135) que as atividades religiosas ativam sistemas de inferência que "governam nossas emoções mais intensas, moldam nossa interação com outras pessoas, nos dão sentimentos morais e organizam grupos sociais". Claro que , estes não têm nada a ver com satori ou iluminação! Ele observa que as idéias religiosas são parasitárias sobre a nossa ontologia intuitiva (ou seja, eles são relevantes). Eles são transmitidos com sucesso devido a capacidades mentais que a evolução já criou. Tal como com outros comportamentos, a religião é um resultado de relevância agregada - i. e., a soma da operação de todos os motores de inferência. Assim, conceitos e comportamentos religiosos estão presentes não porque são necessários ou até mesmo úteis, mas porque eles facilmente ativam nossos modelos, são fáceis de lembrar e transmitir, e assim eles sobrevivem ao longo do tempo. Ele dá um resumo final (p326) de ' ' a história completa de toda a religião (sempre) ' ' como se segue (é claro que deixa de fora ' religião avançada (espiritualidade, misticismo)'). Entre os milhões de coisas que as pessoas discutiram foram algumas que violaram nossas intuições e isso os tornou mais fáceis de lembrar e transmitir. Aqueles que eram sobre os agentes eram especialmente salientes como eles ativaram domínios ricos de inferências possíveis, tais como aqueles sobre predadores e psicologia intuitiva. Agentes com propriedades contrintuitivas, especialmente a capacidade de entender e afetar o comportamento humano ou o mundo foram fortemente transmitidos. Eles se conectaram com outros eventos estranhos e um pouco contrintuitivos, como a morte e os sentimentos sobre a presença contínua dos mortos. De alguma forma rituais surgem e se associam com os poderosos agentes sobrenaturais. Algumas pessoas serão mais habilidosas na condução de tais rituais e orientando as interações com os espíritos. Inevitavelmente, eles vão criar versões mais abstratas e começar a adquirir poder e riqueza. No entanto, as pessoas continuarão a ter suas próprias inferências sobre a religião. Ele observa que a religião deve muito à aparência provavelmente recente (na evolução hominóide) da capacidade de desacoplamento e ocorre-me que se pode considerar experiências de drogas enteógenas, satori e iluminação como o último em desacoplamento--nenhum passado, nenhum futuro, e nem mesmo um presente--não aqui, não lá, não eu, não você e tudo é uma coisa e ilusória. A outra transição chave na evolução é postulou ser a habilidade de aceitar a violação de expectativas intuitivas a nível de domínios ontológica (isto é, as classes das coisas--plantas, povos, coisas moventes etc.). Ele considera essas capacidades como levando à invenção da religião (e, claro, muito mais), mas é claro que Buda, Jesus e Osho foi um pouco mais longe. Ele rejeita a idéia de que os pensamentos religiosos tornaram as mentes mais flexíveis e abertas (em vez disso, tornaramse suscetíveis a certos conceitos que ativaram as inferências de agência, predação, moralidade, intercâmbio social, morte, etc.) , mas algo nos fez suscetíveis também aos entheogens, satori e iluminação e isso é tão flexível e aberto como as pessoas podem ser e permanecem são. Portanto, é evidente que muito resta a ser descoberto sobre a espiritualidade e a religião e os progressos na compreensão do comportamento vai trazer isso.
/* * Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more * contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with * this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership. * The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache license, Version 2.0 * (the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with * the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the license for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the license. / package org.apache.logging.log4j.test.appender; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; import org.apache.logging.log4j.LoggingException; import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.Appender; import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.LogEvent; import org.apache.logging.log4j.core.appender.AbstractAppender; import org.apache.logging.log4j.plugins.Plugin; import org.apache.logging.log4j.plugins.PluginAttribute; import org.apache.logging.log4j.plugins.PluginFactory; import org.apache.logging.log4j.plugins.validation.constraints.Required; /* * */ @Plugin(name="FailOnce", category ="Core", elementType=Appender.ELEMENT_TYPE, printObject=true) public class FailOnceAppender extends AbstractAppender { boolean fail = true; private final List<LogEvent> events = new ArrayList<>(); private FailOnceAppender(final String name) { super(name, null, null, false, null); } @Override public void append(final LogEvent event) { if (fail) { fail = false; throw new LoggingException("Always fail"); } events.add(event); } public List<LogEvent> getEvents() { final List<LogEvent> list = new ArrayList<>(events); events.clear(); return list; } @PluginFactory public static FailOnceAppender createAppender( @PluginAttribute @Required(message = "A name for the Appender must be specified") final String name) { return new FailOnceAppender(name); } }
Woohoo!!Even though it's a one week extension, it'll certainly allow us to enjoy the beta that much longer. "I figure language is a poor enough a means of communication as it is so we have to use all the words we've got. Besides, there are damned few words that everybody understands"~Henry Drummond, Lawyer from Inherit the Wind First Time Attempt at an LP:[url]https://plus.google.com/u/0/110762779327102029687/posts/A1UWNRafWZT?pid=6149648681644876370&oid=110762779327102029687P[/url] Ricky_Honejasi wrote:Well, they better use that extension for fixing the netcode issues and truly show the improvements until their new deadline. To me, the netcode issues are one of the current biggest killers on top of the several issues there are at the moment. Agreed. And that isn't the only issue by any means. There is still so much more that needs fixing. I'm still very skeptical that July 27 is going to be the actual release date, seeing how slowly Blizz fixes things and how other things tend to break when they try. "Imagination is the beginning of creation. You imagine what you desire, you will what you imagine and at last you create what you will."-George Bernard Shaw So unless I just played in the best time somehow, I actually could play different custom maps without major lag. In short, ridiculously smooth vs the ridiculously laggy situation there was about 5-6 days ago. Anyway, about to gather some more players to see if it holds true for higher player count or if it's just plain luck. However, ultimately, it leads me to believe that all games are directly hosted on battle.net instead of using a player host's computer to do it. IskatuMesk wrote:Local hosting does not exist at all and probably never will. Which is extremely bad. No, what I imply this time is that instead of hosting relying on a the host's computer to MANAGE the game's data (I don't mean hosting a file vs a file off b.net), it seems to be battle.net as well (unless it's in a bandwidth-only fashion as in host manage, send data to b.net then b.net resend to all players). Since that's about the only explanation that it lagged horribly 5-6 days ago yet these days, the lag now is a LOT more reasonable without a single patch (which means no change on the player's side data-wise which it could have been on b.net's server side). Yeah indeed. Also it is annoying when the lag is determined on the b.net servers' load as opposed to the players' connections for the game itself (especially seen in early Patch 13). If Blizzard manage to have decent connections in general for b.net 2.0, SC2 might end up lagging horribly 5-10 years later when all the expansions are out and that Blizzard will have little gain off SC2 (thus less expenses on SC2 servers, lag raises a lot) vs a future WC4 or SC3. Of course, it's all presuming that I am not mistaken about b.net 2.0 directly hosting games. RazorclawX wrote:The Blizzard that put out the original Starcraft is gone; the release date won't get pushed back. We're going to get a crappy netcode at release. Blizzard smelled blood by the success of WoW. I said it long long ago back when WoW was first announced, but everyone from Palin to shmucks was telling me to get a job. Money matters the most, and if you think any company won't listen to requests simply because they don't want to, that's ignorant. It's always something that ultimately comes down to money.

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