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Q:
How to non display dialog in tortoise cleanup?
I run some scheduled tasks for svn on my local computer like: update.
Sometimes update cannot run for cleanup problem, so I have add scheduled task for cleanup, but it cannot run without my intervention: always dispalys dialog:
How to non display this dialog? Really I change nothing - only click button ok.
Thanks.
A:
A quick look at the docs help:
Use /noui to prevent the result dialog from popping up (either telling about the cleanup being finished or showing an error message). /noprogressui also disables the progress dialog. /nodlg disables showing the cleanup dialog where the user can choose what exactly should be done in the cleanup. The available actions can be specified with the options /cleanup for status cleanup, /revert, /delunversioned, /delignored, /refreshshell and /externals.
A:
TortoiseSVN doesn't seem to be a good tool for automation.
Consider using command line svn:
svn cleanup
will do what you need
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Project overview:Intended to serve as an introduction to scarcity and basic economic reasoning, students will work in small groups to develop a series of survival plans that would enable them to live through an imagined, life threatening situation. This lesson is an expansion of an activity developed by the NCEE in 2003, adapted to incorporate several of Gee’s principles of learning.
Students will make a poster demonstrating economic decisions made to utilize scarce resources in order to live through an imagined survival situation.
Students will write a short paragraph explaining how scarcity forces us to make choices.
Procedure:1: Break the class into groups of approximately 4-5 students and tell them that they will be taking part in a game to see who could survive being shipwrecked and stranded on an Alaskan Island (note: the actual location/circumstance of the survival situation is up to teacher discretion, but the teacher must be prepared to provide information about local climate, terrain, weather, plant and wildlife, etc.).
2: Distribute poster paper and markers to each group. If desired, the game can be made more competitive by having each group come up with a team name and recording those names on the board, along with the number of attempts it takes each team to survive each round of the game. However, the game can be just as effective without this step.
3: Project the ”starting point” map for your chosen location (an island off the coast of southern Alaska) and describe the groups’ initial predicament. Tell the class that each group was on a fishing trip off the coast of Alaska with one of their teachers when their boat unexpectedly sank. All the students survived and made it to shore uninjured, but their teacher was knocked unconscious and had to be dragged to shore. Tell the groups that they made it to a small, rocky beach, and there is a pine forest not far inland. When they get to shore, it is early morning, raining, and the group members are in serious danger of hypothermia after spending time in the frigid water.
4:Then display the resources that each group managed to salvage:
Two small knife
One hatchet
Two rain poncho
Two wood paddles
Three life vests
A match box with five waterproof matches
A 20ft nylon cord
One compass
Wet clothing (what they are wearing)
5. Tell each group to fold their poster paper into fourths to make four equal quadrants once reopened. Working on notebook paper, tell the class that their first task is to develop a 10 minute survival plan. Students are to write down a step-by-step plan detailing exactly what they will do to survive the first ten minutes on the island, including writing down what choices they make about how to use their resources and the opportunity costs involved with each of those choices (Note: if opportunity cost has not yet been introduced, this activity provides many excellent examples to understand cost in terms other than money). Give the class time to develop their plans.
6: Tell the class to call you over once they think they have a winning plan, so they can share it with you. As they do, assess whether each group made sufficient decisions to insure their survival (Did they correctly address their most immediate needs instead of waisting energy on long term goals? Did they use their resources in a way that would feasibly achieve those needs? Did they remember to save the teacher?). If not, inform the group that they didn’t survive and must try again. Those that did may illustrate their plan in the first quadrant of their poster paper and move on to the next round (Note: most groups will likely fail to survive the first round of the game on their first attempt).
7:The game gan continue to whatever extent is appropriate (either until all groups survive the ordeal, or until the first group makes it). Repeat steps five and six for all for rounds. As they progress through rounds, immediate needs, choices, and use of resources will change as follows: Round 2: Overnight Plan In round one, the most immediate need the groups should have addressed was heat. In round 2, that need becomes shelter. Students must choose how to use or gather resources to build a sufficient shelter to survive the night, while being sure not to overlook their continued need for heat. Often, students try to use their resources to begin gathering food at the expense of shelter, but at this point, shelter is a more immediate need and those that do not build ample shelter cannot survive to the next round. Round 3: One Week Plan Now, food becomes an immediate need. For those groups that protected their teacher, he or she now regains consciousness and may assist the group with knowledge of small animal trapping. In any case, students must make a step-by-step plan of how they will gather enough food to survive, recording their resource use and opportunity costs. Round 4: Stay or Go? In the final round, students must choose whether it is a better idea to stay where they are and wait for rescue or try to escape the island on their own. To do so, each group should complete a cost-benefit analysis table before developing their plans.
9: Once the game is complete, lead the class in a discussion over how the concept of scarcity applies to a survival situation and how each choice made came either with an immediate opportunity cost or one that came in the future. Students should recognize that scarcity is what forced them to choose how to use their resources, demonstrating the most basic of economizing behavior.
10: After the discussion, close by asking students to write a quick paragraph responding to the prompt:
“What is the relationship between scarcity and human choices? Be sure to use at least one example of an instance of scarcity, choice, and opportunity cost from the game.”
Intrinsic Learning Principles:
Active, Critical Learning Principle:
Anyone can hear a definition and write it down. For some, that form of learning is even sufficient to understand a concept. However, most learn far more effectively when able to actively engage in some way. Reasoning through a survival situation is not necessary to understand basic economic thinking, but it gives students a way to link such concepts to more basic ideas than money and production, and it does so in a way that allows students to think rather than hear.
Self Knowledge Principle:
Unlike most digital video games, this game allows students to imaginatively place themselves in a survival situation, bringing their own knowledge and abilities to the game. Although the game is designed to explore economic concepts, the application of those topics to a survival situation allows to explore their current capacities in a potential real world situation.
Psychosocial Moratorium:
Hopefully, none of the students will ever find themselves in a legitimate survival situation, but this activity allows students to explore their options and the decisions they could make in such a situation without the danger of injury or death. With that experience, students will be able to more critically think about decisions once in a real survival situation, or more likely, to apply the concepts learned to less dangerous decisions made each day.
Featured Learning Principle:
Probing Principle:
Although I have used this activity in class before, for the purposes of this project I adapted and expanded the game to make better use of Gee’s Probing Principle. While the above principles are naturally included in the original activity, my changes bring in a “trial and error” element that will hopefully highlight the game-like element of the activity. In each round, students must develop a survival plan. If their plan is insufficient, they do not survive and must try again. In this way, students make their best guess at how best to use their resources. If unsuccessful, they receive feedback about what they did wrong (feedback can be as simple as teacher questioning: “You went to look for food? I guess you froze to death!” or “Who made sure the teacher got warmed up? Nobody? Try again!”). With that feedback in mind, students can try another tactic and see if they survive the second time. This approach may not be completely necessary to teach basic economic concepts imbedded in the activity, but it can heighten its game-like elements, hopefully making the entire experience more impactful. |
Q:
Why is the attribute size of h:selectManyListbox redefined in Google chrome?
I have some problem using JSF <h:selectManyListbox> and Google Chrome.
When my page is loading an error "Attribute size redefined" appears.
I just want to see only 5 items in my list box:
<h:selectManyListbox id="usersManyListbox" value="#{pingResultBean.selectedUsers}"
size="5" style="width:168px;">
<f:selectItems value="#{pingResultBean.userItems}"/>
</h:selectManyListbox>
In other browsers everything is OK.
A:
This error means that the mentioned attribute appeared twice in the generated HTML source. Rightclick the page in your browser and locate the HTML generated by <h:selectManyListbox>. It should look like
<select name="formId:usersManyListbox" multiple="multiple" size="5">
It should have only one size attribute. If it do have two or more, then it's likely a bug in the JSF impl/version used. Consider upgrading to the latest version or switching to a different impl.
I can at least not reproduce this on Mojarra 1.2_15 and Mojarra 2.1.0.
|
Effects of Cr(VI)-induced calcium-sensing receptor activation on DF-1 cell pyroptosis.
This study aims to investigate the effects of Cr(VI)-induced calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) activation on DF-1 cell pyroptosis. Previous studies show that Cr(VI) could accumulate in the body of chickens and change Ca levels. Hence, a Ca-related pathway may be an important mechanism participating in some pathological processes. Pyroptosis level, which is meditated by CaSR, increases under Cr(VI) accumulation. In the present study, pyroptosis was determined by flow cytometry to detect SYTOX blue and caspase-1 staining followed by morphological observation. Interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 levels were detected by ELISA, while CaSR protein and [Ca2+]i contents were detected by Western blot and fluorescence microplate spectrophotometry, respectively. The results showed that Cr(VI) causes DF-1 cell pyroptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner and that this effect is caspase-1 dependent. Further experiments indicated that pyroptosis could be induced by Cr(VI) and is accompanied by up-regulated [Ca2+]i content. CaSR inhibition led to decreases in pyroptosis level. Some mechanisms may be involved in Cr(VI)-triggered CaSR activation and enhance DF-1 cell pyroptosis. Taken together, the results of this study support future investigations on Cr(VI)-induced pyroptosis in DF-1 cells. |
A call for $700 billion in sustainable infrastructure investments
A call for $700 billion in sustainable infrastructure investments
As the global population expands to 9 billion by 2050, we are set to spend trillions of dollars on supporting infrastructure that is likely to damage our climate. The good news is that spending more up front on making that infrastructure sustainable will pay off in the long run and provide new growth opportunities.
That's the conclusion reached by a group of multinational businesses and institutions -- called Green Growth Alliance -- tasked by the G20 to consider green growth. To make that vision a reality, though, governments would need to spend $130 billion -- an amount that could, if well directed, mobilize another $570 billion of private finance, the group argues in a report released this week.
But it will take some political and business courage to make that $700 billion yearly investment a reality.
The positive outlook of the Green Growth Alliance, chaired by former Mexican President Felipe Calderón, is partly based on evidence that sustainable investment has proven remarkably resilient in recent years. Spending on renewable energy in 2011 was up 17 percent on 2010. That is double what was being invested just before the financial crisis struck in 2007 and six times higher than in 2004. Global agricultural productivity is rising faster than population and 2 billion more people have enjoyed improved water access in the last 20 years.
Investment needs to be directed at newly industrializing economies to keep climate change under control. That is already happening. More surprisingly, we are at -- or just about at -- the point when more clean energy asset financing is originating from these emerging markets themselves than from developed countries.
But as positive as this evidence is, progress is insufficient. The World Bank suggests we are on track for average global temperatures to reach 4° Celsius over pre-industrial levels. The Green Growth Alliance report, prepared by the World Economic Forum with the support of Accenture, estimates the world will spend $5 trillion per year on infrastructure and agriculture to meet the needs of population growth. But this "business-as-usual" expenditure will not enable the world to keep global temperatures within the 2° rise that is regarded as the tolerable ceiling.
The Green Growth Alliance argues the first priority is to "green" this $5 trillion annual investment flow, and commit another $700 billion annually to make that initial investment more sustainable. The Alliance calculates this should enable the 2° ceiling to be met. And that latter figure only covers low carbon transport, energy efficiency, forestry and clean energy. More will be required elsewhere. The International Energy Authority (IEA) predicts the corresponding fuel savings will more than compensate for these investment needs.
The question is how to unlock that extra annual $700 billion of required finance. The Green Growth Alliance believes while public finances are tight, targeted use of additional government spending could help bridge the funding gap.
Some of the investment is required for adaptation to the impacts of climate change that we cannot stop, not least the protection from floods in those low-lying areas that are particularly subject to population growth. But the majority of the $700 billion needs to be targeted at stimulating investment to reduce emissions, drive energy efficiency and minimize natural resource depletion.
A central requirement is to create the instruments and mechanisms by which this private investment can be attracted. Long-term carbon markets are being established in some countries, and these signals of revenue certainty need to be extended elsewhere. Green bond markets would benefit from supporting regulation and standards.
In addition, other activities need to be considered by policy makers. Fossil fuel subsidies that contradict efforts to achieve low carbon growth should be reduced. Achieving free trade in green goods and services would reduce costs and accelerate innovation. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) has made progress in negotiations here, for instance.
But private sector companies should not wait for perfect public policies to remove the reasonable risks associated with green investment. It is in their interests to diversify their portfolios and explore unconventional assets for return. By engaging with public finance agencies, they can improve comparative risk analysis to open up more attractive green capital markets.
Progress has been made. And scaling up the rate and scope of investment is the next step. While vested interests and visible barriers remain in the way, perhaps the greatest obstacle to green growth investment is reluctance and ignorance. The evidence is that spending additional funds to make infrastructure growth green is not only environmentally sustainable, but also economically sustainable. If policy makers and the finance sectors start with that premise in mind, there is a real chance of accelerating the surprisingly good progress that has already been made. |
Map shows NYC's energy consumption, building-by-building
Gmoke sez, "This statistical model uses 'zipcode-level energy consumption data to estimate the average annual energy use for every tax lot—at practically building level—through all five boroughs of the city.' Included are estimateans for space heating, space cooling, water heating, and base electric applications such as lighting. 'This map will enable NYC building owners to see whether their own building consumes more or less than what an average building with similar function and size would,' said Professor Modi. 'This is the first time anyone has provided an estimate like this for New York City and the first time anyone has offered information to the public in the form of an interactive map.'"
“This is a critical issue,” said Modi. “While discussions frequently focus on electricity use, homes in New York City, whether a townhouse or a large apartment building, use far more energy in form of heat rather than electricity. Nearly all of this heat is obtained from heating oil or natural gas. In addition, current electricity distribution infrastructure in many urban areas relies on large amounts of electricity brought in from outside the city, making it difficult to support increased future use without requiring significant investment of resources and funds. We are looking at ways we can address both these issues—reducing our heating bills and increasing local electricity generation capacity.”
their Galaxies are spread out between NYC, NJ, Conn and PA, just to start locally to NYC
this is why you never heard a single word about wallstreet being unable to function after 9/11.
ontop of that the exchanges operate with a built in latency in stock tick. this was developed to “level” the playing field so that no trading house had an advantage by placing their trading cluster right next door to the NYSE. this built in latency is what allows them to all extend their clusters into galaxies for load balancing and DR in NJ PA & Conn
That’s really cool, but wouldn’t per capita numbers – or some other inverse density measure – be more useful? Obviously a 40 story building is going to use more energy per land area than a 4 story building, but that doesn’t make it less efficient. (In fact, it would almost certainly be more efficient.) Or am I misreading this?
Agree. The usage of the building also needs to be taken into account. A measure per square metre of usable floor space might be better. Perhaps some normalisation for person-hours of building usage (to account people density and for 24 hour occupancy versus “business hours”) would also add some useful filtering. The raw data presented here really is just a proxy for building height.
Not sure why this would be useful, since it would make an 8000-square-foot McMansion or office space appear just as green as an 600-square-foot New York apartment, because they might both use the same number of watts per sq-ft.
More floor space = more energy, but this is a bad thing, and not something that should be removed from the equation by dividing by it.
The number of people living in the space is the key metric. If four adults can live in NY and use 200 KWH/month, then they are far greener than 2 adults living in a huge suburban house using 1500 KWH/month.
This was my exact question… the energy consumption seems to directly correlate to the height of the buildings (as I remember them from a decade ago) so it seems to me that either that’s not being taken into account or highrises are just that much more inefficient (which is not what I would expect.) Looking at the square foot numbers though, it’s just land size and not floor space. So, ultimately meaningless. Unless I’m misreading this.
I don’t know that saying that buildings in NYC “use far more energy in form of heat rather than electricity” is accurate; or if it is if it will be accurate for long. Here in Toronto we’ve used more energy in air conditioning each year than in heating since at least 2000 and NYC is further to the south than we are.
Hospitals are pretty big consumers of both electric and thermal energy. They’re on all day, every day. In that regard, utilities like them because, compared to some other types of load, they’re very predictable and the also have relatively high Load Factor ( their Peak electric demand isn’t very much above their average electric demand).
I’m waiting to get my hands on the paper and review the methodology, because – at least from the limited data set that I’ve worked with – I can see some flaws in the numbers.
I’ve been developing on-site energy projects in New York for a couple years now and have the actual consumption data for a few buildings. There are big differences between Modi’s estimates and the actual consumption numbers (for these specific buildings, his numbers are way too high). I’ll come back with a follow-up comment what I get the chance to look at the formulas used.
Note that this does NOT show energy consumption building by building. It shows energy consumption block by block and uses only raw land area, not the usable square footage of buildings. So as others have pointed out above, the energy usage tends to correlate with the height of the buildings.
The building where I live, for example, is part of a complex of four identical buildings (that I’m fairly confident use very similar amounts of energy) with two buildings on each of two blocks. Yet one block shows up much darker than the other, presumably because it’s smaller.
My guess is that if you recalculated this by built square footage instead of raw land area, many areas of the image would be reversed, since a typical modern 50 story office tower makes much more efficient use of light, heat, etc. per square foot than a 6 story 100-year-old apartment building.
Correct-This map does *not* show energy use building by building. It shows energy use by zipcode, as allocated across taxlots based on area. Which isn’t a very useful way to render the data.
Overall it looks to be an interesting project, but the work is not far enough along to be published yet. These guys need to spend some time at the Columbia U Spatial Design Lab and learn how to make an effective map. Just because some software will let you do something doesn’t mean that you should.
Many comments have pointed out the correlation of energy use with building height. They already have this information but they are not using it. It is in the same file they got the taxlot sizes from, which includes building square footage, number of floors, building class (around 200 types), building age and renovation year, and for large buildings–a further breakdown of square footage by type of use.
It’s tricky to transform the zipcode level data to taxlot resolution. You would need to use some real world data from individual buildings to develop the model. Maybe when the methodology is published their map will make more sense. |
Guns kill about 10 times more black children than they do white children each year, according to a new analysis.
The Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) report, published in the journal Pediatrics, analyzed the number of gun-related homicides, suicides, and unintentional deaths and injuries among U.S. children from 2002 to 2014. Researchers looked at hospital reports and death certificates, as well as overall patterns and trends.
Black children faced the highest rates of gun-related homicides, at 3.5 for every 100,000, researchers found. That’s nearly 10 times the rate for white children, at .4 for 100,000. In many cases, researchers noted, gun-related deaths occur “in multi-victim events and involved intimate partner or family conflict.”
Gun-related deaths also disproportionately affected young boys and older children. Researchers found that gun-related deaths, injuries and homicides are higher among boys ages 13 to 17 than teen girls and younger boys.
Preventing these injuries and ensuring safe relationships and environments for all children is one of the CDC’s “most important priorities,” wrote Dr. Katherine Fowler, behavioral scientist at the CDC and the report’s lead author in an email to TIME.
“[This study] reinforces the importance of addressing the intersection of the various forms of violence, and draws attention to the range of firearm injuries and deaths impacting children,” wrote Fowler. “These are preventable injuries that have a major public health impact on early death and disability among children.”
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Contact us at letters@time.com. |
As the demand for hydrocarbon-based fuels has increased, the need for improved processes for desulfurizing hydrocarbon feedstocks of heavier molecular weight has increased as well as the need for increasing the conversion of the heavy portions of these feedstocks into more valuable, lighter fuel products. These heavier, “challenged” feedstocks include, but are not limited to, low API gravity, high sulfur, high viscosity crudes from such areas of the world as Canada, the Middle East, Mexico, Venezuela, and Russia, as well as less conventional refinery and petrochemical feedstocks derived from such sources as tar sands bitumen, coal, and oil shale. These heavier crudes and derived crude feedstocks contain a significant amount of heavy, high molecular weight hydrocarbons. A considerable amount of the hydrocarbon of these heavy oil streams are often in the form of large multi-ring hydrocarbon molecules and/or a conglomerated association of large molecules containing a large portion of the sulfur, nitrogen and metals in the hydrocarbon stream. A significant portion of the sulfur contained in these heavy oils is in the form of heteroatoms in polycyclic aromatic molecules, comprised of sulfur compounds such as dibenzothiophenes, from which the sulfur is difficult to remove.
The high molecular weight, large multi-ring aromatic hydrocarbon molecules or associated heteroatom-containing (e.g., S, N, O) multi-ring hydrocarbon molecules in the higher molecular weight oils are generally found in a solubility class of molecules termed as asphaltenes. A significant portion of the sulfur is contained within the structure of these asphaltenes or lower molecular weight polar molecules termed as “polars” or “resins”. Due to the large aromatic structures of the asphaltenes, the contained sulfur can be refractory in nature and is not very susceptible to removal by conventional alkali salt solution complexes such as potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide solution treatments under conventional operating conditions. Other intermediate refinery crude fractions, such as atmospheric resids, vacuum resids, and other similar intermediate feedstreams containing boiling point materials above about 850° F. (454° C.) contain similar sulfur polycyclic heteroatom complexes and are also difficult to desulfurize by conventional methods. These heavy crudes, derived refinery feedstocks, and heavy residual intermediate hydrocarbon streams can contain significant amounts of sulfur. Sulfur contents of in excess of 3 to 5 wt % are not uncommon for these streams and can often be concentrated to higher contents in the refinery heavy residual streams.
These high sulfur content hydrocarbon streams can be excessively corrosive to equipment in refinery and petrochemical production and/or exceed environmental limitations for use in processes such petroleum refining processes. If a significant amount of the sulfur is not removed from these feedstocks prior to refining, significant costs in capital equipment may be required to process these corrosive crudes and the sulfur is generally still required to be removed by subsequent processes in order to meet intermediate and final product sulfur specifications. Additionally, most conventional catalytic refining and petrochemical processes cannot be used on these heavy feedstocks and intermediates due to their use of fixed bed catalyst systems and the tendency of these heavy hydrocarbons to produce excessive coking and deactivation of the catalyst systems when in contact with such feedstreams. Also, due to the excessive hydrocarbon unsaturation and cracking of carbon-to-carbon bonds experienced in these processes, significant amounts of hydrogen are required to treat asphaltene containing feeds. The high consumption of hydrogen, which is a very costly treating agent, in these processes results in significant costs associated with the conventional catalytic hydrotreating of heavy oils for sulfur removal.
Due to their high sulfur content, high viscosities, and low API gravities, these heavy hydrocarbon feedstreams cannot be readily transported over existing pipeline systems and are often severely discounted for use as a feedstock for producing higher value products. Another alternative utilized is to make these heavy oils suitable for pipeline transportation or petrochemical feed only after significant dilution of the heavy oil with expensive, lower sulfur hydrocarbon diluents.
As a result, many process methods have been utilized in the art to desulfurize the very “heavy” or “high molecular weight” hydrocarbon containing streams. Due to the problems discussed with the use of fixed bed catalyst systems for use in desulfurizing these heavy hydrocarbon streams, alkali metal hydroxides have been used in aqueous solutions and contacted with the heavy hydrocarbon stream under specific conditions resulting in the formation of a desulfurized hydrocarbon product wherein a portion of the sulfur has been removed from the heavy hydrocarbon stream and a spent alkali metal hydroxide. Herein, the spent metal hydroxide is most predominantly in the forms of an alkali metal sulfide and/or alkali metal hydrosulfide.
A significant drawback to the alkali metal hydroxide desulfurization process of the art is that the alkali metal hydroxides that are spent in the processes (i.e., either in the form of a sulfide or hydrosulfide) are not easily converted back into their active hydroxide forms. In most conventional processes for alkali metal regeneration, the alkali metals sulfides are typically steam stripped, removing the sulfur from the alkali metal compounds by forming hydrogen sulfide. Not only is this stripping process typically inefficient and costly, but it also results in the formation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) which in turn must also under go an additional costly process for removal of the elemental sulfur, such as a typical Claus process. Besides requiring additional equipment and expenses, the use of steam stripping and subsequent Claus processing results in much of the hydrogen fraction of any hydrogen supplied to the hydrocarbon desulfurization process being lost as water in the H2S disposal process.
Therefore, there exists in the industry a need for an improved process for removing sulfur from bitumens, heavy crudes, derived crudes and refinery residual streams utilizing a metal hydroxide and a regenerating the spent metal hydroxide compounds for reuse in the desulfurization process. |
Win for Affirmative Action
By
A federal appeals court on Tuesday upheld the University of Texas at Austin's consideration of race in admissions.
The ruling came in a case in which the U.S. Supreme Court ruled last year that public colleges could consider race in admissions, but only under strict conditions. Critics of affirmative action have hoped that those conditions were sufficiently narrow that when the appeals court took another look at UT-Austin's admissions policies, they would not meet those tests.
But a three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit found, 2 to 1, that the Texas program is legal. The challenge to Texas was based in large part on the use of the "10 percent" plan, which guarantees the top graduates of every high school a spot at UT-Austin (or any other public college). Because many Texas high schools are segregated, this system results in the admission of black and Latino students -- and the challenge to UT-Austin's consideration of race said that with a percent plan, there was no need to go further.
The Record So Far
This website, maintained by the University of Texas at Austin, includes briefs and prior rulings in the case of Fisher v. University of Texas at Austin, in which Abigail Fisher, a white woman rejected for admission by the university, said that her rights were violated by UT-Austin's consideration of race and ethnicity in admissions decisions.
But the appeals court said that just because Texas could get some diversity based on the percent plan alone does not mean it can't do more than that. "[A]n emphasis on numbers in a mechanical admissions process is the most pernicious of discriminatory acts because it looks to race alone, treating minority students as fungible commodities that represent a single minority viewpoint," the judges wrote. "Critical mass, the tipping point of diversity, has no fixed upper bound of universal application, nor is it the minimum threshold at which minority students do not feel isolated or like spokespersons for their race."
Further, the appeals court said that the University of Texas is correct not to rely solely on the percent plan, which in turn works because of segregation. The plaintiff's "claim can proceed only if Texas must accept this weakness of the Top Ten Percent Plan and live with its inability to look beyond class rank and focus upon individuals," the decision says. "Perversely, to do so would put in place a quota system pretextually race neutral. While the Top Ten Percent Plan boosts minority enrollment by skimming from the tops of Texas high schools, it does so against this backdrop of increasing resegregation in Texas public schools, where over half of Hispanic students and 40 percent of black students attend a school with 90 percent - 100 percent minority enrollment."
The lawyers challenging the university's affirmative action plan have already vowed to appeal, to the U.S. Supreme Court if necessary, so today's outcome -- while a major win for defenders of affirmative action -- will not end the debate.
From a Rejection in 2008 to New Definitions of the Rules
The lawsuit at the center of the debate was filed by Abigail Fisher, a white Texas woman who was denied admission to UT-Austin in 2008. She was not in the top 10 percent of her class, and so was not automatically admitted. She was considered along with others who did not make the 10 percent threshold. The university successfully defended the suit in federal district and appeals courts, but when the U.S. Supreme Court took the appeal, many in higher education who support affirmative action feared that the justices would ban colleges from considering race in admissions.
The Supreme Court didn't do so, and in fact explicitly stated that its past decisions upholding the consideration of race still stood. But the decision faulted the lower courts for not giving a rigorous enough review of the University of Texas's approach to affirmative action. The Supreme Court ruling made clear that colleges must get over a very high bar to justify the consideration of race.
"The university must prove that the means chosen by the university to attain diversity are narrowly tailored to that goal. On this point, the university receives no deference," said the decision, by Justice Anthony M. Kennedy.
Kennedy added: "Narrow tailoring also requires that the reviewing court verify that it is 'necessary' for a university to use race to achieve the educational benefits of diversity. This involves a careful judicial inquiry into whether a university could achieve sufficient diversity without using racial classifications. Although “[n]arrow tailoring does not require exhaustion of every conceivable race-neutral alternative,' strict scrutiny does require a court to examine with care, and not defer to, a university’s 'serious, good faith consideration of workable race-neutral alternatives.'"
While Fisher and her lawyers were upset that the Supreme Court didn't block all consideration of race, they (and many others) thought that the kinds of standards Kennedy was setting would make it difficult for lower courts to back the Texas approach. But at least with the appeals court that ruled Tuesday, those predictions proved wrong.
How the Appeals Court Judged Texas
The appeals court panel reviewed a number of issues in the case. The University of Texas and others have argued that Fisher no longer has standing. She has since graduated from another university, the argument goes, so she is in no way being blocked from receiving an undergraduate education. The appeals court ruling says that facts in the case "call into question whether Fisher has standing," and that UT-Austin's arguments "carry force," but it adds that the Supreme Court wanted a review of the case on its merits, not standing issues.
In turning to the merits, the appeals court decision notes the high standard set by the Supreme Court. But the decision also notes that the Supreme Court has not retreated from the view that diversity is a legitimate goal for a college to have for the way it educates all students.
The judges then review Fisher's argument, which is that the 21.5 percent black and Latino enrollment that the University of Texas at Austin achieved through the percent plan alone provides diversity, removing the rationale for additional consideration of race. Since Texas returned to considering race (for the roughly 20 percent of slots not filled by the percent plan), Fisher argues that minority applicants have received unfair preferences.
The court soundly rejects that, pointing to the numbers. "The increasingly fierce competition for the decreasing number of seats available for Texas students outside the top 10 percent results in minority students being under-represented -- and white students being over-represented -- in holistic review admissions relative to the program’s impact on each incoming class," the ruling says. "Of the incoming class of 2008, the year Fisher applied for admission, holistic review contributed 19 percent of the class of Texas students as a whole -- but only 12 percent of the Hispanic students and 16 percent of the black students, while contributing 24 percent of the white students." ("Holistic" review is that full evaluation, including consideration of race and ethnicity, that the university undertakes for those not admitted through the percent plan.)
Further, the appeals court says that data show the necessity of considering race. In the class admitted in 2007, the last year before Fisher applied, the court notes, the average SAT scores for students admitted through holistic review was 1155 for Latino students, 1073 for black students and 1275 for white students. "Given the test score gaps between minority and non-minority applicants, if holistic review was not designed to evaluate each individual’s contributions to UT-Austin’s diversity, including those that stem from race, holistic admissions would approach an all-white enterprise," the decision says.
Another key factor in UT-Austin's favor, the court ruling says, is that it launched and promoted a series of efforts (without considering race in admissions) that would have the impact of attracting more minority applicants. The university opened new recruitment centers, added to its financial aid budget, created programs for high school students, and so forth, the decision details. So there is in fact evidence that UT was trying lots of strategies, and only by using them all (including consideration of race in admissions) was it making any progress.
"[T]this record shows that UT Austin implemented every race-neutral effort that its detractors now insist must be exhausted prior to adopting a race-conscious admissions program," the ruling says.
The ruling also says -- in numerous ways -- that the percent plans are flawed in terms of promoting long-term educational equality. For example, the decision notes that most predominantly minority high schools are not the highest-achieving Texas high schools -- in part because many of them lack sufficient funds, and they educate disproportionate numbers of at-risk students. Further, the ruling says, relying on percent students to provide diversity leaves out others. And the report stressed the dependence of the percent plans on continued segregation.
"A variety of perspectives, that is differences in life experiences, is a distinct and valued element of diversity," the decision says. "Yet a significant number of students excelling in high-performing schools are passed over by the Top Ten Percent Plan although they could bring a perspective not captured by admissions along the sole dimension of class rank. For example, the experience of being a minority in a majority-white or majority-minority school and succeeding in that environment offers a rich pool of potential UT-Austin students with demonstrated qualities of leadership and sense of self. Efforts to draw from this pool do not demean the potential of Top Ten admittees. Rather it complements their contribution to diversity -- mitigating in an important way the effects of the single dimension process."
The ruling was by Judge Patrick E. Higginbotham.
The Dissent
While the ruling offered strong support for UT-Austin's position, a dissent by Judge Emilio M. Garza offered a different take. He said that, while the majority says that it is holding UT-Austin to the higher standard set by the Supreme Court, the appeals court "continues to defer impermissibly to the university’s claims" about how many minority students it needs.
Garza writes the university's entire argument is based on the desire for a "critical mass" of minority students, but that all he really knows about that critical mass is that the university wants more than it could achieve through the percent plan.
"At best, the university’s attempted articulations of 'critical mass' before this court are subjective, circular, or tautological," Garza writes. "The university explains only that its 'concept of critical mass is defined by reference to the educational benefits that diversity is designed to produce.' And, in attempting to address when it is likely to achieve critical mass, the university explains only that it will 'cease its consideration of race when it determines ... that the educational benefits of diversity can be achieved at UT through a race-neutral policy....' These articulations are insufficient. Under the rigors of strict scrutiny, the judiciary must 'verify that it is necessary for a university to use race to achieve the educational benefits of diversity.' It is not possible to perform this function when the university’s objective is unknown, unmeasurable, or unclear."
Garza stresses that this question is raised because of the relatively small impact that holistic review has when such a large share of the class at UT-Austin is admitted through the percent plan. "It is undeniable that the University admits only a small number of minority students under race-conscious holistic review," he writes. "In 2008, the sole year at issue in this case, less than 20 percent of the class was evaluated under the race-conscious holistic review process. Even if we assume that all minority students who were admitted and enrolled in that year through the race-conscious holistic review process gained admission because of their race, this number is strikingly small -- only 216 African-American and Hispanic students in an entering class of 6,322. The university fails to explain how this small group contributes to its 'critical mass' objective."
Non-Shocking Reactions
As soon as the appeals court decision was handed down, various players issued reactions, but none of those reactions suggested new positions.
Fisher, through her lawyers, issued a statement vowing to keep fighting. “It is disappointing that the judges hearing my case are not following the Supreme Court’s ruling last summer. I remain committed to continuing this lawsuit even if it means we appeal to the Supreme Court once again," she said. "It is a shame that for the last six years, hundreds of UT applicants were denied admission because of UT’s racial and ethnic preferences."
Jennifer Gratz, CEO of the XIV Foundation (which campaigns against the consideration of race in admissions) and a plaintiff in an earlier lawsuit on the issue against the University of Michigan, issued a statement criticizing the appeals court's decision, but seeing what (for her) is a silver lining. "Today’s Fisher decision leaves the door open for the Supreme Court to issue the broad ruling many pundits expected from its first hearing," Gratz said.
Bill Powers, president of UT-Austin, issued a statement saying that he was "very gratified" by Tuesday's ruling. "This ruling ensures that our campus, our state, and the entire nation will benefit from the exchange of ideas and thoughts that happens when students who are diverse in all regards come together in the classroom, at campus events, and in all aspects of campus life," he said.
Ada Meloy, general counsel of the American Council on Education, said via email that she found the decision "thoughtful" and hoped that it would help continue the legal analysis that has allowed colleges to consider race in admissions. "The Supreme Court’s earlier opinion did not close that door, and we hope it will remain open to allow consideration of race and ethnicity when properly carried out in support of an institution’s mission," she said. |
Adrian Ramos (l.) und Ciro Immobile hatten beim BVB nur selten Grund zum Jubeln. Die Zeichen stehen auf Abschied.
Der Wechsel von Ilkay Gündogan steht nach Informationen dieser Redaktion fest - auch deshalb erwarten den BVB im Sommer größere Umbaumaßnahmen.
Dortmund. Es war ein Aus mit Applaus, wie es der deutsche Profifußball selten erlebt hat und nur noch selten erleben wird. Das lag auch daran, dass kurioserweise die Rollen vertauscht waren, dass nicht Borussia Dortmunds Vereinsführung die Erklärungen für die Trennung vom Trainer lieferte, sondern Jürgen Klopp, der Trainer. Der führte aus, dass für das Ende dieser Saison, die nicht den hohen Erwartungen entsprechend verläuft, Veränderungen als notwendig erkannt worden seien. Personelle Veränderungen. Was tun in einem solchen Fall? Jede Menge Köpfe wegwirbeln? Oder doch keinen Radikalschnitt, nur einen Kopf entfernen?
Welche Entscheidung gefallen war, dass der Trainer gehen und seinen „großen Kopf“ (Klopp) mitnehmen würde, war zum Zeitpunkt der Erläuterungen natürlich klar. Ein paar Tage verstreichen mussten allerdings, um langsam, langsam ein Bild davon zu bekommen, dass der BVB dadurch keineswegs vor dem Wirbelsturm bewahrt werden wird. Am Samstag, bei der Bundesligapartie gegen die Frankfurter Eintracht (15.30 Uhr, live in unserem Ticker) im eigenen Stadion, setzt Klopp seine Abschiedstournee fort. An seiner Seite werden die Co-Trainer Zeljko Buvac und Peter Krawietz tätig sein. Wenn Thomas Tuchel kommt, verschwinden diese beiden Köpfe aber mit dem von Klopp. Der Neue bringt Arno Michels und Benjamin Weber mit. Nach Informationen des „Kicker“ soll auch noch Athletiktrainer Rainer Schrey hinzustoßen, der einen Mainzer Hintergrund hat, einen Hintergrund also, den er mit Tuchel teilt, der beim FSV auf sich aufmerksam machte.
BVB hat Geis und Castro im Visier
Vermutet wird, dass es zu weiteren Auswechslungen bei den Männern hinter der Mannschaft kommen wird. Genaues ist noch nicht gekannt. So, wie auch nicht genau bekannt ist, ob es nur eine kleine Operation am Gesicht der Mannschaft geben wird – oder doch eine Totaloperation. Der ehemalige Kapitän Sebastian Kehl wird seine Karriere beenden. Nach Informationen dieses Mediums steht bereits fest, dass Ilkay Gündogan den Klub Richtung Manchester United verlassen wird. Für den 24-Jährigen, dessen Vertrag Mitte 2016 ausläuft, sollen die Dortmunder eine Ablösesumme in Höhe von 30 Millionen Euro kassieren. Viel Geld. Es sind jedoch mindestens zwei Planstellen im zentralen Mittelfeld mit neuen Köpfen auszustatten.
Gonzalo Castro von Bayer Leverkusen könnte nun im Visier der BVB-Späher sein, weil der Vertrag des 27-Jährigen mit einer Ausstiegsklausel versehen ist, die ihm den Wechsel bei Überweisung von elf Millionen Euro garantieren soll. Castro gilt jedoch auch als Kandidat für die Bayern. Ein anderer, Johannes Geis von Mainz 05, hätte den gerade angesagten Tuchel-Hintergrund. Für den 21-Jährigen soll der FSV zwölf Millionen Euro aufrufen. Doch auch Reviernachbar Schalke ist interessiert. Das zentrale Mittelfeld wurde in dieser Spielzeit, in der man davon geschockt wurde, von Platz 18 aus nach oben schauen zu müssen, aber nicht einmal als Kernproblem ausgemacht.
Wechselspiele im Sturm
Als BVB-Kernproblem gilt der Sturm. Die Teuereinkäufe Ciro Immobile und Adrian Ramos erwiesen sich nicht als Verstärkungen. Deshalb wird mächtig spekuliert. Leistet sich die Borussia zum Beispiel den 29-jährigen Edin Dzeko, Ersatzspieler von Manchester City, der elf Millionen Euro jährlich verdienen soll (Bild-Zeitung vom Freitag)? Antwort: unwahrscheinlich. Wahrscheinlich aber ist, dass es im Angriff An- und Verkaufsaktivitäten geben wird. Und sollte Innenverteidiger Mats Hummels, der offengelegt hat, dass er über seine Zukunft nachdenkt und für den ebenfalls ein Angebot von Manchester United vorliegen soll, seinen Abgang vorbereiten, wird sich auch im Defensivbereich ein Köpfchen-wechsel-dich-Spiel ergeben.
Abwehr, Mittelfeld, Angriff, der gesamte Trainerstab inklusive Athletiktrainer? In dieser Woche hat Klopp verkündet: „Ich bin nicht in die Planungen eingebunden.“ Und das muss richtig sein, weil er ja ansonsten gewusst hätte, wie wenig schlüssig seine Erklärungen für die Trennung vom Trainer waren.
Thomas Tuchel (r.) übernimmt am Saisonende den BVB-Trainerjob von Jürgen Klopp. Gemeinsam ist den beiden, ... Foto: picture alliance / dpa
... eine frühere Anstellung beim FSV Mainz 05. Tuchel trainierte das Team von 2009 bis 2014, Klopp war dort von 2001 bis 2008 tätig. Foto: imago/Jan Huebner
Dortmunds neuer Trainer wurde am 29. August 1973 in Krumbach geboren. Er begann ... Foto: dpa
... seine Karriere als Fußballer beim TSV Krumbach, wo er unter Anleitung seines Vaters trainierte. Mit dem FC Augsburg ... Foto: imago/Martin Hoffmann
... gewann er 1991 und 1992 den DFB-Junioren-Vereinspokal. 1992 schloss sich Tuchel dann ... Foto: imago/MIS
... war der SSV Ulm in der Regionalliga Süd. Dort gehörte er drei Jahre lang zur Stammformation, trainierte dort auch unter ... Foto: imago sportfotodienst
... Ralf Rangnick. Wegen einer Knorpelverletzung musste Tuchel seine aktive Karriere jedoch vorzeitig beenden. Tuchel wechselte im Jahr 2000 ... Foto: imago sportfotodienst
... auf die Trainerbank. Beim VfB Stuttgart coachte er zunächst die U15, später auch als Co-Trainer die U19. 2005 gewann er den Meistertitel mit den A-Junioren. Foto: imago sportfotodienst
Von 2006 bis 2008 kehrte er zum FC Augsburg zurück. In dieser Zeit absolvierte er auch die Trainerausbildung, ... Foto: imago/Ulmer
... die Tuchel mit der Note 1,4 abschloss. Im Juli 2008 ... Foto: imago/Martin Hoffmann
... begann schließlich sein Wirken beim FSV Mainz 05. Zunächst als Co-Trainer der A-Jugend, ... Foto: imago/Michael Weber
... ein Jahr später aber schon bei den Profis. Er folgte auf Jørn Andersen, der nach dem Ausscheiden im DFB-Pokal entlassen worden war. Foto: imago/Eßling
In der Saison 2010/11 sorgte Tuchel für Furore. Er stellte mit seinem Team den ... Foto: imago/Jan Huebner
... Bundesliga-Startrekord von sieben Siegen in Serie ein. 2011 erhielt Tuchel ... Foto: imago/Michael Schwarz
... den mit 10.000 Euro dotierten Trainerpreis des Deutschen Fußball-Bundes. Der Preis würdigt herausragende ... Foto: imago sportfotodienst
... Leistungen eines Trainers im Spielbetrieb und in der Nachwuchsarbeit. Foto: dpa
Unmittelbar nach dem Ende der Saison 2013/14 wurde bekannt, ... Foto: imago/Martin Hoffmann
... dass Tuchel den FSV Mainz ein Jahr vor Vertragsende verlassen wird. Foto: imago/Jan Huebner
Zuvor hatte Tuchel aber allen Grund zu feiern. Weil er mit Mainz ... Foto: Bongarts/Getty Images
... Platz 7 und damit den Europapokal erreichte, musste er die obligatorische Bierdusche über sich ergehen lassen. Spaß schien er dabei ... Foto: imago/Sportnah
... aber trotzdem zu haben. Foto: imago/Eßling
Nach seinem Abschied bei Mainz 05 ... Foto: dpa
... legte Tuchel erst einmal ein Sabbatjahr ein. Eine Reihe von Vereinen ... Foto: imago/Martin Hoffmann
... sahen in ihm den Heilsbringer und bemühten sich um eine Verpflichtung. Unter anderem war ... Foto: dpa
... der HSV schwer interessiert. Als dies bei Tuchel allerdings nicht auf Gegenliebe stieß, ... Foto: imago sportfotodienst
... schwenkte man in Hamburg um auf Ex-Coach Bruno Labbadia. Am gleichen Tag ... Foto: dpa
... gab Borussia Dortmund den Rücktritt von Jürgen Klopp zum Saisonende bekannt. Der erste Name, der in der Diskussion um einen möglichen Nachfolger fiel, ... Foto: dpa
... war jener von Thomas Tuchel. Der gab sich zunächst noch bedeckt, ... Foto: picture alliance / dpa
... seit dem 19. April 2015 ist jedoch klar: Tuchel wird Klopp beim BVB beerben. Die beiden ... Foto: dpa
... pflegen ein gutes Verhältnis zueinander, was der Verpflichtung nicht abträglich gewesen sein dürfte. Demnächst wird es also ... Foto: imago sportfotodienst
... mehr solcher Bilder geben: Tuchel auf der BVB-Bank, ... Foto: dpa
... Tuchel vor BVB-Emblem, ... Foto: imago/Thomas Bielefeld
... Tuchels "Hallo" im Dortmunder Stadion. Das Erbe, das er antritt, ... Foto: dpa
... könnte größer allerdings nicht sein. Ob Tuchel der zweite Ex-Mainzer wird, ... Foto: picture alliance / dpa
... der den BVB zurück in die Erfolgsspur führt? Foto: picture alliance / dpa
|
Q:
Как сделать одинаковой высоту ячеек сверстанной блоками таблицы?
Здравствуйте! Сверстал таблицу дивами (не спрашивайте почему - так нужно для адаптивности), и все вроде бы хорошо:
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<div class="apps-comparison fife-apps clearfix">
<div class="comparison-app-block">
<div class="app-block-title best-app stroke-1">
<a href="#close">
<img src="http://tripedali.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/whatsapp-logo1.png" />
</a>
<a href="#close">
<h3>WhatsApp</h3>
</a>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">PROS</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system.</p>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">CONS</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.
Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.
Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.
Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.</p>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">The bottom line</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.
Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.</p>
<p class="full-review">
<a class="full-review-link" href="#close">Read Full Review</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="comparison-app-block">
<div class="app-block-title">
<a href="#close">
<img src="http://tripedali.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/telegram.png" />
</a>
<a href="#close">
<h3>Telegram</h3>
</a>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">PROS</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system.</p>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">CONS</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.
Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.
Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.
Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.</p>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">The bottom line</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.
Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.</p>
<p class="full-review">
<a class="full-review-link" href="#close">Read Full Review</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="comparison-app-block">
<div class="app-block-title">
<a href="#close">
<img src="http://tripedali.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/viber.png" />
</a>
<a href="#close">
<h3>Viber</h3>
</a>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">PROS</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system.</p>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">CONS</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.
Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.
Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.
Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.</p>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">The bottom line</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.
Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.</p>
<p class="full-review">
<a class="full-review-link" href="#close">Read Full Review</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="comparison-app-block">
<div class="app-block-title">
<a href="#close">
<img src="http://tripedali.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/skype.png" />
</a>
<a href="#close">
<h3>Skype</h3>
</a>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">PROS</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system.</p>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">CONS</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.
Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.
Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.
Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.</p>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">The bottom line</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.
Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.</p>
<p class="full-review">
<a class="full-review-link" href="#close">Read Full Review</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="comparison-app-block">
<div class="app-block-title best-app">
<a href="#close">
<img src="http://tripedali.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/icq.png" />
</a>
<a href="#close">
<h3>ICQ</h3>
</a>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">PROS</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system.</p>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">CONS</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.
Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.
Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.
Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.</p>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">The bottom line</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.
Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.</p>
<p class="full-review">
<a class="full-review-link" href="#close">Read Full Review</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Но есть одно "но". Сейчас в её ячейках равное кол-во контента, если его добавить или убрать, высота блока изменится и таблица будет некорректно отображаться:
Вопрос в том, как сделать так, чтобы таблица отображалась корректно при разных условиях - высота ячеек была одинаковой несмотря на кол-во содержащегося в нем контента.
A:
Можно с помощью простейшей библиотеки jQuery Simple Equal Heights
Вот пример как можно это реализовать JSFIDDLE
$('.apps-comparison .app-block-descr:nth-child(3n+1)').equalHeights();
$('.apps-comparison .app-block-descr:nth-child(3n+2)').equalHeights();
$('.apps-comparison .app-block-descr:nth-child(3n+3)').equalHeights();
* {
box-sizing: border-box;
}
body {
margin: 50px 30px;
padding: 0;
}
.apps-comparison {
margin: 20px 0;
width: 100%;
display: table;
}
.comparison-app-block {
float: left;
border-top: 1px solid #a7a7a7;
border-left: 1px solid #a7a7a7;
border-bottom: 1px solid #a7a7a7;
border-right: 1px solid #d3d3d3;
background: #fff;
font-size: 12px;
}
.comparison-app-block > div {
padding: 8px 10px;
}
.comparison-app-block > div p {
margin: 0;
font-size: 14px;
color: #5f5f5f;
}
.comparison-app-block:nth-of-type(n+2) {
border-left: 1px solid #d3d3d3;
}
.comparison-app-block:first-child {
border-radius: 0 0 0 5px;
}
.comparison-app-block:last-child {
border-right: 1px solid #a7a7a7;
border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0;
}
.app-block-title {
text-align: center;
}
.app-block-title a {
text-decoration: none;
}
.app-block-title a:focus {
outline: none;
}
.app-block-title img {
width: 68px;
height: 68px;
margin: 8px 0 15px 0;
}
.app-block-title h3 {
margin: 0 0 7px 0;
font-size: 14px;
line-height: 13px;
color: #222222;
}
.best-app {
position: relative;
}
.best-app:before {
content: 'Best of The Best';
position: absolute;
left: -1px;
top: -21px;
height: 20px;
width: 133px;
padding-left: 10px;
font-weight: 600;
font-size: 12px;
line-height: 22px;
background: linear-gradient(-180deg, #ffdc00 0%, #ffb700 27%);
text-align: left;
color: #222;
}
.app-block-subtitle {
position: relative;
height: 30px;
background: #d3d3d3;
padding: 0 !important;
}
.app-block-subtitle:before,
.app-block-subtitle:after {
content: '';
position: absolute;
width: 1px;
height: 100%;
background: #d3d3d3;
}
.app-block-subtitle:before {
top: 0;
left: -1px;
}
.app-block-subtitle:after {
top: 0;
right: -1px;
}
.app-block-subtitle .fade-title {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
width: 200%;
height: 30px;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
line-height: 30px;
font-size: 18px;
font-weight: 600;
text-align: center;
text-transform: uppercase;
color: #fff;
z-index: 10;
}
.fade-title {
display: none;
}
.full-review {
margin: 15px 0 5px 0 !important;
text-align: center;
}
.full-review-link,
.full-review-link:hover,
.full-review-link:focus {
color: #ff8600 !important;
font-size: 12px;
outline: none;
}
/* ======================================================== */
/* ------------------- Стили для таблицы ------------------ */
/* ======================================================== */
.fife-apps .comparison-app-block {
width: 20%;
}
.fife-apps .comparison-app-block:nth-of-type(3) .app-block-subtitle .fade-title,
.four-apps .comparison-app-block:nth-of-type(3) .app-block-subtitle .fade-title,
.three-apps .comparison-app-block:nth-of-type(3) .app-block-subtitle .fade-title {
display: block;
}
.fife-apps .comparison-app-block .app-block-subtitle .fade-title {
left: -50%;
}
.four-apps .comparison-app-block {
width: 25%;
}
.four-apps .comparison-app-block .app-block-subtitle .fade-title {
left: -100%;
}
.three-apps .comparison-app-block {
width: 33.333333333%;
}
.three-apps .comparison-app-block .app-block-subtitle .fade-title {
left: -150%;
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 899px) and (max-width: 1024px),
only screen and (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 640px) {
.fife-apps .comparison-app-block:last-child,
.fife-apps .comparison-app-block:nth-of-type(3) .app-block-subtitle .fade-title,
.four-apps .comparison-app-block:nth-of-type(3) .app-block-subtitle .fade-title {
display: none;
}
.comparison-app-block {
margin-bottom: 25px;
}
.fife-apps .comparison-app-block,
.four-apps .comparison-app-block {
width: 50%;
}
.fife-apps .comparison-app-block:nth-of-type(odd),
.four-apps .comparison-app-block:nth-of-type(odd) {
border-left: 1px solid #a7a7a7;
border-radius: 0 0 0 5px;
}
.fife-apps .comparison-app-block:nth-of-type(2n),
.four-apps .comparison-app-block:nth-of-type(2n) {
border-right: 1px solid #a7a7a7;
border-radius: 0 5px 5px 0;
}
.fife-apps .comparison-app-block:nth-of-type(2n) .app-block-subtitle .fade-title,
.four-apps .comparison-app-block:nth-of-type(2n) .app-block-subtitle .fade-title {
display: block;
width: 100%;
top: 0;
left: -50%;
}
}
@media only screen and (min-width: 320px) and (max-width: 480px) {
.fife-apps .comparison-app-block,
.four-apps .comparison-app-block,
.three-apps .comparison-app-block {
width: 100% !important;
margin-bottom: 25px;
}
.fife-apps .comparison-app-block,
.four-apps .comparison-app-block,
.three-apps .comparison-app-block {
border-left: 1px solid #a7a7a7;
border-right: 1px solid #a7a7a7;
border-radius: 0 5px 5px 5px;
}
.fife-apps .comparison-app-block .app-block-subtitle .fade-title,
.four-apps .comparison-app-block .app-block-subtitle .fade-title,
.three-apps .comparison-app-block .app-block-subtitle .fade-title {
display: block;
width: 100%;
top: 0;
left: 0;
}
}
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<script src="https://rawgit.com/mattbanks/jQuery.equalHeights/master/jquery.equalheights.js"></script>
<div class="apps-comparison fife-apps clearfix">
<div class="comparison-app-block">
<div class="app-block-title best-app stroke-1">
<a href="#close">
<img src="http://tripedali.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/whatsapp-logo1.png" />
</a>
<a href="#close">
<h3>WhatsApp</h3>
</a>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">PROS</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system. Easy page navigation system.</p>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">CONS</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life. Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life. Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.</p>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">The bottom line</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life. Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.</p>
<p class="full-review">
<a class="full-review-link" href="#close">Read Full Review</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="comparison-app-block">
<div class="app-block-title">
<a href="#close">
<img src="http://tripedali.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/telegram.png" />
</a>
<a href="#close">
<h3>Telegram</h3>
</a>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">PROS</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system.</p>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">CONS</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life. Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life. Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life. Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.</p>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">The bottom line</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.</p>
<p class="full-review">
<a class="full-review-link" href="#close">Read Full Review</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="comparison-app-block">
<div class="app-block-title">
<a href="#close">
<img src="http://tripedali.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/viber.png" />
</a>
<a href="#close">
<h3>Viber</h3>
</a>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">PROS</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system.</p>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">CONS</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life. Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.</p>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">The bottom line</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life. Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.</p>
<p class="full-review">
<a class="full-review-link" href="#close">Read Full Review</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="comparison-app-block">
<div class="app-block-title">
<a href="#close">
<img src="http://tripedali.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/skype.png" />
</a>
<a href="#close">
<h3>Skype</h3>
</a>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">PROS</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system.</p>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">CONS</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life. Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life. Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life. Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.</p>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">The bottom line</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life. Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.</p>
<p class="full-review">
<a class="full-review-link" href="#close">Read Full Review</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="comparison-app-block">
<div class="app-block-title best-app">
<a href="#close">
<img src="http://tripedali.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/icq.png" />
</a>
<a href="#close">
<h3>ICQ</h3>
</a>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">PROS</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system.</p>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">CONS</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life. Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life. Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life. Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.</p>
</div>
<div class="app-block-subtitle">
<h4 class="fade-title">The bottom line</h4>
</div>
<div class="app-block-descr">
<p>Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life. Easy page navigation system. Excellent battery life.</p>
<p class="full-review">
<a class="full-review-link" href="#close">Read Full Review</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
|
{
"short_name": "g-editor",
"name": "A minimalist version of Gutenberg's editor. Ideal for checking your custom blocks.",
"icons": [
{
"src": "favicon.ico",
"sizes": "64x64 32x32 24x24 16x16",
"type": "image/x-icon"
}
],
"start_url": ".",
"display": "standalone",
"theme_color": "#000000",
"background_color": "#ffffff"
}
|
Q:
Establishing a one to many relationship between 2 tables
I am building a database which consists of a
table of category, customer table, and table of product which fetches information from categories.
Now I need a new table for sale which consists of customerID, date, productID. My problem is
the customer may buy many products. how can I make the relation between them in SQL Server 2008?
A:
Customer {id, name, ...}
Product {id, name, ...}
Sale {product_id, customer_id, order_id, qty, ...}
Order {id, date, ...}
|
Q:
Distinguishing a regular file from a symlink
I'm writing a bash script that needs to distinguish a regular file from a symlink. I thought I could do this with if/test expression, but it doesn't work as I expected to:
$ touch regular_file
$ test -f regular_file; echo $?
0
$ test -h regular_file; echo $?
1
$ ln -s regular_file symlink
$ test -h symlink; echo $?
0
$ test -f symlink; echo $?
0
Why is that? And, how can I properly do this?
A:
It looks like you are just scrambling your tests a bit. You don't need to run both test, the only one you need for this case is the -h one to tell you if the file is a symlink.
test -h file && echo "is symlink" || echo "is regular file"
The -f test only tells you if the object is a file. This would return 0 if it was a directory or a device node or a symlink to a directory, but will return 1 on a symlink to a file.
If you also needed to know if it was a symlink to a file rather than a directory, you would need to combine the results of both tests with a little bit of logic.
A:
@Caleb is correct about making the script just test for the symlink. However the part about why was left out and I was curious. If you look at the coreutils source code and strace the output of test you can see that when you run the symbolic link test it uses lstat and if you using the -f test it actually calls 'stat' which follows the symlink:
$ ln -s varnish_config XXX
$ strace -s 2000 test -L XXX 2>&1 | grep XXX
execve("/usr/bin/test", ["test", "-L", "XXX"], [/* 47 vars */]) = 0
lstat("XXX", {st_mode=S_IFLNK|0777, st_size=14, ...}) = 0
$ strace -s 2000 test -L varnish_config 2>&1 | grep varnish
execve("/usr/bin/test", ["test", "-L", "varnish_config"], [/* 47 vars */]) = 0
lstat("varnish_config", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0664, st_size=1046, ...}) = 0
$ strace -s 2000 test -f XXX 2>&1 | grep XXX
execve("/usr/bin/test", ["test", "-f", "XXX"], [/* 47 vars */]) = 0
stat("XXX", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0664, st_size=1046, ...}) = 0
From the stat man page:
stat() stats the file pointed to by path and fills in buf.
lstat() is identical to stat(), except that if path is a symbolic link,
then the link itself is stat-ed, not the file that it refers to.
This means the -f test will return true as long as the filename specified is a symlink to a regular file or a regular file itself.
|
import SearchGridCell from '@/components/SearchGridCell'
import render from '../../test-utils/render'
describe('SearchGridCell', () => {
const props = {
image: {
id: 0,
title: 'foo',
provider: 'flickr',
url: 'foo.bar',
thumbnail: 'foo.bar',
foreign_landing_url: 'foreign_foo.bar',
},
}
it('should render correct contents', () => {
const wrapper = render(SearchGridCell, { propsData: props })
expect(wrapper.find('div').find('figure').element).toBeDefined()
})
xit('getProviderLogo should return existing logo', () => {
const wrapper = render(SearchGridCell, { propsData: props })
expect(wrapper.vm.getProviderLogo('flickr')).not.toBe('')
})
xit('getProviderLogo should not return non existing logo', () => {
const wrapper = render(SearchGridCell, { propsData: props })
expect(wrapper.vm.getProviderLogo('does not exist')).toBe('')
})
it('getImageUrl returns image url with https://', () => {
const wrapper = render(SearchGridCell, { propsData: props })
expect(wrapper.vm.getImageUrl(props.image)).toBe('https://foo.bar')
})
it('getImageForeignUrl returns foreign image url with https://', () => {
const wrapper = render(SearchGridCell, { propsData: props })
expect(wrapper.vm.getImageForeignUrl(props.image)).toBe(
'https://foreign_foo.bar'
)
})
it('links to the details page', () => {
const routerMock = {
push: jest.fn(),
params: {
location: window.scrollY,
},
}
const wrapper = render(SearchGridCell, {
propsData: props,
mocks: { $router: routerMock },
})
const link = wrapper.find('.search-grid_image-ctr')
link.trigger('click')
expect(routerMock.push).toHaveBeenCalledWith({
name: 'photo-detail-page',
params: { id: 0, location: routerMock.params.location },
})
})
})
|
Q:
Css Animation not working in Google Chrome
I am trying to use this loader in my web site, scc animation works well in Firefox & IE but doesn't work in Google Chrome.
#loader{
width: 820px;
height: 670px;
border: none;
overflow: hidden;
margin: 0px 70px;
background: #0d8aa5;
position: relative;
}
#innerloader{
position: absolute;
left: 50%;
top: 50%;
margin: -60px 0 0 -60px;
background: #fff;
width: 100px;
height: 100px;
border-radius: 100%;
border: 10px solid #19bee1;
}
#innerloader:after {
content: '';
background: trasparent;
width: 140%;
height: 140%;
position: absolute;
border-radius: 100%;
top: -20%;
left: -20%;
opacity: 0.7;
box-shadow: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.6) -4px -5px 3px -3px;
-webkit-animation: rotate 2s infinite linear;
-moz-animation: rotate 2s infinite linear;
-ms-animation: rotate 2s infinite linear;
-o-animation: rotate 2s infinite linear;
animation: rotate 2s infinite linear;
}
@keyframes rotate {
0% {
-webkit-transform: rotateZ(0deg);
-moz-transform: rotateZ(0deg);
-ms-transform: rotateZ(0deg);
-o-transform: rotateZ(0deg);
transform: rotateZ(0deg);
}
100% {
-webkit-transform: rotateZ(360deg);
-moz-transform: rotateZ(360deg);
-ms-transform: rotateZ(360deg);
-o-transform: rotateZ(360deg);
transform: rotateZ(360deg);
}
}
HTML
<div id="loader"><div id="innerloader"></div></div>
P.S. Here it's working correctly also in google chrome....
A:
You need to include the prefixed keyframe rule for WebKit browsers as well.
@-webkit-keyframes rotate {
0% {
-webkit-transform: rotateZ(0deg);
}
100% {
-webkit-transform: rotateZ(360deg);
}
}
|
Q:
Получить значения из form jinja2 aiohttp
У меня есть такая форма в index.html.
<form action="/{{chatname}}" method="post">
<p><input type=text name=username> Имя пользователя
<p><input type=text name=message_text> Текст сообщения
<p><input type=button value=post>
</form>
И такой код метода обработчика
def handler_post_message(request):
chatname = request.match_info.get('chatname')
# user = request.match_info.get('username')
text = "Hello, " + chatname
s = await loop.create_task(Chat.save_message(chatname, username, message_text))
print(s)
return aiohttp_jinja2.render_template('index.html', request, {'name': chatname, 'messages': Chat.messages})
Я хочу получить username и message_text в этой функции обработчике из формы jinja.
Во flask это можно сделать прописав request.form['username']. Но я не могу найти похожего работающего решения для aiohttp
A:
Даже не знаю, как вы искали. Соответствующий раздел документации.
data = await request.post()
login = data['username']
password = data['message_text']
Кстати, значения атрибутов в HTML должны быть обрамлены кавычками.
|
Drowning In A ‘High-Risk’ Insurance Pool, At $18,000 A Year
Health InsuranceMarch 4, 2017Comments Off on Drowning In A ‘High-Risk’ Insurance Pool, At $18,000 A Year
Craig Britton once paid $18,000 a year in premiums for health insurance he bought through Minnesota’s “high risk pool.” He calls the argument that these pools can bring down the cost of monthly premiums “a lot of baloney.”
Mark Zdehchlik / MPR News
hide caption
toggle caption
Mark Zdehchlik / MPR News
Craig Britton once paid $18,000 a year in premiums for health insurance he bought through Minnesota’s “high risk pool.” He calls the argument that these pools can bring down the cost of monthly premiums “a lot of baloney.”
Mark Zdehchlik / MPR News
Some Republicans looking to scrap the Affordable Care Act say monthly health insurance premiums need to be lower for the individuals who have to buy insurance on their own. One way to do that, GOP leaders say, would be to return to the use of what are called high-risk insurance pools.
But critics say even some of the most successful high-risk pools that operated before the advent of Obamacare were very expensive for patients enrolled in the plans, and for the people who |
Q:
MySQL Workbench doesn't show relationships between tables when using Reverse Engineering(Mac OS)
After running this and successfully creating the database, tables and both the primary and foreign keys, when I reverse engineer my database it won't show the relationships between tables. I'm using a MacBook Air(2017) Mojave 10.14.6, no dark mode and I've tried changing relationships notation from craw's foot to the others but still no luck.
create database test_asdf;
use test_asdf;
create table Department
(id int not null unique auto_increment primary key,
name varchar(30));
create table Professor
(id int not null unique auto_increment primary key,
name varchar(30),
adress varchar(50),
department_id int,
section_id int,
foreign key (department_id) references Department(id));
Now the thing is when I run the following the connections show:
create database test_asdf8;
use test_asdf8;
create table table1
(id int not null unique auto_increment primary key,
name varchar(30),
table2_id int);
create table table2
(id int not null unique auto_increment primary key,
name varchar(30),
new_id int,
foreign key (new_id) references table1(id));
Could someone please point out what I'm doing wrong here?
A:
After further research it seems this is actually a bug.
Instead of directly reverse-engineering your database,
-create a new model
-save all your code in an .sql file
-while in the model tab go to file-import-reverse engineer create script
-check "place imported objects on diagram" and execute and there you go
Still unsure why the first above example won't work(with the straightforward approach) and the second one will but well... hope this helps.
|
Bonfire Charcoal with Light Green & Light Blue with 16.5 outseam
$41.00$68.00
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Made from 100% recycled polyester with a DWR (durable, water repellent) finish. Classic style cut with a 16.5" outseam and 5" inseam to fall at or slightly above the knee. Also available in a 18.5" outseam and 7" inseam. A portion of purchases will be donated to organizations preserving local beaches.
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Release Announcement Martin Wimpress
An Ubuntu MATE 16.04.2 image for the Raspberry Pi 2 and Raspberry Pi 3 is now available for download.
Download Download Ubuntu MATE for the Raspberry Pi 2 Model B and Raspberry Pi 3 Model B. Download
The image for the Raspberry Pi 2 and Raspberry Pi 3 based on the regular Ubuntu armhf base, not the new Ubuntu “Snappy” Core, which means that the installation procedure for applications uses the traditional tools, ie apt-get .
We have done what we can to optimise the build for the Raspberry Pi 2 and Raspberry Pi 3, you can comfortably use applications such as LibreOffice, which in fact is a joy to use :-) But the microSDHC I/O throughput is a bottleneck so we highly recommend that you use a Class 6 or Class 10 microSDHC card. Ubuntu MATE 16.04 also fully support the built-in Bluetooth and Wifi on the Raspberry Pi 3 and also feature **hardware accelerated video playback in VLC and hardware accelerated decoding and encoding in ffmpeg
Ubuntu MATE 16.04.2 running on the Raspberry Pi 3
Changes
These are the changes since Ubuntu MATE 16.04 for the Raspberry Pi was release.
Performance optimised. Added automated first boot partition resizing. Optimised partition offset calculations Optimised filesystem features. Disabled unnecessary services to reduce CPU cycles and RAM requirements.
Forked and adapted raspi-config to Ubuntu. Added pi-top brightness and power-off support.
to Ubuntu. Backported MATE Desktop 1.16.1.
Backported BlueZ 5.41.
Backported ffmpeg 3.2 including Raspberry Pi hardware acceleration for MMAL decoding and OMX encoding.
3.2 including Raspberry Pi hardware acceleration for MMAL decoding and OMX encoding. Backported i2c-tools and python-smbus 3.1.2.
and 3.1.2. Updated raspberrypi-firmware to 1.20161215-1.
to 1.20161215-1. Updated pi-bluetooth to 0.1.2 including failsafe systemd units.
to 0.1.2 including failsafe systemd units. Updated gpiozero to 1.3.1. A simple API for controlling devices attached to the GPIO pins.
to 1.3.1. A simple API for controlling devices attached to the GPIO pins. Updated omxplayer to 0.3.7-git20160923-dfea8c9.
to 0.3.7-git20160923-dfea8c9. Updated nuscratch to 20160915+2.
to 20160915+2. Updated picamera to 1.12. Pure Python interface to the Raspberry Pi’s camera module.
to 1.12. Pure Python interface to the Raspberry Pi’s camera module. Updated pigpio to 1.130. Library for Raspberry Pi GPIO control.
to 1.130. Library for Raspberry Pi GPIO control. Updated python-sense-hat to 2.2.0. Sense HAT python.
to 2.2.0. Sense HAT python. Updated raspberrypi-sys-mods to 20170208, which completely replaces raspberrypi-general-mods
to 20170208, which completely replaces Updated raspi-gpio to 0.20170105. Dump the state of the BCM270x GPIOs.
to 0.20170105. Dump the state of the BCM270x GPIOs. Updated rpi.gpio to 0.6.3-1. Python GPIO module for Raspberry Pi.
to 0.6.3-1. Python GPIO module for Raspberry Pi. Updated rtimulib to 7.2.1-3. Versatile C++ and Python 9-dof, 10-dof and 11-dof IMU library.
to 7.2.1-3. Versatile C++ and Python 9-dof, 10-dof and 11-dof IMU library. Updated sonic-pi to 2.10.0.
to 2.10.0. Updated xserver-xorg-video-fbturbo to 1.20161111~122359.
to 1.20161111~122359. Updated Xorg via the LTS Enablement Stack.
Added cap1xxx; A python library designed to drive various Microchip CAP1xxx touch ICs.
Added drumhat; A python library designed to control Drum HAT.
Added envirophat; A python library designed to control Enviro pHAT.
Added explorerhat; A python library designed to control the Explorer HAT and pHAT.
Added microdotphat; A python library designed to control Micro Dot pHAT.
Added mote; A python library designed to control Mote.
Added motephat; A python library designed to control Mote pHAT.
Added pantilthat; A python library designed to control Pan-Tilt HAT.
Added pianohat; A python library designed to control Piano HAT.
Added piglow; A python library designed to drive Piglow.
Added rainbowhat; A python library designed to control Rainbow HAT.
Added scrollphat; A python library designed to control Scroll pHAT.
Added sense-emu; A client library for the Raspberry Pi Sense HAT emulator.
Added sn3218; A python library to help control the SN3218 18-channel PWM LED driver.
Added st7036; A python library to help control the ST7036 LCD driver.
Fixed first boot configuration. Ubiquity now prompts to join available WiFi networks. #1572793
Disabled SSH by default. SSH can be enabled via raspbi-config or creating a file named ssh in the /boot partition. sshguard is also automatically enabled when you enable SSH.
Reduced the image size to 5GB, down from 8GB.
Known Issues
Ubuntu MATE 16.04.2 for the Raspberry Pi is not snap compatible. We hope to have snapd compatibility in Ubuntu MATE 17.04 for the Raspberry Pi. The 32-bit and 64-bit PC version of Ubuntu MATE 16.04, or newer, are snapd compatible.
Upon completion of the first boot setup WiFi doesn’t work, at all. Reboot and WiFi will be available. #1572956
|
Highly enantioselective cyanosilylation of aldehydes catalyzed by novel beta-amino alcohol-titanium complexes.
The beta-amino alcohol 1b-Ti(Oi-Pr)(4) complex has been shown to catalyze the enantioselective cyanosilylation of aldehydes efficiently. In the presence of 5 mol % of 1b-Ti(Oi-Pr)(4) complex catalyst, the aromatic, conjugated, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic aldehydes were converted to their corresponding trimethylsilyl ethers of cyanohydrins in 90-99% yields with up to 94% ee under mild conditions. |
Coast Guard Rescues Two From Sinking Yacht in Washington [PHOTOS]
SEATTLE — The U.S. Coast Guard rescued two people after their yacht began taking on water north of Dungeness Spit, near Sequim, Washington, on Friday.
Watchstanders at Coast Guard Sector Puget Sound in Seattle received a distress call on VHF-FM channel 16 around 7:31 a.m. Friday from the owner of the 67-foot motorized yacht, Lady A, reporting that him and another woman were abandoning ship into their life raft.
The Coast Guard launched a 45-foot response boat to the scene, as well as issued an Urgent Marine Information Broadcast to alert vessels in the area. Responding to the broadcast was the crew of the Hapag Lloyd containership, MV Tokyo Express, who launched a small boat to assist and found the man and woman still onboard the sinking yacht.
The two were later transferred to the Response Boat – Medium and brought to Station Port Angeles without injuries.
The Lady A was initially reported to have sunk in 180 feet of water, but local reports on Monday said that the vessel never entirely sank and it was towed to Port Angeles over the weekend. The yacht was carrying an estimated 700 gallons of diesel, but no sheen has been reported, according to the Coast Guard. |
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Nixon: Extended Director's Cut (US - BD RA)
Gabe's a little sad that we don't have Dick Nixon to kick around anymore...
Feature
I stated in my recent review of The Doors on Blu-ray that I felt as though I’d grown out of director Oliver Stone. His films simply don’t hold the same power over me they did when I was younger and more impressionable, and his more recent work isn’t exactly awe-inspiring. I said that my two favourite films among the man’s oeuvre were his twin breakthroughs, Platoon and Salvador. These films are fierce and honest real life portrayals crafted by a fierce and honest young man. Re-watching Stone’s second wave features, which I see beginning with The Doors and culminating with Natural Born Killers, has proven a frustrating exercise (though I haven’t re-visited JFK in a long time, perhaps that one stands up).
I say all this to people, but I don’t admit that I’d never seen Nixon in its entirety, until now that is. Nixon came one year after the overdone mess that was Natural Born Killers, and despite not learning anything from the unfathomable and self-indulgent length of JFK, Stone finally found a nice balance between his wacky and arty insert stuff, and good old fashion, lens to stock filmmaking. There are still plenty of over the top visuals, but this time they serve the story.
Stone seems to have fashioned Nixon's structure around two solid biographical skeletons, that of the AFI’s favourite movie ever, Citizen Kane, and Spike Lee’s masterpiece Malcolm X (a film which really should’ve earned its classic status by now). The basic structure is very similar to Kane, including the end to middle to beginning storytelling, as well as the newsreel style montages, and the pace and general momentum is thunderous even at its epic length, just like Lee’s super effective saga. Nixon does eventually overstay its welcome (though I imagine this wasn’t a problem for the theatrical cut as much as this director’s cut), but it’s a fine effort on Stone’s part. Spike Lee wins the pacing battle, but Stone’s film’s woven time structure is immaculate, even if it is a little hard to follow at points.
Not really knowing what to expect from the film, one which hasn’t enjoyed the initial or lasting popularity of other Oliver Stone films, I’m most surprised by the degree to which notorious political lefty Stone goes out of his way to make Nixon out as a misunderstood man. It would be very easy to make Nixon into a villain, because his most notorious actions were very villainous, but during the course of this Grand Canyon of an epic even the most liberal viewers will likely find their hearts bleeding for Tricky Dick. But to the same token, Nixon’s vices and cruelties aren’t smoothed over. Stone doesn’t ask for forgiveness on Nixon’s behalf, he simply asks us to see the monster as a man. Based on the early trailers I don’t see Ollie giving George W the same benefit of the doubt, though it does appear he’s going with another actor that looks nothing like his subject.
Anthony Hopkins’ version of Nixon is an effective mix of impersonation and honesty without caricaturing. Everyone and their mother can do a Nixon impersonation (two peace signs in the air, and repeat “I am not a crook”), and anyone and their mother could’ve played this role like a cartoon character. Stone wanted to make a movie about a person, not a hook nosed cretin with wriggling jowls, and Hopkins plays the character as a person, ensuring that the audience absorbs this story rather than the public opinion. The rest of the cast is populated by 1995’s over-40 A-list, and they all ring the bell in their own way. Most of the performances are just this side of hammy (Bob Hoskins), but in Stone’s stylized context it works. James Woods is probably the standout, but only barely.
Video
I was expecting another average catalogue title Blu-ray, but my expectations were an underestimate. Stone uses about eighty billion different film stocks, and each one of them has their own thing to offer. Though they’ve been artificially aged, and are brimming with grain, I’d say the early life, black and white flashbacks are the transfer’s most impressive moment. The slim sections of the film I caught on cable television entirely lost Stone’s intended subtlety in stock change. Often in television definition it's impossible to tell the stock has changed at all. In high-definition the changes in clarity, colour quality, and grain are clear as day. The cleaner scenes do suffer a bit of noise in warm colours and solid whites, but the details remain incredibly sharp, and the blacks are very impressive. You won’t be missing all that sweat on Dick’s upper lip this time around.
Audio
Stone doesn’t spend quite as much time messing with abstract sound effects this time around, but there are still plenty of big surround moments for a largely dialogue based feature. Often the track effectively becomes a mono track, which works very well for the low-fi stock, and which leads to some shocking surround spills. Unfortunately for those of us that want to show off our surround systems the centric nature of the track encompasses a whole lot of the film. John Williams’ gigantically embellished score is sometimes sadly corralled into this mono position (especially during the reinstated Richard Helms scene). Overall a good track, but an inconsistent one.
Extras
In direct opposition to his lack-luster Doors commentary, Oliver Stone mostly scores in tone with these dual commentary tracks. There are a lot of blank spaces (the film is three and a half hours long), but when Stone finds it in himself to actually speak it is with conviction, and he smartly balances his focus between the making of the film and the real life politics. Stone fully covers many of the historical intricacies he only alludes to in the film. The second track, the new one, is the better and fuller track, but the problem of empty space plagues both tracks. This is one case where I think I’d prefer an editing together of both tracks, even if it would make them non scene specific.
‘Beyond Nixon’ is a finely tuned featurette that puts the whole film into historically factual context for the dimwits out there like me. The thirty-five minute doc mostly covers Nixon’s presidency, with only minor focus on his extra presidential life, and a short critical glance at the film itself. Experts, politicians, historians, intellectuals, and even some of the people that were there walk us through the sorted tale, set to archive footage and scenes from the film. It’s a bit too short to really cover the entirety of the presidency, but it covers the big points like the election, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Watergate. Still, I could’ve watched at least thirty minutes more.
Then we’ve got twelve deleted scenes with Stone’s introduction. Twelve more scenes, adding up to almost an hour with the introductions? That’s a lot of Nixon. Actually, not so much, because almost all of this stuff is included in the extended director’s cut. Someone at Disney probably should’ve looked into that before they included this extra from the original DVD release. Stone rambles to such a degree that he’s actually fade-cut edited, but he still manages some tasty nuggets of info about his filmic inspirations, which includes D.W. Griffith, Eisenstein, and of course, Orson Wells (I knew it!). I would’ve greatly preferred that Stone’s little face-to-face chats were offered as alternate commentary tracks to the scenes. The scenes themselves are not presented in HD, or even anamorphic widescreen.
And just in case Stone’s two commentary tracks and deleted scene introductions weren’t enough information for you, you can watch almost an hour of the director speaking to everyone’s favourite low-key, black backdrop interviewer Charlie Rose. Rose is always a good interviewer (his interview of Guillermo Del Toro, Alfonso Cuarón, and Alejandro González Iñárritu is a must see), and Stone always has something to say, so the interview isn’t a bore, but man, was I tired of hearing about Richard Nixon by then. The sound of the interview is terrible, but mostly understandable.
Things end with a trailer, and trailers for many other Disney Blu-ray releases.
Overall
We can’t watch the tragic tale of Richard Nixon today without comparing it to the stories of every President since. In some ways Dick’s little ‘missteps’ seem kind of, well, quaint in comparison to recent, um, ‘dealings’. Oliver Stone’s film stands up mostly as an act of good storytelling, even if it is about an hour too long. This Blu-ray release is a good time to see the film again, or, if you’re like me, see it for the first time, though the overwhelming length might make a purchase an iffy advisement.
Big thanks to CHUD.com reviewer James Kimble for the screen caps. You can read his review of the DVD release right here.
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I wonder why you didn't mention Born on the 4th of July in your review. I watched it recently and thought it was fantastic. Cruise was excellent. I thought it was a very moving film.
Haven't seen Nixon yet but I would like to at some point. I think Stone makes films worth seeing, even if they can sometimes divide people. Be interesting to see how Frank Langella will compare in Frost/Nixon. |
“I must say, this commission that you’ve set up . . . I don’t know what’s going on in the rest of the world, you know, in reality, towards drugs, but this seems to be the only one that is trying to find out what it’s about with any kind of sanity […] This is the opportunity for Canada to lead the world.”
John Lennon, Le Dain Commission Testimony, 1969
For Canadian cannabis users, the 1970s started with a bang.
Or more specifically, a bang, a smash, the clatter of horses’ hooves, and a hell of a lot of screaming. In the summer of 1971, close to 2000 people assembled in Vancouver’s Gastown neighbourhood to take part in the “Grasstown Smoke-In”, a parade and jamboree in favour of marijuana legalization. The protest had been publicized in the pages of the Georgia Straight (then an anti-establishment weekly with nary a condo ad in its pages), and was organized as a response to “Operation Dustpan”, a police initiative championed by then-mayor Tom Campbell that had resulted in the arrest of more than 100 people in a 10-day span – all of them for drug possession. The event began peacefully enough; the organizers — predominantly young people involved in the city’s budding counterculture movement – brought along musical instruments and handed out creamsicles. Students from nearby Langara Community College arrived with a 10-foot joint.
But then, something went wrong.
Police officers, on horseback and armed with riot sticks, charged into the crowd without provocation, swinging indiscriminately at protestors and bystanders alike. In one instance, an officer struck a girl in a wheelchair. Another cop dragged a young woman across half a block of broken glass by her hair. By the time it was over, 12 people were hospitalized, 79 were arrested, and the city was in an uproar.
“The solution to a traffic tie-up was to break open heads,” Vancouver Sun columnist Allan Fotheringham wrote, later that week. “The mayor kept predicting a riot, it never came, so the police supplied him with one. If someone isn’t sacked over this one, we live in a rather unpleasant town. Pigs is a dirty word, and no one likes to use it, but there were some pigs loose in Gastown on Saturday night.”
Ultimately, not a single officer was disciplined for their part in the incident. And while the general public was on the side of the protestors, when it came to the issue of marijuana generally, Canada was a nation bitterly divided. In 1961, Canada had adopted the Narcotic Control Act, one of the harshest drug prohibition laws in the Western world, which required sentences of up to 7 years for possession, and up to life imprisonment for trafficking. Depictions of drug use in films were banned (in 1968, police raided Toronto’s Cinecity Theatre and halted a screening of Larry Kent’s film “High”, suspending the license of both the theatre and the projectionist). Nationwide, cannabis arrests had jumped from the double into the triple digits (431 by 1967). But at the same time, talk of legalization had also begun to spread across the country – not just in counterculture circles, but on college campuses, and even in the halls of government. In 1969, a pro-legalization petition signed by 5500 students and professors at the University of Toronto and York University was delivered to Ottawa. 16 universities countrywide held referendums approving legalized marijuana on their campuses. Starting in the early 1970s, Ottawa began growing its own cannabis, and conducted a series of experiments (the results of which are still not public) to test its effect on the human body. And beginning in 1969, a federal commission chaired by future Supreme Court Justice Gerald Le Dain was convened to examine the effect of non-medical drugs in Canada. The Commission’s report, released in 1973 after months of hearings and testimony (including from former Beatle John Lennon), recommended the repeal of cannabis prohibition, noting that the sentences being handed down weren’t justified by any evidence of actual harm.
The Le Dain Commission was national news, and even appeared in the pages of TIME Magazine.
Then-Health Minister John Munro (who had commissioned it in the first place) went so far as to announce that he would move cannabis from the Criminal Code into the Food and Drug Act. However, in the end, the Trudeau government ignored the report, and in the ensuing years, arrests continued to climb; 50,177 people were charged in 1978 alone, and by 1979, cannabis possession accounted for 73% of all drug arrests. In cities like Vancouver, pro-legalization figures like the Georgia Straight’s Dan McLeod faced arrest, harassment, and the suspension of their business license. And Canada wasn’t alone. By now, the UN and most western nations had adopted harsh drug prohibition laws, with increasingly punitive sentences for possession and trafficking. In 1986, Ronald Reagan stepped up the US’ War on Drugs, and in 1987, Brian Mulroney established a 5-year National Drug Strategy. Ironically, cannabis use hit an all-time high at around the same time, and then began to slowly decline as the 1980s turned into the 1990s.
But change was already in the air.
It was subtle at first; in 1995, another legalization rally took place, just blocks from the site of the “Grasstown Smoke-In” — this time at Vancouver’s Victory Square Park, in what would be the first 4/20 celebration in North America. This time, there were no injuries. No broken bones. Not even an arrest. The rally was organized by employees at Marc Emery’s HempBC store — located just across the street. Emery, along with activists like Dana Larsen and Hilary Black, were on the forefront of a new movement championing the cause of legal cannabis, through the BC Marijuana Party and publications like Cannabis Culture. Then, in 1997, Canada made marijuana a Schedule II substance — reducing the penalties incurred for possession – and in 1999, following the trail blazed by several US states, legalized cannabis for medical purposes. A 2002 House of Commons report concluded that the prohibition of marijuana had been an utter failure, recommending decriminalization of the substance, while a separate Senate commission advocated for full legalization. A federal Justice Department study also concluded that the majority of cannabis grow ops weren’t linked to organized crime or violence. And finally, in 2015, 92 years after its prohibition, and 42 years after the Le Dain Commission’s report, a different Trudeau government decided to take another look at legalization.
And this time, the arguments of generations past went up in smoke.
Jesse Donaldson is a Vancouver journalist whose work has appeared in VICE, The Tyee, the Calgary Herald, the WestEnder, and several others. His first book, THIS DAY IN VANCOUVER (2013), was shortlisted for a BC Book Prize.
This is part two of our three-part series on the history of cannabis prohibition in Canada. To read part three click here. To receive email updates sign up for our mailing list here |
Destabilisation of the hexatic phase in systems of hard disks by quenched disorder due to pinning on a lattice.
We investigate the effect of quenched disorder on the melting mechanism of two-dimensional hard disks using large-scale event-driven molecular dynamics simulations. The two-stage melting scenario of a continuous solid-hexatic and a first-order hexatic-liquid transition for a 2D system of hard disks does not persist in the case of quenched disorder, which arises by pinning less than one percent of the particles on a triangular lattice. Based on the Halperin-Nelson-Young (HNY) renormalization group equation, we observe that a first-order solid-liquid transition preempts the Kosterlitz-Thouless-type solid-hexatic transition in a 2D system of hard disks with quenched disorder as the stiffness of the crystal is increased by the presence of pinned particles. |
// vim:filetype=cpp:textwidth=120:shiftwidth=2:softtabstop=2:expandtab
// Copyright 2014 Christoph Schwering
#ifndef EXAMPLES_MINESWEEPER_GAME_H_
#define EXAMPLES_MINESWEEPER_GAME_H_
#include <cassert>
#include <cmath>
#include <algorithm>
#include <ostream>
#include <random>
#include <set>
#include <vector>
struct Point {
Point() {}
Point(size_t x, size_t y) : x(x), y(y) {}
bool operator<(const Point& p) const {
return x < p.x || (x == p.x && y < p.y);
}
bool operator==(const Point& p) const {
return x == p.x && y == p.y;
}
static bool Adjacent(Point p, Point q) {
const size_t xd = std::max(p.x, q.x) - std::min(p.x, q.x);
const size_t yd = std::max(p.y, q.y) - std::min(p.y, q.y);
return xd <= 1 && yd <= 1;
}
static double Distance(Point p, Point q) {
double x = p.x - q.x;
double y = p.y - q.y;
return ::sqrt(x*x + y*y);
}
size_t x;
size_t y;
private:
friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Point& p);
};
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Point& p) {
return os << "(" << p.x << " | " << p.y << ")";
}
class Game {
public:
static constexpr int HIT_MINE = -1;
static constexpr int UNEXPLORED = -2;
static constexpr int FLAGGED = -4;
Game(size_t width, size_t height, size_t n_mines, size_t seed = 0)
: width_(std::max(width, height)),
height_(std::min(width, height)),
n_mines_(n_mines),
seed_(seed),
distribution_(0, n_fields() - 1) {
mines_.resize(n_fields(), false);
opens_.resize(n_fields(), false);
flags_.resize(n_fields(), false);
frontier_.resize(n_fields(), false);
neighbors_.resize(n_fields());
assert(mines_.size() == n_fields());
assert(n_mines_ + 9 <= n_fields());
generator_.seed(n_fields() * n_mines + seed);
#ifndef NDEBUG
for (size_t i = 0 ; i < n_fields(); ++i) {
for (size_t j = 0; j < n_fields(); ++j) {
assert((i == j) == (to_point(i) == to_point(j)));
}
}
#endif
}
Game(const Game&) = delete;
Game& operator=(const Game&) = delete;
size_t n_fields() const { return width_ * height_; }
size_t width() const { return width_; }
size_t height() const { return height_; }
size_t n_mines() const { return n_mines_; }
const std::vector<Point>& neighbors_of(Point p) const {
std::vector<Point>& vec = neighbors_[to_index(p)];
if (!vec.empty()) {
return vec;
}
for (int i = -1; i <= 1; ++i) {
for (int j = -1; j <= 1; ++j) {
if (i != 0 || j != 0) {
Point q(p.x + i, p.y + j);
if (valid(q)) {
vec.push_back(q);
}
}
}
}
return vec;
}
Point RandomPoint() {
return to_point(distribution_(generator_));
}
Point to_point(size_t index) const {
Point p(index / height_, index % height_);
assert(to_index(p) == index);
return p;
}
size_t to_index(const Point p) const {
return height_ * p.x + p.y;
}
bool valid(const Point p) const {
return p.x < width_ && p.y < height_;
}
void set_mine(const Point p, const bool is_mine) {
assert(valid(p));
mines_[to_index(p)] = is_mine;
}
bool mine(const size_t index) const {
return mines_[index];
}
bool mine(const Point p) const {
assert(valid(p));
return mine(to_index(p));
}
bool opened(const size_t index) const {
return opens_[index];
}
bool opened(const Point p) const {
assert(valid(p));
return opened(to_index(p));
}
bool flagged(const size_t index) const {
return flags_[index];
}
bool flagged(const Point p) const {
assert(valid(p));
return flagged(to_index(p));
}
bool frontier(const size_t index) const {
return frontier_[index];
}
bool frontier(const Point p) const {
assert(valid(p));
return frontier(to_index(p));
}
int Open(const Point p) {
// Place mines at first open
if (n_opens() == 0) {
for (size_t n = 0; n < n_mines_; ) {
const Point q = RandomPoint();
if (!mine(q) && !Point::Adjacent(p, q)) {
set_mine(q, true);
++n;
}
}
}
assert(valid(p));
assert(!opened(p));
assert(!flagged(p));
const size_t index = to_index(p);
opens_[index] = true;
frontier_[index] = false;
for (const Point q : neighbors_of(p)) {
assert(valid(q));
if (!opened(q) && !flagged(q)) {
frontier_[to_index(q)] = true;
}
}
++n_opens_;
assert(opened(p));
assert(valid(p));
const int s = state(p);
hit_mine_ |= s == HIT_MINE;
return s;
}
int OpenWithFrontier(Point p) {
int s = Open(p);
if (s == 0) {
for (const Point q : neighbors_of(p)) {
if (!opened(q)) {
OpenWithFrontier(q);
}
}
}
return s;
}
void Flag(const Point p) {
assert(valid(p));
assert(mine(p));
assert(!flagged(p));
const size_t index = to_index(p);
flags_[index] = true;
frontier_[index] = false;
++n_flags_;
assert(flagged(p));
}
int state(Point p) const {
assert(valid(p));
if (flagged(p)) {
return FLAGGED;
}
if (!opened(p)) {
return UNEXPLORED;
}
if (mine(p)) {
return HIT_MINE;
}
int adjacent_mines = 0;
for (const Point q : neighbors_of(p)) {
if (mine(q)) {
++adjacent_mines;
}
}
return adjacent_mines;
}
int state_minus_flags(Point p) const {
assert(valid(p));
if (flagged(p)) {
return FLAGGED;
}
if (!opened(p)) {
return UNEXPLORED;
}
if (mine(p)) {
return HIT_MINE;
}
int adjacent_mines = 0;
for (const Point q : neighbors_of(p)) {
if (mine(q) && !flagged(q)) {
++adjacent_mines;
}
}
return adjacent_mines;
}
int opened_neighbors(Point p) const {
int n = 0;
for (const Point q : neighbors_of(p)) {
if (opened(q)) {
++n;
}
}
return n;
}
int unopened_unflagged_neighbors(Point p) const {
int n = 0;
for (const Point q : neighbors_of(p)) {
if (!opened(q) && !flagged(q)) {
++n;
}
}
return n;
}
size_t n_opens() const { return n_opens_; }
size_t n_flags() const { return n_flags_; }
size_t seed() const { return seed_; }
bool hit_mine() const { return hit_mine_; }
bool all_explored() const { return n_opens() + n_flags() == n_fields(); }
private:
const size_t width_;
const size_t height_;
const size_t n_mines_;
const size_t seed_;
size_t n_opens_ = 0;
size_t n_flags_ = 0;
bool hit_mine_ = false;
std::vector<bool> mines_;
std::vector<bool> opens_;
std::vector<bool> flags_;
std::vector<bool> frontier_;
mutable std::vector<std::vector<Point>> neighbors_;
std::default_random_engine generator_;
std::uniform_int_distribution<size_t> distribution_;
};
#endif // EXAMPLES_MINESWEEPER_GAME_H_
|
COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Willis, Bray and Annunziata
Argued at Norfolk, Virginia
BASIC CONSTRUCTION COMPANY AND
FARMINGTON CASUALTY COMPANY/
TRAVELERS PROPERTY CASUALTY COMPANY
MEMORANDUM OPINION * BY
v. Record No. 2844-98-1 JUDGE RICHARD S. BRAY
AUGUST 17, 1999
DEBBIE HAMILTON
FROM THE VIRGINIA WORKERS’ COMPENSATION COMMISSION
Francis G. Marrin (Law Office of Roger S.
Mackey, on brief), for appellants.
John H. Klein (Montagna, Klein & Camden,
L.L.P., on brief), for appellee.
Basic Construction Company and Travelers Property Casualty
Company (collectively employer) appeal a decision of the
Workers’ Compensation Commission (commission) awarding benefits
under the Workers’ Compensation Act (Act) to Debbie Hamilton
(claimant). Employer complains that the commission erroneously
(1) awarded claimant benefits after the deputy commissioner had
denied relief and claimant had made no timely request for
review, (2) determined that the claim was not barred by material
misrepresentations when seeking the employment, (3) found that
the injury resulted from a work-related accident, and (4)
concluded that claimant made a reasonable effort to market her
*
Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, recodifying Code
§ 17-116.010, this opinion is not designated for publication.
residual capacity. Finding no error, we affirm the commission’s
award.
The parties are fully conversant with the record, and this
memorandum opinion recites only those facts necessary to a
disposition of the appeal. On appeal, we view the evidence in
the light most favorable to the party prevailing below, claimant
in this instance. See Crisp v. Brown’s Tysons Corner Dodge, Inc.,
1 Va. App. 503, 504, 339 S.E.2d 916, 916 (1986). Factual findings
by the commission that are supported by credible evidence are
conclusive and binding upon this Court on appeal. See Rose v.
Red’s Hitch & Trailer Servs., 11 Va. App. 55, 60, 396 S.E.2d 392,
395 (1990).
I.
On February 12, 1996, claimant lodged a claim with the
commission seeking benefits pursuant to the Act for certain
accidental injuries she suffered on August 28, 1995. A hearing
was conducted by Deputy Commissioner Wilder on April 11, 1997,
and, in defense of the application, employer asserted that (1)
claimant had misrepresented material facts on her employment
application, (2) her injuries were not occasioned by a
work-related accident, (3) she had failed to provide proper notice
of the alleged incident, and (4) she had not marketed her residual
capacity. By opinion dated May 16, 1996, the deputy found that
claimant had neither materially misrepresented her physical
condition nor failed to report the accident to the prejudice of
- 2 -
employer, but, nevertheless, denied the claim, concluding that
claimant had not established that the accident “caused her injury
or disability.”
By letter dated May 20, 1997, claimant requested the deputy
to reconsider, “taking specific note” of correspondence in
evidence from her treating physician, Dr. Grasinger. In response,
the deputy wrote both parties on June 2, 1997:
I have received [claimant’s counsel’s] May
20, 1997 request for reconsideration. In
order to give the parties some certainty
regarding time limitations for review
requests, I am granting the request to
reconsider my May 16, 1997 Opinion; however,
I cannot yet rule on the merits of the claim
because the file has been returned to
Richmond. I have requested the file and will
issue a ruling on the merits as soon as I
have an opportunity to review the evidence.
After further review, the deputy resolved all issues in favor of
claimant and awarded benefits by opinion issued May 20, 1998.
Employer requested review of the decision by the full
commission, moving for enforcement of the deputy’s original
opinion and otherwise challenging the award. Employer contended
that, when the deputy did not vacate his earlier ruling within
twenty days, it became final pursuant to Code §§ 65.2-705,
65.2-706 and Commission Rule 3.1, thereby divesting him of
jurisdiction to re-decide the claim by the May 20, 1998 opinion.
In the alternative, employer asserted the defenses previously
considered by the deputy. The commission concluded that the
“Deputy Commissioner’s June 2, 1997, letter issued within twenty
- 3 -
days, vacated the original opinion” and affirmed the decision of
May 20, 1998, resulting in the instant appeal by employer.
II.
Employer acknowledges on brief that “[t]he Deputy
Commissioner who has rendered an initial ruling retains
jurisdiction over the claim for twenty (20) days” and “may vacate
or amend [the] original opinion” within such period. See Code
§ 65.2-705(A); Rule 3.1, Rules of the Workers’ Compensation
Commission. However, employer contends that the deputy’s June 2,
1997 response to claimant’s motion to reconsider neither vacated
nor amended the original decision, resulting in finality after the
expiration of twenty days. See Code § 65.2-706. Employer’s
argument overlooks the deference accorded to the commission’s
interpretation of its orders.
“[I]t is within the commission’s discretion to . . . examine
the [order] of the deputy commissioner . . . to ascertain the
result intended,” and we will not disturb the commission’s
determination unless “arbitrary or capricious.” Rusty’s Welding
Service, Inc. v. Gibson, 29 Va. App. 119, 130, 510 S.E.2d 255,
260-61 (1999) (en banc). The commission determined that the
deputy’s correspondence to counsel, “granting the request to
reconsider [the earlier] opinion” and promising to “issue a ruling
on the merits” after further “review of the evidence,” “in effect,
vacated the original opinion.” The commission, therefore, decided
that the deputy “had jurisdiction to issue the May 20, 1998,
- 4 -
opinion.” Our review of the record discloses ample support for
the commission’s interpretation of the deputy’s initial
disposition of claimant’s request, and we decline to disturb it on
appeal.
Employer next asserts that claimant is barred from benefits
because she misrepresented her physical capacity by not responding
to the inquiry, “Do you know of, or have you any physical
disability that could or would hinder or limit your activity while
working in your trade?” which appeared on her employment
application. Claimant testified that she “really overlooked” the
question in issue, but would have “marked no” in response because,
“[i]n [her] opinion, the three surgeries [she] had on [her] back
. . . would [not] act as a limiting factor on what [she] could do
as a laborer.” We recognize that
[a]n employee’s false representation in an
employment application will bar a later claim
for workers’ compensation benefits if the
employer proves that 1) the employee
intentionally made a material false
misrepresentation; 2) the employer relied on
that misrepresentation; 3) the employer’s
reliance resulted in the consequent injury;
and 4) there is a causal relationship between
the injury in question and the
misrepresentation.
Falls Church Const. Co. v. Laidler, 254 Va. 474, 477-78, 493
S.E.2d 521, 523 (1997) (citations omitted).
“The concealment of a material fact on an employment
application constitutes the same misrepresentation as if the
- 5 -
existence of the fact were expressly denied.” Id. (citations
omitted).
However, the instant record discloses that claimant was under
no work restrictions at the time of her employment and did not
subsequently seek related medical care until after the August 28,
1995 injury. No evidence otherwise suggests that she
intentionally misrepresented her physical condition to employer.
Under such circumstances, the commission’s finding that “employer
failed to prove that [claimant] made a material misrepresentation
on her employment application” is supported by the evidence.
Employer’s contention that the instant claim is also barred
because claimant did not provide proper notice of her work-related
injury is, likewise, without merit. It is deemed sufficient
notice “where a foreman or superior officer had actual knowledge
of the occurrence of an accident or death within a reasonable time
after the accident or death occurred and no prejudice to the
employer’s rights was shown.” Kane Plumbing, Inc. v. Small, 7
Va. App. 132, 138, 371 S.E.2d 828, 832 (1988) (citation
omitted). Claimant’s “job foreman” observed her “fall . . . on
her back side . . . [and] asked her several times . . . if she
felt like she needed . . . medical attention.” Although
claimant then responded that “she was fine” and postponed actual
notification of her injury to employer, employer had knowledge
of the accident, and the commission correctly concluded that no
prejudice resulted from delayed reporting.
- 6 -
Employer next argues that claimant failed to sustain her
burden of proof that the injury was causally connected to a
work-related accident. “The actual determination of causation
is a factual finding that will not be disturbed on appeal if
there is credible evidence to support the finding.”
Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. Musick, 7 Va. App. 684, 688, 376 S.E.2d
814, 817 (1989). “A finding that a pre-existing condition was
accelerated or aggravated by an injury sustained in an
industrial accident establishes a causal connection between the
injury and the disability and the disability resulting therefrom
is compensable under the Workers’ Compensation Act.” Corning,
Inc. v. Testerman, 25 Va. App. 332, 340, 488 S.E.2d 642, 645
(1997) (citations and internal quotations omitted). “The fact
that contrary evidence may appear in the record is of no
consequence,” provided the commission’s finding is supported by
credible evidence. Id. at 341, 488 S.E.2d at 646 (citation
omitted).
On June 9, 1996 Dr. Grasinger, claimant’s treating
physician, wrote, “it is possible that [her fall] may have
aggravated her underlying degenerative disc disease which had
pre-existed that injury. I have no way of being certain or even
probable, however, that this caused her present problem.
Certainly it could have contributed to her discomfort.”
However, after “[r]eviewing all of the final studies and
determinations,” Dr. Grasinger concluded on August 12, 1996
- 7 -
“that [claimant’s] accident of August 28, 1995, aggravated her
pre-existing lumbar disc disease and, in my opinion, it is more
likely than not, and therefore medically probable, that this
accident had a direct causal relationship in her diminished
functional capacity which remains.” Such evidence, together
with other circumstances established in the record, provided
sufficient support to the finding that the accident resulted in
claimant’s injuries.
Lastly, employer complains that the commission erroneously
determined that claimant exercised reasonable efforts to market
her residual capacity. It is well settled that a disabled
employee is required “to make a ‘reasonable effort’ to market
his remaining work capacity in order to receive continued
workers’ compensation benefits.” National Linen Serv. v.
McGuinn, 8 Va. App. 267, 269, 380 S.E.2d 31, 33 (1989)
(citations omitted). “[W]hat is reasonable in a given case will
depend upon all the facts and circumstances,” id. at 270-71, 380
S.E.2d at 33, viewed most favorably to the prevailing party,
including:
(1) the nature and extent of employee’s
disability; (2) the employee’s training,
age, experience, and education; (3) the
nature and extent of employee’s job search;
(4) the employee’s intent in conducting
[her] job search; (5) the availability of
jobs in the area suitable for the employee,
considering [her] disability; and (6) any
- 8 -
other matter affecting employee’s capacity
to find suitable employment.
Id. at 272, 380 S.E.2d at 34 (citations and footnotes omitted).
Here, claimant described her job search undertaken after
released to light duty by Dr. Grasinger. Her efforts embraced
routine searches of local classified ads and contacts with
thirty-four potential employers. Such evidence supports the
commission’s conclusion that claimant “sufficiently marketed her
residual capacity.”
Accordingly, we affirm the award.
Affirmed.
- 9 -
|
The affair of the cuckolded husband first came to public attention in mid- April, after the man, who goes by the Web name Freezing Blade, said he discovered online correspondence between his wife, Quiet Moon, and a college student, Bronze Mustache. Following an initial conversation, in which he forgave his wife, the man said he found messages on his wife's unattended computer that confirmed to him that the extramarital liaison was continuing. He then posted the letter denouncing Bronze Mustache by his real name, opening the floodgates.
The case exploded on April 20, when a bulletin board manifesto against Bronze Mustache was published by someone under the name Spring Azalea. "We call on every company, every establishment, every office, school, hospital, shopping mall and public street to reject him," it said. "Don't accept him, don't admit him, don't identify with him until he makes a satisfying and convincing repentance."
Impassioned people teamed up to uncover the student's address and telephone number, both of which were then posted online. Soon, people eager to denounce him showed up at his university and at his parents' house, forcing him to drop out of school and barricade himself with his family in their home.
Others denounced the university for not expelling him, with one poster saying it should be "bombed by Iranian missiles." Many others, meanwhile, said the student should be beaten or beheaded, or that he and the married woman should be put in a "pig cage" and drowned.
"Right from the beginning, every day there have been people calling and coming to our house, and we have all been very upset," said the student's father, who was interviewed by telephone but declined to provide his name.
"This is an awful thing, and the Internet companies should stop these attacks, but we haven't spoken with them. I wouldn't know whom to speak to."
In hopes of quieting the criticism, Bronze Mustache issued a six-minute online video denying any affair with Quiet Moon, whom he is said to have met at a gathering of enthusiasts of the online game "World of Warcraft." At the same time, Freezing Blade has twice asked people to call off the attacks, even joining in the denials of an affair - all to no avail. |
Additional Terms & Conditions Offer is valid only for new individual bookings made between 1/13/19 and 1/31/19 by midnight Eastern Standard Time for select staterooms aboard Celebrity sailings departing between 2/1/19 and 4/20/21. Additional restrictions may apply.
Designed with your special needs in mind, our accessible Concierge Class staterooms feature more space and thoughtful additions to make your time on board as comfortable as possible. These staterooms feature wider doors, roll-in showers, grab bars and other special features for guests with mobility disabilities and other disabilities.
As part of our $500-million fleet-wide modernization program, in January 2019, Celebrity Millennium will making even more waves in the cruise world. From adding brand new staterooms and elevating design concepts and technology across the ship to adding a private The Retreat Sun Deck and The Retreat Lounge for our Suite Class guests, this stunner will be turning heads more than ever. Slip into new eXhaleTM bedding featuring CashmereSM mattresses that will surround you in luxury - literally. Marvel at completely new bathroom modernizations. Wine and dine in reimagined restaurants and lounges, including the main dining room, Oceanview Cafe, Sunset Bar, and Rendezvous Lounge. Surrender your senses in the newly redesigned spa. Shop in new retail boutiques. The Celebrity RevolutionSM will change the way you experience the world aboard Celebrity Millennium.
Things to Do
Make the most of your vacation time and continue your health, fitness and wellness routine while on board. You're invited to indulge your mind, body and spirit in the state-of-the-art fitness facilities with soaring floor-to-ceiling windows. Experience the profound pleasures of the spectacular spa setting with luxurious services and enlightening presentations designed to restore your serenity and leave you feeling fantastic.
Canyon Ranch SpaClub
Since the first Canyon Ranch wellness resort was created in 1979, the Canyon Ranch experience has been focused on pursuing optimal health, learning how to feel your best every day. Encouraging people to become more active, informed participants in their health care, because wellness is largely based on everyday lifestyle choices about nutrition, stress management, preventative care and staying fit. You can find a place where you can relax, reduce stress and have a great time.
Fitness Center
Bring your workout routine along for your modern luxury cruise. Millennium fitness facilities feature a jogging track, sport court, and a full suite of state-of-the-art cardio, core, and weight training equipment for every fitness level. Get shipshape and enjoy beautiful ocean panoramas through the fitness center's floor-to-ceiling windows. Equipment includes treadmills, rowing machines, stair climbers, recumbent bikes, elliptical, cross trainers, and free weights. Join one of many daily group fitness classes, or have a personal consultation with a wellness professional on exercise, diet and lifestyle. After your session, relax and rejuvenate in the sauna or Solarium pool.
Health & Wellness Programs
Make the most of your vacation time and continue your land-based health, fitness and wellness routines. Guests are invited to indulge their mind, body and spirit with state-of-the-art fitness facilities with soaring floor-to-ceiling windows, and a variety of spa amenities and offerings on board.
Services
Experience the profound pleasures of the spectacular spa with body rituals, scrubs and massages; rejuvenating and antiaging facials; enlightening seminars and exercise classes that are designed to leave you feeling fantastic.
Bars & Lounges
Each of our clubs, bars and lounges is a unique destination unto itself, with menus offering a diverse selection of classics to complement the latest trends. Some also reflect the regions we visit. To keep our menus dynamic and fresh, we work with a variety of sources including mixologists from the brands we serve and our creative, passionate team of beverage specialists at each bar.
Martini Bar & Crush:
Our talented bartenders put on a high-energy show preparing an intriguing menu of classic and contemporary martinis, served on an ice-topped bar. Enjoy a collection of rare vodkas and a portfolio of fine caviars.
Rendezvous Lounge
On Millennium Class ships, the Rendezvous Lounge is the perfect place to gather before dinner for a cocktail and dancing. After dinner, enjoy live music, dancing, and our signature cocktails.
Sky Observation Lounge:
The perfect daytime spot to gaze over the sea with a cocktail in hand. At night, the space comes alive with live music and dancing. Featuring twelve signature Zodiac cocktails based on your astrological sign, all prepared by flaring mixologists.
Cellar Masters:
Cellar Masters lets you try a bold collection of both familiar and unknown wines from around the world.
Cafe al Bacio & Gelateria:
Enjoy espresso or tea as you watch the world go by. Inspired by the ambiance of European cafes, muted sepia tones and pops of citrus yellow bring this space to life.
Pool & Mast Bar
Gourmet food poolside. Enjoy delicious eats while you relax in the sun.
Sunset Bar:
Watch the world go by with a cocktail in hand. A relaxing evening ritual. Watch the sun set on the water as live pop and folk tunes play.
Ship Highlights
A Taste of Film
Indulge in a multi-sensory experience that fuses Celebrity's award-winning cuisine with acclaimed films. Dishes inspired by the film are served at specific moments, so guests can "taste" the story or the destination - all from comfortable lounge seating with stunning views of the sea at the chic, new Rooftop Terrace.
Rooftop Terrace
A first in our fleet. Intimate and inviting, the Rooftop Terrace features chic, cozy furniture, and a large outdoor soundscape and movie screen. Kick back and catch an al fresco flick with a cocktail and playful interpretations of your favorite snacks. Or indulge in A Taste of Film-a multi-sensory experience that fuses Celebrity's award-winning cuisine with acclaimed films. Dishes inspired by the film are served at specific moments, so guests can "taste" the story or the destination - all from comfortable lounge seating with stunning views of the sea at the chic. It's the trendiest hot spot at sea.
Tuscan Grille
Now Tuscan Grille, one of our most popular Solstice Class restaurants, brings its modern twist on a traditional Italian steak house to Celebrity Millennium, too. USDA dry aged steaks. Pastas made fresh in house. A unique, Italian cocktail menu (a first for any Tuscan Grille restaurant). A wine list that highlights the wine growing regions of Italy. Taste buds around the world, "You're welcome!"
Canyon Ranch SpaClub
Relax and rejuvenate in our serene spa at sea. Experience the unique services of Canyon Ranch in a breathtaking setting-aboard Celebrity's modern luxury ships. Enhance your vacation with a complete wellness and lifestyle program that increases resilience, restores serenity, and helps you feel rejuvenated.
Innovations Store
Your one-stop-spot at sea to find all the latest high-tech electronics including iPad and iPod mobile digital devices, MacBook computers, a variety of laptops, digital accessories, and cool electronic toys. Best of all, whatever you purchase at the Innovations Store is duty-free.
iPad, iPod and MacBook are registered trademarks of Apple Inc.
Concierge Class
Designed for the traveler who settles in nicely to veranda staterooms where little details make a big difference. Savor unexpected delights such as a pillow menu, priority check-in and disembarkation, plush bathrobes, and evening hors d'oeurves. With Concierge Class, the attention to detail will amaze you.
Qsine
Qsine, our one-of-a-kind specialty restaurant, features a uniquely unordinary approach to dining. At Qsine, we strive to awaken your palate through a modern and whimsical approach to familiar dishes from around the world. Food is artfully presented, without traditional courses, and intended to be shared. And, to make it even more playful, the menu and wine list are creatively presented on an iPad. Let your Culinary Tour Guide take you on an unforgettable journey.
Celebrity iLounge
Keep in touch 24 hours a day in the Celebrity iLounge, our one-of-a-kind hip Internet lounge that is the first Authorized Apple Reseller at Sea. Celebrity iLounge also offers various iLearn classes to help you master the latest photography, video and audio skills.
Acessibility from Bow to Stern
Board with ease
For those with mobility issues and other disabilities, our attentive crew is always on hand to take the hassle out of getting on and off the ship.
Accessible Staterooms
Our accessible staterooms are designed with wider doors, roll-in showers, grab bars, and other special features for guests with mobility issues and other disabilities.
Autism Friendly Cruising
Celebrity Cruises has achieved Autism Friendly Cruise Line status, having completed Autism Friendly Certification with Autism on the SeasTM
Restaurants & Cafes
Enjoy an amazing array of flavors and a wide selection of restaurants to suit every mood. Our menus are inspired by, and sourced from, the incredible regions we visit.
Qsine:
Qsine offers unexpected twists on old favorites, experimenting with different textures, flavors, and presentations to please all the senses at once.
This sophisticated restaurant with a wide range of globally-inspired dishes created by a Michelin-starred chef will provide the fine dining experience you love while you're on vacation. The airy Main Restaurant offers exquisite menu selections, which change nightly to give you a variety of classic and contemporary choices. And the service? Legendary.
Sushi On Five:
Sushi restaurants. Wildly popular from the day it appeared, Sushi on Five satisfies your craving for locally sourced, authentically prepared sushi and other Japanese specialties from a menu crafted by expert restaurateur and sushi chef, Yoshikazu "Yoshi" Okada. Treat yourself to the complex flavors of a hand-made sushi roll or nigiri featuring tuna albacore, shrimp, eel, and other fresh selections, or savor the simplicity of yellowtail, salmon, and octopus sashimi. Your culinary experience would be incomplete without dessert - be sure to try the caramelized gingerbread with wasabi gelato.
Luminae:
Exclusive and cutting edge, the globally inspired menus at Luminae are not available in any other restaurant on board. And, you'll see each one only once- because every day features a fresh, new menu.
Blu:
Clean, crisp flavors and inventive cuisine meet an extensive list of sustainable and biodynamic wines. Personalized service, inviting surroundings, and natural light are all part of the fresh and bold aesthetic of Blu.
AquaSpa Cafe:
Celebrity was one of the first cruise lines to offer a spa restaurant. We saw an opportunity to create an extension of our industry's leading spa experience by introducing the AquaSpa Cafe. Renew and Refresh. Fresh, spa-inspired delights to nourish body and mind.
Oceanview Cafe:
A market-style cafe that features select offerings inspired by the destinations we visit.
Ship Facts
Inaugral Date: June 17, 2000
Last Refurbished: February 9, 2019
Occupancy: 2,138
Tonnage: 90,940
Length: 965 feet
Beam: 105 feet
Cruising Speed: 24 kts
About Transpacific
One of the best ways to enjoy a leisurely vacation and stunning ocean vistas is to sign up for a Transpacific Cruise. The mighty Pacific Ocean is the largest in the world and makes up an impressive 33% of the surface of the earth. It also backs onto four different continents and with that in mind you can enjoy a vast array of countries. Some of the ports that you may visit include the gorgeous island of Fiji as well as modern powerhouses such as Japan and Singapore. You can also spend time sunbathing on the beaches of Hawaii, or just enjoy the time spent cruising in the Pacific Ocean with its unrivalled views and gorgeous sunsets.
One of the best things about taking this type of cruise is that you have the opportunity to savor the voyage, and if you are looking for a more traditional cruise experience that has deep roots in history then a Transpacific Cruise is the ideal choice.
About Celebrity Cruises
Celebrity Cruises is one of the most established cruising companies in the world and has become a leading cruise provider since it was founded in 1989. They are dedicated to mixing the classic art of cruising with modern touches that means that guests of all ages will find something to enjoy on a their cruises. With over 25 years of experience, Celebrity has some 12 ships in operation that travel to over 300 destinations all over the world. With that in mind, whether you like the balmy heat of the tropics or want to see the snow capped mountains of the Arctic, they'll have the perfect cruise for you.
If you like fine dining then you will also be in for a treat, as this cruise company is dedicated to bringing you a sophisticated and elegant dining experience and all dishes are made with the best ingredients. As if that wasn’t enough, they have an array of ways to keep you entertained when you join a cruise, and you can attend lectures, events, parties, and even an onboard spa.
Cruise Protector from Allianz Global Assistance is like a life raft for your vacation. It can protect you from covered trip cancellations and interruptions, lost or delayed luggage, and medical emergencies—which is critical in international waters where many personal health insurance policies (including Medicare) may not cover you.
You’ll also be able to rest easier knowing help is only a phone call away if you need it. Cruise Protector comes with Allianz Global Assistance’s 24-hour hotline assistance and concierge services.
Ask your travel agent about Cruise Protector and get the peace of mind you deserve.
Benefits include:
Trip Cancellation and Interruption Protection
Emergency Medical Care and Transportation Benefits
Baggage and Baggage Delay Protection
Trip Interruption Protection
Missed Connection Protection
24-Hour Hotline Assistance
Concierge
We recommend downloading the free, award-winning TravelSmart™ app to view your Cruise Protector plan, file a claim, get help quickly, and more—all from your smartphone.
Allianz Global Assistance is a leader in the travel insurance and assistance industry. Every year, more than 200 million people around the world trust them to protect their travel plans, event tickets purchases, registration fees, and more—resulting in a 97% satisfaction rating.
Free Look: If you’re not completely satisfied, you have 10 days (or more, depending on your state of residence) to request a refund, provided you haven’t started your trip or initiated a claim. Premiums are non-refundable after this period.
Plan(s) only available to U.S. residents and may not be available in all jurisdictions. Insurance benefits underwritten by BCS Insurance Company (OH, Administrative Office: Oakbrook Terrace, IL), rated “A-” (Excellent) by A.M. Best Co., under BCS Form No. 52.201 series or 52.401 series, or Jefferson Insurance Company (NY, Administrative Office: Richmond, VA), rated “A+” (Superior) by A.M. Best Co., under Jefferson Form No. 101-C series or 101- P series, depending on your state of residence. Allianz Global Assistance and Allianz Travel Insurance are brands of AGA Service Company. AGA Service Company is the licensed producer and administrator of these plans and an affiliate of Jefferson Insurance Company. The insured shall not receive any special benefit or advantage due to the affiliation between AGA Service Company and Jefferson Insurance Company. Non-Insurance benefits/products are provided and serviced by AGA Service Company. Consumer may be responsible for charges incurred from outside vendors for assistance or concierge services. Contact AGA Service Company at 800-284-8300 or 9950 Mayland Drive, Richmond, VA 23233 or customerservice@allianzassistance.com.
The cost of this insurance could be small compared to the financial expenses you might incur if
you must interrupt or cancel your entire trip unexpectedly. The cost of this insurance is also
small in comparison to the potential costs of an unexpected medical emergency in a foreign
country.
Think of the Manulife Premium Protection Plan® as a safeguard for your vacation that could help
protect you from certain financial costs arising from trip cancellation or trip interruption events, lost or
delayed luggage, or medical emergencies.
You’ll also be able to rest easier knowing help is only a phone call away. The Manulife Premium
Protection Plan comes with a 24-hour hotline assistance and concierge services.
Trip Cancellation/Interruption for most unforeseen events *
Travel disruption
Emergency Medical Care and Transportation Benefits
Baggage and Baggage Delay Protection
24-Hour Hotline Assistance
Concierge services
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Destination FAQ
1) When should I take a Transpacific Cruise?
As you will be covering a number of countries there is no set best time. Many people choose to go from October onwards when the weather is generally more stable although you can pretty much go all year round.
2) What can I do on a Transpacific Cruise?
It is true that some days you will not dock, but this doesn’t meant that there is nothing to do. Most ships offer a huge range of onboard activities, or you can spend time relaxing and making the most of the voyage. A cruise also stops at ports as part of the journey so there is plenty of opportunity to go ashore.
3) What should I wear for a Transpacific Cruise?
Most cruises have a relaxed dress code during the daytime but you may need to wear long pants or dresses for dinner. As such you may want to pack some formal items and there may be formal events at the end of the cruise such as a Gala Dinner.
4) What shoes should I bring on a Transpacific Cruise?
This depends on the kinds of excursions you want to take. For days when you remain on the ship it is best to wear flat shoes which make it easier to move around. If you are planning to go hiking or walking as part of a shore expedition then make sure to pack walking shoes or boots.
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It depends on your current nationality as well as your cruise itinerary. When you book a cruise with Celebrity, you will be sent all the information you need that will tell you how to check which travel documents you need to bring.
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Celebrity has started to move in a less formal direction through the introduction of Evening Chic nights which means that you can wear attire that you feel comfortable in. Evening Chic is meant to be a little more formal than smart casual wear.
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Yes. Their ships all have a casino aboard and you can also take complementary lessons on how to play the table games and slots.
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The intestinal parasite *Entamoeba histolytica* is a major cause of human morbidity and mortality, claiming up to 100,000 victims every year ([@B1]). *Entamoeba dispar* is its nonpathogenic counterpart, morphologically very similar, but defined as a separate species ([@B2]). The molecules on the surface of the amebas have been studied extensively because they interact with the human host and also represent possible vaccine candidates. In 1991, Espinosa-Cantellano and Martinez-Palomo reviewed the characterization of a number of surface proteins of *E. histolytica* ([@B3]), the most important being the galactose- and *N*-acetylgalactosamine-- inhibitable lectin ([@B4]--[@B6]), which the amebas use to adhere to host cells and other target structures. Since then more data about the structure (for example see reference [@B7]) and functional properties (reference [@B8]) of known surface proteins have been obtained, and more surface proteins have been described ([@B9], [@B10]). The galactose- and *N*-acetylgalactosamine--inhibitable lectin ([@B11]--[@B13]), as well as the serine-rich surface protein ([@B14]) and the 29-kD putative surface antigen ([@B15]), were suggested as vaccine candidates and were tested in rodent models.
Lipophosphoglycan antigens from *E. histolytica* were described for the first time by Isibasi et al. ([@B16]), and later monoclonal antibodies ([@B17]--[@B20]) have been used to study their expression under different culture conditions ([@B21]) and in different *E. histolytica* strains ([@B22]). One antibody against lipophosphoglycans was able to inhibit adhesion of amebas to target cells and cytotoxicity ([@B20]). Recently, the expression of lipophosphoglycans was correlated to amebic virulence ([@B23]).
In this report we describe a new antibody, EH5, that preferentially bound to *E. histolytica* strains and much less to *E. dispar.* We demonstrated that the EH5 antigen was a lipophosphoglycan and for the first time localized the antigen on the outer face of the plasma membrane and the inner face of internal vesicles by confocal immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. The immunoaffinity-purified antigen bound to Con A and may be important for the effect of agglutination of *E. histolytica* by Con A. The EH5 antibody significantly protected SCID mice against intrahepatic challenge with *E. histolytica.* Taking all this together, we show that lipophosphoglycans are major protective antigens on the surface of pathogenic amebas.
Materials and Methods
=====================
Strains and Growth Conditions.
------------------------------
Trophozoites of the pathogenic *E. histolytica* strains SFL-3, HM-1:IMSS, 200:NIH, and HK-9 were cultured axenically at 37°C in TYI-S-33 medium ([@B24]). *E. dispar* strain SAW760 ([@B25]) was maintained monoxenically in TYI-S-33 with *Crithidia fasciculata*, and for the experiments the *Crithidiae* were omitted. The *E. dispar* strain SAW142 was cultured xenically in TYSGM-9 medium ([@B26]). *E. histolytica* strain SFL-3 was also cultured xenically in Robinson medium ([@B27]). *Trichomonas vaginalis* strain 30001 (American Type Culture Collection, Rockville, MD) was grown in TYM medium ([@B28]) supplemented with 5% (vol/vol) heat-inactivated horse serum and 0.05% (wt/vol) agar.
Membrane Antigen Preparation.
-----------------------------
Membrane antigens were prepared as described by Ramwani and Mishra ([@B29]). In brief, trophozoites were harvested by centrifugation, washed three times with 150 mM NaCl, and finally resuspended in 100 mM sodium phosphate, 1 mM EDTA, and 5 mM iodoacetamide, pH 7.2. The trophozoites were homogenized by 30 strokes in a Dounce homogenizer, and debris was precipitated by centrifugation at 700 *g* for 10 min at 4°C and discarded. Membrane antigens were precipitated by ultracentrifugation at 100,000 *g* at 4°C for 1 h and resuspended in distilled water or the desired buffer.
Immunization of Mice and Antibody Production.
---------------------------------------------
Four female BALB/c mice (Forschungsinstitut für Versuchstierzucht, Himberg, Austria) were immunized intraperitoneally starting at the age of 8 wk. For the initial dose, 50--75 μg membrane preparation ([@B29]) from *E. histolytica* strain SFL-3 in 150 μl of 0.9% (wt/vol) NaCl was mixed with 150 μl of complete Freund\'s adjuvant. On days 27 and 35, animals received the same amount of membrane preparation in incomplete Freund\'s adjuvant. The antibody response was assayed by ELISA as described below. 3 d before the fusion, mice received an intravenous injection of 100 μl, and 1 d later an injection of 50 μl of amebic membrane antigen in PBS (0.5 μg/ μl). 2 d later, the mouse with the highest ELISA titer was killed, and splenocytes were isolated and fused to P3-X-Ag8.653X myeloma cells at a ratio of 5:1 by standard polyethylene glycol method ([@B30], [@B31]). Hybridomas were selected in hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine medium. Hybridomas of interest were subcloned three times by limiting dilution, and grown in hypoxanthine-thymidine (HT)^1^ medium supplemented with 10% (vol/ vol) fetal calf serum (Sebak, Suben, Austria). Class and subclass of monoclonal antibodies were determined using an ELISA with specific antisubclass antibodies (PharMingen, San Diego, CA). Small scale protein G purification of antibodies was performed using the Mab Trap GII kit (Pharmacia Biotech AB, Uppsala, Sweden). F~ab~ fragment isolation was done using the ImmunoPure^®^ F~ab~ preparation kit (Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, IL).
ELISA Methods.
--------------
ELISA flat-bottomed microplates (Greiner, Kremsmünster, Austria) were coated with 100 μl/well of the membrane preparation from *E. histolytica* SFL-3 (10 μg/ml in 0.1% \[wt/vol\] ammonium bicarbonate, 0.05% \[wt/vol\] NaN~3~) and dried at room temperature overnight. Hybridoma supernatants were added at different dilutions in PBS and incubated at 37°C for 1 h. Plates were washed five times, and bound antibodies were detected with horseradish peroxidase--labeled anti-- mouse antibodies (Jackson ImmunoResearch Labs., Inc., West Grove, PA) at a 1:1,000 dilution.
Immunoblotting.
---------------
Amebic membrane antigens were separated by SDS-PAGE with 10% acrylamide gels ([@B32]), blotted onto nitrocellulose (Schleicher & Schüll, Dassel, Germany), and probed with 1:100 dilutions of hybridoma supernatants in buffer G (50 mM sodium phosphate, 0.5% \[vol/vol\] Tween 20, 0.5% \[wt/vol\] bovine serum albumin, and 0.05% \[wt/vol\] sodium azide, pH 7.5). Bound antibodies were detected with ^125^I-labeled sheep anti--mouse antibodies (Amersham International, Buckinghamshire, UK).
Metabolic Labeling and Extraction of Crude Glycolipids.
-------------------------------------------------------
Metabolic labeling was performed in a similar way as described by Prasad et al. ([@B19]). In brief, SFL-3 trophozoites at a concentration of 2--5 × 10^6^/ml of TYI-S-33 glucose- or phosphate-free medium were incubated with either \[^3^H\]glucose (0.3 mCi/ml) or \[^32^P\]orthophosphate (0.5 mCi/ml) (both DuPont NEN, Cambridge, MA) for 3 h at 36°C. The cells were washed with PBS three times at 4°C and delipidated by extracting with five parts of chloroform/methanol 3:2 and one part of 4 mM MgCl~2~, next with five parts of chloroform/methanol/water 10:10:3 and one part of chloroform/methanol 1:1, and afterwards with chloroform/methanol/water 10:10:3. The crude glycolipids were then extracted with solvent E (water/ ethanol/diethylether/pyridine/ammonium hydroxide 15:15:5:1: 0.017). The insoluble residue was discarded, and the extract was dried overnight in the vacuum, giving fraction E.
Immunoprecipitation of the Radiolabeled Antibody EH5 Binding Antigen.
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Crude glycolipids (fraction E) were resuspended in ice-cold RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris/Cl, 150 mM NaCl, 1% \[vol/vol\] NP-40, 0.5% \[wt/vol\] sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% \[wt/vol\] SDS, pH 8.3; reference [@B30]). Debris was removed by centrifugation, and the supernatant was preadsorbed with protein G--Sepharose (Pharmacia Biotech AB) for 1 h, centrifuged, and protein G--purified antibody EH5, isotype-matched control antibody BIP 1, or an amebiasis patient\'s serum at a dilution of 1:500 was added to the supernatant and rotated end over end for 2 h at 4°C. Protein G--Sepharose was added for 1 h, and then immune complexes were precipitated by centrifugation, washed at least four times with RIPA buffer, resuspended in SDS-PAGE loading buffer, and loaded onto a 10% SDS-PAGE gel. \[^3^H\]Glucose labeled molecules were visualized by fluorography by treating the gels with EN^3^HANCE (DuPont NEN) according to the supplier\'s protocol. Gels containing ^32^P-labeled molecules were directly exposed. All gels were exposed to films at −70°C.
Chemical and Enzymatic Cleavage of the EH5 Antigen, and Analysis by Hydrophobic Chromatography.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Isolated fraction E from 10^7^ *E. histolytica* SFL-3 trophozoites was treated with 100 μl of 40 mM trifluoroacetic acid for 8 min at 100°C for mild acid hydrolysis ([@B33]). Alternatively, fraction E from 10^7^ trophozoites was treated with 1 U phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC)^1^ from *Bacillus cereus* (Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany) in 0.1 M Tris/Cl, 0.1% (wt/vol) deoxycholate, pH 7.4, overnight at 37°C. The cleaved preparations or the control without added PI-PLC was extracted with Triton X-114 ([@B34]) and the products in the aqueous phase were analyzed ([@B35]) by chromatography through phenyl-coupled Sepharose (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO). Cleaved samples were diluted in 1.8 ml of 0.1 M acetic acid, 0.1 M NaCl, and loaded onto a phenyl-coupled Sepharose column with 2 ml bed volume. Three fractions of 0.6 ml each were collected. The column was then sequentially washed with 2 × 0.6 ml of 0.1 M acetic acid, 2 × 0.6 ml of H~2~O, and 6 × 0.6 ml of solvent E (see above). All fractions were dried in an atmosphere of nitrogen, resuspended in 10 μl of H~2~O, and then 1-μl samples were dotted onto nitrocellulose and antigen was detected with antibody EH5 and ^125^I-labeled sheep anti--mouse antibodies.
Immunoaffinity Purification of the EH5 Antigen and Interaction with Con A.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Protein G--purified antibody EH5 (Eurogentec, Seraing, Belgium) was coupled to 3M Emphaze Biosupport Medium (Pierce Chemical Co.) according to the instructions of the supplier. Fraction E purified from 4 × 10^7^ *E. histolytica* SFL-3 trophozoites was dissolved in 10 ml of PBS with 0.05% (wt/vol) deoxycholate and loaded on a 2-ml immunoaffinity column. The column was washed with 20 ml of PBS, and the EH5 antigen was eluted with 50 mM diethylamine, pH 11.5. Eluted antigen was immediately transferred into PBS buffer using Microcon columns (Amicon Inc., Beverly, MA). 1 μl of each fraction was dotted onto nitrocellulose strips, and bound EH5 antigen was detected with antibody EH5, which was visualized with alkaline phosphatase--coupled secondary antibodies. For the Con A binding experiment, the strips were incubated with biotin-labeled Con A (1:200 in buffer G, see above), and bound Con A was detected with alkaline phosphatase--labeled streptavidin (1:500 in buffer G).
Agglutination Test.
-------------------
The test was performed in a similar way to that described by Torian et al. ([@B36]). *E. histolytica* SFL-3 trophozoites (2--4 × 10^4^/well) were added to 96-well flat-bottomed microtiter plates. Hybridoma supernatants of antibody EH5, protein G--purified antibody EH5, F~ab~ fragments from antibody EH5, isotype-matched negative control antibody BIP 1 directed against the birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 ([@B31]), or HT medium as a control was added to the wells. Plates were further incubated at 37°C. Photographs were taken before and 15 and 60 min after the addition of antibodies and controls.
Indirect Immunofluorescence of E. histolytica.
----------------------------------------------
Growing HM-1:IMSS trophozoites were washed with PBS at 37°C, transferred to a coverslip in a 24-mm petri dish, and incubated at 37°C for 10 min to promote attachment. PBS was removed and coverslips were incubated in 3.7% (wt/vol) paraformaldehyde for 15 min at room temperature. One part of the samples was placed in methanol at −20°C for 3 min (treatment A), and the rest were treated by 0.25% (vol/vol) of Triton X-100 in PBS for 3 min (treatment B). Coverslips were washed with PBS, incubated in the presence of 50 mM NH~4~Cl for 30 min, and then in PBS containing 1% (wt/vol) of nonfat dry milk for 30 min. For in situ epifluorescent labeling of monoclonal antibodies, coverslips were incubated with 1:100 diluted monoclonal antibodies (purified over protein G column) for 1 h. After two washes with PBS, samples were incubated for 30 min in a 1:200 dilution in PBS of rhodamine or FITC-labeled rabbit anti--mouse antibodies (Sigma Chemical Co.), which had been preadsorbed with trophozoites as previously described ([@B37]). The preparations were further incubated in PBS containing 1% bovine serum albumin for 30 min at room temperature, briefly washed in PBS, and mounted on a glass slide with 70% (vol/vol) glycerol in PBS.
Confocal Microscopy.
--------------------
Fluorescent samples were examined on a confocal laser scanning microscope (DIAPLAN; Leica, Heidelberg, Germany) equipped with a ×63 objective. Rhodamine-labeled samples were visualized using a high pass R6590 filter after excitation at 568 nm. Observations were performed in 10 planes from the bottom to the top of each cell. The distance between scanning planes was 0.5 μm. Three dimensional reconstruction of serial confocal sections was performed with the CLSM-Leica software. Photographs were taken on KodakT-max 400 film (Eastman KodakCo., Rochester, NY) using a 35-mm camera mounted on a Polaroid Freeze-Frame video monitor.
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Immunogold Labeling.
---------------------------------------------------------------
Growing trophozoites (10^7^) from *E. histolytica* strain HM-1: IMSS were harvested by centrifugation at 700 *g* for 5 min and washed in PBS. Cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and 0.2% glutaraldehyde in 100 mM Hepes, pH 6.9, for 1 h at 4°C. After one wash with the same buffer, trophozoites were embedded in 10% gelatin and then slowly centrifuged. The pellet was solidified on ice and cut in 1-mm^3^ pieces which were infused in 1.7 M sucrose and 15% polyvinylpyrrolidone (10,000 mol wt) for varying amounts of time, from 2 h to overnight. The samples were mounted on holder pins and frozen by rapid immersion in liquid nitrogen or in liquid propane. Thin sections were cut at −120°C using a diamond knife on an FCS cryosystem (Reichert, Vienna, Austria). Grids were treated with drops of the following reagents: 50 mM NH~4~Cl in PBS (10 min), 1% (wt/vol) bovine serum albumin in PBS (5 min), purified antibody EH5, diluted 1: 100 in 1% bovine serum albumin in PBS (1 h), PBS (3 washes, 5 min each), anti--mouse IgG + IgM antibodies conjugated with 10-nm gold particles (British Biocell International, Cardiff, UK) diluted in 0.01% (wt/vol) fish skin gelatin (Sigma Chemical Co.) in PBS (30--40 min), PBS (1 min), and distilled water (3 washes, 1 min each). Samples on the grids were then fixed with 1% glutaraldehyde in 100 mM cacodylate, pH 7.4 (2 min), rinsed with distilled water, and embedded in 1% (wt/vol) methylcellulose and 0.3% (wt/vol) uranyl acetate. Sections were observed with an electron microscope (CM12; Philips, Eindhoven, Netherlands) operating at 60 kV.
Passive Immunization of SCID Mice.
----------------------------------
CB-17 SCID mice (The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME) were treated according to the method of Cieslak et al. ([@B38]). Each immunized animal received 200 μl of antibody EH5 (1 mg/ml; *n* = 12) or isotype-matched control monoclonal antibody HDP-1 (1 mg/ml; *n* = 6) intraperitoneally 24 h before intrahepatic challenge. All 18 passively immunized SCID mice, and 7 control SCID mice which received no antibody, underwent direct hepatic inoculation. The animals were fasted for 24 h and subsequently anesthetized by intramuscular application of a combination of ketamine hydrochloride and xylazine. Laparotomy was performed by a vertical incision of ∼1 cm to visualize the liver. *E. histolytica* HM-1:IMSS trophozoites (10^6^) in a volume of 100 μl were injected into the left liver lobe. Peritoneum and abdominal wall were closed by catgut sutures and the skin was closed using clips. After 7 d, animals were killed and the liver was entirely removed, sectioned, and any abscess detected was resected and weighed separately. The percentage of liver abscessed was calculated as the weight of the abscess divided by the liver weight before abscess removal.
Results
=======
Antibody Production.
--------------------
Using a membrane preparation of *E. histolytica* SFL-3 as a mixture of antigens, a panel of eight monoclonal antibodies (EH1 to EH8) was raised. All of these antibodies bound to amebic membrane antigens in ELISA and immunoblot assays. This report deals exclusively with antibody EH5 and the EH5 antigen. The EH5 antibody belongs to the IgG1 subclass as determined by ELISA.
Test of Antibodies with Membrane Preparations of Different E. histolytica and E. dispar Strains.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Preliminary ELISA tests had shown that antibody EH5 was able to discriminate between *E. histolytica* and *E. dispar* (data not shown). Fig. [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"} shows the immunoblot results obtained with membrane preparations from different xenically and axenically grown *E. histolytica* and *E. dispar* strains using antibody EH5. In addition, a membrane preparation from *Trichomonas vaginalis*, another protist parasite which is only distantly related to *E. histolytica* and *E. dispar*, was prepared and included. The immunoblots show strong reactivity for all *E. histolytica* strains of antigens migrating as a polydisperse band, whereas *E. dispar* bound to antibody EH5 weakly, and *T. vaginalis* hardly at all. In addition, the signals were stronger when the amebas had been grown axenically.
Characterization of the Antigen Recognized by Antibody EH5.
-----------------------------------------------------------
The patterns in the immunoblots resembled patterns that had been previously observed for lipophosphoglycan antigens ([@B19], [@B20]). To test whether the EH5 antigen copurified with lipophosphoglycans, whole *E. histolytica* SFL-3 trophozoites were delipidated, and glycolipids (fraction E) were extracted. An immunoblot of the fractions demonstrated that most of the EH5 antigen was extracted into fraction E (results not shown). To identify some of the components present in the EH5 antigen, a metabolic labeling experiment was performed. SFL-3 trophozoites were either labeled with \[^3^H\]glucose or \[^32^P\]orthophosphate. The radiolabeled amebas were washed and delipidated, and fraction E was obtained and resuspended in RIPA buffer. The preparation was preadsorbed with protein G--Sepharose to remove unspecific complexes. The samples were then incubated either with antibody EH5, with isotype-matched control antibody BIP 1 ([@B31]), or as a positive control with the serum from an amebiasis patient in a 1:500 dilution. Immune complexes were bound to protein G--Sepharose, precipitated, and analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed by fluorography or autoradiography. Fig. [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"} *A* shows the results for the labeling with \[^3^H\]glucose. Only the patient\'s serum (Fig. [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"} *A*, lane *4*) and antibody EH5 (Fig. [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"} *A*, lane *2*), but not the control antibody BIP 1 (Fig. [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"} *A*, lane *3*), precipitated the antigen. This showed that radiolabeled glucose was incorporated into the EH5 antigen. Fig. [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"} *B* shows the results for the labeling with \[^32^P\]orthophosphate. Whole amebas were labeled very heavily (data not shown). Again, antibody EH5 (Fig. [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"} *B*, lane *1*) and the patient\'s serum (Fig. [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"} *B*, lane *2*), but not the control antibody BIP 1 (Fig. [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"} *B*, lane *3*) precipitated a phosphate-labeled antigen. Thus, EH5 antigen also incorporated radiolabeled phosphate.
To test whether these phosphates were forming acid-labile diester bonds, fraction E from *E. histolytica* SFL-3 trophozoites was digested for 8 min at 100°C in 40 mM trifluoroacetic acid. The products were analyzed by hydrophobic chromatography on phenyl-coupled Sepharose. The undigested EH5 antigen in fraction E eluted over a large range (Fig. [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}, lane *B*), mild acid digestion reduced the binding of the EH5 antibody, and the partially digested EH5 antigen eluted only in the hydrophobic region (Fig. [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}, lane *A*), in agreement with the degradation of the hydrophilic parts of the molecules.
Fraction E was also subjected to treatment with PI-PLC, followed by Triton X-114 extraction and hydrophobic chromatography (Fig. [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}, lanes *C* and *D*). This time, the migration of the EH5 antigen shifted towards a more hydrophilic region, in agreement with the partial cleavage of hydrophobic glycoinositol phospholipid (GPI) membrane anchors from the EH5 antigen. Although we do not yet know the exact chemical structure of the EH5 antigen, the results showed that it could be classified as a lipophosphoglycan.
Binding of Con A to the EH5 Antigen and Agglutination of Trophozoites by the EH5 Antibody.
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Recently, it was shown that components in fraction E from *E. histolytica* bound to Con A, and therefore were likely to contain terminal mannose residues ([@B23]). With a new preparation of protein G--purified EH5 antibody, we were able to immunoaffinity purify the EH5 antigen as described above. Alkaline elution conditions were used, instead of the more common acidic conditions, to protect the antigen from partial degradation. Fig. [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}, lane *E*, shows dotted fractions from the immunoaffinity column that were probed with antibody EH5. The antigen eluted as a broad peak. In Fig. [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}, lane *F*, the same fractions were dotted onto nitrocellulose, incubated with biotin-labeled Con A, and bound Con A was detected with alkaline phosphatase--labeled streptavidin. Three of the four fractions eluted from the affinity column and containing EH5 antigen also bound to Con A, and one of the fractions did not bind. This showed, on the one hand, that the EH5 antigen was chemically heterogeneous, but on the other hand, that a large portion of the EH5 antigen bound to Con A.
If the EH5 antigen, or at least a significant portion of it, was able to bind to Con A, which is known to agglutinate preferentially pathogenic amebas ([@B39], [@B40]), then the EH5 antibody should also be able to agglutinate *E. histolytica* trophozoites. To test this, *E. histolytica* SFL-3 trophozoites (2-- 4 × 10^4^/well) were used in an agglutination experiment (Fig. [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}) along the lines described for the agglutination by an antibody against a 96-kD antigen ([@B36]). Fig. [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"} *A* shows the amebas 1 h after addition of only HT hybridoma medium, whereas *B* shows the results after addition of isotype-matched control antibody BIP 1. Fig. [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}, *C* and *D*, shows the amebas 15 and 60 min after addition of antibody EH5 supernatant, whereas *E* and *F* show the effect of purified antibody EH5 after 15 and 60 min. The agglutination process began ∼15 min after addition of antibody EH5, and after 1 h the amebas were strongly agglutinated. No agglutination was observed when isolated monomeric F~ab~ fragments from antibody EH5 were added (data not shown).
Confocal Immunofluorescence Using Antibody EH5.
-----------------------------------------------
To determine the cellular localization of the antigen recognized by the EH5 antibody in the amebas by independent means, immunolocalization experiments on the light and electron microscopic levels were performed. First, trophozoites were fixed and incubated with antibody EH5. Two different methods of fixation and permeabilization were used (see Materials and Methods). In method A, amebas were incubated in the presence of methanol. After labeling, trophozoites were analyzed by laser confocal microscopy (Fig. [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"} *A*) at four different optical planes and revealed a labeling of the entire surface of the amebas. When fixed trophozoites were permeabilized by using Triton X-100 to solubilize the membrane lipids (method B), labeling with antibody EH5 and confocal microscopy (Fig. [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"} *B*) revealed labeling of the periplasmic membrane as well as internal vesicle membranes. Secondary antibodies used alone in control experiments did not label the amebas (results not shown).
TEM and Immunolabeling.
-----------------------
Cellular localization of the EH5 antigen on the ultrastructural level was examined by TEM and immunogold labeling. Growing trophozoites were fixed and treated for TEM using a protocol specifically adapted for *E. histolytica* (see Materials and Methods) to obtain maximal preservation of antigenic structure. The resulting pictures indicate a localization of the EH5 antigen primarily in association with the membranes. On the plasma membrane (Fig. [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}, *a* and *b*), gold particles were observed on the outward face, whereas in the internal membrane-bound structures (Fig. [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"} *a*), the gold particles appeared to be localized preferentially on the inner face of the membranes.
Passive Immunization Study in SCID Mice.
----------------------------------------
With the immunolocalization studies showing a strong expression of the EH5 antigen on the surface of *E. histolytica*, it was interesting to get some information on whether the antigen might be a possible vaccine candidate. To address this question, we chose the SCID mouse model because it is well-suited for passive immunization studies. Treated mice received a single dose of 200 μg of either isotype-matched control monoclonal antibody HDP-1, antibody EH5, or no treatment 24 h before intrahepatic challenge. 7 d after challenge, the mice were killed and examined for liver abscess formation, and abscess sizes were determined.
All control SCID mice (7 out of 7) and all SCID mice passively immunized with the isotype-matched control monoclonal antibody HDP-1 (6 out of 6) had amebic liver abscesses (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}), with a mean abscess size of 16 ± 7% of the liver abscessed in control mice, and 15 ± 6% of the liver abscessed in HDP-1 treated mice. In contrast, only 1 out of 12 mice receiving EH5 monoclonal antibody developed an amebic liver abscess, and the abscess size in this SCID mouse was smaller (9% of the liver abscessed). The difference in the number of mice developing an amebic liver abscess between HDP-1 immunized SCID mice and SCID mice receiving antibody EH5 was highly significant (*P* \<0.0005).
Discussion
==========
In this study, monoclonal antibodies were raised against a membrane preparation from *E. histolytica* to enable us to study surface structures of this parasite, which might be vaccine candidates in the future, and to identify molecules preferentially found on the surface of pathogenic amebas which might be important in the molecular cross-talk with the host.
The monoclonal antibody technology was chosen with the aim of studying defined antigens, and, as an important second criterion, of looking for antibodies with selective binding to *E. histolytica* as compared to *E. dispar.* Antibody EH5 fulfilled these criteria in the best way and was selected for further study. Both immunoblot and ELISA data showed a large difference in the binding of the EH5 antibody between the pathogenic and nonpathogenic species. It remains to be tested if this difference can be exploited for diagnostic purposes.
The polydisperse bands obtained in immunoblots using antibody EH5 resembled those obtained from the previously described monoclonal antibodies 2D7.10, described by Bhattacharya and colleagues ([@B17], [@B19]), and CC 8.6, taken from our laboratory ([@B20]). All three antibodies bind to lipophosphoglycan antigens. However, the epitopes recognized seem to be different, because the three antibodies show clear differences in binding to different strains of *E. histolytica.* 2D7.10 binds to an antigen which is almost completely downregulated by the presence of bacteria ([@B21]), while EH5 showed much smaller differences in binding between xenic or axenic cultures. The CC 8.6 antibody bound only weakly to strain 200:NIH ([@B20]), whereas EH5 exhibited strong binding to 200:NIH (see Fig. [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Taken together, the expression of certain epitopes of the amebic lipophosphoglycans appears to display strain differences and to be dependent on culture conditions.
The localization of the EH5 antigen was studied by confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and immunogold labeling observed by TEM. The confocal images showed that the labeling on the surface was very intense, but also extended to vesicular structures when stronger permeabilization conditions were applied. The immunogold labeling gave an interpretation to these findings; the EH5 antigen could be directly visualized on the outer face of the plasma membrane and the inner face of what appeared to be a vesicular membrane. Thus, the EH5 lipophosphoglycan antigen forms not only a surface coat, but also appears in the amebas in inverted vesicles. This demonstrates the difficulty of clearly defining surface localization in this dynamic organism.
The immunoaffinity-purified EH5 antigen bound to Con A in a dot-blot experiment with the exception of one of the antibody-positive fractions from the affinity column. This result pointed again to a significant chemical heterogeneity of the EH5 antigen. More importantly, the preferential agglutination of pathogenic amebas ([@B39], [@B40]) by Con A can be explained at least in part by the binding of Con A to the lipophosphoglycan-like antigen recognized by the EH5 antibody. In agreement with this explanation, the EH5 antibody strongly agglutinated *E. histolytica* trophozoites. However, it is clear that other structures such as glycoproteins on the amebal surface are also likely to play a role in the agglutination by Con A. Also, it is not known if Con A bound to a lipophosphoglycan is capped by the amebas.
Recently, it was shown, with polyclonal antibodies to defined regions of the galactose- and *N*-acetylgalactosamine-- inhibitable lectin, that, depending on the epitopes recognized, passive immunization can either protect SCID mice from amebic liver abscess or it can exacerbate the disease ([@B13]). Passive immunization with the lipophosphoglycan-specific antibody EH5 conferred highly significant protection against amebic liver abscess. This is the first report on a single monoclonal antibody with this ability, and the first report relating protection to a glycan epitope.
Significantly, the SFL-3 strain, against which the antibodies were raised, and the HM-1:IMSS challenge strain were different, so the protection is not strictly limited to one strain. Antibody EH5 bound to all *E. histolytica* strains that we were able to test; however, antibody EH5 may fail to be protective against some strains of *E. histolytica* or in other strains of mice. In the future, it will be very interesting to examine the structure of the EH5 epitope, look for ways to synthesize it in vitro, and test whether such a structure may be a component for active immunization.
We are grateful to Hertha Erben for the skillful culture of the amebas and to Anton Jäger for preparing the color illustrations. We thank Michael A.J. Ferguson for helpful discussion and C. Graham Clark for providing the axenically growing *E. dispar* strain SAW760.
This work was supported by grants P9256-MED and P10527-ÖME from the Austrian Science Fund, Vienna (M. Duchêne), in part by the French Ministère de l\'\\x83 ducation Nationale, de l\'Enseignement Supérieur de l\'Insertion Professionnelle, by the NORD-SUD Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale program (grant 2475NS3), and by the Direction de la Recherche et des Techniques du Ministère de la Défense (grant 94/092) (N. Guillén), and in part by National Institutes of Health grant AI-30084 and World Health Organization grant GPV-15181281 (S.L. Stanley, Jr.). S.L. Stanley, Jr. is the recipient of Research Career Development Award AI-01231.
*Abbreviations used in this paper:* HT, hypoxanthine-thymidine; PI-PLC, phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C; TEM, transmission electron microscopy.
{#F1}
######
Metabolic labeling experiments. (A) Labeling with \[^3^H\]glucose. Lane *1*, total PBS washed amebas; lane *2*, fraction E, immunoprecipitated with antibody EH5; lane *3*, fraction E, immunoprecipitated with isotype-matched control antibody BIP 1; lane *4*, fraction E, immunoprecipitated with amebiasis patient\'s serum. (*B*) Labeling with \[^32^P\]orthophosphate. Lane *1*, fraction E immunoprecipitated with antibody EH5; lane *2*, fraction E immunoprecipitated with amebiasis patient\'s serum; lane *3*, fraction E immunoprecipitated with control antibody BIP 1. At the left side, molecular masses from a protein marker are given for better orientation. However, these cannot serve as size markers for molecules such as lipophosphoglycans.
{#F3}
{#F4}
######
Localization of the antigen binding to antibody EH5 in *E. histolytica* trophozoites by indirect immunofluorescence using confocal microscopy. (*A*) Amebas treated with methanol; (*B*) amebas treated with Triton X-100 for stronger permeabilization. Planes *a*, *b*, and *c* are horizontal planes, and plane *d* is a vertical plane through the middle of the ameba.
{#F6}
######
Protection of SCID Mice from Amebic Liver Abscess by Passive Immunization with Anti-lipophosphoglycan Monoclonal Antibody EH5
Vaccine group No. of SCID mice with liver abscess/ No. of SCID mice challenged Percentage protected Percentage of liver abscessed in nonprotected mice mean ± SD
--------------------------- -- ------------------------------------------------------------------ -- -------------------------------------------------------- -- --------------------------------------------------------------
Nonimmunized 7/7 0.0 16 ± 4
HDP-1 (control) immunized 6/6 0.0 15 ± 6
EH5 immunized 1/12 91.7 *(P* \<0.0005)[\*](#TF1-150){ref-type="table-fn"} 9
Significant difference from control immunized group as determined by Fisher\'s exact test.
[^1]: Address correspondence to Dr. Michael Duchêne, Institute for Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1095 Vienna, Austria. Phone: 43-1-40400-5108; FAX: 43-1-40400-5130; E-mail: <a5311daa@vm.univie.ac.at>.
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Episode 14: The Bracket (The Final Four)
Taking place in a continual flashback narrated by the future Ted (Bob Saget) telling the story of the erstwhile Ted's (Josh Radnor) love life, How I Met Your Mother is a comedy about five... More
Taking place in a continual flashback narrated by the future Ted (Bob Saget) telling the story of the erstwhile Ted's (Josh Radnor) love life, How I Met Your Mother is a comedy about five friends living in New York City. The colorful cast of characters includes the sweet but boring couple, Lily (Alyson Hannigan) and Marshall (Jason Segel); the ex-love and Canadian, Robin (Cobie Smulders); and the fan-favorite sex addict, Barney (Neil Patrick Harris).
Articles
On last night's How I Met Your Mother we got taken down memory lane as Barney tried to figure out which of the women that he's slept with is trying to sabotage his current "relationships". When a chai More » |
Background
==========
Photoperiod sensitivity is an important trait that enables crops to adapt to diverse latitudinal environments. In particular, absence of or low sensitivity to photoperiod is necessary for short-day (SD) crops, such as rice and soybean, to adapt to high latitudes. In soybean (*Glycine max* (L.) Merr.), nine major genes, *E1* through *E8* and *J*, have so far been reported to control time to flowering and maturity (reviewed in \[[@B1]\]). Photoperiod insensitivity is controlled by at least two genetic systems, in which dysfunctional alleles at three maturity loci---*E1*, *E3*, and *E4*---are involved. One control system is ascribed to the double-recessive genotype for *E3* and *E4*\[[@B2]-[@B6]\], which encode the phytochrome A (PHYA) proteins GmPHYA3 and GmPHYA2, respectively \[[@B7],[@B8]\]. Together with GmPHYA1, which is encoded by a homoeologous copy of *E4*, these two PHYA proteins redundantly or complementarily function in floral induction and de-etiolation responses under various light conditions \[[@B7],[@B8]\]. *E3* and *E4* direct different flowering responses to long-day (LD) conditions with different red-to-far--red (R:FR) quantum ratios \[[@B2]-[@B5],[@B9]\]. *E3* controls the response to light with a high or low R:FR ratio; plants homozygous for the recessive *e3* allele can initiate flowering under the LD conditions generated by fluorescent lamps with a high R:FR ratio \[[@B2],[@B9]\]. *E4* is involved in the response to light with a low R:FR ratio; plants homozygous for the *e3* allele need a recessive *e4* allele to flower under LD generated by incandescent lamps with a low R:FR ratio \[[@B3],[@B4],[@B9]\]. The *e4* allele itself cannot confer the insensitivity to LD conditions induced by both fluorescent and incandescent lamps under the *E3* genetic background \[[@B4],[@B5]\]. The PHYA protein is not only an effective FR sensor but also acts as an R-light photoreceptor under R light with high-photon irradiance \[[@B10],[@B11]\], which is involved, either directly or via interactions with other photoreceptors, in various developmental processes (reviewed in \[[@B12]\]). The *E3* and *E4* genes therefore may participate in a non-additive manner in different aspects of PHYA functions, which are controlled by a single *phyA* gene in *Arabidopsis*. Another *phyA* gene in soybean, *GmphyA1*, has been suggested to function redundantly with *E4* in the de-etiolation response of hypocotyls and floral induction under FR light \[[@B7]\]. Owing to the lack of genetic variants causing phenotypic differences, the function of *GmphyA1* has not yet been determined.
Among the major genes and QTLs that have been reported so far, the *E1* gene has the most prominent effect on flowering time in soybean (reviewed in \[[@B1]\]). Cober et al. \[[@B9]\] used an early-maturing cultivar Harosoy and its near-isogenic lines (NILs) for *E1*, *E3* and *E4* loci to reveal their photoperiod responses to LDs with different R:FR ratios. They found that a NIL with *E1*/*e3*/*e4* was insensitive to R-enriched LD conditions but still retained sensitivity to FR-enriched LD conditions with the low R:FR ratio of 0.9, although the NIL with *e1-as* (originally designed as *e1*, but renamed after \[[@B13]\])/*e3*/*e4* lost the sensitivity across the wide range of R:FR ratios \[[@B9]\]. This result indicates that *E1* has a marked inhibitory effect on flowering, particularly under LD conditions with the low R:FR ratio.
Positional cloning revealed that *E1* encodes a protein that contains a putative bipartite nuclear localization signal and a region related to the B3 domain, a highly conserved domain found in transcription factors in plants \[[@B13]\]. The abundance of *E1* transcripts is under the photoperiodic control regulated by the *E3* and *E4* genes and is negatively correlated with that of two soybean orthologs of *Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T*, *GmFT2a* and *GmFT5a*\[[@B14]\]. *E1* expression was suppressed under SD conditions regardless of genotype and induced under LD conditions in plants containing either *E3* or *E4* but not in those with the double-recessive *e3e3e4e4* genotype \[[@B13]\]. Furthermore, *E1* over-expression in transgenic T2 soybean plants suppressed the expression of two *GmFT* genes, thereby markedly delaying flowering, suggesting that E1 is a direct repressor of GmFTs \[[@B13]\]. Taken together, the weakened function of PHYA caused by the double-recessive genotype at the *E3* and *E4* loci may ablate or weaken sensitivity to photoperiod, at least partly, through the down-regulation of *E1*.
The other system controlling photoperiod insensitivity in soybean acts through involvement of dysfunctional alleles at the *E1* locus itself. Photoperiod insensitivity in the Japanese landrace 'Sakamotowase' has been suggested to be controlled by a different genetic mechanism from PHYA dysfunction, because this landrace has a dominant functional allele at the *E4* locus \[[@B6]\]. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping using testcrosses with a photoperiod-sensitive Harosoy NIL whose genotype was *e1-as*/*e3*/*E4* indicated that the photoperiod insensitivity in Sakamotowase was controlled mainly by an allele at or a gene tightly linked to the *E1* locus, although a minor QTL was detected in linkage group L (Glyma19) \[[@B15]\]. Analysis of the *E1* sequence of Sakamotowase revealed that it contained a dysfunctional allele, *e1-fs*, that produced a loss-of-function truncated protein due to a premature stop codon, which arose as a consequence of a single-base deletion \[[@B13]\]. In contrast, the recessive allele *e1-as* possessed a nonsynonymous substitution in the putative nuclear localization signal, leading to reduced localization specificity of the E1 protein in nucleus and thereby reducing the ability of E1 to suppress expression of the *GmFT* genes \[[@B13]\]. These findings strongly suggest that the molecular basis of the photoperiod insensitivity of Sakamotowase is due, at least in part, to a complete lack of E1 function caused by a dysfunctional allele at the *E1* locus itself. The dysfunctional allele *e1-fs* therefore may provide, singly or together with other unknown genes, another mechanism in the control of photoperiod insensitivity under the presence of *E4* in soybean.
Photoperiod responses of soybean involve not only pre-flowering growth, such as time to flowering, but also post-flowering vegetative and reproductive growth, such as duration of pod filling, development of the terminal inflorescence, and leaf senescence; LD conditions increase reproductive periods and delay leaf senescence and seed maturation of photoperiod-sensitive cultivars \[[@B16]-[@B18]\]. Han et al. \[[@B16]\] revealed that the post-flowering growth of a photoperiod-sensitive cultivar was influenced by exposure to R light and reversed by exposure to FR light during the dark period, suggesting that phytochromes control the photoperiod responses of post-flowering growth. However, understanding of the genetic and physiologic bases of post-flowering photoperiod sensitivity is still far from comprehensive.
Soybean maturity genes control not only the time of flowering but also the time to maturation \[[@B19]-[@B21]\]. Several QTLs in various linkage groups have been identified to control features of the reproductive period, such as time of maturity and duration of pod filling \[[@B22]-[@B26]\]. However, only a few QTLs for post-flowering photoperiod responses have been identified. Cheng et al. \[[@B25]\] found two QTLs that controlled the duration of the post-flowering period under LD conditions. These two QTLs, which appear to correspond to the *E3* and *E8*\[[@B27]\] genes, also were involved in the control of time to flowering \[[@B25]\].
To survey the diverse mechanisms underlying photoperiod insensitivity in soybean and to search for novel genetic factors involved in this process, we first used allele-specific DNA markers to catalog the genotypes of four maturity genes (*E1* through *E4*) in photoperiod-insensitive cultivars and breeding lines introduced from various geographic regions. We also tested the association of these various genotypes with pre- and post-flowering photoperiod responses. Here we report that soybean has gained the trait of photoperiod insensitivity independently and repeatedly through diverse mechanisms. In addition, *E3* and *E4*, together with *E1*, play important roles in not only floral initiation but also post-flowering photoperiod responses, such as maturation and stem termination, in soybean.
Results
=======
Effects of photoperiod insensitivity on flowering
-------------------------------------------------
As in our previous studies \[[@B6],[@B15]\], we evaluated photoperiod sensitivity according to the difference in the time to flowering (stage R1 \[[@B28]\]) between artificially induced LD and natural daylength (ND) conditions. Harosoy is a photoperiod-sensitive, early-maturing indeterminate cultivar: it possesses a maturity genotype of *e1-as*/*e2*/*E3*/*E4*, and a dominant *Dt1* gene \[[@B5]\]. During the 2-year study period, this cultivar flowered at an average of 57 days after sowing (DAS) under ND conditions of Sapporo, Japan (43º06´N, 141º35´E) but did not produce any flower buds during LD until the end of the artificially induced condition (62 to 65 DAS). Similarly, Harosoy NILs for *e3* (H-*e3*) or *e4* (H-*e4*) did not form any flower buds until the end of the artificially induced LD condition, and they flowered slightly earlier during ND conditions than did Harosoy; the average flowering time was 46 DAS for H-*e3* and 53 DAS for H-*e4*. In contrast, the Harosoy NIL for both *e3* and *e4* (H-*e3*/*e4*) flowered at 40 DAS under both ND and LD, and this line produced pods of 2 cm or longer (stages R4 to R5 \[[@B28]\]) by the end of the artificially induced LD condition. All 53 photoperiod-insensitive accessions used in the current study flowered under LD conditions within 5 days after the date that they flowered under ND conditions.
Classification of genotypes by use of allele-specific DNA markers
-----------------------------------------------------------------
The molecular bases of four maturity genes (*E1* through *E4*) have been determined \[[@B7],[@B8],[@B13],[@B29]\]. To determine the allelic constitutions at the four loci, we genotyped the 4 genes in each of the 53 photoperiod-insensitive accessions by using previously reported allele-specific DNA markers \[[@B7],[@B13],[@B29]-[@B31]\].
Four alleles have been identified at the *E1* locus \[[@B13]\]. These alleles include two null alleles: one lacking a 130-kb region harboring the entire gene (*e1-nl*) and the other having a single-base deletion that leads to a frameshift mutation that generates a premature stop codon (*e1-fs*). The conventional recessive allele *e1* (here designated as *e1-as* according to \[[@B13]\]) differs from the dominant allele (*E1*) by a single amino acid substitution in the putative nuclear localization signal; this substitution abolishes nuclear localization of the protein. Eight (seven Japanese and one Chinese) of the 53 accessions had the *E1* allele, 33 had *e1-as*, and 11 had *e1-nl*; only the Japanese landrace 'Sakamotowase' had the *e1-fs* allele (Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
Two alleles of the *E2* gene, a soybean ortholog of *Arabidopsis GIGANTEA* (*GI*), have been identified: a functional dominant allele (*E2*) and a recessive null allele (*e2*) \[[@B29]\]. All of the 53 accessions we tested had the *e2* allele (Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
Two and six alleles have previously been identified at the *E3* and *E4* loci, including one (*e3*) and five (*e4-SORE*-*1*, *e4-kam*, *e4-oto*, *e4-tsu*, and *e4-kes*) null alleles of the *E3* and *E4* loci, respectively \[[@B7],[@B8],[@B31]\]. Of the 53 accessions, 20 had the *E3* allele, and the remaining 33 accessions had the *e3* allele. Fifteen accessions had *E4*, and the remaining 38 accessions had one of four dysfunctional alleles: *e4*-*SORE1* (20), *e4-kam* (2), *e4-oto* (1), and *e4-kes* (15) (Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Only 22 accessions were double-recessive homozygotes for the *E3* and *E4* loci, whereas 27 accessions had either of the two dominant alleles, and 4 had both.
Sequencing of the *E1*, *E3*, and *E4* genes
--------------------------------------------
Genotyping of the four maturity genes by using allele-specific markers indicated that, despite their photoperiod insensitivity, 31 accessions had dominant alleles at either or both of the *E3* and *E4* loci. This result suggests that a novel allele or gene may be involved in the control of this trait. We then sequenced the accessions having at least one dominant *E1*, *E3*, or *E4* allele to examine whether these alleles were truly functional. No sequence variation was detected in the coding region of *E1* in the eight accessions of the *E1*/*e3*/*e4* genotype; all showed the same sequence as the published dominant *E1* allele \[[@B13]\]. Sequence analysis of the *E4* gene similarly revealed no deviations from the published sequence \[[@B7]\] in the 15 accessions tested. However, we found two novel dysfunctional alleles for the *E3* gene among the 18 accessions initially scored as having the *e1*/*E3*/*E4* or *e1*/*E3*/*e4* genotype (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}A and [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}B). One of these novel alleles was a nonsense mutation, in which a single-nucleotide substitution from C to T at position 3139 from the adenine of the first codon in exon 3 created a stop codon in place of a codon encoding glutamine. The other novel allele had a premature stop codon in exon 1 that was generated by frameshifting due to the insertion of T at position 1275 in exon 1. We designated these dysfunctional alleles *e3-ns* and *e3*-*fs*, respectively, and renamed the conventional *e3* allele as *e3-tr* (truncated), because it lacks the 3′ region of the gene, including exon 4 \[[@B8]\].
{#F1}
We then developed allele-specific cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) or derived CAPS (dCAPS) markers to reliably identify these dysfunctional alleles (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}C). The *e3-fs* allele can be distinguished from the others after treatment with *Ale*I, which cleaves the 758- or 759-bp amplified product flanking the mutation site into fragments of 552 and 206 bp for the *E3*, *e3-ns*, and *e3-tr* alleles but not *e3-fs* (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}C). The *e3-ns* allele can be distinguished from the others after treatment with *Mfe*I, which uniquely digests the 163-bp amplified *e3-ns* product into fragments of 140 and 23 bp. Most of the accessions, which were originally thought to contain the *E3* allele, had dysfunctional alleles and thus produced truncated GmPHYA3 proteins.
We classified the 53 photoperiod-insensitive accessions into 15 multi-locus genotypes, and then grouped the alleles by function to subcategorize the accessions into 6 genotypic groups (*e1*/*e3*/*e4*, *e1*/*E3*/*e4*, *e1*/*e3*/*E4*, *e1-as*/*e3*/*e4*, *e1-as*/*e3*/*E4*, and *E1*/*e3*/*e4*), where *e1*, *e3*, and *e4* refer to loss-of-function alleles at the respective locus (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Of these, a combination of dysfunctional alleles at both the *E3* and *E4* loci was predominant: 36 of the 53 accessions shared this genotype. Of the 17 accessions with either the *E3* or *E4* allele, 10 had *e1-fs* or *e1-nl* at the *E1* locus. The remaining seven accessions had the allelic combination of *e1-as*/*e3*/*E4*, the same genotype as that of H-*e3*, which is sensitive to the long days generated by an FR-enriched light source \[[@B9],[@B15]\], such as the incandescent lamps we used in the current study.
######
Multi-locus genotype at four maturity loci for 53 early-maturing photoperiod-insenstive soybean accessions
**Multi-locus genotype**^**1)**^ **Allelic combinations at four maturity loci** **No. of accessions**
---------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------ ----------------------- --------- ------------- --------
*el/e3/e4* *el-nl* *e2* *e3-tr* *e4-SORE-1* **2**
*el-as/e3/e4* *el-as* *e2* *e3-ns* *e4-SORE-1* **1**
*el-as* *e2* *e3-tr* *e4-SORE-1* **8**
*el-as* *e2* *e3-tr* *e4-kes* **4**
*el-as* *e2* *e3-fs* *e4-SORE-1* **3**
*el-as* *e2* *e3-fs* *e4-kes* **10**
*El/e3/e4* *El* *e2* *e3-tr* *e4-SORE-1* **4**
*El* *e2* *e3-tr* *e4-oto* **1**
*El* *e2* *e3-tr* *e4-kes* **1**
*El* *e2* *e3-tr* *e4-kam* **2**
*el/E3/e4* *el-nl* *e2* *E3* *e4-SORE-1* **2**
*e1/e3/E4* *el-nl* *e2* *e3-tr* *E4* **7**
*el-fs* *e2* *e3-tr* *E4* **1**
*el-as/e3/E4* *el-as* *e2* *e3-tr* *E4* **3**
*el-as* *e2* *e3-fs* *E4* **4**
1\) lower-case letters (*el*,*e3* and *e4*) indicate loss-of-function alleles at each locus, collectively.
Collectively, all of the 53 photoperiod-insensitive accessions analyzed had a recessive allele at either the *E3* or *E4* locus. When one of these loci had a dominant allele, the *E1* locus always had a loss-of-function *e1*-*fs* or *e1*-*nl* allele or the hypomorphic *e1*-*as* allele.
Post-flowering photoperiod sensitivity associated with *E3* and *E4*
--------------------------------------------------------------------
The 53 accessions we tested were considered to be photoperiod insensitive in terms of time to flowering, because the difference in flowering dates between ND and LD conditions was small (that is, 5 days or less). However, these accessions differed markedly in their post-flowering vegetative and reproductive growth characteristics, such as reproductive period and stem growth after flowering (Figures [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"} and [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Two-way analysis of variance, in which a combined mean square for interactions by years was used as an error mean square, revealed highly significant (*P* \< 0.001) differences for both traits among accessions, daylength conditions, and their interaction.
{#F2}
{#F3}
The date of maturation (stage R8 \[[@B28]\]) was delayed more than 5 days during LD in 36 of the 53 accessions tested. This delay was accompanied by slower development of pods or by extension of the flowering period (or both) due to the persistent vegetative activity of apical meristems at the main stem and branches during LD. The difference in reproductive period between ND and LD conditions, evaluated as the number of days from R1 to R8, ranged from -2 to 29 days and varied with the multi-locus genotypes of the accessions (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}; indicated by blue bars with small red bars \[increase under LD\] or open bars \[decrease under LD\]). Among the accessions of the *e3*/*e4* genotype, the delay of maturation during LD was a maximum of 12 days, with an average of 4.2 days. In contrast, the reproductive period was elongated by 12 days or more during LD compared with ND in 14 of the 17 accessions having either the *E3* or *E4* allele, with an average of 19.1 days. The difference in reproductive period between ND and LD was, on average across accessions and years, 21.8, 14.3, and 23.7 days in the genotypic groups of *e1*(*e1-nl*)/*E3*/*e4*, *e1*(*e1-nl*/*e1-fs*)/*e3*/*E4*, and *e1-as*/*e3*/*E4*, respectively (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). This result suggests that *E3* and *E4* were involved in photoperiodic control not only of time to flowering but also of time to pod maturation.
{#F4}
Daylength also influenced stem termination after flowering in soybean (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Stem termination in soybean is known to be controlled by at least two genes, *Dt1* and *Dt2*, of which the former has a much greater effect \[[@B32]\]. The *Dt1* gene is an ortholog of *Arabidopsis TERMINAL FLOWER1* (*TFL1*), *GmTFL1b*\[[@B33],[@B34]\]. Four dysfunctional alleles (*dt1-ab*, *dt1-bb*, *dt1-tb*, and *dt1-ta*) have been identified at this locus; all of these mutant alleles produce proteins containing single amino acid substitutions \[[@B34]\]. Genotyping using allele-specific markers revealed that, of the 53 accessions, 41 had the *Dt1* allele, and 12 had the *dt1-bb* or *dt1-tb* allele (Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}).
Determinate cultivars typically terminate stem growth shortly after flowering, whereas indeterminate ones continue stem growth until vegetative growth of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) ends \[[@B33]\]. As expected, our 12 determinate accessions that had the *dt1-bb* or *dt1-tb* allele produced almost the same number of nodes on the main stem during ND and LD (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}; indicated by pink bars with small red or open bar). In contrast, the 41 indeterminate *Dt1* accessions produced more nodes during LD than during ND, and the differences in node number on the main stem between ND and LD varied with the multi-locus genotype (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}; indicated by blue bars with small red or open bar). The difference was less than 2.4 (average, 0.8) nodes among indeterminate accessions with the *e3*/*e4* genotype and was independent of the *E1* genotype (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}); that is, stem growth terminated shortly after flowering under both ND and LD conditions. In contrast, accessions with the *E4* allele tended to produce more nodes during LD than during ND, and this response appeared to be dependent on the genotype (*e1* or *e1-as*) at the *E1* locus (Figures [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"} and [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Accessions having the *e1* (*e1-nl*) allele (*e1*/*e3*/*E4*) terminated stem growth similarly between ND and LD; the difference in node number between ND and LD was, on average, 1.5 nodes across accessions and years (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). In contrast, accessions having the *e1-as* allele (*e1-as*/*e3*/*E4*) produced at least 3.4 (average, 5.7) more nodes during LD than during ND. Therefore, post-flowering photoperiod growth in soybean, assessed as maturation and stem termination, varied among the accessions tested and with the maturity genotype.
Control of post-flowering stem termination and pod development by *E3* and *E4*
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Han et al. \[[@B16]\] revealed that the post-flowering growth of a photoperiod-sensitive cultivar is influenced by the photoreaction that can be induced by exposure to R light and reversed by subsequent FR light exposure during the dark period. This pattern implies that phytochromes are involved in the photoperiod responses for post-flowering development in soybean. To confirm the different responses of post-flowering growth to photoperiod that we observed among the maturity genotypes in the field experiment, we analyzed pod development, stem termination, and the expression pattern of *Dt1* in stem tips under LD for Harosoy (*E3*/*E4*/*Dt1*) and its NILs for *e3*, *e4*, and *dt1*. We induced flowering in these lines as described in the Methods section; SD treatment until 12 days after emergence (DAE) is sufficient to initiate and maintain flowering of Harosoy under non-inductive LD conditions \[[@B14]\]. The soybean maturity genes, *E3* and *E4*, have been characterized in detail for the responses to long days with different R:FR ratios \[[@B5],[@B9]\]. We thus used two LD conditions with different light sources, R-light-enriched and FR-light-enriched, to discriminate the functions of *E3* and *E4*. Harosoy and its NILs for *e3*, *e4*, and *dt1* (*dt1-bb*) flowered at almost the same time (11 to 13 days after the conversion to LD conditions; Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}C, D) under two lighting conditions. Stem growth terminated at the 6th to 8th node in the Harosoy NIL for *dt1* (H-*dt1*); indeterminate lines produced more nodes than did H-*dt1*, and the number of nodes produced until the end of experiment (30 days after flowering) varied with the maturity genotype (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}A). Compared with H-*dt1*, Harosoy and H-*e4* produced, on average, 7.5 and 6.4 more nodes under the R-light--enriched condition and 5.9 to 6.5 nodes more under the FR-light--enriched condition, respectively. H-*e3*/*e4* and H-*e3* terminated stem growth earlier than did Harosoy and H-*e4* under both conditions. In addition, stem growth terminated earlier in H-*e3*/*e4* than in H-*e3* under the FR-light--enriched condition, and H-*e3*/*e4* produced almost the same number of nodes as did H-*dt1*.
![**Different post-flowering photoperiod responses among Harosoy and its NILs for a determinate growth habit allele (*dt1*) and the maturity alleles*e3*and*e4*in two independent experiments using different light sources, R-light--enriched \[blue\] and FR-light--enriched \[red\] conditions.** In the R-light--enriched condition, a combination of fluorescent and incandescent lamps with an R:FR ratio of 1.2 was used as the light source for 16 hours after dawn followed by lighting with the same light source for an additional 4 hours. The FR-light--enriched condition involved the use of both fluorescent and incandescent lamps with an R:FR ratio of 1.2 for 16 hours after dawn followed by lighting with incandescent lamps only for an additional 4 hours. **A**) Number of nodes (average ± 1 standard deviation) on the main stem at 30 days after flowering. **B**) Number of pods (average ± 1 standard deviation) more than 3.0 cm long at 30 days after flowering. Transcripts levels of *Dt1* (*GmTFL1b*) at stem tips in different growth stages under (**C**) R-light--enriched and (**D**) FR-light--enriched conditions. Relative transcript levels (mean and standard error; *n* = 3) were analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR and normalized to *β-tubulin* (*TUB*). FL indicates time of flowering.](1471-2229-13-91-5){#F5}
Pod development showed a pattern slightly different from the results observed for stem growth (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}B). Under the R-light--enriched condition, Harosoy, H-*e4*, and H-*dt1* did not produce any pods longer than 3.0 cm until 30 days after flowering, although they flowered at almost the same time as did H-*e3* and H-*e3*/*e4*. In contrast, H-*e3* and H-*e3*/*e4* produced, on average, 5.3 and 3.9 3-cm or longer pods under the R-light--enriched condition. In contrast, under the FR-light--enriched condition, H-*e3* and H-*e3*/*e4* produced 4.1 and 4.5 pods, respectively, whereas Harosoy yielded only a few pods (0.5), and H-*e4* made no pods; H-*dt1* produced an average of 2.6 pods (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}B). The pod development of H-*dt1* in the FR-light--enriched condition may indicate that an R-light--enriched condition has a larger effect in controlling the development of pods after flowering than does the FR-light--enriched condition.
*Dt1* expression in determinate soybean plants rapidly decreases concomitant with floral induction, whereas this expression is maintained for a while after flowering starts in indeterminate accessions \[[@B33]\]. Here we found that the expression of *Dt1* in the stem tips of 12-day-old plants grown in SD was very low under both R- and FR-enriched conditions, regardless of the genotype at the *E3* and *E4* loci (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}C and [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}D; see data regarding 0 day). In addition, the expression level in H-*dt1* remained very low at later growth stages. In contrast, the indeterminate lines (except H-*e3*/*e4*) exhibited rapid increases in *Dt1* expression at 7 days after conversion to LD (19-day-old plants; 7 days in Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}C and [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}D). Thereafter, Harosoy and H-*e4* maintained *Dt1* expression at relatively high levels until 21 days after conversion to LD under the R-light--enriched condition (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}C), but *Dt1* expression decreased rapidly at 14 days and afterward under the FR-light--enriched condition (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}D). H-*e3* had a similar but slightly lower level of expression than did Harosoy and H-*e4* under the FR-light--enriched condition (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}D), but the abundance of *Dt1* transcripts decreased rapidly at 14 days after conversion to LD in the R-light--enriched condition (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}C). In contrast to that in Harosoy, H-*e3*, and H-*e4*, *Dt1* expression was low (similar to that in H-*dt1*) in H-*e3*/*e4* throughout all growth stages. These results therefore suggest that *Dt1* expression is under the control of two *phyA* genes, *E3* and *E4*, for control of post-flowering growth, although a direct causative relationship between *Dt1* expression and the two *phyA* genes should be addressed in a further study. This notion is in accordance with PHYA-regulated signal transduction of *Dt1* expression, which was expected given the presence in the *Dt1* promoter region of a sequence identical to the SORLIP1 (sequence overrepresented in light-induced promoter 1 *cis*-element \[[@B33]\]). The *cis*-element sequence found in *Dt1* is the most common *cis*-element in SORLIPs in *Arabidopsis* genes that are induced or repressed by FR light \[[@B35]\].
Discussion
==========
Three major genetic groups confer photoperiod insensitivity in soybean
----------------------------------------------------------------------
In the current study, we assessed the genotypes of 53 photoperiod-insensitive soybean cultivars at four maturity genes and a determinate growth-habit gene by using allele-specific DNA markers that distinguished each of the recessive alleles from the others. These accessions have been introduced from various high-latitude geographic regions. Our first goal was to determine whether there was any association between the genotypes at four major maturity loci (*E1* through *E4*) and photoperiod sensitivity. Our second goal was to reveal any novel genetic factors that controlled photoperiod insensitivity in these diverse genetic resources. The photoperiod-insensitive cultivars and breeding lines we tested were classified into three genotypic groups according to the functions of the alleles at the respective loci: the *e3*/*e4* group; the group containing *e1* (*e1*-*nl* or *e1-fs*) and either *E3* or *E4*; and the *e1-as*/*e3*/*E4* group.
All of the 53 photoperiod-insensitive accessions tested had the dysfunctional allele at the *E2* locus. The *E2* gene is a soybean ortholog of *Arabidopsis GIGANTEA* (*GI*) \[[@B29]\]. In *Arabidopsis thaliana*, *GI* regulates *FT* expression through multiple mechanisms: 1) GI binds to FLAVIN-BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F BOX protein 1, leading to degradation of a key *CO* repressor (CYCLING DOF FACTOR 1), upregulation of the expression of *CONSTANS* (*CO*), and subsequent activation of *FT* expression \[[@B36],[@B37]\]; 2) GI regulates the expression levels of miRNA172, whose targets encode repressors of *FT*, such as TARGET OF EAT 1 and SCHLAFMUTZE \[[@B38],[@B39]\]; and 3) GI modulates the stability or promoter accessibility of various *FT* repressors \[[@B40]\], including SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE \[[@B41]\], TEMPRANILLO (TEM) 1, and TEM2 \[[@B42]\] Accordingly, the dysfunctional allele at the *E2* locus likely is required for photoperiod insensitivity in these soybean accessions.
One of the three genotypic groups consisted of accessions that possessed the double-recessive genotype (*e3*/*e4*) at the *E3* and *E4* loci. These accessions accounted for approximately 70% (36 of 53) of the photoperiod-insensitive accessions tested, suggesting that dysfunction of PHYA is the most common mechanism underlying photoperiod insensitivity in soybean.
Another genotypic group comprised the accessions having the dysfunctional *e1* alleles (*e1-nl* or *e1-fs*) in combination with either a dominant *E3* or *E4* allele. This group contained Sakamotowase, which has the *e1-fs* allele that yields a nonfunctional E1 protein, as has been revealed through transient expression assays \[[@B13]\]. In addition, the major QTL for photoperiod insensitivity in this line is tightly linked to the *E1* locus \[[@B15]\]. These observations suggest that the photoperiod insensitivity of Sakamotowase can be ascribed to the complete lack of E1 function. Another dysfunctional allele, *e1-nl*, which lacks the entire *E1* gene \[[@B13]\], occurred fairly frequently (11 of 53 lines) among the photoperiod-insensitive accessions we tested. The dysfunctional alleles *e1-fs* and *e1-nl* may have similar roles in abolishing or weakening the photoperiod responses regulated by the *E3* or *E4* allele. Additional research is needed to determine whether these dysfunctional alleles at the *E1* locus can singly lead to photoperiod insensitivity in the presence of the *E3* or *E4* allele.
The remaining genotypic group consisted of the accessions with the allelic combination of *e1-as*/*e3*/*E4*. The Harosoy NIL for *e3* also has the same allelic combination. However, this NIL is sensitive to the LD conditions generated by using an FR-enriched light source (like that we generated by using incandescent lamps in the current study), although it did not respond to the R-enriched LD condition \[[@B4]-[@B6],[@B9]\]. Therefore, the allelic combination of *e1-as*/*e3*/*E4* is not sufficient to confer photoperiod insensitivity. It is conceivable that a novel gene---different from the dysfunctional alleles at the *E1*, *E3*, and *E4* loci---may be involved in the control of the photoperiod insensitivity of accessions of this genotype under the FR-enriched LD condition. *GmphyA1*, a homoeolog of *E4*, is a possible candidate for this photoperiod-insensitivity controller: *GmphyA1* has been suggested to function in a redundant manner to the *E4* allele in the de-etiolation responses of hypocotyls and in flowering under the FR-enriched LD condition \[[@B7],[@B9]\]. The dysfunctional allele at the *E4* locus has adverse effects on plant morphogenesis, such as an impaired de-etiolation response under FR light \[[@B7]\] and the production of longer internodes under LD conditions relative to the *E4* allele \[[@B43]\], making the plant susceptible to lodging. Accordingly, the use of the dominant *E4* allele may contribute to the lodging tolerance of photoperiod-insensitive cultivars if another factor conditions the insensitivity. An appropriate combination of alleles should therefore be selected from among those representing diverse genetic mechanisms to adapt soybean cultivars to the conditions of the target environment.
Multiple dysfunctional alleles have been detected for all of the *E1*, *E3*, and *E4* loci \[[@B13],[@B31]\], including two novel alleles at the *E3* locus \[this study\]. Our previous studies indicated that five loss-of-function alleles at the *E4* locus originated recently and independently in different soybean landraces from East Asia \[[@B31],[@B44]\]. These results suggest that photoperiod insensitivity in soybean has arisen redundantly through multiple combinations of independently generated alleles at the *E1*, *E3*, and *E4* loci.
Two *phyA* genes, *E3* and *E4*, control post-flowering responses in soybean
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Another finding of the current study is that vegetative and reproductive growth characteristics after flowering, such as maturation and stem termination, were influenced by photoperiod responses regulated by the *E3* and *E4* loci. Our findings are therefore in good agreement with previous observations regarding an association between photoperiod sensing and post-flowering responses \[[@B16]-[@B18]\] and involvement of phytochrome(s) in post-flowering responses \[[@B16]\]. We found that soybean accessions with different photoperiod-insensitive multi-locus genotypes responded differently to the photoperiod after flowering. Despite their photoperiod insensitivity in regard to time to flowering, accessions that had either the *E3* or *E4* allele matured at least 10 days later under LD than ND conditions (Figures [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"} and [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). Furthermore, vegetative activity of the SAM during LD persisted through late growth stages in the indeterminate accessions with allelic combinations of *e1*/*E3* or *e1*-*as*/*E4* to produce more nodes than did those grown under ND condition (Figures [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"} and [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). These behaviors are in sharp contrast to those of the accessions of the *e3*/*e4* group, which, independent of the type of allele or genotype at the *E1* locus, matured without notable delays during LD relative to ND and terminated stem growth similarly under these two conditions (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}).
The different photoperiod responses of post-flowering vegetative and reproductive growth that we observed among the various maturity genotypes were further confirmed through analyses with Harosoy and its NILs for *e3*, *e4*, and *dt1*. Plants among the NILs in which we induced flowering by SD treatment for 12 DAE exhibited different stem and pod growth under subsequent LD conditions. In particular, the NILs with the *E3* allele retained the vegetative activity of the SAM of flower-induced plants and inhibited the pod development after flowering during LD conditions, whereas those with a recessive *e3* allele terminated stem growth shortly after flowering to produce fewer nodes and developed pods under both of the light regimens (Figures [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}A and [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}B). We also detected a slight effect of *e4* only in the genetic background of *e3* under the light regimen in which only FR-enriched lights were used to provide four hours of additional daytime subsequent to the 16-hour daytime period (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}A). Our present results strongly suggest that post-flowering photoperiod responses in soybean are controlled by the *E3* and *E4* genes.
A proposed gene regulatory network for pre- and post-flowering photoperiod responses in soybean
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We have summarized our current results as a gene network involving three maturity genes (*E1*, *E3*, and *E4*), a determinate habit gene (*Dt1*), and two *GmFT*s (*GmFT2a* and *GmFT5a*), that regulates the pre-flowering and post-flowering photoperiod responses of soybean under LD (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). In photoperiod-sensitive plants having the *E1* or *e1*-*as* allele and a dominant allele at either the *E3* or *E4* locus (or both) (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}A), we propose that flowering is not induced under FR-enriched LD \[[@B3]-[@B5],[@B9]\] because the *E1* and *e1*-*as* alleles inhibit the gene expression of *GmFT2a* and *GmFT5a*\[[@B13]\]. When those plants are exposed to a short period of SD, flowering is induced and persists even after the transfer to non-inductive LD, but subsequent seed maturation is delayed through the influence of an as yet unknown factor (Y), and vegetative activity at SAM is retained to produce more nodes due to *Dt1* expression. Both factor Y and *Dt1* are under the control of PHYA encoded at the *E3* or *E4* locus (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}A).
{#F6}
We propose that flowering in photoperiod-insensitive plants of the *e3*/*e4* group, which has dysfunctional alleles at the *E3* and *E4* loci, is induced through the upregulation of *GmFT*s in the absence of *E1* expression \[[@B13]\]. Flowering in *e3*/*e4* plants is followed by normal seed maturation and stem termination, possibly due to downregulation of Y and *Dt1*, respectively (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}B). The delayed maturity in some of the *e3/e4* accessions in LD compared with ND (Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"} and [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}) may be ascribed to the presence of a copy of the *phyA* gene at a different locus (*GmphyA1*) \[[@B7]\] or other photoreceptors.
In contrast, in photoperiod-insensitive plants that have a functional *phyA* gene at either the *E3* or *E4* locus, we suggest that flowering is induced under LD either by loss-of-function alleles at the *E1* locus in the *e1*/*e3*/*E4*--*e1*/*E3*/*e4* group (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}C) or by an unknown genetic factor (X) in the *e1*-*as*/*e3*/*E4* group (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}D). In contrast to the *e3*/*e4* group, seed maturation in these two groups is delayed similarly under LD due to regulation by a functional *phyA* gene (*E3* or *E4*). However, stem growth under LD differs between these groups: stem growth terminates earlier in the *e1*/*e3*/*E4*--*e1*/*E3*/*e4* group than in the *e1*-*as*/*e3*/*E4* group (Figures [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"} and [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). In *e1*-*as*/*e3*/*E4* plants, PHYA-mediated *Dt1* expression under LD may preserve vegetative activity at SAM to produce more nodes, as indicated by the post-flowering responses of Harosoy and its NILs for *e3* or *e4* in LD (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}).
These models prompt two questions regarding post-flowering growth in soybean. First, how does the *E1* gene influence stem growth after flowering? Apart from its effect on flowering and maturity, the role of the *E1* gene in morphogenesis has not been determined, although it indeed influences various morphologic traits, yield, and other traits such as tolerance to chilling temperature \[[@B45],[@B46]\]. The *E1* and *e1*-*as* alleles inhibit the expression of *GmFT2a* and *GmFT5a*, which are under the control of *phyA* genes \[[@B13]\], whereas the loss-of-function alleles *e1*-*fs* and *e1*-*nl* do not. In *Arabidopsis*, FT protein binds to FLOWERING LOCUS D (FD) and promotes the expression of *APETALA1* and *LEAFY*, flower meristem genes \[[@B47]-[@B49]\]; reviewed in \[[@B50]\], which, in turn, suppresses *TFL1* transcription and terminates stem growth \[[@B51],[@B52]\]. Therefore, the different effects of the alleles at the *E1* locus on post-flowering stem growth might be ascribed not to a direct effect but rather to an indirect effect through suppression of *GmFT* expression.
Another question is whether flowering itself is a direct trigger for seed development in soybean. The findings we obtained in the current study indicate that PHYA-mediated photoperiod responses may regulate seed maturation directly or indirectly via an as yet unknown factor: only when two *phyA* genes were dysfunctional did seed maturation after flowering under LD proceed without any marked delay (Figure [6](#F6){ref-type="fig"}). Additional research therefore should explore key factors (such as Y in our model) in promoting seed development. Comparing expression profiles during early seed development between SD-grown plants and those whose reproductive growth has reverted to a vegetative pattern may advance our understanding of the molecular bases of seed development in soybean.
Conclusions
===========
The present study revealed diverse genetic mechanisms underlying photoperiod insensitivity in soybean. At least three multi-locus genotypes comprising various allelic combinations at the *E1*, *E3*, and *E4* loci can confer pre-flowering photoperiod insensitivity. These genotypes responded differently to photoperiod during post-flowering reproductive development, indicating involvement of the *phyA* genes *E3* and *E4*. Our results further indicate that flowering itself may not necessarily be a direct trigger for seed development. *E1*, *E3*, and *E4* control the photoperiod responses for pre- and post-flowering development, which directly influences final seed yield in soybean.
Methods
=======
Plant materials
---------------
We used 53 photoperiod-insensitive soybean (*Glycine max*) accessions in the current study (Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). These included 9 accessions from northern Japan (6 from Hokkaido and 3 from the Tohoku region), 29 from northeast China, 8 from far-Eastern Russia, 4 from Ukraine, and 3 from Poland. Harosoy (PI548573) and its NILs for *e3* (PI547716; H-*e3*), *e4* (PI591435; H-*e4*), both *e3* and *e4* (PI546043*;* H-*e3*/*e4*), and *dt1* (PI547687; H-*dt1*) were used as controls to delineate pre- and post-flowering photoperiod insensitivity.
Evaluation of photoperiod sensitivity
-------------------------------------
Photoperiod sensitivity was evaluated based on differences in the date when the first flower opened (stage R1 \[[@B27]\]) between plants grown under artificially induced LD conditions and those under ND conditions. The experiment was performed in an experimental field with outdoor lighting at Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan (43°06′N, 141°35′E) during 2011 and 2012. ND conditions in Sapporo, including civil twilight, reached a maximum of 16.5 h. Seeds were sown in paper pots (No. 2, Nippon Tensai Tougyo, Obihiro, Japan) on June 1, 2011, and May 29, 2012, and 10-day-old seedlings were transplanted into both LD and ND fields. LD conditions were generated by using 500-W incandescent lamps placed 2 m above the soil surface at intervals of 4 m. Lights were on from 0300 to 0600 and from 1830 to 2300 until the end of treatment (August 2). Under illumination by incandescent lamps, the R:FR (660:730) quantum ratio was 0.72, and the average photosynthetic photon flux at the canopy surfaces was 1 μmol photon sec^-1^ m^-2^, as measured at night by using a quantum sensor (model LI-1800C, Li-Cor, Lincoln, NE). The plants were checked every other day to determine stages R1 and R8 \[[@B27]\]. The nodes on the main stem were counted at R8.
Genotyping by using allele-specific DNA markers
-----------------------------------------------
We genotyped four maturity genes (*E1* through *E4*) and a growth habit gene (*Dt1*) by using allele-specific DNA markers for *E1*\[[@B13]\], *E2*\[[@B29]\], *E3*\[[@B30]\], *E4*\[[@B7],[@B31]\], and *dt1* (*dt1-bb*) \[[@B33]\]. We used available sequence information \[[@B34]\] to develop DNA markers for *dt1-ab* and *dt1-tb*; we did not develop a DNA marker for *dt1-ta* because of its rarity \[[@B34]\]. Primer sequences, DNA marker type, restriction enzyme used, and resultant fragment sizes for each marker are shown in Additional file [2](#S2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Total genomic DNA was extracted from trifoliate leaves as described previously \[[@B53]\]. Each PCR reaction contained 30 ng of total genomic DNA as template and *ExTaq* polymerase (TaKaRa, Otsu, Japan); amplification conditions were 30 cycles at 94°C for 30 sec, 56 to 60°C (depending on the primers used) for 30 sec, and 72°C for 30 to 90 sec. PCR products or those digested with appropriate restriction enzymes as needed were separated by electrophoresis in 1% to 3% (w/v) agarose gels, stained with ethidium bromide, and visualized under UV light.
Sequence analyses
-----------------
Accessions having at least one dominant allele of *E1*, *E3*, or *E4* were sequenced. A 525-bp region for *E1*, four regions of 571 to 2350 bp covering each of four exons for *E3*, and two overlapping fragments of 2384 and 3506 bp that covered the entire *GmphyA2* coding sequence for *E4* were amplified from genomic DNA by using KOD FX (Toyobo Life Science, Osaka, Japan). Amplified fragments were purified by using the ExoSAP-IT enzyme kit (GE Life Sciences Japan, Tokyo, Japan). The purified PCR products were used as templates for forward and reverse sequencing reactions generated by using a BigDye Terminator v3.1 Cycle Sequencing kit and ABI PRISM 3100 Avant Genetic Analyzer (Applied Biosystems Japan, Tokyo, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Development of DNA markers for novel *E3* loss-of-function alleles
------------------------------------------------------------------
We used sequences flanking mutation sites to develop allele-specific CAPS and dCAPS DNA markers. The targeted region for each mutation was amplified from the DNA preparations by using *ExTaq* polymerase with primers specific to each mutation. The PCR products were digested with appropriate restriction enzymes (Additional file [2](#S2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), separated by electrophoresis in 1% or 2.5% agarose gels, stained with ethidium bromide, and visualized under UV light.
Expression analysis for the determinate growth habit gene *Dt1*
---------------------------------------------------------------
Time-course--dependent expression of the *Dt1* (*GmTFL1b*) gene, an *Arabidopsis TERMINAL FLOWER1* (*TFL1*) ortholog, at the stem tip was analyzed for Harosoy and its NILs for *dt1*, *e3*, and *e4*. Plants were grown in a growth chamber with a constant air temperature of 25°C, an average photon flux of 300 μmol photons m^-2^ s^-1^, and an R:FR ratio of 1.2 provided by a combination of fluorescent and incandescent lamps. The daylength was set at 12 hours until 12 DAE and at 20 hours thereafter. Two independent experiments were done by using different light sources. Specifically, in experiment 1, a combination of fluorescent and incandescent lamps with an R:FR ratio of 1.2 was used as the light source for 16 hours after dawn followed by lighting with the same light source for an additional 4 hours; experiment 2 involved the use of both fluorescent and incandescent lamps with an R:FR ratio of 1.2 for 16 hours after dawn followed by lighting with incandescent lamps only for an additional 4 hours. In both experiments, stem tips were collected in bulk from four individual plants at 4 zeitgeber time every 7 days beginning at 12 DAE. The samples were immediately frozen in liquid N~2~ and stored at -80°C.
Transcript levels of *Dt1* were determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The qRT-PCR mixture was prepared by mixing 1 μL of the cDNA synthesis reaction, 5 μL 1.2 μM primer premix, 10 μL SYBR Premix *ExTaq* Perfect Real Time (TaKaRa, Otsu, Japan), and water to yield a final volume of 20 μL. The analysis was done by using the CFX96 Real-Time System (BIO-RAD Laboratories Japan, Tokyo, Japan). The primers used were 5′-AGGCACAACAGATGCCACAT-3′ and 5′-GGCAAAACCAGCAGCTACTT-3′ for *GmTFL1b* (*Dt1*) and 5′-GAGAAGAGTATCCGGATAGG-3′ and 5′-GAGCTTGAGTGTTCGGAAAC-3′ for *β-tubulin*. The PCR cycling conditions were 95°C for 3 min followed by 40 cycles of 95°C for 10 sec, 58°C for 20 sec, 72°C for 20 sec, and 78°C for 2 sec. Fluorescence was quantified before and after incubation at 78°C to monitor the formation of primer dimers. A reaction mixture without reverse transcriptase was included as a control to confirm that no amplification resulted from genomic DNA contaminants in the RNA sample. In all PCR experiments, amplification of a single DNA species was confirmed by both melting curve analysis of qRT-PCR and gel electrophoresis of PCR products. The mRNA level of *GmTFL1b* was normalized to that of *β-tubulin*.
Accession numbers
-----------------
Sequence data from this article can be found in the GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ data libraries under the accession numbers AB766210 (exon 1 of the *e3-fs GmphyA3* allele) and AB766211 (exon 3 of the *e3-ns GmphyA3* allele).
Abbreviations
=============
QTL: Quantitative trait locus; NIL: Near-isogenic line; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction; qRT-PCR: Quantitative real-time PCR; CAPS: Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence; dCAPS: Derived CAPS; PHYA: Phytochrome A; FT: FLOWERING LOCUS T; GI: GIGANTEA; CO: CONSTANS; TFL1: TERMINAL FLOWER1; SAM: Shoot apical meristem; DAS: Days after sowing.
Competing interests
===================
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Supplementary Material
======================
###### Additional file 1
Genotypes at four maturity loci and a determinate growth habit locus in 53 photoperiod-insensitive soybean accessions of different origins, as estimated by using allele-specific DNA markers.
######
Click here for file
###### Additional file 2
**Allele-specific DNA markers that distinguish recessive alleles from dominant functional ones at the maturity loci*E1*,*E2*,*E3*, and*E4*and the determinate growth habit locus*Dt1*in soybean.**
######
Click here for file
Acknowledgments
===============
The authors are grateful to Drs. AY Ala (All Russian Research Institute of Soybean, Russia), G Konieczny (Agricultural University of Poznan, Poland), VI Sichkar (Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ukraine), VG Mikhailov and O Hrabovsky (Institute of Agriculture of Ukrainian Academy of Agrarian Sciences, Ukraine), and ER Cober (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canada) for providing us seeds of soybean cultivars and experimental lines. This work was supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (23380001) to J Abe; by the National Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 30971813, 31071445) and the Program of "One Hundred Talented People" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (grant no. KZCX2-YW-BR-11) to B Liu; and by the Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 31071445) and the Program of "One Hundred Talented People" of Chinese Academy of Sciences to F Kong.
|
const HanziWriterRenderer = require('./HanziWriterRenderer');
const RenderTarget = require('./RenderTarget');
module.exports = {
HanziWriterRenderer,
createRenderTarget: RenderTarget.init,
};
|
/* $Id$ */
/*
* This file is part of OpenTTD.
* OpenTTD is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, version 2.
* OpenTTD is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
* See the GNU General Public License for more details. You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along with OpenTTD. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
/**
* @file ai_changelog.hpp Lists all changes / additions to the API.
*
* Only new / renamed / deleted api functions will be listed here. A list of
* bug fixes can be found in the normal changelog. Note that removed API
* functions may still be available if you return an older API version
* in GetAPIVersion() in info.nut.
*
* \b 1.9.0
*
* 1.9.0 is not yet released. The following changes are not set in stone yet.
*
* \b 1.8.0
*
* 1.8.0 is not yet released. The following changes are not set in stone yet.
*
* \b 1.7.0 - 1.7.2
*
* No changes
*
* \b 1.6.1 - 1.6.0
*
* No changes
*
* \b 1.5.3 - 1.5.1
*
* No changes
*
* \b 1.5.0
*
* API additions:
* \li AIList::SwapList
* \li AIStation::GetCargoPlanned
* \li AIStation::GetCargoPlannedFrom
* \li AIStation::GetCargoPlannedFromVia
* \li AIStation::GetCargoPlannedVia
* \li AIStation::GetCargoWaitingFromVia
* \li AIStationList_CargoPlannedByFrom
* \li AIStationList_CargoPlannedByVia
* \li AIStationList_CargoPlannedFromByVia
* \li AIStationList_CargoPlannedViaByFrom
* \li AIStationList_CargoWaitingByFrom
* \li AIStationList_CargoWaitingByVia
* \li AIStationList_CargoWaitingFromByVia
* \li AIStationList_CargoWaitingViaByFrom
*
* \b 1.4.4 - 1.4.1
* No changes
*
* \b 1.4.0
*
* API additions:
* \li AICargo::GetDistributionType
* \li AIDate::DATE_INVALID
* \li AIDate::IsValidDate
* \li AIStation::HasCargoRating
* \li AIStation::GetCargoWaitingFrom
* \li AIStation::GetCargoWaitingVia
* \li AITile::GetTerrainType
* \li AITown::FoundTown
* \li AITown::GetFundBuildingsDuration
* \li AITown::TOWN_GROWTH_NONE
*
* Other changes:
* \li AIStation::GetCargoRating does return -1 for cargo-station combinations that
* do not have a rating yet instead of returning 69.
*
* \b 1.3.3 - 1.3.2
*
* No changes
*
* \b 1.3.1
*
* API additions:
* \li AITile::GetTerrainType
*
* \b 1.3.0
*
* API additions:
* \li AIEventExclusiveTransportRights
* \li AIEventRoadReconstruction
* \li AIIndustryType::IsProcessingIndustry
* \li AIStation::IsAirportClosed
* \li AIStation::OpenCloseAirport
* \li AIController::Break
*
* \b 1.2.3 - 1.2.1
*
* No changes
*
* \b 1.2.0
*
* API additions:
*
* \li AIAirport::GetMaintenanceCostFactor
* \li AICargo::CT_AUTO_REFIT
* \li AICargo::CT_NO_REFIT
* \li AICargo::IsValidTownEffect
* \li AICargoList_StationAccepting
* \li AICompany::GetQuarterlyIncome
* \li AICompany::GetQuarterlyExpenses
* \li AICompany::GetQuarterlyCargoDelivered
* \li AICompany::GetQuarterlyPerformanceRating
* \li AICompany::GetQuarterlyCompanyValue
* \li AIController::GetOpsTillSuspend
* \li AIEngine::GetMaximumOrderDistance
* \li AIEventAircraftDestTooFar
* \li AIInfo::CONFIG_DEVELOPER
* \li AIInfrastructure
* \li AIOrder::ERR_ORDER_AIRCRAFT_NOT_ENOUGH_RANGE
* \li AIOrder::GetOrderDistance
* \li AIOrder::GetOrderRefit
* \li AIOrder::IsRefitOrder
* \li AIOrder::SetOrderRefit
* \li AIRail::GetMaintenanceCostFactor
* \li AIRoad::GetMaintenanceCostFactor
* \li AITile::GetTownAuthority
* \li AITown::GetCargoGoal
* \li AITown::GetGrowthRate
* \li AITown::GetLastMonthReceived
* \li AITownEffectList (to walk over all available town effects)
* \li AIVehicle::ERR_VEHICLE_TOO_LONG in case vehicle length limit is reached
* \li AIVehicle::GetMaximumOrderDistance
*
* API renames:
* \li AITown::GetLastMonthTransported to AITown::GetLastMonthSupplied to better
* reflect what it does.
* \li AIInfo has all its configure settings renamed from AICONFIG to just CONFIG
* like CONFIG_RANDOM.
* \li AIEvent has all its types renamed from AI_ET_ prefix to just ET_ prefix,
* like ET_SUBSIDY_OFFER.
* \li AIOrder has all its types renamed from AIOF_ prefix to just OF_ prefix.
*
* API removals:
* \li AICompany::GetCompanyValue, use AICompany::GetQuarterlyCompanyValue instead.
*
* Other changes:
* \li AITown::GetLastMonthProduction no longer has prerequisites based on town
* effects.
* \li AITown::GetLastMonthTransported resp. AITown::GetLastMonthSupplied no longer has prerequisites based on
* town effects.
* \li AITown::GetLastMonthTransportedPercentage no longer has prerequisites
* based on town effects.
*
* \b 1.1.5
*
* No changes
*
* \b 1.1.4
*
* API additions:
* \li AIVehicle::ERR_VEHICLE_TOO_LONG in case vehicle length limit is reached.
*
* \b 1.1.3 - 1.1.1
*
* No changes
*
* \b 1.1.0
*
* API additions:
* \li IsEnd for all lists.
* \li AIEventTownFounded
* \li AIIndustry::GetIndustryID
* \li AIIndustryType::INDUSTRYTYPE_TOWN
* \li AIIndustryType::INDUSTRYTYPE_UNKNOWN
* \li AIOrder::IsVoidOrder
* \li AIRail::GetName
* \li AITown::IsCity
*
* API removals:
* \li HasNext for all lists.
* \li AIAbstractList, use AIList instead.
* \li AIList::ChangeItem, use AIList::SetValue instead.
* \li AIRail::ERR_NONUNIFORM_STATIONS_DISABLED, that error is never returned anymore.
*
* Other changes:
* \li AIEngine::GetMaxTractiveEffort can be used for road vehicles.
* \li AIEngine::GetPower can be used for road vehicles.
* \li AIEngine::GetWeight can be used for road vehicles.
* \li AIIndustry::IsCargoAccepted now returns CargoAcceptState instead of a boolean.
* \li AIOrder::GetOrderFlags returns AIOrder::AIOF_INVALID for void orders as well.
* \li AIRoad::BuildDriveThroughRoadStation now allows overbuilding.
* \li AIRoad::BuildRoadStation now allows overbuilding.
*
* \b 1.0.5 - 1.0.4
*
* No changes
*
* \b 1.0.3
*
* API additions:
* \li AIRail::ERR_RAILTYPE_DISALLOWS_CROSSING
*
* \b 1.0.2
*
* Other changes:
* \li AIBridge::GetPrice now returns the price of the bridge without the cost for the rail or road.
*
* \b 1.0.1
*
* API additions:
* \li AIRail::GetMaxSpeed
*
* \b 1.0.0
*
* API additions:
* \li AIBaseStation
* \li AIEngine::IsBuildable
* \li AIEventCompanyAskMerger
* \li AIIndustry::GetLastMonthTransportedPercentage
* \li AIInfo::AICONFIG_INGAME
* \li AIMarine::GetBuildCost
* \li AIOrder::AIOF_GOTO_NEAREST_DEPOT
* \li AIOrder::GetStopLocation
* \li AIOrder::SetStopLocation
* \li AIRail::RemoveRailStationTileRectangle
* \li AIRail::RemoveRailWaypointTileRectangle
* \li AIRail::GetBuildCost
* \li AIRoad::GetBuildCost
* \li AISubsidy::SubsidyParticipantType
* \li AISubsidy::GetSourceType
* \li AISubsidy::GetSourceIndex
* \li AISubsidy::GetDestinationType
* \li AISubsidy::GetDestinationIndex
* \li AITile::GetBuildCost
* \li AITown::GetLastMonthTransportedPercentage
* \li AIVehicleList_Depot
* \li AIWaypoint::WaypointType
* \li AIWaypoint::HasWaypointType
* \li Some error messages to AIWaypoint
*
* API removals:
* \li AIOrder::ChangeOrder, use AIOrder::SetOrderFlags instead
* \li AIRail::RemoveRailStationTileRect, use AIRail::RemoveRailStationTileRectangle instead
* \li AIRail::RemoveRailWaypoint, use AIRail::RemoveRailWaypointTileRectangle instead
* \li AISign::GetMaxSignID, use AISignList instead
* \li AIStation::ERR_STATION_TOO_LARGE, use AIError::ERR_STATION_TOO_SPREAD_OUT instead
* \li AISubsidy::SourceIsTown, use AISubsidy::GetSourceType instead
* \li AISubsidy::GetSource, use AISubsidy::GetSourceIndex instead
* \li AISubsidy::DestinationIsTown, use AISubsidy::GetDestinationType instead
* \li AISubsidy::GetDestination, use AISubsidy::GetDestinationIndex instead
* \li AITile::GetHeight, use AITile::GetMinHeight/GetMaxHeight/GetCornerHeight instead
* \li AITown::GetMaxProduction, use AITown::GetLastMonthProduction instead
* \li AIVehicle::SkipToVehicleOrder, use AIOrder::SkipToOrder instead
* \li AIWaypoint::WAYPOINT_INVALID, use AIBaseStation::STATION_INVALID instead
*
* Other changes:
* \li The GetName / SetName / GetLocation functions were moved from AIStation
* and AIWaypoint to AIBaseStation, but you can still use AIStation.GetName
* as before
* \li The GetConstructionDate function was moved from AIStation to
* AIBaseStation, but can still be used as AIStation.GetConstructionDate
* \li WaypointID was replaced by StationID. All WaypointIDs from previous
* savegames are invalid. Use STATION_INVALID instead of WAYPOINT_INVALID
* \li AIWaypointList constructor now needs a WaypointType similar to AIStationList,
* it can also handle buoys.
* \li AIVehicleList_Station now also works for waypoints
* \li Stations can be build over rail without signals that is in the right
* direction for the to-be built station. It will also convert the rail if
* the station's rail type supports the old type.
* \li GetAPIVersion() was added as function to info.nut. If it does not exist
* API version 0.7 is assumed. This function should return the major and
* minor number of the stable version of the API the AI is written against.
* For 0.7.2 that would be 0.7, for 1.1.3 it would be 1.1, etc.
* \li The subsidy logic has changed. Subsidy is now awarded when cargo
* originating from subsidy source is delivered to station that has subsidy
* destination it its catchment area. One industry tile or one town house
* is enough as long as station accepts the cargo. Awarded subsidies are no
* longer bound to stations used for first delivery, any station can be
* used for loading and unloading as long as cargo is transfered from
* source to destination.
* \li Make AIEngine:CanRefitCargo() not report refittability to mail by
* default for aircraft. It is not necessarily true. This means that even
* if the aircraft can carry mail (as secondary cargo) it does not return
* true if the aircraft cannot carry it as its only cargo.
* \li Improve behaviour of AIEngine::GetCargoType(), AIEventEnginePreview::GetCargoType()
* and AIEngine::CanRefitCargo() for articulated vehicles. For
* CanRefitCargo true is returned if at least one part can be refitted.
* For GetCargoType the first most used cargo type is returned.
* \li AIIndustryType::GetConstructionCost() now returns -1 if the industry is
* neither buildable nor prospectable.
* \li AIEngine::IsValidEngine will now return true if you have at least one
* vehicle of that type in your company, regardless if it's still buildable
* or not. AIEngine::IsBuildable returns only true when you can actually
* build an engine.
* \li AITile::GetCargoProduction will now return the number of producers,
* including houses instead the number of producing tiles. This means that
* also industries that do not have a tile within the radius, but where
* the search bounding box and the industry's bounding box intersect, are
* counted. Previously these industries (and their cargoes), although they
* produced cargo for a station at the given location, were not returned.
* \li AIRail::BuildRail will now fail completely if there is an obstacle
* between the begin and end, instead of building up to the obstacle and
* returning that everything went okay.
* \li Orders for buoys are now waypoint orders, i.e. instead of using the
* station orders for buoys one has to use waypoint orders.
* \li Autoreplaces can now also be set for the default group via AIGroup.
*
* \b 0.7.5 - 0.7.4
*
* No changes
*
* \b 0.7.3
*
* API additions:
* \li AIAbstractList::SORT_ASCENDING
* \li AIAbstractList::SORT_DESCENDING
* \li AIAirport::IsAirportInformationAvailable
* \li AICompany::GetPresidentGender
* \li AICompany::SetPresidentGender
* \li AIEngine::GetDesignDate
* \li AIStation::GetConstructionDate
*
* Other changes:
* \li AIs are now killed when they execute a DoCommand or Sleep at a time
* they are not allowed to do so.
* \li When the API requests a string as parameter you can give every squirrel
* type and it will be converted to a string
* \li AIs can create subclasses of API classes and use API constants as part
* of their own constants
*
* \b 0.7.2
*
* API additions:
* \li AIVehicle::GetReliability
*
* Other changes:
* \li DoCommands and sleeps in call, acall, pcall and valuators are disallowed
*
* \b 0.7.1
*
* API additions:
* \li AIAirport::GetPrice
* \li AIController::GetVersion
* \li AIOrder::AIOF_DEPOT_FLAGS
* \li AIOrder::AIOF_STOP_IN_DEPOT
* \li AIOrder::IsCurrentOrderPartOfOrderList
* \li AIOrder::IsGotoDepotOrder
* \li AIOrder::IsGotoStationOrder
* \li AIOrder::IsGotoWaypointOrder
* \li AISignList
* \li AITile::CORNER_[WSEN]
* \li AITile::ERR_AREA_ALREADY_FLAT
* \li AITile::ERR_EXCAVATION_WOULD_DAMAGE
* \li AITile::GetCornerHeight
* \li AITile::GetMaxHeight
* \li AITile::GetMinHeight
* \li AIVehicle::SendVehicleToDepotForServicing
*
* Other changes:
* \li GetURL() was added as optional function to info.nut
* \li UseAsRandomAI() was added as optional function to info.nut
* \li A limit was introduced on the time the AI spends in the constructor and Load function
*
* \b 0.7.0
* \li First stable release with the NoAI framework.
*/
|
This blog is a result of the heavy censoring of the media by the military dictatorship regime.
Wednesday, March 6, 2013
Matter of time before perps behind Benedito beating are named
The images are grainy but show enough of the men behind the beating and torture of Iowane Benedito, to be identified.
Said to work for Bainimarama
In fact, the man in the picture to the left wearing blue has been singled out by one police source as an intelligence officer and back up driver forFiji's unelected prime minister, Frank Bainimarama.
Close up and easy enough to name
Sources say the beating and torture of the Korovou escapee last year was spearheaded by Bainimarama's task force and police team and that while Corrections Officers were involved in Beneditio's recapture, most of the perpetrators are from the army and police.
Another source says some of the officers involved are members of the current police sevens team, and include current and former national reps.
The licence plate of the ute, believed to be a government vehicle, where Benedito was beaten and brutalized was FL541.
A police source says FL541 is a police task force vehicle previously used by the director of CID, which was then given to the drugs team and then the strike back team of the commissioner of
police, Ioane Naivalurua.
Front two played key roles - who are they?
The ankle beater - who is he?
Wearing shades but still recognizeable
Beanie wearer - must be known to someone.
Dog handler part of the search for Benedito.
Iowane Benedito is currently in Naboro maximum prison. He escaped last year with three others, Viliame
Tuibua, 25, Frank Konave, 21, Sanaila Tabuavula, 23, triggering a massive manhunt.
The picture at right was one of several posted at the time by Fiji media and shows the police efforts to find him.
According to the information, pictured right are police officers Arthur Davies, left, of the Police Special
Response Unit, and constables Samuela Tuilevuka and Kameli Vaniqi of
the K9 Unit search. This particular search was in the Nadera area in Nasinu on Monday November 19.
95 comments:
Anonymous
said...
tick tock tick tock and i wish all that were involved not forgetting the main culprits of this coup FB, AG will get what is coming there way.please move overseas and seek asylum, whether its india pakistan or china and be easier for people like me to hunt you down.......
There must be people who come from same villages or Tikinas as these rouge torturerous thugs disgusted with what they did...please tell us their names.
There must be people who socialise, live in same neighbourhood or go to church with these torturers, or old school mates.....please tell us the torturers' names...contact somebody accessible via computer to spill these characters' identities.
You will be doing Fiji good if you report their names.
If you have proper photos of them please give to somebody you trust who can upload on to computer then on to anti-coup blogs.
Fiji is a small place and each of us is known by hundreds of people surely
well it will be his sona that we will get enough is enough AG needs a rude awakening now. national hero my arse. scums of the earth and the lowest of the lowsthat no brainer bainimarama and his sick kick Ayrse
Another can of worms in all of this is that the families of these men must surely know if not suspect the 'work' they do.
That being the case, do they support the beatings etc? It's possible they do cos they on the winning side but little do they know the true evil that is this military dictatorship who doesn't want to end its dream run.
while the iron is hot please remind the whole world of the people that have suffered brutality at the hands of our mighty police and army forces.some lost their lives and their families their livelihood. May they all RIP.
also the corruption to rid of businessman and women their hard earned wealth. corrupted legal system to enure guilty verdicts for the innocent and not guilty for "Francis Keane" the murderer!!
Court documents show high-level attempt to steer cases --------------------------------------------- --------- ¶1. (C) Clear proof has surfaced of the interim government (IG) attempting to meddle in the Fiji judiciary. The murder case against the Commander of the Fiji Navy, CDR Francis Keane, is nearing trial before Justice Gerrard Winter. Keane is Commodore Bainimarama's brother-in-law and he is accused of beating a man to death at the wedding reception for Bainimarama's daughter last New Year's eve. Keane's attorney filed a challenge seeking forced recusal of Judge Winter from the case since, allegedly, Winter has shown bias against the IG. The legal challenge is public record, and attached to it are two "confidential" documents. One dated Sept. 10 is from interim Police Commissioner Teleni (formerly the Deputy Commander of the Fiji military) to the Permanent Secretary for Justice (also a former Fiji military senior officer) proposing that no cases concerning the legality of the IG should go before Justices Winter or Jitoko since, in the police view, those two judges have exhibited bias against the IG in past rulings from the bench. The second document dated Sept. 11 is the Justice PermSec's response telling Teleni that the police request has been forwarded to acting Chief Justice Gates for action.
Hypocrisy run rampant --------------------- ¶2. (C) Judge Winter, who holds New Zealand, Australian, and British citizenship, is due to end his term with the Fiji judiciary at the end of October. Judge Jitoko is an ethnic-Fijian. Both have issued rulings in recent months casting doubt on the legality of the coup, though neither has presided over a case directly addressing that issue. Judge Winter's car was tampered with recently, with two lug nuts removed from a wheel and steering fluid drained from its reservoir. The recusal issue is to come before Judge Winter for hearing late this week. Presumably the judge will not be amused.
¶3. (C) The hypocrisy of Teleni's request to the judiciary is remarkable but not surprising. Many observers are now aware that Acting CJ Gates and his close friend Justice Shameem colluded with the military prior to the coup and have continued to intrigue with the IG since then. Yet Gates has assigned himself to sit with two retired judges on the case that deposed PM Qarase filed against the IG challenging the legality of the coup. That case is to reach trial later this week. DINGER
tell me if they don't look the part - of thugs in and out of uniform!the two main torturers with their pot belly are obviously having a good life courtesy of the military dictatorship.that's why they are so enthusiastic about fulfilling their political masters' will - beating everyone into submission.
The Director of Public Prosecutions Office has today laid charges against The Fiji Times under the Media Industry Development Decree.
DPP Christopher Pryde sanctioned the filing of the charges against the Fiji Times Limited and its 6 Directors.
The particulars of the charges are that The Fiji Times together with Mahendra Patel, Kiritbhai Patel, Rajesh Patel, Manu Patel, Bhupendra Patel and Jinesh Patel being directors of the newspaper company allegedly failed to ensure that all its directors were Fiji citizens permanently residing in Fiji.
Under the decree, Fiji citizens permanently residing in Fiji means a person residing in the country for 3 out of the last 7 years prior to registration of the media company and thereafter residing in Fiji for at least 6 out of 12 months of a year.
All these policemen and soldiers must be brought to justice for their inhuman actions against defenceless human beings. I am not the justice system will do anything as they(the judiciary) are all part of this coup culture and illegal regime. I hope this nightmare for the past six years ends asap. Kenneth Zinck
Attorney General personally instructed the CEO of Air Pacific ,David Pfleiger not to advertise in the Fiji Times under any circumstances. This was confirmed by Pfleiger himself when questioned by his CFO.
Talk about a personal vendetta. Time is running out for you AG.
All will come out in time and you will be held accountable. Mark my words.
Not only that but I have been told by Air Pacific Flight Attendant that AG has instructed when he travels on Air Pacific only the Fiji Sun to be in Business Class.
May also add that crew have contaminated food for certain individuals with urine and faeces and happily served it to the AG,PM and Pflieger himself,but Pflieger cottoned on to it and never eats from the Aircraft. All his drinks must be served sealed!
Print this pageEmail this pageThe Director of Public Prosecutions Office has today laid charges against The Fiji Times under the Media Industry Development Decree.
DPP Christopher Pryde sanctioned the filing of the charges against the Fiji Times Limited and its 6 Directors.
The particulars of the charges are that The Fiji Times together with Mahendra Patel, Kiritbhai Patel, Rajesh Patel, Manu Patel, Bhupendra Patel and Jinesh Patel being directors of the newspaper company allegedly failed to ensure that all its directors were Fiji citizens permanently residing in Fiji.
Under the decree, Fiji citizens permanently residing in Fiji means a person residing in the country for 3 out of the last 7 years prior to registration of the media company and thereafter residing in Fiji for at least 6 out of 12 months of a year.
Forget the US of AThe dumb lady ambassador keeps on socialising in fiji as if nothing is happening. In todays Times she is sitting in a group photo at USP with USP VC with the murderer F Kean,,,,,SHAME SHAME SHAME
editor,The video evidence of the torture of prisoners in the Fiji military dictatorship has made news at the other end of the world.For example The Washington Post captures the story in an article titled 'Fiji Police say they are investigating apparent beatings of 2 prisoners on a disturbing video' (March 6).And yet this sensational news has somehow not made it into the Fiji Sun!!Is anymore evidence required to sustain the claim that the Fiji Sun is a regime puppet paper?sincerely,rajend naidusydney
ONE TORTURER IDENTIFIED AS SANITA LAQENISICI:-----------------------------------One of the assaulting person's name is Sanita Laqenisici.....he's the one wearing three quarter jeans with red t-shirt.....face is clearly identified in timeline 8.12 on the youtube video of the beatings....total time of the video is 9.10.
not surprised at all to learn the DPP is persecuting the Fiji Times following the publication of the video police torture story. The Fiji Judiciary operates as the dictatorship's henchmen.that's common knowledge.
Most of us bloggers have never seen or come across such brutality from those very people who should uphold the law.Ive seen fights in night clubs or on the streets of Suva or rugby field but Ive never felt sick watching this video recording.The thing that really make me sick seeing the video was the cowardness of almost 20 police officers on the scene attacking those two prisoners handcuffed.What else you security officers needs,sticks.iron rod dogs against the two defenceless guys.Ni yavu tamata lamusona vaka bibi o koya e mokuta tiko nona qurulasawa luveni sona levu kawa ca.Vacav me a biu e dua vei kemuni moni veivacu vaka na tagane.Sa levu na kete na dua ga nai koba lako na da.First of all why these people taking video in the first place????they even undress the guy and took the video???one thing for sure probably they will later play it infront of their wives or amongst themselves as sodomy at the camp story by Maike3li Radua.Cava ni lai via raica kina na nona ka vaka tagane???ni vei vutusona..sa ca gona na veitauri kau tiko mai na keba ni sa via mai vaka tabaka ira na tagane e tuba.Apart from the guy who was taking this video another one was also taking shots from his mobile phone????what for?They even said that the prisoners are wasting there time but that is part of their job.Ni yavu sona lelevu.Ni saumi moni cakava na cakacaka qori sega ni vaka uniform ni book taki motoka.Ni yavu tamata kawa ca sa mai rawa toka na cakacaka ni sa mai viavia levu.Sa rauta mera lasa tiko i tuba na watini sotia ni sa sivia na vetauri vakatagane caka tiko mai na keba sa ra cata na yalewa
You are correct and the greatest thing about democracy allowing people to express themselves as they wish is that it also allows them to show what jerks they are as per Joseffas 3:22 PM comment and yours.
Please lets be sure before we start hanging people publicly. Are you sure it's him?
Having said that, the attack on Benedito and other guy was being led by the two older men in the group, the one in the blue shirt and the other wearing white who tried to break Benedito's ankles with what looks to be short steel pipes.
The guy in Red T Shirt is Constable SANITA LAQENISICI, Age - 38, previously at Samabula Police Station, now at the Nadi Police Station. Maybe he was just doing his job. I was just imagining confronting runaway prisioners who will resist ferociously. What would you do as Policeman or Prisons Officer?
Of course we all vehemently abhor and sweepingly condemn as evil, un-Christian, "brutal,sadistic, senseless" and un itaukei the brutal acts of thuggery inflicted on our beloved sons by our own security Forces!
But, to change the tempo of this cyber current a bit; don’t you think we may be playing right into the hands of a few rouge elements with the Rear Admirals Government? Obviously, someone of authority was behind the camera and so involved and without restrain whatsoever and at his leisure took a 360 decrees take of the ruthless event! None of the perpetrators objected or made any attempt to conceal their identity during the filming.
May be some did not know they were filmed. Probably they did not at that time had an inkling of the consequences the recording may play upon the demise of their career and bread and butter source to the family and personal security. Or they just wrongly deduce that act will be buried under the leaves and branches of that bush they were in. Or were they thinking that on later viewing of the recording that their respective wives, children, Talatala, Priest and Pastor, Pundit may applaud them for a good work done in the office.
Back to the film “producer” who we deduced to be probably a senior officer! He treasured the recording and guarded it with his life, only when his conscience prickled him that he decided to let the cat out of the bag. Or did he showed it to his superiors with glee to be played at the next Prisoners yellow ribbon workshop as deterrent. Or as some have now woken up to is the probability that all of us dumb bloggers may have played right into the hands of a few rouge elements in the Rear Admiral club!
How so?..glad you asked! Domestic and International uproar and anger may resultantly deduced as a possible catalyst of some form of organized or pocket Civil disobediences. Indeed, levels of anger against the Security Forces around the suburbs, settlement and villages may now be heightened to heights superseding public anger in Dec 2006, April 2009 and Nov 2012…now it is different as graphical images of brutality against two of our own sons grabs the heart of many of us in the manner probably not experienced in previous post coup ! ..now the theater of our mind has been fed with deploring imaged that may have been engraved in the Fijian psyche for a very long time.
Aha!...so the producer must have lend the video to these rouge elements who by now are probably accustomed to toying with our minds knowing we are now like sheep bleeping to the slaughter of decrees they drum up for us to follow…and follow like obedient itaukei ! if we misbehave by finding a reason to be deviant …aha!...they will then tell whoever would listen that Fiji may not be ready for a fair elections!
Now you got it! Justification to delay elections indefinitely!!
Solution?....glad you asked again! Take a deep breath! Take a backward step to allow the benefit to see the bigger picture! Now go register a party, file as many candidates as your party could muster, and campaign vigorously to win as many members of present and former security forces, even for a few former and present senior officers to stand as candidates.
Simplistic view??...oh..tell us your workable and practical solution?
Still, these thugs should be flogged in public with the same pipe sticks they used..now that we are flirting with saria law!
@ anonymous 5.53 PMNo,that policeman was NOT "just doing his job" he was committing a crime by abusing the rights of the prisoner to be treated in accordance with the law.what the policeman and his co-torturers were doing had nothing to do with the lawful execution of their duty. let's get that straight.if this policeman was "just doing his job" this story would not have gone viral around the world!Why has it gone viral?Now think!
I think Crosbie Walsh is right. How can you be so gullible? This whole video was obviously and extensively photoshopped. In the original the police officers were just eating cake with the prisoner. Maybe that's how he got his diabetes.
But to prove Croz right, I call on the officer who took the original footage to show us the un-photoshopped version. We'll then see who is the gullible one here.
good job cops. Rapists, murderers and theives are in jail for crimes against society. Why escape and make us pay even more for your tavioka and fried fish. Rajend of Sydney, you would change your tune very quickly if one of these animals raped your elderly mother still in Fiji. Think before you vomit.
Makes all sense now.Video footage was taken to show the PM what brave loyal policemen they were.This video was never ever meant to be released to the public but rather in the PM's private collection to sexually arouse himself.What a wanker!!!!!
the police/army force and the government aren't shocked by the abuse ( its normal) their shocked that someone recorded it and now, its out in the open for everyone to see.
you cant say this is not the Taukei way.....it has always been the Taukei way...The itaukei culture breeds it , the way husbands physically verbally abuse their wives, the way parents physically and verbally abuse their children , the way teachers smack students (corporal punishment), the way people go to church in their Sunday best without any memory of the abuse that they dished out.
all this is hidden in the laid back nature we project, the smile the friendly nature we posses but the truth is, most Itaukei(especially male) people are ticking time bombs!
you can only find two attributes that most of us have in common joyous nature and psychopath nature. we can turn from being the nicest guys to be the worst you've ever come across in seconds.
take for instance the police officers implicated in this video, they probably known as great family man, friendly and cheerful and would always do the right thing.great family man as in they keep their woman in check ( smack them if they step out of line) and smack(physical abuse level) their children silly if they misbehave then they go to church knowing they always done the right thing.
with this kind of mentality the government needs to invest in efficient and effective education system. our culture and traditions needs to evolve so our young can become better earth citizens.
@Anonymous 6.37PMwere you trying to convince me that the way the police officers treated the recaptured prisoners is socially acceptable?I am afraid I must disappoint you. I am not convinced one bit by your rationalization of the thuggish behaviour of the police officers. The police are there to uphold the law at all times. In the case under discussion here they did not. No amount of vile low-life threats about my elderly mother in Fiji getting raped by" one of these animals" will get me to "change my tune" about the police needing to act within the confines of the law and not their own sadistic whims.
People saying that such behavior is un-taukei are gullible. That kind of behavior is normal to any ethnic group in the same circumstances. First, they are acting on behalf of a dictatorship which is unaccountable to any one. Second, these individual would never dream of doing what they did in their personal capacity. In other words they justify what they did as a requirement by the institution they represent (police/army etc.)As such they can confidently put such horrible behavior to the back of their mind as they continue with their personal lives of husbands, fathers, Christians etc.I don't think anyone of them would be laughing while watching the clip on the net.
Sokoimuri’s comment ‘“The procedure of investigation we will follow is similar to those followed when complaints have been lodged against police officers in other jurisdictions such as Australia, South Africa, USA and New Zealand.” leaves much to be desired… Sokoimuri, compared to these countries….you’re PUSSIES !!
Rajendra Chaudhary fuck you and your father, you two tawacilis'both liumuri, want to come and name these officers and pretend to be sympathizers here, fuck off. You and your father, drau veicai, made money during this government's time, your FB post is just fuckall. Just because the government took away your license to pratice you decide to become informer for c.45. You'll come back to Fiji, and these very same police officers will be waiting for you. lako mai ke mo mai boki tamamu, cicililevu.
well Meo seems to me you love the limelight for been a loyalist to this illegal government. same goes to Crosbie or whatever his name is?just remember what goes around comes around.id love to see your comment come the day this government is removed once and for all!!with or without force it needs to be made an example of that no more will Fiji have anything like this for the new Fiji.I wouldn't imagine what will you tell your kids when they grow up ?
personally for me, what really disturbs and saddens me are where are the Church Elders of different churches? Where are thou you so called chiefs!!!!eg Methodist, All nations? CMF? The catholic church?
Come sunday all are dressed up and look good and preach to the soul?? what happened to the saving of a nation.Moses defied Pharaoh in the old testament knowing he had an uphill battle but He believed that saving a nation is more important and willing to give up his reputation, and his life?So I am challenging the so called head of the churches of every denomination!!!! get your ass out of that cushy and comfy chairs and be counted once and for all.A nation is dying a slow and horrible deaths.your more worse then the bainimarama government by doing nothing when you guys are in a position to lead something that the people needs which is......FREEDOM ONCE AND FOR ALL!!!!!!!!FIJI needs a moses, Fiji needs a Mandela, Fiji needs a LEADER to get us out of this Hole we have allowed to happened......!!!!!
agree with u anon @12:11pm..im glad i left..i know that FL541 was from Comd Teleni's COMPOL time..use 2 b his backup,,i know that Fili is an army officer (driver) specifically..well looks like rapture is here already..na karua ni veivakararawataki levu in which Soldiers will take part in...Moce Viti..!!
Few people with access to the Internet can have failed to be shocked and distressed at the extraordinary video that emerged this week of two recaptured Fijian prison escapees being ill-treated by their captors. The clip that has appeared on local television is a sanitised version of the original, which at the time of writing has been viewed almost 60,000 times on YouTube. It isn’t just the violence unleashed on the escapees and the degrading treatment to which they were subjected. Many people have been equally disturbed that their captors were taunting them, laughing at them and recording their ordeal on their mobile phones.
FINGER on violent operation"I was told that they were to be taken to Nukulau. I was informed on the 28th July. We were to make arrangements for their transportation. I tasked RFNS Kiro and also directed Lieutenant Commander Naqali to form a security team for the detainees. I was told that they were to be taken at 0400 hrs on 29th July. I directed LCDR Naqali not to show sympathy to them but to roughen them up. The detainees had their hands tied behind their back. I directed Naqali that they were to be held on deck rather than below decks (inside the ship). It is easier to sabotage the ship when you are inside rather than outside. I spoke to them when they were sitted on the forecastle and told them that "if you try anything you will die". I saw people punching them (detainees) but I did not stop them. I was in contact with Naqali throughout the operation and I was directing the operation from my office throughout. I told Naqali to call me when they handed over to the army personnel at Nukulau. The operation was codenamed Operation Lighthouse and the Operation Order was written and signed by myself. Everything that happened was done because I had directed LCDR Naqali to allow it to happen. The reason for my allowing those things to happen was a way of putting the security team on a psychologically higher platform than the detainees. It was better for them to be punched and sworn at rather than being shot because the people guarding them panicked. My task was to deliver them to Nukulau alive and that I did. I ask the Board [of Inquiry] that the information that is given to the Board today be safeguarded as it can be used against our families. If my actions are found to be wrong then I am prepared to face the consequences
Kenneth Zinck said... All these policemen and soldiers must be brought to justice for their inhuman actions against defenceless human beings. I am not the justice system will do anything as they(the judiciary) are all part of this coup culture and illegal regime. I hope this nightmare for the past six years ends asap. Kenneth Zinck
March 6, 2013 at 2:54 PM
Kenneth...u hypocrite....Evidence sa tiko about you soliciting prostitutes.....in Fiji...u like it when they dance to the tune of your dollars....
nothing wrong with Kenneth Zinck soliciting prostitutes with his own money. he is doing no harm to the rest of society who can go on doing whatever or who ever they are doing. the same can't be said of the illegal military regime.they are doing serious harm to society. and this prostitution thing is a typical smear tactic to discredit Zinck because he is an opponent of the illegal Bainimarama regime.the focus should be on the misdeeds and misrule of this unlawful regime. |
Category: Freedom
🎁Gift yourself the most satisfying, most important, most fulfilling gift you can: Freedom. Personal Freedom🎁
Expand your ⚪Awareness⚪Consciousness⚪
Learn. Research. Investigate. Ever heard of Cybernetics? Teleologic Evolution? So much happened here in Montreal under the guise of science. USAP’s – Bluebirds, artichokes, mockingbirds, paperclips – like Dr. Greer said last year at the Alien Cosmic Expo:
☢️USAP’s quietly get $Trillions$ yearly; no receipts, tracking or accountability of any kind☢️
People need to know, need to wake up, need to see – the colossal amount of PsyWar (Psychological Warfare) existing & used against us in every aspect of our society / life.
It’s worse than I thought. When people see it, they’ll be pissed – and rightfully so.
Half the world still continually express their hatred for US President Trump on the daily – but he hasn’t done anything like what 100-times-worse-Justin-Trudeau has done! What a donkey this guy turned out to be! Trade ya in a heartbeat🎽 #AnyoneButTrudeau
Feel a bit better by taking a look at (just) 5 of Trudeau’s worst moves to date. |
Birthday of Radha is celebrated as Radhaashtami throughout the country and especially in the north, with full devotion and joy. Radha Ashtami is observed after 15 days of Janmashtami, which is celebrated as the birthday
of Lord Krishna. Radharani's birthday is the sacred eighth day of the
month of Bhadrapada (August-September). Sri Radha was born in Barsana,
suburb of Mathura and appeared as the daughter of Vrishabhanu and Kirti.
Beleif on Radha Ashthami
Sri Radha was older to Lord Krishna and it is believed that the divine girl did not open her eyes until Sri Krishna was born. The relationship of Sri Krishna and Radha surpasses human concepts and is spiritual in nature. It is redundant to affirm that one may attain Krishna only through the Grace of Radha.
Hindu scriptures described that Radha and Sri
Krishnas relation was a pure form of spirituality. Their sacred
relationship and dedication towards each other have great spiritual energy.Vedic Literature explains that Radha is Krishna's Spiritual Energy. Whenever the Lord incarnates, His Spiritual
Energy also takes up a Female Form. Hence Hindus always worship Laxmi
with Narayan, Seeta with Ram and Radha with Krishna. It is redundant to
state that one may attain Krishna only through the Grace of Radha.
To understand the relationship between Shree Radha
and Shree Krushna, first we have to clear the worldly impurities from
our minds, which is clogging our vision. Once these impurities are
removed we will understand the true meaning of SAMARPAN - Raslila...the
Eternal Bliss.
It is always Shree Radha and Krishna together or
simply Shree Radhakrishna. Radha exists with Shree Krushna; not without
Shree Krushna. Radha represents the individual soul and Shree Krushna
the universal soul. On a lower level, we say the individual soul merges
with the universal soul.
In fact, Radha on seeing Shree Krushna realizes
that there is nothing called the individual soul and that she is Shree
Krushna.The love of Shree Radha and Shree Krushna has been immortalized in verses by many poets of yesteryear and the unparalleled love continues to inspire many.
Radha and Krishna were celestial beings and their
love was eternal. Whether they were married or not, their love made them
united for ever.
Celebration
On the day of Radhaashtami, devotees are allowed special sanctions which are
not allowed generally. Like, Radharani's name is usually not chanted
due to the possibility of committing faults towards her. Neither people
are allowed to enter into Radha Kunda, or Radharani's Pond, which is
considered holy. On the day of Radhastami, people wait until midnight in
order to bathe there. People chant her names on the ''appearance day''
or birthday of Sri Radha. Radharani is believed to ''appear'', being an
eternal companion of Krishna, she does not take birth or die.
During the festival of Radha Astami, devotees worship Radha along with Lord Sri Krishna.
Legends
The legends of
Radha-Krishna have become immortal. There are numerous legends and
stories of Radha and Krishna depicting their true love. Radha's devotion
and dedication towards Sri Krishna is the most sincere one. Here are
some legends of Radha-Krishna portraying their love for each other.
Legend of Hot Milk
This is one interesting story showing the eternal relation of Radha and Krishna. Radha was not married to Lord Krishna. The immeasurable love of Krishna for Radha made Krishna's wives
jealous of Radha. Once, they all planned a mischief to make Radha
suffer. They set out a bowl of burning hot milk. They gave the bowl to
Radha, saying that Krishna had sent it for her. Radha readily drank the
hot milk.
When the wives returned to Krishna, they found him full of painful ulcers. This shows that
Krishna resides in every pore of Radha i.e. why the hot milk didn't
touch Radha, but it affected Krishna. He took all her pain and miseries
upon himself.
Legend of Charanaamrit
This
is another sweet story depicting the intense love between Radha and
Krishna. Once, Sri Krishna got very ill. Krishna asked that he would be
alright if, he would get the Charanaamrit of a true devotee. All the
Gopis were asked but none of them offered. They were afraid of
committing a serious offense, by offering the water with which they had
washed their feet to Sri Krishna.
When
Radha came to know about the situation, she said: "Take as much as you
like. What does it matter if I have to go to hell as long as my Lord is
released of His pain and ailment"! Radha offered the Charanaamrit with
true heart. It is due to this fact; it is believed that Radha could not
marry Lord Krishna. Radha loved Krishna from the core of her heart but still she offered Charanaamrit to Krishna to save him from his sickness.
...PARiNA...IF-Rockerz
Radha , also called Radhika, Radharani and Radhikarani, is the childhood friend and lover of Krishna in the Bhagavata Purana, and the Gita Govinda of the Vaisnava traditions of Hinduism.Radha is almost always depicted alongside Krishna and features prominently within the theology of today's Gaudiya Vaishnava sect, which regards Radha as the original Goddess or Shakti. Radha is also the principal object of worship in the Nimbarka Sampradaya, as Nimbarka, the founder of the tradition, declared that Radha and Krishna together constitute the absolute truth.Radha's relationship with Krishna is given in further detail within texts such as the Brahma Vaivarta Purana, Garga Samhita and Brihad Gautamiya tantra.Radha is often referred to as Radharani or "Radhika" in speech,
prefixed with the respectful term 'Srimati' by devout followers. Radha
is an incarnation of Goddess Lakshmi.
Birth
Radha was the daughter of Vrishbhanu who was king Suchandra in his
previous life. Suchandra and his wife had acquired a boon from Brahmaji
that in the Dwapar age Shri Laxmi will be born as a daughter to them in
the form of Radha. King Suchendra and Queen Kalavati only were reborn as
Vrishbhanu and Kirtikumari and Laxmiji was incarnated as Radha.
It is said that at the time of Radha's birth, Devarshi Narad himself
went and met Vrishbhanu and informed him, "This girl's beauty and nature
is divine. All the houses, wherever her footprints are, Lord Narayan
with all other deities will reside. Nurture this girl thinking her to be
a Goddess." According to Naradji's advice, Vrishbhanu nurtured Radha
with great love and care. Nandbaba who lived in the nearby village was
friends with Vrishbanu. Once during the festival of Holi; Vrishbanu went
to Gokul to meet Nandrai. At Nandrai and Yashoda's house Krishna (who
was growing up as their son) met Radha. Their union was divine,
phenomenal and incessant. This meeting was Radha and Krishna's first
meeting which became eternal.
Radha's love towards Krishna in the terrestrial or customary meaning
is not just the relation between a man and woman. The feeling of this
love is divine and phenomenal which gives this love a pious form. The
philosophical side of this reduces the distance of the support and
supportive, also the difference between the worshipper and worshipful is
not there. Krishna is the life of Vraj; Radha is the soul of Krishna.
That is why, it is said, "Atma Tu Radhika Tasya" (Radha, you are His
soul). One form of Radha is, she is a devotee, worshipper of Krishna and
in the second form she is the worshipful, devoted by Krishna.
'Aradhyate Asau itii Radha.' Radha ' Krishna's love is the symbol of the
feeling of being united. When two souls are united, the difference of
the other or the second vanishes.Her father Vrsabhanu was the king of
cowherds GopYadavas. Vrsabhanu was a partial incarnation of Lord Narayana while her mother Kalavati was a partial incarnation of Goddess Lakshmi.
Her worship is especially prominent in Vrindavan,
the place where Krishna is said to have lived. Wherein Her importance
surpasses even the importance of Krishna. Radha's love for Krishna is
held within Gaudiya Vaishnavism as the most perfect primarily because of
its endless and unconditional nature. Thus she is the most important
friend of Krishna, 'His heart and soul', and His 'hladini-shakti'
(mental companion potency).
In the Brihad-Gautamiya Tantra, Radharani is described as follows: "The transcendental goddess
Srimati Radharani is the direct counterpart of Lord Sri Krishna. She is
the central figure for all the goddesses of fortune. She possesses all
the attractiveness to attract the all-attractive Personality of Godhead.
She is the primeval internal potency of the Lord."
Quotations about Radha
"Although the effulgence of the moon is brilliant initially at night, in the daytime it fades away. Similarly, although the lotus is beautiful during the daytime, at night it closes. But, O My friend, the face of My most dear Srimati Radharani is always bright and beautiful, both day and night. Therefore, to what can Her face be compared?" (Vidagdha-madhava 5.20)
"When Srimati Radharani smiles, waves of joy overtake Her cheeks, and Her arched eyebrows dance like the bow of Cupid. Her glance is so enchanting that it is like a dancing bumblebee, moving unsteadily due to intoxication. That bee has bitten the whorl of My heart." (Vidagdha-madhava 2.51)
"Just as Srimati Radharani is most dear to Krishna, Her bathing pond is similarly dear. Of all the gopis, She is the most beloved of the Lord." (Padma Purana)
"The transcendental goddess Srimati Radharani is the direct counterpart of Lord Sri Krishna. She is the central figure for all the goddesses of fortune. She possesses all attractiveness to attract the all-attractive Personality of Godhead. She is the primeval internal potency of the Lord." (Brihad-gautamiya-tantra)
"Among all persons, it is Sri Radha in whose company Lord Madhava is especially glorious, as She is especially glorious in His." (Rig-parisishta)
The
total Auspicious Marks on both the Lotus Feet of Shrimati Radha = 19
"Oh,
Supreme Goddess of the Vrndavana forest! Your lotus feet are brimming
full of flowing rasa extract, the essential honey of full-blown love nectars.
Holding such feet to His chest, Madhupati (Krsna), the Lord of all sweetness,
extinguishes the burning fever of Cupid. So supremely cooling, I now take
shelter of them.
That
which is present deep within the heart of all the Upanisads in the most
well hidden secret; this pair of Sri Radha's divine lotus feet is my refuge
- simply full of Her own feminine dancing playfulness."
I
worship Sri Radha, whose feet are endowed with the 19
great opulences of, on the left foot, the parasol, ari, flag, vine,
flower, bracelet, lotus,urdhva-rekha, elephant-goad,
halfmoon, and barleycorn, and on the right foot, the sakti,
club, chariot, altar, earrings, fish, mountain, and conchshell. (Sri
Rupa Cintamani)
Description and the locations of the imprints on the lotus feet of Srimati
Radhika
O
mind! Please meditate on the left lotus of Srimati Radharani which is
decorated with the following auspicious markings:
Below the toe of the left foot is a barleycorn and a disc. Starting
from mid point between the main toe and the second toe, continuing for
half the length of the foot, is a shining upward-line. Below the middle
toe are a lotus, flag, flower and a twig. Below the little toe is an
elephant goad. Below the disc is an umbrella, and below that is a bracelet.
On the heel is a beautiful looking half-moon.
Please
remember the right lotus feet of Srimati Radhika with the following
descriptions of the markings:
On the heel of the right foot is a fish. Above that is a chariot. Above the
chariot is a mountain.
On one side of the chariot is a sakti weapon, and on the other side
is a club.
Above the club is the conchshell, which is at the root of the toe. Below the
little toe is a sacrifice altar, and below the sacrificial altar is
an earring.
'Pada
Sevanam - Meditation on the Lotus Feet and Hands of Their Lordships',
Text 1-3
I worship
Sri Radha whose lotus feet are endowed with nineteen great auspicious
markings of: on the left foot are eleven markings of an umbrella, disc,
flag, vine, flower, bracelet, lotus, upward-line, elephant-goad, half-moon,
and barleycorn, and on the right foot are eight markings of the sakti,
club, chariot, sacrificial altar, earrings, fish, mountain, and conch-shell.
There is
a barleycorn below the toe of the left foot of Sri Radhika. Below that
is a disc, and below that is an umbrella, below the umbrella is a bracelet,
and then there is an upper-line which starts from mid-point between the
second toe and the main toe and goes down in a crooked way till it covers
half the foot. Below the middle toe is a lotus, and below that is a flag.
Below the little toe is an elephant goad. On the heel is a half-moon,
and above that is a flower. Thus there are eleven auspicious markings
decorating the left foot of Srimati Radharani.
There is
a conch-shell at the origin of the toe of the right foot of Srimati Radharani.
Below the little toe is a sacrificial altar, and below that is an earring.
Below the second and the middle toe is a mountain. On the heel is a fish,
and above the fish is a chariot. Thus there are eight markings on the
right foot of Srimati Radharani. When combining these eight with those
of the left foot, it becomes nineteen auspicious markings. In this way,
the nineteen auspicious markings on the feet of Srimati Radharani are
eternally remembered.
May my mind
always float in the ocean of divine nectar emanating from the lotus feet
of Srimati Radharani. No more fear of millions of hells. Studying of the
scriptures has become simply troublesome. Merging into the brahman effulgence
is terrible. The ecstatic symptoms of devotion to the Lord that are felt
by the great devotees like Suka have lost their charms.
O Radha!
You are my sole Ruler and only shelter. Countless gopis of Vraja swarm
around Your lotus feet and worship them wholeheartedly. Your lotus feet
are an inexhaustible fountainhead of the quintessence of universal love
and are inconceivable to great saints. That is perhaps the reason why
great devotees are striving with ever increasing courage and hope to catch
the sweetness and beauty of the grace that flows from Your lotus feet.
O Queen! Will You be pleased to show me the particular manner in which
I should serve Your lotus feet?
Lotus chanting
of the holy name of Lord Hari with love attracts my mind towards Sri Radha's
feet. This attraction becomes very strong as soon as the delicious ingredient
of Sri Radha's service is added to the chanting. Meditation on blissful
Krsna as He roams about in Vrndavana has put me under the shade of the
tender feet of kind Sri Radha.
My only shelter
is Sri Radhika's lotus feet which I yearn to worship with love and devotion.
These lotus feet of Srimati Radhika are painted by Krsna's soft fingers
with a feather dipped in the most fragrant red-colored juice. The gopis
follow Krsna's example and worship the same feet for the happiness of
all living entities. These feet are glorified in the Upanisads, and are
found in the depth of the hearts of pure devotees.
O Vrndavanesvar!
O Sri Radhe! I pray for the shelter of Your lotus feet. Your lotus feet
are treasure house of nectar of divine love. Syamasundara keeps them safely
and dearly in His heart. These feet are the supreme cooling remedy for
the blazing fires of this material world.
O dear Sri
Radha! When out of sheer compassion, and moved by Krsna's overwhelming
love for You, will grant Him His prayers to message Your lotus feet? At
that time, I shell look at the ecstatic smiling faces of both of You,
and so encouraged I shall hug Your feet with my hands, and taste the nectar
of Your lotus feet to my full satisfaction.
O Vrsabhanu-nandini!
I bow down to Your lotus feet with great awe and reverence, from which
selfless love is ever pouring forth in abundance. In His ceaseless and
tireless efforts to win Your grace, Sri Krsna, the God of love of Vrndavana
and Supreme Almighty, always solicits the favors of Your servants with
love and affection.
I know, and
it has been confirmed by all reliable authorities that Madana-Mohana Krsna
would be so ecstatically delighted to see pure devotion unto Sri Radha's
lotus feet that he would descend from His worshipped throne to embrace,
kiss, give His chewed betel nuts, and garland to Sri Radhika's devotee.
When shall I be blessed with such devotion, getting such treatment from
Krsna as my reward for devotion to Radha's lotus feet?
O Radhika!
When shall I enjoy the fortune of having my head used by You as Your footstool?
Your feet, which are the life-treasure of Govinda, will then be a crown
on my head. They will further bathe my head with a pure nectarine flood
of love that always flows among Your devotees.
"O Queen of Vrndavana, O Radharani, Your complexion is like molten gold,
Your doe-like eyes are captivatingly restless, a million full and brilliant
moons wane before Your lustrous countenance, and a blue sari, having stolen
the hue of a fresh rain-laden cloud, has enwrapped Your exquisite form. O
Radha, You are the crest-jewel of all the dallying damsels of Vrndavana,
fragrant and pristine like a budding jasmine flower. Your sublime form is
adorned with priceless jewelry, and you are the best of all the charming and
intelligent gopis. You are decorated with all wonderful excellences and
surrounded by eight dedicated and beloved cowherd girls known as the
asta-sakhis.
"The ambrosia of Your beautiful lips, red as the bimba fruit, is
life-giving syrup to Krsna. O Radha, I am rolling on the banks of the Yamuna,
my poor heart filled with anticipation, praying to You with all humility. I am
guilty of being an offender, a rascal, a useless wretch--yet I beg You to
kindly engage me in even the smallest service to Your lotus feet. O most
merciful Lady, it will not become You to ignore this most distressed soul, for
Your heart is always overflowing with compassion and love."
Radha-Stuti
radha raseshvari ramya
rama cha paramatmanah
rasodbhava
krishna-kanta
krishna-vaksha-sthala-sthita
"Beautiful Shrimate Radharani is
the queen and the origin of the rasa dance. She is the giver of pleasure to
Krishna, who is the Supersoul in the hearts of all. She is the lover of Krishna
and is always situated upon the chest of the Lord."krishna-pranadhidevi
cha
maha-vishnoh prasur
api
sarvadya vishnu-maya
cha
satya nitya sanatani
"She is the presiding Deity of
Krishna's very life, and She is the first of all persons, the energy of Lord
Vishnu, the embodiment of truthfulness--eternal and ever-youthful."
brahma-svarupa parama
nirlipta nirguna para
vrinda vrindavane tvam
cha
viraja-tata-vasini
"Her form is spiritual,
therefore She is transcendental and beyond mundane qualities. She is divine
energy and is unattached. O Radha, in Vrindavana You are the leader of the gopis,
and You reside on the banks of the Viraja River."
goloka-vasini gopi
gopisha gopa-matrika
sananda paramananda
nanda-nandana-kamini
"She is a resident of Goloka
Vrindavana and is a cowherd damsel. She is the queen of the gopis and the divine
mother of the cowherd boys. She is joyful and always experiencing the highest
bliss, and She incites lusty desires in the heart of the son of Nanda (Lord
Krishna)."
vrishabhanu-suta
shanta
kanta purnatama tatha
kamya kalavati-kanya
tirtha-putra sati
shubha
"Radha is the daughter of
Maharaja Vrishabhanu. She is very peaceful and lovely. She is completely
contented and fulfilled, very pleasing and is the daughter of Kalavati. She is
the purifier of the tirthas (holy places) and She is most auspicious and chaste
to Lord Krishna."
samsara-sagare ghore
bhitam mam
sharanagatam
sarvebhyo 'pi
vinirmuktam
kuru radhe surshvari
"O Radha, I have fallen into the
horrible ocean of birth and death and am frightened, but I am seeking Your
shelter. O queen of the demigods, please free me from all fears."
tvat-pada-padma-yugale
pada-padmalayarcite
dehi mahyam param
bhaktim
krishnena parisevite
"O Radhika, please give me
transcendental devotional service to Your lotus feet, which are worshiped by
Lord Brahma and Lakshmi, and which are served even by Lord Krishna."
tapta-kanchana-gaurangi
radhe vrindavaneshvari
vrishabhanu-sute devi
pranamami hari-priye
"O Shrimati Radharani, I offer
my respects to You whose bodily complexion is like molten gold. O Goddess, You
are the queen of Vrindavana. You are the daughter of King Vrishabhanu, and are
very dear to Lord Krishna."
mahabhava-svarupa tvam
krishna-priya-variyasi
prema-bhakti-prade
devi
radhike tvam namamy
aham
"O Shrimate Radharani, You are
the exalted form of mahabhava, therefore You are the most dear to Krishna. O
Goddess, You alone are able to bestow pure love for the Supreme Lord; therefore
I offer my humble obeisances unto You."
When will Sri Radhika, who is a splendid ruby in
the crown of all nectarean doe-eyed girls, a swan swimming in the lake of love
for jubilant Lord Krsna, and a celestial vine sprouted from Vraja's exalted
King Vrsabhanu, bathe me in Her service?
When will Sri Radhika,
who, accidentally meeting restless Krsna in the outskirts of the forest,
stared at Him with suspicious eyes as he cast amorous glances at Her and
flattered Her with many sweet and gentle words, bathe me in Her service?
When will Sri Radhika, who the girls of Vraja love as
much as their own lives, who the gopa queen Yasoda loves as much as Lord Krsna,
and who makes the heart of charming lalita blossom with love, bathe me in Her
service?
When will Sri Radhika, who in the company of
Visakha at the forest's edge strings a Vaijayanti garland from the flowers of
many trees, and who is the beautiful beloved resting on Lord Krsna's handsome
chest, bathe me in Her service?
When will Sri
Radhika, who smelling the fragrance of Lord Krsna and hearing the sweet sounds
of His flute, ran to Him in the forest grove and, scratching Her ears,
approached Him with smiling eyes and lowered face, bathe me in Her service?
Pleased with any person who,
abandoning all hope of material happiness, and overwhelmed (with love), reads
this sweet Sri Radhastaka with a pure heart, the prince of Vraja (Krsna) of
His own accord places him among Sri Radha's personal associates.
Disclaimer: All Logos and Pictures of various Channels, Shows, Artistes, Media Houses, Companies, Brands etc. belong to their respective owners, and are used to merely visually identify the Channels, Shows, Companies, Brands, etc. to the viewer. Incase of any issue please contact the webmaster. |
Rejuvenation Seminar – CDO Testimony
“I am a businessman. In my everyday’s schedule, every morning I used to drive my motorcycle that is why I’m having a pain in my body especially in my back. I used to encounter hot and humid weather every day in the road.”
“When I heard over the radio about Dok Alternatibo, I immediately came over here at the clinic then I bought the products called “HAPLUS” I felt the sudden relieved from my body pain.”
“I have learned so many things in the rejuvenation seminar; it is not just for the promotion of their products but also it is more on the spiritual aspect of our lives. It does not mean that we are poor we will remain poor because we still have the chance to progress.”
“For those who did not attend yet the seminar, I am inviting you all to join so that you will be educated by Dok Ed. We realized that there still a chance for the poor to become successful in life. I am transformed now one hundred percent.”
“To all my friends and to all those people who will become my friends in the future, I am inviting you all to come and attend the rejuvenation seminar so that you will also witness and experience the good opportunity and motivation in your life here.”
“I believe that every one of us had a dream to become wealthy. Probably this is your time, so don’t hesitate to go here in Dok Alternatibo and attend the rejuvenation seminar.” |
558 F.Supp. 161 (1982)
Carla Renee SMITH, Plaintiff,
v.
Harry PARMLEY, etc., et al., Defendants.
No. CIV-4-81-57.
United States District Court, E.D. Tennessee, Winchester Division.
June 1, 1982.
On Exception to Pretrial Order June 21, 1982.
Harold L. North, Jr., Chattanooga, Tenn., for plaintiff.
William A. Lockett, Chattanooga, Tenn., for defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
NEESE, District Judge.
Neither the Chattanooga, Tennessee Police Department nor the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation is a party to this *162 action. Nonetheless, the plaintiff moved the Court
* * * for an Order compelling the Chattanooga Police Department and/or the Tennessee Bureau of Investigation to furnish verified copies of statements given to officer Dana Littlefield of the Chattanooga Police Department by the plaintiff and Michael W. Grayson on August 17, 1980.
* * * * * *
The plaintiff cited no authority authorizing the Court to issue such an order, and the Court is aware of no such authority. Rule 34, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, is inapposite; it "* * * creates a discovery device that may be used only against parties to a pending action. * * *" Fleming v. Gardner, D.C.Tenn. (1978), 84 F.R.D. 217[1], citing Hickman v. Taylor (1947), 329 U.S. 495, 504, 67 S.Ct. 385, 390, 91 L.Ed. 451, 459.
If the plaintiff desires to subpoena the documents which she seeks, there is a procedure for so doing. See Rule 45, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
Her aforequoted motion hereby is
DENIED.
ON EXCEPTIONS TO PRETRIAL ORDER
I
The exception of the plaintiff to § II(a) of the pretrial order herein[1] hereby is
ALLOWED.[2] The defendant, having now stipulated the accuracy of the plaintiff's exception to § III(d) of the pretrial order, such exception hereby is
ALLOWED.
The plaintiff excepted also to the Court's admission into evidence of exhibits nos. 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, which exhibits were admitted at the pretrial conference without objection by the plaintiff. Cf. Rule 103(a)(1), Federal Rules of Evidence. Pretermitting any consideration of whether the plaintiff has waived any right to now object to such exhibits, the Court is convinced that they are admissible.
The allegations of the plaintiff herein have "opened the door" for a consideration by the jury of the circumstances surrounding her arrest, incarceration and alleged rape. The plaintiff cannot slam-shut that door on the defendants so as to prevent them from enlightening the jury as to their version of what happened.
"* * * The jury is entitled to know the `setting' of a case. It cannot be expected to make its decision in a voidwithout knowledge of the time, place and circumstances of the acts which form the basis of the [plaintiff's allegations]. * * *" United States v. Roberts, C.A. 6th (1977), 548 F.2d 665, 667[1]. The Court is of the opinion that these exhibits are relevant, Rule 401, Federal Rules of Evidence; in their absence, the jury could be misled into thinking that the plaintiff and her traveling companion were seized from a public highway and jailed for no reason and without any legal process whatsoever.
The Court is of the opinion further that such exhibits should not be excluded under Rule 403, Federal Rules of Evidence, as being unfairly prejudicial. Just because this evidence might be damaging to the plaintiff's case would not justify its suppression; *163 for, under our adversary system of justice, most evidence offered by one side will be damaging to the other side. See United States v. DeLillio, C.A.2d (1980), 620 F.2d 939, 947[11], n. 2, certiorari denied (1980), 449 U.S. 835, 101 S.Ct. 107, 108, 66 L.Ed.2d 41.
Rule 403, supra, is of limited application; as has been stated:
* * * * * *
Relevant evidence is inherently prejudicial; but it is only unfair prejudice, substantially outweighing probative value, which permits exclusion of relevant matter under Rule 403. Unless trials are to be conducted on scenarios, on unreal facts tailored and sanitized for the occasion, the application of Rule 403 must be cautious and sparing. Its major function is limited to excluding matter of scant or cumulative probative force, dragged in by the heels for the sake of its prejudicial effect. As to such, Rule 403 is meant to relax the iron rule of relevance, to permit the trial judge to preserve the fairness of the proceedings by exclusion despite its relevance. It is not designed to permit the court to "even out" the weight of the evidence, to mitigate a crime, or to make a contest where there is little or none. Here was no parade of horrors. * * *
United States v. McRae, C.A. 5th (1979), 593 F.2d 700, 707[7-9], certiorari denied (1979), 444 U.S. 862, 100 S.Ct. 128, 62 L.Ed.2d 83. This exception hereby is
DISALLOWED.
The Court, having allowed the plaintiff's exception to § II(a), her exception to § X(b) of the pretrial order is now
MOOT.
II
The defendant Mr. Parmley moved for a dismissal of this civil rights, 42 U.S.C. § 1983, action for the failure of the plaintiff to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. Rule 12(b)(6), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Such motion lacks merit and hereby is
DENIED.
The basis for such motion is Mr. Parmley's contention that, at the pertinent times, he was not acting under color of state law, an essential element for liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, supra. What the movant appears to overlook, however, is that at the pretrial conference it was stipulated that at all pertinent times "* * * the defendant Mr. Harry Parmley was a duly appointed police officer of the city of Monteagle, Tennessee acting under color of Tennessee law." Pretrial order herein of May 11, 1982, § III(b). Mr. Parmley did not except to this part of the pretrial order, and such stipulation is binding on him, the other parties to this action, and the Court.[3]Brown v. Tennessee Gas Pipeline Co., C.A. 6th (1980), 623 F.2d 450, 454[4]; Morelock v. The NCR Corp., C.A. 6th (1978), 586 F.2d 1096, 1107[11], certiorari denied (1979), 441 U.S. 906, 99 S.Ct. 1995, 60 L.Ed.2d 375.
III
§ V of the pretrial order hereby is AMENDED by adding thereto:
(d) Under what circumstances likely to be present here would any body-search of the plaintiff have deprived her of her right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures, Constitution, Fourth Amendment?
(Counsel shall submit a brief on this additional contested issue of law not later than 2 weeks prior to the time assigned for commencement herein of trial).
NOTES
[1] The plaintiff's brief of May 20, 1982, relating thereto, will be filed by the clerk as an exhibit to her exceptions of the same date, local Rules, appendix, § 5(a); McElearney v. University of Ill., Etc., C.A. 7th (1979), 612 F.2d 285, 290, n. 3, although briefs are not a part of the court-record, local Rule 11(g).
[2] At the pretrial conference herein, the Court deleted from § II(a) the plaintiff's claims against all defendants other than Mr. Parmley; it was then the view of the Court that the plaintiff had not stated a claim against any other defendant upon which relief might be granted herein. The claims which the plaintiff now proposes appear sufficient to state a claim upon which relief can be granted; these allegations appear to fall within the scope of the holding of Hays v. Jefferson County, Kentucky, C.A. 6th (1982), 668 F.2d 869. Of course, if it should develop that the plaintiff had no basis for proceeding against these defendants, she might be assessed with a reasonable attorneys' fee. See 42 U.S.C. § 1988.
[3] In view of this stipulation, § V(a) of the pretrial order was unnecessary and should not have been included therein.
|
I don't think it's feeble mindedness. I think it's more the sheer volume of the bullshit and the way it's very carefully crafted to include heavy duty emotional triggers so that it gets under the skin. Unless you have a well developed bullshit detector and the spine to keep it running under duress, you're going to end up caving to the meta-narrative values.
Fear can physically prevent humans from being able to think clearly. It's the vaso-vagal response. And it's being exploited by media/corporate/political propaganda very effectively.
The media should face heavy penalties which make them think twice about making such blatantly untrue accusations in the first place.
No, they really shouldn't... One of the downsides of a free press is that they can also print crap... All you can do is encourage them to behave better... If you start making journalists fearful about what they print then the public interest isn't served... You don't tackle this sort of thing by being punitive...
What you can do is make them print retractions of false claims in the same size, in the same amount of words, and on the same page as the original stories. This would at least force journalists to thoroughly fact check before they start making allegations, something which they should really be doing already anyway.
"You don't tackle this sort of thing by being punitive." Of course you do. In Canada you cannot print or televise blatant lies and it's working for them. That's why Fox News decided to not establish a channel there. There are plenty of things to write about without having to write blatant lies.
How can you claim that the press is "free", when 70% of our press in this country is owned by the same company, with the same political influences?? It's hardly free. It's called a propaganda machine. Which is why there needs to be laws governing factual content, so we can have an actual 'free' press. Or at least something slightly closer to it.
How can you argue that it benefits anyone to allow the media to print lies and untruths?
There is a reason there are defamation laws. To protect innocent people from having lies about them being printed by lazy journalists who can't be bothered to fact-check, or partial journalists with a political agenda.
How can you argue that having a fearful press benefits anyone??? Most articles are already passed through lawyers before being published and there are defamation laws to act as deterrents... We already have these measures why would you want the press to be fearful as well??? The door swings both ways on this and you can't expect all of the press to be honourable knights in shining armour fighting for the public good...
We do have laws about that, defamation laws. Milne almost certainly crossed the line, so the article was pulled. Bolt didn't make any claims that I can see would be considered defamatory and went to pains to drive the point home that he didn't agree with some allegations.
And you could also imagine the start of the conversation that FM management had with Michael Smith: Mike, mate, we love your work, really love it, but the rest of the world thinks you're a huge cockhead. |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a disk player for reproducing, recording or deleting an optical disk and opto-magnetic disk (hereinafter merely called a “disk”) such as a CD and a DVD.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, an art described in JP-A-10-143964 is available as a technology of disk players. A description is given of one example thereof with reference to FIGS. 8, 9A and 9B. In the art, a synthetic resin-made casing 2 for supporting a tray 1 so as to advance forward (a) and retreat backward (b); a pair of left and right pivotal support axes 6a protruding from the base end portion of a drive chassis 6 having a spindle motor 4 with a turntable 3 and an optical pickup 5 incorporated are fitted to bearings 2a secured at the rear part of the casing 2. At the same time, a pair of fixing cam shafts 7a and 7b, which protrude from the tip end portion of the corresponding drive chassis 6, and a movable cam shaft 7c are fitted into the cam hole 8a of the cam plate 8 disposed at the front part of the casing 2 so as to be slidable in the left (c) and right (d) directions orthogonal to the forward (a) and backward (b) directions, whereby the drive chassis 6 is incorporated in the casing 2 so that it can move vertically (upward (e) and downward (f)) around the pivotal support axes 6a. Further, in FIGS. 9A and 9B, reference number 10 denotes a disk holder with a magnet 12, which is disposed so as to be able to elevate in the central accommodation portion 11 of the top plate portion 2b secured above the casing 2 opposite the turntable 3. And, a disk D on the tray 1 is held between the disk holder 10 and the turntable 6 (Refer to FIG. 9A).
A description is given of an unloading operation. By causing the cam plate 8 to slide in the right (d) direction from the state shown with solid lines in FIG. 8 and the state shown in FIGS. 9A and 9B, the drive chassis 6 is caused to move downward (e) around both pivotal support axes 6a via the respective cam holes 8a and respective cam axes 7a through 7c (Refer to FIG. 9B), and continuously the tray 1 is caused to advance forward (a).
As regards a loading operation, after the tray 1 is retreated (b) from the state shown in FIG. 9B in almost the reverse procedure of the above description, the cam plate 8 is caused to slide in the left (c) direction, whereby the drive chassis 6 is moved upward (f) around both pivotal support axes 6a via the respective cam holes 8a and respective cam shafts 7a through 7c (Refer to FIG. 9A), and a disk D on the tray 1 is chucked by the turntable 3 and disk holder 10. After that, the disk D is rotated at a high-speed by a spindle motor 4 via the turn table 3, and information recorded in the corresponding disk D is read.
With the above-described conventional construction, vibrations of the corresponding spindle motor 4 are transmitted to the drive chassis 6 when the disk D is rotated at a high speed by the spindle motor 4 via the turntable 3, and vibrations of the drive chassis 6 are further transmitted to the optical pickup 5, wherein the optical pickup 5 does not smoothly follow the tracks, and noise is generated in, for example, reproduced images.
Therefore, a pressing piece is provided so as to protrude from the front part of the casing 2, and the front part of the upward moving drive chassis is brought into contact with the underside of the pressing piece. Hereby, although it can be considered that vibrations of the corresponding drive chassis 6 are suppressed by the pressing force generated, the pressing force is liable to be lowered since the pressing piece is plastically deformed upward, wherein it becomes difficult to suppress the vibrations of the drive chassis 6 in a comparatively short time. |
Wayland grad is bone marrow donor
By KRISTEN DITMORE Wayland Baptist University
Published 12:21 pm, Monday, November 4, 2013
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Wayland Baptist University PhotoWayland admissions representative Scott Langford donated bone marrow to help a stranger when it was determined that he would be a match. Langford signed up with Be The Match last year. less
Wayland Baptist University PhotoWayland admissions representative Scott Langford donated bone marrow to help a stranger when it was determined that he would be a match. Langford signed up with Be The Match last ... more
Wayland grad is bone marrow donor
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Scott Langford registered with the national marrow donor program Be The Match last year during a drive held at Wayland Baptist University for a local family. He was not a match for that family, but as it turns out he was a match for someone else.
Langfrod graduated from Wayland in May with a degree in business administration. Now he works in the Wayland Admissions Office as an admissions representative. In August, Be The Match contacted Scott to tell him that he had been selected as a possible match for someone in need of a transplant.
“I figured the chances of being a match were pretty slim, so I was surprised,” Langford said. “I didn’t believe it at first, until they called again after they sent the first email.”
After that initial contact, Langford completed additional testing to confirm he was indeed a match for the potential transplant recipient.
“I had to do several blood labs to figure it out,” Langford said. “I had to do a full physical, blood work, and more blood work.”
According to the Be The Match website, approximately 8 percent of people who complete additional testing are selected for actual donation. Despite those slim odds, Langford’s tests revealed that he was indeed a match. On Sept. 24-25, Langford headed to Fort Worth where he completed his donation at the Carter Blood Center.
Langford donated using a method called peripheral blood stem cell donation, or PBSC, which is a non-surgical procedure that usually takes place at an outpatient facility or blood center. Leading up to the donation, the donor is given medication that increases the number of blood-forming cells in their body. During the donation process, those excess blood-forming cells are removed from the donor’s bloodstream and saved for transplantation. This process is usually done over the course of a couple days in 4- to 5-hour sessions.
“The donation process wasn’t the most fun or the most comfortable, but it could have been a whole lot worse,” Langford said. “It took a lot out of me. I was tired during the process and for a few days after, but it didn’t take too long to fully recover.”
Langford underwent the donation process for a complete stranger; he does not even know the man’s name. However, he will receive periodic updates on the recipient’s progress in the months to come.
“All I know is that it is a 63-year-old male with non-Hodgkin lymphoma,” Langford said. “I can contact him anonymously, but after a year if everything is OK we can exchange real contact information.”
Although only time will tell what the man’s prognosis will be, it is certain that Langford has provided hope for the patient and his family.
Langford does not have any regrets about going through the donation process. In fact, he said that if he were to be a match for someone else he would do it all again.
“Once I knew I was a match I knew that I would follow through with it,” Langford said. “I couldn’t say no, and I would go through it again.”
Be The Match facilitated more than 5,800 transplants in 2012 alone, and they do so by continually adding to their registry. For more information about how to become a registered donor, visit bethematch.org.
“I would definitely encourage others to sign up for the registry,” Langford said. “It can be intimidating but it can give a family hope and save someone’s life.” |
But Falchuk, a former business executive who came in third with just over 3 percent of the vote in the November race, has a new issue: a referendum on the Olympics.
Sleeves rolled to his elbows, microphone in hand at a meeting of the Boston Ethical Community, a nontheistic religious group, Falchuk bemoaned a two-party system he said doesn’t represent the concerns of ordinary voters. And he trumpeted the values of his United Independent Party — including equality for everyone and the government using taxpayer money wisely, echoing issues he spoke about on the campaign trail.
CAMBRIDGE — Evan Falchuk, former gubernatorial contender and chairman of a newly official state political party, was fired up Sunday morning.
Since Boston was named this month as the US candidate for the 2024 Summer Games, there has been a notable paucity of public political opposition to the idea of the Hub hosting the premier sporting event in world.
Falchuk, a 45-year-old Newton resident, indicated he believes that is a symptom of political elites shutting out the worries of voters. He said he wants a statewide referendum on the Games along with a more transparent process.
He told about 30 people at the Harvard Square gathering that he is a sports fan, will watch the Olympics, and is not against those kinds of events.
“It’s a spectacle, but it’s also a business and it’s trying to make money,” he said. “And it wants to use our money to do so, and we should be able to vote on that.”
Officials, who have scheduled a series of community meetings on the Games, have outlined an bid that would not use state and city taxpayer money beyond those dollars already in the pipeline to be spent on infrastructure. Falchuk has his doubts.
In a short interview after his remarks, Falchuk said he is still figuring out the specifics of the vote he is championing. Massachusetts law allows for different types of ballot questions, most of which require an arduous effort to collect tens of thousands of certified signatures, and Falchuk said he wanted to do due diligence on the specifics.
He floated the idea of a question that would let people vote on whether taxpayer dollars could be used for an Olympics effort.
“They’ve said no public money will be used for this purpose,” Falchuk said. “Well, then why don’t we have a guarantee that that’s the case? Having an initiative petition in process would be a good way to make sure that starts to happen.”
Boston 2024 did not answer e-mailed questions about whether the group has a stance on a statewide referendum on the Olympics.
Instead, a statement attributed to a Boston 2024 executive, Erin Murphy, said, in part: “Boston is in the very early stages of preparing our bid for the International Olympic Committee. Boston 2024 is committed to an extensive public process. . . . [E]very community with a potential venue for the Games will have the opportunity to weigh in at public meetings well before any final decisions are made.”
Falchuk also spoke Sunday about expanding his United Independent Party, which gained official status by garnering more than 3 percent of the vote in November, and now includes six full-time staffers across the state.
He said while most of the funding is coming from him, he is working to raise more money from other donors. He also said the party is in the midst of recruiting legislative candidates to run under the party banner in Massachusetts in 2016.
On Sunday, Falchuk also pressed for more transparency from Boston 2024. The private group has said it will this week release the presentation it made to the United States Olympic Committee, along with other documents.
One outsider observer saw Falchuk’s new emphasis on the Olympics as politically savvy.
“One of the dangers of any third party and any candidate who leads it is: immediate irrelevance,” said Paul Watanabe, a political science professor at the University of Massachusetts Boston.
He said it is a smart move for Falchuk to tie himself to the Olympic issue. It will, Watanabe explained, “keep his party and his name in front of the public.”
Joshua Miller can be reached at joshua.miller@globe.com. Follow him on Twitter @jm_bos. |
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<OL>
<li>
Alaska: non-timber forest products conference slated Nov. 8-10 in Anchorage ( <A href="/digest/news.control.taf?_section=view&_function=detail&EDITION_ID=2030&_UserReference=7DFDEA96F1F08A593BE03228#story14875">More</a>...)</li>
<li>
Brazil's pulp and paper sector could improve only by middle of 2002, say analysts ( <A href="/digest/news.control.taf?_section=view&_function=detail&EDITION_ID=2030&_UserReference=7DFDEA96F1F08A593BE03228#story14883">More</a>...)</li>
<li>
Thailand's Siam Pulp Paper aims to acquire 90 percent of Phoenix Pulp Paper ( <A href="/digest/news.control.taf?_section=view&_function=detail&EDITION_ID=2030&_UserReference=7DFDEA96F1F08A593BE03228#story14885">More</a>...)</li>
<li>
Maine: Great Northern Paper president defends hydro system sale ( <A href="/digest/news.control.taf?_section=view&_function=detail&EDITION_ID=2030&_UserReference=7DFDEA96F1F08A593BE03228#story14887">More</a>...)</li>
<li>
Voith to build second service center in China ( <A href="/digest/news.control.taf?_section=view&_function=detail&EDITION_ID=2030&_UserReference=7DFDEA96F1F08A593BE03228#story14847">More</a>...)</li>
<li>
Voith Paper coating looks back on a successful fiscal year ( <A href="/digest/news.control.taf?_section=view&_function=detail&EDITION_ID=2030&_UserReference=7DFDEA96F1F08A593BE03228#story14848">More</a>...)</li>
<li>
Go2Paper launches Web-based service for sale of excess paper stock ( <A href="/digest/news.control.taf?_section=view&_function=detail&EDITION_ID=2030&_UserReference=7DFDEA96F1F08A593BE03228#story14851">More</a>...)</li>
</OL>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<p><a name="story14875"></a>
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<TD>
<h3>Alaska: non-timber forest products conference slated Nov. 8-10 in Anchorage</H3>
<i>10/31/2001 04:01:06, The Frontiersman (Wasilla, Alaska)</i>
<br><br></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=LEFT>
<TD>
By Rindi White-Frontiersman reporter<p>
TALKEETNA, Alaska, Oct. 31, 2001 (The Frontiersman) -- Non-timber forest retailers are becoming more and more numerous in the Mat-Su Valley every year.<P> F...<br>
(<A HREF="/digest/news.control.taf?_section=liststories&_function=detail&FORESTWEBNEWS_uid1=14875&_UserReference=7DFDEA96F1F08A593BE03228">Story...</a>)
</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=RIGHT><TD ALIGN=RIGHT> </TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=RIGHT><TD ALIGN=RIGHT><A HREF="/digest/news.control.taf?_section=view&_function=detail&EDITION_ID=2030&_UserReference=7DFDEA96F1F08A593BE03228#top"><IMG SRC="http://www.forestweb.com/digest/images/news/top.gif" align=right WIDTH="56" HEIGHT="12"
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<p><a name="story14883"></a>
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<TD>
<h3>Brazil's pulp and paper sector could improve only by middle of 2002, say analysts</H3>
<i>10/31/2001 05:42:52, South American Business Information</i>
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<TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=LEFT>
<TD>
BRAZIL, Oct. 29, 2001 (South American Business Information) -- Despite their strong exports, companies in the Brazilian pulp and paper sector will only see improved performance in the middle of next year,
according to analysts....<br>
(<A HREF="/digest/news.control.taf?_section=liststories&_function=detail&FORESTWEBNEWS_uid1=14883&_UserReference=7DFDEA96F1F08A593BE03228">Story...</a>)
</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=RIGHT><TD ALIGN=RIGHT> </TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=RIGHT><TD ALIGN=RIGHT><A HREF="/digest/news.control.taf?_section=view&_function=detail&EDITION_ID=2030&_UserReference=7DFDEA96F1F08A593BE03228#top"><IMG SRC="http://www.forestweb.com/digest/images/news/top.gif" align=right WIDTH="56" HEIGHT="12"
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<p><a name="story14885"></a>
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<TD>
<h3>Thailand's Siam Pulp Paper aims to acquire 90 percent of Phoenix Pulp Paper</H3>
<i>10/31/2001 05:55:46, AFX-Asia</i>
<br><br></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=LEFT>
<TD>
BANGKOK, Oct. 31, 2001 (AFX-Asia) -- Siam Cement Plc vice president Aviruth Wongbuddhapitak said the company's paper unit, Siam Pulp Paper Plc, aims to acquire as much as 90 pct of Phoenix Pulp Paper Plc....<br>
(<A HREF="/digest/news.control.taf?_section=liststories&_function=detail&FORESTWEBNEWS_uid1=14885&_UserReference=7DFDEA96F1F08A593BE03228">Story...</a>)
</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=RIGHT><TD ALIGN=RIGHT> </TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=RIGHT><TD ALIGN=RIGHT><A HREF="/digest/news.control.taf?_section=view&_function=detail&EDITION_ID=2030&_UserReference=7DFDEA96F1F08A593BE03228#top"><IMG SRC="http://www.forestweb.com/digest/images/news/top.gif" align=right WIDTH="56" HEIGHT="12"
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<p><a name="story14887"></a>
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<TD>
<h3>Maine: Great Northern Paper president defends hydro system sale</H3>
<i>10/31/2001 06:11:25, Bangor Daily News (Maine)</i>
<br><br></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=LEFT>
<TD>
By Mary Anne Lagasse, Of the NEWS Staff<p>
MILLINOCKET, Maine, Oct. 31, 2001 (Bangor Daily News) -- At a meeting designed to inform the public about a tax increment financing proposal, the president...<br>
(<A HREF="/digest/news.control.taf?_section=liststories&_function=detail&FORESTWEBNEWS_uid1=14887&_UserReference=7DFDEA96F1F08A593BE03228">Story...</a>)
</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=RIGHT><TD ALIGN=RIGHT> </TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=RIGHT><TD ALIGN=RIGHT><A HREF="/digest/news.control.taf?_section=view&_function=detail&EDITION_ID=2030&_UserReference=7DFDEA96F1F08A593BE03228#top"><IMG SRC="http://www.forestweb.com/digest/images/news/top.gif" align=right WIDTH="56" HEIGHT="12"
BORDER="0" ALT="top of page"></A>
</TD></TR>
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<p><a name="story14847"></a>
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<TD>
<h3>Voith to build second service center in China</H3>
<i>10/30/2001 09:45:00, Press Release</i>
<br><br></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=LEFT>
<TD>
Voith Paper: Commitment in China will be further expanded
HEIDENHEIM, Germany, Oct. 30, 2001 (press release) -- The rising economic power and successful industrial policy of the Chinese government have helped Voith Paper?s decision to substantially expand its commitment in China. ...<br>
(<A HREF="/digest/news.control.taf?_section=liststories&_function=detail&FORESTWEBNEWS_uid1=14847&_UserReference=7DFDEA96F1F08A593BE03228">Story...</a>)
</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=RIGHT><TD ALIGN=RIGHT> </TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=RIGHT><TD ALIGN=RIGHT><A HREF="/digest/news.control.taf?_section=view&_function=detail&EDITION_ID=2030&_UserReference=7DFDEA96F1F08A593BE03228#top"><IMG SRC="http://www.forestweb.com/digest/images/news/top.gif" align=right WIDTH="56" HEIGHT="12"
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</TD></TR>
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<p><a name="story14848"></a>
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<TD>
<h3>Voith Paper coating looks back on a successful fiscal year</H3>
<i>10/30/2001 09:46:50, Press Release</i>
<br><br></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=LEFT>
<TD>
HEIDENHEIM, Germany, Oct. 30, 2001 (press release) -- After the record number of orders received in fiscal year 1999/2000, a phase of successful start-ups followed in fiscal year 2000/2001. The high expectations placed on our technology had to be proven in order to create the maximum economic and production efficiency for the customers....<br>
(<A HREF="/digest/news.control.taf?_section=liststories&_function=detail&FORESTWEBNEWS_uid1=14848&_UserReference=7DFDEA96F1F08A593BE03228">Story...</a>)
</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=RIGHT><TD ALIGN=RIGHT> </TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=RIGHT><TD ALIGN=RIGHT><A HREF="/digest/news.control.taf?_section=view&_function=detail&EDITION_ID=2030&_UserReference=7DFDEA96F1F08A593BE03228#top"><IMG SRC="http://www.forestweb.com/digest/images/news/top.gif" align=right WIDTH="56" HEIGHT="12"
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<p><a name="story14851"></a>
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<h3>Go2Paper launches Web-based service for sale of excess paper stock</H3>
<i>10/30/2001 10:41:12, BW</i>
<br><br></TD>
</TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP ALIGN=LEFT>
<TD>
Tames the Multi-Billion Dollar Excess Paper Market Gorilla<p>
Home Depot a customer<p>
OAKLAND, Calif., Oct. 30, 2001 (press release) -- Go2Paper (www.go2paper.com) officially launches its We...<br>
(<A HREF="/digest/news.control.taf?_section=liststories&_function=detail&FORESTWEBNEWS_uid1=14851&_UserReference=7DFDEA96F1F08A593BE03228">Story...</a>)
</TD></TR>
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// Mantid Repository : https://github.com/mantidproject/mantid
//
// Copyright © 2018 ISIS Rutherford Appleton Laboratory UKRI,
// NScD Oak Ridge National Laboratory, European Spallation Source,
// Institut Laue - Langevin & CSNS, Institute of High Energy Physics, CAS
// SPDX - License - Identifier: GPL - 3.0 +
#pragma once
namespace MantidQt {
namespace SliceViewer {
// Possible edit modes.
enum EditMode { None = 0, AddPeaks = 1, DeletePeaks = 2 };
} // namespace SliceViewer
} // namespace MantidQt |
Image copyright AP Image caption Hundreds of people tried to rescue the elephant in Bangladesh
A wild elephant that was rescued last week after travelling hundreds of miles from home has died.
It had been swept away in strong river currents during floods in north-east India before being found in neighbouring Bangladesh.
Locals gave it the name Bangabahadur, meaning Hero of Bengal.
It may have travelled 1,700 km (1,060 miles) but was weakened by its journey and attempts to tranquilise it, and is thought to have had a heart attack.
A post-mortem examination has been ordered.
A local newspaper quoted vet Mustafizur Rahman as saying the elephant had a heart attack - with stress, dehydration and electrolyte imbalance being factors.
After it collapsed, rescuers administered 12 litres of saline but could not revive the animal.
Thought to weigh about four tonnes, the elephant had become progressively weaker after spending weeks in flood waters.
Without proper food the animal gradually lost its strength.
'Our luck is bad'
Wildlife officials tried to transport it to a safari park - tranquilising it repeatedly - but failed as the animal could not be tamed.
The Bangladeshi government's chief wildlife conservator Ashit Ranjan Paul told AFP news agency: "We have given our highest effort to save the animal. At least 10 forest rangers, vets and policemen have constantly followed it for the last 48 days.
"But our luck is bad."
Its rescue was dramatic. Once the elephant was tranquillised, it fell into a pond where villagers saved it from drowning and then helped pull it out.
One man was injured after the elephant kicked him.
Floods force thousand of animals to move to higher ground every year in the border areas between the two countries.
The shrinking natural habitat of wildlife animals has made it increasingly difficult for them to move to safer areas during monsoon floods. |
SCP-2462
SCP-2462
Item #: SCP-2462
Object Class: Euclid Safe
Special Containment Procedures: Due to the restrictive growing conditions of Rafflesia arnoldii, Outpost 2462-0 has been established at SCP-2462's location of discovery to prevent unauthorized access and allow for experimentation. Monetary compensation to the citizens of ██████ has been authorized to prevent the disclosure of SCP-2462's anomalous properties to third parties. A 350m perimeter is to be established around SCP-2462 during its blooming period, with access denied to all unauthorized individuals, save for citizens of ██████ who live, work, or regularly visit inside the perimeter.
SCP-2462 is kept at Outpost 2462-0. Four mirrors are to be stationed around SCP-2462, and must be cleaned regularly to maintain reflectivity.
Description: SCP-2462 is a genetically unremarkable specimen of Rafflesia arnoldii located outside ██████, Indonesia. While blooming, SCP-2462 generates a variable number of illusory R. arnoldii instances, collectively designated SCP-2462-A, within 250 meters of itself.
SCP-2462-A do not displace any matter or have mass of their own, yet are opaque to light and respond realistically to environmental stimuli and physical interaction. Computer analysis of photographed SCP-2462-A has confirmed that they are not hallucinations.
The number of SCP-2462-A is variable. In its natural environment, SCP-2462 would maintain an average of 30,000 SCP-2462-A under normal circumstances. The following factors are known to affect SCP-2462-A production:
Proximity of other R. arnoldii: Each living specimen within line of sight of SCP-2462 results in a ~60% reduction in SCP-2462-A's numbers.
Each living specimen within line of sight of SCP-2462 results in a ~60% reduction in SCP-2462-A's numbers. Malnourishment: SCP-2462-A production increases by 20-50% in periods where SCP-2462 is malnourished.
SCP-2462-A production increases by 20-50% in periods where SCP-2462 is malnourished. Light: When illumination of SCP-2462 drops below levels typical of nighttime in its natural environment, SCP-2462-A will triple in number, receding when illumination is restored.
When illumination of SCP-2462 drops below levels typical of nighttime in its natural environment, SCP-2462-A will triple in number, receding when illumination is restored. Damage: When SCP-2462 is damaged, SCP-2462-A will cover almost every surface within 250 meters of it. SCP-2462-A will recede only when the damage to SCP-2462 is healed.
Due to the difficulty of locating and transporting R. arnoldii instances , containment by the presentation of other R. arnoldii instances is impracticable.
Recovery: SCP-2462 was identified in 2008, after photographs of SCP-2462-A were published on the official ██████ tourism website. Interviews with citizens of ██████ indicate that SCP-2462 has been exhibiting anomalous properties since the previous year, with SCP-2462-A affecting two neighborhoods on the town's outskirts. Turning SCP-2462-A into a tourist attraction had only been considered in the months preceding SCP-2462's 2008 bloom.
Addendum: At the recommendation of Dr. Breitkopf, SCP-2462 was surrounded by four mirrors, producing an effectively unlimited number of reflections, during a blooming period. SCP-2462-A was not generated. SCP-2462 was downgraded to Safe, and containment procedures were adjusted accordingly. |
This blog is more than just a journal of my crazy, meaningless and confused existence in San Francisco, as a writer, a comedian and just a lover of all things even remotely pleasurable. No, it is much, much more than that, my little friends. In this blog, I will tell you most of my thoughts, some of my concerns, and several of my issues and dreams -- and anyone who is even slightly interested will hopefully be intrigued enough to read this -- this -- thing I call LIFE ON THE EDGE.
Saturday, March 03, 2007
What is it with kids today? I know I was no saint when I was in my teens, but it just seems like its gotten a lot worse out there. I blame the media, our permissiveness, and the fact that many parents just don’t give a s---! This whole thing with Britney Spears, Lindsay Lohan and Paris Hilton is just an indicator of what our children are out there doing. It’s unbelievable. I’m just happy that I don’t have any children of my own, really. I have enough problems without worrying about my child having unprotected sex, doing drugs and generally acting like a fool. I reserve that type of behavior for myself! |
A method to detect the in vitro modification of serum beta-2-microglobulin in health and disease.
The electrophoretically fast moving form of beta-2-microglobulin (alpha-B2m) was shown by crossed immunoelectrophoresis to be produced in vitro after incubation at room temperature and was not present in freshly drawn sera. A radioisotopic assay was developed to measure this conversion to alpha-B2m in sera from 14 healthy individuals and from 208 patients with benign and malignant disease. The activity was present in all the sera tested and the levels were significantly higher in sera from patients with small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer and in childhood lymphomas when compared to the level in normal sera. |
Q:
How to match string with multiple variables?
I have a situation , where i have to render some component (e.g. ) in multiple pages of my app , so i have to check if current path matches the paths i provide via CONSTANTS .
if(this.props.location.pathname.match(CONST1) || this.props.location.pathname.match(CONST2)) {
render component ...
}
Yes this works well , but i think there is more elegant solution maybe with Regexp . Any advice ?
I have also tried this but it didn't work for my situation
if(this.props.location.pathname.match(CONST1 || CONST2)){
render component ...
}
A:
If we have:
let path = this.props.location.pathname;
Then we can use ES5(!) some (there also is every):
if( [CONST1, CONST2].some(x=>path.match(x)) ) {...};
|
/***************************************************************************
qgsanimatedicon.cpp - QgsAnimatedIcon
---------------------
begin : 13.3.2017
copyright : (C) 2017 by Matthias Kuhn
email : matthias@opengis.ch
***************************************************************************
* *
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify *
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by *
* the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or *
* (at your option) any later version. *
* *
***************************************************************************/
#include "qgsanimatedicon.h"
QgsAnimatedIcon::QgsAnimatedIcon( const QString &iconPath, QObject *parent )
: QObject( parent )
, mMovie( new QMovie( this ) )
{
if ( !iconPath.isEmpty() )
{
mMovie->setFileName( iconPath );
}
mMovie->setCacheMode( QMovie::CacheAll );
connect( mMovie, &QMovie::frameChanged, this, &QgsAnimatedIcon::onFrameChanged );
}
QString QgsAnimatedIcon::iconPath() const
{
return mMovie->fileName();
}
void QgsAnimatedIcon::setIconPath( const QString &iconPath )
{
mMovie->setFileName( iconPath );
}
QIcon QgsAnimatedIcon::icon() const
{
return mIcon;
}
bool QgsAnimatedIcon::connectFrameChanged( const QObject *receiver, const char *method )
{
if ( connect( this, SIGNAL( frameChanged() ), receiver, method ) )
{
mMovie->setPaused( false );
return true;
}
else
return false;
}
bool QgsAnimatedIcon::disconnectFrameChanged( const QObject *receiver, const char *method )
{
return disconnect( this, SIGNAL( frameChanged() ), receiver, method );
}
int QgsAnimatedIcon::width() const
{
return mMovie->currentPixmap().width();
}
int QgsAnimatedIcon::height() const
{
return mMovie->currentPixmap().height();
}
void QgsAnimatedIcon::onFrameChanged()
{
if ( !isSignalConnected( QMetaMethod::fromSignal( &QgsAnimatedIcon::frameChanged ) ) )
mMovie->setPaused( true );
mIcon = QIcon( mMovie->currentPixmap() );
emit frameChanged();
}
|
Gay former soccer player talks about coming out
Early on in Munich-native Thomas Hitzlsperger’s career, he knew he wanted make it to the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany. He had a long-term girlfriend at the time, and his teammates’ locker room conversations sometimes strayed to how they would feel if they had to change in front of a gay player.
Hitzlsperger, a former soccer midfielder for West Ham United, Everton and Aston Villa, is the first German player and the first Premier League player to reveal that he’s gay. The news spread around the world in January.
In a Google+ Hangout conversation on Thursday, 31-year-old Hitzlsperger talked with Duke University students online about his beginnings as an athlete and his realization that he wanted to out himself.
The discussion was led by Duke cultural anthropology professor Orin Starn, who started teaching a free online course, “Sports and Society,” on Coursera, an online education platform, this January.
The class studies the role of sports around the world, and students spend a week looking at gender and sexuality as well as the influence of “out” players and homophobia in sports.
Hitzlsperger spent seven years playing for Germany and another seven in England. He suffered many injuries and moved to different teams late in his career, then announced his retirement last September.
In his final years as a professional athlete, Hitzlsperger said, he thought about if and when he’d want to reveal he’s gay.
“I looked up other sports people, athletes, who’ve done that in the past, and I thought it was quite brave for them to do so,” he said. “If I had some role models in football, then maybe I wouldn’t have had to do that because it would have become normality.”
Hitzlsperger began to prepare for the announcement. He hired a public relations agency and a lawyer. He consulted with family and friends about his impending decision.
Now, the media “all want to get a piece, they all want to get some kind of exclusive story and, like I said, there’s no more to be said from my side. ... It’s quite tough and I just want to be quiet now and I just want to be regarded as an ex-football player,” he said.
More people recognize him in the streets. He said he is challenging the “manly and strong,” one-dimensional perception of athletes by saying that players can still be at the top of their game as homosexuals.
In a few years, he said, he hopes gay players won’t be big news anymore.
“I’m sure that you, like any of us, doesn’t particularly want to share the details of your personal life with the whole world as you have, so in a way, this is probably all something you don’t especially want to do,” Starn said while leading the online discussion.
“But, on the other hand, if there aren’t courageous people like you speaking out, the same old patterns of discrimination and so forth are going to persist,” Starn added. “It seems in that way a kind of paradoxical situation.”
Students asked questions during the live web chat, and they were linked into the conversation from as far as the Philippines and Mexico and Brazil, this year’s World Cup location.
Husnah, a student from Singapore, asked Hitzlsperger if he thought other players would be encouraged to come out during the height of their careers.
“I thought about coming out but I wasn’t strong enough at the time,” Hitzlsperger said about his time as a professional soccer player. “I was talking with friends and family and I felt that I wasn’t really prepared for it. ... I have nothing to hide anymore. It feels good. But it’s not good for everyone.”
He said he heard of a player who had been forcefully “outted,” who may not have even been gay, and as a result had a hard time getting signed to a team.
Another student asked Hitzlsperger if he thought he had the opportunity to reach the pinnacle of his career before retirement.
“I do not want to speculate because it would drive me crazy, if I thought, well, if I’d come out five years ago, if I would have known then, would I have become a better player?” he said.
“It doesn’t really matter to me. I look back and I think I had a good career. I’m really happy about it, the way it went. That’s all that matters to me and I’ve come out a couple of months ago and everything’s fine, so no worries about the past.” |
Onsite power generation has become increasingly popular. For decades now, particularly in areas that are prone to power outages and/or for businesses that require uninterrupted power, oil and diesel backup power systems have been used to generate onsite power when the grid is unavailable. These systems generate alternating current (AC) power that ties into a customer's existing power distribution system, typically on the load side (i.e., between the utility meter and the main panel) or directly into the main customer panel. More recently, continuous onsite generation based on alternative energy sources has increased in popularity.
Like back-up power systems, onsite alternative energy generating systems are frequently retrofit into existing structures which may have electrical systems that are not by default setup to accept additional energy inputs. One solution to this has been to wire directly to the bus bars of the customer's main electrical panel. However, this solution is not ideal because current national electric code limits the amount of current that can be delivered to the bus bars to 20 percent of the main breaker's capacity. So this in turn will limit the maximum capacity of an onsite power generation system connected in this way.
To deal with this problem, installers of onsite power generation systems frequently have to upgrade the customer's main electrical panel so that it has enough excess current capacity on the bus bars to accommodate the desired generation system. Then the power from the onsite generation system can be fed directly into the main panel and either power the home or business or back feed power to the grid.
Another solution to interfacing to existing grid power at the customer premises has been to utilize a so-called meter socket adapter or MSA. The MSA fits in between the meter socket in the customer's existing main panel and the utility company's meter. Usually the MSA has an opening or input collar to receive the AC output of an onsite power generation system. This is preferable to upgrading the main panel because it requires very little labor and is not affected by the current limitations of the bus bars in the customer's existing main electrical panel. Two such MSAs are disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,784,130 and 7,648,389, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
In a typical residential or commercial (e.g., 120V/240V) system, the meter itself has only two inputs and two outputs—it does not use the neutral wiring coming in from the utility or flowing out to the customer's main electrical panel—yet the onsite power generation system typically has two AC lines plus a neutral wire. As a result, when interfacing an onsite power generation system to a customer's electrical panel with an MSA, such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,784,130 and 7,648,389, the neutral wire has to be run through the MSA, typically through a built in aperture, so that the loose end can be spliced with the grid neutral running through the meter socket. This is less than optimal. First, it requires additional manual wiring to the neutral through the adapter so that the unconnected adapter is dangling while the neutral is being wired. Second, after the wiring has been completed and the adapter connected to the socket, if at any point the adapter has to be removed, simply pulling it out won't disconnect it from the meter socket in the electrical panel because the neutral wire will remain connected and must be manually disconnected.
Therefore, there exists a need for a mechanism for interfacing an onsite power generation system to a customer's power distribution system that ameliorates the shortcomings of conventional solutions. |
<?php
/*
* Copyright 2014 Google Inc.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); you may not
* use this file except in compliance with the License. You may obtain a copy of
* the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT
* WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See the
* License for the specific language governing permissions and limitations under
* the License.
*/
class Google_Service_ContainerAnalysis_BuildSignature extends Google_Model
{
public $keyId;
public $keyType;
public $publicKey;
public $signature;
public function setKeyId($keyId)
{
$this->keyId = $keyId;
}
public function getKeyId()
{
return $this->keyId;
}
public function setKeyType($keyType)
{
$this->keyType = $keyType;
}
public function getKeyType()
{
return $this->keyType;
}
public function setPublicKey($publicKey)
{
$this->publicKey = $publicKey;
}
public function getPublicKey()
{
return $this->publicKey;
}
public function setSignature($signature)
{
$this->signature = $signature;
}
public function getSignature()
{
return $this->signature;
}
}
|
Failure to Hospitalize at Heart of Cerebral Palsy Lawsuit
A mother and her young child have filed a medical malpractice lawsuit against City Hospital, Inc., doing business as Berkeley Medical Center. Multiple other healthcare centers, healthcare systems and providers were named as defendants in the complaint. She claims that her child was diagnosed with cerebral palsy as a direct result of the defendants’ alleged negligence in failing to hospitalize her as indicated.
The birth injury lawsuit was filed on July 30, 2015 in the Berkeley Circuit Court. However, it was later removed to federal court in November 2015. The Honorable Judge Gina M. Groh is presiding over the case in the U.S. District Court for the West Virginia Northern District Court.
Alleged failure to hospitalize
The cerebral palsy lawsuit stems from incidents that began during the spring of 2013. On May 26, the mother presented at the Emergency Department of University Healthcare-City Hospital in Martinsburg. She reported suffering from vaginal bleeding at 24 weeks gestation. Her child’s fetal heart rate was recorded as 135. The plaintiff alleges that she was examined by a registered nurse and a certified nurse midwife. She was briefly admitted to the hospital, given a medication, and discharged.
The mother returned to the healthcare center just three days later, complaining that she was still suffering from vaginal bleeding and had noted the passing of large clots. Her medical records indicated that the cause of the bleeding was unknown at that time. The plaintiff underwent diagnostic imaging studies, which allegedly revealed that the baby was in a breech position and that the placenta was low. The mother also reported pain and pressure-like sensations. However, the defendants failed to hospitalize her at that time.
Two days later, on May 31, the mother returned to the hospital seeking care for her continued vaginal bleeding and abdominal cramping. Her heart rate was recorded as elevated and the fetal heart rate was 130 to 140. A regular contraction pattern was recorded. The lawsuit claims that the defendants again failed to hospitalize her. Instead, she received a medication to reduce the contractions. The healthcare providers decided to wait to review her case until the high-risk case meeting the following week.
Finally, on June 3, the plaintiff went to a different medical center. At Winchester Medical Center, her providers determined that she would undergo a C-section at 25 weeks and three days gestation. Unfortunately, the decision came too late for the minor plaintiff. The child was diagnosed with severe cerebral palsy and other unspecified injuries.
Complications associated with cerebral palsy
The medical malpractice lawsuit demands that the defendants be held liable for failing to hospitalize her on two separate occasions and for failing to refer her care to a physician despite being considered a high-risk case. The plaintiff further demands that the nurses and midwives be held liable for failing to advocate for her and her child’s healthcare needs.
The details of the birth injury were not disclosed. However, it’s likely that the plaintiff is suing for the compensation that is typically needed to provide a lifetime of care to a child who is severely disabled. Patients with cerebral palsy range widely in their limitations; however, it’s possible for the neurological disorder to cause reduced ability or an inability to walk, difficulty swallowing, speech delays, and intellectual disabilities.
Medstak provides accurate, up to date information about medical malpractice and birth injuries. This site is sponsored by Eisbrouch Marsh, LLC, with principal offices located at 50 Main Street, Hackensack NJ 07601. Our aim is to educate and empower readers with tools to protect their legal rights after being harmed by medical negligence.
The content of this website has been prepared by Medstak on behalf of Eisbrouch Marsh, for informational purposes only and should not be construed as legal advice. The content posted on this website is not intended to create a lawyer-client relationship, and readers should not act upon information received on this site without seeking independent legal counsel. This website contains attorney advertising. Reported outcomes are not indicative of future results. |
Jets
The New York Jets have put the franchise tag on kicker Nick Folk, which will ensure the player known as “Folk Hero” will be paid among the top five kickers in the league. And now the Jets are showing him the money. But they need to show him more.
Okay, whoa. Whoa whoa whoa. Where are you going? Don’t leave. Not rooting for them more than your own favorite teams. That’s not what I mean. Not even rooting for them to win championships. But rooting for them to be good. Rooting for them to be legitimate contenders.
Local cable providers love to remind us that we have nine — yes, nine — professional sports teams, a way of persuading us to click on this package or that so we can view the screen-in-screen horror we call baseball, football and basketball.
Lawyers for the four football fans allegedly involved in the incident appeared before a Municipal Court judge. Noticeably absent were the defendants themselves, who were excused from the first appearance.
by @TaraLipinskyMore Columns here. In this week’s That Thing You Missed, comedian Artie Lange bonds with the BoSox, the World Series champs clear up a hairy situation and hockey fans are as tough as the players. Blackhawks […]
Four people have been arrested and charged in connection with a melee outside MetLife Stadium after the Jets game last week – including the man who was seen on video throwing a punch and the woman on the receiving end. |
WARSAW (Reuters) - Poland’s president unexpectedly dropped his demands for a greater say in nominating judges on Monday, in an effort to secure broader political support for an overhaul of the judiciary that the European Union fears will harm democracy.
Poland's President Andrzej Duda speaks during his media announcement regarding judiciary reform at Presidential Palace in Warsaw, Poland September 25, 2017. Agencja Gazeta/ Slawomir Kaminski via REUTERS
Andrzej Duda, an ally of the ruling Law and Justice (PiS) party, conceded that it should ultimately be for parliament to pick Poland’s top judges, hours after saying he would seek a constitutional amendment to give himself the final say on such appointments.
In July, Duda unexpectedly vetoed the ruling party’s own reform proposals following nationwide protests and warnings from Poland’s Western allies about politicization of the courts.
Earlier on Monday, he made counter-proposals which still envisaged greater political control over the courts but to be exercised by the president as well as by parliament.
However, lawmakers from both PiS and opposition parties criticized his plans. After meeting the heads of parliamentary factions, Duda said it was clear he would be unable to win the required parliamentary majority to change the constitution.
“The point is not about me, as the president, to have the power to choose, the point is about the choice being a cross-party one,” Duda said after the meeting.
The eurosceptic PiS says reform of the judicial system is needed because the courts are slow, inefficient and steeped in a communist-era mentality. But critics of the government plans said its proposed rules were part of a drive toward authoritarianism.
Slideshow ( 5 images )
The EU is already at loggerheads with the PiS government over a range of issues and a meeting of the bloc’s foreign ministers on Monday was expected to gauge the appetite for taking punitive action against Warsaw.
POWER STRUGGLE
After Duda’s U-turn, parliament will still need a three-fifths majority to appoint new top judges - but if lawmakers cannot agree, a special voting mechanism in parliament will decide the issue rather than the president.
PiS currently has a parliamentary majority, but not three-fifths.
Duda also said the retirement age for Supreme Court judges should be set at 65 and that the president should decide whether they can work longer.
Under the vetoed reforms, all current Supreme Court judges would have stepped down immediately unless they had the approval of the justice minister, who is also prosecutor general.
Since coming to power, PiS has not only increased government influence over the courts but has also brought prosecutors and state media under direct government control and introduced some restrictions on public gatherings.
PiS denies retreating on democracy and argues that it has a broad mandate to implement reforms. It says its plans aim to improve a poorly functioning state, bolster Poland’s standing in the global arena, preserve its conservative values and correct mistakes by previous governments that it argues were too dependent on foreign influence.
In proposing his own judiciary reforms, Duda had to weigh their potential impact on his re-election prospects in 2020. Though he remains Poland’s most popular politician, with approval ratings of more than 70 percent, Duda may need PiS support to win enough votes.
Jaroslaw Flis, a sociologist at Jagiellonian University in Krakow, said the rift between Duda and the government was “an internal power struggle” among Poland’s conservatives.
“Duda knows his legislative proposals need PiS support, but PiS also needs him. They cannot push anything through without the president,” Flis said. |
Plumbing
Water is the most important resource in the world. Here are 20 amazing water facts that you may not know. 68.7% of the fresh water on Earth is trapped in glaciers. It’s estimated the U.S. uses around 400 billion gallons … Read More
Teflon is a brand name of a chemical coating, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). PFOA chemicals are used in the process of making Teflon. It was first made in the 1930s to create a non-reactive, nonstick surface. It’s known for its use in cookware, … Read More
For more than forty years, beginning in 1943, reactors located at the Hanford Site produced plutonium – a radioactive waste chemical – for America’s defense program. Hundreds of billions of gallons of liquid waste was generated during the Hanford plutonium … Read More
It is estimated that more than 13 million households rely on private well water for drinking water in the United States (US Census American Housing Survey 2017). The EPA does not regulate private wells nor does it provide recommended criteria or standards for … Read More
PFAS are known as “forever chemicals” because once released into the environment they do not break down, and they build up in our blood and organs. The Fairchild Air Force Base used these “forever chemicals” that have now contaminated the … Read More
When winter temperatures move in water can freeze inside your plumbing, causing them to rupture due to the expansion of the water. This can easily lead to costly plumbing repairs, such as a home flood, damaged floors, walls, furniture and … Read More
Do you know the different types of home plumbing systems? Our “Home Plumbing Systems” four-part series creates an easy access point for piping comparison. Home Plumbing Systems – Galvanized Steel Piping is the last plumbing system in our four-part series. … Read More
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Do you know the different types of home plumbing systems? Our “Home Plumbing Systems” four-part series creates an easy access point for piping comparison. Home Plumbing Systems – PEX Piping is the first plumbing system in our four-part series. Do … Read More
Let’s Connect
About Us
WaterDaddy offers comprehensive water treatment solutions. We carry the Water Quality Association’s Gold Seal, and a 25 year warranty. We are here to ethically provide entire home water filtration system so every tap inside your home has safe and clean drinking water. Our company goal is to provide the best service and best product in the market. Please contact us if you would like to have your water tested inside your home |
SUMMARY="A library to label music and sounds"
DESCRIPTION="aubio is a library to label music and sounds. It listens to \
audio signals and attempts to detect events. For instance, when a drum is \
hit, at which frequency is a note, or at what tempo is a rhythmic melody.
Its features include segmenting a sound file before each of its attacks, \
performing pitch detection, tapping the beat and producing midi streams from \
live audio."
HOMEPAGE="https://aubio.org"
COPYRIGHT="2003-2019 Paul Brossier"
LICENSE="GNU GPL v3"
REVISION="1"
SOURCE_URI="https://aubio.org/pub/aubio-$portVersion.tar.bz2"
CHECKSUM_SHA256="d48282ae4dab83b3dc94c16cf011bcb63835c1c02b515490e1883049c3d1f3da"
SOURCE_DIR="aubio-$portVersion"
ARCHITECTURES="!x86_gcc2 x86 x86_64"
SECONDARY_ARCHITECTURES="x86"
libVersion="5.4.8"
libVersionCompat="$libVersion compat >= ${libVersion%%.*}"
PROVIDES="
libaubio$secondaryArchSuffix = $portVersion
cmd:aubiomfcc$secondaryArchSuffix
cmd:aubionotes$secondaryArchSuffix
cmd:aubioonset$secondaryArchSuffix
cmd:aubiopitch$secondaryArchSuffix
cmd:aubioquiet$secondaryArchSuffix
cmd:aubiotrack$secondaryArchSuffix
lib:libaubio$secondaryArchSuffix = $libVersionCompat
"
REQUIRES="
haiku$secondaryArchSuffix
lib:libavcodec$secondaryArchSuffix
lib:libavformat$secondaryArchSuffix
lib:libavutil$secondaryArchSuffix
lib:libswresample$secondaryArchSuffix
lib:libsamplerate$secondaryArchSuffix
lib:libsndfile$secondaryArchSuffix
"
PROVIDES_devel="
libaubio${secondaryArchSuffix}_devel = $portVersion
devel:libaubio$secondaryArchSuffix = $libVersionCompat
"
REQUIRES_devel="
libaubio$secondaryArchSuffix == $portVersion base
"
BUILD_REQUIRES="
haiku${secondaryArchSuffix}_devel
devel:libavcodec$secondaryArchSuffix
devel:libavformat$secondaryArchSuffix
devel:libavutil$secondaryArchSuffix
devel:libswresample$secondaryArchSuffix
devel:libsamplerate$secondaryArchSuffix
devel:libsndfile$secondaryArchSuffix
"
BUILD_PREREQUIRES="
cmd:gcc$secondaryArchSuffix
cmd:ld$secondaryArchSuffix
cmd:pkg_config$secondaryArchSuffix
cmd:python
"
defineDebugInfoPackage libaubio$secondaryArchSuffix \
"$libDir"/libaubio.so.$libVersion \
"$binDir"/aubiomfcc \
"$binDir"/aubionotes \
"$binDir"/aubioonset \
"$binDir"/aubiopitch \
"$binDir"/aubioquiet \
"$binDir"/aubiotrack
BUILD()
{
echo $includeDir
runConfigure --omit-buildspec ./waf configure \
--with-target-platform=$effectiveTargetMachineTriple
./waf build --notests
}
INSTALL()
{
./waf install --notests
prepareInstalledDevelLibs libaubio
fixPkgconfig
# devel package
packageEntries devel \
$developDir
}
|
Simultaneous determination of calcium and magnesium by using a flow-injection system with simultaneous injection of two sample plugs and a masking agent plug.
A flow-injection system is described for the simultaneous determination of calcium and magnesium with simultaneous injection of two sample plugs and a masking agent plug and with a single detector. The system utilizes the simultaneous injection of an ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetra-acetic acid plug and two small sample plugs into the same carrier stream and which are merged downstream with 3,3'-bis[N,N-bis(carboxymethyl)aminomethyl)]-o-cresolphthalein solution for spectrophotometric determination of calcium and magnesium. The results for the analysis of natural waters by the proposed method correspond well with those obtained by the conventional titration method with ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid, and showed good reproducibility. The rate of analysis is about 15 samples/hr. |
---
abstract: 'We explore the feasibility and limitations of using the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} as a photometric redshift indicator and selection technique and use it to study the rest-frame $H$-band galaxy luminosity and stellar mass functions at redshift $z$$\sim$2. We use publicly available Spitzer/IRAC images in the GOODS fields and find that color selection in the IRAC bandpasses alone is comparable in completeness and contamination to $BzK$ selection. We find that the shape of the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} is robust, and photometric redshifts are not greatly affected by choice of model parameters. Comparison with spectroscopic redshifts shows photometric redshifts to be reliable. We create a rest-frame NIR selected catalog of galaxies at $z\sim2$ and construct a galaxy stellar mass function (SMF). Comparisons with other SMFs at approximately the same redshift but determined using shorter wavelengths show good agreement. This agreement suggests that selection at bluer wavelengths does not miss a significant amount of stellar mass in passive galaxies. Comparison with SMFs at other redshifts shows evidence for the downsizing scenario of galaxy evolution. We conclude by pointing out the potential for using the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} technique to select high-redshift galaxies with the JWST, whose $\lambda > 0.6 \mu$m coverage will not be well suited to selecting galaxies using techniques that require imaging at shorter wavelengths.'
author:
- Robert Sorba and Marcin Sawicki
title: 'Using the 1.6$\mu$ Bump to Study Rest-frame NIR Selected Galaxies at Redshift 2'
---
Introduction {#intro}
============
Background
----------
In the last decade, large photometric and spectroscopic galaxy surveys carried out at numerous wavelengths have greatly increased our knowledge about the evolution of galaxies over time. The evolution of galaxies in the universe is represented in the star-formation rate (SFR) density plot (Lilly [[et al. ]{}]{}1996, Madau [[et al. ]{}]{}1996, Sawicki, Lin & Yee 1997), which is a diagram displaying the star formation rate density (usually in units of [${\rm M}_{\odot}$]{}/yr/Mpc$^3$) of galaxies as a function of redshift (see Hopkins 2004 for a summary). The SFR density is seen to have a plateau from $z\sim3-2$ that declines sharply at lower redshifts. However, because the SFR is an instantaneous parameter, it has limitations for studying the evolution of galaxies. The stellar mass, which is linked to the entire star formation history of a galaxy, would be a much more appropriate parameter to study galaxy evolution.
There is increasing evidence showing that the evolution of galaxies follows a “downsizing" scenario (Cowie [[et al. ]{}]{}1996), where the most massive galaxies end their star formation first, and star formation shifts to less massive galaxies at more recent times (Heavens [[et al. ]{}]{}2004, Juneau [[et al. ]{}]{}2005, Bundy [[et al. ]{}]{}2006, Tresse [[et al. ]{}]{}2007). These observations are in contrast to simple interpretations of hierarchical theory, which suggest that small galaxies should form first and larger ones later. Many classical models of galaxy evolution assuming a cold dark matter (CDM) universe predict that the most massive galaxies are created at later times through the merger of smaller halos ([[e.g. ]{}]{}Kauffmann [[et al. ]{}]{}1993, Baugh [[et al. ]{}]{}1998, De Lucia [[et al. ]{}]{}2006). Observations detailing how stellar mass evolves with time are essential in order to attempt to resolve this discrepancy.
Infrared (IR) observations are well suited to the study of stellar mass. The flux at rest-frame near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths comes predominantly from relatively older, cooler, less massive stars, which are where the majority of stellar mass in galaxies lies. NIR fluxes are also relatively immune to reddening effects due to extinction from dust, and it is therefore relatively straightforward to derive stellar masses from the NIR flux. This is in contrast to observations at bluer wavelengths, where the flux arises from short-lived, massive stars that contribute little to the total stellar mass. Moreover, stellar mass determinations from bluer observations are non-trivial, as great care must be taken to account for extinction effects, plus the true mass of the galaxy must be inferred by assuming an initial mass function (IMF) to determine the ratio of more massive stars to less massive ones.
In addition, bluer wavelengths may miss a large population of passive galaxies that will be very faint at UV/optical wavelengths, but still bright in NIR and IR. For example, Lyman Break selection (Steidel [[et al. ]{}]{}1999) is sensitive only to star-forming galaxies, and thus may be biased against quiescent (“red and dead") galaxies. This passive galaxy population may contribute significantly to the stellar mass density of the universe, and could even dominate at some redshifts.
Photometric Redshifts
---------------------
The redshift ($z$) of a galaxy can be used as a substitute measure of its distance, or — similarly — its lookback time. At $z=1$, the universe was approximately 7 Gyr old, or half its present age. At $z=2$, it was $\sim$ 4 Gyr old, and only $\sim$3 Gyr old at $z=3$. Determining the redshifts to galaxies is often a necessary part of cosmological studies, and is very important when studying how populations of galaxies change over time.
Traditionally, redshifts are determined spectroscopically by measuring the shift in the central wavelength of specific emission or absorption lines. However, for large samples of faint objects the spectroscopic approach can be prohibitively expensive. Moreover, because of a lack of strong spectral features and increase in noise due to thermal radiation coming from the sky, it is difficult for spectroscopy to identify galaxies in the redshift range $1.5 \leq z \leq 2.5$, which has been termed the “redshift desert".
An alternate method of determining redshifts is to use broadband photometric information to locate broad features in galaxy spectra. The idea originates with Baum (1962), who used photometry in nine bands to locate the 4000Å break. Others (Koo 1985, Loh & Spillar 1986) generalized the technique and it has become popular recently as a method to estimate the redshifts to galaxies using either the 4000Å break or the Lyman break (see, for example, Connolly [[et al. ]{}]{}1995, Gwyn & Hartwick 1996, Sawicki, Lin, & Yee 1997, Giavalisco 2002 for a review). Photometric redshifts are less precise than spectroscopic redshifts, but have been shown to be reasonably accurate, with a $|z_{spec} - z_{phot}|/(1+z)$ typically much less than 0.1 (Hogg [[et al. ]{}]{}1998, Wuyts [[et al. ]{}]{}2009). Although less accurate and prone to catastrophic errors, photometric redshifts have the advantage of being done much more quickly and for fainter galaxies than their spectroscopic counterparts, and can be esily be determined in the redshift desert.
While photometric redshifts have traditionally been done with features detectable at optical or near infrared (NIR) wavelengths (the Lyman break and the 4000Å break), recent deep surveys with information at infrared (IR) wavelengths, such as the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS, Dickinson [[et al. ]{}]{}2001, Giavalisco [[et al. ]{}]{}2004), have made other features accessible for use, specifically, the spectral “bump" at 1.6[$\mu$m]{} (see Figure \[fig:bump\]). A nearly ubiquitous feature in all stellar populations, this bump is caused by a minimum in the opacity of the H$^-$ ion present in the atmospheres of cool stars and can be expected to provide a means of estimating redshifts to galaxies (Wright [[et al. ]{}]{}1994, Simpson & Eisenhardt 1999, Sawicki 2002, Papovich 2008).
![\[fig:bump\]Model spectral energy distributions from Bruzual & Charlot (2003). Shown are SEDs of solar metallicity stellar populations that are forming stars at a constant rate with a Salpeter initial mass function. The SEDs are normalized at 1.6[$\mu$m]{}. The [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} is a prominent feature in all but the very youngest stellar populations. Shown at the bottom of the plot are the filter transmission curves of the IRAC filters redshifted to show them at $z=2$ in the rest-frame of the SEDs.](fig1.eps){width="8cm"}
Motivation
----------
The near universality of the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} should make it possible to use it to select highly complete and unbiased samples of galaxies. This is of great significance, as current selection techniques, such as Lyman Break selection (Steidel [[et al. ]{}]{}1999), Distant Red Galaxy selection (Franx [[et al. ]{}]{}2003), and $BzK$ selection (Daddi [[et al. ]{}]{}2004), all require photometry in rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) or optical. The UV/optical flux of a galaxy, however, comes predominantly from hot, young stars, which have relatively short lifetimes. Hence, these current techniques could introduce a bias by favoring galaxies that currently have ongoing star formation and missing a population of passive galaxies.
The observation of the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} in the infrared makes it well suited to study galaxies at redshifts greater than 1.5, precisely the regime where spectroscopy becomes increasingly difficult. This is also the epoch in which star formation in massive galaxies begins to shut down in the SFR density plot, and is therefore crucial to our understanding of the stellar mass formation history of the universe. The ability to select an unbiased and highly complete catalog of galaxies at this epoch is needed in order to place the best constrains on the stellar mass assembly of the universe. In this, the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} should be a valuable tool.
Furthermore, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), now under construction, will provide data in the 0.6-27[$\mu$m]{} range. JWST’s lack of sensitivity at shorter wavelenghts means that many of the currently popular selection techniques, while adaptable to higher redshifts, will not be usable with JWST for galaxies around the $z$$\sim$2 peak of the cosmic star formation history. However, the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} is well suited to utilize JWST to study galaxies over a wide range of redshifts, including $z$$\sim$2. It is therefore important to develop the technique now, in order to have an understanding of both its advantages and limitations. Currently, this can be done using the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC, Fazio [[et al. ]{}]{}2004) instrument aboard the Spitzer Space telescope, which observes in the 3-9[$\mu$m]{} range and thus brackets the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} for $1.3 \lesssim z \lesssim 3$, exactly the period that is of interest.
The aim of this work is to test the feasibility and limitations of using the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} as a photometric redshift indicator and selection technique and to make an independent, unbiased measurement of the stellar mass function and stellar mass density at $z=2$. In all things, we tried to use only photometric information from bandpasses near the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} and to achieve as much as possible with as little as possible. This paper is divided as follows. Section \[photometry\] describes our method of obtaining infrared photometry. Section \[photoz\] describes how we determined the photometric redshifts to galaxies using the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} and compares our results with spectroscopy to ascertain an estimate of the quality of the photometric redshifts. In § \[SMF\], we construct stellar mass functions and compare our results with those from other techniques. Section \[conclusions\] lists our conclusions, and provides advice for those who would try to use the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} technique in the future. In all calculations, we use the AB flux normalization (Oke 1974) and assume a cosmology of $\Omega_M = 0.3, \Omega_\Lambda = 0.7,$ and $H_0 = 70$ km/s/Mpc.
Photometry
==========
Data {#photometry:data}
----
We use publicly available data from the Great Observatories Origins Deep Survey (GOODS, Dickinson 2001, Giavalisco 2004), which covers approximately 320 square arcminutes in two fields (North and South). The Spitzer Space Telescope Legacy Program has carried out deep infrared (IR) observations in these fields with the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC, Fazio [[et al. ]{}]{}2004) in four bandpasses (3.6, 4.5, 5.8 and 8.0[$\mu$m]{}). All four channels were observed simultaneously, with channels 1 and 3 (3.6 and 5.8[$\mu$m]{}) covering one pointing on the sky and channels 2 and 4 (4.5 and 8.0[$\mu$m]{}) covering another. This 2x2 mapping pattern leads to a small overlap area in each of the North and South fields between the two filter pointings of about 3 arcminutes.
In order to cover the whole GOODS region in all four bands, observations were made in two epochs such that the area covered by channels 1 and 3 in the first epoch would then be covered by channels 2 and 4 in the second epoch. The mean total exposure time of the observations is 23 hours in each bandpass, except in the overlap region where exposure time is effectively doubled.
The unsurpassed depth of these fields at these wavelengths make them well suited to our purposes. However, the relatively large point spread functions (PSF) of the images, with a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of approximately 2 arcseconds, prove challenging for extracting photometry. The large PSF arises due to the small mirror size of Spitzer (0.85 m) combined with the large diffraction of light at infrared wavelengths. The crowding in the images is a significant problem, as many galaxies are contaminated by flux from neighbouring objects. Great care must be taken to properly account for this contamination.
Photometry Estimation in Crowded Fields {#photometry:crowd}
---------------------------------------
The details of our photometric procedure are given in the Appendix and here we give a brief summary of the pertinent points. Following the work of others (for example, Fernandez-Soto [[et al. ]{}]{}1999, Labb[é]{} [[et al. ]{}]{}2006, de Santis [[et al. ]{}]{}2007, Laidler [[et al. ]{}]{}2007), we use high resolution, shorter wavelength data to guide the separation of blended fluxes in low resolution IRAC images, but with a few modifications that we found gave slight improvements. Essentially, the photometric procedure assumes that galaxies that are confused in the low resolution, longer wavelength image (hereafter the measure image) are resolved in a higher resolution, shorter wavelength image (hereafter the detection image).
![\[fig:msteps\]An example of the kernel-fitting photometry procedure. Panel a) shows the SExtractor segmentation map of the detection image, which defines which pixels belong to which galaxy and is used to extract the galaxy of interest and mask other galaxies (shown in Panel b). The detection galaxy is background subtracted and then convolved with the transformation kernel (Panel c) and the pixels are rebinned (Panel d) to match that of the measure image. Panel e) shows the galaxy in the measure image after its background has been subtracted. Finally, Panel f) shows the residual flux remaining after the scaled model has been subtracted from the measure image. This demonstrates that the model is a good match to reality as the residual is on the order of the noise. ](fig2.eps){width="8cm"}
The process of using the detection image to constrain photometry in the measure image is as follows: (1) Objects are first defined in the IRAC-2 (4.5[$\mu$m]{}) image using SExtractor. (2) Counterparts in the shorter-wavelenght detection image are then identified, or — if they are too faint to be seen — artificially generated. (3) Each galaxy in the detection image is convolved with a transformation kernel in order to match the PSF of the measure image. (4) The convolved galaxies are normalized to unit flux, yielding a model profile for each galaxy in the measure image. (5) The normalized model profiles are each scaled simultaneously to obtain a best-fit to the measure image. An illustration of this process is shown in Fig. \[fig:msteps\].
In our case, the high resolution images consisted of publicly available VLT/ISAAC $K_s$-band data[^1] in the South (Retzlaff [[et al. ]{}]{}2006) and publicly available Subaru/Suprime-cam $z$-band data (central wavelength 0.85[$\mu$m]{}) in the North field (Capak [[et al. ]{}]{}2004). Although it would have been preferable to have $K$-band data in both fields in order to keep all our observations at NIR wavelengths and also to minimize morphological differences between the high-resolution and low-resolution images ( see Appendix), but no near-IR images of GOOD-South were available in the public domain. It is important to stress that our photometric catalog is based on SExtractor selection in the IRAC2 band (4.5[$\mu$m]{}), and the shorter-wavelength “detection images” are used only as the basis of the subsequent kernel-convolved photometry at other wavelengths.
In the overlap regions, where data were taken at two different epochs, the rotation of 180$^\circ$ between epochs causes the (asymmetric) Spitzer PSF to be oriented differently in each set of images. Rather than trying to combine the images from the two epochs, we chose to work with each epoch separately, averaging the resulting photometry in the final catalog. Having two independent measurements of each galaxy in the overlap region provides us with a realistic estimate of our random photometric uncertainties. Using the standard deviation of the difference of these two measurements, we find typical uncertainties of 0.09, 0.09, 0.20, and 0.21 mag for the 3.6, 4.5, 5.8 and 8.0[$\mu$m]{} bands respectively for galaxies in our final catalog. (See Appendix.)
The Photometric Catalog {#photometry:catalog}
-----------------------
![\[fig:limit\]Black points represent galaxies with photometry in all four bands. The solid horizontal line shows our empirical hard-limit in the IRAC-4 band for galaxies included in the catalog ($m_{8.0}<23$). Vertical dashed and solid lines show 10$\sigma$ and 3$\sigma$ limiting magnitudes at 4.5[$\mu$m]{}. Colored squares show model magnitudes for a 1 Gyr solar metallicity galaxy with a constant star formation rate and various stellar masses ranging from $10^9{\ensuremath{{\rm M}_{\odot}}}$ to $10^{12}{\ensuremath{{\rm M}_{\odot}}}$ in decade steps of 0.5. Our IRAC-2, IRAC-4 selected catalog should therefore be complete to approximately $10^{10.25}{\ensuremath{{\rm M}_{\odot}}}$.](fig3.eps){width="8cm"}
The result of our photometry procedure was an IRAC-2 selected catalog with approximately 35,000 objects. However, in order to achieve the best results with our limited number of bandpasses, we required that an object be detected in all four IRAC bandpasses. In addition, because of the large photometric scatter in the 8.0[$\mu$m]{} bandpass and the importance of this bandpass as an “anchor" in determining the photometric redshift (see §§ \[photoz:premise\]-\[photoz:results\]), we further restricted the catalog to objects with an 8.0[$\mu$m]{} magnitude less than 23. Our catalog is thus a joint IRAC-2, IRAC-4 selected catalog. Because the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} is caused by older stars (which is where most of the stellar mass in a galaxy lies), it could also be said that this is very nearly a stellar mass selected catalog (at least for redshifts greater than 1.5, which is where our interest lies). Figure \[fig:limit\] shows the IRAC-2, IRAC-4 color space, our 10$\sigma$ and 3$\sigma$ IRAC-2 limiting magnitudes, as well as model magnitudes at various redshifts showing what stellar masses of galaxies we should expect to be included in our catalog. We find that our catalog to be complete to approximately $10^{10.25}{\ensuremath{{\rm M}_{\odot}}}$.
Next, we used the Grazian [[et al. ]{}]{}(2006) and Barger [[et al. ]{}]{}(2009) catalogs to remove objects catalogued as stellar. Finally, we consider the issue of active galactic nuclei (AGN), which could pose a problem to our SED fitting procedure (§ \[photoz:SED\]) as their colors will be vastly different from the model SED’s. Although there has been work done in trying to select AGN using only the IRAC bands (Lacy [[et al. ]{}]{}2004, Stern [[et al. ]{}]{}2005, Alonso-Herrero [[et al. ]{}]{}2006) these techniques also select a high number of galaxies without AGN. Although we could try to use observations at x-ray or radio wavelengths to detect AGN, that would be contrary to the spirit of this work (mainly, what can be accomplished using only bands around the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{}). In the end, we decided not to attempt to filter out AGN contamination. This should not be of great concern, as Barger [[et al. ]{}]{}(2009) point out that AGN contamination is a small effect, on the order of a few percent.
In summary, the final sample adopted in this work consists of 5557 objects with photometry in all four IRAC bands and an 8.0[$\mu$m]{} magnitude less than 23. This catalog covers an area of 303.8 arcmin$^2$ and is approximately equivalent to a stellar mass-selected sample that reaches to $10^{10.25}{\ensuremath{{\rm M}_{\odot}}}$ at $z=2$.
Redshift Selection {#photoz}
==================
In this section we discuss how the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} can be used to select galaxies at specific redshifts given photometry in the four IRAC bands. In § \[photoz:premise\] we describe the basic premise of why the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} is an indicator of redshift. In § \[photoz:SED\] we describe our method of fitting model spectra to the data. In § \[photoz:models\] we describe the models in more detail, as well as discussing some of the degeneracies and limitations of trying to model the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{}. In § \[photoz:results\] we show the results of fitting the models to the data that have confirmed spectroscopic redshifts and discusses the degrees of contamination and completeness.
Premise {#photoz:premise}
-------
![\[fig:zcplot\_12\]Color between the first two IRAC bands as a function of spectroscopic redshift for galaxies in our photometric catalog. Colors are typically blue at lower redshifts and turn red at higher ones so that nearly all galaxies with $z>1.3$ have a color greater than -0.1.](fig4.eps){width="8cm"}
As the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} changes wavelength with redshift and passes through two adjacent bandpasses, the color between those bandpasses will change from blue to red. For example, at redshift 1.3, the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} has been shifted to a wavelength of $\sim$3.7[$\mu$m]{} and is just entering the region between the 3.6 and 4.5[$\mu$m]{} bandpasses. The change in color with redshift can be seen in Figure \[fig:zcplot\_12\], where the color between the 3.6 and 4.5[$\mu$m]{} bandpasses is plotted against spectroscopic redshift for galaxies in both GOODS fields. The colors of galaxies at redshift less than 1.3 are typically blue, but then become red and remain that way out to higher redshifts. By redshift $\sim$1.5, nearly all galaxies have a \[3.6\]-\[4.5\] color greater than -0.1. Consequently, this color can be used to select a largely complete catalog of high redshift galaxies, although with a fair amount of contamination from low redshift galaxies (Papovich 2008).
Figure \[fig:zcplot\] shows how the same effect can be seen at longer wavelengths as the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} continues to shift in wavelength. Here, a similar pattern can be seen in all three colors, but with the features shifted to higher redshifts at longer wavelengths. The change in color from blue to red happens at $z\approx1.3, z\approx2$, and $z\approx3$ for the \[3.6\]-\[4.5\], \[4.5\]-\[5.8\], and \[5.8\]-\[8.0\] colors respectively, although photometric scatter and a lack of high redshift objects with spectroscopy make it hard to distinguish at the longest wavelengths. The IRAC bands should therefore be able to effectively determine the redshift to galaxies in the range $1.3 \leq z \leq 3$. At redshifts less than this, a strong wiggle caused by the CO absorption band causes redshifts to be degenerate, and at higher redshifts the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} has been shifted beyond the last bandpass and so no redshift information can be determined. The blue curves show the range of colors of our model templates and will be discussed in more detail in § \[photoz:models\].
![\[fig:zcplot\]Colors between adjacent IRAC bands as a function of spectroscopic redshift for galaxies in our photometric catalog. The solid blue lines represent the color range of the models we use to fit a photometric redshift. The solid red curve shows how discrepancies at low redshift could be explained by extremely dusty starbursts or LIRGS (see § \[photoz:models\]).](fig5.eps){width="8cm"}
![\[fig:ccplot\]Color-color diagram showing how IRAC colors can be used to select high redshift galaxies. Green dots have spectroscopic redshifts less than 1.3, red 1.3-2.5 and blue greater than 2.5.](fig6.eps){width="8cm"}
In principle, one could use simple color criteria to select galaxies in a specific redshift range. For example, as mentioned above, the \[3.6\]-\[4.5\] color is excellent at seperating galaxies at redshifts greater than 1.3. Similarly, the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} will lie between 3.6 and 8.0[$\mu$m]{} filters at a redshift of about 2.5, and so this color could be used as an upper limit. Shown in Figure \[fig:ccplot\] is the color-color diagram for galaxies in our photometric catalog with spectroscopic redshifts. Dividing lines have been drawn at $m_{3.6}-m_{4.5} = 0.12(m_{3.6}-m_{8.0} )-0.07$ and $m_{3.6}-m_{8.0}=0.1$ to make three regions: a $z<1.3$ region at the bottom, $1.3 \leq z \leq 2.5$ in the upper left, and a higher redshift region in the upper right. Galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts in the range of interest (red points) typically fall in the upper-left region with a high degree of completeness (221/291 or $\sim$75%), although there is a substantial amount of loss (41/291 or $\sim$14%) due to scatter into the “higher redshift” area. This scatter could simply be due to photometric scatter (particularly in the 8.0[$\mu$m]{} band), but could also be caused by large amounts of dust (as discussed in § \[photoz:models\]) or the presence of AGN. There are also a significant number of low redshift galaxies contaminating the upper left region (127 out of the 353 galaxies in that region or $\sim$36%). Papovich (2008) suggests that these contaminates are a population of infrared luminous star-forming galaxies in the range $0.2 < z < 0.5$. Under this scenario, the red \[3.6\]-\[4.5\] color is a result of warm dust heated by star formation (see also Imanishi 2006).
The degree of contamination from low-$z$ galaxies can be lowered by increasing the intercept of the $m_{3.6}-m_{4.5}$ criterion, but at the cost of sacrificing completeness. For example, if the color criterion is changed to $m_{3.6}-m_{4.5} = 0.12(m_{3.6}-m_{8.0})+0.02$, the contamination level from low redshift galaxies drops to $\sim16\%$, while the completeness level drops to $\sim65\%$.
For color-color selection, the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} works much better as a lower limit than as an upper limit. Of all galaxies with redshifts greater than 1.3, 310/343 or $\sim$90% lie above the line $m_{3.6}-m_{4.5} = 0.12(m_{3.6}-m_{8.0}) -0.07$. The contamination from low redshift galaxies in this entire upper region is 158/468 or just over 33%. Again, the degree of contamination can be reduced by adjusting the intercept of the $m_{3.6}-m_{4.5}$ criterion. Similar results with a slightly different IRAC color selection technique were obtained by Barger [[et al. ]{}]{}(2009) in the North field alone, although with a slightly higher contamination rate ($\sim$40%). It is worth mentioning that these estimates of contamination fraction are upper limits, as spectroscopic catalogs are most likely incomplete at higher redshifts.
The selection of galaxies using these three bands (hereafter IRAC selection) is readily comparable to the popular $BzK$ selection technique (Daddi [[et al. ]{}]{}2004). Both techniques use three bands and are able to select both star-forming and passive galaxies at high redshift ($1.4 < z < 2.5$ for $BzK$, $z > 1.3$ for IRAC color selection), although IRAC selection cannot distinguish between star-forming and passive galaxies. While some groups have tried to test the reliability of $BzK$ selection using large samples of photometric redshifts ([[e.g. ]{}]{}Kong [[et al. ]{}]{}2006, Grazian [[et al. ]{}]{}2007, Quadri [[et al. ]{}]{}2007), the difficulty with this approach is that the colors plotted in the $BzK$ diagram are the very same used to determine the photometric redshifts. Independent spectroscopic redshifts provide the best validation of any color selection technique, and recent work has been done to estimate the completeness and contamination of $BzK$ selection using spectroscopic catalogs (Barger [[et al. ]{}]{}2008, hereafter B08, Popesso [[et al. ]{}]{}2009, hereafter P09).
The completeness level in the star forming region of the $BzK$ diagram is found to be 88% in B08 and 86% in P09. This is slightly less than the 90% completeness level for IRAC selection found in this work and B08. While Daddi [[et al. ]{}]{}(2004) originally stated the contamination level of $BzK$ at 12%, P09 found the contamination in the star forming region to be 33% (23% from $z < 1.4$ galaxies and 10% from $z > 2.5$ galaxies), and B08 found it to be a minimum of 33% and a maximum of 64% (all from $z < 1.4$ galaxies). IRAC selection therefore seems to perform as well as $BzK$ selection’s star-forming criterion.
Completeness and contamination in the passive $BzK$ region are not well constrained due to small number statistics. Most passive galaxies are very faint in the $B$ band, often below the limiting magnitude of large surveys. These galaxies should be much more prominent in the IRAC bandpasses. It should be mentioned as well, that B08 found that not all $BzK$ selected galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts $z_{spec} > 1.4$ were also selected with IRAC colors or vice-versa, and that the most complete catalog was comprised of galaxies that satisfied either one or the other selection criteria.
Although color selection can be very useful for selecting galaxies in a certain redshift range, the amount of information that can be extracted from two bands at a time is limited. In this work, we take into account information from all bands simultaneously by fitting model spectra to the photometry. This process is described in the next section.
SED fitting {#photoz:SED}
-----------
Photometric redshifts are estimated by comparing observed broadband photometry with grids of model templates. The models can vary in redshift, star formation history, amount of extinction, metallicity, age of the stellar population, stellar initial mass function (IMF), [[etc.]{}]{} In this work, we limited our parameters to stellar age and redshift as we found that there was not enough information contained in the IRAC bands to constrain the other parameters. However, as discussed further in section § \[photoz:models\], the shape of the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} does not yield much information on the age of a galaxy, and thus the age span of our model templates was restricted in order to minimize effects of incorrect age estimates.
We used as our basis model spectra from the 2003 version of the GISSEL spectral synthesis package (Bruzual & Charlot 1993, 2003), with a single stellar population, Salpeter (1955) IMF, 0.2 solar metallicity, zero extinction, and ages ranging from 0.3-3 Gyr (see § \[photoz:models\] for an explanation as to why we feel these are reasonable choices).
Using the SEDfit software package (Sawicki & Yee 1998, Sawicki 2010 \[in prep\]), these model spectra were redshifted onto a grid of redshifts spanning $0 \leq z \leq 5$ in steps of 0.05 and attenuated using the Madau (1995) prescription for continuum and line blanketing due to intergalactic hydrogen along the line of sight. Finally we integrated the resultant observer-frame model spectra through filter transmission curves to produce model template broadband fluxes. In order to match the model fluxes to observations, for each object the software compared the observed fluxes with each template in the grid by computing the statistic $$\chi^2 = \sum_{i} {(f_{obs}(i) - sf_{tpt}(i))^2\over\sigma^2(i)},$$ where $f_{obs}(i)$ and $\sigma$(i) are the observed flux and its uncertainty in the $i$th filter, and $f_{tpt}(i)$ is the flux of the template in that filter. The variable $s$ is the scaling between the observed and template fluxes, and can be computed analytically by minimizing the $\chi^2$ statistic with respect to $s$ giving $$s = {\sum_{i} {f_{obs}(i)f_{tpt}(i) / \sigma^2(i)}\over{\sum_{i}{f_{tpt}^2(i) / \sigma^2(i)}}}$$ (Sawicki 2002). For each object, the most likely redshift is determined by the smallest $\chi^2$ value over all the templates.
Photometric redshifts are prone to catastrophic errors because of degeneracies in the model templates, and also because of spectral slope information lost by integrating over the broadband filter range. In the next section, we attempt to analyze and understand possible causes for catastrophic failures.
Models {#photoz:models}
------
The shape of the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} is very robust, in that it does not depend greatly on the galaxy’s star formation history, dust content, or metallicity. This is demonstrated in Figure \[fig:robust\], which shows the differences in model spectra with varying parameters for a galaxy at redshift 2. The spectra have been normalized by the flux at the wavelength of the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} at that redshift. Note that the differences are typically less than 0.1 mag for IRAC wavelengths, but then diverge rapidly for bluer wavelengths. Because of this robustness, our choice of parameters for the model templates should not have a great effect on the best fit redshift, at least for galaxies near redshift 2, thus reducing the possibility of systematic errors due to poor choice of input parameters. The robustness also removes many of the degeneracies inherent in SED fitting. For example, at blue wavelengths, the extinction due to dust causes a galaxy’s spectrum to appear redder. However, a similar redder appearance can be produced by an old galaxy with a star formation history close to that of a single stellar population. It can be difficult to distinguish between these two effects and so a galaxy could be assigned a high extinction value when it merely has an older stellar population or vice-versa. This degeneracy does not exist with the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{}, whose shape does not change dramatically with these parameters. The robust shape means, however, that no information can be determined about these parameters from the model fits. In general though, we consider the limited model parameter space of this technique to be a benefit.
![\[fig:robust\]Magnitude difference of various models as a function of wavelength. The plots show the effect of assuming different star formation histories (either a single stellar population (SSP) or constant star formation (cons)), extinction (E(B-V) of either 0 or 0.3), and metallicity ([${\rm Z}_{\odot}$]{}or 0.2[${\rm Z}_{\odot}$]{}) at ages 0.05, 0.5, and 5 Gyr. All models are from Bruzual & Charlot (2003) and have been redshifted to $z=2$, reddened using the Calzetti (2000) extinction law and attenuated using the Madau (1995) prescription. The models have been normalized to flux at the location of the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} at this redshift (4.8[$\mu$m]{}). Shown at the bottom in black are the locations of the four IRAC filters. Note that in all cases, the choice of model has an effect typically less than 0.1 mag over the IRAC bandpasses, but which increases drastically at shorter wavelengths.](fig7.eps){width="8cm"}
It is unlikely that the choice of IMF will drastically alter redshift results, as changing the amount of massive stars relative to cooler stars will have similar effects as a change in star formation history. Nor does the age of the stellar population have a great effect on the shape of the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} (see Figure \[fig:bump\]). Only in extremely young populations is it obscured by the power law from the youngest, brightest, most massive stars. This power law makes the redshifts of extremely young galaxies degenerate. As Sawicki (2002) points out, care should be taken with galaxies that have a best-fit age of less than $\sim$0.01 Gyr. This is a very small percentage of our catalog (less than 0.1% when fitting all model ages).
While parameters discussed above do not drastically alter the shape of the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{}, and hence will not affect the best-fit redshift of galaxies around redshift 2, it is important to note that they may have an effect on the estimated stellar mass of that galaxy. The systematic bias of the estimated galaxy masses introduced by our choice of extinction or star formation history is most likely not significant since the large majority of the stellar mass contained within a galaxy is due to older, cooler stars. These are exactly the stars that are probed by the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} and thus a mismatch at bluer wavelengths should not alter the predicted mass greatly.
![\[fig:agemass\] Stellar mass estimation of a fit to an input galaxy with age 1 Gyr, a mass of 10$^{10}{\ensuremath{{\rm M}_{\odot}}}$ and a single stellar population versus fitted model age. The upper (red) points are for model templates with a single stellar population and the lower (blue) points are for constantly star forming model templates. While the error in mass estimation can vary with age by as much as 0.5 dex, the error due to a mismatch in star formation history is typically less than a factor of two at a given age.](fig8.eps){width="8cm"}
We found, however, that a mismatch in model ages could produce a measurable systematic error in stellar mass estimation. Because of the similarity in the shape of the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} at nearly all ages and the large photometric uncertainties in our catalog, it is quite likely that many stellar mass estimates could be off by 0.5 dex if all possible model ages are included in the fitting procedure (see Figure \[fig:agemass\]). To avert this possible systematic bias, we constrained our model ages to range from 0.3 to 3 Gyr. We feel that these are reasonable restrictions, as there should not be many galaxies with a stellar population age less than 300 Myr, and at redshift 2 only approximately 3.5 Gyr had elapsed since the Big Bang. This restriction limits the error in stellar mass estimation to be at most a factor of $\sim2$, which is typical of the accuracy of stellar mass estimates obtained with SED modelling (Kauffmann [[et al. ]{}]{}2003, Papovich [[et al. ]{}]{}2006, Fontana [[et al. ]{}]{}2006, P[é]{}rez-Gonz[á]{}lez [[et al. ]{}]{}2008).
Other factors may affect stellar mass estimation, but are not investigated in this work. For instance, proper treatment of stars in the post asymptotic giant branch phase can influence spectral synthesis models and, hence, stellar mass estimates (Maraston [[et al. ]{}]{}2006, Bruzual 2007). In addition, the choice of IMF could effect things in a systematic way, as mentioned earlier. A detailed investigation of these effects is beyond the scope of this paper.
The robustness of model parameter choice relies on the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} being in the wavelength range of the IRAC filters. At redshifts lower than 1.3 or higher than 3, this will not be the case, and our models could lead to catastrophic errors at these redshifts. Referring back to Figure \[fig:zcplot\], the blue curves represent the color space probed by our models. In the range of $1.3 < z < 3$, these models appear to adequately represent our photometric catalog, but there are clear discrepancies at lower redshifts. The most prominent of these is the sharp rise of the \[5.8\] - \[8.0\] color at redshifts less than 0.6 which is not predicted by the models. This feature is due to the strong polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission feature at 6.2[$\mu$m]{}, which is not included in the models, but greatly increases the flux observed in the 8.0[$\mu$m]{} band. Another effect not predicted by our models is the redder color of galaxies at redshifts $z<1$. This discrepancy is most likely due to the large population of luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) observed with Spitzer at $z\leq1$ (Le Floc’h [[et al. ]{}]{}2005, P[é]{}rez-Gonz[á]{}lez [[et al. ]{}]{}2005), in which warm dust causes the spectrum to redden at rest-frame wavelengths greater than 2[$\mu$m]{} (Imanishi 2006). To demonstrate that this is likely the case, the red curve in Figure \[fig:zcplot\] shows a 100 Myr model with a constant star formation rate and extremely high extinction (E(B-V)=0.7) consistent with the dusty star formation expected in LIRGs at low-$z$. Indeed, this model seems to better fit the redder colors at lower redshift. Although there are many LIRGs at $z\sim2$, our simple models are still able to reproduce the colors at this redshift much better than at lower redshifts. The lack of discrepancy between or models and photometry at $z\sim2$ is most likely due to the average attenuation factor at $z\sim2$ being 8-10 times smaller than those at lower redshifts (Reddy [[et al. ]{}]{}2006b, Burgarella [[et al. ]{}]{}2007, Buat [[et al. ]{}]{}2007, Reddy [[et al. ]{}]{}2008).
Improperly modeling low redshift galaxies can lead to a large number of catastrophic redshift errors, with low redshift galaxies often fit erroneously to higher redshifts (see Panel a) of Figure \[fig:spectra\]). While it could be possible to try and include LIRG SEDs in our model templates, if we are only interested in $z\sim2$ galaxies, we can instead use color criteria to cull the low redshift galaxies. For example, excluding galaxies with a \[5.8\]-\[8.0\] color greater than 0.4 effectively removes many of the galaxies at redshifts less than 0.6, and as already mentioned, the \[3.6\]-\[4.5\] color efficiently removes galaxies at redshifts less than 1.3. If more accurate photometry were available, it may also be possible to improve model fits to low-$z$ galaxies by constructing empirical model templates from the photometry and spectroscopic redshift information, but this is not attempted in this work.
We also found that it is possible for galaxies in our desired redshift range to be erroneously fit to higher redshifts. This could be the result of our model templates failing to account for all the conditions present in galaxies at this redshift. For example, Daddi [[et al. ]{}]{}(2007) have shown that the presence of hot dust emission in [*BzK*]{} galaxies at $z=2$ can shift the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} to longer wavelengths. As well, Spitzer/IRS spectroscopic observations show that some $z\sim2$ galaxies have SEDs peaking at 5.8[$\mu$m]{} (Weedman [[et al. ]{}]{}2006, Farrah [[et al. ]{}]{}2008, Huang [[et al. ]{}]{}2009, Desai [[et al. ]{}]{}2009). This could lead to the presence of a systematic error when deriving photometric redshifts using solely the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{}.
Another likely cause of erroneously high photometric redshifts is simply due to an overestimation of the flux in the 8.0[$\mu$m]{} band. In Panel b) of Figure \[fig:spectra\], the importance of this fourth band is demonstrated by showing two different models that would have similar magnitudes in the first three IRAC bands and the only appreciable difference being the 8.0[$\mu$m]{} flux. The importance of this fourth band in determining the redshift cannot be understated: it can often discriminate between spectral degeneracies in the other three bands.
![\[fig:spectra\]Model spectra (black curves) could be erroneously be fit to older, dusty galaxies at a lower redshift (red curves). The models are as in Figure \[fig:robust\] and have been scaled to have the same flux at 4.5[$\mu$m]{}.](fig9.eps){width="8cm"}
The addition of lower and higher wavelength bandpasses would, of course, help to better constrain the redshift of the galaxies. Indeed, many surveys have been conducted utilizing a large number (10–14) bandpasses covering the spectrum from $U$ to 24[$\mu$m]{} (Grazian [[et al. ]{}]{}2006, Reddy [[et al. ]{}]{}2006, Wuyts [[et al. ]{}]{}2008). However, this approach requires a great deal of observing time, and it would be preferable to obtain quality results with as little data as possible. Moreover, the addition of extra bandpasses not near the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} would introduce other degeneracies in the models that would have to be taken into account. In this work, we strived to push the limits of what can be accomplished using solely filters around the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} at redshift 2, and we limited ourselves to only the four IRAC filters.
Results {#photoz:results}
-------
In this work, our goal was to study galaxies around redshift 2, and to do so, we use a generous photometric redshift range of $1.5 \leq z_{phot} \leq 2.5$, which corresponds to a range in lookback time spanning approximately 1.6 Gyr from $\sim10.9$ Gyr ago to $\sim9.3$ Gyr ago. In this section, we discuss the quality of our photometric redshifts and try to understand the limitations of using the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} to determine them.
Using only the four IRAC bandpasses, we ran our photometric catalog through our SED fitting procedure to obtain photometric redshifts for each galaxy, as well as best-fit ages and stellar masses. We culled from our catalog any galaxies with a fitted redshift greater than 3, as the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} has passed the IRAC bandpasses by this redshift, and color information becomes degenerate (see Figure \[fig:zcplot\]). Thus, any objects with $z_{phot}>3$ have redshifts which are poorly constrained at best and erroneous at worst.
We compared the remaining galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts where available. The spectroscopic catalog in the South field comes from the GOODS-MUSIC catalog (Grazian [[et al. ]{}]{}2006), which combines a number of surveys (Wolf [[et al. ]{}]{}2001, Le F[è]{}vre [[et al. ]{}]{}2004, Szokoly [[et al. ]{}]{}2004, Mignoli [[et al. ]{}]{}2005, Vanzella [[et al. ]{}]{}2005, Vanzella [[et al. ]{}]{}2006), and also recent spectroscopy by Popesso [[et al. ]{}]{}(2009) focusing on galaxies at $1.8 < z < 3.5$. In the North field we use the spectroscopic catalog of Barger [[et al. ]{}]{}(2009), which also made use of several other previous surveys (Barger [[et al. ]{}]{}2003, Wirth [[et al. ]{}]{}2004, Cowie [[et al. ]{}]{}2004, Swinbank [[et al. ]{}]{}2004, Chapman [[et al. ]{}]{}2004, Chapman [[et al. ]{}]{}2005, Treu [[et al. ]{}]{}2005, Reddy [[et al. ]{}]{}2006, Trouille [[et al. ]{}]{}2008, Barger [[et al. ]{}]{}2007). Figure \[fig:zzplot\] shows the result of this comparison. It is apparent there is a great deal of upscatter from lower redshift galaxies for reasons discussed in § \[photoz:models\]. It should be stressed here, however, that the percentage of outliers in these figures is most likely highly misleading due to probable incompleteness of the spectroscopy at higher redshifts.
We assume that contamination from high redshift objects being assigned a lower redshift is minimal and negligible compared to the contamination from low redshift objects. The apparent magnitude limits in our photometric catalog likely lead to fewer high redshift objects being included compared to the number of low redshift objects, as only the very brightest high redshift objects will be observable. While it is impossible to confirm this assumption with the low number of spectroscopic observations available at high redshift, we found that, in the small sample of objects (20) in our photometric catalog with $z_{spec}>3$, it was far more likely for redshift to be overestimated than underestimated. None of the 20 high redshift objects were fit to redshifts in the range $1.5 \leq z_{phot} \leq 2.5$.
![\[fig:zzplot\]Photometric redshift as a function of spectroscopic redshift in the North and South fields of the GOODS survey for 462 and 512 galaxies respectively.](fig10a.eps "fig:"){width="8cm"} ![\[fig:zzplot\]Photometric redshift as a function of spectroscopic redshift in the North and South fields of the GOODS survey for 462 and 512 galaxies respectively.](fig10b.eps "fig:"){width="8cm"}
We examined various ways of dealing with contamination in our redshift sample. If one is only interested in galaxies at high redshift, then an efficient way of removing low-redshift galaxies without sacrificing completeness is to make an \[3.6\]-\[4.5\] color cut of -0.1 (see § \[photoz:models\], Papovich 2008). The results of applying this cut are shown in Figure \[fig:cut\] where $\sim90\%$ (165/182) of the outliers ([[i.e. ]{}]{}galaxies that have a $z_{spec}<1.5$ or $z_{spec}>2.5$ but are fitted to a redshift in the range $1.5 < z_{phot} < 2.5$) have been removed while eliminating less than 5% of the galaxies with spectroscopic redshifts in the range $1.5 < z_{spec} < 2.5$. All of the galaxies with $1.5 < z_{spec} < 2.5$ that were culled with this color cut had best-fit photometric redshifts below 1.5 and so would not have been included in our study group in any case. Other criteria such as best-fit age or $\chi^2$ value were found to also be capable of improving accuracy ([[i.e. ]{}]{}by culling any galaxy that has an age less than some particular age, or a $\chi^2$ value greater than some value), but at the cost of significantly sacrificing completeness.
![\[fig:cut\]Photometric redshift as a function of spectroscopic redshift in the North and South fields of the GOODS survey for 76 and 114 galaxies respectively that remain after a $m_{3.6}-m_{4.5}<-0.1$ cut.](fig11a.eps "fig:"){width="8cm"} ![\[fig:cut\]Photometric redshift as a function of spectroscopic redshift in the North and South fields of the GOODS survey for 76 and 114 galaxies respectively that remain after a $m_{3.6}-m_{4.5}<-0.1$ cut.](fig11b.eps "fig:"){width="8cm"}
Not pictured in the graphs, a significant fraction of galaxies also get pushed up to redshifts higher than $z_{phot}=3$. Of the 194 galaxies in our photometric catalog with spectroscopic redshifts in the range $1.5 \leq z_{spec} \leq 2.5$, only 86 are in the same region of photometric redshifts, giving a completeness percentage of only $\sim$45%. The completeness improves, however, for brighter galaxies, increasing to $\sim$70% (29/42) of galaxies with 4.5[$\mu$m]{} magnitudes less than 21. Of the galaxies with $1.5 \leq z_{spec} \leq 2.5$ that were incorrectly fit to photometric redshifts [*[outside]{}*]{} the range $1.5 \leq z_{phot} \leq 2.5$, approximately 20% were assigned photometric redshifts just below the correct redshift region, while the vast majority ($\sim$80%) were upscattered to a higher redshift. This is most likely due to photometric scatter in the 8.0[$\mu$m]{} band causing the long wavelength flux to be overestimated. Although AGN or misfits due to model assumptions cannot be ruled out in all cases, it is necessary to stress the importance of having accurate photometry at longer wavelengths in determining photometric redshifts using the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{}.
For the galaxies that were fit to a model of $z_{phot}>3$, we redid the fitting procedure but omitted the 8.0[$\mu$m]{} band. We found that doing so was able to increase the completeness of galaxies in the $1.5 \leq z_{spec} \leq 2$ region, confirming the conjecture that the 8.0[$\mu$m]{} band pass was to blame for the upscatter. Fits to galaxies with larger spectroscopic redshifts were not improved because colors in the first three IRAC bands become degenerate. This iteration of the fitting procedure was especially effective in the North field as opposed to the South, which could hint at possible problems in using the $z$-band as a detection image for the 8.0[$\mu$m]{} measure image. The issue may be caused by morphological differences in galaxies between these two well separated wavelengths.
![\[fig:no4\]Photometric redshift as a function of spectroscopic redshift for galaxies that were fit with $z_{phot}>3$ with all four IRAC bands redone omitting the 8.0[$\mu$m]{} band where photometric uncertainty is highest. Includes 87 galaxies in the North field but only 14 in the South. A $m_{3.6}-m_{8.0}<0.1$ cut was also imposed to eliminate the majority of low redshift outliers.](fig12a.eps "fig:"){width="8cm"} ![\[fig:no4\]Photometric redshift as a function of spectroscopic redshift for galaxies that were fit with $z_{phot}>3$ with all four IRAC bands redone omitting the 8.0[$\mu$m]{} band where photometric uncertainty is highest. Includes 87 galaxies in the North field but only 14 in the South. A $m_{3.6}-m_{8.0}<0.1$ cut was also imposed to eliminate the majority of low redshift outliers.](fig12b.eps "fig:"){width="8cm"}
Iterating the photometry procedure on objects with $z_{phot}>3$ but omitting the 8.0[$\mu$m]{} band added 28 correct galaxies to our $1.5 \leq z_{phot} \leq 2.5$ bin, but also added a fair amount of contamination. This contamnation was reduced by imposing a color restriction of $m_{3.6}-m_{8.0} \leq 0.1$ without affecting the number of correct galaxies. In total, 28 correct galaxies were added to the redshift bin and 17 low redshift outliers, mostly from just below $z_{spec}=1.5$. This increases the completeness fraction in our redshift catalog to $\sim$60% with a contamination of $\sim$30%.
To assess the accuracy of our photometric redshifts, we use the normalized median absolute deviation (NMAD), $\sigma_{\Delta{z}/{(1+z_{spec})}}$, where $\Delta{z}$ is defined as the difference between $z_{phot}$ and $z_{spec}$. The NMAD is equal to the standard deviation for a Gaussian distribution, but is less sensitive to outliers than the RMS standard deviation (see, for example, Ilbert [[et al. ]{}]{}2009). For the galaxies remaining in our spectroscopic catalog after culling based on color, we found the NMAD to be $\sigma_{\Delta{z}/{(1+z_{spec})}} = 0.15$. For comparison, the accuracy of photometric redshifts in the range $1.5 < z < 3$ derived by Ilbert [[et al. ]{}]{}(2009) was $\sigma_{\Delta{z}/{(1+z_{spec})}} = 0.06$. Obviously, much more accurate photometric redshifts are to be expected when using a greater number of bandpasses (30 in the case of Ilbert [[et al. ]{}]{}2009). However, 0.15 $z_{phot}$ accuracy is sufficient for many applications, such as the creation of luminosity or mass functions at a certain epoch.
In the South field, we were able to investigate how the addition of $K$-band photometry can improve results. While the wavelength of the K-band is pushing the limit where changes in the shape of the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} due to model parameters begin to become significant at $z=2$, our limited parameter space should still be acceptable given our modest photometric uncertainties. As can be seen in Figure \[fig:K\], including this extra band significantly tightened up the $z_{phot} - z_{spec}$ relationship at lower redshifts. Not surprisingly, the addition of a bluer wavelength did not greatly affect upscattered galaxies at low redshift. Although its addition did lower the number of outliers, it could not compensate for our model templates not properly modeling PAH emission or LIRGS at the IRAC wavelengths. If the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} is to be used to photometrically determine properties of low redshift galaxies (using say $H$, $K$, \[3.6\], and \[4.5\]), it is likely that additional templates must be included to fit galaxies that are extremely dusty and infrared luminous.
![\[fig:K\]Photometric redshift as a function of spectroscopic redshift for galaxies in the South field using K-band photometry as well as all four IRAC bands.](fig13.eps){width="8cm"}
From this analysis, we concluded that while IRAC color selection is very efficient at selecting high redshift $z\geq1.3$ galaxies, it is much more difficult to extract any further information from the IRAC photometry. Errors in the 8.0[$\mu$m]{} band can cause the galaxies to be fit to grossly inaccurate photometric redshifts, causing a severe decrease in completeness. Photometry in bands outside the region near the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} would likely help constrain the redshift of these galaxies, but at the cost of having to include more parameters in the models such as reddening and star-formation history.
It is possible that increased signal to noise could make photometric redshifts from solely the IRAC bands much more feasible. JWST will have filters at the same wavelengths as IRAC, but with an extreme increase in sensitivity. Moreover, crowding in the images will be greatly reduced by the superior angular resolution of JWST. These improvements should greatly reduce the photometric scatter in observations, and hence improve the photometric redshift estimation.
Stellar Luminosity/Mass Functions and Stellar Mass Density {#SMF}
==========================================================
In this section we discuss how our catalog of galaxies at $z\sim2$ was used to create a rest-frame $H$-band luminosity function (LF) and stellar mass function (SMF). Working with the IRAC bands greatly simplifies estimating stellar masses for galaxies at this redshift. The rest-frame NIR emission of galaxies arises from comparatively cool stars, which dominate the stellar mass. Furthermore, the NIR spectrum is relatively immune to extinction. Thus, with relatively few model assumptions, we can derive stellar mass estimates. Our stellar mass value for each galaxy simply comes from the stellar mass of the best-fit model multiplied by the scaling factor needed to match the NIR flux of the observed galaxy. To compute our SMF and LF, we first had to correct for both incompleteness and contamination in our redshift catalog. We divided our corrections into two parts: (1) detection incompleteness, discussed in § \[SMF:Veff\], and (2) scatter in our photometric redshifts, which causes both incompleteness and contamination, discussed in § \[SMF:Bayes\].
Incompleteness in the Photometric Catalog, The $V_{eff}$ Approach {#SMF:Veff}
-----------------------------------------------------------------
We used the effective volume ($V_{eff}$) approach (Steidel [[et al. ]{}]{}1999, Sawicki & Thompson 2006) to compute the incompleteness in our photometric catalog due to imperfect object detection efficiency. This approach addresses not only Malmquist bias (brighter galaxies being observable to deeper redshifts), but also the more complicated loss due to varying brightness over different bandpasses.
We measured the amount of incompleteness in our photometric catalog by implanting simulated galaxies into our images and then attempting to recover them using the same photometry procedure as that used on the original images in § \[photometry\]. The incompleteness is a function of apparent magnitude, or similarly, a function of stellar mass, with fainter, less-massive galaxies suffering more incompleteness than brighter, more-massive ones. The incompleteness will also be a function of the colors between bands, and hence, the redshifts and intrinsic SEDs of the galaxies. As we discussed before (§ \[photoz:models\]), colors near the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} are not greatly affected by choice of model SED parameters, and we therefore feel justified in simplifying the incompleteness estimation by using only one rest-frame SED to determine the colors of our simulated galaxies. Our simulated galaxy SEDs had an age of 0.5 Gyr with zero extinction, and were redshifted and attenuated using the SEDfit software to give model colors at redshifts between $1.5 \leq z \leq 2.5$ in steps of $\Delta$$z=0.1$. The shape of the artificial objects was assumed to be a point source with the PSF of the detection images, and the shape in each IRAC band was made by convolving the point source with the respective transformation kernel. The simulated objects subsequently had their fluxes scaled to match various apparent magnitudes ($m$) at 4.5[$\mu$m]{}, with $17 < m < 28$ in steps of $\Delta m=0.5$. Several hundred random locations throughout the images were selected and then the simulated objects were inserted at these locations for each magnitude and redshift in the parameter grid. The fraction of objects recovered forms the completeness function $p(m,z)$, which is the probability that a galaxy of given apparent magnitude (at 4.5[$\mu$m]{}) and redshift will be present in our photometric catalog.
It is straightforward to convert the recovery fraction to a function of stellar mass, $\mathcal{M}$, since model mass is determined by the scaling factor needed to create the model apparent magnitude. To derive the absolute magnitude in the rest-frame $H$-band, $M_H$, we used the usual cosmological distance modulus, $DM$, and k-correction, $K$: $$M_H = m_{\lambda_{obs}} - DM -K.$$ This is rewritten as $$\begin{aligned}
M_H & = & m_{\lambda_{obs}} - 5\log(D_L/10 pc) + 2.5\log(1+z) \nonumber \\
& & + (m_H - m_{\lambda_{obs}/(1+z)}),\end{aligned}$$ where $D_L$ is the luminosity distance. The k-correction color between the rest-frame $H$ and the 4.5[$\mu$m]{} filter in the rest-frame of the object is expected to be very small for galaxies at redshifts near 2, and we approximated that term to be zero.
Finally, the effective volume was calculated for each field by integrating the probability function over redshift. For the luminosity function, this is written as $$\label{eqn:veff}
V_{eff}(M) = A\int_{1.5}^{2.5}{{dV\over{dz}}p(M,z)dz},$$ where $dV/dz$ is the comoving volume per square arcminute in redshift slice $dz$ at redshift $z$ and $A$ is the area of the field in arcminutes. The bounds on the integral come from our choice of working in the redshift range $1.5 \leq z \leq 2.5$. Note that, unlike Steidel [[et al. ]{}]{}(1999) or Sawicki & Thompson (2006), our effective volumes will not approach zero at the integral bounds. In their works, the effective volume corrected not only for detection incompleteness, but for scatter out of their color selection criteria as well. We chose to deal with selection incompleteness in a slightly different manner (§ \[SMF:Bayes\]). The effective volume equation for the stellar mass function is essentially the same as Equation \[eqn:veff\], simply replacing $M$ with $\log{(\mathcal{M})}$. The effective volume has a maximum when $p(M,z)=1$ ([[i.e. ]{}]{}there is no incompleteness). For our data covering 303.8 arcmin$^2$, this maximum volume works out to be $V_{max} \approx 9.83\times10^5$ Mpc$^3$.
Incompleteness and Contamination in our Redshift Catalog, Baysian Inference {#SMF:Bayes}
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As discussed in § \[photoz:results\], our redshift catalog suffers from incompleteness and contamination from low redshift objects. However, the estimated percentages from our spectroscopic redshift comparison could be biased by incomplete spectroscopy. The small number of spectroscopic redshifts at higher redshifts could lead to gross inaccuracies in our estimates. Our solution was to use the method of Baysian inference described here.
We have created a test, namely, ‘[*[does this galaxy lie between redshift 1.5 and 2.5?]{}*]{}’ For simplicity, we will hereafter refer to a galaxy between redshifts 1.5 and 2.5 as being at redshift 2. Let $A$ be the case where a galaxy in our photometric catalog is [*[actually]{}*]{} at redshift 2, and let $B$ be the event that our test gives a positive result. We can then define the probability of a true positive, $P(B|A)$, and the probability of a false positive, $P(B|\neg{A})$ where $\neg{A}$ denotes the negation of $A$. If we assume that contamination from high redshifts is negligible, and that the spectroscopic catalog is fairly complete at redshifts lower than 1.5 (both acceptable assumptions), then we can easily estimate the probability of a false positive by our spectroscopic comparison. We could technically use the spectroscopic comparison to find the number of true positives, but there is simply not enough data, especially if we want separate probabilities in each of our magnitude or mass bins. Instead, we ran our simulated galaxies through our redshift fitting procedure and used these to estimate $P(B|A)$.
Once we have estimates of $P(B|A)$ and $P(B|\neg{A})$, we can use Bayes’ Law combined with the Law of Total Probability to estimate what percentage of our positive results are correct, $P(A|B)$, (one minus the percentage of contamination), as well as what percentage of our negative results are actually at redshift 2, $P(A|\neg{B})$ (the incompleteness). Doing so gives equations $$P(A|B) = {P(B|A)P(A)\over{P(B|A)P(A) + P(B|\neg{A})P(\neg{A})}}$$ and $$P(A|\neg{B}) = {P(\neg{B}|A)P(A)\over{P(\neg{B}|A)P(A) + P(\neg{B}|\neg{A})P(\neg{A})}}.$$
Note that $P(\neg{B}|A)$ is simply $1-P(B|A)$ and similarly for $P(\neg{B}|\neg{A})$. The difficulty lies in that we do not know $P(A)$, the probability that a galaxy is actually at redshift 2 in our catalog. We can, however, make an estimate on $P(B)$, the probability of a positive result at any redshift, by simply using our photometric redshift catalog. $P(B)$ is the number of galaxies with $1.5 \leq z_{phot} \leq 2.5$ divided by the total number of galaxies in the catalog. From the Law of Total Probability, $P(A)$ is then given by $$P(A) = P(A|B)P(B) + P(A|\neg{B})P(\neg{B}).$$
These three equations combine to form a cubic equation that can be solved for $P(A)$, two of the solutions always being the trivial cases of all the galaxies actually being at redshift 2 or none of the galaxies actually being at redshift 2. This method also requires that $P(B|A)>P(B|\neg{A})$, or in other words, the test has a higher probability of a positive result when the galaxy is actually at redshift 2.
We found that the percentage of false positives, $P(B|\neg{A})$, and the percentage of positives in general, $P(B)$, did not change significantly with apparent magnitude. We therefore simplified our calculations by holding them as constants, while using our simulated model catalog to calculate $P(B|A)$ for each of our absolute magnitude and mass bins. Our results were that for all masses/magnitudes, the Bayesian contamination was $\sim$10%. This percentage is half of what was found from the spectroscopic comparison in § \[photoz:results\], which indicates that — as expected — there is a bias in spectroscopy at higher redshifts. We also found that the incompleteness was inversely correlated with mass/brightness, such that only 1% of the galaxies with a negative test result should actually have a positive one for the brightest/most massive bin, but this increased to approximately 10% in the faintest/least massive bin. The percentages are not exactly the same for luminosity and mass, as there is not a direct conversion between the bins, but the numbers do not differ greatly. In other words, as could be expected, there is a larger scatter in the photometric redshift estimate for fainter objects.
Results {#SMF:Results}
-------
Using the methods above, we corrected our original number counts in each of the bins, $N(M)$ where $M$, depending on context, represents either the rest-frame $H$-band magnitude ($M_H$) or the logarithm of the stellar mass ($\log \mathcal{M} $). The corrected number count per comoving cubic megaparsec are given by $$\begin{aligned}
\phi_{data}(M) & = & [ N(M)P(A|B,M) \\
& & + N(M)P(A|\neg{B},M)(1-P(B))/P(B) ] / V_{eff}, \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ where the first term on the right-hand side corrects for contamination in our redshift catalog, the second term corrects for incompleteness due to scatter in our photometric redshifts, and dividing by the effective volume, $V_{eff}$, corrects for detection incompleteness. The error bars were determined using Poissonian statistics in the raw number counts, and binomial statistics in the detection counts of simulated galaxies in the $V_{eff}$ calculation. We do not use data points for bins which have an effective volume less than 66% of the maximum volume, as correction terms would dominate over the data. We found that the Baysian correction for contamination was negligible and the Baysian correction for incompleteness was on par with the $V_{eff}$ correction until the empirical cutoff in the 8.0[$\mu$m]{} bandpass was reached, when the $V_{eff}$ correction began to dominate (see Figure \[fig:correct\]).
![\[fig:correct\]Statistical corrections to the number counts in our LF (top panel) and SMF (bottom panel). Black circles show the correction factor for the effective volume ([[i.e. ]{}]{}$V_{max}/V_{eff}$) and red squares show the Baysian correction factor for both incompleteness and contamination \[$P(A|B) + P(A|\neg{B})(1-P(B))/P(B)$\]. When the Baysian correction factor is less than one, contamination dominates over incompleteness in our photometric redshifts, which only happens for the brightest/most massive objects. The $V_{eff}$ correction dominates over the Baysian one at faint magnitudes/low masses. Not pictured in the graphs due to scale restrictions are the $V_{eff}$ correction factors for $M_H = -22.5$ or $\log(\mathcal{M}) = 10.25$.](fig14.eps){width="8cm"}
We fit the binned data with the appropriate Schechter (1976) function. The LF is represented as $$\begin{aligned}
\phi_{model}(M) & = & \phi^*{\ln(10)\over2.5} \times \left[10^{\left({M^*-M\over2.5}\right)}\right]^{(\alpha+1)} \nonumber \\
& & \times \exp\left[-10^{\left({M^*-M\over2.5}\right)}\right],\end{aligned}$$ and the stellar mass function as $$\begin{aligned}
\phi_{model}(\log(\mathcal{M})) & = & \phi^*{\ln(10)} \times \left[10^{\left({\log(\mathcal{M})-M^*}\right)}\right]^{(\alpha+1)} \nonumber \\
& & \times \exp\left[-10^{\left({\log(\mathcal{M})-M^*}\right)}\right].\end{aligned}$$
We evaluated the best fitting parameters $\phi^*, M^*, \alpha$ using a $\chi^2$ statistic $$\chi^2 = \sum_M{\left[{\phi_{data}(M) - \phi_{model}(M)\over\sigma(M)}\right]^2},$$ which is linear in $\phi^*$, and so the optimal value of $\phi^*$ is derived by taking $d\chi^2/d\phi$ and setting it equal to zero to yield the equation $$\phi^* = {\sum_M\hat{\phi}(M)\phi_{data}(M)/\sigma^2(M)\over\sum_M\hat\phi^2(M)/\sigma^2(M)}$$ where $$\hat\phi(M) = {\phi_{model}(M)\over\phi^*},$$ (see also Sawicki & Thompson 2006). Equations 4.10, 4.11, and 4.12 are the same for the SMF, but with $M$ replaced with $\log(\mathcal{M})$. The Schechter function is non-linear in the other two parameters, however, and so we calculated $\chi^2$ values over a grid of parameter values and then searched the grid for the minimum $\chi^2$ value. We adopted those parameters as the best fitting ones and they are listed in Table 1. The data and best fitting functions are plotted in Figures \[fig:LF\] and \[fig:MF\]. The separate number counts in each of the two GOODS fields were then added together to create a combined LF and SMF.
tab1.tex
![\[fig:LF\]Rest-frame H-band luminosity functions for a redshift range of 1.5 $\leq z \leq$ 2.5 in both GOODS fields. Open squares show data scaled by the maximum volume without any correction for incompleteness or contamination from low-$z$ galaxies. Black circles show the corrected data using the 1/$V_{eff}$ and Bayesian inference techniques up to the appropriate completeness level. The solid line shows the best fitting Schechter function.](fig15a.eps "fig:"){width="8cm"} ![\[fig:LF\]Rest-frame H-band luminosity functions for a redshift range of 1.5 $\leq z \leq$ 2.5 in both GOODS fields. Open squares show data scaled by the maximum volume without any correction for incompleteness or contamination from low-$z$ galaxies. Black circles show the corrected data using the 1/$V_{eff}$ and Bayesian inference techniques up to the appropriate completeness level. The solid line shows the best fitting Schechter function.](fig15b.eps "fig:"){width="8cm"}
Error contours for the best fit parameters were computed by recalculating the best fitting $\phi*, M*$, and $\alpha$, but with values $\phi_{data}(M)$ that have been perturbed randomly according to their standard deviations. We generated 250 perturbed realizations and used their $\chi^2$ value to map out the regions of parameter space that correspond to the best fitting 68.3% of these realizations. The resulting contours for the combined data are shown in Figure \[fig:contour\]. Our need for accurate photometry in the 8.0[$\mu$m]{} bandpass severely limits the depth of our data, and results in a poorly constrained faint end of the LFs/SMFs.
![\[fig:contour\]1$\sigma$ and 2$\sigma$ confidence intervals for the parameters in the Schechter fits of the combined data of the rest-frame H-band luminosity function (top) and stellar mass function (bottom).](fig17a.eps "fig:"){width="8cm"} ![\[fig:contour\]1$\sigma$ and 2$\sigma$ confidence intervals for the parameters in the Schechter fits of the combined data of the rest-frame H-band luminosity function (top) and stellar mass function (bottom).](fig17b.eps "fig:"){width="8cm"}
Discussion {#SMF:Discussion}
----------
In Figure \[fig:LF-comb\] we compare our rest-frame $H$-band LF at $z\sim2$ with $z=0$ results of Jones [[et al. ]{}]{}(2006) to show the evolution of the luminosity function with redshift. Note that our use of an empirical 8.0[$\mu$m]{}-band cutoff could result in a bias of our LF towards galaxies which are brighter at longer wavelengths. While effective volume corrections (see § \[SMF:Veff\]) should account for a large portion of galaxies excluded due to a low 8.0[$\mu$m]{} (rest-frame $\sim$2.7[$\mu$m]{}) flux, these corrections are imperfect, and the model galaxies used in creating them may not fully represent the entire range of galaxy SEDs. Thus, our selection criteria mean that the LF favours galaxies with low levels of extinction, and it should not be treated as a purely $H$-band selected LF.
In Figure \[fig:MF-comb\] we compare our stellar mass functions with others. The red dashed line shows the local stellar mass function of Cole [[et al. ]{}]{}(2001) and the crossed circles show LBG ([[i.e. ]{}]{}rest-UV and hence star-forming selected) results at $z\sim5$ from Yabe [[et al. ]{}]{}(2009). The other curves show various other best-fit stellar mass functions at approximately the same redshift at $z\sim2$.
![\[fig:LF-comb\]Rest-frame $z$$\sim$2 H-band LF obtained by combining data from both the GOODS fields. The red dashed lines shows the local H-band LF (Jones [[et al. ]{}]{}2006) for comparison.](fig18.eps){width="8cm"}
![\[fig:MF-comb\]Comparison of our combined SMF from both fields with others at the same redshift. The vertical dashed lines show the approximate completeness limits of each function. The dashed red line shows the local SMF (Cole [[et al. ]{}]{}2001) for reference.](fig19.eps){width="8cm"}
In Figure \[fig:smd\], we show the integrated stellar mass density of our stellar mass function, as well as the results of other works at different redshifts. Here, we can see the general trend of decreasing mass with increasing lookback time. By redshift 2, the universe had created approximately 1/5 of its stellar mass.
In Figure \[fig:MF-comb\], work by Fontana [[et al. ]{}]{}(2006, hereafter F06) and Elsner [[et al. ]{}]{}(2008, hereafter E08), shown as the blue and purple curves respectively, both use the GOODS-MUSIC catalog (Grazian [[et al. ]{}]{}2006) as the source of their photometry. This catalog comprises multi-wavelength data for 14 847 objects selected in the $z_{850}$ and/or $K_s$ bands, which, at $z=2$, correspond to rest-frame wavelengths of $\sim$0.28 and 0.73[$\mu$m]{} respectively. Colors were measured using a PSF matching technique similar to the one described in § \[photometry:crowd\] and redshifts determined photometrically using the 14 available bandpasses. Both works use the same spectral synthesis models to estimate stellar masses (Bruzual & Charlot 2003 with a Salpeter IMF), but F06 use a paramater grid which spans star-formation history, metallicity, age, and extinction, whereas E08 use multi-component models that allow for a recent star-burst phase, but restricted their models to solar metallicity. Both works used the Calzetti (2000) extinction law. The difference between the blue and purple curves in Figure \[fig:MF-comb\] is thus a good representation of the uncertainties that systematics in differing modeling procedures can produce, without effects from different selection criteria.
![\[fig:smd\]Stellar mass density as a function of redshift. This work’s result is indicated by the black star, and the work of others is shown as the various hollow symbols. The stellar mass densities have been calculated by integrating the stellar mass functions down to $10^8{\ensuremath{{\rm M}_{\odot}}}$. The lower limit in our data point was taken by summing the stellar masses of all galaxies in our redshift catalog and dividing by the maximum volume between redshifts 1.5 and 2.5, and the upper limit comes from the uncertainty in our Schechter function.](fig20.eps){width="8cm"}
An IRAC 3.6 and IRAC 4.5 selected stellar mass function (P[é]{}rez-Gonz[á]{}lez [[et al. ]{}]{}2008, hereafter PG08) is shown by the green curve in Figure \[fig:MF-comb\]. This sample consists of 27 899 objects in the Hubble Deep Field North (HDF-N), Chandra Deep Field South (CDF-S) and the Lockman Hole field (LHF). Aperture photometry was measured in the IRAC bands and a correction factor based on empirical PSFs was applied to obtain a total magnitude. Model templates were generated using the PEGASE code (Fioc & Rocca-Volmerange 1997) and spanned a parameter space of star-formation history, metallicity, age, extinction, and allowed for a second component of a recent instantaneous burst of star formation. The attenuation at any wavelength was calculated using the Charlot & Fall (2000) recipe.
The orange curve shows a recent SMF from Marchesini [[et al. ]{}]{}(2009, hereafter M09) that was made using a $K$-selected sample constructed with the Multi-wavelength Survey by Yale-Chile (MUSYC; Gawiser [[et al. ]{}]{}2006), the Faint Infrared Extragalactic Survey (FIRES; Franx [[et al. ]{}]{}2003), and the GOODS-CDFS FIREWORKS catalog (Wuyts [[et al. ]{}]{}2008). Fluxes were measured using aperture photometry where the aperture’s size and shape were optimized based on simple criteria such as the galaxy’s isophotal area and whether or not the galaxy was blended. Photometric redshifts were derived using a non-negative linear combination of PEGASE model templates, while stellar masses were derived assuming BC03 models of solar metalicity, a Kroupa (2001) IMF, and the Calzetti extinction law.
![\[fig:lookback\]Same as Figure \[fig:smd\], but this time showing the stellar mass density as a function of lookback time.](fig21.eps){width="8cm"}
We found good agreement between our results and the others. The differences in the low-mass slope are well within the large uncertainty of our error contours, but we caution that deeper data, especially in the 5.8 and 8.0[$\mu$m]{} bands, is needed to properly compare the low-mass end. Discrepancies at the most massive bins are most likely due to small numbers at these masses as well as cosmic variance. The agreement of our stellar mass function with those made using a far greater number of bands leaves us confident that the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} can be used to accurately estimate both the redshift and stellar mass of a galaxy.
Comparing the IRAC-selected SMFs (this work, PG08) with those selected at shorter wavelenghts, we do not see a significant discrepancy. This suggests that there is not a large amount of stellar mass at this redshift that is missing in surveys selected at $K_s$ (rest-frame $\sim0.73$[$\mu$m]{}) or bluer wavelengths.
Examining evolutionary trends in the SMF, we see results favoring the “downsizing" scenario for galaxy formation. The massive end of the SMF seems to be already in place by $z=2$. Since then, the creation of stars had to have happened predominantly in less massive ($<10^{11}{\ensuremath{{\rm M}_{\odot}}}$) galaxies in order to match the local stellar mass function. The faint end slope of the SMF is not well constrained at high redshift in any of the works and pushing observations to fainter limits is of great interest as the majority of stellar mass in the universe lies in low-mass galaxies. Future observations with JWST will probe an unsurpassed depth at high redshift with a far superior angular resolution compared with IRAC. Rest-frame NIR selection techniques, such as those that use the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} when used with JWST will be able to provide a great amount of information regarding the evolution of low-mass galaxies.
Conclusions
===========
In this work we used Spitzer/IRAC imaging to explore the feasibility and limitations of using the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} to select high-redshift galaxies, to estimate their redshifts, and to study the global properties of the population, namely its rest-frame H-band luminosity function and its mass function. Our main conclusions are as follows.
1. The [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} is feasible as a means of selecting galaxies and determining their redshifts photometrically. Using only IRAC’s 3.6, 4.5, and 8.0[$\mu$m]{} filters, galaxies with redshifts greater than 1.3 can be selected on a color-color diagram using the criteria $m_{3.6}-m_{4.5} \geq 0.12(m_{3.6}-m_{8.0} )-0.07$. This method of selection is very complete (greater than 90% complete as estimated by spectroscopic redshifts), but with a good deal of contamination from low redshift galaxies ($\sim 33\%$). One can lower the contamination rate at the expense of completeness by increasing the intercept of this selection criteria. For example, the criteria $m_{3.6}-m_{4.5} \geq 0.12(m_{3.6}-m_{8.0} ) + 0.02$ has $\sim16\%$ low-z contaminates, but only $\sim75\%$ completeness.
2. Information from all four IRAC bands can be used to obtain photometric redshifts fairly accurately in the range $1.3 < z < 3$, although with a large amount of scatter, mostly due to poor S/N in the 8.0[$\mu$m]{} bandpass. We stress here the importance of accurate photometry in the fourth “anchor" bandpass in constraining redshifts of galaxies. Even with information from all four bands, there is still a great deal of contamination from upscattered low redshift galaxies in the photometric redshift catalog, but the majority of this can be dealt with by using the color selection criteria discussed above, or more simply only including galaxies with an $m_{3.6} - m_{4.5}$ color less than -0.1. We found that the contamination and incompleteness can be dealt with effectively using the statistical method of Bayesian inference.
3. The addition of bluer bands such as $K_s$ and possibly $H$ can increase the feasible range of this technique down to redshift zero. However, for best results at $z<1$, a broader range of model templates must be included to account for LIRGs and PAH emission. Similarly, including redder bands could theoretically be used to push the limits of this technique to earlier redshifts. However, doing so would require a great deal of sensitivity at these wavelengths, which is only expected to be possible with future instruments such as JWST.
4. In the case of galaxies whose SEDs are dominated by the very youngest stellar populations (less than 0.01 Gyr, which should be a very small percentage of galaxies) it is impossible to constrain the redshift, as the power law slope of the spectrum is degenerate with redshift. Any galaxies with a best-fit model ages less than this age should have their results treated with a great deal of skepticism.
5. The shape of the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} is very robust, and we found that photometric redshifts in the range $1.3 < z < 3$ were not greatly affected by choices in model parameters. This robustness means that the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} cannot tell much about these parameters, but it also means that only a small parameter space is required for model template fitting and reduces the chances for degeneracies in the models. There is, however, a degeneracy between age and mass in the models, and as such, input model templates should be limited to realistic ages to avoid systematic biases in mass estimation.
6. By simply estimating the stellar mass of each galaxy based on the scale factor required to match the model flux with the observed flux of the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} we generated a stellar mass function for galaxies at redshift $\sim2$. Comparing our results with others that used a far greater number of bandpasses (10 or more) and a much larger model parameter space showed good agreement to within the uncertainties. This leaves us confident that the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} can be used to efficiently and effectively estimate redshifts and stellar masses of galaxies. We found no evidence for a significant amount of stellar mass missing from surveys selected in bluer ($z$ and $K$) bandpasses.
7. Our study is consistent with the “downsizing" scenario of the evolution of cosmic stellar mass density. The massive end of the SMF was already in place by $z\sim2$ and since then, star-formation must have happened primarily in lower-mass galaxies. Our findings are not consistent with a simple hierarchical scenario. This suggests that there must be some mechanism that shuts down star-formation in the most massive galaxies at high redshift.
The ability to select and study galaxies from the rest-frame NIR [*[without any information from shorter wavelengths]{}*]{} will be a valuable tool for JWST. The usable wavelength range of JWST (0.6–27[$\mu$m]{}) will make it impossible for current selection techniques (Lyman Break, $BzK$) to select moderate redshift galaxies, whereas the last four broadband filters of JWST’s NIRcam instrument (central wavelengths of 2.0, 2.77, 3.56, and 4.44[$\mu$m]{}) will allow selection using the [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} at redshifts less than $\sim1.5$. The first two broadbands of the MIRI instrument (central wavelengths of 5.6 and 7.7[$\mu$m]{}) can take the place of IRAC’s 5.8 and 8.0[$\mu$m]{} bands to extend this selection to $z=3$, and redder bands could extend even further in redshift. The far greater resolution and sensitivity of JWST compared to Spitzer/IRAC should greatly increase the accuracy of photometric redshifts, and resolve many of the issues originating from difficulty in obtaining quality IRAC photometry. The unprecedented depth of JWST will place tight constraints on the faint end properties of luminosity functions and stellar mass functions. The [1.6$\mu$m bump]{} is well poised to tell us a great deal of information about the galaxies observed with JWST, without the need to survey fields in a large number of bandpasses.
We are grateful to the GOODS team, those at the ESO/GOODS project, and P. Capak [[et al. ]{}]{}for providing all the publicly available data that made this work possible. This work was supported by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada and the Canadian Space Agency. Parts of the analysis presented here made use of the Perl Data Language (PDL) that has been developed by K. Glazebrook, J. Brinchmann, J. Carney, C. DeForest, D. Hunt, T. Jenness, T. Luka, R. Schwebel, and C. Soeller and which can be obtained from http://pdl.perl.org. PDL provides a high-level numerical functionality for the perl Scripting language (Glazebrook & Economou, 1997).
PHOTOMETRIC TECHNIQUE
=====================
The essential assumption of our photometric procedure is, the photometric procedure assumes that galaxies that are confused in the low resolution, longer wavelength image (hereafter the measure image) are resolved in a higher resolution, shorter wavelength image (hereafter the detection image). The process of using the detection image to constrain photometry in the measure image is as follows: 1) Each galaxy in the detection image is convolved with a transformation kernel in order to match the PSF of the measure image. 2) The convolved galaxies are normalized to unit flux, yielding a model profile for each galaxy in the measure image. 3) The normalized model profiles are each scaled simultaneously to obtain a best-fit to the measure image.
In more detail, to find the scaling factors, we constructed a $\chi^2$ statistic of the form $$\label{eq.a1}
\label{chisq}
\chi^2 = \sum_{xy} {(I(x,y) - B - \sum_{i=1}^Nf_iP_{i}(x,y))^2\over\sigma_{RMS}^2(x,y)},$$ where $I(x,y)$ is the value of the $x$th and $y$th pixel in the measure image, $B$ is an estimate of the background throughout that image, $\sigma_{RMS}(x,y)$ a root mean square (RMS) map of the measure image, and $P_i(x,y)$ is the model profile for each galaxy $i$ through $N$ (created using the method described above). The sum is over all the pixels $x$ and $y$. Minimizing this statistic with respect to each free parameter $f_i$ (which in physical terms represents the flux of each galaxy) leads to a system of equations of the form $$\mathbf{Af} = \mathbf{b}$$ where the boldface indicates that these are matrices. The components of these matrices are given by $$A_{ij} = \sum_{x,y}{P_i(x,y)P_j(x,y)\over\sigma_{RMS}^2(x,y)}$$ and $$\label{eq.a4}
b_i = \sum_{x,y}{P_i(x,y)[I(x,y)-B]\over\sigma_{RMS}^2(x,y)}$$ and [**[f]{}**]{} is a column vector containing the various flux scalings $f_i$.
The matrix [**[A]{}**]{} is very sparse, having non-zero components only where model profiles overlap in the measure image ([[i.e. ]{}]{}where galaxies are blended), and can be inverted easily using standard numerical techniques. The scaling factor (or flux) for each galaxy can then be solved for, and the uncertainty for each flux is the square root of the diagonal terms of the inverse of matrix [**[A]{}**]{}. Given the zero-point magnitude ($ZP$) of the measure image, one can convert these scaling factors to apparent magnitudes ($m_i$) by $$m_i = -2.5\log(f_i) + ZP$$
### Assumptions {#photometry:crowd:assumptions}
This technique has many underlying assumptions that, if incorrect, could affect the quality of the resulting photometry, and it is important to understand the limitations of this algorithm. In this section we discuss these assumptions in detail and how they may or may not be addressed if invalid.
Galaxies must be isolated in the detection image in order to be deblended in the measure image. Even with extremely high resolution data, some galaxies will still overlap due to superposition along the line of sight, or simply due to real physical proximity. Overlap in the detection image means that one can only get a flux estimate for both of these galaxies together. However, if the two overlapping galaxies have vastly different colors between the detection and measure images, the combined flux estimate in the measure image can still be in error. The color difference between bands leads to a shift in the location of the brightness peak, which can result in a poor model fit. Fortunately, this effect should be small given a detection image with high spatial resolution.
Along the same lines, it is assumed that the morphology of a galaxy is the same in both the detection and measure images. This assumption may not be valid for real galaxies, whose morphologies may vary at different wavelengths because of the prominence of different processes ([[e.g. ]{}]{}star formation, thermal dust emission, flux from old stars dominating at longer wavelengths, [[etc.]{}]{}). These effects could lead to vastly different spatial profiles and we originally found that residuals often had a prominent peak at the center of each galaxy, most likely due to the prominence of the bulge in the IR (see also De Santis [[et al. ]{}]{}2007, Laidler [[et al. ]{}]{}2007). We found that this residual can be adequately dealt with by adding a second, “Mexican Hat" component to the model profiles, as discussed in the Procedure section of this Appendix. The RMS uncertainty used in Equation \[chisq\] comes entirely from the measure image, which is only valid if the uncertainty in the measure image is much greater than that of the detection image. In our case, the low signal to noise ratio of the IRAC images means that uncertainty in the detection image can safely be ignored (the RMS in the IRAC images is typically 8-10 times larger than the $z$ or $K_s$ images). However, if this assumption were not valid, a total RMS uncertainty could be created by adding the detection and measure uncertainties in quadrature.
Another important underlying assumption is that galaxies present in the measure image also have counterparts in the detection image. Depending on the relative depth of each image and the colors of the observed objects, this may not always be true. As long as the galaxy missing from the detection image is isolated in the measure image, this will have no effect on the fluxes of other galaxies. If, however, the missing galaxy is blended with a neighbouring galaxy in the measure image, the neighbour galaxy’s flux estimate will be overestimated as the algorithm tries to compensate for the light added from the galaxy not present in the detection image. This effect is of great importance in our case, as we would like to have a catalog unbiased by the effect of differing stellar populations. Galaxies which are “red and dead" ([[i.e. ]{}]{}passive or quiescent), are extremely dusty, or are at very high redshift all have a large amount of near-IR and IR flux and will hence be present in the IRAC bands, but have very little blue flux, and could therefore be missed in our detection images, most notably in the $z$-band. As described in the Photometry section of this Appendix, we correct for this by inserting simulated objects into the detection images at the proper locations as an [*[ex post facto]{}*]{} prior. Note that it is acceptable for an object to be present in the detection image but missing in the measure image, as this will yield a best-fit scaling factor of approximately zero, and one can still ascertain an upper limit on the object’s flux. Conversely, if the detection image is too deep, [[i.e. ]{}]{}contains a very large number of objects compared to the measure image, then the flux fits become degenerate, and one cannot trust the results.
It is imperative that both the detection and measure image are properly aligned astrometrically. A shift in the brightness peak by more than a few pixels between the model and measure image will have drastic detrimental effects on the best-fit flux. Although this issue could be addressed by adding additional degrees of freedom and allowing the model to shift in pixel space, we do not investigate this solution at this time. Instead, we visually confirmed that our images appeared to be well aligned by inspecting small galaxies with diameters less than three pixels across and verifying that they were at the same position in all images.
In generating the model profiles, it is assumed that an accurate transformation kernel has been obtained to change the galaxies from the PSF of the detection image to that of the measure image. Obtaining such a kernel is non-trivial and we discuss our method in the Photometry section of this Appendix. The Spitzer PSF varies across the field of view, and to handle this complication, we calculate kernels on image sections that are 2$\times$2, which are small enough to ensure kernel uniformity.
It is also important to obtain accurate background estimates for galaxies in both images, as this will affect the resulting scale factor. This effect is particularly prominent for fainter galaxies. Details of our background estimation are discussed in the Photometry section of this Appendix. Finally, one should note that it is possible for the algorithm to assign unrealistic negative fluxes. This usually occurs with faint (S/N $\lesssim$ 3) galaxies around brighter objects as the algorithm attempts to artificially compensate for a poor fit to the bright object (possibly due to an imperfect transformation kernel). Although the fitted flux for the bright object will not be greatly affected, one should assign an upper limit to the fainter galaxies in post-processing. We did not include these objects in our final catalog.
We created software, called FOZZY, in order to carry out the crowded field photometry, along with the companion software KERMIT, which finds transformation kernels between images as described above. These codes were written using Perl and PerlDL (Glazebrook & Economou 1997). The underlying principles of this software are explained in the following sections. In the overlap region of the GOODS fields, the rotation of 180$^\circ$ between epochs causes the PSF to be oriented differently in each epoch of observations. We chose to work with each epoch separately, instead of trying to combine the images, which would only lead to a more complicated transformation kernel.
### Kernel Generation {#photometry:crowd:kernel}
Obtaining an accurate transformation kernel is very important, and here we outline the procedure we followed. First, the images were broken up into several overlapping sub-images in order to account for any variation of the PSF across the field of view (which is prominent in the IRAC images). Next, we followed the procedure set out by Alard & Lupton (1998, see also Alard 2000). Briefly, the kernel is assumed to be a linear combination of Gaussians of differing variances multiplied with polynomials: $$\label{ker}
K = \sum_{q} a_qe^{-(x^2+y^2)/2\sigma_q^2}x^{m_q}y^{n_q},$$ where $q$ has been chosen as the summation variable to avoid confusion with previous equations, and the degree of the polynomials is limited for each variance to some arbitrary degree $D$ such that $0 < m+n \leq D$, with $m, n$ being positive integers. We have chosen variances of $\sigma_q=$1, 3,and 9 pixels with polynomial degrees of 6, 4 and 2 respectively. If we let the Gaussian-polynomial component be represented by $k_q$, then Equation \[ker\] can be abbreviated to $$K = \sum_{q} a_qk_q$$ and the kernel can then be determined through the use of the $\chi^2$ statistic $$\label{kerchi}
\chi^2 = \sum_{xy} {(I - \sum_{q}a_q(R \otimes k_{q}))^2\over\sigma_{RMS}^2}$$ where $R \otimes k_q$ represents the detection image, $R$, convolved with $q$th gaussian-polynomial, and $\sigma$ is the RMS uncertainty in the measure image.
Differences in background levels between the two images can be fitted simultaneously by assuming the background can be represented by a linear combination of polynomials less than some degree (in our case, $0 < m_r + n_r \leq 3$). This modifies Equation \[kerchi\] to be $$\chi^2 = \sum_{xy} {(I - \sum_{q}a_q(R \otimes k_{q}) + \sum_{r}b_rx^{m_r}y^{n_r})^2\over\sigma_{RMS}^2}.$$ The system of equations generated by minimizing this statistic with respect to the parameters $a_q$ and $b_r$ can be solved in a manner similar to that of Eq. \[eq.a1\] – \[eq.a4\].
As explained above, residuals of galaxies after subtracting their scaled models often have bright peaks at their center surrounded by over-subtracted regions as shown in Figure \[fig:badres\] a). To combat this effect, we added an extra component to our fitting procedure of the model profiles convolved with a Mexican Hat Function (MHF), again normalized to unit flux. The formula for the MHF is given by $$Q_i(x,y) = {1\over\sqrt{2\pi}}(2-x^2-y^2)e^{-{1\over2}(x^2+y^2)}.$$
![\[fig:badres\]a) The left hand image shows a sample residual without the MHF component included in the model. Notice the bright peak surrounded by an over-subtracted area. Shown at top is the percentage of the original peak flux of the galaxy of a slice through the center of the residual (solid line). The bright spot in the center contains a significant percentage (nearly 15%) of the original peak flux. A MHF of variance 1 is overplotted to show the resemblance (dashed line). b) The right hand figure is the same, except showing the residual when the photometry procedure is done including a MHF component in the models. The residual is now much closer to the level of the noise, and is always less than 5% of the original peak pixel.](fig22a.eps "fig:"){width="52.20000%"} ![\[fig:badres\]a) The left hand image shows a sample residual without the MHF component included in the model. Notice the bright peak surrounded by an over-subtracted area. Shown at top is the percentage of the original peak flux of the galaxy of a slice through the center of the residual (solid line). The bright spot in the center contains a significant percentage (nearly 15%) of the original peak flux. A MHF of variance 1 is overplotted to show the resemblance (dashed line). b) The right hand figure is the same, except showing the residual when the photometry procedure is done including a MHF component in the models. The residual is now much closer to the level of the noise, and is always less than 5% of the original peak pixel.](fig22b.eps "fig:"){width="45.80000%"}
The addition of the MHF component modifies Equation \[chisq\] to be $$\chi^2 = \sum_{xy} {(I(x,y) - B - \sum_{i=1}^N(f_iP_{i}(x,y) +g_iQ_i(x,y)))^2\over\sigma^2(x,y)}$$ where $Q_i(x,y)$ is the MHF model component and $g_i$ are the scale factors for that component, and the total flux for a galaxy would be $f+g$. It is clear that this does not alter the solution method described above, but simply doubles the number of free parameters. We found that, in all cases, the addition of this component greatly reduced the overall $\chi^2$ value of the best fit, and, based on simulations, improved magnitude estimates by $\sim$0.1 mag. A sample residual with the MHF component included in the models is shown in Figure \[fig:badres\] b).
### Photometry Procedure {#photometry:crowd:procedure}
![\[fig:magdiff\]Difference in magnitude between simulated galaxy input magnitudes and those found by our photometry program (FOZZY) as a function of input magnitude. The inset panels show a binned histogram of number counts in bins of 0.05 mag. Branches diverging from the zero line at lower magnitudes are the result of simulated galaxies placed directly on top of other real galaxies already present in the images.](fig23.compressed.ps){width="8cm"}
Galaxies were detected in the $z$ (South) or $K_s$ (North) band (detection) images using SExtractor (Bertin and Arnouts 1996), a software package used in extragalactic astronomy for object detection and photometry. Using this software, we generated a catalog of positions and local background estimates, as well as a segmentation map. Along with its other products, SExtractor creates a segmentation map, which is an image where the pixels attributed to an object have been given values equal to the object’s catalog ID number, and pixels not assigned to any object have a value of zero. SExtractor was then used in dual-image mode on each of the IRAC images to determine the local background around each object at these wavelengths. Dual-image mode is a setting that allows SExtractor to detect objects and define photometric apertures in one image, but take all measurements in a different image. This mode allows for easy correlation between objects with measurements in multiple images or bandpasses. The segmentation image was then used to extract galaxies from the detection image as a starting point in generating the model profiles.
As stated above, there is some concern that some galaxies may be bright in the IRAC band passes, but very faint a lower wavelengths and hence missed in the detection image. To counteract this, we ran SExtractor again (in single-image mode) on the 4.5[$\mu$m]{} image and correlated the positions in this catalog with those in the detection catalog using a search radius of 0.9 arcseconds. The number of galaxies detected at 4.5[$\mu$m]{} but not present in the $z$-band was approximately 10% of the galaxies detected in both bands. This percentage increased to $\sim$30% in the shallower $K_s$-band detection image. We accounted for the missed galaxies by inserting simulated objects of shape equivalent to the detection image’s PSF into the detection image at the position given by the 4.5[$\mu$m]{} catalog. Note that the brightness of the simulated galaxy was arbitrary, but inconsequential as the resultant model profile was subsequently normalized. The requirement that the galaxy was detectable at 4.5[$\mu$m]{} makes our catalog an IRAC-2 selected catalog.
![\[fig:testfozzy\]Color Differences between SExtractor’s MAG-AUTO aperture and our photometry program (FOZZY) for galaxies flagged as isolated by SExtractor ([[i.e. ]{}]{}their flux should not be contaminated by neighboring galaxies). The offset from zero at the longer wavelengths is due the aperture from dual-image mode in SExtractor being too small. The right hand panels show binned histograms of number counts in bins of 0.05 mag.](fig24.eps){width="8cm"}
![\[fig:overlap\]Magnitude differences between the two observational epochs for galaxies located in the overlap region versus magnitude in the arbitrarily chosen first epoch. This is probably the best representation of the typical amount of sky noise or random errors in each bandpass. The inset panels show a binned histogram of number counts in bins of 0.05 mag. ](fig25.eps){width="8cm"}
In order to test that our procedure produced accurate photometry, we conducted Monte Carlo simulations by inserting simulated galaxies of varying brightness into the images in random positions, which were then put through our photometry program. The shapes of the simulated galaxies were originally equivalent to the PSF of the detection image, but were convolved with the transformation kernels for each of the IRAC bands in order to match the PSF in each image. Although a point source is not realistic, the large PSF of the IRAC images leave no need for accurate spatial resolution in the simulated galaxies.
Figure \[fig:magdiff\] shows the difference between the measured and input magnitudes versus input magnitudes. We found good agreement in all bands, although accuracy diminished with increasing wavelength, most likely due to the much lower signal to noise ratio (S/N) in the 5.8 and 8.0 bandpasses. Unlike Grazian [[et al. ]{}]{}2006, we found no need to dilate the segmentation map in order to account for missed flux at the edges of galaxies. Indeed, we found this was difficult to implement well, as dilating the detection image leads to galaxies bleeding in to one another, violating one of the main assumptions of this method. The branches seen diverging from the zero line arise because of our choice of using the same random positions for each input model magnitude. The branching occurs when a model galaxy is randomly inserted directly on top of a galaxy in the image, resulting in a measured flux that is systematically too large. This demonstrates the importance of objects being isolated in the detection image.
It is true, however, that these simulated galaxies are most likely fit better than real galaxies because the transformation kernel is a perfect match, which would not be the case in reality. To try and test real galaxies, we compared our photometry with SExtractor’s “MAG-AUTO” setting in dual image mode, but only on isolated galaxies ([[i.e. ]{}]{}those not flagged as possibly contaminated by light from neighbours). This is a less than ideal comparison, because the size of SExtractor’s “MAG-AUTO” aperture is determined by the detection image, and is hence smaller than it should be in the IRAC images, especially in the 5.8 and 8.0[$\mu$m]{} images where the PSF is the largest. However, colors between neighbouring bands should not be strongly affected by this, and so plotted in Figure \[fig:testfozzy\] are the color differences between our photometry and Sextractor’s. Again, we found good agreement.
There are many galaxies that are located in the overlap region in each of the GOODS fields. In this case, we have two photometric measurements for the galaxy, which we averaged to obtain the final result. The two independent results in the overlap region, however, provide a good estimate of the true amount of uncertainty and scatter in our photometry (see Figure \[fig:overlap\]).
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[^1]: The ISAAC observations have been carried out using the Very Large Telescope at the ESO Paranal Observatory under Program ID(s): LP168.A-0485.
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1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a treadmill, and more particularly to a treadmill capable of taking exercise for physiotherapy on it and a method of training legs on such treadmill.
2. Description of the Related Art
A conventional treadmill is provided with an endless belt that user may stand on the belt to run. Some treadmills are provided with a motor to drive the belt, and sometime, such treadmill may be used for physiotherapy, especially for training leg's muscles.
For a leg injury patient, bike and treadmill are the common equipment that doctor will ask patient to take excise on it for physiotherapy. When a patient takes exercise on a treadmill, he/she has to stand on the belt of the treadmill and hold the handles on opposite sides of the belt to sustain his/her body and walk or run on the belt. This is very dangerous for a leg injury patient because he/she only uses arms to sustain body and the injured leg(s) cannot do anything. Once the patient slides or losses balance, he/she may fall down on the treadmill and cause another serious injury. |
Q:
Woocommerce customer role doesn't change if user is already a subscriber
I noticed the following behavior on woocommerce :
I have a user on my website who is already registered with 'subscriber' role.
When I login and checkout on my woocommerce shop, user role still remains on 'subscriber' and role is not updated to 'customer'.
Problem is on admin page (Users > All users) : when I use the filter to show all customers, users who were already subscribers and have made orders don't appear on search results.
I use Wordpress 4.9.6 et Woocommerce 3.3.3.
Can anybody explain to me if this behavior is all right ?
Thank you.
A:
While WC is off topic, and I am not going to dig into how it explicitly works, in general wordpress roles are just a semantic way to call a class of permissions and users probably can not belong to two roles at once (this is an observation based on user management UI, not on whether it is possible to somehow hack something in the DB or via code), therefor if the user already exists it is just not obvious what to do if it might be better assigned to some other role. Not surprising that if a customer of a shop is already a user on the site, WC does not modify it in any way.
So this is not so much about wrong and right but more about you looking for information about customers in an admin screen that is meant to manage user permissions and other non shopping related attributes
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Oil rises after G-7 calms currency war rhetoric
Shots Fired
The G-7 and Eurozone finance minters supposedly were on target for a cease fire in the so called currency war, but the rhetoric yesterday seemed to shake up the falling crude market as an ECB bank official took aim and fired. Oh sure now things are calming down after a Group of Seven statement that said that they would not target exchange rates but that did not seem to cover up the drama and tensions that is obviously going on behind the scenes ever since Japan’s loose monetary policy caused a collapses in the yen.
Oil reversed course on a Bloomberg report that said that ECB council member Jens Weidmann said the euro isn’t seriously overvalued and warned governments against trying to weaken the currency. “Latest indicators don’t signal a serious overvaluation of the euro despite its recent appreciation” and “politicians should hold on to the established division of labor,” Weidmann, who heads Germany’s Bundesbank, said in a speech in Freiburg today. “An exchange-rate policy to specifically weaken the euro would lead to higher inflation in the end.” Of Course that defiant statement was different from what the French were suggesting and changed the topping action in oil as a strong euro means a strong price for oil.
“We reaffirm that our fiscal and monetary policies have been and will remain oriented toward meeting our respective domestic objectives using domestic instruments, and that we will not target exchange rates,” the Group of Seven’s finance ministers and central bank governors said in a statement released today in London. The market was assuming that we would see at least backing off of the euro surge, which would have helped the dollar and bring down the price of oil. Yet based on talk by the G-7 that all is well in the world of exchange rates, it appears the currencies can go on the same happy trend that the central bankers want them to go.
Bloomberg reported French President Francois Hollande last week urged government leaders to steer the value of the euro lower to boost growth. His call was rebuffed by German Chancellor Angela Merkel’s government and European Central Bank President Mario Draghi, who on Feb. 7 suggested the European Central Bank, could lower interest rates if the stronger euro were to damp inflation too much. Yet with Europe meeting in Brussels and the G-7 taking neutral stand oil is finding new life riding on the backs of the strength in the euro.
OPEC apparently is not very happy with the fact that the U.S. is blowing them away with production increases. Dow Jones is reporting that the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Tuesday warned that expectations of growth in non-OPEC oil supply this year — seen as essential to meeting global oil demand in the long term — were subject to a high level of risk, particularly in the U.S. They say that strong growth in U.S. oil output in recent years as a result of technologies that have made it possible to release large reserves of oil trapped in shale rock has taken many by surprise and started a shift in global trading patterns that could threaten OPEC's dominance of the oil market.
In a landmark study this October, the International Energy Agency predicted U.S. oil output could, by 2020, overtake that of OPEC's kingpin, Saudi Arabia. According to the IEA's forecast the increase in U.S. output will force OPEC members to adapt rapidly to changing trade patterns, and potentially even put them in competition with North American oil exports. OPEC's response to this development has so far been muddled. The group initially said it wasn't concerned by the shale-oil boom, but later warned forecasts of rising U.S. oil production could curtail its own investment to maintain output.
Dow said that most recently, in its monthly oil market report published Tuesday, the group warned of the many stumbling blocks that could prevent U.S. oil production from meeting expectations, at least in the near term. Although the group of major oil producers forecast the shale boom in the U.S. would help increase oil production by 520,000 barrels a day this year, making the U.S. the region with the highest production growth among the non-OPEC countries, it also warned of the challenges facing the industry. "A high level of risk is associated with non-OPEC supply forecasts on political, price, economic, weather, environmental and geological factors," the report said.
Bloomberg reported that OPEC raised forecasts for the amount of crude it will need to supply this year because of stronger fuel demand in emerging economies. OPEC will have to provide an average of 29.8 million barrels a day in 2013, or 100,000 a day more than it estimated a month ago. The producer group’s output in January was 500,000 barrels a day larger than this, at 30.3 million, according to OPEC’s monthly market report published today. The group projected U.S. production would rise from 10.42 million barrels a day in the first quarter of this year to 10.6 million barrels a day in the fourth quarter. Overall, OPEC forecast that non-OPEC supply would increase by 940,000 barrels a day this year to 53.9 million barrels a day, driven primarily by growth in the U.S., Canada, Latin America and the former Soviet Union. The group said that it expected demand for its own crude to fall by 300,000 barrels a day in 2013 compared to last year.
About the Author
Senior energy analyst at The PRICE Futures Group and a Fox Business Network contributor. He is one of the world's leading market analysts, providing individual investors, professional traders, and institutions with up-to-the-minute investment and risk management insight into global petroleum, gasoline, and energy markets. His precise and timely forecasts have come to be in great demand by industry and media worldwide and his impressive career goes back almost three decades, gaining attention with his market calls and energetic personality as writer of The Energy Report. You can contact Phil by phone at (888) 264-5665 or by email at pflynn@pricegroup.com. Learn even more on our website at www.pricegroup.com.
Futures and options trading involves substantial risk of loss and may not be suitable for everyone. The information presented by The PRICE Futures Group is from sources believed to be reliable and all information reported is subject to change without notice. |
Sputter and Bang... the Sounds of Lent
Our Lent started off with first a sputter and then a bang. The sputter was me, trying to start Lent off with a bang. The bang was God, doing that sacramental grace-filled thing that He does so perfectly. I can tell that even if I'm not maturing at a rapid rate, I'm at least gaining life experience... because I'm no longer thrown out of whack by the sputtering (usually). I'm always sputtering. Because I'm not God. And I'm cool with that more often then I used to be.
What I didn't do well yesterday (Ash Wednesday):
I didn't do all of the spiritually rich activities/prayers I had planned for the kids during the day.
I didn't make the pink St. Valentine cookies I had planned on making for them.
I didn't manage to get through the day without raising my voice.
I didn't make the time to help Cookie with her meal planning (to accommodate her Lenten sacrifice).
I didn't get the laundry folded.
I fell asleep without doing the examen I had prepared.
What I did do well:
I did do several of the Lenten activities/prayers I had planned with the kids.
I did observe and honor my physical limits with regard to my pregnant need for rest.
I did not raise my voice more than usual.
I did give Cookie an Ash Wednesday dispensation from her Lenten sacrifice (since she needed my help to fulfill it) and gave her guidance for today.
I did manage to find a clean pair of socks for the Chief to wear to work (for which he was grateful).
I attended Holy Mass with my family.
Whether it is maturity or just "getting used to it," I don't know... But I have stopped expecting things to get easier. I have stopped wondering when the crosses will pass me by and stopped waiting for life to give me a breather (not that I don't love them when they come). And consequently, I have stopped fighting so hard against the challenges of my vocation.
It's analogous in some ways to having a newborn. With my first babies, every diaper blowout and crying fit was a crisis. I would get emotional and overwhelmed. Now? Oh Bummer, a blowout. But it's no longer a crisis (usually). And a screaming infant? I have learned (usually) to separate my freak-out mechanism from the moment and just breathe and love them through it. Sometimes I cry, too, but that's okay.
In a similar way, every new day is like that newborn/mama moment. I can live in a perpetual freak out mode... or learn to embrace the imperfection as being perfectly suited to my road to sanctity. There are many painful moments in the mothering vocation. Some days I shed a lot of tears. But it is not a crisis. By that I mean that the crosses we carry are not separate from God's beautiful plan for our lives. They are one and the same. And as such, a perfect blessing.
My kids won't get their pink cookies but I'm pretty confident there will be pink cookies for Easter. I'm stubborn like that. But if there are no pink cookies for Easter, I pray to still praise and thank God for the opportunity to mother my kids as best I can.
I had the opportunity to gather with another homeschooling mother recently whose kids are grown. She told me that I was doing a great job and that my kids were wonderful. Thank you, I said, but you know that it's not me... anything good you see is all by the grace of God. Yes, she knew exactly. And we thanked and praised God together for His abundant graces and mercies.
My name is Melody... homeschooling mama of 8 (plus one in the arms of Jesus). Married 19 years to Mr. Right. Every moment is Grace and my Joy is God's Mercy. This is my place to seek His Beauty, give witness to Hope, and eat a good helping of Humble Pie.
Blossoming Joy is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program and Skimlinks. If you click through these affiliated links on this blog, I will receive a small commission. We are so thankful for this extra source of income for our family! Thank you! |
Q:
Preg_match to find img src in specific img-tag
I have a line of sourcecode looking like this
<img alt="this field is variable" title="this one too" itemprop="photo" border="0" style="width:608px;" src="imgurl.jpg">
There's lots of other images on the site, so i can't just preg_match all images, i need the specific one, i had a lot of trouble doing a specific preg_match, because content of the "alt"-tag and "title"-tag is variable. Anyone knows how to do so? Thanks in advance.
Itemprop="photo" is the thing unique for this picture.
A:
This regex should work:
preg_match('/<img[^>]*itemprop="photo"[^>]*src="([^"]+)">/',$source,$matches);
An explanation of the regex (from regex101):
The result will be in the array $matches.
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Teenage Brothers Assaulted By Adults in Aberdeen
The Aberdeen Police Department is investigating an assault and stabbing on teenage brothers by two adults.
Aberdeen Officers were called to the alley in the 800 block of West 1st, following a stabbing. Officers found a male suspect running from the scene, crossing the street in the 300 block of W. Heron. Officers surrounded the suspect, who refused to comply with directions. The suspect took up a fighting stance when confronted by the police and was taken to the ground and handcuffed before being booked into Aberdeen Jail.
The suspect, a 38 year old transient, was arrested on a Grays Harbor felony arrest warrant for probation violation, two Aberdeen Municipal Court warrants, obstructing a police officer, and assault 2nd.
Officers were told by witnesses that the suspect and a 25 year old Aberdeen woman crossed a street and approached the two teens, 16 and 17 year old brothers from Central Park, where they were allegedly sprayed with pepper spray. A fight ensued and one of the teens was stabbed and the other was hit in the head with a heavy object. Aberdeen Fire responded and treated both victims.
The 17 year old was transported to Grays Harbor Community Hospital for treatment of his stab wound. The 16 year old was treated at the scene. |
Using guiding-idea theories of the person to develop educational campaigns against drug abuse and other health-threatening behavior.
Educational campaigns against health-threatening behaviors such as drug abuse may lose effectiveness because they tend to be narrow, atheoretical and to stress negative effects. As a corrective, it is proposed that health campaigns take into account the broad range of human needs and consider how the health-threatening behavior may be gratifying to each need. This allows taking into consideration not just the bad effects (which tend to be obvious) of such behaviors as drug abuse, but also the gratifications they provide to a variety of human needs, by their associated lifestyles as well as by their pharmaceutical effects. In this way anti-drug campaigns can be made to cope more relevantly with the attractions of such health-threatening behaviors. We sketch 16 theorized human needs, widely contrasting in their assumption of what instigates human action and what terminates it, each of which theories has proven provocative in guiding basic research. From each of the 16 theories some implications are drawn regarding the attractions of drug abuse and regarding the design of educational campaigns against such health-threatening behaviors. |
Mitochondrial DNA sequence of the hybrid of Duroc (♂) × [Landrace (♂) × Yorshire (♀)] pig.
Duroc (♂) × [Landrace (♂) × Yorshire (♀)] (D × LY) pig is the popular hybrid pigs in order to make the most use of the heterosis in the world. In this study, the complete nucleotide sequence of D × LY pig mitochondrial genome was determined for the first time. Sequence analysis showed that the genome structure was in accordance with other pig breeds. It contained 22 tRNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes, 13 protein-coding genes and 1 control region (D-loop region). The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the D × LY pig provides an important data set for further study in genetic mechanism. |
COMMENTARY — As I write, Edward Snowden is on the run with the help of Wikileaks as he seeks asylum in a currently-unknown country from espionage charges filed in the United States on June 14. He is charged with two violations of the 1917 Espionage Act when he leaked classified information about the NSA — an accusation that he hasn’t seriously contested.
But a disturbing poll from the Pew Research Center and USA Today suggested that large numbers of Americans hail Snowden as a patriot and a hero. According to a Christian Science Monitor analysis of the results, 60 percent of Americans age 18 to 29 think Snowden “performed a public service in leaking information about NSA programs.”
People of all ages somewhat distant from the political center also approve of Snowden, with up to 56 percent of self-identified Tea Partyers and up to 57 percent of liberals saying the same thing. Ouch.
Well, I like to think I’m as liberal as the next gal, but c’mon.
Over the days since Edward Snowden first leaked the information about NSA programs, it has become obvious that he isn’t quite who he told The Guardian he was. The genius 29-year-old defense contractor earning $200,000 a year has now turned into a guy who held the job (paying quite a bit less) for mere weeks before fleeing the country ahead of the FBI.
The internet has just spent two days pretending it cares about racism by piling on celebrity chef Paula Deen saying she used the n-word maybe 20 years ago. Apparently, that’s a crime worthy of taking away someone’s job.
You know what, internet? You need to take a hard look at your own damn racism when it comes to something truly important.
I honestly believe that a lot of people have been bluffed by the fact that Snowden is young, white, and good-looking. Many people have reacted about on the level of the idiot chick crushing on Boston Bomber Dzokhar Tsarnaev because he’s cute.
Close your eyes. A high school dropout somehow inveigles a six figure defense contractor’s job, steals classified documents, and flees to Hong Kong days ahead of an FBI arrest.
Now imagine he’s Chinese.
Is he still a hero?
You’d be asking a lot of hard questions. Who got Snowden those jobs in the first place with his lack of qualifications?
Who’s really behind the plot to get you all exercised about the fact that the NSA monitors communications, which is after all their entire job?
I don’t have the answers either. But Snowden’s claims mostly don’t make sense. I like Gene Lyons’ summary:
“The good news is that the most dramatic ‘revelations’ in the Snowden-Greenwald stories turn out upon further review to be somewhere between greatly exaggerated and entirely false. Yes, NSA vacuums up telephone metadata and sifts it for suspicious patterns. USA Today revealed that in 2006. There was a big political fight about it, which the libertarian side lost. But no, they aren’t listening to your calls, and when the histrionic Mr. Snowden says he could have eavesdropped on anybody in the USA, he leaves out that doing so would have landed him in Federal prison, where he probably belongs.”
To me, a lot of the controversy surrounding Edward Snowden comes down to the fact that he’s a white guy with a pretty face.
I don’t believe anyone would call an Asian man who committed these leaks a hero.
And that, to me, is a little more important than a chef dropping an N-word twenty years ago when describing an armed robbery. While we’re nitpicking about stuff that doesn’t matter, we’re letting our own gut-level assumptions based on people’s looks and race go unchallenged.
Comments are open, and I’m happy to hear from all sides. If I’m wrong about Edward Snowden, how am I wrong? |
Q:
Selected Checkbox from a bunch of checkboxes in .c#.net
The problem is faced under c# .NET, Visual Studio, Windows Form Application
I have a bunch of checkboxes placed randomly in one form and in one panel.
So, If any checkbox is selected in the form its value is supposed to be added up.
Bottomline: Instead of using plenty of "If-else loops", to evaluate whether its been checked or not. I wanna simplify it using a "for loop ".
Is there any Checkbox group name type feature, which I can use???
I wanna code something like this:
for(int i=0;i<checkboxes.length;i++)
{
string str;
if(chkbox.checked)
{
str+=chkbox.value;
}
}
Where checkboxes is a group name.
A:
You can use a simple LINQ query
var checked_boxes = yourControl.Controls.OfType<CheckBox>().Where(c => c.Checked);
where yourControl is the control containing your checkboxes.
checked_boxes is now an object which implements IEnumerable<CheckBox> that represents the query. Usually you want to iterate over this query with an foreach loop:
foreach(CheckBox cbx in checked_boxes)
{
}
You also can convert this query to a list (List<Checkbox>) by calling .ToList(), either on checked_boxes or directly after the Where(...).
Since you want to concatenate the Text of the checkboxes to a single string, you could use String.Join.
var checked_texts = yourControl.Controls.OfType<CheckBox>()
.Where(c => c.Checked)
.OrderBy(c => c.Text)
.Select(c => c.Text);
var allCheckedAsString = String.Join("", checked_texts);
I also added an OrderBy clause to ensure the checkboxes are sorted by their Text.
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This is a pair of Pro-Line Suburbs 1/8 scale Buggy Tires in X4 Compound.
FEATURES
Inner and outer radius rib tread for increased cornering and
predictable side bite
Predictable, aggressive, and long-lasting tread height for a
variety of blue-groove track, and surfaces that typically require
soft compound tires
X4 compound is ideal for high speed conditions when temperature is
70° or below |
Watch.Dogs.XBOX360.RGH_JTAG-SNK Language: Brazil/English Format: use ISO2GOD http://www.anony.ws/i/2014/05/21/wytJg.png http://i.imgur.com/Ehw4K91.png http://i.imgur.com/iDobYyp.png Note: Use Xbox Backup Cr ator for Fix SplitVid DVD1 it's Ok ^^ |
The chamber of the House of Representatives is seen at the Capitol in Washington, Monday, Feb. 3, 2020, as it is prepared for President Donald Trump to give his State of the Union address Tuesday night. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)
The chamber of the House of Representatives is seen at the Capitol in Washington, Monday, Feb. 3, 2020, as it is prepared for President Donald Trump to give his State of the Union address Tuesday night. (AP Photo/J. Scott Applewhite)
WASHINGTON (AP) — A portrait of a robust U.S. economy is sure to take center stage Tuesday night when President Donald Trump gives his third State of the Union address. It is an economy that has proved solid and durable, yet hasn’t fulfilled many of Trump’s promises.
Nine months before the election, the economy keeps growing steadily if only modestly. Unemployment is at a half-century low. And consumers, the lifeblood of the U.S. economy, continue to spend. Average pay is rising faster than when Trump took office three years ago, with the largest percentage gains now going to lower-wage workers. Some research has found that this trend, which began in 2015 before Trump’s election, partly reflects higher state minimum wages.
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Economists warn, though, that the U.S. expansion, now in its record-long 11th year, faces an array of threats. Most immediately, China’s viral outbreak has paralyzed business with the world’s second-largest economy. Starbucks and Apple have closed stores in China, airlines have canceled flights and companies like General Motors have halted production there.
All of that could shave one-half percentage point off annual growth in the first quarter, Goldman Sachs economists forecast, though they expect the slowdown to be offset by a rebound in the second quarter. Boeing’s decision to halt production of its 737 MAX should also weaken growth in the first six months of the year, economists say.
America’s manufacturing sector is struggling, a reflection of Trump’s trade conflicts. High corporate debt levels have sparked concerns. Some analysts also worry that the Federal Reserve’s ultra-low interest rates have helped feed risky bubbles in stocks or other assets.
And leading Democratic presidential candidates, especially Sens. Bernie Sanders and Elizabeth Warren, have built their campaigns to unseat Trump around the message that the economy remains rife with inequality, with many workers struggling to afford college, housing or health care.
Trump is unlikely on Tuesday night to let any such doubts temper his standard message that under his stewardship, the economy is thriving, unemployment is falling, the stock market is roaring and that the best days are still ahead.
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“I’m proud to declare that the United States is in the midst of an economic boom the likes of which the world has never seen before,” Trump said last month in Davos, Switzerland . “America is thriving, America is flourishing, and yes, America is winning again like never before.”
Yet what Trump calls an unprecedented boom is, by many measures, not all that different from the solid economy he inherited from President Barack Obama. Economic growth was 2.3% in 2019, matching the average pace since the Great Recession ended a decade ago in the first year of Obama’s eight-year presidency.
During the 2016 campaign, Trump boasted that his tax cut plan would boost annual growth to 4% a year — a brisk pace not seen since the late 1990′s. Instead, Trump, along with Obama, is one of two presidents since World War II not to have presided over a year of at least 3% growth. And few economists think the economy will hit that target this year.
Most analysts do think Trump’s tax plan helped accelerate growth, just not the way he had promised.
“The Trump tax cuts were a sugar high that juiced the economy temporarily,” said Ryan Sweet, an economist at Moody’s Analytics.
It put more money in Americans’ pockets, boosting consumer spending. The economy grew 2.9% in 2018, a healthy pace though the same as in 2015, the year before Trump’s election.
The administration had vowed, though, that the tax cuts would do more than just encourage Americans to shop more. The president’s top economists had said the tax cuts would accelerate corporate investment in machinery, computers and plants and office towers. All the new equipment would make workers more efficient, the argument went, thereby boosting productivity — the amount of output for each hour worked.
Greater productivity is one of the two main drivers of growth; the other is an increase in the number of U.S. workers. Both have slowed in the past decade.
Most economists partly blame Trump’s trade wars, particularly with China. The trade conflicts have left American companies much less certain about the economic outlook and reluctant to expand and invest. Business investment shrank in the final three quarters of last year.
Nor have Trump’s business tax cuts and deregulation made the economy more dynamic. The growth of new companies has remained anemic since the 2008 downturn. Larger businesses continue to dominate many industries , from technology to retail to finance.
All this is occurring despite significant stimulus. Trump has assailed Fed Chairman Jerome Powell for not cutting rates more, though the Fed’s benchmark rate is now in a range of just 1.5% to 1.75%, a very low level historically and one that is considered stimulative.
And increased federal spending has also helped support the economy. The Congressional Budget Office last week projected that the government’s deficit will top $1 trillion annually for the next decade.
“The accelerator is on the floor, but the vehicle is moving surprisingly slowly,” Larry Summers, Treasury Secretary under President Bill Clinton and a top economic adviser to Obama, said in early January.
Trump has also recently highlighted what he calls a “blue collar boom,” pointing to solid wage gains for lower-paid workers and healthy hiring in construction and manufacturing. But manufacturing jobs barely grew last year as factories hunkered down in the midst of the trade wars. And since Trump’s inauguration, manufacturing jobs have grown more slowly than employment overall has.
Ernie Goss, an economics professor at Creighton University in Nebraska, said the Midwest’s job growth has amounted to only about three-quarters of the national pace since Trump took office. Farmers have also suffered from the trade war, he said, as retaliatory tariffs by China have clobbered exports of soybeans and other commodities. That, in turn, has hurt manufacturers of farm equipment, including Deere and Caterpillar.
“Everyone says the economy is going great guns, but that is everything except agriculture and manufacturing,” Goss said.
What’s more, most campaign battleground states in the Midwest, such as Michigan, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Wisconsin, have lost factory jobs in the past year. Most manufacturing job growth under Trump’s presidency has occurred in Southern and Western states, said Dean Baker, senior economist at the liberal Center for Economic and Policy Research. With fewer union members in those states, those factory jobs generally pay less. In fact, manufacturing jobs, once a bulwark of the postwar middle class, now pay less on average than private-sector jobs overall, Baker said.
Still, despite modest growth, the record economic expansion has endured under Trump. There is also evidence that its durability has, in recent years, finally started to benefit a broader swath of Americans.
More people have come off the sidelines and found jobs, defying most economists’ predictions . The proportion of Americans in their prime working years — ages 25 through 54 — who are employed is now higher than before the Great Recession.
And last year, wages rose nearly 5% for the poorest one-fourth of Americans, far more than for the richest fourth, whose pay rose just 3%, according to the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta. Still, richer Americans hold a far greater portion of the nation’s wealth, with the top 10% owning nearly 85% of the value of all stocks.
The moderate pace of growth has meant that so far, the economy isn’t showing evident signs of excess akin to the housing bubble that led to the 2008 financial meltdown.
“This expansion has been slow and steady, but it could run for a few more years,” Sweet said. “There’s no reason that it needs to die. Sometimes slow and steady does win the race.” |
note-a-bear:
dailykos:
This says it all. Via The Middle Class is Drowning
just to keep it in perspective. |
Complexo Desportivo da Covilhã
Complexo Desportivo da Covilhã is a multi-use stadium in Covilhã, Portugal. It is currently used mostly for football matches and is the home stadium of SC Covilhã who currently play in the Liga de Honra. Complexo Desportivo da Covilhã stadium holds 3,000 seats. The stadium also has an athletics track around it for the clubs sports wither being football or athletics. After the stadium's fantastic facilities.
Portugal national football team
The following national team matches were held in the stadium as preparations for the World Cup 2010.
Category:Football venues in Portugal
Category:S.C. Covilhã
Category:Buildings and structures in Castelo Branco District
Category:Buildings and structures in Covilhã
Category:Sports venues completed in 2003 |
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Bathroom Fixtures
Let Brookstone show you to your seat with our great selection of unique toilet seats and bidets for sale. If a man’s home is his castle, we know where the throne resides. Keep your seat of power up to date and comfortable with our wide variety of replacement toilet seats.
Have you found yourself asking how do bidets work? Well, it's too much to go into here, and is an experience probably best had alone in the privacy of your own home…even if this is the internet. Just know that once you try one of our great bidets for sale, you’ll be dazed that you waited so long to try one. |
compile:
/usr/local/src/chapel-1.15.0/bin/linux64/chpl --fast nbody.chpl -o nbody.chapel_run
measure:
sudo modprobe msr
sudo ../../RAPL/main "./nbody.chapel_run --n=50000000" Chapel n-body
run:
./nbody.chapel_run --n=50000000
mem:
/usr/bin/time -v ./nbody.chapel_run --n=50000000
valgrind:
valgrind --tool=massif --stacks=yes ./nbody.chapel_run --n=50000000
|
Performance Evaluation of LC-MS Methods for Multimycotoxin Determination.
The co-occurrence of regulated mycotoxins in foods and feeds, together with modified ("masked") and emerging mycotoxins, has been increasingly reported worldwide in recent years. Therefore, sensitive, accurate, and validated methods for the simultaneous determination of these hazardous contaminants in different matrices are highly demanded to fulfil regulatory requirements and to carry out reliable surveillance programs. In these last years, LC-MS methodologies for multimycotoxin screening and/or quantification are being routinely used in control laboratories. However, to date, only one European Standard for multimycotoxin determination is based on LC-MS (EN 16877:2016). The need for standardized LC-MS methods for multimycotoxin determination has been highlighted by regulatory authorities and scientific advisory bodies, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the European Commission. The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) has issued calls for tender for the development of standardized LC-MS methods for mycotoxins in food and animal feeding stuffs. As deliverables, some LC-MS based methods for multimycotoxin determination are currently under approval as European Standards. In addition, the European Commission has recently established specific criteria with which screening methods for mycotoxins, including LC-MS methods, have to comply for use for regulatory purposes. Validation procedures by single-laboratory and collaborative trials have been defined. This paper provides insights and advances on guidelines and tools for performance evaluation of LC-MS methods intended for quantitative determination and for semiquantitative screening of multimycotoxins. In particular, performance criteria set in the European Union and the United States are critically overviewed, and expectations, needs, and future challenges relevant to LC-MS methods for multimycotoxin determination are also discussed. |
Those Aren't Trees
At first glance this photo has a lens flare, some powerlines crossing the frame and a pretty blown out bolt. But what I captured in this image of lightning that I never even knew until a few experts noticed it...were upwards, positive streamers on the right bolt. Streamers come up from the ground and one of them meets the downward strike to complete the bolt. The other streamers are eqaually as dangerous and are what make lightning so deadly. A streamer can kill you just the same as the main strike. Getting streamers like this in a still photograph is incredibly rare, and I had no clue how rare until a few lightning experts noticed it and started analyzing it. Amazing capture for me! |
package balancer
import (
"fmt"
"github.com/liyue201/grpc-lb/common"
"google.golang.org/grpc/balancer"
"google.golang.org/grpc/balancer/base"
"google.golang.org/grpc/grpclog"
)
const ConsistentHash = "consistent_hash_x"
var DefaultConsistentHashKey = "consistent-hash"
func InitConsistentHashBuilder(consistanceHashKey string) {
balancer.Register(newConsistentHashBuilder(consistanceHashKey))
}
// newConsistanceHashBuilder creates a new ConsistanceHash balancer builder.
func newConsistentHashBuilder(consistentHashKey string) balancer.Builder {
return base.NewBalancerBuilder(ConsistentHash, &consistentHashPickerBuilder{consistentHashKey}, base.Config{HealthCheck: true})
}
type consistentHashPickerBuilder struct {
consistentHashKey string
}
func (b *consistentHashPickerBuilder) Build(buildInfo base.PickerBuildInfo) balancer.Picker {
grpclog.Infof("consistentHashPicker: newPicker called with buildInfo: %v", buildInfo)
if len(buildInfo.ReadySCs) == 0 {
return base.NewErrPicker(balancer.ErrNoSubConnAvailable)
}
picker := &consistentHashPicker{
subConns: make(map[string]balancer.SubConn),
hash: NewKetama(10, nil),
consistentHashKey: b.consistentHashKey,
}
for sc, conInfo := range buildInfo.ReadySCs {
weight := common.GetWeight(conInfo.Address)
for i := 0; i < weight; i++ {
node := wrapAddr(conInfo.Address.Addr, i)
picker.hash.Add(node)
picker.subConns[node] = sc
}
}
return picker
}
type consistentHashPicker struct {
subConns map[string]balancer.SubConn
hash *Ketama
consistentHashKey string
}
func (p *consistentHashPicker) Pick(info balancer.PickInfo) (balancer.PickResult, error) {
var ret balancer.PickResult
key, ok := info.Ctx.Value(p.consistentHashKey).(string)
if ok {
targetAddr, ok := p.hash.Get(key)
if ok {
ret.SubConn = p.subConns[targetAddr]
}
}
return ret, nil
}
func wrapAddr(addr string, idx int) string {
return fmt.Sprintf("%s-%d", addr, idx)
}
|
Q:
PS: How can i change a value of an item of an array when selected with 'Where-Object'?
I have a array of objects like this:
$arr1 = 1..40 |% {[pscustomobject]@{value=0;type="D";used=$false}}
[.. do something ..]
PS C:\Windows\system32> $arr1
value type used
----- ---- ----
1 H True
2 H True
3 H True
4 H True
5 H True
6 H True
7 H True
8 H True
9 H True
10 H True
11 H False
12 H False
13 H False
1 D False
2 D False
[...]
With Where-Object I want to select a specific Object in my Array:
$arr1 | ? {$_.value -eq $newc.value -and $_.type -eq $newc.type}
value type used
----- ---- ----
6 C True
The selection with the "?" workes well as you can see, but now I want to set the $used Flag for this specific Object to $false.
How can I do this? I have the Problem that I don't know the position in the array where my "?-Clause" did match. (With "position" I mean the $arr1[POSITION]. I don't know what number the item has in my array)
I think it would work if I would use an for-loop and would check every $arr1[$i] if my conditions match. But I think there must be an more elegant way for this? Or do I really need the for-loop to check every single item in my array?
A:
This should work:
$toChange = $arr1 | ? {($_.value -eq $newc.value) -and ($_.type -eq $newc.type)}
$toChange | % { $_.used = $false }
Use your Where-Object query to grab a list of items to change, and then make the change by iterating over them using the Foreach-Object or %
Or you could do it in one line:
$arr1 | ? {($_.value -eq $newc.value) -and ($_.type -eq $newc.type)} | % { $_.used = $false }
|
This is an archived article and the information in the article may be outdated. Please look at the time stamp on the story to see when it was last updated.
WASHINGTON — Jay Carney is stepping down as White House press secretary, President Barack Obama announced on Friday.
Obama said Carney told him of his decision in April, and Carney later said he plans to leave the position in mid-June.
The President announced that deputy press secretary Josh Earnest will step into the role.
Obama considers Carney “one of my closest friends.”
“He’s got good judgment. He has good temperament and he’s got a good heart, and I will miss him a lot,” Obama said.
Carney previously spent 21 years in journalism, including a stint as Washington bureau chief for Time magazine, and Obama noted that he went from one of those asking the questions to the person behind the podium in the White House briefing room.
He is Obama’s second press secretary during the more than five years of his presidency.
Carney took over in 2011 when Robert Gibbs stepped down, and has been Obama’s chief spokesman through budget battles with Congress, the 2012 reelection, the rocky Obamacare rollout, the controversy over the Benghazi terror attack, the Edward Snowden NSA leaks, and now the scandal engulfing the Veterans Affairs Department.
“It’s been an amazing experience,” Carney told reporters.
“In midlife you don’t often make a whole new set of friends, and not just friends, but people you would fight by and for under any circumstances and that’s certainly what I have been lucky enough to get over these past five and a half years,” he said.
Carney said that he’s had discussions about what’s next for him but hasn’t made any firm decisions.
He was a former director of communications for Vice President Joe Biden before ascending to the White House job he has now.
Carney’s married to journalist Claire Shipman, a senior correspondent for ABC News.
As for Carney’s successor, Obama called Earnest a “straight shooter and a great guy.”
He said their history dates to the 2008 Iowa caucus, where Earnest served as Obama’s communication’s director in the Hawkeye State.
“As you know, his name describes his demeanor,” the President said of Earnest. |
Poor compliance with child safety restraint use while travelling.
Road traffic accidents are a leading cause of death of children. It is the law that all children should be appropriately secured when traveling in vehicles. The aim of this study was to evaluate parental conformity with these regulations and to test if advice given at a Paediatric outpatient clinic could improve compliance. Two groups were assigned, an intervention group (parents given an information leaflet and a clear explanation about appropriate restraints for their children) and a non-intervention group (received no information). They were contacted again after 2 months and asked regarding compliance. A total of 394 children from 186 families were initially given the questionnaire. Nearly one third of children (29.2%) were not using any restraint while travelling rising to 35.3% on follow up. This study concluded that once off parental education made negligible difference to an already inconsistent and haphazard approach to compliance with safety regulations. |
Hot off the heels of FOX’s announcement of “Gotham” NBC has announced an series based on Constantine from Daniel Cerone & David Goyer.
Original story from Deadline:
Warner Bros. TV and DC Comics are on a roll this development season with a third high-profile project. “Constantine”, a drama based on the characters in DC Comics’ John Constantine stories, has sold to NBC with penalty. It is written/executive produced by The Mentalist executive producer Daniel Cerone and David S. Goyer, the go-to writer for Warner Bros.’ feature DC adaptations. Constantine centers on John Constantine, an enigmatic and irreverent con man-turned-reluctant supernatural detective who is thrust into the role of defending us against dark forces from beyond.
John Constantine, who first appeared in 1985 as a recurring character in the horror series The Saga Of The Swamp Thing, was created by Alan Moore, Steve Bissette and Jamie Delano. He was portrayed by Keanu Reeves in the 2005 feature Constantine and is rumored to be featured in the Justice League Dark feature Warner Bros. has in the works with Guillermo del Toro.
Constantine joins Warner Bros. TV/DC’s The Flash at the CW, a spinoff from hit Arrow, and a Gotham City/Commissioner Gordon drama at Fox, which has a series commitment. WME-repped Goyer has co-written The Dark Knight, The Dark Knight Rises, Batman Begins, Man Of Steel and the upcoming Batman vs. Superman. On TV, he is the creator/executive producer of Starz’s Da Vinci’s Demons. WME-repped Cerone is the creator/executive producer of Canadian drama Motive, which aired on ABC this summer and is awaiting a second-season renewal.
I for one am rather excited. Given the talent involved and the recent success of NBC’s “Hannibal” we could get a dark, moody television series on one of the best comic book characters DC has ever produced. Big week for the company. Sound off about how you feel in the comments. |
Q:
Flutter and Firestore! Set a Collection, a document and a field
I initalize a instance of my FireStore.Collection:
final Firestore store = Firestore.instance;
Now if i press on a Button, i wanted to add to the database a new Collection with a new document and some fields inside. At this time i only can choose a existing Collection and add a field to this collection. The Document is written automatic but i wanted to give it a name.
The Code:
onPressed: (){
store.runTransaction((Transaction transaction)async{
store.collection("test@test.de").add({"flutter":"awesome"});
});
print("Absenden");
},
How can i do this?
Thanks for help!
A:
Specify your document name inside document reference and call setData instead like below.
store.collection("test@test.de").document("documentName").setData({"flutter":"awesome"}); });
|
Q:
What does 'Truth-level' mean in Particle Physics?
I am sorry to ask an obvious question but I have tried looking this up on Google and cannot get an answer. In particle physics, when it is said that something is 'truth-level', what does that mean? For example, if someone is referring to a 'truth-level' jet or a plot of jet masses at truth level, could someone explain in layman's terms what this actually means?
A:
Found this proposal:
Define “truth” objects, e.g. stable particles entering the detector, as close as possible to physics objects reconstructed in the detector
It seems to be an effort to understand detector effects better than up to now.
i.e "true" particles from the interaction vertex hit a detector, and are the source of a number of secondary interactions that are measured in the detector and extrapolated to the true/real entrant. Example: a true photon hits the electromagnetic calorimeter. A shower of electrons are generated in the detector and measured to extrapolate back at the true one photon entry.
|
592 So.2d 1190 (1992)
William Chad MANTLE, Appellant,
v.
STATE of Florida, Appellee.
No. 91-688.
District Court of Appeal of Florida, Fifth District.
January 17, 1992.
*1191 James B. Gibson, Public Defender, and Brynn Newton, Asst. Public Defender, Daytona Beach, for appellant.
Robert A. Butterworth, Atty. Gen., Tallahassee, and Robin Compton Jones, Asst. Atty. Gen., Daytona Beach, for appellee.
W. SHARP, Judge.
Mantle appeals from his convictions and sentences for sexual battery[1] and burglary[2] on the ground that the trial court erred by not allowing him to withdraw his nolo contendere pleas at the sentencing hearing where the trial court imposed sentences grossly in excess of the state's recommendations. The record in this case supports Mantle's position.
At the plea hearing, Mantle pled nolo contendere to sexual battery not likely to cause personal injury, a lesser charge than the crime with which he was charged in the information (sexual battery by multiple perpetrators, §§ 794.011(5) & 794.023(2), Fla. Stat. (1989)). The plea agreement recited the judge made no promise as to his sentence and the prosecutor agreed to recommend that Mantle be sentenced under the Youthful Offender Act, with a maximum possible sentence of six years in prison. In an additional paragraph, the agreement provided: "I understand my sentences will be imposed under the Sentencing Guidelines. A presumptive sentence will be determined based upon certain factors. The Court can exceed this presumptive sentence and impose up to the maximum of 6 years FSP by stating clear and convincing reasons. If the Sentencing Guidelines range is exceeded I will have the right to appeal my sentence." (emphasis supplied)
In addition, at the same plea hearing, Mantle pled nolo contendere to burglary of a dwelling, a second degree felony, which was a lesser offense than the one with which he had been charged in the information: burglary of a dwelling while armed (§ 810.02(2)(b), Fla. Stat.). The plea agreement recited that the prosecutor would recommend ten years probation consecutive to the sexual battery sentence but the judge was not bound by the state's recommendation. It also provided: "I understand my sentence will be imposed under the Sentencing Guidelines. A presumptive sentence will be determined based upon certain factors. The Court can exceed this presumptive sentence and impose up to the maximum of 15 years FSP by stating clear and convincing reasons. If the Sentencing Guidelines range is exceeded I will have the right to appeal my sentence." (emphasis supplied).
At the plea hearing, the trial judge did not enter into a plea colloquy with Mantle. Defense counsel told the judge that Mantle had read the plea bargain forms and understood them. He reiterated that the maximum sentence for the sexual battery was 6 years as a youthful offender and 15 years for the burglary. Immediately thereafter, Mantle signed the plea agreements in open court. The trial judge accepted the pleas of nolo contendere to the two lesser charges and ordered a presentence investigation.
*1192 At the sentencing hearing, defense counsel asked that Mantle be sentenced consistent with the state's recommendations. He said that if the court chose not to sentence Mantle consistent with the state's recommendations, Mantle wished to withdraw his pleas. The trial court refused to allow Mantle to withdraw his pleas.
The trail judge noted that Mantle's scoresheet totalled 632 points one of the highest he had ever seen. The recommended guidelines sentence was life and the permitted range was 27 years to life. When asked if he had anything to say, Mantle explained (rather inarticulately) that his prior offenses were committed as a juvenile and he did not understand he would be hit with that record and faced with a life term when he entered his nolo contendere pleas.
The trial judge said he had warned Mantle when he appeared before him in juvenile court that this would happen but Mantle obviously had not believed him. He said:
I am not going to allow you to withdraw your plea. Your pleas were freely and voluntarily made and they are even entered in writing on the record. I have never made any promises to you about what I would do except I promised you in Juvenile Court. I said it would be my pleasure if I saw you in the adult system to sentence you to the fullest extent that the law gave me the authority to do and I will do that.
The trial judge then sentenced Mantle to consecutive 15-year terms of incarceration, for a total of thirty years.
One problem with the sentences in this case and the judge's refusal to let Mantle withdraw his nolo contendere pleas is the judge's duty pursuant to Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.171(d) to inform the defendant and the state that he cannot sentence pursuant to a presented plea bargain when he knows he cannot, prior to accepting the plea. Rule 3.171(d) provides that when the content of a plea bargain is made known to a trial judge before he accepts a plea and he learns of facts which make it impossible for him to sentence consistent with the plea bargain, he must so advise the parties before accepting the plea.[3] Logically, the trial judge must also advise the parties as to factors already known to him before accepting a plea.
In this case, the transcript suggests that the judge knew and remembered Mantle from juvenile court. He remembered having warned Mantle that Mantle would be sentenced to the maximum possible sentence in the adult system if he ever appeared before him there. He knew the plea bargain included the state's agreement to recommend that Mantle would be sentenced as a youthful offender with a 6 year maximum. But even then, without a presentence investigation, the transcript indicates this judge had no intention of treating Mantle as a youthful offender.
In addition, the record in this case clearly establishes that both the defense and the state were mistaken as to the impact of Mantle's prior criminal record on his scoresheet, and actual maximum sentences he was facing by entering a nolo contendere plea. Regarding the sexual battery charge, the plea agreement recited that the maximum sentence would be six years. Although not as misleading, the burglary plea agreement said that a fifteen year sentence would constitute an upward "departure sentence" under the guidelines for which written reasons would be required and Mantle would then have the right to appeal a 15 year sentence. Both statements were erroneous.
Many cases hold that a defendant may not withdraw a nolo contendere or guilty plea where there is no misunderstanding or mistake as to the plea bargain, and the state fulfills its obligations to recommend the agreed to sentence. See State v. Adams, 342 So.2d 818 (Fla. 1977); Green v. State, 580 So.2d 321 (Fla. 1st DCA 1991); *1193 Johnson v. State, 541 So.2d 1213 (Fla. 2d DCA 1989); Stewart v. State, 511 So.2d 375 (Fla. 1st DCA 1987); Little v. State, 492 So.2d 807 (Fla. 1st DCA 1986); Lepper v. State, 451 So.2d 1020 (Fla. 1st DCA 1984). However, if the record reveals a reasonable basis to conclude that a defendant was misled by a statement at the plea hearing made by the judge or by one or both of the attorneys (defense counsel or prosecutor) he should be permitted to withdraw his plea and go to trial. See Costello v. State, 260 So.2d 198 (Fla. 1972); Brown v. State, 245 So.2d 41 (Fla. 1971). See also State v. Viele, 559 So.2d 1304 (Fla. 4th DCA 1990) (defendant advised erroneously by his attorney that he would get gain time); Kirkman v. State, 559 So.2d 695 (Fla. 3d DCA), rev. denied, 574 So.2d 143 (Fla. 1990) (plea bargain contemplated defendant's eligibility for M.D.S.O. program but sentence imposed made him ineligible); Bullard v. State, 477 So.2d 655 (Fla. 2d DCA 1985) (trial attorney erroneously told defendant his maximum sentence would be 5 years; he was sentenced to 15 years); Dominquez v. State, 432 So.2d 799 (Fla. 2d DCA 1983) (there was "confusion" as to the plea bargain).
In this case, the record shows that Mantle, his counsel, and the prosecutor were all mistaken as to the maximum sentence for sexual battery and the applicable guidelines range for the burglary charge. The trial judge was orally told at the plea hearing what the parties thought the maximum sentences and guidelines range would be and the written agreement clearly manifests their misunderstandings. Under such circumstances, Mantle should have been allowed to withdraw his nolo contendere pleas.[4] A nolo contendere plea entered into with such a gross misunderstanding of the maximum sentence possibilities and the applicable guidelines range (here 27 years to life) cannot be reasonably construed as "voluntary."
Accordingly, we reverse the convictions appealed in this case, vacate the sentences and remand for further proceedings. Mantle should be offered the opportunity to withdraw both nolo contendere pleas. If he does so, the state may proceed to prosecute him for the more serious felony offenses charged in the informations for which he could receive life imprisonment.
REVERSED and REMANDED.
DAUKSCH, J., concurs.
GRIFFIN, J., concurs in result only.
NOTES
[1] § 794.011(5), Fla. Stat. (1989).
[2] § 810.02(3), Fla. Stat. (1989).
[3] Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.171(d) provides:
After an agreement on a plea has been reached, the trial judge may have made known to him the agreement and reasons therefor prior to the acceptance of the plea. Thereafter, he shall advise the parties of whether other factors (unknown at the time) may make his concurrence impossible.
[4] See Babbs v. State, 561 So.2d 1320 (Fla. 4th DCA 1990) (plea bargain based on premise that guideline sentence would be less than later revealed by PSI); Goldberg v. State, 536 So.2d 364 (Fla.2d DCA 1988) (plea bargain entered into when all parties thought the guidelines sentence was probation; prior criminal record later revealed in PSI); Perry v. State, 510 So.2d 1083 (Fla. 2d DCA 1987) (defense counsel told defendant erroneously before trial judge that the guidelines sentence was 2 years, but after PSI it was 3 1/2 to 4 1/2 years).
|
From: JGreath327@aol.com
Sent: Tuesday, December 02, 2003 10:59 AM
To: rule-comments@sec.gov
Subject: File No. S7-23-03
I am amazed that the practice of "NAKED SHORT SELLING" is still in existance
in this country and why it is still allowed. It advances no one but the short
seller ...any Company trying to borrow money to operate on, soon finds that
lenders in short supply when the guys start selling their stock down from higher
levels when their business plans have not changed one iota.
Why can't they be made to borrow the shares like everyone else?
Get some back bone and stand up to these people
John Greathouse |
SPONSORED BY
Cara Mía Theatre presents Gog and Magog: Two Clowns Trapped in Hell
Photo courtesy of Cara Mía Theatre
Gog and Magog are two clowns trapped in hell’s kitchen and their only hope of escape is cooking the perfect meal for God. Though Gog and Magog are best friends, they are terrible cooks. Their friendship is tested along with their culinary skills in this wordless comedy in the tradition of Mump and Smoot and the Three Stooges. |
Q:
Unable to figure out how to delete the entire Linked List through a function using classes only
Being a beginner for C++, I was able to get to the point of making a linkedlist using classes and not templates or vectors, and reached to a point where i can ad a node to the end, delete a node from the end (by value) and print the node. However, I now want to know how to be able to clear the complete set of nodes thereby clearing the complete linkedlist, without using any specialized functions or special headers.
I went through the following resources of reference but could not set or align my understanding with them as the following sources have done using different methods:-
Can't figure out how to clear a linked list in c++?
Linked List Delete Method
(yes i tried getting ideas from java even though i dont know java but just tried too)
C programming Linked Lists delete node at position N
How would I clear a linked list? (came closest to make me understand it but some confusion)
Book: Deitel and Deitel (surprisingly near to my thought only that they have shown using templates or vectors)
Book: Primer (a little bit hard for me to understand)
Any help would be highly appreciated. Please try and forgive some of my bad habbits of programming like using namespace std and etc, etc, as my aim is to get the DeleteAll function working(clearing the complete list), look at the block of code which is commented totally in the last function of the class LinkedList.
Then look at the Case 4 where i am trying to call it in the main function.this my first time with the concept of linked list, and yes it seems very intimidating.
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include "ctype.h" //for enabling the recognition of data types for different illegal user inputs for main program
using namespace std;
// Node class
class Node
{
int data;
Node* next;
public:
Node(){};
void setData(int aData)
{
data = aData;
}
void setNext(Node* aNext)
{
next = aNext;
}
int Data()
{
return data;
}
Node* Next()
{
return next;
}
};
// LinkedList Class
class LinkedList
{
private:
Node *head;
public:
List()
{
head = NULL;
}
// printing contents of list
void Print()
{
Node *tmp = head;
// but if no Nodes then following
if (tmp==NULL)
{
cout<<"\n \t\tcannot find any Nodes: List EMPTY\n";
return;
}
//if one node is found
else if (tmp->Next()==NULL)
{
cout<<tmp->Data();
cout<<"-->";
cout<<"NULL"<<endl;
}
//else more nodes then parse and print the list
else
{
do
{
cout<<tmp->Data();
cout<<"-->";
tmp = tmp->Next();
}
while(tmp!=NULL);
cout<<"";
cout<<"X"<<endl;
}
}
//Append or add a node to the linked list
void Append(int data)
{
//creates a new node;
Node *newNode = new Node();
newNode->setData(data);
newNode->setNext(NULL);
//create a temp pointer for further linking to be facilitated
Node *tmp = head;
//but before setting next link to point last node to new node
//we need to check if we are at the end of the list and if not then traverse to the end of node
if(tmp !=NULL)
{
while(tmp->Next() !=NULL)
{
tmp = tmp->Next();
}
tmp->setNext(newNode);
}
else
{
head = newNode;
}
}
//Delete a node from list BY VALUE
void Delete(int data)
{
//again create a temp pointer.
Node *tmp = head;
//again if no nodes
if (tmp==NULL)
{
cout<<"\n \t\tNo Nodes to delete\n";
return;
}
//Last node in the list which is the same as only one node left in list then following
else if(tmp->Next()==NULL)
{
delete tmp;
head = NULL;
}
//again parse through the nodes again to delete the data related node.
else
{
Node *prev;
do
{
if(tmp->Data()==data)
{
break;
}
else
{
prev = tmp;
tmp = tmp->Next();
}
}
while(tmp != NULL);
//once the data is found and located then readjust the linkage of previous with next and
//delete the current node
prev->setNext(tmp->Next());
delete tmp;
}
}
//
// int Deleteall()
// {
// again create a temp pointer.
// Node *tmp = head;
//
//
// again if no nodes
// if (tmp==NULL)
// {
// cout<<"\n \t\tNo Nodes to delete\n";
// return 0;
// }
//
// Last node in the list which is the same as only one node left in list then following
// else if(tmp->Next()==NULL)
// {
// delete tmp;
// head = NULL;
// }
//
// again parse through the nodes again to delete the data related node.
// else
// {
// Node *prev;
//
// while(tmp);
// {
//
// once the data is found and located then readjust the linkage of previous with next and
// delete the current node
// prev->setNext(tmp->Next());
// delete tmp;
// }
// } return 0;
// }
};
//Now call through the main function
int main()
{
//New List
LinkedList list1;
int usrdata, choice;
while(choice)
{
cout<<"\n\nPlease choose an action to be performed on the LinkedList\n\ninput 1 for adding/appending a node\ninput 2 for printing the list\ninput 3 for deleting the node by value\ninput 4 to exit\n\n";
cin>>choice;
switch(choice)
{
case 1 :
cout<<"\nEnter your desired data for adding/appending\n";
cin>>usrdata;
list1.Append(usrdata);
list1.Print();
continue;
case 2 :
cout<<"\nPrinting\n";
list1.Print();
break;
case 3 :
cout<<"\nEnter your desired data for removal/deleting\n";
cin>>usrdata;
list1.Delete(usrdata);
list1.Print();
break;
case 4 :
cout<<"\n deleting n exiting...\n";
// list1.Deleteall();
list1.Print();
goto end;
default :
cout<<"I think you should go home now you seem tired\n";
}
}
end:
cout<<"\n\nThis statement was reached because either you chose to exit or entered a wrong/illegal value or operation\n\n";
system("pause");
return 0;
}
How to get the last function (completely commented lines) DeleteAll working to clear the entire list without using any other specialized headers or special functions etc.
A:
Delete all is actually a simple process.
Here is the algorithm:
current node is head
while the current node is not null
get the next node
delete the current node
current node is next node
set head to null
You don't have to worry about maintaining links as you are removing everything.
|
include_recipe 'gusztavvargadr_packer_w::install'
gusztavvargadr_docker_engine 'community' do
action :install
end
|
François de Créquy
François de Blanchefort de Créquy, later Marquis de Marines (1629 – 1687) was a 17th century French noble and soldier, who served in the wars of Louis XIV.
The de Créquys were powerful and well-connected, his grandfather Charles I de Blanchefort (1578–1638) being a Marshal of France. Rewarded for supporting the Royalists during the 1648-1653 civil war, his elder brother Charles (1623-1687) was a senior advisor to Louis while François had a successful military career.
Promoted Marshall in 1668, like other French soldiers of his generation he was over shadowed by Condé and Turenne. He fell from favour in April 1672 and although subsequently reinstated failed to regain his former prestige. He retired from service in 1684 and died in Paris in 1687.
Life
François de Blanchefort de Créquy, 2 October 1629 to 3 February 1687, was the youngest of three sons born to Charles de Blanchefort (ca 1598-1630), and Anne Grimoard du Roure (ca 1601-1686). His eldest brother Charles (1623-1687) was one of Louis XIV's closest counsellors and his wife chief Lady-in-waiting to Queen Maria Theresa. The middle brother Alphonse (1628-1711) became the 6th duke of Lesdiguières in 1703 but was less successful than his siblings.
François was born in Poix-de-Picardie, although the family originally came from Créquy, Artois, part of the Spanish Netherlands until annexed by France in 1659. De Créquys were distributed throughout Northern France, including Bernieulles, Auffay and Heilly; other 'de Créquis' served in the armies of the Dutch Republic and Sweden.
His grandfather, Charles I de Blanchefort (1578–1638), was a trusted advisor to Louis XIII and Marshal of France, who commanded French troops at the 1636 victory of Tornavento; his father died at the siege of Chambéry in 1630.
In 1657, François married Catherine de Rougé (1641-1713); they had two children, François Joseph (1662–1702), killed in action at Luzzara in 1702 and Nicolas Charles (1669-1696), who died of disease at the siege of Tournai in 1696.
He purchased the lordship of Marines in 1659 and became 'Marquis de Marines.' His aunt, Madeleine de Créquy (1609-1675), was grandmother of François, duc de Villeroy (1644-1730), French commander in Flanders from 1701 to 1708 during the War of the Spanish Succession.
Career
In the first half of the 17th century, France was divided internally and threatened externally; while it largely stayed out of the 1618-1648 Thirty Years' War, support for the Dutch Republic in its war of independence from Spain eventually led to the 1635-1659 Franco-Spanish War. At home, the French Wars of Religion that had ended with the 1590 Edict of Nantes flared up again in a series of domestic Huguenot rebellions in the 1620s.
The accession of the five year old Louis XIV in 1643 caused a power struggle between his regents, headed by his mother, Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin, opposed by regional magnates like Condé. This resulted in the 1648-1653 civil war known as the Fronde; de Créquy supported the Royalists and was a Lieutenant-General by 1658. He commanded the French right wing under Turenne at the Battle of the Dunes, a decisive victory that led to the 1659 Treaty of the Pyrenees.
In the 1667-1668 War of Devolution, France quickly over-ran Franche-Comté and much of the Spanish Netherlands; after the capture of Lille in 1667, Turenne detached a cavalry force under Bellefonds and de Créquy to cut off the Spanish retreat. They inflicted nearly 2,000 casualties, with Louis looking on; in 1668, Bellefonds, de Créquy and Humières were all created Marshals of France.
The Dutch much preferred a weak Spain as a neighbour in the Spanish Netherlands to a strong and ambitious France. In response, they formed the 1668 Triple Alliance with England and Sweden, forcing Louis to return most of his gains in the 1668 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. He viewed this as ingratitude for the support provided to the Dutch during their war against Spain and began preparations to invade the Netherlands.
Now regarded as one of France's leading soldiers, de Créquy led the invasion force that occupied the strategic Duchy of Lorraine in August 1670. In April 1672, an internal dispute threatened to derail his career when Turenne was appointed senior commander in the Netherlands. Bellefonds, Humières and de Créquy refused to serve under him, arguing Marshalls of France were not subordinate to anyone other than the king. Louis sentenced all three to internal exile and de Créquy retired to his estates in Marines.
The Franco-Dutch War began in May 1672, when the French over-ran much of the Dutch Republic and initially seemed to have achieved an overwhelming victory. By late July, the Dutch position had stabilised and they gained the support of Brandenburg-Prussia, Emperor Leopold and Charles II of Spain. With new fronts opening in Spain and the Rhineland, French troops withdrew from the Dutch Republic by the end of 1673, retaining only Grave and Maastricht.
Along with Bellefonds and Humières, de Créquy returned to service in 1673 but his attempt to relieve Trier was defeated at Konzer Brücke in August 1675. After entering the city to organise the defence, an unpaid and starving garrison forced him to surrender the town in September. He was taken prisoner, which was widely viewed as a humiliation and cost him the support of Louis and Louvois, the Minister of War.
With the death of Turenne and Condé's retirement in 1675, de Créquy was given a new command but this permanently affected Louis' confidence in him. While an apparently minor setback, the defeat at Konzer Brücke was specifically mentioned in the eulogy delivered at Louis' funeral in 1715.
With peace negotiations nearing completion at Nijmegen, Louis planned a short campaign in early 1678 to strengthen his position in the Spanish Netherlands, while remaining on the defensive elsewhere. De Créquy was instructed to avoid battle and ensure the retention of Freiburg, threatened by an Imperial army of 30,000 under Charles of Lorraine. With the advantage of superior logistics, in early July he inflicted heavy casualties on an Imperial detachment at Rheinfelden, before out manoeuvring the main force at the Battle of Ortenbach. Charles retreated to Electoral Palatinate and de Créquy completed the campaign by capturing Kehl and its bridge over the Rhine, which were instrumental in securing Strasbourg, annexed by France in 1681.
He oversaw the Bombardment of Luxembourg from 1681 to 1682; the French withdrew after securing Strasbourg, then annexed it in 1684 during the War of the Reunions. This was de Créquy's final military action; he died in Paris on 3 February 1687, ten days before his brother Charles on 13th.
Legacy
In 1659, de Créquy purchased the lordship and chateau of Marines from Roger-Louis Brûlart, Marquis de Sillery (1619-1691), which remained in the family until 1714; the gardens were laid out by André Le Nôtre, leading landscape designer of the period. Paul Cézanne painted the chateau in 1890 and while unfinished, it is regarded as a masterpiece of perspective.
De Créquy and his wife were buried in the church attached to the convent of Jacobins Saint-Honoré, Paris, demolished in 1816. Their memorial was designed by Charles Le Brun and executed by Antoine Coysevox; when the Jacobin Club took over the church during the French Revolution, this was moved to the Church of Saint-Roch, where it can be seen today.
De Créquy is referenced by the English playwright John Dryden in his 1678 work Mr. Limberman or the Kind Keeper.
References
Sources
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
;
Francois de Crequy
Category:Marshals of France
Category:French knights
Category:1629 births
Category:1687 deaths
Category:Burials at Église Saint-Roch
Category:17th-century French people
Category:Order of the Holy Spirit
Category:French military personnel of the Franco-Dutch War |
Jessica Paré
Jessica Paré (born December 5, 1980) is a Canadian actress and singer known for her co-starring role as Megan Draper on the AMC series Mad Men. She has also appeared in the films Stardom (2000), Lost and Delirious (2001), Wicker Park (2004), Suck (2009), Hot Tub Time Machine (2010), and Brooklyn (2015).
Early life and family
Paré was born in Montreal, Quebec, the daughter of Anthony Paré, former chair of the Education department at McGill University, and Louise Mercier, a conference interpreter. She grew up in the Montreal neighbourhood of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce with three brothers. She speaks both English and French.
Paré's father was an actor and drama teacher who toured with a theatre company, and her mother acted in amateur productions; her uncle Paul was a comedian with the sketch comedy troupe Radio Free Vestibule. Paré would watch her father at rehearsals as a child and became interested in acting while helping him learn his lines for a production of The Tempest.
Relatives include great-grandfather Al Paré and great-great-uncles Noah and Henry Timmins. 18th-century Irish dramatist, fiction writer, essayist and actress Elizabeth Griffith is also an ancestor of Paré through her son, politician Richard Griffith.
Education
Paré attended Villa Maria, a private Catholic high school in Montreal. She studied drama at TheatreWorks and appeared in over half a dozen amateur theatre productions as a teenager, including roles as Maid Marian in Robin Hood and Lucy in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.
Career
Paré landed a small role in the television film Bonanno: A Godfather's Story during her final year in high school, which convinced her to pursue acting as a career. She also had small roles in an episode of the horror television series Big Wolf on Campus and the French film En Vacances (1999). She dropped out of the fine arts program at Montreal's Dawson College and pursued acting for two years. At one point, she worked as a photographer's assistant on automotive photo shoots.
After Paré auditioned for a bit part for the independent film Stardom (2000), director Denys Arcand chose her to star in the film. She played a naive ice hockey player propelled to international stardom as a supermodel. The comedic satire closed the 2000 Cannes Film Festival with mixed reviews from critics. Paré became the Canadian film industry's "it girl" following the film's release. She was also voted one of the 25 Most Beautiful People of 2012, by People Magazine, one of only a few Canadian citizens to have ever been granted this designation, although she chose not to take the title very seriously.
Paré next starred in Lost and Delirious (2001), a story of two young lovers set in a girls' boarding school. The film debuted to mixed reviews at the Sundance Film Festival. The performances of Paré and her co-stars were, however, widely praised. Paré appeared in the television miniseries Random Passage (2002), based on a series of award-winning novels by Bernice Morgan. Also that year, she appeared in the television miniseries Napoléon as the emperor's mistress and had a cameo appearance as a pop singer in Deepa Mehta's Bollywood/Hollywood (2002). The following year, she starred in the girl gang thriller film Posers (2003), after which she appeared in the CTV film The Death and Life of Nancy Eaton, in the title role of murdered heiress Nancy Eaton.
Paré made her Hollywood debut in the film Wicker Park (2004). That year, she also starred in the television miniseries Lives of the Saints, was in the mockumentary See This Movie (2004), and had a role in The WB teen drama series Jack & Bobby, about two brothers, one whom grows up to be the President of the United States; Paré's character grows up to be the First Lady.
Paré shot the CBS pilot Protect and Serve in 2007, co-starred in the independent French-Canadian romantic comedy Jusqu'à toi, and had a small role in The Trotsky (2008), a comedy filmed in Montreal.
She filmed Suck (2008), a vampire horror-comedy written and directed by Rob Stefaniuk, for which role she learned to play the bass guitar. Suck premiered at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival as part of the Contemporary World Cinema programme. Paré was nominated for a 2010 Canadian Comedy Award for best female performance in film for the role.
Paré played a groupie in the comedy film Hot Tub Time Machine (2010). That year, she also appeared in the Canadian comedy Peepers, about pleasures in voyeurism. Peepers competed in the Just for Laughs film festival in Montreal in July 2010.
Also in 2010, Paré joined the cast of the AMC television series Mad Men, playing Don Draper's second wife, Megan Calvet. Paré's character had a prominent role in the Season 5 opener of Mad Men, in which she danced and sang a version of the 1960 Gillian Hills hit "Zou Bisou Bisou". Her recording of the song was subsequently released as a download and on vinyl.
In 2011, Paré appeared in Beholder. The short film, directed by Nisha Ganatra, premiered as part of the ITVS/PBS series FutureStates. She also starred in The Mountie (also known as The Way of the West, and filmed under the working title of Red Coat Justice in 2009)), a western about the North-West Mounted Police, filmed in a remote location outside of Whitehorse, Yukon, and in the comedic short Sorry, Rabbi, directed by Mark Slutsky.
In 2012, Paré appeared on stage with The Jesus and Mary Chain, singing "Just Like Honey", for two concerts in Buffalo, New York and Toronto. That same year, she filmed the romantic comedy, Standby, in Luxembourg and Ireland; she plays the female lead, Alice. It was released in 2014.
In 2017 Paré was added to the main cast of the CBS television series SEAL Team as Amanda Ellis, the team's CIA liaison. The show was renewed for a third season in 2019.
Personal life
In 2007, Paré married writer and producer Joseph M. Smith. They divorced in 2010.
In 2013 she was dating musician John Kastner. On March 19, 2015, Paré gave birth to a son, who was named Blues Anthony Paré Kastner.
Paré is Catholic. She identifies as a feminist, telling Fashion magazine, "of course I'm a feminist... if you're not for the equal treatment of men and women, then you're a fascist."
Filmography
Film
Television
Discography
"Zou Bisou Bisou" – single – music download, vinyl special edition – released March 26, 2012
References
Other sources
"Jessica Paré". Encore Entertainment. Retrieved on October 3, 2007.
External links
Category:1980 births
Category:Canadian film actresses
Category:Canadian television actresses
Category:Living people
Category:People from Côte-des-Neiges–Notre-Dame-de-Grâce
Category:Actresses from Montreal
Category:Anglophone Quebec people
Category:Canadian Roman Catholics
Category:Dawson College alumni
Category:20th-century Canadian actresses
Category:21st-century Canadian actresses
Category:Canadian expatriate actresses in the United States
Category:Canadian feminists
Category:Catholic feminists |
BEST AYURVEDIC HOSPITAL AND AYURVEDIC TREATMENT CENTRE IN KERALA, INDIA - SINCE 1965
Our Specialized Cures
Best Ayurvedic Treatment Hospital in Kerala, India
Welcome to Dharma Ayurveda – home to legendary Ayurvedic Physicians for over nine generations! Every dharma experience offers an opportunity to explore your potential for deep and profound healing and the highest possible quality of life. The line of treatment followed by dharma healers embody ancient curative methods along with a passionate approach to harness the natural healing powers of your body. With a history of healing that span over several centuries, even today ancient remedies and methods are followed to the letter by these illustrious practitioners of Ayurveda.
Ayurmana is an exclusive Ayurvedic Hospital in Trivandrum, Kerala, India; run by Dharma Ayurveda. Set in a healingly serene ambience on a beautiful hillock in Thiruvananthapuram, Ayurmana offers congenial surrounding for the powerful cures of the most revered, timeless healing tradition - Ayurveda, to work its magic on your mind, body and spirit. The healing methods employ time proven strategies and the finest Ayurveda treatment in Kerala, India; to effect fast, yet lasting cure. Our friendly team of distinguished Ayurvedic doctors will meet with you regularly to share your thoughts and discuss your progress, making your healing experience seamless and enjoyable.
Dharmagiri - The Sacred hill of the masters
Ayurmana Centre for Advanced Healing is perched atop the eternally serene and peaceful hillock of Dharmagiri, overlooking green topped highlands. As you enter dharmagiri, it steals you away into a whole new world of ethnic charm. Sprawling across 2 acres of scenic hill country, the bird songs and lush garden landscape with all the ethnic fruit and vegetable foliage in quiet coexistence with flowering plants provide the perfect environment for the unique experience of healing on offer, at this finest Ayurveda Hospital in India.
As the dawn breaks in the countryside, the rising sun, the chirping birds and the morning breeze will awaken your senses, mind and body, attuning your biorhythm with that of Mother Nature. You will perhaps start your day with the practise of Yoga which will further refresh and rejuvenate you and enhance the harmony within, helping channelize the healing powers of nature to flow through you, to achieve healing and well being.
At Dharmagiri, you can get away, forget the world and let the therapeutic powers of the most admired and valued Kerala Ayurveda treatment in India restore your whole being – body, mind and soul.
After the healing treatments and yoga routines, the activity most loved by guests at Dharmagiri is to lazily relax, in its remarkable atmosphere of peace and calm. Interestingly, locals in this part believe, the mount of Dharmagiri to be a sacred hill with healing powers. The folklore is that this hillock used to be a meditation spot of many spiritual masters and saints and that just being at the hilltop heals you.
We invite you to Dharmagiri, to explore and experience for yourself, the profound healing and mystical allure of our treatments that unravel the secrets of the most revered, timeless healing tradition known to man. |
SPP Awards Second Kelleher Fellowship to Doctoral Student Working on Nuclear Material Security
The School of Public Policy has awarded incoming doctoral student Lauren Samuelsen the 2020-2021 Kelleher Fellowship for International Security Studies. Samuelsen intends to examine nuclear material security policy in civilian settings while at the School of Public Policy.
Samuelsen is the second recipient of the Kelleher Fellowship, which was launched in 2019 to honor longtime School of Public Policy faculty member, Catherine M. Kelleher, who helped found the School and the Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland (CISSM).
“Lauren’s interest in international security research and advancing international cooperation are in lock-step with Catherine’s pioneering role in advancing cooperative security,” said CISSM Director Nancy Gallagher, who led efforts to found the fellowship.
“It is an honor to be selected for this award,” said Samuelsen. “I look forward to following in the footsteps of Professor Kelleher and the many other researchers and students who’ve studied and worked at the school.”
Samuelsen joins the School of Public Policy doctoral program after several years of academic and regulatory research, including stints at the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START) at the University of Maryland. While at START, Samuelsen worked on projects related to the center’s research on unconventional weapons and technology. She received an M.A. in Global Affairs and Human Security from the University of Baltimore in 2015, and a B.A. in International Relations from Goucher College in 2011.
The fellowship honors Kelleher’s commitment to advancing the studies and careers of women in the field of international security. In addition to co-founding Women in International Security while at the School of Public Policy, Kelleher has served as a mentor to countless women students and professionals. |
Internet of Things (IoT) has brought everything connected through internet. Increase application of smart devices are enabling us to collect big data on a regular basis. The data gathered are becoming more complex and uncertain and therefore artificial intelligence (AI) came into picture. AI can efficiently deal with the difficulties created by big data. Artificial Intelligence is basically the simulation of logical human thinking using computer technology. Artificial Intelligence provides the framework and tools to go beyond small real-time decision and automation use cases for IoT.
The report aims to provide an overview of global artificial intelligence in IoT market with detailed market segmentation by technology, hardware, application, and geography. The global artificial intelligence in IoT market is expected to witness exponential growth during the forecast period with its application in safeguarding assets and designing automated decision making.
The objectives of this report are as follows:
- To provide overview of the global artificial intelligence in IoT market - To analyze and forecast the global artificial intelligence in IoT market on the basis of technology, hardware and application - To provide market size and forecast till 2025 for overall artificial intelligence in IoT market with respect to five major regions, namely; North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific (APAC), Middle East and Africa (MEA) and South America (SAM), which is later sub-segmented by respective countries- To evaluate market dynamics effecting the market during the forecast period i.e., drivers, restraints, opportunities, and future trend- To provide exhaustive PEST analysis for all five regions- To profiles key artificial intelligence in IoT players influencing the market along with their SWOT analysis and market strategies |
Founded in 1993 by brothers Tom and David Gardner, The Motley Fool helps millions of people attain financial freedom through our website, podcasts, books, newspaper column, radio show, and premium investing services.
The Consensus Opinion on Fastenal: Mixed
A look at some of the key sentiment drivers for Fastenal.
Fastenal(Nasdaq: FAST) is a nearly $10 billion industrial and construction supply business with a 44-year history. Last year, it was No. 10 most-owned stock by investment clubs, as measured by the folks at Better Investing. If retail investors were high on the stock, it got me to thinking: What's the consensus sentiment view on Fastenal?
Turns out, the view is mixed. Let's have a look at a few of the key sentiment drivers.
Four analysts have a "strong buy" rating for the stock, but the most widely held opinion (six analysts) is the neutral "hold," with only two saying "sell." For purposes of this exercise, we'll classify analyst sentiment as "neutral-leaning-bullish."
2. Insider buyingNext, we'll look at insider buying and selling. Over the past year, Fastenal insiders have sold $51.3 million worth of their company stock. During the same time period, insiders bought $209,670 of Fastenal stock. (Data from Form4Oracle.)
While $51.1 million of net insider selling isn't all that meaningful relative to Fastenal's $9.4 billion market cap, and while insiders sell stock for a whole host of reasons -- to pay for a house or tuition, to diversify assets, and so forth -- it's still nice to see insider buying/selling a bit more balanced. We'll classify this sentiment as bearish.
3. Guru buyingNext, we'll look at "guru" ownership of the stock, according to GuruFocus.
There aren't a whole lot of gurus interested in Fastenal, but the few gurus who've made trades have been buying, not selling. In the quarter ended Dec. 31, the only guru activity was George Soros scooping up a fairly modest 3,600 shares. Three gurus are current owners of Fastenal: Soros, Ron Baron, and Ruane Cunniff.
Without a ton of guru affection, we'll classify "guru buying" sentiment as bullish-to-neutral.
4. Retail investor community sentimentFor retail investor community sentiment, I turn to Motley Fool CAPS, our proprietary stock rating system. CAPS generates ratings on a one- to five-star scale, with five stars as the highest ranking, indicating that the Fool community believes in a stock's future. Fastenal has a neutral three-star rating.
5. Short-sellersNext, we'll look at whether short-sellers are circling the stock. There are 13.1 million Fastenal shares sold short, according to Capital IQ. As a percentage of shares outstanding, that's a short interest of 8.9%. While it's less than, say, the 13.3% short interest of struggling bookseller Barnes & Noble, it's still higher than I'd like to see. For determining sentiment, we'll classify the high short interest as bearish.
6. Does Buffett own it?This is the "cherry on top" test, and in Fastenal's case, it's a no: Berkshire Hathaway does not own shares.
Adding it upFastenal's overall sentiment is decidedly mixed. The CAPS community is neutral on the stock, and both analysts and gurus are neutral-to-bullish. On the negative side, insiders have been net sellers, and short sellers are circling the stock at a rate higher than I'd like to see. Berkshire doesn't own shares of Fastenal, either.
Of course, you can't base an investment philosophy on who likes or dislikes the stock you own, and even a consensus bullish opinion can sometimes be a scary thing. Quoting Buffett: "A simple rule dictates my buying: Be fearful when others are greedy, and be greedy when others are fearful." There's neither fear nor greed circling Fastenal right now, though.
The purpose of this series of articles isn't to make a definitive buy-or-sell call on Fastenal. Rather, by looking at a stock's sentiment, the goal is to help you place your own opinion of it in a broader context.
Author
Now: I work on global strategy for The Motley Fool with a focus on Canada, Europe, and South America. Former: Managing Editor of Fool.com. The longer version: http://www.linkedin.com/pub/brian-richards/31/164/461/. |
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Falls Prevention for Teens
Unfortunately, falls – both emotional and physical – can be a big part of this age. In many ways, the emotional ones are tougher on parents, so hang in there. You’ll laugh about it someday. Here are some things you can do to teach your preteen and teenager how to prevent fall-related injuries.
Top Safety Tips
It’s important that kids have the freedom to be creative and push their limits. That means wearing a helmet for appropriate activities such as biking or snowboarding to prevent a head injury that can ruin the fun down the road.
Talk to your kid about appropriate play behaviors. We know some play can be physical, but it’s important to know when and where it’s appropriate. |
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