text stringlengths 8 5.77M |
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Subperiosteal early resection of the mid-palatal suture. A morphological study in twelve patients operated for choanal atresia.
Twelve patients with choanal atresia were operated on by a method which involves a subperiosteal resection of the hard palate including the posterior two-thirds of the mid-palatal suture. In 7 patients, admitted for reoperation, peroperative examinations revealed an osseous defect in the posterior part of the hard palate. Biopsies showed that repair in this area was mostly by connective tissue, indicating that formation of new bone, regenerated from periost, is minimal in this part of the palate. Fresh specimens from 5 previously unoperated patients and from the anterior intact part of the palate of the reoperated patients, displayed that the mid-palatal suture was not obliterated even at 26 years of age. Longitudinally orientated intrasutural fibres and signs of active growth were evident up to puberty. The suture seemed to consist of three layers. |
Enhanced Signature-Based Video Browser
Abstract
The success of our Signature-Based Video Browser presented last year at Video Browser Showdown 2014 (now renamed to Video Search Showcase) was mainly based on effective filtering using position-color feature signatures, while browsing in the results comprising matched keyframes was based just on a simple sequential search approach. Since the results can consist of highly similar keyframes (e.g., news studio scenes) making the browsing more difficult, we have enhanced our tool with more advanced browsing techniques considering also homogeneous result sets obtained after filtering phase. Furthermore, we have utilized improved search models based on feature signatures to make the filtering phase more effective. |
The ‘Digital India’ plan launched by Premier Narendra Modi on 1 July will link 250,000 Indian villages by 2019, says Ranjit Devraj.
Described as India’s first cyber prime minister for his massive presence on social media, Modi says he dreams of an India driven by 1.2 billion connected people. Modi’s is no idle dream. The US$ 18 billion that the government plans to invest in Digital India is more than matched by pledges worth US$ 71 billion made at the launch by India’s cyber czars. With that level of investment Digital India has a chance of succeeding where previous attempts to connect an appreciable percentage of the Indian population, and bridge the digital divide, floundered.
Akamai’s State of the Internet: Q1 2015 Report Credit: Akamai Click on the image above to enlarge
As things stand, India ranks a low 115th for average Internet speed among countries studied this year by Akamai Technologies. The government has plans to provide affordable broadband connectivity at 20 Mbps to every household by 2019, but what is already working is India’s impressive expansion of mobile phone ownership. Some 70 per cent of the country’s 250 million Internet users access the Web via mobile phones and hence, the new emphasis on m-governance rather than e-governance.
Apart from broadband connectivity in the villages, Digital India envisages free Wifi in all educational institutions and also in major urban centres by 2019. This year BSNL, a government telecom company, will create 250 WiFi hotspots. The initiative ticks boxes in areas like health, education, agriculture and banking. Digital infrastructure is to become a utility available to every citizen — or so the vision statement goes.
Modi plans to leverage India’s acknowledged strengths in providing software solutions to move into the manufacture of hardware — currently India’s largest import item after petroleum. He is betting that the vast investments in Digital India will boost local manufacture, create infrastructure and generate employment. “Why can't we make quality electronic goods that are globally competitive?" was Modi’s challenge to the corporate honchos who attended the launch.
Private investors
The CEOs took up the challenge. Anil Agarwal, chief of Sterlite Technologies Ltd., said his company has plans to set up a US$ 6.3 billion facility to manufacture LCD panels and generate employment for 40,000 people. Sunil Bharti Mittal, chairman of Bharti Airtel, India's largest mobile phone operator, said his company plans to build on India's already extensive telecom network and spend over US$ 17 billion in the next five years on affordable services and handsets. Kumar Mangalam Birla said his Idea Cellular mobile services company will tap into its subscriber base of 165 million users to provide mobile-based healthcare and education services plus weather forecasting advisories and market prices to reach a million farmers. Birla plans to invest US$ 2 billion over the next five years in electronic manufacturing, energy storage, Internet of Things and smart cities, creating a million new jobs in the process.
Government initiatives under Digital India are impressive and include services such as a digital locker to store and transfer documents over dedicated personal space in the cloud for all registered citizens. But what will make such initiatives work is the public-private partnership. The Reliance Group (RG), India's largest provider of data centre facilities, plans to launch schemes to encourage its 300 million clients to avail of the digital locker. RG, owned by Anil Ambani, will invest US$ 1.5 billion to fund transformational initiatives across cloud, digital and telecom and have in place by yearend India’s first Cloud Delivery Network.
The biggest investor by far in Digital India is Anil Ambani’s older brother Mukesh Ambani whose Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL) is coming in with US$ 40 billion and a promise to employ 500,000 people. RIL’s plans include the funding of start ups by young entrepreneurs capable of advancing Digital India projects.
Transparency and security
What could hold up this grand vision of open governance and ready digital access? For one thing, too much has been invested by both governors and the governed in opaqueness. The digitising of government files is unthinkable in the foreseeable future. For citizens, the lack of adequate laws to protect privacy and data has led to suspicion that the technology will work to the advantage of government and its corporate partners. The digital locker cannot, for example, be accessed by citizens who have not opted to have ‘Aadhar’, the government-issued biometric ID card. The compulsory use of the card has been successfully challenged in the Supreme Court. One of the criticisms against Aadhar — and this is bound to extend to the digital locker — is that the citizen is helpless against data pilferage or misuse.
Modi, however, sees opportunity for Digital India in security issues which he called a “bloodless war hovering over the world.” India, he believes, could play a role in providing a “shield to the world by providing innovative and credible solutions” for security. |
Q:
rails 3.2 jquery autocomplete minlength
I am following the instructions to implement auto complete in a rails 3.2.11 application but I need to specify a minimum number of characters to type before the query triggers. THe jQuery API documentation has an attribute "minLength". I can't figure out how to implement this in a rails auto complete field tag. Here is my code for the field tag.
<%= autocomplete_field_tag 'unit', '', autocomplete_unit_identifier_subjects_path, :id_element => '#subject_id', :size => 75 %>
Here is the url to the instructions I am following.
https://github.com/crowdint/rails3-jquery-autocomplete
A:
Well, minLength doesn't work because of this code in autocomplete-rails.js, line 65 or so:
search: function() {
// custom minLength
var term = extractLast( this.value );
if ( term.length < 2 ) {
return false;
}
},
You can change the '2' to whatever you want the minLength to be.
|
Two years ago, at age 26, Lilly Singh moved out of her parents’ home in Markham and bought a $1.5-million Spanish-style house in the plush Los Angeles neighbourhood of Hancock Park. Since then, she’s been living out a shimmery La La Land fantasy. She owns a Tesla Model S, the same car Matt Damon and Will Smith drive. In conversation, she casually name-drops friends like Selena (Gomez, who often pops up in Singh’s Instagram feed) and Dwayne (“The Rock” Johnson, whose teen daughter she takes for ice cream). In January, before the People’s Choice Awards, I watched a herd of stylists converge on Singh, spackling her face, bronzing her shoulders and affixing mink eyelash extensions. After four hours, she emerged in a liquid-gold dress and glitter-flecked heels, trying to memorize the names of the designers for the red carpet. “Dress by Nicole Miller, shoes by Stuart Weitzman,” she recited at least 20 times, her voice betraying the nerves of a starlet headed to her first big awards show.
Except Singh isn’t a typical Hollywood starlet. Instead of appearing in films and on TV, Singh made her fortune by writing, directing and starring in YouTube videos. She works under the self-congratulatory alias of Superwoman (she licensed the trademark from DC Comics) and holds more than 11 million subscribers in her thrall. Every Monday and Thursday, Singh uploads a new video; collectively, they’ve had more than 1 billion views.
Her persona is that of a scrappy tomboy: she wears backward trucker hats and baggy flannel shirts, gripes about tampons and makeup, and acts out don’t-you-hate-it-when moments with Animaniac energy. She riffs about her Punjabi parents and the challenge of finding the right foundation to match her skin tone. And she specializes in Seinfeldian sketches about problems that afflict all teenage girls. In one of her creations, she rattles off the litany of problems that come with having long hair (Singh’s unicorn mane goes down to her thighs): she has to wrap her hair around her neck like a scarf while using the toilet so it doesn’t cascade into the bowl, she discovers dozens of hidden bobby pins in her bun and she whips her tresses so hard she has to wear a neck brace. Other sketches catalogue all the reasons Singh hates bras, the types of crushes she gets and why exams are annoying. She often plays three or four characters in one video, and sometimes her observational comedy veers into minstrelsy, especially when she adopts campy Indian accents and costumes to portray fictional versions of her strict parents.
To the adult eye, Singh’s comedy can seem bush league, her sketches occasionally cringe-inducing, her platitudes callow. (“You are going to succeed because the world is waiting for what you have to offer!” she once cheered.) But Singh doesn’t care about adult eyes. She has calibrated every video to appeal to the covetable teen demographic. Between fart jokes, she spouts aphorisms about positivity, empowerment and self-love. She’s as wholesome as Taylor Swift with streetwise chutzpah, a motivational speaker disguised as a comedian. And almost out of nowhere, she has become the reigning avatar of millennial girl power.
Many of the world’s biggest female celebrities position themselves as untouchable deities: Swift has her famously exclusive squad, the Kardashians flaunt their personal jet, and Beyoncé dresses up like a fertility goddess at every opportunity. Singh has steered herself in the opposite direction, building her brand on inclusiveness and empathy. She lays bare her imperfections, filming the clothes piled on her bedroom floor and zooming in on her zits and stray facial hairs. She has a canny ability to make teens feel as though she’s reading their minds when she complains about the indignity of menstruation and how gross it is when parents ignore grocery expiration dates. By intuiting what her audience is thinking—no matter how banal—she makes them feel heard, validating teenage emotions in an ever-more-alienating world. The intimacy of the platform helps, too: on YouTube, there are no middlemen, executives or handlers. Singh has earned trust by communing with her viewers directly.
Her teen-whispering powers work on YouTube in a way they couldn’t in any other medium. In the past few years, the platform has emerged as the preferred video source among the 13 to 24 demographic. In a recent study of American teens, 85 per cent of participants named YouTube as their number one choice for video, with Netflix and cable coming in second and third. Most respondents said they check out YouTube as soon as they wake up, and continue watching off and on late into the night.
YouTube’s dominance is largely based on utility: its content is free, accessible and ample. And, while the production values are evolving by the minute, the platform still retains an indie spirit. The personalities tap into a plaintive desire for authenticity: many of them play versions of themselves, speak directly to the camera and, like Singh, offer some form of inspirational pablum. Millennials now purge their emotions through YouTube the same way Gen X-ers did with Judy Blume novels.
It can be a lucrative formula. Last year, Forbes pegged Singh as the highest-paid woman on YouTube and the platform’s third-highest earner overall, estimating her 2016 earnings at $7.5 million (U.S.). (When I asked Singh if the number was accurate, she played dumb, claiming she had no idea how much she made.) She has leveraged her YouTube fame into a multi-pronged empire, bagging sponsorship deals with brands like Coke and Toyota. You can buy Superwoman-branded T-shirts, hoodies and trucker hats on her website. In 2015, she capitalized on her massive fan base and embarked on a worldwide comedy tour, selling out stadiums in Mumbai, Sydney and Singapore. And her coterie of famous friends keeps growing: her videos have featured Ariana Grande, Seth Rogen and James Franco. She just released a hybrid memoir and self-help book called How to Be a Bawse—slang for “boss”—in which she counsels her acolytes to believe in themselves and reach for greatness. The chapters are titled with directives like “Schedule Inspiration,” “Be Unapologetically Yourself” and “Be Nice to People.”
In the golden age of Hollywood, celebrity was a top-down operation: cigar-chomping studio suits would discover their muses at the drugstore, mould them into stars and unleash them on the world. Singh spent years transmitting her videos directly from her bedroom in Markham to millions of teenagers’ bedrooms around the world, building her name before Hollywood took notice. She became a star in reverse.
Lilly Singh’s house looks like the set of a Disney Channel series. In the centre of the kitchen is a vintage popcorn machine covered in rainbow stripes and the Superwoman logo. The armchairs are marigold yellow, and there’s a hoverboard in the corner. The shelves are stacked with Shopaholic books (“I can read each one in a day,” gushes Singh), as well as relentlessly cheerful titles from Singh’s fellow YouTube stars—a cookbook by the chef Hannah Hart (2.5 million subscribers), a self-help book by the comedian Grace Helbig (3 million subscribers), a coming-of-age memoir by the LGBT activist Tyler Oakley (8 million subscribers). Singh owns a plaque that reads “What would Beyoncé do?” and a bottle of Moët encrusted with the word BAWSE in rhinestones. She got her friend, a YouTube star named Mr. Kate who creates DIY home decor videos, to design her bedroom in a burlesque colour scheme of fuchsia, purple and yellow, with lyrics from Bob Marley’s “Three Little Birds” hand-scripted in giant calligraphy on the wall behind the headboard. She’s putting the final touches on a production studio with three-point lighting, soundproofing and a green screen for CGI. The room is painted in My Little Pony pastels, and the words “Hustle Harder” are written on the wall.
Singh’s house has four bedrooms, and, for about half of the year, one of them is occupied by her best friend, Kanwer Singh (no relation), who goes by the YouTube moniker Humble the Poet. Humble is a 35-year-old former Rexdale elementary school teacher who earned minor YouTube fame for his rap-inflected spoken word poetry in the late 2000s, before Lilly even joined the platform. She emailed him to collaborate in 2011, soon after she started her YouTube career, and, over the years, he’s become her sidekick. Lilly, who’s single, insists their relationship is platonic, but she brings Humble as her date to every Hollywood party, and they frequently appear in each other’s videos. They have a brother-sister vibe: he scolds her for not eating well enough and teases her about her hyper-focused work ethic.
Her favourite souvenir from back home is a large piece by the artist Inkquisitive that features soulful illustrations of Drake drawn overtop the CN Tower. Singh, like any law-abiding Torontonian, is a devout Drake fan. She finally got the opportunity to meet him last September, backstage at his concert in L.A. In the Instagram photo, Singh wore a 416 trucker hat, closed her eyes and clasped her hands in mock prayer, while Drake made his signature 6 hand signal. “Me and a sweeter Toronto ting that has the world in her palm,” he wrote in the caption.
When I walked into Singh’s living room on the day of the People’s Choice Awards, I heard her voice before I saw her face. “Yoooooooo,” she bellowed as she thumped down the stairs makeup-free in a shiny black basketball jersey and tearaways. “Who’s this person who’s gonna see me looking all gross?” Singh speaks with a distinctively slangy Scarberian argot, exuding the same cocksure charisma that you see in her videos. She possesses a cartoon beauty, with giant eyes that look like a Snapchat filter and elastic, expressive features that are ideally suited to Internet vaudeville. When she sits, she leans forward, shifting her shoulders and splaying her legs like a manspreader on the subway. I ask her if she’s looking forward to the awards, and she closes her eyes and nods reverently. “I find awards shows so inspiring,” she says. Even Singh’s tattoos align with her Oprah-lite brand: she has “One Love” scripted conspicuously over her collarbone, and the Punjabi words “Nirbhao” (without fear) and “Nirvair” (without hate) on the insides of her wrists.
Most of her videos begin: “Whaddup! It’s your girrrrrrrrrl Superwoman!” she hollers, then flashes a complicated hand-signal S that’s meant to replicate the Superwoman logo. Insiders know the S has a double meaning: it’s also a symbol for Scarborough, where Singh spent the bulk of her childhood. Singh has lived out the classic second-generation Canadian success story. Her father, Sukhwinder, and her mother, Malwinder, grew up in the Punjabi region of India, where they were paired in an arranged marriage. Sukhwinder came to Canada in 1972 and found jobs as a factory worker, cab driver and furniture salesman, finally earning enough money for his wife to immigrate here in 1981. “He still has pictures of himself posing next to his first refrigerator. That was really exciting for him,” Lilly says. Malwinder worked at a company that produced CDs and cassettes. Eventually, Sukhwinder acquired leases for 11 gas stations around the GTA, and, by the early ’80s, the couple had bought a home in Malvern. Their elder daughter, Tina, was born in 1982; Lilly followed six years later.
Singh has been honing her tomboy shtick since she was a kid. In Grade 3, she developed a pathological obsession with The Rock, back when he was still a wrestler. She kept a life-size cut-out of him in her bedroom, plastered her walls with posters and dressed up as him at a school fashion show. She’d get up at 5 a.m. to watch Monday Night Raw episodes that she’d taped the night before. “If they ever announced my name over the PA system at school, they’d call me Lilly ‘The Rock’ Singh,” she says.
Mrs. Dressup
Lilly Singh’s over the top alter egos have become almost as famous as she is. Here, six of her favourite characters:
Singh’s unslakable thirst for attention led her toward a series of jazz-hand theatrical pursuits. Her sister recalls that, when Lilly was eight, she would carry around camcorders for days, recording her every move, reciting monologues, acting out skits—basically, what she does now. She’d perform hip hop routines for her sister and friends. “Every other kid in school wanted to be a doctor, an engineer, a scientist, and my parents were like, ‘Oh, of course, our daughter wants to be a rapper.’ ” When Singh was 16, her parents upsized to a new house in Markham, though she insisted on staying at her high school, Lester B. Pearson C.I. in Scarborough. It was around that time that Singh discovered bhangra, the elaborately costumed, beat-heavy Punjabi dance form that closes out every Bollywood musical. In 2006, when she started studying psychology at York University, she became president of her bhangra club. Soon, the group was hired to dance at Indian weddings, and Singh was spending more time choreographing shows and designing marketing materials than studying. Her parents had so far exhibited saintly tolerance for her predilections, but, when it came to dancing in public, they balked. “My parents said, ‘No, girls can’t dance at people’s weddings. It doesn’t look good,’ ”she recalls. “We butted heads. Ultimately, they just let me do it, because I was going to do it anyway.”
As she inched toward graduation, her parents pressured her to get her master’s of science, just as her sister had done. (Tina now runs an occupational therapy practice.) But Singh had realized school wasn’t for her. “I was really good at it,” she says, “but I hated the idea of living this linear life—take classes, go to grad school, get a job.” After graduating in 2010, she took a soul-crushing job working the phones at a collections agency. “It was horrendous. People swore at me all day long,” she says. Singh found herself in a desperate funk. “I didn’t get out of bed for days,” she says. “I didn’t go anywhere or see anybody.” The Singhs are Sikh, and, even though they are not devout, Lilly suddenly found the idea of religion reassuring. She spent two or three hours a day at the Gursikh Sabha, a baroquely furnished temple in Scarborough. “I would volunteer in the dining hall, wash dishes, clean the floors. I was always the only kid with a whole bunch of elderly people.”
One day during that aimless year, Singh was at home surfing YouTube when she stumbled upon a video by Jenna Marbles, a 24-year-old former bartender from New York with lavender-streaked hair. Marbles, whose real name is Jenna Mourey, had recently started her own YouTube channel, where she offered sexed-up satire spoofing the Paris Hilton generation. Her videos had titles like “Sluts on Halloween,” “People That Piss Me Off at the Gym” and “What Bitches Wear at the Airport.” She was a YouTube frontierswoman, one of the first people to attract an audience with her personality, rather than with gaming tips or sports clips. One of Marbles’ first videos, “How to Trick People Into Thinking You’re Good Looking,” racked up 5.3 million views in its first week, a milestone in those antediluvian days. “After I saw her video, I fell down a rabbit hole,” Singh says. “I didn’t realize that you could create that kind of content on YouTube.”
The next day, Singh, then 22, recorded her first YouTube video. It bore no resemblance to the manic sketches she does now. The clip was a piece of earnest spoken word poetry about her connection to her temple, encouraging more young people to spend time volunteering in spiritual places. She shared the clip on Facebook and watched it rack up 70 views. “I was amazed. I didn’t even think I knew 70 people,” she says. “But it was really awkward and bad.” So bad, in fact, that Singh eventually took it down, claiming it no longer aligned with her faith. She believes in God, but adheres to no formal religion.
As she got more comfortable in front of the camera, she set about establishing her brand of self-deprecating observational comedy, which at first catered specifically to second-generation South Asian teens. Her early videos taught viewers how to wrap a Sikh turban, riffed on why brown girls like white guys and introduced viewers to her “parents”—she played her father as a belligerent disciplinarian with a poofy wig and charcoal beard, and her mother as a controlling busybody in glasses and a chunni. In between shooting skits and working a series of dead-end jobs, she learned how to light her videos, what kind of camera equipment to use, how to make graphics and sound effects—and she found most of this on YouTube how-to channels. Within six months, she had more than a thousand subscribers. Gradually, her funk lifted. She claims the response to her YouTube videos helped alleviate her sadness, though it’s hard to know how much of that is self-mythologizing.
By 2011, Singh had amassed several thousand subscribers, and other YouTubers took notice. A creator named Allen Buckle, who went by Fluffee Talks, reached out to Singh and asked her to meet at his home. Buckle was a 24-year-old comedian from Toronto who wore a black beanie and aggregated bizarro news stories from around the globe. At the time, he had about 500,000 subscribers. She sat in his living room and sipped a glass of water. “So, what do you do?” she asked. “I do YouTube. I bought this house with money from making videos,” he replied nonchalantly. “I was blown away,” she recalls. “I had no idea people could make a living posting videos.”
The visit changed her life. Singh marched into her parents’ bedroom and told them she didn’t want to go to grad school—she was going to be a YouTube star instead. They were skeptical, but, as usual, relented to their daughter’s whims. Sukhwinder struck a deal: he gave her a year to focus on her YouTube career while living under his roof. If she wasn’t making a living by then, he told her she’d have to go back to school. Singh readily agreed and got to work formalizing her brand. She committed to a regular posting schedule and bought her first professional camera: a Canon T3i DSLR she found at a Best Buy Boxing Day sale for $699. “I’d never spent that much money on anything before,” she says. Her popularity was spreading rapidly throughout the South Asian community. People would stop her at the grocery store, at the mall, at the movies and ask: “You’re that girl who makes YouTube videos, right?” By the time she hit her dad’s deadline in 2012, she had 100,000 followers, and he agreed to let her keep going. Within two years, she’d hit the one million mark.
YouTube officially launched in early 2005 but didn’t start raking in serious revenue until Google bought it nearly two years later. The site’s new corporate overlords embarked on an aggressive campaign that allowed both the platform and its top content creators to generate funds. Advertisers would negotiate with YouTube, then YouTube would typically take 45 per cent of the ad revenue and let creators pocket the rest. At first, the company selected which users would be able to monetize their accounts. Most people had to wait months or years before they were chosen, but Singh got an email from the YouTube brass after she posted her third video, a guide to help brown guys decode the behaviour of brown girls. For the next couple of years, she says she made about $100 per month from her videos.
In 2012, YouTube enabled any user to activate advertising. Since then, the number of ad-supported YouTube channels has ballooned from roughly 10,000 to more than three million. Last year, the company grossed $5.6 billion (U.S.) in ad revenue. Advertisers pay a set rate for every thousand views. Seismic success is exceedingly rare. Many users—the hobbyists, whose views are in the thousands rather than the millions—might only earn a few hundred dollars a year. Most of them will never make a living off of YouTube, let alone experience the gilded life of Lilly Singh. The big guns, especially those in Singh’s echelon, can attract as much as three to five dollars per thousand views after YouTube takes its cut. So a video that earns five million views, as Singh’s often do, can shake out to a net revenue of $25,000 (U.S.). She posts 100-odd videos a year, which can mean about $2.5 million (U.S.) in YouTube revenue alone.
Advertisers have figured out that online video is one of the best ways to tap into a younger demographic. And while digital competitors like Facebook Live, Snapchat and Instagram are catching up, YouTube continues to dominate. “On Facebook, you’re scrolling past a video in a newsy environment that’s cheek by jowl with updates from everyone else in your life,” says Andrea Ching, the chief marketing officer of the online video analytics firm OpenSlate. “On YouTube, you’ve selected a piece of content and you’re ready to engage with it.”
The vast untapped revenue potential has spawned a cottage industry of YouTube professionals. There are analysts, like Ching and her team at OpenSlate, who crunch YouTube viewership data to advise brands on where their money is best spent. YouTube talent scouts watch hours of video per day, investigating which incipient stars are getting the most likes and comments, and grappling with other companies to see who can sign them first. Sarah Weichel, an independent manager who represents Singh and several varsity-level YouTubers, wanted to work with musicians when she came to Hollywood five years ago. When she interviewed at a talent management agency called The Collective, they told her they weren’t hiring music reps, but she could sign onto their burgeoning digital YouTube team, which, at the time, consisted of just three agents. Since then, The Collective shut down their music-management arm entirely to focus on digital talent.
A phalanx of digital ad sales firms have emerged to help brands maximize their reach. These companies sign individual channels and use their clients’ collective power to leverage more sales. A firm that manages 2,000 channels amasses billions of views every month, which is a considerable bargaining chip when negotiating with brands. Many of these companies also negotiate sponsorship deals and branded video collaborations on top of the pre-roll advertising. They’ll provide analytics, helping creators build their audiences. They’ll even offer studio space and production assistance. YouTubers who belong to the same networks give the appearance of a high school clique, popping up in each other’s videos and promoting each other’s channels.
Singh has always had a meticulous vision for her YouTube channel. “If you gave her an idea, she’d process it through the tiny computer in her brain, and then she’d say, ‘Nope, that’s not relatable,’ ” explains her friend Humble. She spent years poring over analytics, figuring out which posts were going viral and which ones were flopping. She read every comment to see what fans were responding to. And yet, in 2014, when she had about three million followers, she realized that she was no longer able to cultivate the Superwoman brand on her own. If she wanted to scale her business, she’d need to bring in some experts. Singh signed with Sarah Weichel at The Collective when the company was transitioning from a management agency to an ad sales firm. “What really spoke to me about Lilly was how hard she wanted to work,” says Weichel. “Here was this girl, fresh off the plane from Toronto, and the first thing she said to me was, ‘I want world domination.’ I laughed at her.” Within a few months, Weichel set up her own indie talent firm—she continues to serve as Singh’s manager, handling her creative endeavours, while The Collective, which has renamed itself as Studio 71, represents her sales interests.
As Singh’s popularity snowballed on YouTube, she attended dozens of public events and VidCon expos, which allowed her to keep expanding her fan base and rake in cash from appearance fees and merchandise sales. “People asked me to host dance competitions, then they asked me to promote their events. Eventually, it was like, ‘Hey, can you wear our T-shirt?’ ” she says. When Singh registered her business, her accountant didn’t understand what she did. “He’s like, ‘Why are you getting money from YouTube?’ ” (She has since hired a new accountant.)
The extent of Singh’s fame sunk in on a trip to Mumbai in 2014 for YouTube FanFest, a concert-style event featuring dozens of popular YouTubers. It was her first time overseas. Once she’d checked into her hotel, she got a call from the event’s producer, explaining that the daughter of Bollywood star Shah Rukh Khan, the highest-grossing movie star in the world, was a fan, and he wanted her to visit his house. Singh thought it was a prank. “My response was literally, ‘Dude, shut up. Stop wasting my time,’ ” she says. “Then, Shah Rukh got on the phone. I was like, ‘Cancel everything.’ ”
Khan lives in an enormous home called Mannat, which looks like an antebellum plantation on the outside and Versailles on the inside. Every day, hundreds of fans line up at the gates, hoping to spot Khan, who often waves from the balcony like the queen. “When I got there, I heard shrieks and screams. I thought, Oh my god, people snuck through the gate,” Singh recalls. But it turned out to be his 12-year-old daughter screaming for her. Before Singh left Mannat, Khan gave her one of his monogrammed blazers. “I want your dad character to wear this in one of your videos,” he said.
Later that night, Singh performed for 2,000 screeching teens at YouTube FanFest. Khan made an appearance there, too. While he was revving up the crowd, Singh walked onstage behind him, and the audience lost it. “They chanted, ‘LILLY, LILLY, LILLY,’ while Shah Rukh Khan was onstage with me,” Singh says, still in disbelief. “I felt sick for the rest of the night. I was shaking. I didn’t know how to deal with it.”
Over the next year, Singh rapidly accelerated from star to superstar. She got calls to collaborate with Hollywood celebrities like Selena Gomez and the rapper Jay Sean. As she realized how diverse her followers were, she began to distance herself from the South Asian–specific humour, focusing instead on issues that affect all teens. “I don’t want to just make content for Indian people. I’m all about universal themes. We’re all humans. We all fight with our parents. We all have relationships that fail.”
In 2015, Singh decided she wanted to go on a stadium tour and meet her fans. She dreamed of a Broadway-calibre spectacle, with elaborate costume changes, video projections and bhangra dancers. It would be a high-octane variety show, with Singh rapping, dancing and doing sketch comedy. Weichel shopped the tour to dozens of promoters, but none of them wanted to substantially invest. “Most people didn’t understand the vision. There was a disconnect between traditional entertainment and the digital audience,” Weichel explains. Then she realized that Singh could finance the tour the same way she did everything else: on YouTube. “I knew that promoters might not have significantly bought into Lilly’s thing on the stage, but they certainly were going to invest in Lilly’s thing on the screen,” she says. She and Singh conceived of a backstage documentary chronicling the creation of the tour. At the time, YouTube was debuting YouTube Red, a paid subscription service that would stream content. They bought the film and promised to spend a fortune on marketing. When Singh toured Asia, Australia and Europe later that year, she sold out most of her dates.
She has teamed up with Coca-Cola, creating promotional content on her channel. Coke flew her to the Rio Olympics last year to film sponsored videos. She has also partnered with TD, Skittles, Toyota and the cosmetics brand Smashbox, which named a deep-red lip colour “Bawse” in her honour. Last year, she joined forces with YouTube for an ad campaign that ran on buses and billboards, including a 20-footer in Times Square. Depending on the deal, Singh might appear in ads for a product, plug it in her videos, wear branded merchandise or let the company advertise at one of her events.
Until recently, Singh was still living in her childhood home in Markham. “It was really hard to make videos. I never felt like the space was my own,” she says. “I couldn’t film after 10 p.m., because my parents would go to sleep. By 2015, she was flying to L.A. for meetings and events at least twice a month. That year, Singh packed up her bedroom and rented an apartment in L.A. before purchasing her home. “When I first lived on my own, I had to ask my mom how to do laundry and pay bills. It was terrifying,” she says. She still adheres to her Monday and Thursday YouTube schedule, but she no longer wings it the day she posts—she now writes her sketches in advance and pre-tapes segments. She also employs assistants to help her produce and edit the films.
Every day, Singh seems to hit a new fame milestone. In 2016, she nearly doubled her subscribers, palled around with Jimmy Fallon on The Tonight Show and visited Michelle Obama at the White House to discuss a philanthropic campaign Singh is running to eradicate girl-on-girl bullying. “When Lilly was a teenager, she used to say she was going to be on Ellen one day,” says her sister. “That’s pretty much the only thing she hasn’t done.”
Lilly Singh’s fans call themselves Team Super, or Unicorns, because of Singh’s obsession with the mythical horned beasts. Their dedication is boundless. Each of her videos is accompanied by hundreds of comments from her groupies. “Heyy lilly I love you so much, you are an inspiration for me and help me to get up every single day!” “Why is she SO pretty!?!?!?!?! I wish I was as pretty as her! No matter what face she ever does she will be beautiful! Like and comment if you agree!!” They write fan fiction imagining romances between her and other stars. There are devotional Instagram accounts, fan websites and YouTube videos about her YouTube videos. When her followers meet her in person, they often burst into tears.
The only thing standing in the way of Singh’s quest for world domination is timing: there’s only so long a grown woman can dress in teen drag and complain about high school cliques before her audience decides she’s too old to understand them, before another role model—someone fresher, funnier, younger—usurps her fiefdom. As Singh’s fans grow up, she intends to grow with them. Her current plan is to branch into acting: last year, she appeared in the comedy Bad Moms, and she has attended several auditions—and callbacks—for pilot season. Yet, no matter what kind of success she achieves as an actor, Singh has pledged that she won’t abandon her YouTube fans. The platform, once perceived as a stepladder toward traditional Hollywood fame, has become a respectable medium in its own right.
If there was ever a place to prove YouTube’s legitimacy, it was at the People’s Choice Awards, where Singh sashayed down the red carpet with a veteran’s grace, hand on her cocked hip, flashing the occasional peace sign. “This is so awesome, because it’s from the people,” she gushed in her acceptance speech for Favorite YouTube Star. “This is for Team Super.” At the ceremony, she sat three rows from the stage, within spitting distance of Tom Hanks, Justin Timberlake and The Rock. During commercial breaks, she schmoozed with members of the girl group Fifth Harmony and Quantico star Priyanka Chopra. And when the awards were over, she went home, put on her PJs and recorded a new YouTube video. |
85 F.3d 1119
LOUISIANA LANDMARKS SOCIETY, INC., Plaintiff-Appellee-Cross-Appellant,v.CITY OF NEW ORLEANS, Rivergate Development Corporation, andHarrah's Jazz Company, Inc.,Defendants-Appellants-Cross-Appellees.
No. 95-30337.
United States Court of Appeals,Fifth Circuit.
June 7, 1996.Rehearing Denied July 12, 1996.
Thomas Warren Tucker, Lisa C. West, Tucker and West, New Orleans, LA, James R. Logan, IV, Cornelius, Sartin & Murphy, New Orleans, LA, Susan Huey Lafaye, New Orleans, LA, for Louisiana Landmarks Society, Inc.
Michael E. Botnick, Office of the City Attorney for the City of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, for City of New Orleans.
Roy Rodney, Charlotte G. Bordenave, Rodney, Bordenave, Boykin, Bennette & Boyle, New Orleans, LA, for Rivergate Development Corp.
Brent Bennett Barriere, Harry A. Rosenberg, Diane Hollenshead Copes, Phelps Dunbar, New Orleans, LA, J. Kelly Duncan, Edward H. Bergin, Jones, Walker, Waechter, Poitevent, Carrere & Denegre, New Orleans, LA, for Harrah's Jazz Co., Inc.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana.
Before POLITZ, Chief Judge, and HIGGINBOTHAM and SMITH, Circuit Judges.
JERRY E. SMITH, Circuit Judge:
1
The City of New Orleans, the Rivergate Development Corporation, and Harrah's Jazz Company (collectively, "the defendants") appeal an order granting Louisiana Landmarks Society ("Landmarks") a permanent injunction against them. Concluding that Landmarks had no private cause of action to seek the injunction, we reverse, vacate the injunction, and dismiss for failure to state a cause of action.
I.
2
In October 1971, the city applied for a federal open-space land grant under title IV of the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1970, Pub.L. 91-609, 84 Stat. 1770 (1970) ("HUD Act" or "Act"), reprinted in 1970 U.S.C.C.A.N. 2069, 2083-87.1 These grants were provided for the creation and maintenance of open-space areas inside urban centers. See HUD Act § 701. One of the uses for which grants were available was for "historic and architectural preservation." See id. § 702(b)(4).
3
The grant application proposed that the city turn a parking lot into the Joan of Arc Plaza, a public area that would showcase a statue of Joan of Arc and a pair of cannons. The statue and cannons were gifts from France. The city ultimately obtained the grant and built the plaza.
4
Congress terminated the open-space land program in 1975, but it did not explicitly repeal § 705.2 This section required the approval of the Secretary of the Interior--not HUD--prior to the conversion of grant-assisted sites involving "historic or architectural" purposes to uses other than those proposed in the grant application. See id. § 705.
5
On December 5, 1994, bulldozers, under Harrah's direction, began clearing the Joan of Arc Plaza, but without harming the statue or cannons. Landmarks obtained a temporary restraining order ("TRO") enjoining the defendants from converting the plaza to something other than its allegedly historic purposes.
6
After a hearing, the district court issued a permanent injunction, along the same lines as the TRO, against the defendants. The defendants moved to amend the judgment so that it would affect a narrow, precisely-defined area, and the court granted this motion. The defendants now appeal the permanent injunction, and Landmarks cross-appeals the amendment.
II.
7
It is undisputed that Congress did not expressly provide for a private right of action in passing the HUD Act. If any such cause of action exists, it must be one implied by the statute. The defendants argue that the Act implied no such right of action.3
8
Cort v. Ash, 422 U.S. 66, 78, 95 S.Ct. 2080, 2087, 45 L.Ed.2d 26 (1975), established a four-factor test for determining whether a federal statute implies a private right of action:
9
(1) Is this plaintiff a member of the class for whose "especial" benefit the statute was passed? In other words, does the statute create a federal right for this plaintiff?
10
(2) Is there any evidence of legislative intent, either explicit or implicit, to create or deny a private remedy?
11
(3) Is it consistent with the legislative scheme to imply a private remedy?(4) Is the cause of action one traditionally relegated to state law so that implying a federal right of action would be inappropriate?
12
See also Resident Council of Allen Parkway Village v. HUD, 980 F.2d 1043, 1053 (5th Cir.) (applying Cort test), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 114 S.Ct. 75, 126 L.Ed.2d 43 (1993). Furthermore, the Court explained in Touche Ross & Co. v. Redington, 442 U.S. 560, 99 S.Ct. 2479, 61 L.Ed.2d 82 (1979), that the touchstone of the Cort analysis is the second factor, Congressional intent. See id. at 568, 99 S.Ct. at 2485; see also Allen Parkway, 980 F.2d at 1054; Abate v. Southern Pac. Transp. Co., 928 F.2d 167, 169 (5th Cir.1991) (quoting Thompson v. Thompson, 484 U.S. 174, 179, 108 S.Ct. 513, 516, 98 L.Ed.2d 512 (1988)).
13
When analyzing a federal statute, we begin with the familiar presumption "that Congress did not intend to create a private right of action." Allen Parkway, 980 F.2d at 1053. Generally, a plaintiff asserting an implied right of action under a federal statute " 'bears the relatively heavy burden of demonstrating that Congress affirmatively contemplated private enforcement when it passed the relevant statute.' " Id. (quoting Victorian v. Miller, 813 F.2d 718, 721 (5th Cir.1987) (en banc)). Landmarks has failed to carry this burden.
A.
14
Under the first Cort factor, we ask whether the plaintiff belongs to an identifiable class of persons upon whom the statute has conferred a substantive right. Abate, 928 F.2d at 169; see Cannon v. University of Chicago, 441 U.S. 677, 690, 99 S.Ct. 1946, 1954, 60 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). Even if a plaintiff can demonstrate membership in such a class, however, the crucial inquiry remains one of Congressional intent--i.e., whether Congress actually intended to create a private remedy. See Thompson, 484 U.S. at 179, 108 S.Ct. at 516; Touche Ross, 442 U.S. at 568, 99 S.Ct. at 2485; Abate, 928 F.2d at 169 (quoting Thompson ). In answering the question of Congressional intent, "as with any case involving the interpretation of a statute, our analysis must begin with the language of the statute itself." Touche Ross, 442 U.S. at 568, 99 S.Ct. at 2485 (citations omitted).
15
In this case, Landmarks cannot demonstrate that it is a member of a class for whose special benefit the Act was passed. In the Act's statement of findings and purpose, Congress stated that the grant program established under the Act was intended
16
to help curb urban sprawl and prevent the spread of urban blight and deterioration, to encourage more economic and desirable urban development, to assist in preserving areas and properties of historic or architectural value, and to help provide necessary recreational, conservation, and scenic areas by assisting State and local public bodies in taking prompt action to [inter alia ] ... acquire, improve, and restore areas, sites, and structures of historic or architectural value....
17
HUD Act § 701(d). To the extent that there might be an identifiable class of "persons" mentioned in this statute, it would consist of "[s]tate and local public bodies"--not historical preservation societies such as Landmarks.4 This conclusion is supported by the fact that the statute explicitly defines the terms "State" and "local public body." See HUD Act § 709.
18
It is both true and insufficient that historical preservation societies are "a class that stands to gain some benefit from the regulations and penalties promulgated under these provisions." Abate, 928 F.2d at 169. The statute, however, focuses on Landmarks "only diffusely." id. In other words, it does not focus on historical preservation societies any more than it "focuses" on citizens at large.
19
Rather, the Act's provisions are framed " 'as a general prohibition or a command to a federal agency.' " Id. (quoting Universities Research Ass'n, Inc. v. Coutu, 450 U.S. 754, 772, 101 S.Ct. 1451, 1462, 67 L.Ed.2d 662 (1981)). The Act directs the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ("HUD")--with some assistance from the Secretary of the Interior--to execute a regulatory scheme consisting of (1) federal financial assistance to state and local public bodies and (2) restrictions attached to that assistance. This grant program, prior to its termination, sought to benefit urban areas and communities generally. While Landmarks, like any ordinary citizen, may derive an indirect benefit from the enforcement of the regulatory scheme, that attenuated benefit5 does not rise to the level required to support implication of a private right of action. See id.6
20
Landmarks therefore has failed to establish that it falls within an identifiable class of persons for whose special benefit the Act was passed. Because Touche Ross instructs us that Congressional intent is always the critical inquiry in an implied-right-of-action analysis, see 442 U.S. at 568, 99 S.Ct. at 2485, we consider that Cort factor as well.
B.
21
The most telling indicator of Congressional intent regarding this grant program is Congress's termination of it as of January 1, 1975. See 42 U.S.C. § 5316(a) (1995) (prohibiting new grants or loans after January 1, 1975, under--inter alia--title VII of the Housing Act of 1961). While Congress did not explicitly repeal § 705--the provision governing conversion of grant-assisted land to other uses--it did decide to pursue a different legislative agenda regarding open-space land and to eliminate the grant program. Given the Supreme Court's general disapproval of implied private rights of action, it would be anomalous to infer one from a defunct federal grant program.
22
Furthermore, the provisions of the statute are framed " 'as a general prohibition or a command to a federal agency.' " Abate, 928 F.2d at 169 (quoting Coutu, 450 U.S. at 772, 101 S.Ct. at 1462). Like the statute at issue in Abate, this one "creates no rights in favor of individuals"; rather, it "imposes duties on a federal agency and grants the agency the power to fulfill those duties." Id. Stated concisely, the language of the HUD Act is "duty-creating," not "right-creating" like the statute in Cannon. See id. at 169 n. 3 (quoting title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 ("title IX"), the statute from which the Cannon Court inferred a right of action). And, as the Cannon Court stated, "the right- or duty-creating language of the statute has generally been the most accurate indicator of the propriety of implication of a cause of action." Cannon, 441 U.S. at 690 n. 13, 99 S.Ct. at 1954 n. 13.
23
Moreover, we must not overlook the fact that this is a federal funding statute. As stated in the Act itself, Congress's purpose in enacting this statute was to "assist" state and local public bodies in creating and maintaining open-space land in urban areas. HUD Act § 701(d). The statute created a grant program composed of federal-state and federal-locality partnerships, each of which properly was characterized as a contract between the federal government and a state or local public body. Cf. Pennhurst State Sch. and Hosp. v. Halderman, 451 U.S. 1, 17, 101 S.Ct. 1531, 1539, 67 L.Ed.2d 694 (1981) (stating that "legislation enacted pursuant to [Congress's] spending power is much in the nature of a contract").
24
When dealing with a classic federal funding statute like this one, inferring a private right of action is disfavored: "[A]s a general rule, courts have been reluctant to infer a congressional intent to create private rights under appropriations measures." Allen Parkway, 980 F.2d at 1052. Thus, courts generally should decline to entertain claims by private persons that a state or local public body is not complying with a federal-state contract. "In legislation enacted pursuant to the spending power, the typical remedy for state noncompliance with federally imposed conditions is not a private cause of action for noncompliance but rather action by the Federal Government to terminate funds to the State." Pennhurst, 451 U.S. at 28, 101 S.Ct. at 1545.7
25
In this case, because federal funds were given to the city as a one-time grant, Congress provided other means of enforcing the terms of the federal-state contract. It is apparent from the structure and text of the statute that Congress committed administration of the grant program to the Secretary of HUD, who was to be assisted in some capacities by the Secretary of the Interior. Sections 701 to 709 of the Act repeatedly refer to the Secretary of HUD, carefully describing his duties in administering the grant program. Conspicuously absent is any mention of private, third-party enforcement of this contract between the federal government and the city. Rather, enforcement of the terms of the contract is committed to the executive authority of the Secretary of HUD.
26
In Former Special Project Employees Ass'n v. City of Norfolk, 909 F.2d 89 (4th Cir.1990), the court held that the Model Cities Act--another HUD grant program--did not imply a private right of action. See id. at 92-93. The court cited approvingly cases from the Ninth and Eleventh Circuits holding that "funding statutes typically are not sufficiently focused on the benefiting class to confer federal rights on the members of the class." Id. at 92. The court also quoted with approval the language from Pennhurst disavowing implied private rights of action for noncompliance with the terms of a federal-state contract. See id. at 93.
27
The structure and language of § 705 constitute overwhelming evidence that Congress did not contemplate--let alone authorize--private enforcement of the open-space land program. Where analysis of the first two Cort factors leads to the conclusion that Congress did not intend to create a private right of action, we need not address the other two Cort factors. See California v. Sierra Club, 451 U.S. 287, 298, 101 S.Ct. 1775, 1781, 68 L.Ed.2d 101 (1981) (citing Touche Ross, 442 U.S. at 574-76, 99 S.Ct. at 2488-89).
28
We therefore hold that § 705 does not imply a private right of action. Accordingly, we REVERSE, VACATE the permanent injunction, and render a judgment of dismissal for failure to state a cause of action. Landmarks's cross-appeal regarding the scope of the injunction is DISMISSED as moot.
1
Title IV of the 1970 act enacted the open-space land program at issue here. Section 401, the only section in title IV, amended title VII of the Housing Act of 1961. Section 401 replaced the existing text of title VII with nine new sections numbered from 701 to 709. See 1970 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 2083-87. These 700-series section numbers actually refer to sections of the 1961 act, the sections added by the 1970 amendments. While Landmarks is formally suing under § 401 of the 1970 act, it is more convenient for us to cite to §§ 701-709 of the 1961 act--when referring to portions of the 1970 amendments--than it would be to cite to § 401 of the 1961 act. Thus, while we cite to sections of the 1961 act, we are formally interpreting the 1970 amendments to the 1961 act
2
This section states: "No open-space land involving historic or architectural purposes for which assistance has been granted under this title shall be converted to use for any other purpose without the prior approval of the Secretary of the Interior." HUD Act § 705. This section, while never repealed, has been omitted from the United States Code because of the termination of the grant program. See 42 U.S.C.A. § 1500c-1 (West 1994)
3
Landmarks did not respond in its appellate brief to the defendants' private-right-of-action argument, except for a single conclusionary reference in the text of its brief and a single accompanying footnote. It contended that the defendants had waived this argument below when they purported to waive their standing argument
We cannot help but find Landmarks's position puzzling. Standing is a concept distinct from the concept of private rights of action. Furthermore, to the extent that Landmarks erroneously analyzed the implied-cause-of-action argument as a standing argument, it should have known that standing is jurisdictional and, therefore, non-waivable. Landmarks's decision to deem this issue waived has left us with only the benefit of the defendants' briefing and argument.
4
We emphasize that we are not suggesting that the statute implies a private right of action in favor of state and local public bodies. Rather, we simply point out that the only "persons" identified in the text of the statute are state and local public bodies
5
In contrast to the statute here, title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972--the statute from which the Cannon Court inferred a private right of action--created a direct benefit for an identifiable class of persons: "No person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance...." 20 U.S.C. § 1681(a) (1990). This language has not been amended since the decision in Cannon
6
In explaining the proposition that a stream of indirectly derived benefits does not flow from a private cause of action, the Abate court offered three supporting citations: Till v. Unifirst Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass'n, 653 F.2d 152, 158 (5th Cir. Unit A 1981); United States v. Capeletti Bros., Inc., 621 F.2d 1309, 1314 (5th Cir.1980); and Rogers v. Frito Lay, Inc., 611 F.2d 1074, 1079-80 (5th Cir.), cert. denied, 449 U.S. 889, 101 S.Ct. 246, 66 L.Ed.2d 115, and cert. denied, 449 U.S. 889, 101 S.Ct. 246, 66 L.Ed.2d 115 (1980). Abate, 928 F.2d at 169. Prior to our decision in Abate, we had characterized these cases as "decisions in which this court denied private rights of action under statutes that imposed duties of enforcement upon federal departments and agencies." Hondo Nat'l Bank v. Gill Sav. Ass'n, 696 F.2d 1095, 1100 (5th Cir.1983) (emphasis added)
7
Nothing in Franklin v. Gwinnett County Pub. Sch., 503 U.S. 60, 112 S.Ct. 1028, 117 L.Ed.2d 208 (1992), diminishes the force of this language from Pennhurst as it applies here. Franklin considered the availability of money damages as a remedy for violations of title IX. See id. at 62-63, 112 S.Ct. at 1030-31. While the Court acknowledged that the language from Pennhurst limited the remedies available under federal funding statutes in cases of unintentional discrimination, it declined to extend that limitation to cases of intentional discrimination. See id. at 74, 112 S.Ct. at 1037. This apparent limitation of Pennhurst speaks only to the availability of remedies where a statutory right of action already exists, as in the case of title IX. Indeed, as the Franklin Court itself stated, "the question of what remedies are available under a statute that provides a private right of action is 'analytically distinct' from the issue of whether such a right exists in the first place." Id. at 65-66, 112 S.Ct. at 1032 (quoting Davis v. Passman, 442 U.S. 228, 239, 99 S.Ct. 2264, 2273, 60 L.Ed.2d 846 (1979)). Thus, nothing in Franklin casts any doubt on our general rule, see Allen Parkway, 980 F.2d at 1052, that inferring private rights of action from appropriations measures is disfavored
|
Q:
Move to last non-empty line in vim
Say that I have the following beginning of file. I often navigate to the top of the file with gg, but then I want to go to line 4, i.e. last non-empty line so that I can import other stuff on a new line with o. Is there a command to do that? Of course I could do 4j and then o, but the number of import lines varies across files, so in order to avoid having to look for this information everytime it could be nice just to go to the last non-empty line with a single command, so that I could simply type ´o´ and start writing.
1 import * as firebase from 'firebase';
2 import { firebaseConfig } from '.././config/auth';
3 import { RkText, RkCard, RkStyleSheet, RkTheme } from 'react-native-ui-kitten';
4 import { connect } from 'react-redux';
5
6 [some other code]
...
A:
An alternative is to go to the first empty line with } (go forward paragraph) and insert with O.
see :help object-motions for details.
|
A pilot study of direct delivery of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin to the lung by the nasal route in a mouse model of Niemann-Pick C1 disease: motor performance is unaltered and lung disease is worsened.
We have tested the efficacy of hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) delivered by the nasal route in the mouse model of juvenile Niemann-Pick C1 disease (NPC1), as pulmonary disease has not responded to systemic therapy with this drug. Since mice have no gag reflex, coating of the nasal cavity, with possible access to the brain, would be followed by delivery of HPBCD to the lung. While foamy macrophages, containing stored cholesterol, were found in the Npc1 nmf164 homozygous mice, a marked inflammatory response was found with inhaled HPBCD, both in mutant and wild-type animals. Slight inflammation also occasionally occurred with saline inhalation. There was no difference between the saline-treated, HPBCD-treated, and untreated Npc1 nmf164 homozygous mice for weight, balance beam performance, or coat hanger performance. Interestingly, there was a trend to longer survival in the HPBCD-treated Npc1 nmf164 homozygous mice, which, when combined with the survival times of the saline-treated survivals (each of which was not different), became significant. |
Energetic Walk 3 Times a Week Boosts Brain's 'Memory Hub'
Take a hike. It just might boost your memory. That's the key conclusion of new research by the University of Pittsburgh that found an energetic stroll three times a week increased the size of the hippocampus, the brain's memory hub — often destroyed by Alzheimer's disease.
"You don't need highly vigorous physical activity to see these effects," said lead researcher Kirk Erickson, M.D. "This may sound like it is a modest amount but it's like reversing the age clock by a couple of years."
According to the Daily Mail, researchers asked 120 men and women aged between 55 and 80 to go for a brisk 40-minute walk three times a week. Normally, the brain shrinks with age. But scans done after a year showed participants' key regions — including the hippocampus — had grown by up to 2 percent.
The findings, presented at the American Association for the Advancement of Science's annual conference in Chicago this week, suggest that while exercise isn't a magic bullet when it comes to fighting dementia, it seems may be one of the best ways of keeping the mind sharp.
"Most of the population is still very sedentary and it's very difficult to get people up and moving," Dr. Erickson said. "We aren't training older people to run marathons. We are getting them up and moving at a moderate exercise level several times a week and seeing enormous improvements over a period of several months."
Elizabeth Stine-Morrow, professor of psychology from the University of Illinois, stressed that it is never too early to start doing mental or physical exercise.
"The earlier you change your everyday habits, the better off you are," she said. "But by the same token, it's never too late."
Dr. Erickson said different types of exercise boost the brain in slightly different ways — the key is to find one you like.
The information presented on this website is not intended as specific medical advice and is not a substitute for professional medical treatment or diagnosis. Read Newsmax Terms and Conditions of Service. |
CBS 19 obtained the video following a Freedom of Information Act request to the Longview Police Department and the City of Longview.
DISCLAIMER: CBS 19 determined the bodycam video to be extremely graphic and will not show the unedited footage. Below is an edited version of the video with audio. There will also be a description of what the video appears to show below the video. In an effort to be transparent, the description will be graphic in nature. CBS 19 would like to warn viewers the video and description may be disturbing to some.
The bodycam video of Officer Jason Kelly starts roughly two seconds before shots are fired.
The video appears to show a black male subject, inferred to be Detravian Allison, exit a red Dodge with a handgun in his right hand.
Officer Kelly pointed his handgun at Allison and said, “Get on the ground now.”
As Officer Kelly was speaking, Allison appeared to raise his handgun and point it at Officer Kelly. Immediately afterward, Officer Kelly opened fired. The Gregg County District Attorney’s Office says Officer John Collier, who is not visible in this portion of the video, also opened fire. In all, there are at least five shots fired.
Before the officers finished firing, the video appears to show Allison turn to his left and fall to the ground. The district attorney’s office says Allison was hit four times.
Ten seconds into the video, Officer Kelly went around the Dodge vehicle and then towards the wounded Allison. He says, “52 Longview: Shots fired. Shots fired. One down. Point.”
Officer Kelly cautiously approaches Allison, who is lying on his back on the ground bloodied and motionless, with his gun drawn. Kelly tells Collier to keep his gun pointed at Allison.
At about 22 seconds, the video shows Kelly putting his gun back in his holster and kneeling next to Allison, who makes only a slight motion with his legs. The video shows a large amount of blood on Allison’s neck and on the ground below him. There are also bullet holes visible on the upper right portion of his torso.
At 29 seconds, Officer Kelly turns Allison over on his stomach and handcuffs him. Allison can be heard making faint moaning sounds. Allison’s handgun is a few feet from his head. Officer Kelly finishes handcuffing Allison at 44 seconds.
The video appears to show Kelly flipping Allison back onto his back. There is blood on Allison’s head, face, neck and shirt. Allison continues to moan as Officer Kelly encourages him to keep breathing. Kelly begins to put on gloves at this time. Officer Collier is in the background with his gun drawn.
Allison turns his head slowly to face up and the audible moans cease.
At 1:16, Officer Kelly lifts Allison’s shirt and appears to check if Allison is still breathing and the severity of the wounds. He taps Allison’s chest and shoulder repeating, “Stay with me. Come on, stay with me.” Over the radio, Officer Kelly also gives a description of a second subject who fled the scene shortly before the shooting.
Roughly two minutes into the video, another officer gets out what appears to be a First Aid kit. Officer Kelly says, “I got one hole plugged right now the best I can. I don’t know where else he took one to, so. It looks like you’re gonna have one right here, possible under his arm.”
At 2:50, the video shows Officer Kelly and other officers gathered around to put a white tunicate over the wounds. Emergency sirens can be heard in the background. Five seconds later, another officer off orders a group of bystanders to “stand back.”
Officer Kelly then says, “Hang with me bud, alright?”
At about 3:17, there is shouting, possibly from bystanders, audible in the background. Allison’s belly and chest can be seen moving up and down as if he was breathing. Officer Kelly continues to encourage Allison to breathe.
While an officer says Allison is still breathing, at 4:08, the video appears to show another officer flips Allison onto his side for a short period of time, possibly searching for additional wounds. Kelly and the other officer both have their hands over what appear to be wounds on Allison’s body.
As an officer checks Allison’s pulse on his neck, another shouts, “Hey! Let medics come through!”
At 4:59, Allison makes a deep, audible breath. Allison appears motionless for several seconds. At 5:41, the video shows Allison’s nostrils flare, and he appears to be struggling to breathe. His facial expression does not change, but his head moves slightly. The officers continue to encourage Allison to breathe.
At 7:02, the video shows officers roll Allison over to his side to check his back for additional wounds. When he his put onto his back seconds later, Allison’s mouth is closed for the first time and his eyes remain slightly open. He appears to only be barely breathing at this time. Officers continue to check his pulse.
At about the eight-minute mark, medics appear on the scene and begin to put Allison on a backboard. After describing Allison's wounds, Kelly stands up at the 8:48 mark and walks away from Allison. As Allison walks away, an ambulance pulls onto the scene. Officers Kelly and Collier are taken from the scene as Allison is loaded into the ambulance on a stretcher at the 10:25.
The officers are led from the scene and told to wait under a tree before the video finally ends. |
Mark my words, this one is going to go down in the record books as one of the days that shaped the entire Trump presidency and society around it.
We all know the liberal mindset: don’t have conversations, yell your own opinion so it looks like you’re winning an argument, be intolerant of people who think differently that you, and shun everyone who does and call them all racists and bigots. That’s the dangerous, echo chamber, group think that is tearing this country apart.
But today, the liberal media has seen how far up their own ass they’ve gotten. Joe Scarborough, on his show Morning Joe, cited a New York Times article calling out ALL of liberal culture for being intolerant and dismissive. This is absolutely epic.
This is 100% correct. The liberal garbage that has taken over college campuses to the point where conservative students are shunned by the student body and the college itself must stop and this is the first step in making that a reality.
Stop the intolerance towards Christians and conservatives, engage us in conversation, debate us, and maybe we’ll all learn something. Shouting and calling us all racists only makes you look foolish and stupid.
(Source: YouTube) |
I suppose when push comes to shove, I'm sort of taking the eternal bliss route right now by avoiding my true passions and working for the man. Sometimes I feel like a coward in that respect. And I desperately want my children to chase a passion, instead of a paycheck.
I have always said that if a god was real, there would be no atheists. If a god such as bible god truly presented itself to me, and gave me the choice, I would likely choose eternal bliss. Damn, I hate the thought though.
By the way....that's some pretty impressive torture techniques you've got...You should try and hook up with god and get some of them implemented..... Hell!..he may even put you on staff !
Shoot - come into my garage. I haven't even talked about what I could do to you with my table saw. Remember this scene from Goldfinger?
As soon as I put you or Nammy or One Above All or sun king or any of you other keyboard heros on the table, spread your legs, and you hear the whir of the blade coming towards the family jewels, you'll start bauling like a beat stepchild begging to show you the way to the altar - but it'll be too late. I won't even have to do any damage to you. So, I respectfully disagree you'll actually choose eternal torture, if the real situation came true, because you are fully able to imagine what might happen and you won't even chance it.
I wonder how many people would be brave enough to pick eternal torture if they had to spend, oh, an hour or so watching the people who already picked it writhing in agony before making the choice? Not to demean anyone's bravery, but I don't think there would be many who could.
I have to agree with Hal that people who choose torture are unrealistic, or does not get the picture of eternal torment.
The only problem with this hypothetical is I can't seem to get people to consider the actual scenario and put themselves in it. It's way to easy to create noble heroic paragraphs in which you stand up for your moral code and choose eternal tortue. I apologize, but I think that's a total load of bullshit.
Even I can concede that after a brief moment of torture I'd be begging for mercy. Maybe we should add that option to the poll, if you voted for eternal torment would you regret it and ask to change your mind?
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Thank you for considering my point of view; however wrong it may be to you.
^ That is HAL's point though. Now that you've acknowledged you wouldn't be able to handle the torture and you would regret not pushing the other button, pushing the blue button would be irrational, and from here on you making the claim that you would still push the blue button would either show you are insane or a keyboard hero.
Yea, I know the argument. But I still would push the damn blue button! I guess I'm satisfied with my reasoning and don't need to change it. I mean even if my reasoning was flawed, which I don't believe it is, why invest more time in figuring out the flaw in my reasoning for a situation that will never occur? I'm just not that interested I guess.
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Thank you for considering my point of view; however wrong it may be to you.
Wait - I didn't say you were dead in the hypothetical and it's obvious you aren't. The choice is "worship god or eternal torture". The choice wasn't "Worship god to get to Heaven or eternal torture."
I said that Biblegod was proven to exist and you had to choose to worship it or accept eternal torture. That means while you are alive you worship it by doing whatever it requires as actions for worship. and then when dead you don't get eternal torture. What you get for worshiping it is not part of the hypothetical. If you choose not to worship a proven deity, then when you die you get eternal torture. That's why I said you would be insane to not worship a proven deity.
Did you make a mistake here or are you moving the goalposts? Above when jetson mentions "eternal bliss" you accept that. Except that "eternal bliss" means dead and in heaven. Now when I ask about activities in heaven you say that in the hypothetical it is supposedly obvious we aren't dead. That's false since it gave no indication whatsoever and your statements to jetson indicate agreement that we are dead. So either you just screwed up or moved the goalposts.
Considering you also added the condition that if we fail in our worship we again get eternal torture, it sounds like moving the goalposts.
Ignoring that, do we get to ask biblegod if what we've been feeling as a message from him is the right way to worship him? Because normally killing people is a bad thing but if they're messages from god then they'd be the right thing to do (if he proved himself). See the movie Frailty for a clear reference.
One good thing about still being alive for the worship now is that it makes finding the Westboro Church people and those of their ilk easier.
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Faith must trample under foot all reason, sense, and understanding. - Martin Luther
Just exactly how can "goddaddy" torture a "soul"? Since I don't have one or at least it has never registered anything in my existence, I don't think it has any pain centers, thus he's free to torture away. It's kind of like getting burned in the crematorium, it may be dang'd hot, but it won't hurt one bit no matter haw much malice the funeral home director heaps upon me. If my "ghostly spirit" did survive my death in some way, how do you know it won't thrive on masochistic tortures. Maybe my soul would like it? We don't know.If my "soul" was all knowing because "god's" plan would be complete, then perhaps I would be godly able to withstand happily any tortures found in hell. I would have supreme fixed powers of concentration wouldn't I? How hard would it be to convince myself that hell is better than sex and deserts?
Did you make a mistake here or are you moving the goalposts? Above when jetson mentions "eternal bliss" you accept that. Except that "eternal bliss" means dead and in heaven. Now when I ask about activities in heaven you say that in the hypothetical it is supposedly obvious we aren't dead. That's false since it gave no indication whatsoever and your statements to jetson indicate agreement that we are dead. So either you just screwed up or moved the goalposts.
It's not obvious you're alive in the hypothetical? Really? I've never heard of anyone who ever thought you'd have a choice after death regarding the fundamental tenet of the hypothetical I used. The whole thing is based on accepting the proof of god before death and making a choice to worship it or, in the face of the proof, not worshiping the proven deity and accepting nasty consequences. After death? Well it's kindof a done deal then isn't it? Either your in or your out. You can't deny the proof after death - you're either on the express elevator up, or down (as regards Biblegod). So I thought it was patently obvious you were alive.
Also it's generally accepted that Biblegod allows nice things in Heaven if you accept it (if it was real), so Jetson was I guess just using that angle so he would think through and not give a silly answer such as accepting eternal torture. I don't remember all the wild speculation that everyone has done, so if it makes you happy just call it a mistake to allow it.
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Ignoring that, do we get to ask biblegod if what we've been feeling as a message from him is the right way to worship him? Because normally killing people is a bad thing but if they're messages from god then they'd be the right thing to do (if he proved himself). See the movie Frailty for a clear reference.
Sure, you can ask him anything you want to. I don't know if you will get an answer though. Hehehe, I could make a good theist couldn't I?
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One good thing about still being alive for the worship now is that it makes finding the Westboro Church people and those of their ilk easier.
^ That is HAL's point though. Now that you've acknowledged you wouldn't be able to handle the torture and you would regret not pushing the other button, pushing the blue button would be irrational, and from here on you making the claim that you would still push the blue button would either show you are insane or a keyboard hero.
EXACTLY! Thank you for the post.
"I can't take the pain but I'll just make a point by pressing the Blue button - uh - a point to ... somebody I'm not sure who ..."
It's just, well, weird that these smart people can extrapolate all manner of possibilities in their everyday lives and on this forum when presented with hard problems, but then when it comes to this one, they can still do it, but yet say they will press the blue button anyway when they just said in their last breath why they shouldn't. I guess it's a neverending source of amusement for me at least. LOL.
Correct. After all, you don't get eternal torture starting the moment after you press the hell button unless you are dead. If you die from pressing one button, why not the other?
No, no, no. You don't die immediately from pressing either button. You permanently commit to a choice, that's all for the time being. If you worship god while alive you do not get eternal torture when dead. If you don't worship god while alive you do get eternal torture when dead. Meanwhile you are alive after pressing the buttons - one group is worshiping Biblegod according to His worship rules, and the other is going to strip joints and partying down, but... when they die they get eternal torture because they didn't worship Biblegod while alive.
No, no, no. You don't die immediately from pressing either button. You permanently commit to a choice, that's all for the time being. If you worship god while alive you do not get eternal torture when dead. If you don't worship god while alive you do get eternal torture when dead. Meanwhile you are alive after pressing the buttons - one group is worshiping Biblegod according to His worship rules, and the other is going to strip joints and partying down, but... when they die they get eternal torture because they didn't worship Biblegod while alive.
You are presenting something quite different from the original hypothetical here. The only reason to have a button to press is if you need to make a choice right then and there. This living after you press the button is a new twist on the question and makes pressing the button pointless if what matters is whether or not you worship.
So the new question is:If Biblegod shows himself to exist, would you worship (knowing that if you didn't you would eventually burn in hell once you died normally)?
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Faith must trample under foot all reason, sense, and understanding. - Martin Luther
You are presenting something quite different from the original hypothetical here.
I had to do the button thing because people were trying to wiggle out of the stark choice any way they could.
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The only reason to have a button to press is if you need to make a choice right then and there.
Right. That's what I'm trying to get people to do. Yes.
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This living after you press the button is a new twist on the question and makes pressing the button pointless if what matters is whether or not you worship.
It's not a new twist, I never thought people would assume you would get to choose to worship after death. I've never heard anyone argue that would happen. No, I disagree it makes the button pointless. It makes these people commit to a choice instead of trying to weasel out of the hypothetical.
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So the new question is:If Biblegod shows himself to exist, would you worship (knowing that if you didn't you would eventually burn in hell once you died normally)?
I think what Hal is asking here what would you do if you can really choose between 2 choices, and he has already covered that when he said "worship", it meant through actions, not with thoughts, so there is no such thing as "I can't worship him since I can't love him so there is no choice for me", but instead people still answer with "there's no choice for me because I can't worship it"?
I never responded that way, and neither did many others. The hypothetical is: Biblegod exists. But the thing is: to over a billion people on Earth actually believe Biblegod exists, and choose to worship out of fear, actual love, or they were brainwashed to. The fear is going to a horrible place like Hell. So, they choose to worship this being that, I bet, many of them despise. WE as atheists choose not to, and in the Christians mind we are going to Hell. In their mind, that's our choice.
So, all the atheists on here, who are currently choosing Hell based on their perception that there's no possible way, or it's highly improbable that the deity in the Bible exists because of all the faces it has, or what not, are saying that if, hypothetically, it was shown to exist, they'd bow down in a heartbeat; some stating they'd fake it as if Biblegod couldn't tell, or that they'd wait and overthrow him, as if an angel, and its pals didn't try that before--anything to sell themselves that they are not cowards when in effect: they are and basically have no conviction.
I mean: why are they even atheists at the moment? I know this is a hypothetical but some of them gave it no thought whatsoever: they'd beg for forgiveness in a heartbeat. Doesn't say much for them, no? Or you, I guess.
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I have to agree with Hal that people who choose torture are unrealistic, or does not get the picture of eternal torment.
No, it isn't unrealistic 'cause by being atheists that's exactly what "we're" doing at the moment. No one on this website, or any website can say with 100% certainty that Biblegod doesn't exist without it being their strong opinion that it is. But also, no one on this website, or anywhere else can show with 100% certainty that Biblegod exists. That's what one gets when a thought becomes shared.
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It's probably easier to ask, what if, a crazy dangerous asshole kidnapped you, and tells you that you either kiss his ass 3 times a day for 7 days, or let him and his buddies rape you over and over again for 7 days, while cutting a piece of your skin off and a bit of your finger/toe off bit by bit while doing so for 7 days?How many would choose the raping over ass kissing? If you think you won't crave in for even just for 7 days, what makes you think you would for eternity?
I'd still choose the latter. Why? 'Cause fuck him.
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I believe that people would, out of their impulse and stupidity choose torture, but I also believe that everyone of them will give in and regret it sooner or later.
They'd probably regret it as they chose the torture but that doesn't mean they still wouldn't choose the torture. Intelligence has nothing to do with it.
Even I can concede that after a brief moment of torture I'd be begging for mercy. Maybe we should add that option to the poll, if you voted for eternal torment would you regret it and ask to change your mind?
Begging for mercy isn't the same thing as giving up and saying, "I worship and praise you oh mighty one.", of course if one does that, at least they can say they tried, Hal and the others on his side couldn't even say that much.
Because there isn't proof of a any gods, not to mention there's no good evidence of them either. You keep making the same mistakes over and over. Being an atheist has nothing to do with taking heroic stands against gods if they possibly were to exist. I think you're demonstrating to us all why you are making the choice you are making.
The question is strange; as far as I can see, Bible God v.1 OT did require worship and laid out at great length how to do it in the Temple and via animal and human sacrifice.
Bible God v1.1 NT did not require worship; Christ’s point was that the Jews were concentrating on worship and the ritual of worship to the exclusion of “being reasonable.” The nearest Jesus came to demanding worship was in Luke 19:27 – killing people who did not accept him as leader; on the other hand, he said, “when you pray, pray in private.” (The “when” here could well be taken as “if”.) Hellfire and Damnation is for those who do not operate as per His words, not for those who do not worship.
Bible God v.1.2 (Paul’s writing and those attributed to Paul) concentrates on faith (Acceptance of Jesus) and works and does not speak too much of worship.
The question therefore is the same as some Cambodian back in the day saying, “if Pol Pot is shown to be the President, would you accept that he was president and obey his laws or would you agree to be executed?”
My answer would be, “I would say that I accepted Pol Pot as president and try to keep out of his clutches whilst hoping for change.”
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Nobody says “There are many things that we thought were natural processes, but now know that a god did them.”
I mean: why are they even atheists at the moment? I know this is a hypothetical but some of them gave it no thought whatsoever: they'd beg for forgiveness in a heartbeat. Doesn't say much for them, no? Or you, I guess.-Nam
The hypothetical, in whichever form, doesn't ask if we'd beg forgiveness - it skips over that as well as other things. It only asks if we would worship - whether alive or dead. Me, I said worship because that maximizes my chances to kill biblegod and his repulsive believers who make this world miserable.
I was fortunate enough to have lost my religion by the time I saw the movie Frailty because my agency-detection is sometimes over-active and, even though I didn't believe in any god, the movie made me wonder if he was talking to me, telling me I should be out there killing bad people. Then I regained my senses and shook it off - realized it was just my own tortured mind f**king with me. So, if biblegod ever shows himself to me he should expect me to do everything I can to kill him throughout all of eternity - or as long as I exist.
I am atheist but also vehemently anti-theist. I will be atheist if I have to kill every god to be one. And if they just keep coming back, I'll kill them again and consume them. If that makes me into god then I'll allow that one (me) to live. But only me. (Yes, I am getting therapy. We haven't even gotten close to this.)
But this is all just a massive pile of fetid speculation as evinced by the fact that few acknowledge that (as you pointed out) the atheists here have already pushed the blue button for eternal torture.
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Faith must trample under foot all reason, sense, and understanding. - Martin Luther
I don't agree with your position of anti-theism Samothec. It's very irrational. You have no means of knowing what type of a god any god would be should they exists. For all we know they could be worthy of worship, won't ask for it, don't need it, died off years ago, or whatever random combination our simple minds can think of. The point is that there's no point in being angry at something that doesn't exist. There's no point in being angry at something that may exist when you know nothing of it's attributes. Saying you will kill or attempt to kill every god you came in contact with is also irrational.
I can understand people who hate religion and what it does to this world. I can understand anti-theism to the point of not wanting religion to hurt people or take away our rights. I can even understand hating god/s if you believe them to be real. But I can't understand your position. I'm glad to hear you are in therapy for these things because I think you are wasting a lot of negative energy for no reason. You're aren't fighting a battle worth fighting.[1]
IMO the type of hate you have expressed is the equivalent of racism, or sexism. The only difference is you are feeling this level of hate at an old time imaginary friend who is better to be forgotten than hated. I sincerely wish you luck in your therapy, I don't enjoy seeing people struggle.
My stubbornness comes from my belief that people playing tough saying they would press a button that would result in eternal torture with NO POSSIBLE way to stop it is not honest of them. It's just ridiculous and not in any way indicative of human nature and self-preservation and really just completely stupid.
Judges 1:19King James Version (KJV)
19 And the Lord was with Judah; and he drave out the inhabitants of the mountain; but could not drive out the inhabitants of the valley, because they had chariots of iron.
This is just one example of the Bible God’s weakness, if proven True. The Serpent in the Garden of Eden is another one. The hypothetical is if the traditional Bible God view of God is True, and those people believe the Bible is the Word of God because the Bible says it and the Bible says it is True etc. with the circular logic.
Going by this, we also get to accept that God failed in the garden of Eden against the Serpent, and that God’s weakness is an iron chariot in Judges. Why is it possible for a Snake and a Man with an Iron Chariot able to go and fight God and defeat God, while we can’t? Think about that for a second.
You refuse to accept that THERE IS A POSSIBLE WAY to stop it, through defiance! It may be your hypothetical, but your hypothetical has loopholes in it. If you want to change my answer, please change your hypothetical, which you did in a new thread so I’ll go see what that’s all about.
Tell me oh wise one - what's the difference between trying to oppose the Nazis and trying to oppose a god? Take your time.
There is no difference, that’s the point! Those who say they’ll press the Red button and worship and follow God, really need to take another look at the Bible and take a look at similar events that Bible God has done in history. The closest thing that Bible God has done in the Bible that shows his character, in a historical context event, would be Adolf Hitler and the Nazi’s, coupled with Mussolini, and Joseph Stalin. So, those who really say they’ll bow and worship God, are in no difference to me, giving Hitler the heil Hitler salute, and will obey orders in the Holocaust, hoping to thwart Hitler’s evil plans, only to obey, just as many Nazi Officers claimed and tried to do in WWII.
So for me, in a real-life scenario, bowing down before God is just as bad or worse, than heiling Hitler. There is not much difference, if at all between the 2, which is exactly what I’m saying, so I think you meant what is similar between God and the Nazis.
Judah could not drive out the inhabitants because of their iron chariots. Biblegod has 'proven' he can level a city, flood the world killing everything on it, and consign his rebellious servants to hell. He is aware of individual suffering, as in the case of Job, and has no problems inflicting it even upon someone who faithfully serves him. If he leaves the job of torturing to flunkies, then we'd have a chance, but he has 'shown' that he is capable of exacting monstrous vengeance upon anyone. If that guy was proven to be real, I would not underestimate him and his abilities to inflict pain and suffering.
Tell me oh wise one - what's the difference between trying to oppose the Nazis and trying to oppose a god? Take your time.
There is no difference, that’s the point! Those who say they’ll press the Red button and worship and follow God, really need to take another look at the Bible and take a look at similar events that Bible God has done in history. [snipped]
There's a big difference. Known people, famous people escaped the Nazis. Ann Frank hid from them. The king of Denmark frustrated their efforts to collect the jews there. There were survivors of the Resistance. There were probably untold numbers of people who appeared to be complying with Nazi dictates, but who were secretly resistant. We know that the Nazis were brutally efficient, but the Bible, which defines the parms for biblegod, shows no one who escaped him. The bible claims that no one will. All will be judged. He is not some human bureaucracy, reliant on spies and snitches. IF you accept the premise, for the sake of the question posed, that the god of the bible has been proven real, and has then offered this choice, I don't see how anyone could hope to avoid or resist him.
EDIT: added after some further thought...Let's say that the Nazis and God are the same. That would imply that genuflecting and appearing obedient would be an option. As long as that red-buttoner did not actively obey biblegod's commands that would violate one's own ethics, one could survive and resist in any way one chose.
History is the judge. The Germans who appeared to accept the Nazi regime but who did not gas jews or gypsies, did not call the Gestapo on their socialist neighbor, or who listened to the BBC to try and get the other side of the story... these people, when the war was over, were judged to be no different than those that did no major crimes but who actually supported the regime. There was no way one could verify one's distaste of the regime.
Much older people I know continue to have a dim view of all Germans, of all Japanese and judge them all the same way. If biblegod's regime falls, the silent dissenters will be judged the same way by the victors. In my mind, that's a small price to pay for not having to burn forever in god's hell.
The (stated) consequences for pressing the blue button are far too grave as to be unimaginable. I would risk death, perhaps even torture, to take a stand I believed in. I will not risk eternal torment.
If you're accepting Biblegod, and worshipping it: you're begging for forgiveness based on defying it while alive.
Stating things like: I'll accept it and overthrow it in time -- that's stupid. I mean Hal has expressed how stupid myself and others are responding 'cause we'd choose hell yet you people actually think you can defeat a god when more powerful beings (angels) than you couldn't. I mean, what supernatural power would you have to do such a thing?
And we're the idiots. Please...hypothethetical rhetoric y'all are spewing.
Stating things like: I'll accept it and overthrow it in time -- that's stupid. I mean Hal has expressed how stupid myself and others are responding 'cause we'd choose hell yet you people actually think you can defeat a god when more powerful beings (angels) than you couldn't. I mean, what supernatural power would you have to do such a thing?
How many would choose the raping over ass kissing? If you think you won't crave in for even just for 7 days, what makes you think you would for eternity?
I'd still choose the latter. Why? 'Cause fuck him.
Sentient beings are going to choose what they think will make them the most happy or the least unhappy. There comes a time in life when you just have to accept things the way they are, and push that red button. It will make you the least unhappy. Your argument is along the lines of jumping naked off a cliff in rebellion against the laws of the universe, just because the laws of the universe state that you are unable to fly. Well boo fucking hoo, Nam. Boo fucking hoo.
Either play nice with HAL's hypothetical and push the red button[1], or . . .
Hal: In the poll thread, I choose the blue button. (Burn Forever) I believe that the red button (Worship) to be just another shade of blue.
If the gods of the bible were shown to be one god and exist, then it would be all knowing, as well as a cruel callous creature.
Being an all knowing creature of infinite power, it would know whether I was sincere or not. So the red button (Worship) would not be an option. Which leaves us with the blue (Burn Forever). I made the choice (Though it’s not really a choice them both being blue an all) not because I’m a bad arse, but because I'm being honest to myself and at the same time telling this bible-god, I won't pretend to worship him so he can send me to eternal torture, anyway. I will go to my fate being able to hold my head high, and retain my dignity.
Anyhow with no stimuli, just pain in a few years, maybe months, I would be insane anyway. And the torture wouldn't matter, it would for all intents and purposes, lose its effect, It would become normality.The body may be there, but the mind would have left long ago.
Yes the rational option would be to red (Worship), but as said a creature of infinite power, it would know whether I was sincere or not.
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We theists have no evidence for our beliefs. So no amount of rational evidence will dissuade us from those beliefs. - JCisall
It would be pretty piss poor brainwashing, if the victims knew they were brainwashed, wouldn't it? - Screwtape. 04/12/12 |
The UK Metropolitan Police announced today that three men have been convicted on terrorism-related charges after it was learned they planned to use up to 55 children in attacks throughout London.
The thwarted plot was conceived by Umar Ahmed Haque, a 25-year-old from east London who worked as an administrator at “an after-school madrasa at Ripple Road Mosque in Barking.” Two other men were also convicted of playing supporting roles in Haque’s scheme, which targeted “up to 30 groups, businesses and establishments in London.”
UK counterterrorism officials first became suspicious of Haque in Apr. 2016, when “police officers stopped him at Heathrow Airport as he attempted to fly to Istanbul, Turkey.” Istanbul has been a common transit point for jihadists seeking to join the Islamic State or other groups in Syria. The officers discovered that Haque’s phone has been used to perform “detailed searches for terrorist attacks and executions.” Although he couldn’t be charged at the time under existing laws, Haque’s “passport was revoked by the Home Office under Royal Prerogative.”
Back in the UK, Haque began working on a twisted idea to indoctrinate and then deploy children in terrorist attacks.
During “a five-hour phone conversation” in Mar. 2017, Haque told another convicted participant in his plot, Muhammad Abid (a 27-year-old from east London), that “he had radicalized 16 children.”
The police apparently didn’t have corroborating intelligence at first, but they continued their investigation after arresting Haque, Abid and a third man, Abuthaher Mamun (29).
Working with social workers, the police discovered that Haque “had attempted to radicalize 55 children aged 11 to 14 while working at Ripple Road Mosque.”
“All 55 children have received safeguarding support and 35 have been assessed to require longer-term support, which is being provided to them,” according to the UK Metropolitan Police’s statement.
“When specially trained officers interviewed the children, they described being shown by Haque horrific videos of extreme terrorist violence including executions,” Commander Dean Haydon, head of the Met Police Counter Terrorism Command, explained. “They told police how Haque made them roleplay terrorists and police officers, with the children acting as terrorists being made to stab the ‘police officers’ to death.”
The roleplaying described by Haydon is similar to the horrific scenes included in numerous Islamic State videos. The so-called caliphate has repeatedly used children to execute captives, often having them shoot, stab or behead their victims. The jihadists have also used children in suicide bombings.
The group developed a program named “Cubs of the Caliphate,” which is responsible for raising a generation of young jihadists. The program has been implemented everywhere from Afghanistan to Syria. Some of the Islamic State leaders killed in the US-led coalition’s targeted air campaign have played leading roles in the “Cubs of the Caliphate” initiative. In addition, Abu Bakr al Baghdadi’s organization launched a social media application for children that was intended to provide basic instruction.
Although the UK Metropolitan Police doesn’t mention the Islamic State’s prolific use of boys in its operations, it is certainly possible this is what inspired Haque.
“The children were paralyzed by fear of Haque, who they understood to have connections to terrorists and who essentially told them that a violent fate would befall them if they told anyone what he was doing,” Commander Haydon said. “They were too afraid to confide in anyone.”
Haque is “a dangerous man who was inspired by attacks in Europe and Westminster,” according to Haydon. “He wanted to orchestrate numerous attacks at once, using guns, knives, bombs and large cars to kill innocent people.”
The Westminster attack, which influenced Haque, took place in Mar. 2017, when Khalid Masood (52) drove his car into a crowd of people and then jumped out of the vehicle to assault others with a blade. The Islamic State’s Amaq News Agency quickly claimed that Masood was its “soldier.” [See FDD’s Long War Journal report, London terrorist a ‘soldier’ of the Islamic State, group claims.]
Haque discussed his plan with Abid during the aforementioned phone call the same month (Mar. 2017) as Masood’s vehicular assault. Haque was then arrested in May 2017.
Haydon provided more details concerning Haque’s patient plotting, saying that Haque’s “plan was a long-term one,” which “he intended to execute…years later.” By that time, Haque “anticipated he would have trained and acquired an army of soldiers, including children.”
During “conversations with Mamun,” the Met Police say, Haque “discussed various aspects of his plot, from how to increase the strength of a bomb and what type of vehicle to use, to where to carry out an attack and what the police response would be.”
Mamun “helped Haque strategize, and was planning to take driving lessons so that he could teach others in Haque’s aspirational ‘army’ to drive.” Mamun “also made unsuccessful attempts to invest money online in order to raise money to fund Haque’s plans.”
Haque’s ambitions went even further, as he told Abid that he wanted “another 30 or 40 men on standby” in case he was arrested. Haque also confided in Abid that he wanted the British public to be “annihilated.”
Haque, Maun and Abid were all found guilty today on charges related to the plot involving children. A fourth man, who was arrested during the investigation into Haque’s activities, “previously pleaded guilty to possession of a prohibited weapon.”
Thomas Joscelyn is a Senior Fellow at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies and the Senior Editor for FDD's Long War Journal.
Are you a dedicated reader of FDD's Long War Journal? Has our research benefitted you or your team over the years? Support our independent reporting and analysis today by considering a one-time or monthly donation. Thanks for reading! You can make a tax-deductible donation here. |
The subject invention relates generally to the field of medical devices and methods for monitoring physiological parameters of the body and, more particularly, such devices and methods which are capable of monitoring on a long-term basis various physiological constituents present in the bloodstream.
Six million Americans have diabetes mellitus. On some schedule, all of these patients need to monitor their blood glucose levels to keep their disease under control. This monitoring is done by urine testing, which indirectly reflects blood glucose, by intermittent blood glucose tests by venipuncture or blood glucose monitoring by finger prick and strip analysis. There are many inaccuracies associated with urine testing, and many patients are reluctant to do an adequate number of blood tests because of the pain involved. As a result many diabetics do not maintain good glucose control.
Growing evidence proves that poor glucose control is a causative factor in development of the secondary complications of diabetes. These secondary complications take a great toll in morbidity and mortality. Twenty to twenty five percent of End Stage Renal Disease is caused by diabetes. About 5000 diabetics become blind annually, and about 20,000 require amputations. Diabetes increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetics also suffer from painful and sometimes disabling neuropathies.
The monetary cost for the treatment of the secondary complications of diabetes is extremely high. The current cost of dialysis for End Stage Renal Disease is about $25,000 per patient annually. The annual hospital costs for amputations is presently about $250 million. Disability payment and rehabilitation services for blind diabetics cost about $45 million annually.
The best prospect for reducing the morbidity and mortality of diabetes lies in technological developments which will provide better blood glucose control. Insulin infusion pumps and finger-stick home blood glucose monitoring are steps in that direction. The development of an implantable glucose monitoring device would make home blood glucose monitoring simpler, less painful and more acceptable for the diabetic population. This would be a significant step toward improving blood glucose control since it would provide much more information than available with any current method of glucose monitoring. The greatly increased knowledge of blood glucose levels obtained by an implantable monitoring system would permit analysis of the basic kinetic parameters of insulin in each patient, e.g. insulin sensitivity and half life. Also, a reliable long term glucose sensor could be combined with automatic insulin infusion systems already available to form an "artificial pancreas". With such a device it would be possible to maintain blood glucose within normal limits with little patient intervention.
The only hospital use instrument which has been on the market for constant blood glucose monitoring is the Biostator, manufactured by Miles Laboratories, Inc., Elkhart, Ind. This instrument constantly withdraws blood to monitor blood glucose concentration and infuses insulin in response to the blood glucose level. This type of instrument is very expensive and is therefore available in only a relatively few hospitals. Further, because the Biostator device requires a continuous flow of blood without return to the patient there is a limit on the amount of time over which the instrument can be used, and there are also problems and risks involved with the vascular access.
A number of different approaches have been taken to develop an implantable glucose sensor. Most approaches utilize a chemical reaction of glucose which actually consumes the glucose in the process of measuring it. Thus they are sensitive to the mass transfer coefficient of glucose to the sensor. Fibrous tissue formation around the sensor changes the calibration of the device. Secondly, those with enzyme components suffer degradation of the enzyme after several days of use.
Enzymatic glucose electrodes utilize an immobilized enzyme, glucose oxidase, which reacts selectively with glucose, in conjunction with an ion selective electrode which measures the decrease of one of the reactants (O.sub.2) as reported in Gough D. A. et al.: Progress Toward a Potentially Implantable Enzyme-Based Glucose Sensor. Diabetes Care 5:190-198, 1982, or the increase of one of the products (H.sub.2 O.sub.2). The change in potential or current at the electrode can be used to make kinetic measurements or the steady state current or potential can be used for equilibrium measurements as disclosed in Guilbault G. G.: Enzymatic Glucose Electrodes. Diabetes Care 5:181-183, 1982.
An electroenzymatic sensor disclosed in Clark et. al.: Implanted Electroenzymatic Glucose Sensors. Diabetes Care 5:174-180, 1982 involves the enzymatic oxidation of glucose by glucose oxidase and the production of H.sub.2 O.sub.2. The H.sub.2 O.sub.2 is measured voltametrically at a Platinum electrode. The current produced by H.sub.2 O.sub.2 is directly proportional to the glucose in blood, plasma or tissue fluid in the 0 to 100 mg/dl region. At higher glucose concentrations there is a non-linear increase in current with increasing glucose concentration.
A glucose oxidase electrochemical sensor which detects the production of H.sub.2 O.sub.2 has been made in a needle form and has functioned up to 3 days in subcutaneous tissues as reported in the publication Shichiri M. et al.: Use of Wearable Artificial Pancreas to Control Diabetes. Progress in Artificial Organs 782-787, 1983. When this sensor was coupled with a micro-computer and an insulin infusion system, glucose control was achieved which was superior to that achieved with conventional treatment. After three days there was a fixation of proteins and blood cells to the membrane of the electrode, resulting in diminished function.
An O.sub.2 sensitive enzymatic glucose sensor which can be inserted into an arterio-venous shunt is disclosed in the following publication: Kondo T. et al.: A Miniature Glucose Sensor, Implantable in the Blood Stream. Diabetes Care 5:218-221, 1982. This sensor can function 200 hours with a 10% loss in activity. Another publication, Ikeda et al.: Comparison of O.sub.2 Electrode Type and H.sub.2 O.sub.2 Electrode Type as a Glucose Sensor for the Artificial B-cell. Prog. in Artificial Organs 773-777, 1983 compared the in vivo function of the O.sub.2 sensor with a H.sub.2 O.sub.2 electrode in a vascular access and found the O.sub.2 electrode responded better to changes in blood glucose. However, this sensor is impractical because of the amount of vascular surgery necessary to install the shunt.
Another approach to a glucose sensor is the catalytic electrode sensor, which is based on the electrochemical oxidation of glucose on a platinum electrode. Such sensors are reported in the following publications: Lerner H. et al.: Measurement of Glucose Concentration with a Platinum Electrode. Diabetes Care 5:229-237, 1982; Lewandowski J. J. et al.: Amperometric Glucose Sensor: Short-Term in vivo Test. Diabetes Care 5:238-244, 1982. The applied voltage is varied and the current response is measured. The current-voltage curves vary with glucose concentration. Other substances, such as amino acids and urea, can affect the output of this sensor, but use of a compensated net charge method of evaluating the response improves the sensitivity. Another problem is change in the loss in catalytic activity over time. Overall, this type of sensor has not demonstrated the selectivity or sensitivity necessary for a useful glucose sensor.
Several other technologies for glucose sensors depend on chemical or physical properties of glucose such as its affifinity for lectins described in Schultz J. S. et al.: Affinity Sensor: A New Technique for Developing Implantable Sensors for Glucose and Other Metabolites, Diabetes Care 5:245-253, 1982, its optical rotation in solution described in Rabinovitch B. et al.: Non-invasive Glucose Monitoring of the Aqueous Humor of the Eye: Part I. Measurement of Very Small Optical Rotations, Diabetes Care 5:254-258, 1982; and March W. F., et al.: Non-invasive Glucose Monitoring of the Aqueous Humor of the Eye: Part II. Animal Studies and the Scleral Lens, Diabetes Care 5:259-265, 1982, or its osmotic effect, Janle-Swain E. et al.: A Hollow Fiber Osmotic Glucose Sensor, Diabetes 33: Supp. 1, 176A, 1984. These approaches do not consume glucose, but rather depend on the concentration of glucose at the device site reaching an equilibrium with tissue glucose. None of these devices have proven to be totally satisfactory.
In the Schultz et al. study, a monitoring system is disclosed which operates based on the ability of glucose and a fluorescein-labeled dextran to bind competitively to the lectin Concanavalin A (Con A). Con A can be bound to the inside of a hollow fiber through which glucose can diffuse. Fluorescein labeled dextran is added to the inside of the fiber. The amount of fluorescein labeled dextran is added to the inside of the fiber. The amount of fluorescein-labeled dextran displaced from the Con A is measured by an argon laser fiber optic system. This system has responded to differences in glucose concentration in vitro, but less than the theoretical response was obtained. In vitro tests have demonstrated that the Con A can remain bound to the fibers for eight days.
Another study, Shichiri M. et al.: Telemetry Glucose Monitoring Device with Needle Type Glucose Sensor: A Useful Tool for Blood Monitoring in Diabetic Individuals, Diabetes Care 9:298-301, 1986, supports that measurement of glucose in the subcutaneous tissue does provide an adequate indication of blood glucose. This study discloses a correlation in diabetic patients between tissue glucose and blood glucose, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.89 to 0.95. This work indicates a five minute delay between changes in blood glucose and subcutaneous tissue glucose, with tissue glucose being 6 to 22% lower then blood glucose. This decrease in subcutaneous glucose versus blood glucose is due to the metabolism of glucose by subcutaneous tissue. The level of glucose which is obtained depends upon the metabolic rate of the subcutaneous tissue, the blood flow, the degree of fibrous tissue in the space, and the rate of fluid transfer across the capillary wall.
The goal of all of these studies was to develop sensors for permanent subcutaneous placement. Currently there does not exist an implantable glucose sensor which will function for an extended period of time in vivo. There are a number of sensors which function in vitro and some which function well for a few days in vivo, but none have proved effective over long periods of time. Measurement of blood glucose is done by diabetic patients at home by the finger-stick method. A drop of blood is placed on a paper strip impregnated with glucose oxidase and a chromophore. The color change produced by the glucose in the blood is determined visually or with a small hand held reflectance meter. In hospitals blood glucose may be measured at the bedside by the same finger-stick and strip method used by patients at home or venous blood samples may be analyzed automatically in the laboratory using glucose analyzers which are usually based on spectrophotometric or electrocatalytic analysis methods. |
Trump's new talking point about Mueller is 'flat out wrong,' legal experts say
President Donald Trump incorrectly claimed special counsel Robert Mueller's appointment was unconstitutional because he was not confirmed by the Senate.
Trump was addressing criticisms from legal scholars that the appointment of acting Attorney General Matt Whitaker was unconstitutional because the Senate had not confirmed him to his present role.
But legal experts tell INSIDER that because Mueller is an "inferior officer" who reports to someone higher up in the Department of Justice and not the President, he does not require Senate confirmation.
President Donald Trump deflected criticisms of the constitutional validity of the appointment of new acting Attorney General Matt Whitaker on Friday by claiming special counsel Robert Mueller's appointment was unconstitutional because he was not confirmed by Senate — but legal experts say that claim is baseless.
"Mueller was not Senate confirmed," Trump claimed. "Whitaker was Senate confirmed when he was the U.S. attorney from Iowa. Mueller...should've been Senate confirmed. But because of all the conflicts, they didn't want to bring him before the Senate...so don't talk to me about Whitaker."
California-based attorney Alexander Stern explained in a Friday email to INSIDER that because Mueller is what the Supreme Court has designated an "inferior officer" — and not a "principal officer" who reports directly to the President — he does not need to be confirmed by the Senate.
"Trump is simply flat out wrong that Mueller's appointment is unconstitutional given he reports to someone above him and below Trump," Stern said.
"He previously reported to Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein. Setting aside the likely invalidity of the Whitaker appointment, Mueller would now report to Whitaker," Stern added. "Either way, Mueller does not report directly to the President."
Read more:'Seriously? This guy?': Matthew Whitaker's appointment has FBI and DOJ officials in a 'daze'
Justice Clarence Thomas wrote in a 2017 opinion that the authors of the Constitution included provisions for Senate advice & consent because they "recognized the serious risk for abuse and corruption posed by permitting one person to fill every office in the government."
Until Wednesday, Whitaker held the position as former Attorney general Jeff Sessions' chief of staff, which did not require Senate confirmation.
Stern added that while Mueller's appointment is not unconstitutional, "it does add weight to the argument that Whitaker's appointment is unconstitutional."
"Specifically, the chain of command before looked like Jeff Sessions (a Senate-confirmed principal officer who recused himself in the Mueller probe), then Rosenstein (also Senate-confirmed), then Mueller," Stern said. "Now, because Trump unconstitutionally bypassed the Senate to install Whitaker, Mueller is being supervised by someone that did not receive Senate approval."
While the Senate voted to confirm Whitaker to the position of US Attorney for the Southern District of Iowa in 2004, as Trump noted in his press conference, former federal prosecutor Glenn Kirschner pointed out on Twitter that since Whitaker is no longer serving in that role, a confirmation for a prior position does not make his current appointment constitutionally valid.
"Under the Federal Vacancies Reform Act, past confirmation doesn't count (both Mueller and Whitaker were confirmed in previous positions)," he said. "They would have to be serving PRESENTLY in a Senate-confirmed position to be eligible for appointment to a 'principal officer' position." |
155 Ga. App. 782 (1980)
272 S.E.2d 751
ARNOLD
v.
THE STATE.
60564.
Court of Appeals of Georgia.
Submitted September 4, 1980.
Decided September 19, 1980.
Vicki Affleck, for appellant.
Harry N. Gordon, District Attorney, for appellee.
McMURRAY, Presiding Judge.
Defendant was indicted, tried and convicted of the offense of armed robbery, in that he did take money from an employee of a convenience store by the use of an offensive weapon. He was sentenced to serve a term of 10 years. Motion for new trial was filed, heard and denied. Defendant appeals. Held:
1. The first enumeration of error contends that the trial court erred in denying defendant's motion to suppress the victim's in-court identification testimony because it was tainted by reason of an earlier one-on-one identification which was impermissibly suggestive. The victim testified that the armed robbery occurred at approximately 12:30 a. m. in the City of Athens, Clarke County, Georgia, at which time he had noticed a "yellowish looking Buick ... either a Buick or some type of mid `70 model or something or other, or a Cadillac ... [i]t was a big yellow car" parked near the store, and, approximately 30 seconds thereafter, an individual ran into the store with a rifle in his hand with a blue mask or cloth covering his face from the nose down. The robber demanded money from the victim, and he was able to describe his assailant as a very slim black man, having a very short afro haircut, approximately 5 ft. 10 in. or 5 ft. 11 in. tall, wearing a beige pair of slacks and a patterned shirt slightly darker than the slacks. The robber took approximately $20 or $25 in a brown paper sack. The victim observed the robber's direction of flight and called the police, who arrived 2 or 3 minutes later. The robber's description and that of the yellow automobile were broadcast to all police units. A police detective testified that he searched the area around the store including the direction of the robber's flight. As a result of his search *783 he recovered an empty brown bag, a .22 caliber rifle, and a red, white and blue T-shirt, which he subsequently showed to the victim for identification. The victim identified these objects, that is, that the gun was the one most likely used in the robbery and the T-shirt was possibly used as the mask. In the meantime, other police officers had stopped a 1973 or 1974 model Buick Electra 225 approximately 3/4 of a mile or less from the scene of the crime. Two black males were in the automobile, the driver and the defendant (identified thereafter).
The defendant did not have a shirt on (nude from the waist up) at the time of being stopped by the officers but was wearing light colored slacks. Returning to the convenience store with the two males, the victim made a positive identification of the defendant who still had no shirt on at that time but was wearing light colored or beige slacks. The victim's testimony was that he based his positive identification on the facial contours, the hair, the eyes, the forehead, the clothing, the color of skin, build, size, and height. The defendant's brother identified the rifle as his property, contending it was missing on the night of the crime from his bedroom and he had seen his rifle that day when he got home from work. The defendant occupied the bedroom next to his brother's room. The victim also later identified a patterned shirt found under the seat of the automobile as looking like the shirt worn by the robber.
At the in-court identification, counsel moved to suppress same on the grounds that it would be tainted by the pretrial confrontation at the scene of the crime, and a hearing was held on this issue. The victim contended he could identify defendant that day just like he did immediately after the robbery. As a general rule, the one-on-one confrontation between the eyewitness and the suspect before a trial has been condemned. See Stovall v. Denno, 388 U. S. 293, 302 (87 SC 1967, 18 LE2d 1199). However, our appellate courts have consistently upheld the admission of in-court identifications when prior one-on-one showups are reasonably and fairly conducted at or near the time of the offense. Bennefield v. Brown, 228 Ga. 705, 706 (3) (187 SE2d 865); Hobbs v. State, 235 Ga. 8, 9 (218 SE2d 769); Womack v. State, 147 Ga. App. 522, 523 (2) (249 SE2d 332); Daniel v. State, 150 Ga. App. 798, 799 (258 SE2d 604).
The case sub judice is somewhat similar on its facts to the identification of the defendant by the victim while in custody and immediately after the crime as shown in Bennefield v. Brown, 228 Ga. 705, 706, supra. Here the one-on-one confrontation was permissible in aiding a speedy police investigation and because there were possible doubts as to the identification which needed to be resolved promptly and in order to enhance the accuracy and reliability of identification in order to permit the expeditious relief of innocent *784 subjects. See also Womack v. State, 147 Ga. App. 522, 523 (2), supra; and Heyward v. State, 236 Ga. 526, 529 (224 SE2d 383).
Considering the totality of the circumstances here, the trial court did not err in denying the motion to suppress the victim's in-court identification testimony. The case of Neil v. Biggers, 409 U. S. 188 (93 SC 375, 34 LE2d 401), which provides a test for the due process guarantee of a fair trial with reference to so-called suggestive lineups does not require reversal here.
The totality of the testimony here shows clearly that there was not a substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification in this case. See Payne v. State, 233 Ga. 294, 299 (210 SE2d 775); Tate v. State, 153 Ga. App. 508, 509 (1) (265 SE2d 818) and cases cited therein. There is no merit in this complaint.
2. Defendant contends that the evidence presented by the state was insufficient as a matter of law to support his conviction. Defendant contends that other than the so-called impermissibly tainted identification the remaining evidence against the defendant was clearly circumstantial. However, the in-court identification of the defendant, which is direct testimony, together with the other evidence, which to a certain extent was circumstantial was ample to support the verdict inasmuch as the testimony and exhibits corroborated the victim's testimony with reference to the circumstances surrounding the robbery. After careful review of the trial transcript and record, we find, and so hold, that a rational trier of fact (the jury in the case sub judice) could reasonably have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of the crime of armed robbery in this instance. See Driggers v. State, 244 Ga. 160, 161 (1) (259 SE2d 133); Moses v. State, 245 Ga. 180, 181 (1) (263 SE2d 916); Sanders v. State, 246 Ga. 42 (1) (268 SE2d 628); Dukes v. State, 151 Ga. App. 312, 313 (259 SE2d 706). There is no merit in this complaint.
Judgment affirmed. Smith and Banke, JJ., concur.
|
Q:
Unable to enter Recovery Mode -2006F
I'm using a MacBook Air (11-inch, Mid 2013). I recently reformatted and reinstalled the OS via Internet Recovery, but I suspect something went wrong.
Now, when I boot normally, I get the infamous Flashing Question Mark.
When I boot with Alt+Cmd+R, I get the spinning globe with
Starting Internet Recovery. This may take a while
and then:
apple.com/support
-2006F
When I boot with Cmd+R, I get the exact same thing as above. Maybe my Recovery Partition is corrupted, so it defaults to Internet Recovery?
This MacRumors thread Flashing Question mark in folder after start up seems similar to my problem, but the OP is able to get into Internet Recovery, unlike me.
Any suggestions?
A:
Considering you can't boot into an OS, the first things I'd try are resetting the NVRAM and SMC. Below are the steps for doing so, as well as the order you should do it.
1. Reset the NVRAM
Older Macs had what's called Parameter RAM (PRAM), newer Macs use Non-Volatile Random-Access Memory (NVRAM). Here’s how to reset it on your particular Mac:
Shut down your machine. Yes, a full shut down, not just logging out.
Press the power button and then press the commandoptionpr keys. You have to make sure you press these keys before the gray screen appears or it won’t work.
Hold those keys down until your Mac reboots again and you here the startup chime.
Let go of the keys and let your Mac reboot normally.
Note: When you log back in you may need to readjust some of your system preferences (e.g. speaker volume, screen resolution, startup disk selection, time zone information, etc).
2. Reset the SMC
Here’s what you do to reset the SMC on your particular Mac:
Shut down your computer
Keep the MagSafe adapter (power cable) plugged in.
Press at the same time shiftoptioncontrol (on the left side of the keyboard) and the power button
Let go
Turn your computer back on with the power button.
Once you've done both of these, check to see whether the problem behaviour (i.e. an inability to enter Internet recovery) is still present. Let me know how you go.
|
tests
testKnownObjects
| knownObject ston object |
knownObject := STONTestKnownObject new.
"make sure the system of remembering instances works"
self assert: (STONTestKnownObject fromId: knownObject id asString) equals: knownObject.
self assert: (STONTestKnownObject fromId: knownObject id asString) identicalTo: knownObject.
"only the id string is serialized"
ston := self serialize: knownObject.
"upon serialization, objects with known id strings come from the remembered instances"
object := self materialize: ston.
self assert: object equals: knownObject.
self assert: object identicalTo: knownObject.
"not just the id is equal, but the rest of the object too"
self assert: object description equals: knownObject description.
STONTestKnownObject resetKnownObjects. |
The role of mast cells in functional GI disorders.
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) are characterized by chronic complaints arising from disorganized brain-gut interactions leading to dysmotility and hypersensitivity. The two most prevalent FGIDs, affecting up to 16-26% of worldwide population, are functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome. Their etiopathogenic mechanisms remain unclear, however, recent observations reveal low-grade mucosal inflammation and immune activation, in association with impaired epithelial barrier function and aberrant neuronal sensitivity. These findings come to challenge the traditional view of FGIDs as pure functional disorders, and relate the origin to a tangible organic substrate. The mucosal inflammatory infiltrate is dominated by mast cells, eosinophils and intraepithelial lymphocytes in the intestine of FGIDs. It is well established that mast cell activation can generate epithelial and neuro-muscular dysfunction and promote visceral hypersensitivity and altered motility patterns in FGIDs, postoperative ileus, food allergy and inflammatory bowel disease. This review will discuss the role of mucosal mast cells in the gastrointestinal tract with a specific focus on recent advances in disease mechanisms and clinical management in irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia. |
@prefix acl: <http://www.w3.org/ns/auth/acl#>.
<#Owner> a acl:Authorization;
acl:accessTo <./read-only.ttl>;
acl:agent <https://tim.localhost:7777/profile/card#me>;
acl:mode acl:Read.
|
When Sunset is redeemed, she starts to feel obligated to help out others. She tries to work out the confusion in both her heart and mind through selfless acts. This causes a certain new friend to notice her in a different light...
Vv_-Carnelian-_vV · 2.4k words · 32 2 · 1.4k views 2.4k words321.4k views |
Women's Relationship Power Modifies the Effect of a Randomized Conditional Cash Transfer Intervention for Safer Sex in Tanzania.
This study tests whether women's relationship power modifies the effect of a conditional cash transfer (CCT) on STI risk. We analyzed 988 women enrolled in the RESPECT study in Tanzania, a yearlong, randomized-controlled trial testing the effectiveness of a CCT to reduce STI incidence. Women were randomized at the individual level to a no-cash control group, a low-cash, or a high-cash study arm. After one year, there was no main effect of study arm on risk of having an STI among women. However, in tests of heterogeneity, the effect of the CCT varied by a woman's relationship power (adjusted RRs of the interaction term for women with higher relationship power: RR 0.567 (95% CI 0.240-0.895) for high cash and RR 1.217 (95% CI 0.794-1.641) for low cash). Specifically, women with higher relationship power in the low cash transfer arm had an elevated risk of testing positive for an STI, whereas women with high relationship power in the high cash transfer arm had a decreased risk of testing positive for an STI. |
---
abstract: 'We consider the 3D equation $u_{yy} = u_{tx} + u_yu_{xx} - u_xu_{xy}$ and its 2D reductions: (1) $u_{yy} = (u_y+y)u_{xx}-u_xu_{xy}-2$ (which is equivalent to the Gibbons-Tsarev equation) and (2) $u_{yy} = (u_y+2x)u_{xx} + (y-u_x)u_{xy} -u_x$. Using reduction of the known Lax pair for the 3D equation, we describe nonlocal symmetries of (1) and (2) and show that the Lie algebras of these symmetries are isomorphic to the Witt algebra.'
address:
- 'Mathematical Institute, Silesian University in Opava, Na Rybníčku 1, 746 01 Opava, Czech Republic'
- 'Independent University of Moscow, B. Vlasevsky 11, 119002 Moscow, Russia & Trapeznikov Institute of Control Sciences, 65 Profsoyuznaya street, Moscow 117997, Russia'
- 'Faculty of Applied Mathematics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, Kraków 30-059, Poland'
- 'Mathematical Institute, Silesian University in Opava, Na Rybníčku 1, 746 01 Opava, Czech Republic'
author:
- 'P. Holba'
- 'I.S. Krasil[[[$''$]{}]{}]{}shchik'
- 'O.I. Morozov'
- 'P. Voj[č]{}[á]{}k'
date:
-
-
title: |
2D reductions of the equation $\mathbf{u_{yy} = u_{tx} + u_yu_{xx} - u_xu_{xy}}$\
and their nonlocal symmetries
---
Introduction {#introduction .unnumbered}
============
The equation $$\label{eq:1}
u_{yy} = u_{tx} + u_yu_{xx} - u_xu_{xy}$$ belongs to the class of linearly degenerate integrable equations [@Fer-Moss-2015] and was, as far as we know, introduced first in [@Mikhalev-1992] and independently in [@Pavlov-2003; @Dunajski-2004]. In [@B-K-M-V-2014], we described all two-dimensional symmetry reductions of this equation. All these reductions are either linearizable or exactly solvable, except for the two ones: $$\label{eq:2}
u_{yy} = (u_y+y)u_{xx}-u_xu_{xy}-2$$ and $$\label{eq:3}
u_{yy} = (u_y+2x)u_{xx} + (y-u_x)u_{xy} -u_x.$$ Equation is reduced to the Gibbons-Tsarev equation [@Gibbons-Tsarev-1996] by the simple transformation $u \mapsto u-y^2/2$.
Equation admits the Lax pair $$\label{eq:4}
\begin{array}{lcl}
w_{t}&=&(\lambda^2-\lambda u_x-u_y)w_x,\\
w_{y}&=&(\lambda-u_x)w_{x}
\end{array}$$ with the non-removable spectral parameter $\lambda$. In [@B-K-M-V-2015], we, in particular, studied the behavior of this Lax pair under the symmetry reduction.
In this paper, we use system to describe nonlocal symmetries of Equations and and prove that in both cases these symmetries form the Lie algebra isomorphic to the Witt algebra $$\mathfrak{W} = {\{\,e_i=z^{i+1}\textstyle{\frac{\partial}{\partial z}} \midi\in \mathbb{Z}\,\}}.$$ In Section \[sec:preliminaries\], we recall some necessary results obtained in the previous research and introduce the notions and constructions needed for the subsequent exposition. Section \[sec:main-result\] is devoted to the proofs of the basic results. We discuss in detail Equation and briefly repeat the main step for the second equation, because the reasoning is quite similar in both cases. The obtained results are discussed in Section \[sec:discussion\] together with further perspectives.
Preliminaries {#sec:preliminaries}
=============
We recall here basic facts from the theory of nonlocal symmetries (see [@Kras-Vin-Trends-1989]) and previous results on Equation and its reductions, see [@B-K-M-V-2014; @B-K-M-V-2015].
Basics {#sec:basics}
------
Consider a differential equation[^1] $$\label{eq:5}
F^\alpha\left(x,\dots,\frac{\partial^{{\left|\sigma\right|}}u}{\partial
x^\sigma},\dots\right) = 0,\qquad \alpha=1,\dots,r,$$ of order $k$ in unknowns $u=(u^1,\dots,u^m)$, where $u^j=u^j(x)$, $x=(x^1,\dots,x^n)$. To the infinite prolongation of there corresponds a locus $\mathcal{E}\subset J^\infty(\pi)$ in the space of infinite jets of the trivial bundle $\pi\colon \mathbb{R}^m\times\mathbb{R}^n \to \mathbb{R}^n$, see [@AMS-book]. Consider jet coordinates $u_\sigma^j$ on $J^\infty(\pi)$, $j=1,\dots,m$, where $\sigma=i_1\dots i_s$ is a symmetric multi-index, $i_\alpha=1,\dots,n$, and choose a set ${\mathbf{I}}=\{u_\sigma^j\}$ of internal variables on $\mathcal{E}$. Denote by $$D_{x^i} = \frac{\partial}{\partial x^i} + \sum_{{\mathbf{I}}}u_{\sigma
i}\frac{\partial}{\partial u_\sigma^j},\qquad i=1,\dots,n,$$ the operators of total derivatives on $\mathcal{E}$. For any function $f$ on $J^\infty(\pi)$ we denote by $\ell_f$ the restriction of its linearization $\sum_{j,\sigma} \partial f/\partial u_\sigma^j D_\sigma$ to $\mathcal{E}$, where $D_\sigma = D_{x^{i_1}}\circ\dots\circ D_{x^{i_s}}$. A (local) symmetry of $\mathcal{E}$ is an evolutionary vector field $${\mathbf{E}}_\phi = \sum_{{\mathbf{I}}}D_\sigma(\phi^j)\frac{\partial}{\partial u_\sigma^j},$$ where the generating function $\phi=(\phi^1,\dots,\phi^m)$ satisfies the equation $\ell_F(\phi)=0$ and $F=(F^1,\dots,F^r)$ determines Equation . We identify symmetries with their generating functions and denote the Lie algebra of symmetries by $\operatorname{sym}\mathcal{E}$.
A (differential) covering over $\mathcal{E}$ is a bundle $\tau\colon \tilde{\mathcal{E}}= \mathcal{E}\times \mathbb{R}^l\to
\mathcal{E}$, $l=1,2,\dots,\infty$, endowed with vector fields $$\tilde{D}_{x^i} = D_{x^i} + \sum_\alpha X_i^\alpha\frac{\partial}{\partial
w^\alpha},\qquad i=1,\dots,n,$$ that pair-wise commute, where $w^\alpha$ are coordinates in $\mathbb{R}^l$ called nonlocal variables. Equivalently, $\tilde{\mathcal{E}}$ may be regarded as an overdetermined system $$w_{x^i}^\alpha = X_i^\alpha,\qquad i=1,\dots,n,\quad \alpha = 1,\dots,l,$$ whose compatibility conditions are consequences of $\mathcal{E}$. For a linear differential operator $\Delta = \left(\sum_\sigma a_{ij}^\sigma D_\sigma\right)$ on $\mathcal{E}$ we denote by $\tilde{\Delta} = \left(\sum_\sigma a_{ij}^\sigma \tilde{D}_\sigma\right)$ its lift to $\tilde{\mathcal{E}}$.
Coverings $\tau_1$ and $\tau_2$ are said to be equivalent if there exists a diffeomorphism $g\colon \tilde{\mathcal{E}}_1 \to \tilde{\mathcal{E}}_2$ such that $\tau_2\circ g = \tau_1$ and which takes $\tilde{\mathcal{C}}_1$ to $\tilde{\mathcal{C}}_2$, where $\tilde{\mathcal{C}}_i$ is the span of the fields $\tilde{D}_{x^i}$ on $\tilde{\mathcal{E}}_i$.
A nonlocal symmetry of $\mathcal{E}$ in the covering $\tau$ is a vector field $${\mathbf{S}}_\Phi = \sum_{\mathbf{I}}\tilde{D}_\sigma(\phi^j)\frac{\partial}{\partial
u_\sigma^j} +
\sum_\alpha \psi^\alpha\frac{\partial}{\partial w^\alpha},$$ where $\phi=(\phi^1,\dots,\phi^m)$ and $\psi^\alpha$ are functions on $\tilde{\mathcal{E}}$ satisfying the system $$\begin{aligned}
&\tilde{\ell}_F(\phi)=0,\\
&\tilde{D}_{x^i}(\psi^\alpha) = \tilde{\ell}_{X_i^\alpha}(\phi) + \sum_\beta
\frac{\partial X_i^\alpha}{\partial w^\beta}\end{aligned}$$ for all $i$ and $\alpha$. Any nonlocal symmetry is identified with the collection $\Phi = (\phi,\psi^1,\dots,\psi^\alpha,\dots)$. A symmetry is called a lift of a local symmetry if the component $\phi$ is a function on $\mathcal{E}$; it is called invisible if $\phi=0$. Nonlocal symmetries form a Lie algebra denoted by $\operatorname{sym}_\tau\mathcal{E}$.
Coverings over Equation and symmetries {#sec:cover-over-equat}
---------------------------------------
Let us assume that $w=w(\lambda)$ in Equation and consider the expansion $$w=\sum_{i=-\infty}^{+\infty}\lambda^{-i} w_i.$$ This leads to the infinite-dimensional covering $$\label{eq:6}
\begin{array}{rcl}
w_{i,x} &=& w_{i-1,y} + u_x w_{i-1,x} ,\\
w_{i,y} &=& w_{i-1,t} + u_y w_{i-1,x},
\end{array}$$ where $i\in\mathbb{Z}$.
Recall now that the space $\operatorname{sym}\mathcal{E}$ for Equation is spanned by the functions $$\begin{gathered}
\theta_1=2x-yu_x,\qquad \theta_2=3u-2xu_x-yu_y,\\
\theta_3(T)=Tu_y+T'(yu_x-x)-\frac{1}{2}T''y^2, \qquad \theta_4(T)=Tu_x-T'y,\\
\theta_5(T)=Tu_t+T'(xu_x+yu_y-u)+\frac{1}{2}T''(y^2u_x-2xy)-
\frac{1}{6}T'''y^3, \qquad
\theta_6(T)=T,\end{gathered}$$ where $T$ is a function in $t$ and ‘prime’ denotes the $t$-derivatives. In what follows, we shall need the following
\[prop:cover-over-equat-1\] The symmetries $\theta_1$ $\theta_2$ and $\theta_5 = \theta_5(1)= u_t$ can be lifted to the covering .
Let us set $$\begin{aligned}
\theta_1^i&= -y w_{i,x} + (i + 2) w_{i-1},\\
\theta_2^i&= -2 x w_{i,x} - y w_{i,y} + (i + 3) w_i,\\
\theta_5^i&= w_{i,t}.
\end{aligned}$$ Then $$\Theta_j=(\theta_j,\dots,\theta_j^i,\dots),\qquad j=1,2,5,\quad
i\in\mathbb{Z},$$ are the desired lifts.
Reductions {#sec:reductions}
----------
Using Proposition \[prop:cover-over-equat-1\], we now state the following
\[prop:reductions-2\] Reduction of with respect to the symmetry $\Theta_5+\Theta_1$ leads to the covering $$\label{eq:7}
\begin{array}{rcl}
w_{i,x} &=& w_{i-1,y} + u_x w_{i-1,x} ,\\
w_{i,y} &=& (u_y + y)w_{i-1,x} - (i + 1)w_{i-2}
\end{array}$$ over Equation while reduction with respect to $\Theta_5 + \Theta_2$ leads to the covering $$\label{eq:8}
\begin{array}{rcl}
w_{i,x} &=& w_{i-1,y} + u_x w_{i-1,x} ,\\
w_{i,y} &=& (u_y + 2x)w_{i-1,x} + yw_{i-1,y} - (i + 2)w_{i-1}
\end{array}$$ over Equation .
Let us finally describe the algebras of local symmetries for Equations and . Direct computations show that $\operatorname{sym}\mathcal{E}_1$ for the first equation is spanned by the functions $$\label{eq:12}
\phi_{-4} = 1,\quad \phi_{-3} = u_x,\quad \phi_{-2}= -u_y - y,\quad
\phi_{-1} = -2 x + yu_x,\quad
\phi_0 = 4 u - 3 xu_x - 2 yu_y,$$ while in the second case we have the following generators of the symmetry algebra $\operatorname{sym}\mathcal{E}_2$: $$\gamma_{-3} = 1,\quad \gamma_{-2}=-y-\frac{1}{2}u_x,\quad \gamma_{-1} = y^2 - 2
x + 2 yu_x - 2 u_y,\quad \gamma_0= 3 u - 2x u_x - yu_y.$$ It is also easily seen that $$\left.\begin{array}{l}
\text{for Equation~\eqref{eq:2}}\\
\protect{[\phi_i,\phi_j]= }
\begin{cases}
(j-i)\phi_{i+j}&\text{if } i+j\geq -4,\\
0&\text{otherwise},
\end{cases}
\end{array}\qquad\right|\qquad
\begin{array}{l}
\text{for Equation~\eqref{eq:3}}\\
\protect{[\gamma_i,\gamma_j]= }
\begin{cases}
(j-i)\gamma_{i+j}&\text{if } i+j\geq -3,\\
0&\text{otherwise}.
\end{cases}
\end{array}$$ Denote by $\mathfrak{W}_0\subset\mathfrak{W}$ the subalgebra in the Witt algebra spanned by the fields $e_i$ with $i\leq 0$ and by $\mathfrak{W}_k$ its ideal spanned by $e_i$, $i\leq k < 0$.
\[prop:reductions-1\] For Equation one has $\operatorname{sym}\mathcal{E}_1=\mathfrak{W}_0/\mathfrak{W}_5$ while $\operatorname{sym}\mathcal{E}_2=\mathfrak{W}_0/\mathfrak{W}_4$ for Equation .
The coverings $\tau^p$ and $\sigma^p$ {#sec:coverings-taup}
-------------------------------------
Consider the covering over Equation . Choose an integer $p\in\mathbb{Z}$ and assume that $w_i=0$ for all $i<p$. To proceed further, it is convenient to relabel nonlocal variables by setting $w_{p+i}=r_{i-4}^p$. Then $r_i^p=0$ for $i<-4$ and $$\begin{aligned}
&r_{-4,x}^p=0,&&r_{-4,y}^p=0;\\
&r_{-3,x}^p=0,&&r_{-3,y}^p=0,\end{aligned}$$ and without loss of generality one can set $r_{-4}^p=1$, $r_{-3}^p=0$. Then $$r_{-2}^p=-(p + 3)y,\qquad r_{-1}^p = -(p + 3)x,\qquad r_0^p = -(p + 3)u +
\frac{1}{2}(p + 3)(p + 4)y^2,$$ while $$\label{eq:9}
\begin{array}{rcl}
r_{i,x}^p&=&r_{i-1,y}^p + u_xr_{i-1,x}^p,\\[3pt]
r_{i,y}^p&=&(u_y+y)r_{i-1,x}^p-(p+i+5)r_{i-2}^p,
\end{array}$$ for all $i\geq 1$. We denote this covering by $\tau^p$.
In a similar way, for Equation and its covering we have $r_i^p=0$ for $i<-3$, $r_{-3}^p = 1$, and $$r_{-2}^p = -(p + 3)y,\quad r_{-1}^p = -(p + 3)x +
\frac{1}{2}(p + 3)^2y^2,\quad r_0^p = - (p + 3)u + (p + 3)^2 xy -
\frac{1}{6} (p + 3)^3 y^3,$$ while $$\label{eq:10}
\begin{array}{rcl}
r_{i,x}^p&=& r_{i-1,y}^p + u_x r_{i-1,x}\\
r_{i,y}^p&=& (u_y + 2x)r_{i-1,x}^p + yr_{i-1,y}^p - (p + i + 5)r_{i-1}^p
\end{array}$$ for $i\geq1$. This covering will be denoted by $\sigma^p$.
The main result {#sec:main-result}
===============
We prove the main result of the paper in this section, which states that in coverings $\tau^p$, naturally associated with and the algebras of nonlocal symmetries for both Equations and are isomorphic to the Witt algebra $\mathfrak{W}$. The case of Equation is considered in detail, while for Equation we provide a sketch of proofs only.
Equivalence of the coverings $\tau^p$ {#sec:equiv-cover-taup}
-------------------------------------
The first step of the proof is to establish the equivalence of different $\tau^p$ to each other.
\[prop:equiv-cover-taup-1\] The covering $\tau^p$ is equivalent to $\tau^{-4}$ for any $p$.
We distinguish the two cases: $p\neq -3$ and $p=3$.
**The case $p\neq -3$.** Introduce the notation $s_i=r_i^{-4}$ and consider the vector field $$\mathcal{X}=x\frac{\partial}{\partial y} + 2u\frac{\partial}{\partial x} +
3s_1\frac{\partial}{\partial u} + \sum_{i\geq
1}(i+3)s_{i+1}\frac{\partial}{\partial s_i}.$$ Let us define the quantities $Q_{k,j}$, $k\geq0$, by $$Q_{k,0} = \frac{1}{(k+2)!}y^{k+2},\qquad Q_{k,j+1} =
\frac{1}{j}\mathcal{X}(Q_{k,j})$$ and assume $Q_{k,j}=0$ for $j<0$. Set $$d_i = \sum_{k\geq 0}(-1)^k\frac{(p+k+4)!}{(p+4)!}Q_{k,i-2k}.$$ Then the transformation $$r_i^p = -(p+3)(s_i-(p+4)d_i),\qquad i\geq1,$$ is the desired equivalence.
**The case $p= -3$.** The first three pairs of defining equations in this case are $$r_{i,x}=0,\quad r_{i,y}=0,\qquad i=-3,-2,-1,$$ while all the rest ones do not contain the variable $r_{-3}$. Thus we that $r_{-3}$ is a constant whose value does not influence the subsequent computations. So, we may set $r_{-3}=0$ and this reduces the case under consideration to $p>-3$.
The Lie algebra of nonlocal symmetries {#sec:lie-algebra-tructure}
--------------------------------------
Let $\Phi=(\phi,\phi^1,\dots,\phi^i,\dots)$ be a nonlocal symmetry of Equation in the covering . The defining equations for the components of $\Phi$ are $$\begin{aligned}
\nonumber
\tilde{\ell}_F(\phi)&\equiv \tilde{D}_y^2(\phi) - (u_y +
y)\tilde{D}_x^2(\phi) - u_{xx}\tilde{D}_y(\phi) + u_x
\tilde{D}_x\tilde{D}_y(\phi) + u_{xy}\tilde{D}_x(\phi)=0, \\\label{eq:11}
\tilde{D}_x(\phi^i)&=\tilde{D}_y(\phi^{i-1}) + u_x\tilde{D}_x(\phi^{i-1}) +
r_{i-1,x}^p\tilde{D}_x(\phi), \\ \nonumber
\tilde{D}_y(\phi^i)&=(u_y + y)\tilde{D}_x(\phi^{i-1}) - (p + i +
1)\phi^{i-2} + r_{i-1,x}^p\tilde{D}_y(\phi).\end{aligned}$$ We need a number of auxiliary results to describe the algebra $\operatorname{sym}_{\tau^p}\mathcal{E}_1$. As a first step, it is convenient to assign weights to the internal coordinates in $\tilde{\mathcal{E}}_1$ in such a way that all polynomial objects become homogeneous with respect to these weights. Let us set $${\left|x\right|} = 3,\qquad {\left|y\right|} = 2,\qquad {\left|u\right|} = 4.$$ Then $${\left|u_x\right|} = {\left|u\right|} - {\left|x\right|} = 1,\qquad {\left|u_y\right|} = {\left|u\right|} - {\left|y\right|} = 2,$$ etc., and $${\left|r_i^p\right|} = i+4,\qquad i\geq1.$$ The weight of a monomial is the sum of weights of its factors and the weight of a vector field $R\partial/\partial \rho$ is ${\left|R\right|}-{\left|\rho\right|}$. In particular, one has ${\left|\phi_k\right|}=k$, $k=-4,\dots,0$ for the local symmetries presented in .
\[lem:lie-algebra-nonlocal\] The local symmetry $\phi_{-1}$ can be lifted to the covering $\tau^{-4}$.
Let us set $\Phi_{-1}=(\phi_{-1},\phi_{-1}^1,\dots,\phi_{-1}^i,\dots)$, where $\phi_{-1}^i=yr_{i,x}^{-4}-(i+2)r_{i-1}^{-4}$. It is straightforward to check that Equations are satisfied for $p=-4$.
\[lem:lie-algebra-nonlocal-1\] The local symmetry $\phi_{-2}$ can be lifted to the covering $\tau^{-5}$.
We set $\Phi_{-2} =
(\phi_{-2},-r_{1,y}^{-5},\dots,-r_{i,y}^{-5},\dots)$. Then are fulfilled in an obvious way for $p=-5$.
\[lem:lie-algebra-nonlocal-2\] There exists a nonlocal symmetry of weight $2$ in the covering $\tau^{-1}$.
Let us set $\Phi_2=(\phi_2,\phi_2^1,\dots,\phi_2^i,\dots)$, where $$\phi_2=
-\frac{1}{2}\,\left(8 r_2^{-1}+42 y (3 y^2-2 u)+(80 x y-7 r_1^{-1}) u_x
+2 (7 y^2+6 u) u_y-50 x^2-96 y^3\right)$$ and $$\phi_2^i=
-\frac{1}{2}\,\left(
(80 x y-7 r_1^{-1}) r_{i, x}^{-1}+2 (7 y^2+6 u) r_{i, y}^{-1}
-2 (i+8) r_{i+2}^{-1}-8 y (i+6) r_{i}^{-1}-10 (i+5) x r_{i-1}^{-1}
\right)$$ for all $i\geq1$.
\[prop:lie-algebra-nonlocal\] The symmetries $\Phi_{-2}$ $\Phi_{-1}$ and $\Phi_2$ exist in any covering $\tau^p$.
A direct consequence of Lemmas \[lem:lie-algebra-nonlocal\]– \[lem:lie-algebra-nonlocal-2\] and Proposition \[prop:equiv-cover-taup-1\].
\[thm:lie-algebra-nonlocal\] The symmetries $\Phi_{-2}$ $\Phi_{-1}$ and $\Phi_{2}$ generate the entire Lie algebra $\operatorname{sym}_{\tau^p}\mathcal{E}_1$ which is isomorphic to the Witt algebra $\mathfrak{W}$ i.e. there exists a basis $\Phi_k$ $k\in\mathbb{Z}$ such that $$[\Phi_k,\Phi_l] =(l-k)\Phi_{k+l}$$ for all $k$ $l\in\mathbb{Z}$.
Let set $$\Phi_0=4[\Phi_{-2},\Phi_2],\qquad \Phi_1=3[\Phi_{-1},\Phi_2]$$ and by induction $$\Phi_{k+1} = (k-1)[\Phi_1,\Phi_k],\qquad \Phi_{-k-1} =
(1-k)[\Phi_{-1},\Phi_{-k}]$$ for all $k\geq 2$.
The symmetries $\Phi_k$ are invisible for $k<-4$.
The symmetries $\Phi_{-4}$, $\Phi_{-3}$, and $\Phi_0$ are lifts of local symmetries $\phi_{-4}$, $\phi_{-3}$, $\phi_0$, respectively.
Explicit formulas {#sec:explicit-formulas}
-----------------
To obtain explicit formulas for nonlocal symmetries in $\tau^p$ for arbitrary[^2] value of $p$ consider the fields $$\mathcal{Y}_m = \sum_{i=m}^\infty(i-m+1)r_{i-3}^p\frac{\partial}{\partial
r_{i-4}^p}$$ on the space of $\tau^p$, where $m=1\dots,4$, and the quantities $P_{i,j}^m$ defined by induction as follows: $$P_{i,0}^{(m)} = \frac{1}{(i+2)!}\left(r_{m-4}^p\right)^{i+2},\qquad
P_{i,j+1}^{(m)} = \frac{1}{j+1}\mathcal{Y}_m(P_{i,j}^{(m)}),$$ where $i$, $j\geq 0$, $m=1,\dots,4$. We set $P_{i,j}^{(m)}=0$ if at least one of the subscripts is $<0$. In terms of these quantities, the lift of $\phi_{-2}$ to $\tau^p$ acquires the form $$\Phi_{-2}^p = (\phi_{-2},\phi_{-2}^{1,p},\dots,\phi_{-2}^{i,p},\dots),$$ where $$\phi_{-2}^{i,p} = -r_{i,y}^p - (p+5)\left(r_{i-2}^p + \sum_{j=1}^\infty
\left(-\frac{1}{p+3}\right)^j\cdot\prod_{l=0}^{j-1}((p+3)l-2)\cdot
P_{j-1,i-2j}^{(2)}\right).$$ The lift $$\Phi_{-1}^p = (\phi_{-1},\phi_{-1}^{1,p},\dots,\phi_{-1}^{i,p},\dots)$$ of $\phi_{-1}$ is given by $$\phi_{-1}^{i,p} = yr_{i,x}^p - (i+2)r_{i-1}^p + (p+4)\sum_{j=1}^\infty
\left(-\frac{1}{p+3}\right)^j\cdot \prod_{l=0}^{j-1}((p+3)l-1)\cdot
P_{j-1,i-2j+1}^{(2)}.$$ The nonlocal symmetry $\Phi_2$, when passing to $\tau^p$, acquires the form $$\Phi_{2}^p = (\phi_{2}^p,\phi_{2}^{1,p},\dots,\phi_{2}^{i,p},\dots)$$ with $$\begin{aligned}
\phi_{2}^p&=
-\frac{1}{p+3}\,\left(
8r_2^p + 2y(4p+25)r_0^p
+ \Big((p+3)(7p+47)xy - 7r_1^p\Big)u_x\right)
\\
&
-\Big((7y^2+6y)u_y - (4p+29)x^2 - \frac{1}{3}y^3(8p^2 + 87p
+223)\Big)
\end{aligned}$$ and $$\begin{aligned}
\phi_{2}^{i,p}&=
-\frac{1}{p+3}\,\Big((p+3)(7p+47)xy - 7r_1^p\Big)r_{i,x}^p
-(7y^2 + 6u)r_{i,y}^p
\\
& +(i+8)r_{i+2}^p + 2y(p+2i+13)r_i^p + x(3p+5i+28)r_{i-1}^p
\\
&
+\frac{p+1}{p+3}\,\left(2P_{0,i-2}^{(4)} +
\sum_{j=1}^\infty\left(-\frac{1}{p+3}\right)^j
\cdot \prod_{l=0}^j(l(p+3)+2)\cdot P_{j,i-2j+2}^{(2)}\right).\end{aligned}$$ Explicit formulas for other nonlocal symmetries can be obtained using commutator relations from the proof of Theorem \[thm:lie-algebra-nonlocal\]. For example, the symmetry $\Phi_1$ that generates the positive part of $\operatorname{sym}_{\tau^p}\mathcal{E}_1$ is $$\Phi_1=(\phi_1^p,\phi_1^{1,p},\dots,\phi_1^{i,p},\dots)$$ with $$\phi_1^p=-\frac{6}{p+3}\,r_1^p -\big((4y^2+5u)u_x + 4xu_y - 2(3p+16)xy\big)$$ and $$\begin{aligned}
\phi_1^{i,p}&=
-\big((4y^2+5u)r_{i,x}^p + 4xr_{i,y}^p - (i+6)r_{i+1}^p -
y(2p+3i+16)r_{i-1}^p\big)
\\
&
+\frac{p+2}{p+3}\,\left(P_{0,i-1}^{(3)} + \sum_{j=1}^\infty
\left(-\frac{1}{p+3}\right)^j\cdot\prod_{l=0}^j(l(p+3)+1) \cdot
P_{j,i-2j+1}^{(2)}\right).\end{aligned}$$
Equation {#sec:equation-eq:3}
---------
The results on this equation and their proofs are almost identical to those on Equation . So, we confine ourselves with the final description of $\operatorname{sym}_{\sigma^p}\mathcal{E}_2$. Introduce the weights $${\left|x\right|} = 2,\qquad {\left|y\right|} = 1,\qquad {\left|u\right|} = 3.$$ Consequently, the nonlocal variables in the covering $\sigma^p$ acquire the weights ${\left|r_i^p\right|} = i+3$.
Then we have
\[thm:equation-eqrefeq:3\] The symmetries $\gamma_{-2}$ and $\gamma_{-1}$ can be lifted to symmetries $\Gamma_{-2}$ and $\Gamma_{-1}$ in any covering $\sigma^p$ over Equation . In addition there exists a nonlocal symmetry $\Gamma_2$ of weight $2$. These three symmetries generate the entire Lie algebra $\operatorname{sym}_{\sigma^p}\mathcal{E}_2$ which is isomorphic to the Witt algebra $\mathfrak{W}$.
The symmetry $\Gamma_{-2} =
(\gamma_{-2},\gamma_{-2}^{1,p},\dots,\gamma_{-2}^{i,p},\dots)$ is given by $\gamma_{-2} = -y-u_x/2$ and $$\gamma_{-2}^{i,p} = -\frac{1}{2}\left(r_{i,x}^p + (p+5)\left(r_{i-2}^p +
\sum_{j=1}^\infty \left(-\frac{1}{p+3}\right)^j \cdot \prod_{l=0}^{j-1}
(l(p+3) - 2)\cdot P_{j-1,i-j}^{(1)}\right)\right).$$ For $\Gamma_{-1} =
(\gamma_{-1},\gamma_{-1}^{1,p},\dots,\gamma_{-1}^{i,p},\dots)$ we have $\gamma_{-1}= y^2 - 2 x + 2 yu_x - 2 u_y$ and $$\gamma_{-1}^{i,p} = 2\left(yr_{i,x}^p - r_{i,y}^p - (p+4)\left(r_{i-1}^p +
\sum_{j=1}^\infty \left(-\frac{1}{p+3}\right)^j \cdot
\prod_{l=0}^{j-1} (l(p+3)-1)\cdot P_{j-1,i-j+1}^{(1)}\right)\right).$$ Finally, we have $$\begin{aligned}
\gamma_2^p &= 7r_2^p + \big((7p + 37)y-6u_x\big)r_1^p\\
&+(p + 3) \left( (6p + 31)yu + (3p + 19)x^2 - (3p^2 + 18p + 13)xy^2 +
\frac{1}{12}(3p^3+ 27p^2 + 81p + 89)y^4\right.\\
&\left. + \left(5u + 14xy + \frac{19}{3}y^3\right)u_y - \frac{1}{2}(7p^2+
74p + 197)y^2 u - (7p + 37)xu - 4(2p +
7)x^2y\right. \\
&\left.+ \frac{1}{3}(7p^3+ 87p^2 + 333p + 397)xy^3 - \frac{1}{30}(7p^4+
104p^3 + 558p^2 + 1296p + 1115)y^5\right)
\end{aligned}$$ and $$\gamma_2^{i,p}=-(p+3)((i + 7)r_{i+2}^p + (p + 3i + 19)yr_{i+1}^p) +
Ar_{i,x}^p + Br_{i,y}^p + Cr_i^p +D$$ for $\Gamma_2 = (\gamma_2^p,\gamma_2^{1,p},\dots,\gamma_2^{i,p},\dots)$, where $$\begin{aligned}
A&=(p + 3)\left(
(6p + 31)uy + (3p + 19)x^2 - (3p^2 + 18p + 13)xy^2 +
\frac{1}{12}(3p^3+ 27p^2 + 81p + 89)y^4\right)\\
&- 6r_1^p,\\
B&= (p + 3)\left(5u + 14xy + \frac{19}{3}y^3\right),\\
C&=- (p + 3)\Big( 2(p + 2i + 11)x + (p^2+ 9p + 5i + 33)y^2 \Big),\\
\intertext{and}
D&=-(p + 1)\left(2P_{0,i-1}^{(3)} + \sum_{j=1}^\infty
\left(-\frac{1}{p+3}\right)^j\cdot
\prod_{l=0}^j(l(p + 3) + 2)\cdot P_{j,i-j+3}^{(1)}
\right)
\end{aligned}$$ for $i\geq 1$.
Discussion {#sec:discussion}
==========
We conclude with two remarks.
\[sec:discussion-1\] Consider the covering with $p=2$ and the generating series $$R=\sum_{i=1}^\infty\lambda^ir_i$$ of the corresponding nonlocal variables. The function $R$ satisfies the system $$\begin{aligned}
R_x&=\lambda(R_y + u_xR_x),\\
R_y&=\lambda(u_y+y)R_x - (\lambda^3R)_\lambda,
\end{aligned}$$ which is equivalent to $$\label{eq:14}
\begin{array}{lcr}
\tilde{R}_x&=\dfrac{\lambda^4\tilde{R}_\lambda}{\lambda^2(u_y+y) +
\lambda u_x - 1},\\[10pt]
\tilde{R}_y&=\dfrac{\lambda^3(1-\lambda
u_x)\tilde{R}_\lambda}{\lambda^2(u_y+y) + \lambda u_x - 1},
\end{array}$$ where $\tilde{R} = \lambda^3R$. Let $\tilde{R}=\tilde{R}(x,y,\lambda)$ be a solution to such that $\tilde{R}_\lambda \not \equiv 0$. Then equation $\tilde{R}(x,y,\lambda) =\mathrm{const}$ defines $\lambda$ as a fuction of $x$ and $y$, that is, $\lambda = \psi(x,y)$, cf. [@Pavlov-2009]. Then $$\tilde{R}_\lambda\cdot\psi_x + \tilde{R}_x = 0,\quad
\tilde{R}_\lambda\cdot\psi_y + \tilde{R}_y = 0$$ and transforms to $$\begin{array}{lcr}
\psi_x&=&\dfrac{\psi^4}{1-u_x\psi-(u_y+y)\psi^2},\\[10pt]
\psi_y&=&\dfrac{\psi^3(1-u_x\psi)}{1-u_x\psi-(u_y+y)\psi^2},
\end{array}$$ which, by the gauge transformation $\psi\mapsto\psi^{-1}$, is equivalent to $$\begin{array}{lcr}
\psi_x&=&-\dfrac{1}{\psi^2-u_x\psi-(u_y+y)},\\[10pt]
\psi_y&=&\dfrac{u_x-\psi}{\psi^2-u_x\psi-(u_y+y)}.
\end{array}$$ This is the covering obtained in [@B-K-M-V-2015] by the direct reduction and coincides with the known covering over the Gibbons-Tsarev equation, see [@Gibbons-Tsarev-1996].
\[sec:discussion-2\] In [@B-K-M-V-2014], two other equations, $$u_y u_{xy} - u_x u_{yy} = e^y u_{xx}$$ and $$u_{yy} = (u_x + x)u_{xy} - u_y (u_{xx} + 2),$$ were obtained as symmetry reductions of the universal hierarchy and the 3D rdDym equations, respectively, were obtained. We plan study these equations by the methods similar to the used above in the forthcoming publications.
Acknowledgments {#acknowledgments .unnumbered}
===============
Computations were supported by the <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Jets</span> software, [@Jets].
The first author (PH) was supported by the Specific Research grant SGS/6/2017 of the Silesian University in Opava. The third author (OIM) is grateful to the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education for financial support.
[99]{} H. Baran, I.S. Krasil[[[$'$]{}]{}]{}shchik, O.I. Morozov, and P. Vojčák, *Symmetry reductions and exact solutions of Lax integrable $3$-dimensional systems*, J. of Nonlinear Math. Phys., **21**, Number 4, 2014, 643–671.
H. Baran, I.S. Krasil[[[$'$]{}]{}]{}shchik, O.I. Morozov, and P. Vojčák, *Integrability properties of some equations obtained by symmetry reductions*, J. of Nonlinear Math. Phys., **22**, Number 2, 2015, 210–232.
H. Baran, M. Marvan, *Jets. A software for differential calculus on jet spaces and diffeties*. <http://jets.math.slu.cz>.
A.V. Bocharov et al., *Symmetries of Differential Equations in Mathematical Physics and Natural Sciences*, edited by A.M. Vinogradov and I.S. Krasil[[[$'$]{}]{}]{}shchik). Factorial Publ. House, 1997 (in Russian). English translation: Amer. Math. Soc., 1999.
M. Dunajski, *A class of Einstein–Weil spaces associated to an integrable system of hydrodynamic type*, J. Geom. Phys., **51** (2004), 126–137.
E.V. Ferapontov, J. Moss, *Linearly degenerate partial differential equations and quadratic line complexes*, Comm. in Anal. and Geom., **23** (2015) no. 1, 91–127.
J. Gibbons and S.P. Tsarev, *Reductions of the Benney equations*, Physics Letters A, **211**, Issue 1, 19–24, 1996.
I.S. Krasil[[[$'$]{}]{}]{}shchik and A.M. Vinogradov, *Nonlocal trends in the geometry of differential equations: symmetries, conservation laws, and Bäcklund transformations*, Acta Appl. Math. **15** (1989) no. 1-2. Also in: A.M. Vinogradov (ed.), Symmetries of partial differential equations. Conservation laws - Applications - Algorithms, Kluwer Acad. Publ., Dordrecht, 1989.
V. G. Mikhalev, *On the Hamiltonian formalism for Korteweg-de Vries type hierarchies*, Funktsional. Anal. i Prilozhen., **26:2** (1992), 79–82; Funct. Anal. Appl., **26:2** (1992), 140–142.
M.V. Pavlov, *Integrable hydrodynamic chains*, J. Math. Phys., **44** (2003), 4134–4156.
M.V. Pavlov, Jen Hsu Chang, Yu Tung Chen, Integrability of the Manakov-Santini hierarchy, <arXiv:0910.2400>, 2009.
[^1]: We do not distinguish between scalar and multi-component systems.
[^2]: The case $p=-3$ is special, but, as it was indicated above, is reduced to the case $p=-2$.
|
It captures the odd, twin-fuselaged craft performing its first take-off and landing. The craft will carry SpaceShipTwo in the centre of its 42 metre wing, up to an altitude of 16 km (52,000 feet) before the eight-person rocket detaches and flies to 140 km to provide the six passengers with 5 minutes of weightlessness and a breathtaking view. |
Autophagy is upregulated in rats with status epilepticus and partly inhibited by Vitamin E.
Autophagy, a process of bulk degradation of cellular constituents through autophagosome-lysosomal pathway, is enhanced during oxidative stress. Whether autophagy is induced during status epilepticus (SE), which induces an excess production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and leads to oxidative stress, is not established. We also sought to determine if pretreatment with Vitamin E reduced autophagy. We used pilocarpine to elicit SE in rats. The ratio of LC3 II to LC3 I and beclin 1 were used to estimate autophagy. We found that ratio of LC3 II to LC3 I and beclin 1 increased significantly at 2, 8, 16, 24 and 72 h, peaking at 24 h after SE onset. Pretreatment with Vitamin E partially inhibited autophagy by reducing LC3 II formation and de novo synthesis of beclin 1 at 24 h after seizures. These data show that autophagy is increased in rats with pilocarpine-induced SE, and Vitamin E have a partial inhibition on autophagy. |
Q:
How to create a page curl animation?
Any way to emulate something like this? Isn't there an API for doing something like a "Half page curl" or something?
A:
controller.modalTransitionStyle = UIModalTransitionStylePartialCurl;
[self presentModalViewController:controller animated:YES];
UIModalTransitionStyle
Transition styles available when presenting view controllers modally. The below are the four different transition styles. The "UIModalTransitionStylePartialCurl" is the one you're after.
typedef enum {
UIModalTransitionStyleCoverVertical,
UIModalTransitionStyleFlipHorizontal,
UIModalTransitionStyleCrossDissolve,
UIModalTransitionStylePartialCurl,
} UIModalTransitionStyle;
Apple documentations: http://developer.apple.com/library/ios/#documentation/UIKit/Reference/UIViewController_Class/Reference/Reference.html
Hope this helps!
|
This invention relates to a manual transmission and, more particularly, to a manual transmission for a front engine front-wheel (FF) drive vehicle. Generally, the manual transmission of such type comprises: an input shaft connected to a clutch assembly; first and second intermediate shafts disposed in parallel with the input shaft; and an output shaft, which is disposed in parallel with the input shaft, to which driving force is transmitted from the input shaft via the first and/or second intermediate shaft.
In an FF drive vehicle having a transversely mounted engine, a compact transmission having a small overall length is sought to deal with vehicles that are more compact, engines that have greater numbers of cylinders and transmissions have multiple speeds. For example, as disclosed in the specification of WO 97/13990, a technique which has found wide use in recent years is to reduce the overall length of a transmission by providing a plurality of intermediate shafts.
FIG. 5 is a gear train diagram of a manual transmission disclosed in the publication of WO 97/13990.
In the prior art there is much to be desired, as discussed herein below.
As shown in FIG. 5, a first-speed gear train 1st is disposed at a position where it is farther than a reverse gear train Rev from a clutch accommodating space 62. Bearings 50b, 51b which axially support first and second intermediate shafts 50, 51, respectively, both are disposed so as to project into the clutch accommodating space 62. The fact that both of the bearings project into the clutch accommodating space 62 gives rise to the problems set forth below.
(1) The space available for clutch accommodation is reduced by the bearings for the respective intermediate shafts.
(2) A clutch assembly having the usual structure, namely one in which the release cylinder mechanism is disposed on its outer side, cannot be used because of space limitations. This makes it necessary to employ a special clutch assembly. More specifically, a so-called xe2x80x9cdirect cylinderxe2x80x9d type clutch assembly must be adopted. This is a type of clutch assembly in which the release bearing is provided with the function of the release cylinder (see the drawings in the above-mentioned specification of WO 97/13990).
(3) When a clutch assembly of direct cylinder type is used, a limitation is imposed upon hydraulic piping.
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a manual transmission that makes it possible to adopt a clutch assembly having the usual structure, particularly a compact manual transmission of small overall length for use in FF drive vehicles.
According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a manual transmission in which a low-speed gear train provided between an input shaft and a first intermediate shaft is disposed closer than a reverse gear train, which is provided between the first input shaft and first and second intermediate shafts, to a space accommodating a clutch assembly, whereby a new space is provided on the second intermediate shaft in an area in line with the low-speed gear train within an interior space that accommodates the transmission per se, a bearing of the second intermediate shaft being disposed in line with the low-speed gear train within the newly produced space.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a manual transmission comprising:
an input shaft connected to a clutch assembly;
first and second intermediate shafts disposed in parallel with the input shaft;
an output shaft, which is disposed in parallel with the input shaft, to which driving force is transmitted from the input shaft via the first and/or second intermediate shaft;
a first-speed driving gear provided on the input shaft so as to co-rotate therewith;
a first-speed driven gear provided on the first intermediate shaft so as to be capable of rotating relative thereto;
a first-speed synchronizer provided on the first intermediate shaft for causing at least the first-speed driven gear to co-rotate with the first intermediate shaft in response to a shift operation;
a reverse driving gear provided on the first intermediate shaft so as to co-rotate with the first-speed driven gear;
a reverse driven gear provided on the second intermediate shaft so as to be capable of rotating relative thereto and meshed with the reverse driving gear; and
a reverse synchronizer provided on the second intermediate shaft for causing the reverse driven gear to co-rotate with the second intermediate shaft in response to a shift operation;
wherein a first-speed gear train, which is constructed by the first-speed driving gear and the first-speed driven gear provided on the input shaft and the first intermediate shaft, respectively, is disposed closer than a reverse gear train, which is constructed by the first-speed driving gear, the reverse driving gear and the reverse driven gear provided on the input shaft, the first intermediate shaft and the second intermediate shaft, respectively, to the side of the clutch assembly along the axial direction of the input shaft, with a space being produced on the second intermediate shaft in an area in line with the first-speed gear train; and
a bearing of the second intermediate shaft is disposed in the produced space in line with the first-speed gear train.
The clutch assembly may have a clutch release cylinder disposed externally thereof.
As a result of these arrangements, it is no longer necessary to dispose the bearing of the second intermediate shaft in such a manner that it projects into the clutch accommodating space, as is required in the prior art, thereby enlarging the clutch accommodating space. This makes it possible to adopt, and to connect to the manual transmission of the present invention, a clutch assembly having an ordinary structure, namely a clutch assembly having the externally disposed clutch release cylinder, which is difficult to employ in the prior art because of space limitations.
Other aspects, features and advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference characters designate the same or similar parts throughout the figures thereof.
In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the manual transmission includes an input shaft connected to a clutch assembly, first and second intermediate shafts disposed in parallel with the input shaft, and an output shaft, which is disposed in parallel with the input shaft, to which driving force is transmitted from the input shaft via the first and/or second intermediate shaft.
In this embodiment of the manual transmission, a first-speed driven gear and a reverse driving gear are formed on the first intermediate shaft as an integral part thereof.
Preferably, a clutch assembly having an ordinary structure, especially a clutch assembly having an externally disposed clutch release cylinder, is connected to the manual transmission according to the present invention.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the manual transmission is constructed as a transmission having six forward speeds and one reverse speed. Depending on the particular case, the manual transmission may be constructed as a transmission having different numbers of speeds.
In a preferred embodiment of the manual transmission according to the present invention, a second-speed gear train is disposed extending between an input shaft and a first intermediate shaft. A second-speed driven gear is provided on the first intermediate shaft. The second-speed driven gear is engaged with and disengaged from the first intermediate shaft via a first-second-speed synchronizer. Third- and fourth-speed gear trains are disposed extending between the input shaft and the first intermediate shaft. Third- and fourth-speed driven gears are engaged with and disengaged from the first intermediate gear by third- and fourth-speed synchronizers mounted on the first intermediate shaft. Fifth- and sixth-speed gear trains are disposed extending between the input shaft and the second intermediate shaft. Fifth- and sixth-speed driven gears are engaged with and disengaged from the second intermediate gear by fifth- and sixth-speed synchronizers mounted on the second intermediate shaft. |
compile:
measure:
sudo modprobe msr
sudo ../../RAPL/main "/usr/local/src/vw8.1.1pul/bin/linuxx86_64/vwlinuxx86_64 /usr/local/src/vw8.1.1pul/image/benchmarks.im -nogui -evaluate \"Tests revcomp\" -a 0 < ../../revcomp-input25000000.txt" Smalltalk reverse-complement
run:
/usr/local/src/vw8.1.1pul/bin/linuxx86_64/vwlinuxx86_64 /usr/local/src/vw8.1.1pul/image/benchmarks.im -nogui -evaluate \"Tests revcomp\" -a 0 < ../../revcomp-input25000000.txt |
Q:
php mysql query combination
I first search all questions info. from "question" table including title, content, user etc.
the Code:
$sql = "select * FROM question where id>0 ORDER BY id ASC";
$result1 = mysql_query($sql);
$res=Array();
And then I want to search the user's point from "user" table. So I must search point for each user in each row from the result1
The Code:
while($rows=mysql_fetch_assoc($result1))
{
$res[]=$rows;
$user = $rows['user'];
$sql2 = "select point from user where name='$user'";
$result2 = mysql_query($sql2);
}
My problem is how to combine all the users' point(result2) with the questions info.(result1) together so that I can return a json for each row.
A:
Use left join, as my understanding this work for you
$sql = "SELECT q.*, u.point AS point FROM question AS q LEFT JOIN user AS u ON q.user = u.name WHERE q.id > 0 ORDER BY q.id ASC";
$result = mysql_query($sql);
|
Quick acting valves using ball-type closure elements are well known. Examples of such quick response ball-type valves are disclosed in the following U.S. Pat. Nos. that are assigned to the assignee of the present invention:
2,734,715 PA0 2,863,629 PA0 2,883,146 PA0 3,035,808 PA0 3,036,590 PA0 3,064,938 PA0 3,509,913 PA0 3,589,667
While the disclosed valves have achieved numerous improvements and advantages, they, along with the other valves they exemplify, have had several limitations or drawbacks. Such limitations have related primarily to a number of features or combinations thereof and have primarily included lack of easy access to the internal components of the valve for maintenance purposes, redundant closure sealing of the flow and the capability to control flow in either direction through the valve with equal assurance. |
package main
import (
"io/ioutil"
"os"
"time"
"github.com/docker/docker/pkg/integration/checker"
"github.com/go-check/check"
)
func (s *DockerSuite) TestCliRmContainerWithRemovedVolume(c *check.C) {
printTestCaseName()
defer printTestDuration(time.Now())
testRequires(c, SameHostDaemon)
prefix, slash := getPrefixAndSlashFromDaemonPlatform()
tempDir, err := ioutil.TempDir("", "test-rm-container-with-removed-volume-")
if err != nil {
c.Fatalf("failed to create temporary directory: %s", tempDir)
}
defer os.RemoveAll(tempDir)
dockerCmd(c, "run", "--name", "losemyvolumes", "-v", tempDir+":"+prefix+slash+"test", "busybox", "true")
err = os.RemoveAll(tempDir)
c.Assert(err, check.IsNil)
dockerCmd(c, "rm", "-v", "losemyvolumes")
}
func (s *DockerSuite) TestCliRmContainerWithVolume(c *check.C) {
printTestCaseName()
defer printTestDuration(time.Now())
testRequires(c, DaemonIsLinux)
deleteAllContainers()
prefix, slash := getPrefixAndSlashFromDaemonPlatform()
pullImageIfNotExist("busybox")
dockerCmd(c, "run", "--name", "foo", "-v", prefix+slash+"srv", "busybox", "true")
dockerCmd(c, "rm", "-v", "foo")
}
func (s *DockerSuite) TestCliRmContainerRunningBasic(c *check.C) {
printTestCaseName()
defer printTestDuration(time.Now())
testRequires(c, DaemonIsLinux)
deleteAllContainers()
createRunningContainer(c, "foo")
_, _, err := dockerCmdWithError("rm", "foo")
c.Assert(err, checker.NotNil, check.Commentf("Expected error, can't rm a running container"))
}
func (s *DockerSuite) TestCliRmContainerForceRemoveRunningBasic(c *check.C) {
printTestCaseName()
defer printTestDuration(time.Now())
testRequires(c, DaemonIsLinux)
deleteAllContainers()
createRunningContainer(c, "foo")
// Stop then remove with -s
dockerCmd(c, "rm", "-f", "foo")
}
func (s *DockerSuite) TestCliRmInvalidContainer(c *check.C) {
printTestCaseName()
defer printTestDuration(time.Now())
testRequires(c, DaemonIsLinux)
out, _, err := dockerCmdWithError("rm", "unknown")
c.Assert(err, checker.NotNil, check.Commentf("Expected error on rm unknown container, got none"))
c.Assert(out, checker.Contains, "No such container")
}
func createRunningContainer(c *check.C, name string) {
runSleepingContainer(c, "-dt", "--name", name)
time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
}
|
TO THE VICTORIA & GEORGE CROSS
John Hollington “Jack” Grayburn (1918-1944) was born on Manora Island, India, on 30th January 1918. His father, Lionel "Paddy" Grayburn, a military man who had served with the Yeomanry during the Boer War, worked for Grindleys Bank of India until ill health had compelled him to resign. The family returned to England and settled at Roughwood Farm in Chalfront St. Giles, to the west of London. Jack and both of his brothers, the eldest of whom was awarded the Military Cross during the Second World War, were educated at Sherborne School in Dorset. He was not an academically inclined pupil, but was a skilled boxer and rugby player. From 1927, Jack Grayburn played for Chiltern Rugby Club during the school holidays and continued to represent them when he left Sherborne in 1936, playing his last game on the 17th April 1939. It had been intended for Jack to work in Hong Kong with his uncle, Sir "Tubby" Vandeleur Grayburn, then Chief General Manager of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation, however with hostilities looming in the region, his posting was cancelled. When Hong Kong fell to the Japanese, Grayburn's uncle was interned and later executed.
Shortly before the war began, Grayburn joined the Army Cadet Force and his first posting was with the 1st (London) Cadet Force The Queen's Royal Regiment, but he was later transferred to the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry. In 1942, he met and married Marcelle Chambers, a secretary at the Headquarters staff, with whom he had a son, John. Grayburn, once described as "a belligerent individual", was frustrated by the years of inaction on the home front and so he applied to enter the Parachute Regiment. In early 1943, he was posted to the 7th (Light Infantry) Parachute Battalion, part of the 6th Airborne Division, before joining the 2nd Battalion.
Lieutenant Grayburn was a platoon commander of the Parachute Battalion which was dropped on 17th September, 1944, with the task of seizing and holding the bridge over the Rhine at Arnhem. North end of the bridge was captured and, early in the night, Lieutenant Grayburn was ordered to assault and capture the Southern end with his platoon. He led his platoon on to the bridge and began the attack with the utmost determination, but the platoon was met by a hail of fire from two 20 mm. quick firing guns, and from the machine guns of an armoured car. Almost at once Lieutenant Grayburn was shot through the shoulder. Although there was no cover on the bridge, and in spite of his wound, Lieutenant Grayburn continued to press forward with the greatest dash and bravery until casualties became so heavy that he was ordered to withdraw. He directed the withdrawal from the bridge personally and was himself the last man to come off the embankment into comparative cover.
Later, his platoon was ordered to occupy a house which was vital to the defence of the bridge and he personally organised the occupation of the house. Throughout the next day and night the enemy made ceaseless attacks on the house, using not only infantry with mortars and machine guns but also tanks and self-propelled guns. The house was very exposed and difficult to defend and the fact that it did not fall to the enemy must be attributed to Lieutenant Grayburn's great courage and inspiring leadership. He constantly exposed himself to the enemy's fire while moving among, and encouraging, his platoon, and seemed completely oblivious to danger.
On 19th September, 1944, the enemy renewed his attacks, which increased in intensity, as the house was vital to the defence of the bridge. All attacks were repulsed, due to Lieutenant Grayburn's valour and skill in organising and encouraging his men, until eventually the house was set on fire and had to be evacuated. Lieutenant Grayburn then took command of elements of all arms, including the remainder of his own company, and re-formed them into a fighting force. He spent the night organising a defensive position to cover the approaches to the bridge.
On 20th September, 1944, he extended his defence by a series of fighting patrols which prevented the enemy" gaining access to the houses in the vicinity, the occupation of which would have prejudiced the defence of the bridge. This forced the enemy to bring up tanks which brought Lieutenant Grayburn's positions under such heavy fire that he was forced to withdraw to an area farther North. The enemy now attempted to lay demolition charges under the bridge and the situation was critical. Realising this, Lieutenant Grayburn organised and led a fighting patrol which drove the enemy off temporarily, and gave time for the fuzes to be removed. He was again wounded, this time in the back, but refused to be evacuated.
Finally, an enemy tank, against which Lieutenant Grayburn had no defence, approached so close to his position that it became untenable. He then stood up in full view of the tank and personally directed the withdrawal of his men to the main defensive perimeter to which he had been ordered. He was killed that night. From the evening of September 17th until the night of September 20th, 1944, a period of over three days, Lieutenant Grayburn led his men with supreme gallantry and determination. Although in pain and weakened by his wounds, short of food and without sleep, his courage never flagged. There is no doubt that, had it not been for this officer's inspiring leadership and personal bravery, the Arnhem bridge could never have been held for this time.
Jack Grayburn was killed by machine-gun fire from the tank that he had stood in front of. He was buried on the western portion of the grassy area which forms the bridge ramp, close to the underpass, but it was not until 1948 that his remains were discovered and removed to the Arnhem Oosterbeek Cemetery. After hearing of Jack's death, his wife, Marcelle, returned to her native Scotland where she married again, but her own life was also tragically cut short by Leukaemia. Plaques dedicated to Jack Grayburn's memory can be found in the Parish Church at Chalfront St. Giles, and on the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation war memorial in Queen's Street, Hong Kong. Jack’s medals are held by the Parachute Regiment Museum, Duxford. |
Citation Nr: 0917380
Decision Date: 05/08/09 Archive Date: 05/19/09
DOCKET NO. 08-00 277 ) DATE
)
)
On appeal from the
Department of Veterans Affairs Regional Office in Roanoke,
Virginia
THE ISSUE
Entitlement to service connection for chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease.
REPRESENTATION
Appellant represented by: Disabled American Veterans
WITNESSES AT HEARING ON APPEAL
Veteran, W.B.
ATTORNEY FOR THE BOARD
M. Katz, Associate Counsel
INTRODUCTION
The Veteran served on active duty from September 1943 through
December 1945.
This matter comes before the Board of Veterans' Appeals
(Board) on appeal from a May 2007 rating decision by the
Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Regional Office in
Roanoke, Virginia (RO).
This appeal has been advanced on the Board's docket pursuant
to 38 C.F.R. § 20.900(c) (2008). 38 U.S.C.A. § 7107(a)(2)
(West 2002).
FINDING OF FACT
The medical evidence of record does not relate the Veteran's
chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) to active
service.
CONCLUSION OF LAW
COPD was not incurred in or aggravated by active military
service. 38 U.S.C.A. §§ 1110, 5103A, 5107 (West 2002); 38
C.F.R. §§ 3.303 (2008).
REASONS AND BASES FOR FINDING AND CONCLUSION
With respect to the Veteran's claim, VA has met all statutory
and regulatory notice and duty to assist provisions. See 38
U.S.C.A. §§ 5100, 5102, 5103, 5103A, 5106, 5107, 5126 (West
2002 & Supp. 2007); 38 C.F.R. §§ 3.102, 3.156(a), 3.159,
3.326 (2008). Prior to the initial adjudication of the
Veteran's claim, the RO's letters dated in July 2006 and
March 2007 advised the Veteran of the foregoing elements of
the notice requirements. 38 U.S.C.A. § 5103(a); 38 C.F.R. §
3.159(b)(1); Quartuccio v. Principi, 16 Vet. App. 183, 187
(2002). Further, with respect to the Veteran's claim, the
purpose behind the notice requirement has been satisfied
because the Veteran has been afforded a meaningful
opportunity to participate effectively in the processing of
his claim, to include the opportunity to present pertinent
evidence. Simmons v. Nicholson, 487 F.3d 892, 896 (Fed. Cir.
2007); Sanders v. Nicholson, 487 F.3d 881, 889 (Fed. Cir.
2007) (holding that although notice errors are presumed
prejudicial, reversal is not required if VA can demonstrate
that the error did not affect the essential fairness of the
adjudication).
Moreover, the Veteran's service treatment records, VA medical
treatment records, VA examination reports, and identified
private medical records have been obtained. 38 U.S.C.A. §
5103A; 38 C.F.R. § 3.159. Although the Veteran reported that
he sought medical treatment from Dr. Fleischman shortly after
service discharge, he indicated that those treatment records
are not available. There is no indication in the record that
any other additional evidence relevant to the issue decided
herein is available and not part of the claims file. See
Pelegrini v. Principi, 18 Vet. App. 112 (2004). As there is
no indication that any failure on the part of VA to provide
additional notice or assistance reasonably affects the
outcome of this case, the Board finds that any such failure
is harmless. See Mayfield v. Nicholson, 20 Vet. App. 537,
542-43 (2006); see also Dingess/Hartman v. Nicholson, 19 Vet.
App. 473 (2006).
Service connection may be granted for disability due to a
disease or injury which was incurred in or aggravated by
active service. 38 U.S.C.A. § 1110; 38 C.F.R. § 3.303. In
addition, service connection may be granted for any disease
diagnosed after discharge, when all the evidence, including
that pertinent to service, establishes that the disease was
incurred in service. 38 C.F.R. § 3.303(d).
In order to establish service connection for a claimed
disorder, the following must be shown: (1) medical evidence
of a current disability; (2) medical, or in certain
circumstances, lay evidence of in-service incurrence or
aggravation of a disease or injury; and (3) medical evidence
of a nexus between the claimed in-service disease or injury
and the current disability. Hickson v. West, 12 Vet. App.
247, 253 (1999); see also Pond v. West, 12 Vet App. 341, 346
(1999).
The Veteran's service treatment records reveal that at
service separation, he complained of a dull ache in his right
lower chest anteriorly for the prior year and occasional
sharp pain on deep breathing. A chest x-ray was negative,
and physical examination of the Veteran's lungs and
cardiovascular system were normal. The Veteran's service
treatment records are otherwise negative for any complaints
of or treatment for a lung disorder.
Private treatment records from May 1995 through February 2007
reveal the Veteran's complaints of and treatment for COPD. A
May 1995 treatment record reflects that the Veteran had
occasional asthma. In September 1998, the Veteran complained
of sharp chest pains on the left side of his chest in the T3-
T4 area. He also noted some shortness of breath while hiking
the day before. The diagnosis was atypical chest pain. In
July 2001, the Veteran complained of chronic exertional
dyspnea. A January 2004 treatment record reveals a diagnosis
of mild COPD. A July 2001 chest x-ray showed a mild degree
of cardiomegaly, without evidence of acute cardiopulmonary
disease. An October 2001 carotid duplex ultrasound revealed
bilateral nonstenotic cervical carotid occlusive disease with
intimal thickening. A July 2006 treatment record reveals
that the Veteran had mild COPD and complained of mild
exertional dyspnea. He indicated that he was no longer able
to hike and be as active as he used to be. He denied
wheezing. The diagnosis was mild COPD.
VA treatment records from June 2001 through March 2008 also
reveal complaints of and treatment for COPD. A February 1994
chest x-ray was normal. In June 2001, the Veteran complained
of breathing difficulties and asthma. He noted a history of
cough productive of clear sputum, with little production and
symptoms for 10 years. The Veteran reported easy shortness
of breath, cough, no hemoptesis, and no night sweats. He
denied chest pain and dyspnea on exertion, but noted
occasional paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea. There was no
orthopnea, palpitations, or extremity pain. The diagnosis
was COPD. A September 2002 treatment record revealed the
Veteran's complaints of bronchitis during the summer. A
November 2003 treatment record notes the Veteran's complaints
of congestion with clear phlegm. A November 2003 chest x-ray
showed clear lungs and COPD. The diagnosis was allergic
rhinitis. In April 2005, the Veteran complained of cough,
shortness of breath, and a lot of phlegm. The diagnosis was
chronic cough, and it was noted that the cough could be an
element of asthma with COPD. An April 2005 chest x-ray
showed limited inspiration and no major infiltrate. In
January 2006 and August 2007, the Veteran reported that he
was breathing better, but complained of chronic shortness of
breath, cough, and hemoptysis. The diagnosis was COPD. An
August 2006 carotid duplex ultrasound revealed the right
carotid system to have soft plaque formations in the internal
carotid producing a mild to moderate degree of stenosis. The
left carotid system showed an external carotid stenosis with
normal internal carotid flaws. Vertebral and subclavical
flaws were normal. An August 2007 treatment record also
notes a diagnosis of COPD.
In May 2008, the Veteran underwent a VA examination. He
reported a history of pain in his right lung during service,
noting that he "toughed it out" and did not seek treatment
during service. He reported that he smoked cigarettes before
service, but quit smoking before service entry. The Veteran
stated that he began coughing up flecks of blood about 1.5
years after service discharge, and that he has had a chronic
dry cough since that time. He also complained of coughing up
a teaspoon of clear sputum every morning. He reported that
he does not cough up blood now, but noted some dyspnea on
exertion. He denied asthma and never had pneumonia.
Physical examination revealed the Veteran to be well-
developed and well-nourished. His heart was normal and his
lungs were clear. A chest x-ray showed the lungs to be
hyperinflated due to mild COPD. The heart was normal. The
diagnosis was mild COPD. After thoroughly reviewing the
Veteran's claims file, interviewing the Veteran, and
performing a physical examination, the VA examiner concluded
that it was "more likely than not" that the Veteran's mild
COPD was not related to or caused by his active duty service.
The VA examiner explained that COPD was a problem that
develops after many years of irritation of the lungs and
because the Veteran's COPD was mild and there was no evidence
of continuity of care for his for his development of COPD, it
was "more likely than not" that his present mild COPD was
not related to his active duty service.
The Board recognizes that the Veteran served our country
during World War II, and fought at the Ardennes-Alsace
campaign, known as the Battle of the Bulge, through the
forested Ardennes Mountains region of Belgium, with the
temperature during January 1945 being the coldest on record.
The veteran testified that when he was in Belgium he was
sleeping out in the cold, and that was when he first started
feeling an ache in his right lung. Thereafter, he began
coughing up sputum flecked with blood. The Veteran further
testified that after service discharge, he continued to cough
up sputum flecked with blood, and was treated by a family
doctor until he started receiving treatment at the VA in the
1980s. The Board finds the Veteran's testimony to be
credible, and this testimony is competent evidence that he
had these symptoms while in service and was treated for them
subsequent to service discharge.
However, a VA examiner in May 2008, after a thorough review
of the Veteran's service treatment records, an interview with
the Veteran, and physical examination of the Veteran,
concluded that it was "more likely than not" that the
Veteran's mild COPD was not related to his active duty
service.
The Board also acknowledges the Veteran's testimony and his
belief that his current COPD is related to the conditions of
his military service. However, medical diagnosis and
causation involve questions that are beyond the range of
common experience and common knowledge and require the
special knowledge and experience of a trained physician. As
the Veteran is not a medical professional, the Veteran's
statements are not competent evidence that his currently
diagnosed COPD is related to service. Espiritu v. Derwinski,
2 Vet. App. 492, 495 (1992); Grottveit v. Brown, 5 Vet. App.
91, 93 (1993). Accordingly, as there is no medical evidence
that the Veteran's COPD was incurred in or is otherwise
related to his military service, or that the symptoms that he
experienced in service are related to his current COPD,
service connection for COPD is not warranted.
In this, and in other cases, only independent medical
evidence may be considered to support Board findings. The
Board may not base a decision on its own unsubstantiated
medical conclusions. Colvin v. Derwinski, 1 Vet. App. 171,
175 (1991).
Finally, in reaching this decision the Board considered the
doctrine of reasonable doubt, however, as the medical
evidence does not find that the Veteran's current COPD is not
related to his military service, the preponderance of the
evidence is against the Veteran's claim, the doctrine is not
for application. Gilbert v. Derwinski, 1 Vet. App. 49
(1990).
ORDER
Service connection for COPD is denied.
____________________________________________
JOY A. MCDONALD
Veterans Law Judge, Board of Veterans' Appeals
Department of Veterans Affairs |
It is the only sector that can create jobs and prevent the economic crisis from deepening
In the last two decades, the Indian economy has witnessed a transformational change to emerge as one of the fastest growing economies in the world. Economic reforms unveiled in 1991 have brought about a structural shift enabling the private sector to assume a much larger role in the economy. GDP growth has largely been enabled by growth of the services sector. The worry is that India’s manufacturing sector has stagnated at about 16 per cent of GDP, with India’s share in global manufacturing at only 1.8 per cent. This is in stark contrast to the experience of other Asian nations at similar stages of economic development, particularly China where manufacturing constitutes 34 per cent of GDP and 13.7 per cent of world manufacturing — up from 2.9 per cent in 1991.
Socio-political consequences
The Institute of Applied Manpower Research estimates that 8 to 9 million additional young persons will join the labour force annually, between 2012 and 2022. Additionally, with productivity improvement jobs in agriculture are declining. Therefore, India must create over 200 million jobs outside agriculture by 2025. A large burden of this job creation must fall on the manufacturing sector which has so far been a laggard. Failure to create the jobs required will have serious socio-political consequences.
Besides the employment imperative, growth of the manufacturing sector is also critical for ensuring that India’s trade balance is corrected. The country has been happily importing large volumes of manufactured goods as its economy has grown, which has pleased citizens no doubt. But it has not been able to develop a large, competitive manufacturing base to dampen the need for imports and to export.
There are two broad failures in India’s development since the 1990s which explain why India’s manufacturing sector has languished while high-end information services have grown. The first is the glaring failure to develop power and transportation infrastructure commensurate with the needs of the economy. IT industries are far less dependent on this infrastructure for their operations than are manufacturing units. The second is the absence of an industrial policy, an idea that Indian economists and policymakers threw out of the window when they dismantled the stifling controls of DGTD (Director General of Trade and Development) on industry and lowered duties on imports in 1991. Both these were welcome steps. But the baby was also thrown out with the bathwater. For the last 20 years, even the mention of the need for a concerted industrial policy for India has been taboo.
The National Manufacturing Policy which was introduced in 2011 is a belated departure from the policy neglect of earlier years. It must address the challenges of rapid job creation and expansion of domestic production. It has ambitious goals. These are to create 100 million additional jobs in manufacturing by 2025 by accelerating the growth of manufacturing to exceed the overall growth of the economy by an additional 2 per cent to 4 per cent annually. Thereby the share of manufacturing in the overall growth of the economy will also increase from 16 per cent, where it has been stagnant, to 25 per cent.
Two points must be made here while mentioning these goals. The first is that the summation of the bottom up plans made by the producers and policymakers associated with the various manufacturing sectors results in the same numbers. Therefore they can be achieved. The second point is that these plans were made when the forecast of growth of the economy was 8 per cent in the 12th Plan and faster growth thereafter. The 2 per cent to 4 per cent growth is over and above the base level growth. If the base falls due to other macro-economic problems and policy log-jams, which has happened, the growth of the manufacturing sector will be lower and it will not meet its employment targets. However the need to create jobs will not reduce. Young people will continue to pour out of schools and colleges and many with better skills too. They will be very disappointed if they do not get jobs.
New Manufacturing Policy
It is imperative that three sets of actions are taken simultaneously to prevent a socio-political crisis. One is the stimulation of overall economic growth which the new Governor of the Reserve Bank, the Finance Minister, and the Prime Minister are focussed on. The second is the sorting out of the multiple policy and implementation problems besetting India’s power and transport infrastructure that are now receiving high level attention in the PMO and the Cabinet. The third is the implementation of plans to convert the New Manufacturing Policy to results.
The implementation plan to convert India’s Manufacturing Policy to results has been drawn up by 26 working groups: 16 working on specific industries’ plans, and 10 working on cross-cutting issues that affect all industries, such as the business regulatory environment and human resource and labour issues. Steered by a systematic process, the plans of these working groups converged on five major strategic thrusts to grow Indian manufacturing.
1. Improving the business regulatory framework
2. Human asset development
3. Improving technology and value addition in manufacturing
4. Developing effective clusters for growth of SMEs (small and medium enterprises)
5. National Investment and Manufacturing Zones (NIMZs)
Effective strategies for boosting the manufacturing sector and employment growth must satisfy three important criteria:
i. Immediate impact on growth of employment: effectiveness in creating jobs without prolonged gestation periods is an important criterion in determining which strategies should be given the most attention now.
ii. Countrywide applicability: This will ensure livelihood opportunities are provided to people all across the country, not just in select industrial pockets.
iii. Growth of the MSME (micro small and medium enterprises) sector: This sector has emerged as a vital sector of the Indian economy. It not only plays a crucial role in providing large employment opportunities at a comparatively lower capital cost, it also contributes substantially to manufacturing output. It is estimated that the MSME sector contributes about 45 per cent of manufacturing output and 40 per cent of total exports of the country.
The NIMZ strategy in the National Manufacturing Policy has captured the imagination of the country. This is a big, audacious strategy and will no doubt have a substantial impact on India’s manufacturing when these zones are up and running. They require acquisition of large pieces of land and the building of modern infrastructure. The large urban-industrial estates along the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC), approved in 2007, are fore-runners of the NIMZs. The first DMIC zones are expected to be ready in 2019. The first NIMZs are likely to be ready even later.
Accelerate action
Since we must stimulate manufacturing growth much faster and across the country too, we must turn to the other four strategies listed above. Not only can these be implemented immediately; they require hardly any money to implement which is a great advantage when the Finance Minister is constrained to squeeze plan funds to reduce the fiscal deficit. Action on these four strategies has begun, but it must be accelerated. To put more force behind these strategies, the following actions are required.
1. Communicate the essentials of the Manufacturing Plan widely to politicians, policymakers, the public, and to industry associations. (Sadly, even many industry leaders think the National Manufacturing Policy is only about NIMZs!)
2. Focus action in the States. Eighty per cent of the action for improving the business regulatory environment, human asset management practices, and quality of clusters is in the States. States must be alerted to what they can do, the benefits of which will be more investment in the States and more jobs.
3. At the Centre, resolve inter-ministerial issues fast to facilitate induction of technology and increase value addition in several sectors, including electronics, defence and capital goods.
(Arun Maira is Member, Planning Commission) |
Additional sections to be incorporated in the guidelines for the preparation of the information required under Article 7, and in the guidelines for the review of information under Article 8, of the Kyoto Protocol |
Recently, navigation systems combining GPS (Global Positioning System) and the autonomous navigation become widely used. In recent days, portable mobile terminals such as mobile phones, to which the navigation system is mounted, appear.
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2009-115514 (Document 1) discloses an art of which the object is to solve the problem in a capability of following an output position of GPS when turning to the right or the left with keeping continuity or straightness of a trajectory of the output position of GPS while traveling in a straight line. In this art, GPS positioning is carried out intermittently and a turn in the traveling direction is detected with a gyro sensor. In addition, the output position of GPS is determined with a polytomous regression estimation process while traveling in a straight line, and the output position of GPS is determined with a binary smoothing process when turning to the right or the left.
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2009-92506 (Document 2) discloses an art of which the object is to determine a positioning timing at a necessary position automatically depending on the situation with saving a power in the mobile terminal device carried by a walking user. In this art, as GPS positioning is carried out at the start of the navigation, the number of steps till the next positioning timing is calculated based on a distance or a route from the current measured position to the destination. Then, when a pedometer counts the calculated number of steps, next GPS positioning is carried out, and the number of steps till the next positioning timing is calculated on the basis of the calculated current position. In this case, the number of steps till the next positioning timing is set to smaller value as the number of steps to the position where the user changes the path in the route from the measured current position to the destination or the distance from the measured current position to the destination becomes shorter.
In this kind of navigation system, the reduction of power consumption of sensors, which carry out various measurements, is studied to achieve an autonomous positioning for many hours. |
Andoria S-320 Cylinder Liner
We have earned our name as a renowned manufacturer and exporter of Andoria S-320 Cylinder Liner. Cylinder linear is used as a spare part fitted into an engine block to form a cylinder. It is used in boats, trains, trucks, tractors, automobiles, motorbycles and other vehicles. We manufacture this spare part at our sound production unit using high quality stainless steel and carbon steel. Clients can avail our Andoria S-320 Cylinder Liner in different specifications as per their requirements. We offer this spare part at affordable prices. |
Q:
Incrementing integer from 0 becomes negative
I'm working on an embedded systems project where I'm trying to demodulate data from an IR sensor (which uses 'pulse width modulation'). The code below simply waits for the IR Sensor to start pulsing, and then measure the width (duration) of each high and low pulse.
In this code, I have a loop where I'm incrementing an integer:
irPulseSet irReadPulse()
{
irPulseSet outputPulseSet;
int pulseCount = 0;
int finished = 0;
while(1)
{
int lowPulse = 0;
int highPulse = 0;
while( bit_is_clear( irSensorPin , irSensorPinNo ) )
{
highPulse++;
_delay_us( 20 );
}
while( !bit_is_clear( irSensorPin , irSensorPinNo ) )
{
if ( lowPulse > 3250 )
{
finished = 1;
break;
}
lowPulse++;
_delay_us( 20 );
}
if ( finished )
break;
outputPulseSet.pulses[pulseCount][0] = highPulse * 20;
outputPulseSet.pulses[pulseCount][1] = lowPulse * 20;
pulseCount++;
}
// Assign pulse count to output pulse set
outputPulseSet.pulseCount = pulseCount;
return outputPulseSet;
}
Because this is an embedded systems project, and my resources are limited, I'm doing my debugging with an LCD display (as the circuit cannot be connected to a computer)
Printing each pulse
int irPrintPulses( irPulseSet pulseSet )
{
int counter;
for( counter = 0; counter <= pulseSet.pulseCount; counter++ )
{
LCDClearScreen();
char printStr[100];
sprintf( printStr , "H%iL%i;%i " , pulseSet.pulses[counter][0] , pulseSet.pulses[counter][1] , counter );
LCDSendString( printStr );
_delay_ms(1000);
}
_delay_ms(5000);
LCDClearScreen();
LCDSendString( "Finished pulse print!" );
_delay_ms(1000);
LCDClearScreen();
return 0;
}
The lowPulse int seems to sometimes be negative (eg value of -1054). I'm totally puzzled as it's first defined as 0 and all I ever do to it is increment it, so how can it become negative?
A:
You have X bits to represent a number: 1 bit is for the signal and X - 1 bits is for the value
lets say you have a number that is represented with 4 bits:
0000 = 0
0001 = 1
...
0111 = 7
If you increment 1 here, you will change the first bit (the signal bit)
1000 = -8
Try the code bellow
#include <stdio.h>
#include <limits.h>
int main()
{
int i = INT_MAX;
printf("%d\n", i);
printf("%d\n", i + 1);
printf("%u\n", i + 1);
if(i > 0)
printf("greater\n");
i++;
if(i < 0)
printf("what kind of witchcraft is that?");
}
Once you add one after the maximum value it will flip to the maximum negative value, the 3rd printf is printing as an unsigned value (using the 1st bit not for the signal but for value)...
A:
Since this is embedded I am going to assume that you are working with 16 bit integers. As a result, if you increment highPulse 32,768 times it will overflow and become negative. The value transitions from 0x7fff (positive) to 0x8000 (negative).
Given a delay loop of 20 usec, this will take 655.36 msec. Any time the first loop has to wait for this long for the bit to transition you will get negative numbers. I would have thought this is quite possible.
Do you have 32 bit longs? If so, the simplest solution is probably to use them for these counters. Then it will take about 40,000 seconds to overflow, which should be enough.
|
---
abstract: 'Magneto Raman scattering study of the E$_{2g}$ optical phonons in multi-layer epitaxial graphene grown on a carbon face of SiC are presented. At 4.2K in magnetic field up to 33 T, we observe a series of well pronounced avoided crossings each time the optically active inter Landau level transition is tuned in resonance with the E$_{2g}$ phonon excitation (at 196 meV). The width of the phonon Raman scattering response also shows pronounced variations and is enhanced in conditions of resonance. The experimental results are well reproduced by a model that gives directly the strength of the electron-phonon interaction.'
author:
- 'C. Faugeras'
- 'M. Amado'
- 'P. Kossacki'
- 'M. Orlita'
- 'M. Sprinkle'
- 'C. Berger'
- 'W.A. de Heer'
- 'M. Potemski'
title: 'Tuning the electron-phonon coupling in multilayer graphene with magnetic fields'
---
Lattice vibrations in solids can be effectively modified via their coupling to electronic excitations, as, for example, evidenced by observations of Kohn anomalies in metals [@Kohn59; @Baron04], of coupled phonon-plasmon modes in polar semiconductors [@Mooradian66; @Wysmolek06] or of different phonon spectra in metallic and semiconducting carbon-nanotubes [@Reich04]. The electron-phonon interaction is currently intensively studied in graphene [@Ando06; @CastroNeto07; @Yan07; @Pisana07] which is a two-dimensional crystal of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice and a semimetal with characteristic dispersions of electronic states displaying Dirac cones near the Fermi energy [@Geim07; @CastroNeto09]. The case of the long wavelength optical E$_{2g}$-phonons at the $\Gamma$-point of the Brillouin zone, which corresponds to the relative displacement of two nonequivalent carbon atoms in the unit cell of graphene [@Ando06; @CastroNeto07], is of particular interest. The perturbation due to this displacement is effective in inducing the direct ($\Delta k = 0$) electronic transitions across the Dirac point: E$_{2g}$-phonons efficiently couple to those low energy interband excitations [@Ando06; @CastroNeto07] that are unique to graphene. The spectrum of these excitations (its $2E_{F}$ low energy onset) can be modified by tuning the Fermi energy $E_{F}$. This was achieved in gated graphene flakes on Si/SiO$_{2}$ substrates where the electrically modified E$_{2g}$-phonon spectrum was traced with Raman scattering methods [@Yan07; @Pisana07].
The spectrum of the graphene E$_{2g}$-phonon is expected to be even more severely modified by applying a magnetic field perpendicular to the 2D plane [@Ando07; @Goerbig07], i.e., when a continuous spectrum of electronic excitations is transformed into a series of quasi-discrete inter Landau level excitations characteristic of a 2D system. In conditions of Landau quantization, the electron phonon coupling has a resonant character which is expected between the E$_{2g}$-phonon and properly selected inter-Landau level excitations. The observation of the effects of magneto-resonant electron-phonon coupling in graphene structures, which we present in this letter, has been an experimental challenge aiming at verification of theoretical predictions [@Ando07; @Goerbig07] and eventual confirmation of the conclusions drawn from zero-field measurements [@Yan07; @Pisana07].
We report here on magneto-Raman scattering studies of the E$_{2g}$-phonon band of multilayer epitaxial graphene on the carbon face of a SiC substrate (MEG), in fields up to 33 T, and low, liquid helium temperatures. The measured E$_{2g}$-band is observed to be composed of two components: one fixed and another oscillating with the applied field. The extracted oscillatory component of the E$_{2g}$-band shows the theoretically anticipated magneto-phonon multi resonance [@Ando07; @Goerbig07]. Pronounced variations of the energy position and width of this line can be understood in terms of a series of avoided crossings each time the E$_{2g}$-phonon energy tends to match the energy of the specific (defined by appropriate selection rules) inter Landau level excitations. Comparison of the experimental results to existing models allows us to analyze the characteristic strength of the electron-phonon interaction in the investigated graphene system. Possible origin of the field-independent component of the E$_{2g}$-band is discussed.
Raman scattering spectra were measured using the Ti:Saphire laser setup, tuned at accurately controlled wavelength in the range $\sim\lambda$=720 nm, in order to minimize the superfluous Raman signal of optical fibers which were used to transmit the excitation light to, and to collect the Raman photons from the sample. The sample was immersed in a helium gas kept at T$=4.2$ K and placed in a resistive magnet delivering fields up to $33$ T. The non-polarized Raman scattering spectra were measured in nearly back-scattering Faraday geometry: the arrangement of the excitation and collection fibers (both with core diameters of 200 $\mu$m) with respect to sample surface is sketched in the inset of Fig. \[Fig1\]a. Typical excitation power was $\sim100$ mW, spread over 600 $\mu$m -diameter laser spot on the sample. The collected light was dispersed with a single grating spectrometer (spectral resolution $\Delta\lambda$=0.3nm) equipped with nitrogen cooled CCD detector and band pass filters were used to reject the stray light.
The MEG structures which we have used for experiments were fabricated by thermal decomposition of the carbon face of a 4H–SiC substrate [@Berger04]. Two investigated structures, both with a relatively large number of graphene layers, show similar data and we present here the results obtained for the sample which contains $\sim70$ layers. We used strongly graphitized samples to enhance the Raman scattering signal, particularly because the E$_{2g}$-phonon band in MEG samples appears on the background of the two-phonon Raman scattering processes in the SiC substrate. A number of experimental studies, including magneto-absorption [@Sadowski06; @Orlita08] and micro-Raman scattering measurements [@Faugeras08], show that Dirac-like electronic bands, which are genuine of a single graphene sheet, persist in MEG structures and that a large part of these layers is practically neutral, with carrier densities as low as $5\times10^{9}$ cm$^{-2}$ and fairly high mobilites up to 250000 cm$^2$/(V.s) [@Orlita08]. The electronic bands in MEG grown on the carbon face of SiC are alike those of a single layer because of preferentially rotational and not Bernal-type layer stacking in this material [@Hass08; @Lopes07; @Latil07; @Magaud09]. Although we believe that the majority of the structure probed in our experiments displays neutral graphene-like electronic system, the MEG samples and in particular the strongly graphitized specimens are not expected to be uniform on the scale of 600 $\mu$m defined by the actual size of the laser spot on the sample. For example, the presence of Bernal stacked minority inclusions in these structures has been seen with micro-Raman scattering experiments [@Faugeras08].
 The E$_{2g}$ and 2D Raman scattering bands measured at T$ = 4.2$ K and $\lambda$ = 720.7 nm laser excitation at zero magnetic field. The scheme of the experimental configuration is shown in the inset. (b) Background corrected spectra of the E$_{2g}$ band, measured at different magnetic fields. The solid red lines represent the fitted two-Lorentzian component shape. One of this component is field independent and fixed to solely reproduce the spectrum at B = 26 T. The oscillatory with field component is shown with dotted black lines. ](Fig1.eps){width="0.8\linewidth"}
The representative Raman scattering bands observed for our $\sim70$ layers MEG sample in the absence of magnetic field are shown in Fig. \[Fig1\]a. The so-called “2D” band, which is frequently analyzed to characterize different graphene structures [@Ferrari06; @Graf07], appears at 2646 cm$^{-1}$ as a 35 cm$^{-1}$-wide, slightly asymmetric line. A pure single Lorentzian shape of the “2D” line is a signature of the electronic system with simple Dirac-like electronic states, such as those characteristic of graphene or of the majority part of the MEG structures. We understand that the observation of the high energy asymmetry in the “2D” line under the present experimental conditions is a consequence of signal averaging from a relatively large portion of the sample, which includes other than simple graphene-like structures (i.e., Bernal stacked residues).
The focus of this work is on the E$_{2g}$-phonon line which clearly dominates over the background of two-phonon signal from SiC substrate and peaks at 1586.5 cm$^{-1}$ in the Raman scattering spectrum measured at zero magnetic field (Fig. \[Fig1\]a). As shown in Fig. \[Fig1\]b with background corrected spectra, the E$_{2g}$-phonon line is visibly affected by the application of the magnetic field. A more detailed data inspection shows however that the E$_{2g}$ line is practically field independent at high field region above B$\gtrsim 24$ T. Hence, one may anticipate that the observed magneto-Raman spectrum of the E$_{2g}$-phonon is composed of two components: one oscillating with field and the second one which is field independent and dominant at B $> 24$ T. Indeed, as illustrated in Fig. \[Fig1\]b, the E$_{2g}$ spectrum measured at any magnetic field can be fairly well fit with two-Lorentzian functions (solid red lines). The field independent component I$_{26} (h\nu)$ has been set to reproduce the spectrum at B $= 26$ T. The resulting oscillatory component is shown with dashed lines in Fig. \[Fig1\]b. To present the full data collection, the I$_{26}
(h\nu)$ Lorentzian function has been extracted from each measured spectrum and the resulting differential spectra (oscillatory part) are shown in Fig. \[Fig2\], in form of the intensity false color map. Full points in this figure denote the peak position (center) of the Lorentzian functions which fit the oscillatory component.
![\[Fig2\] a) Color map of the magneto-oscillatory component of Raman scattering spectra of E$_{2g}$ band phonons as a function of the magnetic field measured at T = 4.2 K under $\lambda$=720.7 nm laser excitation. The extracted peak position of this line is shown with full dots. Their size is proportional to the line amplitude. Solid lines T$_{k}$ represent the energies of the series of inter Landau level transitions:$L_{-k,(-k-1)}
\rightarrow L_{k+1,(k)}$, which couple to E$_{2g}$ phonon ($\tilde{c}=1.02\times10^{6} m.s^{-1}$ is assumed). b) Zoom on the 0 to 10 T range of magnetic fields.](Fig2.eps){width="0.9\linewidth"}
The magnetic field evolution of the spectra shown in Fig. \[Fig2\] can be clearly seen as resulting from a series of avoided crossings between the E$_{2g}$ phonon excitation and the specific inter Landau level electronic transitions. The energy ladder of Landau levels ($L_n$; $n=0,\pm 1, \pm 2, ...$) of the two-dimensional Dirac-like electronic system is given by E$_n
=sgn(n) \tilde{c} \sqrt{2e \hbar B|n|}$, where the measured slope of the Dirac cone (Fermi velocity) $\tilde{c}=1.02\cdot10^{6}m/s$ in the investigated structures [@Sadowski06; @Orlita08]. As illustrated in Fig. \[Fig2\], the E$_{2g}$-phonon couples to a series of $L_n \rightarrow L_m$ transitions which fulfill the $|n|-|m|= \pm 1$ selection rules and therefore appear at energies $T_{k}=( \sqrt{k} + \sqrt{k+1} )E_{1}$ ($k=0,1,2, ..$). Notable, the same selection rules apply to optically active inter Landau level transitions which are observed in far-infrared magneto-transmission spectra [@Ando07; @Goerbig07; @Sadowski06; @Sadowski07]. The amplitude of the observed “anticrossings” grows with the magnetic field because, as a rule, the splitting ($\Delta$) between coupled modes is proportional to the square root of the oscillator strength of the uncoupled excitations and to the square root of interaction parameter $\lambda$. In our case, these are electronic excitations which become enhanced by the magnetic field. This is primarly due to the increasing with B-field Landau level occupation ($eB/h$ degeneracy). If broadening is neglected we roughly expect $\Delta \sim \sqrt{\lambda B}$ and derive more rigorously [@Goerbig07]: $\Delta =\sqrt{2 \lambda }E_1$, for our neutral Dirac-like system.
For the sake of more quantitative data analysis we consider both the characteristic phonon energy as well as its broadening which is another inherent element of mode coupling effects. In Fig. \[Fig3\] we re-plot the center and add the extracted linewidth (HWHM) of the Lorentzian peak which fits the magneto-oscillatory component of the measured E$_{2g}$-line. The magneto-oscillations in the peak position are accompanied by oscillations in the linewidth which, as expected, is enhanced under resonant conditions. To reproduce the data of Fig. \[Fig3\], we adopt the approach of Ando [@Ando07] to our neutral Dirac-like system and derive the phonon energy $\epsilon$ and broadening parameter $\Gamma$ by extracting $\tilde{\epsilon}=\epsilon-i\Gamma$ from the equation which defines the poles of the phonon Green’s function: $$\tilde{\epsilon}^{2}-\epsilon_{0}^{2} = 2 \epsilon_{0} \lambda E_{1}^{2} \sum _{k=0} ^{\infty} \{\frac{T_{k}}{(\tilde{\epsilon}+i\delta)^{2}-T_{k}^{2}}+\frac{1}{T_{k}}\}$$ where $\epsilon_{0}$ stands for the phonon energy of the neutral system at B=0 T and $\delta$ accounts for the broadening characteristic for electronic excitations. The measured linewidth has been assumed as a convolution sum $\sqrt{\delta_{0}^{2}+\Gamma^{2}}$, where $\delta_{0}$ accounts for other, than electron-phonon coupling, broadening mechanisms.
![\[Fig3\] Magnetic field evolution of the peak position (upper part) and the linewidth (HWHM) of the magneto-oscillatory component of the measured E$_{2g}$ Raman band. Solid lines represent the result of modelling of the data (with the parameters specified in the figure) along the procedure described in the text.](Fig3.eps){width="0.85\linewidth"}
To calculate the energy and broadening of the E$_{2g}-$ phonon spectrum we fix the value of $\tilde{c} = 1.02\times10^{6} m/s$ as derived from far-infrared magneto-absorption experiments on MEG samples [@Sadowski06; @Orlita08]. Working effectively with only two adjustable parameters $\delta$ and $\lambda$ ($\delta_{0}$ = 3.7 cm$^{-1}$ is the background correction to the linewidth oscillations) the experimental data can be fairly well reproduced. Optimal choice of parameters is: $\delta = 90$ cm$^{-1}$ and $\lambda = 4.5\times10^{-3}$. The extracted strength of electron-phonon coupling is in excellent agreement with estimations of $\lambda$ in the range of $4-5.5\times10^{-3}$ from the detailed analysis of the dispersions of the E$_{2g}$ in graphene [@Lazzeri06a] and/or measurements of electrically tuned E$_{2g}$-phonon in graphene [@Yan07; @Pisana07]. We also note that the width $\delta_{0}$ which is measured in between well separated resonances, i.e., when the effects of electron-phonon interaction are switched off, appears to be practically identical to its value measured under corresponding conditions ($2E_{F}>\epsilon_{0}$) on graphene flakes on Si/SiO$_2$ [@Yan07]. The parameter $\delta$ accounts for broadening of electronic states and its actual value reasonable matches the width of magneto-absorption transitions expected in our sample at high magnetic fields [@Plochocka08]. For simplicity $\delta$ is assumed constant, thought its increase with field ($\sim\sqrt{B}$) which is expected from magneto-absorption experiments [@Orlita08] could improve the data simulation (larger broadening of the high field resonance).
The puzzle of the presented results is the origin of the field independent component of the E$_{2g}$ spectrum which, we note, represents the significant portion of the total spectral weight. The Bernal-stacked inclusions are first possible candidates to account for this contribution (we have checked that in fields up to 14T the magneto-Raman spectrum of the E$_{2g}$ band of natural graphite sample is practically field independent). However, inspecting the shape of the measured 2D band, we can rule out that the contribution from these inclusions is as large as 65$\%$ (extracted for the B = 0 T spectrum). Another candidate is a signal from highly doped layers close to the interface. This is also scarcely probable since such signal should be significantly shifted in frequency from that of the majority neutral graphene layers, which is not seen. We speculate the field independent component of the E$_{2g}$ line is an inherent property of the graphene-like systems what remains to be understood.
In conclusion, we have investigated the magnetic field evolution of the Raman scattering response of the E$_{2g}$ phonons in a graphene-like system in fields up to 33 T. A pronounced avoided crossing behavior of the phonon energy and oscillations of the line width are observed each time the optically active inter Landau level excitation is tuned in resonance with the phonon energy. The experimental results are well accounted for by existing theoretical models [@Ando07; @Goerbig07] of electron-phonon coupling in graphene, with the estimated electron-phonon coupling constant $\lambda=4.5\times10^{-3}$.
We would like to acknowledge fruitful discussions with V. Fal’ko and M.O. Goerbig. We acknowledge T. Kazimierczuk for help with the data analysis and A. Wysmolek for his help in the initial stage of this experiment. Part of this work has been supported by ANR projects ANR-08-JCJC-0034-01, ANR-06-NANO-019 and by the French Embassy (Partner University Fund). One of us (P.K.) is financially supported by the EU under FP7, contract no. 221515 ‘MOCNA’. M. A. thanks the Cariplo Foundation (project QUANTDEV), MICINN (Project MOSAICO) and JCYL SA052A07 for support.
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|
Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of four Aspergillus-specific IgG assays for the diagnosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis.
Measurement of Aspergillus-specific IgG is central to the diagnosis of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA), but manufacturers' guidance on test interpretation is based on unpublished data. We performed the first receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under the curve (AUC) analysis to identify optimal cut-offs for this test in relation to European controls. Aspergillus-specific IgG levels were measured in sera from British adults with CPA and European healthy controls by ImmunoCAP, Immulite, Serion and Bio-Rad assays. ROC AUC analysis was performed to identify optimal cut-offs. ROC AUC results were; Bio-Rad 0.955, Immulite 0.948, ImmunoCAP 0.956 and Serion 0.944. Optimal diagnostic cut-offs were 1.5 AU/mL for Bio-Rad (93% sensitive, 98% specific), 25 mg/L for Immulite (93% sensitive, 99% specific), 50 mg/L for ImmunoCAP (84% sensitive, 96% specific) and 50 U/mL for Serion (84% sensitive, 91% specific). These cut-offs differ from manufacturers' guidance and from those previously calculated in relation to Ugandan controls. |
Q:
Sem_open causes illegal seek error
I am trying to solve readers-writers problem. The following functions is supposed to create named semaphores.
void createSems(void){
if((sem_counter = sem_open("counter", O_CREAT, 0660, 1)) == SEM_FAILED)
printErrorAndKill("sem_open_counter");
if((sem_reader = sem_open("reader", O_CREAT, 0660, 1)) == SEM_FAILED)
printErrorAndKill("sem_open_reader");
if((sem_writer = sem_open("writer", O_CREAT, 0660, 1)) == SEM_FAILED)
printErrorAndKill("sem_open_writer");
if((sem_writer = sem_open("mutex1", O_CREAT, 0660, 1)) == SEM_FAILED)
printErrorAndKill("mutex1");
if((sem_writer = sem_open("mutex2", O_CREAT, 0660, 1)) == SEM_FAILED)
printErrorAndKill("mutex2");
if((sem_writer = sem_open("mutex3", O_CREAT, 0660, 1)) == SEM_FAILED)
printErrorAndKill("mutex3");
}
void printErrorAndKill (const char *functionName){
perror(functionName);
printf("%s: %s\n",functionName, strerror(errno));
exit(1);
}
Everything is working as expected on my MBP 10.7.3. But when I test it on school server I get the following output.
sem_open_reader: Permission denied
sem_open_reader: Illegal seek
The first semaphore is created successfully every time. I tried to google the error but with no succes or any connection to sem_open.
My question is am I doing something wrong when I am creating semaphores or the problem is somewhere else?
UPDATE
I did more testing and I eventually found out that it has nothing to do with illegal seek. I got rid of the line "perror(functionName);" just to found out the problem is just with permissions. Some names were reserved on our school OS so I just had to come with some more relevant names.
A:
The "Illegal seek" message is probably caused by perror(). The man page for perror on my system says: "Note that errno is undefined after a successful library call: this call may well change this variable, even though it succeeds, for example because it internally used some other library function that failed."
|
Q:
WooCommerce PDF Invoices & Packing Slips - Change width of billing and shipping details in an invoice template
I would like to increase a width of billing address space in a PDF invoice template. There are cases where billing details are quite long, therefore, information is separated into two lines, I would like to avoid that.
I am using WooCommerce PDF Invoices & Packing Slips Premium Templates plugin.
A:
It can be done directly in the template, or by changing the CSS (it's 30% by default):
.invoice .shipping-address {
width: 40%;
}
.packing-slip .billing-address {
width: 40%;
}
|
/*
* Copyright 2002-2012 the original author or authors.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package org.springmodules.validation.valang.web.servlet.mvc;
import java.util.Map;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import org.springframework.validation.BindException;
import org.springframework.validation.Errors;
import org.springframework.web.servlet.ModelAndView;
/**
* <p>Concrete FormController implementation that provides configurable
* form and success views, and an onSubmit chain for convenient overriding.
* Automatically resubmits to the form view in case of validation errors,
* and renders the success view in case of a valid submission.</p>
*
* <p>The workflow of this Controller does not differ much from the one described
* in the {@link AbstractFormController AbstractFormController}. The difference
* is that you do not need to implement {@link #showForm showForm} and
* {@link #processFormSubmission processFormSubmission}: A form view and a
* success view can be configured declaratively.</p>
*
* <p><b><a name="workflow">Workflow
* (<a href="AbstractFormController.html#workflow">in addition to the superclass</a>):</b><br>
* <ol>
* <li>Call to {@link #processFormSubmission processFormSubmission} which inspects
* the {@link org.springframework.validation.Errors Errors} object to see if
* any errors have occurred during binding and validation.</li>
* <li>If errors occured, the controller will return the configured formView,
* showing the form again (possibly rendering according error messages).</li>
* <li>If {@link #isFormChangeRequest isFormChangeRequest} is overridden and returns
* true for the given request, the controller will return the formView too.
* In that case, the controller will also suppress validation. Before returning the formView,
* the controller will invoke {@link #onFormChange}, giving sub-classes a chance
* to make modification to the command object.
* This is intended for requests that change the structure of the form,
* which should not cause validation and show the form in any case.</li>
* <li>If no errors occurred, the controller will call
* {@link #onSubmit(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, Object, BindException) onSubmit}
* using all parameters, which in case of the default implementation delegates to
* {@link #onSubmit(Object, BindException) onSubmit} with just the command object.
* The default implementation of the latter method will return the configured
* {@code successView}. Consider implementing {@link #doSubmitAction} doSubmitAction
* for simply performing a submit action and rendering the success view.</li>
* </ol>
* </p>
*
* <p>The submit behavior can be customized by overriding one of the
* {@link #onSubmit onSubmit} methods. Submit actions can also perform
* custom validation if necessary (typically database-driven checks), calling
* {@link #showForm(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, BindException) showForm}
* in case of validation errors to show the form view again.</p>
*
* <p><b><a name="config">Exposed configuration properties</a>
* (<a href="AbstractFormController.html#config">and those defined by superclass</a>):</b><br>
* <table border="1">
* <tr>
* <td><b>name</b></td>
* <td><b>default</b></td>
* <td><b>description</b></td>
* </tr>
* <tr>
* <td>formView</td>
* <td><i>null</i></td>
* <td>Indicates what view to use when the user asks for a new form
* or when validation errors have occurred on form submission.</td>
* </tr>
* <tr>
* <td>successView</td>
* <td><i>null</i></td>
* <td>Indicates what view to use when successful form submissions have
* occurred. Such a success view could e.g. display a submission summary.
* More sophisticated actions can be implemented by overriding one of
* the {@link #onSubmit(Object) onSubmit()} methods.</td>
* </tr>
* <table>
* </p>
*
* <p><strong>Note</strong>: From Spring 3.2.3, was removed in Spring 4.0.</p>
*
* @author Juergen Hoeller
* @author Rob Harrop
* @since 05.05.2003
* @deprecated as of Spring 3.0, in favor of annotated controllers
*/
@Deprecated
public class SimpleFormController extends AbstractFormController {
private String formView;
private String successView;
/**
* Create a new SimpleFormController.
* <p>Subclasses should set the following properties, either in the constructor
* or via a BeanFactory: commandName, commandClass, sessionForm, formView,
* successView. Note that commandClass doesn't need to be set when overriding
* {@code formBackingObject}, as this determines the class anyway.
* @see #setCommandClass
* @see #setCommandName
* @see #setSessionForm
* @see #setFormView
* @see #setSuccessView
* @see #formBackingObject
*/
public SimpleFormController() {
// AbstractFormController sets default cache seconds to 0.
super();
}
/**
* Set the name of the view that should be used for form display.
*/
public final void setFormView(String formView) {
this.formView = formView;
}
/**
* Return the name of the view that should be used for form display.
*/
public final String getFormView() {
return this.formView;
}
/**
* Set the name of the view that should be shown on successful submit.
*/
public final void setSuccessView(String successView) {
this.successView = successView;
}
/**
* Return the name of the view that should be shown on successful submit.
*/
public final String getSuccessView() {
return this.successView;
}
/**
* This implementation shows the configured form view, delegating to the analogous
* {@link #showForm(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, BindException, Map)}
* variant with a "controlModel" argument.
* <p>Can be called within
* {@link #onSubmit(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, Object, BindException)}
* implementations, to redirect back to the form in case of custom validation errors
* (errors not determined by the validator).
* <p>Can be overridden in subclasses to show a custom view, writing directly
* to the response or preparing the response before rendering a view.
* <p>If calling showForm with a custom control model in subclasses, it's preferable
* to override the analogous showForm version with a controlModel argument
* (which will handle both standard form showing and custom form showing then).
* @see #setFormView
* @see #showForm(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, BindException, Map)
*/
@Override
protected ModelAndView showForm(
HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, BindException errors)
throws Exception {
return showForm(request, response, errors, null);
}
/**
* This implementation shows the configured form view.
* <p>Can be called within
* {@link #onSubmit(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, Object, BindException)}
* implementations, to redirect back to the form in case of custom validation errors
* (errors not determined by the validator).
* <p>Can be overridden in subclasses to show a custom view, writing directly
* to the response or preparing the response before rendering a view.
* @param request current HTTP request
* @param errors validation errors holder
* @param controlModel model map containing controller-specific control data
* (e.g. current page in wizard-style controllers or special error message)
* @return the prepared form view
* @throws Exception in case of invalid state or arguments
* @see #setFormView
*/
protected ModelAndView showForm(
HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, BindException errors, Map controlModel)
throws Exception {
return showForm(request, errors, getFormView(), controlModel);
}
/**
* Create a reference data map for the given request and command,
* consisting of bean name/bean instance pairs as expected by ModelAndView.
* <p>The default implementation delegates to {@link #referenceData(HttpServletRequest)}.
* Subclasses can override this to set reference data used in the view.
* @param request current HTTP request
* @param command form object with request parameters bound onto it
* @param errors validation errors holder
* @return a Map with reference data entries, or {@code null} if none
* @throws Exception in case of invalid state or arguments
* @see ModelAndView
*/
@Override
protected Map referenceData(HttpServletRequest request, Object command, Errors errors) throws Exception {
return referenceData(request);
}
/**
* Create a reference data map for the given request.
* Called by the {@link #referenceData(HttpServletRequest, Object, Errors)}
* variant with all parameters.
* <p>The default implementation returns {@code null}.
* Subclasses can override this to set reference data used in the view.
* @param request current HTTP request
* @return a Map with reference data entries, or {@code null} if none
* @throws Exception in case of invalid state or arguments
* @see #referenceData(HttpServletRequest, Object, Errors)
* @see ModelAndView
*/
protected Map referenceData(HttpServletRequest request) throws Exception {
return null;
}
/**
* This implementation calls
* {@link #showForm(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, BindException)}
* in case of errors, and delegates to the full
* {@link #onSubmit(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, Object, BindException)}'s
* variant else.
* <p>This can only be overridden to check for an action that should be executed
* without respect to binding errors, like a cancel action. To just handle successful
* submissions without binding errors, override one of the {@code onSubmit}
* methods or {@link #doSubmitAction}.
* @see #showForm(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, BindException)
* @see #onSubmit(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, Object, BindException)
* @see #onSubmit(Object, BindException)
* @see #onSubmit(Object)
* @see #doSubmitAction(Object)
*/
@Override
protected ModelAndView processFormSubmission(
HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object command, BindException errors)
throws Exception {
if (errors.hasErrors()) {
if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
logger.debug("Data binding errors: " + errors.getErrorCount());
}
return showForm(request, response, errors);
}
else if (isFormChangeRequest(request, command)) {
logger.debug("Detected form change request -> routing request to onFormChange");
onFormChange(request, response, command, errors);
return showForm(request, response, errors);
}
else {
logger.debug("No errors -> processing submit");
return onSubmit(request, response, command, errors);
}
}
/**
* This implementation delegates to {@link #isFormChangeRequest(HttpServletRequest, Object)}:
* A form change request changes the appearance of the form and should not get
* validated but just show the new form.
* @see #isFormChangeRequest
*/
@Override
protected boolean suppressValidation(HttpServletRequest request, Object command) {
return isFormChangeRequest(request, command);
}
/**
* Determine whether the given request is a form change request.
* A form change request changes the appearance of the form
* and should always show the new form, without validation.
* <p>Gets called by {@link #suppressValidation} and {@link #processFormSubmission}.
* Consequently, this single method determines to suppress validation
* <i>and</i> to show the form view in any case.
* <p>The default implementation delegates to
* {@link #isFormChangeRequest(javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest)}.
* @param request current HTTP request
* @param command form object with request parameters bound onto it
* @return whether the given request is a form change request
* @see #suppressValidation
* @see #processFormSubmission
*/
protected boolean isFormChangeRequest(HttpServletRequest request, Object command) {
return isFormChangeRequest(request);
}
/**
* Simpler {@code isFormChangeRequest} variant, called by the full
* variant {@link #isFormChangeRequest(HttpServletRequest, Object)}.
* <p>The default implementation returns {@code false}.
* @param request current HTTP request
* @return whether the given request is a form change request
* @see #suppressValidation
* @see #processFormSubmission
*/
protected boolean isFormChangeRequest(HttpServletRequest request) {
return false;
}
/**
* Called during form submission if
* {@link #isFormChangeRequest(javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest)}
* returns {@code true}. Allows subclasses to implement custom logic
* to modify the command object to directly modify data in the form.
* <p>The default implementation delegates to
* {@link #onFormChange(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, Object, BindException)}.
* @param request current servlet request
* @param response current servlet response
* @param command form object with request parameters bound onto it
* @param errors validation errors holder, allowing for additional
* custom validation
* @throws Exception in case of errors
* @see #isFormChangeRequest(HttpServletRequest)
* @see #onFormChange(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, Object)
*/
protected void onFormChange(
HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object command, BindException errors)
throws Exception {
onFormChange(request, response, command);
}
/**
* Simpler {@code onFormChange} variant, called by the full variant
* {@link #onFormChange(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, Object, BindException)}.
* <p>The default implementation is empty.
* @param request current servlet request
* @param response current servlet response
* @param command form object with request parameters bound onto it
* @throws Exception in case of errors
* @see #onFormChange(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, Object, BindException)
*/
protected void onFormChange(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object command)
throws Exception {
}
/**
* Submit callback with all parameters. Called in case of submit without errors
* reported by the registered validator, or on every submit if no validator.
* <p>The default implementation delegates to {@link #onSubmit(Object, BindException)}.
* For simply performing a submit action and rendering the specified success
* view, consider implementing {@link #doSubmitAction} rather than an
* {@code onSubmit} variant.
* <p>Subclasses can override this to provide custom submission handling like storing
* the object to the database. Implementations can also perform custom validation and
* call showForm to return to the form. Do <i>not</i> implement multiple onSubmit
* methods: In that case, just this method will be called by the controller.
* <p>Call {@code errors.getModel()} to populate the ModelAndView model
* with the command and the Errors instance, under the specified command name,
* as expected by the "spring:bind" tag.
* @param request current servlet request
* @param response current servlet response
* @param command form object with request parameters bound onto it
* @param errors Errors instance without errors (subclass can add errors if it wants to)
* @return the prepared model and view, or {@code null}
* @throws Exception in case of errors
* @see #onSubmit(Object, BindException)
* @see #doSubmitAction
* @see #showForm
* @see org.springframework.validation.Errors
* @see org.springframework.validation.BindException#getModel
*/
protected ModelAndView onSubmit(
HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object command, BindException errors)
throws Exception {
return onSubmit(command, errors);
}
/**
* Simpler {@code onSubmit} variant.
* Called by the default implementation of the
* {@link #onSubmit(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, Object, BindException)}
* variant with all parameters.
* <p>The default implementation calls {@link #onSubmit(Object)}, using the
* returned ModelAndView if actually implemented in a subclass. Else, the
* default behavior will apply: rendering the success view with the command
* and Errors instance as model.
* <p>Subclasses can override this to provide custom submission handling that
* does not need request and response.
* <p>Call {@code errors.getModel()} to populate the ModelAndView model
* with the command and the Errors instance, under the specified command name,
* as expected by the "spring:bind" tag.
* @param command form object with request parameters bound onto it
* @param errors Errors instance without errors
* @return the prepared model and view
* @throws Exception in case of errors
* @see #onSubmit(HttpServletRequest, HttpServletResponse, Object, BindException)
* @see #onSubmit(Object)
* @see #setSuccessView
* @see org.springframework.validation.Errors
* @see org.springframework.validation.BindException#getModel
*/
protected ModelAndView onSubmit(Object command, BindException errors) throws Exception {
ModelAndView mv = onSubmit(command);
if (mv != null) {
// simplest onSubmit variant implemented in custom subclass
return mv;
}
else {
// default behavior: render success view
if (getSuccessView() == null) {
throw new ServletException("successView isn't set");
}
return new ModelAndView(getSuccessView(), errors.getModel());
}
}
/**
* Simplest {@code onSubmit} variant. Called by the default implementation
* of the {@link #onSubmit(Object, BindException)} variant.
* <p>This implementation calls {@link #doSubmitAction(Object)} and returns
* {@code null} as ModelAndView, making the calling {@code onSubmit}
* method perform its default rendering of the success view.
* <p>Subclasses can override this to provide custom submission handling
* that just depends on the command object. It's preferable to use either
* {@link #onSubmit(Object, BindException)} or {@link #doSubmitAction(Object)},
* though: Use the former when you want to build your own ModelAndView; use the
* latter when you want to perform an action and forward to the successView.
* @param command form object with request parameters bound onto it
* @return the prepared model and view, or {@code null} for default
* (that is, rendering the configured "successView")
* @throws Exception in case of errors
* @see #onSubmit(Object, BindException)
* @see #doSubmitAction
* @see #setSuccessView
*/
protected ModelAndView onSubmit(Object command) throws Exception {
doSubmitAction(command);
return null;
}
/**
* Template method for submit actions. Called by the default implementation
* of the simplest {@link #onSubmit(Object)} variant.
* <p><b>This is the preferred submit callback to implement if you want to
* perform an action (like storing changes to the database) and then render
* the success view with the command and Errors instance as model.</b>
* You don't need to care about the success ModelAndView here.
* @param command form object with request parameters bound onto it
* @throws Exception in case of errors
* @see #onSubmit(Object)
* @see #setSuccessView
*/
protected void doSubmitAction(Object command) throws Exception {
}
}
|
Vitamin K distribution in rat tissues: dietary phylloquinone is a source of tissue menaquinone-4.
The present study was undertaken to determine whether there is selective tissue distribution of vitamin K in the rat and whether this distribution mirrors the distribution of tissue vitamin K metabolism. The effects of feeding a vitamin K-free diet followed by resupplementation with phylloquinone (K1) were studied. K1 was recovered in all tissues. In K1-supplemented rats, most tissues accumulated K1 relative to plasma K1 with the highest levels in liver, heart, bone, and cartilaginous tissue (sternum). Low K1 levels were found in the brain. In the K1-free rats, relatively high K1 levels were still found in heart, pancreas, bone and sternum. Surprisingly, menaquinone-4 (MK-4) was detected in all tissues, with low levels in plasma and liver, and much higher levels in pancreas, salivary gland and sternum. MK-4 levels exceeded K1 levels in brain, pancreas, salivary gland and sternum. Supplementation with K1, orally and by intravenous infusion, caused MK-4 levels to rise. Some accumulation of K1 and MK-4 in the mitochondrial fraction was found for kidney, pancreas and salivary gland. In the liver the higher menaquinones (MK-6-9) accumulated in the mitochondria. The results indicate that: (1) there is selective tissue distribution of K1 and MK-4, (2) dietary K1 is a source of MK-4. The results also suggest there may be an as yet unrecognized physiological function for vitamin K (MK-4). |
As the integration density of semiconductor devices has increased, the semiconductor devices are becoming gradually finer. The fine semiconductor devices are formed by repeatedly depositing and patterning material layers. In general, the patterning process comprises a photolithographic process and an etching process, which are sequentially performed. The etching process uses a photoresist pattern, formed during the photolithographic process, as an etch mask. Here, to enhance the integration density of a semiconductor device, the photoresist pattern should be finely formed and overlay accuracy should be improved. In particular, a junction contact hole for electrically connecting source/drains of semiconductor devices has an influence on the size of a unit cell. Thus, to achieve the high integration of semiconductor devices, it is imperative to increase the overlay accuracy during the step of patterning the junction contact hole.
In general, forming the junction contact hole comprises forming a device isolation layer for defining an active region on a semiconductor substrate, and forming a gate pattern on the active region to cross over the device isolation layer. Next, an interlayer dielectric (ILD) is formed to cover the entire surface of the semiconductor substrate including the gate pattern. The ILD is patterned to form a junction contact hole exposing the active region on a side of the gate pattern. As described above, the patterning process for forming the junction contact hole comprises forming a photoresist pattern and using the photoresist pattern as an etching mask. Here, the photoresist pattern should be aligned to the active region and the gate pattern with high overlay accuracy. If the junction contact hole deviates from a predetermined position while the junction contact hole is formed, the gate pattern or the device isolation layer may suffer from etching damages.
The etching damages can be prevented using techniques of sufficiently spacing the junction contact hole from the gate pattern or the device isolation layer. However, as the techniques lead the unit cell to occupy even an unnecessary area, they are not preferable in respect of the high integration of semiconductors. That is, to obtain the high integration necessary for the miniaturization of material patterns, the photolithographic process should have improved overlay accuracy as much as possible. However, although misalignment caused during the photolithographic process can be minimized, it cannot be completely solved with the conventional methods. |
As the trial of senior Swissair officials continues, following the company's collapse six years ago, Imogen Foulkes examines the Swiss people's past love affair with the airline.
All the Swiss values of punctuality, efficiency, high quality were supposed to be embodied in the airline
Former Swissair manager
My neighbour Monique has some rather curious furniture. Instead of coffee tables, she has metal trolleys: the kind of thing flight attendants wheel up and down the aisles, dispensing drinks and duty frees.
And that is exactly what they are. Still with the Swiss flag and the name Swissair on the side, these are Monique's souvenirs of a job she loved.
But her career ended on 2 October 2001.
Waking up in their lay-over hotel in Beijing, she and her fellow crew members were presented with a fax from Swissair headquarters, which told them to leave their hotel immediately, say nothing to anyone, wear their uniforms, and return to Zurich. They were also told to pay for their own tickets.
And that is how it ended: the airline with the apparently unassailable reputation, the airline dubbed affectionately at home "the flying bank" was grounded, with hundreds of millions of pounds of debt. Its fleet was impounded at airports all over the world, its crews had to beg or buy seats on rival airlines just to get home.
"I couldn't believe it when we got to Zurich," one pilot told me.
"It was completely silent, no noise from the traffic control tower, no planes in the air. There were just dozens of Swissair planes on the tarmac. It was like taxi-ing through a graveyard of Swiss flags."
'Ambassadors for Switzerland'
The metaphor is telling. Something did die in Switzerland that day: not just an airline but an image the Swiss had of themselves and, more importantly, of their business leaders.
"One thing you have to remember about Swissair," a former personnel manager with the airline told me, "the Swiss were incredibly proud of it. They saw it as Switzerland's international calling card.
Swissair wasn't perfect, it was rotten through and through. That made us think about ourselves and our country and that's good for us
Swiss journalist
"All those Swiss values - punctuality, efficiency, high quality - were supposed to be embodied in that airline."
"You know, the salaries at Swissair were never that good," remembers another former employee, "but if you worked there, you were something special, like an ambassador for Switzerland."
And most special of all were those 19 people who are now in the dock in Zurich. They were the royal family of the powerful Swiss business community.
In Switzerland, being on the board of Nestle or Novartis looks pretty good on your CV, but being on the board of Swissair meant you had really made it.
But these are the people, or so the prosecution claims, who turned Swissair's cash balance - estimated at around £2bn ($3.8bn) at the start of the 1990s - into multi-million pound debts in just 10 years.
Feature film
The interest in the trial has been huge. People want answers from those they think were responsible for the Swissair catastrophe.
Everyone here knows now how appalling the final days of the airline were. Last year, a feature film dramatising the end of Swissair broke box office records. When I went, it had already been playing for seven weeks, but the cinema was full.
There is a scene in which pilots are given bundles of cash to pay for fuel, because no foreign airport trusted Swissair's credit.
This really took place and, that day in the cinema, I could sense the audience squirming in an agony of shame.
To illustrate the actual grounding, the film used real news footage of the chaos around the world as thousands of passengers were stranded.
In the cinema, some people actually wept.
Swissair's 19 former board members are charged with mismanagement, fraud and falsifying documents. But the real crime in many Swiss eyes is betraying Switzerland and that, of course, is not on the charge sheet.
And far from providing answers, nearly all of the accused have chosen to exercise their right to silence, simply pleading not guilty and then sweeping away again in their chauffeur-driven limousines.
Final humiliation
The Swiss fear the airline collapse has damaged their reputation
The Swiss financial community's reputation for good business sense was already seriously damaged by the Swissair disaster. Now some of its members have made things worse by displaying arrogance and an apparent unwillingness to accept responsibility.
The verdict is not due for a while yet. The presiding judges have a charge sheet that is over 100 pages long to consider, but already trial observers are saying that no-one is likely to go to prison over Swissair.
And for those still grieving over the death of the airline, there is not even the consolation of a replacement.
Swiss International Airlines, launched with such high hopes, never made a profit and was sold two years ago to Lufthansa. It was the final humiliation for a country whose relationship with neighbouring Germany has always been somewhat prickly.
But, for some Swiss, the whole sorry story does have one bright spot.
"You know, we thought Swissair was perfect," says a journalist friend. "And we thought Switzerland was perfect; actually we thought we were perfect."
"It turns out that Swissair wasn't perfect at all, it was rotten through and through. That made us think, about ourselves and our country, and that's good for us."
From Our Own Correspondent was broadcast on Thursday, 8 March, 2007 at 1100 GMT on BBC Radio 4. Please check the programme schedules for World Service transmission times. |
Q:
Append data to text area
I have a few checkboxes that when clicked output to a textarea. This bit is working, however after each result gets listed there is a comma I don't know how to remove. Also I'd like to preload the textarea with some text and have the results listed below it without overwriting my preloaded text. So far I have this
function updateTextArea() {
var allVals = [];
$('.taglist :checked').each(function(i) {
allVals.push((i != 0 ? "\r\n" : "") + $(this).val());
});
$('#form1').val(allVals).attr('rows', allVals.length);
}
$(function() {
$('.taglist input').click(updateTextArea);
updateTextArea();
});
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<textarea class="textfield" id="form1" name="form1">My text here</textarea>
<div class="taglist">
<label><input type="checkbox" value="Value 1">Value 1</label>
<label><input type="checkbox" value="Value 2">Value 2</label>
<label><input type="checkbox" value="Value 3">Value 3</label>
<label><input type="checkbox" value="Value 4">Value 4</label>
<label><input type="checkbox" value="Value 5">Value 5</label>
</div>
A:
If you set an array as the argument of val(), it is implicitly converted to a comma separated string. You can either join the array using allVals.join(), or, if you don't need the values in array form at all, you can concatenate them as a string directly.
I also implemented your request to be able to keep the initial value in the following snippet, by saving it with data(). (You'll probably want to skip the check for omitting the first line break --edit: I implemented a dynamic check to see whether the initial textarea value is empty)
function updateTextArea() {
var allVals = $('#form1').data('initialVal'),
lineCount = 1;
$('.taglist :checked').each(function(i) {
allVals+= (i != 0 || allVals.length > 0 ? "\r\n" : "") + $(this).val();
lineCount++;
});
$('#form1').val(allVals).attr('rows', lineCount);
}
$(function() {
$('.taglist input').click(updateTextArea);
$('#form1').data('initialVal', $('#form1').val());
updateTextArea();
});
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<textarea class="textfield" id="form1" name="form1">My text here</textarea>
<div class="taglist">
<label><input type="checkbox" value="Value 1">Value 1</label>
<label><input type="checkbox" value="Value 2">Value 2</label>
<label><input type="checkbox" value="Value 3">Value 3</label>
<label><input type="checkbox" value="Value 4">Value 4</label>
<label><input type="checkbox" value="Value 5">Value 5</label>
</div>
|
Following multiple delays, Marvelous announced that IA/VT Colorful, its PS Vita rhythm game based on the Vocaloid IA, will launch in Japan in early summer.
The game will be available in both standard and “Crystal Box” limited editions. The latter will cost 9,420 yen and include a pouch, PS Vita PCH-1000/2000 skin seal, decoration stickers, cleaning cloth, strap, charm strap, card case, and special box.
Thanks, Famitsu. |
Health Insurance Plans in Lecontes Mills, PA
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An Overview of Lecontes Mills, PA Health Insurance Costs
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---
abstract: 'The collinear factorization properties of two-loop scattering amplitudes in dimensionally-regulated $N=4$ super-Yang-Mills theory suggest that, in the planar (’t Hooft) limit, higher-loop contributions can be expressed entirely in terms of one-loop amplitudes. We demonstrate this relation explicitly for the two-loop four-point amplitude and, based on the collinear limits, conjecture an analogous relation for $n$-point amplitudes. The simplicity of the relation is consistent with intuition based on the AdS/CFT correspondence that the form of the large-$N_c$ $L$-loop amplitudes should be simple enough to allow a resummation to all orders.'
author:
- 'C. Anastasiou'
- 'Z. Bern'
- 'L. Dixon'
- 'D. A. Kosower'
date: 'September, 2003'
title: 'Planar Amplitudes in Maximally Supersymmetric Yang-Mills Theory'
---
hep-th/0309040 SLAC–PUB–10157 UCLA/03/TEP/23 Saclay-SPhT-T03/128
Four-dimensional quantum field theories are extremely intricate, and generically have complicated perturbative expansions in addition to non-perturbative contributions to physical quantities. Gauge theories are interesting in that numerous cancellations occur. This renders perturbative computations more tractable, and their results simpler, than one might otherwise expect. The Maldacena conjecture [@Maldacena] implies that a special gauge theory is simpler yet: the ’t Hooft (planar) limit of maximally supersymmetric four-dimensional gauge theory, or $N=4$ super-Yang-Mills theory (). The conjecture states that the strong coupling limit of this conformal field theory (CFT) is dual to weakly-coupled gravity in five-dimensional anti-de Sitter (AdS) space. The AdS/CFT correspondence is remarkable in taking a seemingly intractable strong coupling problem in gauge theory and relating it to a weakly-coupled gravity theory, which can be evaluated perturbatively. There have been multiple quantitative tests of this correspondence, using observables protected by supersymmetry (see [*e.g.*]{} ref. [@MaldacenaChecks]). Because of the different domains of validity of coupling expansions on the gauge and gravity sides, quantitative comparisons involving unprotected quantities rely at present on an additional expansion parameter, such as in the large-$J$ (“spin”) limit of BMN operators [@BMN; @MZBFST].
In this latter context, the AdS/CFT correspondence can be used to motivate a search for patterns in the perturbative expansion of planar . Intuitively, observables in the strongly coupled limit of this theory should be relatively simple because of the weakly-coupled gravity interpretation. Yet infinite orders in the perturbative expansion, as well as non-perturbative effects, contribute to the strong coupling limit. How might such a complicated expansion organize itself into a simple result? For quantities protected by supersymmetry, nonrenormalization theorems, or zeros in the perturbative series, are one possibility. Another possibility, for unprotected quantities, is some iterative perturbative structure allowing for a resummation. There have been some hints of an iterative structure developing in the correlation functions of gauge-invariant composite operators [@Schubert], but the exact structure, if it exists, is not yet clear.
Amplitudes for scattering of on-shell (massless) quanta — gluons, gluinos, [*etc.*]{} — are examples of particular interest because of their importance in QCD applications to collider physics. Although the Maldacena conjecture does not directly refer to on-shell amplitudes, we expect the basic intuition, that the perturbation expansion should have a simple structure, to hold nonetheless. Indeed, the simplicity of one- and two-loop amplitudes in has allowed their computation to predate corresponding QCD calculations [@GSB; @BRY].
Perturbative amplitudes in four-dimensional massless gauge theories are not finite, but contain infrared singularities due to soft and collinear virtual momenta. The divergences can be regulated using dimensional regularization with $D=4-2\e$. The resulting poles in $\e$ begin at order $1/\e^{2L}$ for $L$ loops, and are described by universal formulæ valid for , QCD, [*etc.*]{} [@CataniDiv]. To preserve supersymmetry we use the four-dimensional helicity scheme [@FDH] variant of dimensional regularization, which is a close relative of dimensional reduction [@Siegel]. The infrared divergences turn out to have precisely the iterative structure we shall find in the full $N=4$ amplitudes; thus they provide useful guidance toward exhibiting such a structure.
Infrared divergences generically prevent the definition of a textbook $S$-matrix in a non-trivial conformal field theory such as . For the dimensionally regulated $S$-matrix elements we discuss, the regulator explicitly breaks the conformal invariance. However, once the universal infrared singularities are subtracted, the four-dimensional limit of the remaining terms in the amplitudes may be taken, allowing an examination of possible connections to the Maldacena conjecture.
These finite remainders are relevant for computing “infrared-safe” observables in QCD, in which the divergent parts of virtual corrections cancel against real-radiative contributions (not discussed here) to produce finite perturbative results [@LeeNauenberg]. The finite remainders should also be related to perturbative scattering matrix elements for appropriate coherent states (see [*e.g.*]{} ref. [@CEIR]). The connection to the $S$-matrix for the true asymptotic states of the theory, such as the hadrons of QCD, is of course non-trivial.
In , there are other hints that higher-loop amplitudes are related in a simple way to the one-loop ones. In particular, the integrands of the amplitudes (prior to evaluation of loop-momentum integrals) have a simple iterative structure [@BRY]. Furthermore, the one-loop amplitudes have a relatively simple analytic structure, which has allowed their determination to an arbitrary number of external legs for configurations with maximal helicity violation [@Neq4] and up to six external legs for all helicities [@Fusing]. Unitarity then suggests that higher-loop amplitudes may also have a relatively simple analytic structure.
In this Letter we present direct evidence that this intuition is correct for the planar amplitudes of . A number of powerful techniques are available to compute them. These include the unitarity-based method [@Neq4; @Fusing; @BRY]; recently-developed multi-loop integration methods (see ref. [@MultiloopMethods] and references therein); and the imposition of constraints from required behavior as the momenta of two external legs become collinear [@CollinearLimitConstraints]. Here we shall express the explicit form for the four-point $N=4$ amplitude at two loops, in terms of the one-loop amplitude, using previous results [@BRY; @SmirnovDoubleBox]. In addition, we present the two-loop splitting amplitude in planar , computed elsewhere, which summarizes the behavior of amplitudes as the momenta of two legs become collinear. We use the latter to provide evidence that the relationship between the two-loop and one-loop amplitudes continues to hold for an arbitrary number of external legs.
The leading-$N_c$ contributions to the $L$-loop $SU(N_c)$ gauge-theory $n$-point amplitudes may be written as, $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal A}_n^{(L)} & = & g^{n-2}
\biggl[ { 2 e^{- \e \gamma} g^2 N_c \over (4\pi)^{2-\e} } \biggr]^{L}
\sum_{\rho}
\Tr( T^{a_{\rho(1)}} \ldots T^{a_{\rho(n)}} ) \nonumber \\
&& \null \hskip 1.3 cm \times
A_n^{(L)}(\rho(1), \rho(2), \ldots, \rho(n))\,,\end{aligned}$$ where the sum is over non-cyclic permutations of the external legs, and we have suppressed the momenta and helicities $k_i$ and $\lambda_i$, leaving only the index $i$ as a label. This decomposition holds for all particles in the gauge super-multiplet because they are all in the adjoint representation.
The color-ordered amplitudes $A_n^{(L)}(1, 2, \ldots, n)$ satisfy simple properties as the momenta of two color-adjacent legs $k_a,k_b$ become collinear, $$\begin{aligned}
&&A_n^\Lloop(\ldots,a^{\lambda_a},b^{\lambda_b},\ldots)
\, \longrightarrow \nonumber\\
&&\hphantom{A_n^\Lloop}\hskip -6mm
\sum_{l = 0}^L \sum_{\lambda=\pm}
\Split^\lloop_{-\lambda}(z;a^{\lambda_a}\kern-1pt,b^{\lambda_b})
A_{n-1}^{(L-l)}(\ldots,P^\lambda \kern-5pt,\ldots) \,. \hskip 1 cm
\label{LoopSplit}\end{aligned}$$ The index $l$ sums over the different loop orders of contributing splitting amplitudes $\Split_{\lambda}^\lloop$, while $\lambda$ sums over the helicities of the fused leg $k_P=-(k_a + k_b)$, where $z$ is the momentum fraction of $k_a$, $k_a = -z k_P$. The two-loop version of this formula is sketched in . The splitting amplitudes are universal and gauge invariant. Formula (\[LoopSplit\]) provides a strong constraint on amplitudes; for example, it has been used to fix the form of a number of one-loop $n$-point amplitudes [@CollinearLimitConstraints; @Neq4; @Fusing].
3.2 truein
At tree level, the splitting amplitudes $\Split_{\lambda}^{(0)}$ are the same in as in QCD. Furthermore, the $N=4$ supersymmetry Ward identities [@SWI] imply that the loop splitting amplitudes are all proportional to the tree-level ones, where the ratios depend only on $z$ and $\e$, not on the helicity configuration, nor (except for a trivial dimensional factor) on kinematic invariants [@Neq4]. We may therefore write the $L$-loop planar splitting amplitudes in terms of “renormalization” factors $r_S^{(L)}(\e;z,s =
(k_1+k_2)^2)$, defined by $$\begin{aligned}
\Split_{-\lambda_P}^\Lloop(1^{\lambda_1},2^{\lambda_2})
& =& \,
r_S^{(L)}
\Split_{-\lambda_P}^\tree(1^{\lambda_1},2^{\lambda_2}) \,.
\label{LLooprDef}\end{aligned}$$ Similarly defining the amplitude ratios $M_n^\Lloop(\e) \equiv A_n^\Lloop/A_n^\tree$, we obtain in collinear limits, $$\begin{aligned}
M_n^{\oneloop}(\e) &\rightarrow& M_{n-1}^{\oneloop}(\e) + r_S^{(1)}(\e) \,,
\label{OneLoopCollinear}\\
M_n^{\twoloop}(\e) & \rightarrow & M_{n-1}^{\twoloop}(\e)
+ r_S^{(1)}(\e) M_{n-1}^{\oneloop}(\e) + r_S^{(2)}(\e) \,. \hskip .5 cm
\label{TwoloopCollinear}\end{aligned}$$
The $N=4$ one-loop splitting amplitudes have been calculated to all orders in $\e$ [@OneLoopSplitting], with the result $$\begin{aligned}
r_S^{(1)}(\e;z,s) &=& { \cg \over \e^2}
\biggl( { \mu^2 \over -s } \biggr)^\e
\biggl[ - {\pi \e \over \sin(\pi \e) } \biggl( { 1-z \over z } \biggr)^\e
\nonumber \\
&& \hskip3mm \null
+ 2 \, \sum_{k=0}^\infty \e^{2k+1} \,
\Li_{2k+1}\biggl( {- z \over 1-z } \biggr) \biggr] \,,
\label{OneLooprSUSY}\end{aligned}$$ where $\Li_n$ is the $n$-th polylogarithm, $$\cg = {e^{\e \gamma} \over 2}
{\Gamma(1+\e) \Gamma^2(1-\e) \over \Gamma(1-2\e) } \,,
\label{rGammaDef}$$ and $\gamma$ is Euler’s constant.
We have calculated the two-loop, leading-$N_c$, $N=4$ splitting amplitudes through $\Ord(\e^0)$ using the method of ref. [@KosowerSplit] with the result, $$r^{(2)}_S(\e;z, s) = {1 \over 2} \bigl( r^{(1)}_S(\e;z, s) \bigr)^2
+ f(\e) r^{(1)}_S(2\e;z, s) \,,
\label{OneloopTwoloopSplit}$$ where $$f(\e) \equiv (\psi(1-\e)-\psi(1))/\e
= - (\zeta_2 + \zeta_3 \e + \zeta_4 \e^2 + \cdots)
\label{fDef}$$ with $\psi(x) = (d/dx) \ln\Gamma(x)$, $\psi(1) = -\gamma$.
The infrared singularities of leading-$N_c$ at one and two loops can be extracted from more general studies, notably ref. [@CataniDiv]. At one loop, the divergences are given by, $$C_n^\oneloop(\e) = - {e^{\e \gamma} \over 2 \Gamma(1-\e)} {1\over
\e^2} \sum_{i=1}^n \biggl( {\mu^2 \over -2 k_i \cdot k_{i+1}}
\biggr)^\e \,.
\label{OneloopIRDivergence}$$ The two-loop divergences, in the four-dimensional helicity scheme, are [@CataniDiv; @Twoloopgggg], $$\begin{aligned}
C_n^\twoloop(\e) &= & {1\over 2} \Bigl(C_n^\oneloop(\e)\Bigr)^2 +
C_n^\oneloop(\e) F_n^\oneloop(\e) \nonumber \\
&& \hskip-2mm
- ( \zeta_2 + \e \zeta_3 )
{ e^{-\e \gamma} \Gamma(1-2\e) \over \Gamma(1-\e) }
C_n^\oneloop(2\e).
\label{TwoloopIRDivergence}\end{aligned}$$ The finite remainder is defined by subtraction, $$F_n^\Lloop(\e) = M_n^{\Lloop}(\e) - C_n^\Lloop(\e) \,.
\label{FiniteLloop}$$ Note that $C_n^\Lloop(\e)$ contains some finite terms as well.
We now present evidence that through $\Ord(\e^0)$ the two-loop planar amplitudes are related to one-loop ones via, $$M_n^{\twoloop}(\e) = {1 \over 2} \Bigl(M_n^{\oneloop}(\e) \Bigr)^2
+ f(\e) \, M_n^{\oneloop}(2\e) - {5\over 4} \zeta_4 \,.
\label{TwoloopOneloop}$$ Note the similarity of our ansatz to the two-loop splitting amplitude (\[OneloopTwoloopSplit\]), as well as to the infrared subtraction (\[TwoloopIRDivergence\]).
1.8 truein
-.2 cm
The one-loop four-point amplitude in was first calculated by taking the low energy limit of a superstring [@GSB]. The result is given in terms of a one-loop scalar box diagram, depicted in (a). (This integral is identical to the one appearing in scalar $\phi^3$ theory.) Expanding the result in $\e$ yields, $$\begin{aligned}
M_4^{\oneloop}(\e) \!\! &= & \!\!\cg \biggl\{
- {2\over \e^2} \biggl({\mu^2 \over -s} \biggr)^{\e}
- {2\over \e^2} \biggl({\mu^2 \over -t} \biggr)^{\e}\nonumber \\
&& \null
+ \biggl({\mu^2 \over u} \biggr)^{\e}
\biggl[
{1\over2} \Bigl( (X-Y)^2+ \pi^2 \Bigr)
\nonumber\\ && \null
+ 2 \e \biggl( \li3(x) - X \li2(x)
- {X^3 \over 3}
- {\pi^2\over2} X \biggr)
\nonumber\\ && \null
- 2 \e^2 \biggl( \li4(x) + Y \li3(x)
- {X^2 \over2} \li2(x)
- {X^4\over8}
\nonumber\\ && \null
- {X^3 Y \over6}
+ {X^2 Y^2 \over4}
- {\pi^2\over4} X^2 - {\pi^2\over3} X Y
- 2 \zeta_4 \biggr)
\nonumber\\ && \null
\ +\ \hbox{$(s \lr t)$}\ \biggr]\ +\ \Ord(\e^3) \biggr\} \, , \end{aligned}$$ where $s=(k_1+k_2)^2$, $t=(k_1+k_4)^2$, $u=-s-t$, $x = -s/u$, $y=-t/u$, $X = \ln x$, and $Y = \ln y$. For the four-point case, the $\e \rightarrow 0$ limit of the finite remainder (\[FiniteLloop\]) is $$F_4^\oneloop(0) =
{1\over 2}
\ln^2 \biggl( {-s\over -t} \biggr) + {\pi^2 \over 2} \,.
\label{OneLoopFinite}$$
In ref. [@BRY] the two-loop $N=4$ amplitude was presented in terms of a double-box scalar integral depicted in (b), plus its image under the permutation $s \lr t$. Ref. [@SmirnovDoubleBox] provides the explicit value of this integral, through $\Ord(\e^0)$, in terms of polylogarithms. Inserting this value, we obtain precisely the result (\[TwoloopOneloop\]) with $n=4$. The equality requires the use of polylogarithmic identities, and involves a non-trivial cancellation of terms between the two contributing integrals. Terms through $\Ord(\e^2)$ in $M_4^{\oneloop}(s,t)$ contribute at $\Ord(\e^0)$ in $M_4^{\twoloop}(s,t)$, since they can multiply the $1/\e^2$ terms.
Subtracting the two-loop infrared divergence given in from our calculated expression yields $$F_4^\twoloop(0) =
{1\over 2} \Bigl[ F_4^\oneloop(0) \Bigr]^2 - \zeta_2 \, F_4^\oneloop(0)
- {21\over8} \zeta_4 \,,
\label{TwoloopOneloopFinite}$$ expressed in terms of the one-loop finite remainder (\[OneLoopFinite\]).
For $n\ge 5$ legs, we examine the properties as external momenta become collinear, using eq. (\[LoopSplit\]). Applying the one-loop collinear behavior (\[OneLoopCollinear\]) to the ansatz (\[TwoloopOneloop\]), we have $$\begin{aligned}
M_n^\twoloop(\e) &\rightarrow&
{1\over 2} \Bigl(M_{n-1}^\oneloop(\e) + r_S^{(1)}(\e)\Bigr)^2
\nonumber\\
&&\hphantom{ {1\over2} \hskip-2mm}
+ f(\e) \bigl[M_{n-1}^\oneloop(2\e) + r_S^{(1)}(2\e) \bigr]
- {5 \over 4} \, \zeta_4\,, \hskip 1 cm \end{aligned}$$ which is consistent with the required two-loop collinear properties (\[TwoloopCollinear\]), using . Although severely constrained, amplitudes are not uniquely defined by their collinear limits [@Neq4]. Thus remains unproven for $n\geq5$. The direct computation of the two-loop five-point function seems feasible, and would provide an important test of the ansatz.
We investigated two potential extensions of the relation (\[TwoloopOneloop\]), each with negative results:
1\) We examined the non-planar extension by computing the subleading-color two-loop finite remainders, analogous to $F_4^{(2)}(0)$. These terms contain polylogarithms, and hence cannot be written in terms of one-loop finite remainders, unlike the planar . Thus the non-planar terms do not appear to have a structure analogous to , in line with heuristic expectations from the Maldacena conjecture.
2\) For the four-point amplitude, we find that is [*not*]{} satisfied at $\Ord(\e)$, due to polylogarithmic obstructions. Hence the relation holds only as $D \rightarrow 4$, [*i.e.*]{} where the theory becomes conformal.
The possibility of resumming perturbative expansions in may also have relevance for QCD. QCD may be viewed as containing a “conformal limit” ([*e.g.*]{} ) plus conformal-breaking terms. This perspective has had practical impact on topics ranging from the Crewther relation to exclusive processes [@ConformalLimitQCD]. We remark that $N=4$ amplitudes can be obtained directly from QCD amplitudes by adjusting the number and color of states circulating in the loop: starting from the two-loop QCD amplitudes of ref. [@Twoloopgggg] and substituting for the ‘spin index dimension’ $D_s
= 4 - 2\e \delta_R \rightarrow 10$ and for the color Casimirs $C_F \rightarrow
C_A, T_R N_f \rightarrow 2 C_A$, one obtains the two-loop amplitudes. (These modifications effectively give $D=10$, $N=1$ super-Yang-Mills theory, truncated to $D=4$, which is $N=4$ super-Yang-Mills theory. See eq. (6.5) of ref. [@Twoloopgggg] for an analogous conversion to $D=4$, $N=1$ super-Yang-Mills amplitudes.)
A number of open questions deserve further study. At two loops, the $N=4$ planar ansatz should be checked for at least the five-point case. At higher loop order, the intuition described in the introduction suggests a continuation of the iterative structure found at two loops, possibly enabling a resummation of perturbative contributions. Thus we expect that higher-loop planar $N=4$ amplitudes will be “polynomial” functions of the one-loop amplitudes. Indeed, the known form of three-loop infrared divergences [@CataniDiv] provides some confirmation of this. Recent advances should make possible explicit evaluation of the leading-color three-loop four-point amplitude, using known expressions for the integrand [@BRY]. (One of the two three-loop integrals needed has already been computed through $\Ord(\e^0)$ in terms of generalized polylogarithms [@SmirnovTripleBox].) One would also like to identify a symmetry (presumably related to super-conformal invariance) and associated Ward identity responsible for restricting amplitudes to be iterations of the one-loop amplitude; recall that the relation between the two-loop and one-loop amplitudes holds only near $D=4$ where the theory is conformal. We are optimistic that an understanding of the amplitudes of $N=4$ super-Yang-Mills theory will lead to new insight into consequences of the AdS/CFT correspondence.
We thank E. D’Hoker, P. Kraus, and E.T. Tomboulis for helpful discussions. This research was supported by the US Department of Energy under contracts DE-FG03-91ER40662 and DE-AC03-76SF00515 and by the [*Direction des Sciences de la Matière*]{} of the [*Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique*]{} of France.
-.4 cm
[99]{}
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|
SITE REDESIGN IN PROGRESS: NEW STORIES CAN BE FOUND AT etruesports.net
Following Jerry Jones' comment that it was "absurd" to link football with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (C.T.E.) disease The Flat Earth Society has withdrawn an invitation to Cowboys owner to address their annual convention. "We can't afford to be embarrassed," said a Flat Earth spokesman. |
E3 2016 is still months away, but Take-Two Interactive has now teased that the company--which owns 2K Games and Rockstar Games--will have a major presence at the event.
"We will be there in a big way," CEO Strauss Zelnick told MCV (via VideoGamer).
Take-Two's lineup of announced upcoming titles includes just three: Battleborn, Mafia III, and Civilization Revolution 2 Plus. All of these games are scheduled to launch this year--Battleborn is coming in May (before E3), while Mafia III is penciled in for sometime after April. Revolution 2 Plus, meanwhile, comes to PlayStation Vita in the April-June quarter.
Beyond those games, a third entry in the mainline Borderlands series is in development, while a BioShock Collection is rumored. Additionally, 2K is working with BioShock designer Ken Levine on a new game that has not been announced. Take-Two's Rockstar label, responsible for the Grand Theft Auto and Red Dead Redemption franchises and others, does not typically have much of a presence at E3.
E3 2016 runs June 14-16, with briefings from Microsoft, Sony, Nintendo, Bethesda, Electronic Arts, and Ubisoft expected for the days before the show kicks off.
What are you hoping to see from Take-Two at E3 this year? Let us know in the comments below! |
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</project> |
Q:
How is setdefault() method working in this invert dictionary implementation?
Could someone explain how the assignment to the dictionary "inverse" is happening in the case below?
def invert_dict(d):
inverse = {}
for key in d:
new_key = d[key]
inverse.setdefault(new_key, []).append(key)
return inverse
letters_in_word = {"mine": 4, "yours": 5, "ours": 4, "sunday": 6, "friend": 6, "fun": 3, "happy": 5, "beautiful": 8}
print (invert_dict(letters_in_word))
The output, of course, is correct:
{8: ['beautiful'], 3: ['fun'], 4: ['mine', 'ours'], 5: ['happy', 'yours'], 6: ['sunday', 'friend']}
Python 3.x documentation says:
setdefault(key[, default]):
If key is in the dictionary, return its value. If not, insert key with a value of default and return default. default defaults to None.
Let me use an example to illustrate what I do and do not understand:
Assume new_key = "happy"
new_key has a value of 5
setdefault() is called and let us assume 5 is already in the dictionary from "yours" (as far as I am aware since dictionaries are unordered this wouldn't necessarily be the case, but let's assume) and will return ["yours"] (My guess is that something slightly different happens here so that in fact it isn't true that "inverse.setdefault(5, [])" has returned ["yours"] and that is it)
append() is called and ["yours"] --> ["yours", "happy"] - and this is what we are left with.
I know that by the end of 4 I am wrong because in fact our list has been assigned to the key "5". What I don't understand is the point at which that happened - it seems like we just returned and really should have to assign with:
inverse[new_key] = inverse.setdefault(new_key, []).append(key)
However, if I run the code like that I get the error - 'NoneType' object has no attribute 'append'.
Any explanation is appreciated - I guess I must be missing something about how the two methods are interacting.
P.S. This is my first question so apologies if the question nature/structure is not 'how things are done around here'. Let me know how to improve and I will do my best to do so!
A:
Print statements are a very useful and easy way to understand what's happening in a program:
def invert_dict(d):
inverse = {}
for key in d:
new_key = d[key]
print('key:', key)
print('new_key:', new_key)
print('inverse before:', inverse)
value = inverse.setdefault(new_key, [])
print('inverse in the middle:', inverse)
print('value before:', value)
value.append(key)
print('value after:', value)
print('inverse after:', inverse)
return inverse
letters_in_word = {"mine": 4, "yours": 5, "ours": 4, "sunday": 6, "friend": 6, "fun": 3, "happy": 5, "beautiful": 8}
print(invert_dict(letters_in_word))
Output:
key: beautiful
new_key: 8
inverse before: {}
inverse in the middle: {8: []}
value before: []
value after: ['beautiful']
inverse after: {8: ['beautiful']}
key: yours
new_key: 5
inverse before: {8: ['beautiful']}
inverse in the middle: {8: ['beautiful'], 5: []}
value before: []
value after: ['yours']
inverse after: {8: ['beautiful'], 5: ['yours']}
key: ours
new_key: 4
inverse before: {8: ['beautiful'], 5: ['yours']}
inverse in the middle: {8: ['beautiful'], 4: [], 5: ['yours']}
value before: []
value after: ['ours']
inverse after: {8: ['beautiful'], 4: ['ours'], 5: ['yours']}
key: sunday
new_key: 6
inverse before: {8: ['beautiful'], 4: ['ours'], 5: ['yours']}
inverse in the middle: {8: ['beautiful'], 4: ['ours'], 5: ['yours'], 6: []}
value before: []
value after: ['sunday']
inverse after: {8: ['beautiful'], 4: ['ours'], 5: ['yours'], 6: ['sunday']}
key: happy
new_key: 5
inverse before: {8: ['beautiful'], 4: ['ours'], 5: ['yours'], 6: ['sunday']}
inverse in the middle: {8: ['beautiful'], 4: ['ours'], 5: ['yours'], 6: ['sunday']}
value before: ['yours']
value after: ['yours', 'happy']
inverse after: {8: ['beautiful'], 4: ['ours'], 5: ['yours', 'happy'], 6: ['sunday']}
key: fun
new_key: 3
inverse before: {8: ['beautiful'], 4: ['ours'], 5: ['yours', 'happy'], 6: ['sunday']}
inverse in the middle: {8: ['beautiful'], 3: [], 4: ['ours'], 5: ['yours', 'happy'], 6: ['sunday']}
value before: []
value after: ['fun']
inverse after: {8: ['beautiful'], 3: ['fun'], 4: ['ours'], 5: ['yours', 'happy'], 6: ['sunday']}
key: mine
new_key: 4
inverse before: {8: ['beautiful'], 3: ['fun'], 4: ['ours'], 5: ['yours', 'happy'], 6: ['sunday']}
inverse in the middle: {8: ['beautiful'], 3: ['fun'], 4: ['ours'], 5: ['yours', 'happy'], 6: ['sunday']}
value before: ['ours']
value after: ['ours', 'mine']
inverse after: {8: ['beautiful'], 3: ['fun'], 4: ['ours', 'mine'], 5: ['yours', 'happy'], 6: ['sunday']}
key: friend
new_key: 6
inverse before: {8: ['beautiful'], 3: ['fun'], 4: ['ours', 'mine'], 5: ['yours', 'happy'], 6: ['sunday']}
inverse in the middle: {8: ['beautiful'], 3: ['fun'], 4: ['ours', 'mine'], 5: ['yours', 'happy'], 6: ['sunday']}
value before: ['sunday']
value after: ['sunday', 'friend']
inverse after: {8: ['beautiful'], 3: ['fun'], 4: ['ours', 'mine'], 5: ['yours', 'happy'], 6: ['sunday', 'friend']}
{8: ['beautiful'], 3: ['fun'], 4: ['ours', 'mine'], 5: ['yours', 'happy'], 6: ['sunday', 'friend']}
Also very useful is a good debugger such as the one in PyCharm. Try that out.
|
Q:
passing sliced view of numpy array to cython - where is the copy happening?
In the following code I am slicing an array X, thereby creating a view on X, named X_cut. Then I use a cython memory view on the slice and pass it as 1d array to a c function that accesses the memory linearly.
Can I be sure that the pointer passed to the C code is actually referring to a 6x6 linearised matrix?
If so where is the copy operation happening? Is it in X_cut.ravel()?
%%cython
import numpy as np
cdef extern from "/some/path/to/get_5_5.c":
long get5_5(long* arr, int M, int N)
M = 6
N = 8
X = np.arange(M*N).reshape(M, N)
N_cut = 6
X_cut = X[:, :N_cut]
cdef long[::1] arr = X_cut.ravel()
print(get5_5(&arr[0], M, N_cut))
/some/path/to/get_5_5.c
long get5_5(long* arr, int M, int N) {
return arr[5*N + 5];
}
A:
Cython's typed memory views use Buffer-Protocol to get access to the data, that means they have nothing to do with copying of the data.
Theoretically, an exporter could decide to copy the data when exposing it via Buffer-Protocol. However, usually Buffer-Protocol is used in order to avoid memory-copying, so copying is not the normal case. That means, you cannot be 100% sure, that no copying is happening when binding a typed memory view to an object exporting the buffer - you have to know the implementation of the exporter, but the cases of copying are really rare. And this is not what happening here.
The copying must happen, when X_cut.ravel() is called - the resulting memory must be contiguous, but the underlying memory in X_cut isn't (see X_cut.flags), because it still shares memory with X and cutting off the last elements per row results in "holes" in memory.
Here are the memory layouts (for simplicity M=2, N=3, N_cut=2):
X: X00,X01,X02,X10,X11,X12
X_cut: X00,X01,...,X10,X11 # ... - hole in memory, no copying
X_cut.ravel(): X00,X01,X10,X11 # memory contiguous, copying needed
Where does it leave you? You either have to accept the copying of the memory or extend the interface of get5_5, so you can also pass non-contiguous memory layouts - not unsimilar to the Buffer-Protocol.
For example to pass X_cut without copying you will need to specify not (only) the shape, but also the strides along the dimensions, i.e.
#only stride along the the first dimension is needed:
cdef long get5_5(long* arr, int stride_row, int stride_col):
return arr[stride_row*5+5]
The question is, how to get the pointer long* arr from X_cut without copying.
One possibility is to use 2D-memory view I would choose this option):
cdef long[:,::1] arr = X_cut
get5_5(&arr[0][0], M, N) # and not M, N_cut
another would be to use np.reshape(-1), which creates a new 1-dimensional-view and doesn't always copy the data (unlike np.ravel()):
cdef long[::1] arr = X.reshape(-1) # X_cut.reshape(-1) would copy the data!
get5_5(&arr[0], M, N) # and not M, N_cut
|
/4))) assuming y is positive.
y**(271/36)
Simplify (x**(-5)/x)/((x*x**(-8))/x)*(x*x**(-1/13))**(-1) assuming x is positive.
x**(14/13)
Simplify z**13*z**(2/9)*(z*z**(-3/2))**(2/5) assuming z is positive.
z**(586/45)
Simplify w*w**(-15/7)*w*w*w/(w**(-16)*w)*w*(w**(-1/15)*w)**(3/8) assuming w is positive.
w**(2549/140)
Simplify (h**3/(h/h**(1/12)))/(h**5)**(4/19) assuming h is positive.
h**(235/228)
Simplify (h/h**(2/47)*h**(-2/5)/h*h)/(h**(-1/2)/h**(-20)) assuming h is positive.
h**(-8903/470)
Simplify ((x/(x/(x/(x/x**5))))/(x/(x**1*x*x)*x)*(x**(1/7))**8)**44 assuming x is positive.
x**(2200/7)
Simplify p**(-1/3)/(p/(p*p**2))*(p**(-9)*p)**39 assuming p is positive.
p**(-931/3)
Simplify m*m*m**(2/25)*m/m**(-32)*(m/m**(4/9))**(-10/3) assuming m is positive.
m**(22429/675)
Simplify g/(g/g**(2/27)*g)*g*g*g**(-2)*g*(g*(g**12/g)/g)**(-1/13) assuming g is positive.
g**(-271/351)
Simplify (w*(w*w*w**(-16/3))/w)**24/(w*w/(w*w**11*w))**(-50) assuming w is positive.
w**(-630)
Simplify (m**(-2/23))**(-4/27)*(m/(m/(m*m**(3/4))))/m**(-15) assuming m is positive.
m**(41639/2484)
Simplify (((g*g*g**(-6/11))/g)/(g*g**(3/10)))/((g/g**(-23))/((((((g**(-2/17)*g*g)/g)/g)/g)/g)/g)) assuming g is positive.
g**(-52291/1870)
Simplify ((q**(-1/3))**(-31)*(q**(-1)/q*q)/(q/(q*(q**(1/3)*q*q)/q)))**(-15) assuming q is positive.
q**(-160)
Simplify ((i/i**(-27)*i)/((i/(i*i*(i/(((i/i**(2/11))/i)/i))/i*i))/i))/((i/(i**(8/9)*i))/i**(25/4)) assuming i is positive.
i**(15967/396)
Simplify (h**13)**18*(h**(-8))**22 assuming h is positive.
h**58
Simplify ((t*t**(-13))/(t*t**(1/43)))/((t*t**(1/3))/t**(-2/9)) assuming t is positive.
t**(-5642/387)
Simplify ((o**(-1))**29/(o**(-3/5))**(-47))**(1/8) assuming o is positive.
o**(-143/20)
Simplify (b/(b**25/b))/b*b*(b*b/(b/(b**23*b)))/b*(b**(-1/4))**(-3/4) assuming b is positive.
b**(19/16)
Simplify v**(-3/8)/(v**(-13)/v)*v**(-6/11)*v*v**(-4) assuming v is positive.
v**(887/88)
Simplify (t/(t*t**(-2/47)))**(-4/33)*(t*t*t**(-26/7))/(t/(t/t**(-12/13))) assuming t is positive.
t**(-112400/141141)
Simplify (n/((n/(n**(-25)*n)*n)/n)*n*n*n**29)/(n*(n**(4/7)*n*n*n*n)/n*n*n*n**(1/6)) assuming n is positive.
n**(11/42)
Simplify ((z/(z/((z**1/z*z)/z)))/z)**(1/5)*(z*z**(-1/10)/z*z)**(-15/2) assuming z is positive.
z**(-139/20)
Simplify (i/i**(1/13)*i)**43*(((i/i**(-2/29))/i)/i)**(2/7) assuming i is positive.
i**(217523/2639)
Simplify (s**(-18)/s**(1/5))**(3/2) assuming s is positive.
s**(-273/10)
Simplify ((l/l**9*l)/l)/(l**(-9)/l)*l/l**4*l**(4/9) assuming l is positive.
l**(-5/9)
Simplify (m**(-3/8)/m**8)/(m*m*m*m**(-15)*m/m**10) assuming m is positive.
m**(101/8)
Simplify x**18*x**(5/6)*(x*x*x*x*x*x**1*x)**(-3/7) assuming x is positive.
x**(95/6)
Simplify (s/(s**(-1/4)*s))/s*s*s/(s**(-4)*s*s*s)*(s**(-7)*s)/(s*s**(-12)) assuming s is positive.
s**(29/4)
Simplify (k**(-1))**32/((k*k**(-2/9))/(k/k**(-2/23))) assuming k is positive.
k**(-6560/207)
Simplify (t**(-4/9))**34*(t/t**(-10))/((t**(-4/5)/t*t)/t) assuming t is positive.
t**(-104/45)
Simplify ((v*((v/(v*v*(v**(-3/4)*v)/v))/v)/v)/v)/(v*v**1*v)*((v*v*v/(((v**(-32)/v)/v*v*v)/v*v))/v)/v*v*((v/v**(-18/5))/v)/v*v assuming v is positive.
v**(647/20)
Simplify (u**(-11)/u**(-2/5))/(u**(-14)/u**(-2/3)) assuming u is positive.
u**(41/15)
Simplify (t**(-5)/(t/t**(2/11)))/(t**16/t**(13/2)) assuming t is positive.
t**(-337/22)
Simplify ((j*j*j/j**(1/4)*j)**45*(j**(-2))**(-7))**19 assuming j is positive.
j**(13889/4)
Simplify (i**(-6/5)*i**9)/(i**(-1/4))**50 assuming i is positive.
i**(203/10)
Simplify (t**(1/4)/((t*t/((t*t/(t**(-1/37)/t)*t)/t)*t*t)/t))/(t**2*t*t/t**1) assuming t is positive.
t**(-403/148)
Simplify (z/((z/(z**17*z*z))/z))/z**(-3)*(z**4)**28 assuming z is positive.
z**135
Simplify q/(q/(q/((q**15/q)/q)))*q**(-13)*((q**(-4/7)/q*q)/q)**(-25/6) assuming q is positive.
q**(-775/42)
Simplify (f**20*f)/(f*f/f**(3/4)*f)*f/(f*f/(f**(-2/25)*f))*f/(f/(f**16/f))*f assuming f is positive.
f**(3467/100)
Simplify (v**(-5))**1*v**(-9)*v/v**10*v assuming v is positive.
v**(-22)
Simplify (((n/n**6)/n**3)/(n**3*(((n*n**(-2/3))/n)/n)/n))**0 assuming n is positive.
1
Simplify ((((h*h/(h/((h/(h/((h/h**(3/10)*h)/h)))/h)))/h*h*h)/h)/h)/(h**16/h)*h**(-1)*h*h**(-22) assuming h is positive.
h**(-373/10)
Simplify (y**(6/11)/y**(1/13)*(y**(1/3)*y*y)**32)**48 assuming y is positive.
y**(515728/143)
Simplify (m**(-2/3)*m**(-7)*m*m*m**(-1/3)/(m/(m**(2/5)/m)))**37 assuming m is positive.
m**(-1406/5)
Simplify (r/(r/(r/r**(-6))))/(r/r**(-6)*r)*r/(r/(r/r**(6/7)))*r**(-3/2) assuming r is positive.
r**(-33/14)
Simplify ((n/n**(7/4)*n/((n*(n*((n*n*n**(2/37)/n)/n)/n)/n*n*n)/n*n))**(-25))**(1/2) assuming n is positive.
n**(6675/296)
Simplify (h*h/(h*h/((h*h**(-3/5)*h)/h))*h*h/(h/(h**(4/9)/h)))/(((h*h**(2/9))/h)/h*h**14) assuming h is positive.
h**(-557/45)
Simplify (l**(3/4)/l)/l*l/l**(-27)*(l/(l/l**3))/l**(5/6) assuming l is positive.
l**(347/12)
Simplify ((r*r**(1/7))/((r/(r/((r/r**(-6/7))/r)))/r)*(r*r**(-5)*r)/r*r**4)**(4/5) assuming r is positive.
r**(36/35)
Simplify (q/((q/((q*q**(11/3))/q*q))/q))**30*(q*(q/(q/q**(6/5)))/q)**4 assuming q is positive.
q**(874/5)
Simplify (((q*q**(-8))/q*q**(-1/6))**25)**40 assuming q is positive.
q**(-24500/3)
Simplify u**(1/14)*u**(-19)*u**(-6)*u*u**(-11/3)*u assuming u is positive.
u**(-1117/42)
Simplify ((((k*((k*k**20)/k*k)/k*k*k)/k)/k*k)/(k/(k**(-5)*k)))/(k/(k/(k/k**(-2/17))))**(-2/7) assuming k is positive.
k**(2061/119)
Simplify (z**(-24)/z**(-1/8))**(-3/7) assuming z is positive.
z**(573/56)
Simplify (p/p**(-11)*p*p)**(-45)*((p/(p*(p/p**(1/4))/p))/p)**35 assuming p is positive.
p**(-2625/4)
Simplify i**(-1/44)*(i/i**6*i)/i*i*i**(-24)*i**(6/11) assuming i is positive.
i**(-1209/44)
Simplify (((w**(-1/3))**12)**(-1/30))**(2/11) assuming w is positive.
w**(4/165)
Simplify (b**(-25)/(b*(b/b**9)/b))/(b**(-1/4)/b)**(-2/7) assuming b is positive.
b**(-243/14)
Simplify (h**(-7))**(2/5)/((h/h**6*h)/((h*h*h**(-1/12)*h)/h)) assuming h is positive.
h**(187/60)
Simplify (a**(-3/2))**(1/3)/((a*a**(-8)/a)/((a/(a**(-3)/a))/a)) assuming a is positive.
a**(23/2)
Simplify (g/(g/g**(1/27)))/g**19*(((g**(1/5)/g)/g)/g)**(1/38) assuming g is positive.
g**(-48829/2565)
Simplify (g**6)**(1/27)/((g*g**15/g)/(g*g*g/(g*g**(-1/9))*g)) assuming g is positive.
g**(-35/3)
Simplify (a/a**(-5)*a**(-2)/a*a**(3/7)*a*a/a**(2/7)*a*a)**(-1/70) assuming a is positive.
a**(-5/49)
Simplify (((s/(s*s**(-6)))/s)/s)/(((s/(s/(s/s**(29/3))))/s)/s)*s/s**(-4/11)*s**(-17)/s assuming s is positive.
s**(-65/33)
Simplify ((k/(k*k/(((k/(k**0*k)*k)/k*k)/k*k))*k)**(-11)*(k*(((k**(2/3)/k)/k)/k*k)/k*k)**(-21/2))**(2/167) assuming k is positive.
k**(-15/167)
Simplify (i/i**(6/25))/(i*i*i**(-2/17)/i*i)*(i**(-6/13))**(-2/51) assuming i is positive.
i**(-6101/5525)
Simplify (u/u**(-2/41)*u*u*u*u**33*u*u*u)**(-2) assuming u is positive.
u**(-3284/41)
Simplify ((h**(-4)*h**(-4))**(-6/7))**(16/3) assuming h is positive.
h**(256/7)
Simplify (k**5*k*k**38)**(1/20) assuming k is positive.
k**(11/5)
Simplify ((s**(-25)*s*s)/s*s**18*s)/(s**(-8)*s**20) assuming s is positive.
s**(-17)
Simplify ((f/(f/f**(-1/5)*f))/f**(1/8)*(f/(f/f**0*f*f))**(-3/19))**(-48) assuming f is positive.
f**(4602/95)
Simplify ((y/(y*(y/(y*y**(-2/5)))/y*y)*y)/y)**(-22)*y/y**(-3)*y*y*((y**(-9)/y)/y)/y assuming y is positive.
y**(14/5)
Simplify ((l*l**17*l*l*l/l**(4/9))**(1/5))**18 assuming l is positive.
l**74
Simplify s**(1/8)/(s*s/s**(-2/7)*s)*s*s/(s*s**(1/3))*s*s**(3/11)*s*s*s assuming s is positive.
s**(3287/1848)
Simplify ((z*z**(3/11))/(z*z**(-1))*z**7*z/(z*z*z**(-11)*z*z*z*z*z))**(-7/5) assuming z is positive.
z**(-1022/55)
Simplify ((o/o**(-5/2))/(o/((o**(-1)/o)/o)))/(o**(1/15)/(o**(3/8)*o)) assuming o is positive.
o**(97/120)
Simplify (h*h**(-15)/h)/h**(-1/58)*h**(8/11)*h**(3/5) assuming h is positive.
h**(-43561/3190)
Simplify (w**(-13)*w/(w/w**3))/((w*w**(6/5))/w**(-2)) assuming w is positive.
w**(-71/5)
Simplify ((z/((z*z/(z*((z**(-4)/z*z)/z)/z))/z))/(z*z**2))/((z**10/z)/(z/(z/(z**7*z)))) assuming z is positive.
z**(-9)
Simplify (j/(j*j**(1/2))*j)/j*j*(j*j**(-33)*j*j)/j*(j/(j*(j/(j**(-7/2)*j)*j)/j)*j)/((j**(-10)*j*j)/j) assuming j is positive.
j**(-24)
Simplify ((m*m**11*m*m*m)/(m*(m/(m/(m/m**(3/13))))/m*m))/((m*m*(((m/m**1*m)/m)/m)/m*m)/(m**11*m)) assuming m is posi |
Needle stimulation of acupuncture loci Chu-Chih (LI-11) and Ho-Ku (LI-4) induces hypothermia effects and analgesia in normal adults.
The effects of acupuncture stimulation on the Chu-Chih (LI-11) and Ho-Ku (LI-4) loci on both thermoregulatory function and analgesic activity were assessed in normal adults. Stimulation of Chu-Chih and Ho-Ku each produced both hypothermia and analgesia. The hypothermia was brought about by decreased metabolic heat production and cutaneous vasodilatation (as estimated by an increase in cutaneous temperature). The analgesic effect was shown by an increase in the latency to palm lift in the hot plate test. Thus, the data indicate that stimulation of acupuncture loci Chu-Chih and Ho-Ku is an ideal treatment for both the fever and painful syndromes. |
SACRAMENTO (CBS13) — Sacramento Police are searching for help after a series of dead animals, including some that were decapitated, were found in a park.
Four animals—a lamb, tortoise, goat and chickens—have been found in Reichmuth Park over the last two months either in a box or in paper bags.
“How do we explain it? we’re not quite sure,” said Gina Knepp with the Front Street Animal Shelter.
Every other week for the last two months, one dead animal after another have been found scattered around the park.
“It could be religion; it could be ceremonial; I’m not familiar with that and frankly, I don’t care. It’s not legal,” she said.
The disturbing trend started Jan. 8 when a dead goat was found in a box. Then, headless chickens were found in a brown bag near the tennis courts, followed by a dead tortoise on Feb. 1. Another grisly discovery came on Tuesday with a decapitated lamb.
Park regulars say it can attract a questionable crowd at night, and worry these violent acts could escalate from animals to people.
“That’s pretty concerning. I mean, at least to us, because I don’t want to be around dead animals, and I don’t ever want to see a dead animal,” said Collin Konowoo.
Nearby residents are being asked to report anything suspicious.
“We hope that people watch this and somebody knows something and will come forward,” Knepp said. |
Social network positions and smoking experimentation among Chinese adolescents.
To explore the relationship between peer social network positions and smoking experimentation among Chinese adolescents. Self-administered questionnaires were administered to 1040 adolescents in grades 6, 8, and 10. Paired-friendship linkages were used to assign participants into 3 mutually exclusive social network positions. Overall isolates were more likely to have experimented with cigarettes than were group members or liaisons. However, among male 10th graders, more group members or liaisons had smoked than isolates. Smoking experimentation differs by social position, particularly among older adolescents. The association of social position with smoking experimentation could not be explained completely by traditional peer-related variables. |
Hida-Kokufu Station
is a railway station on the Takayama Main Line in the city of Takayama, Gifu Prefecture, Japan, operated by Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central).
Lines
Hida-Kokufu Station is served by the JR Central Takayama Main Line, and is located 147.6 kilometers from the official starting point of the line at .
Station layout
Hida-Kokufu Station has two opposed ground-level side platforms connected by a footbridge. The station is unattended.
Platforms
Adjacent stations
History
Hida-Kokufu Station opened on October 25, 1934. The station was absorbed into the JR Central network upon the privatization of Japanese National Railways (JNR) on April 1, 1987.
Surrounding area
Takayama Kokufu Junior High School
See also
List of Railway Stations in Japan
External links
Category:Railway stations in Gifu Prefecture
Category:Takayama Main Line
Category:Railway stations opened in 1934
Category:1934 establishments in Japan
Category:Stations of Central Japan Railway Company
Category:Takayama, Gifu |
The present invention relates generally to an electrophotographic printing machine, and more particularly, concerns a system for transforming scanner RGB data into a colorimetric system. The invention is applicable to the transformation of RGB data into colorimetric systems such as CIELAB or CIELUV.
The marking engine of an electronic reprographic printing system is frequently an electrophotographic printing machine. In an electrophotographic printing machine, a photoconductive member is charged to a substantially uniform potential to sensitize the surface thereof. The charged portion of the photoconductive member is thereafter selectively exposed. Exposure of the charged photoconductive member dissipates the charge thereon in the irradiated areas. This records an electrostatic latent image on the photoconductive member corresponding to the informational areas contained within the original document being reproduced. After the electrostatic latent image is recorded on the photoconductive member, the latent image is developed by bringing toner into contact therewith. This forms a toner image on the photoconductive member which is subsequently transferred to a copy sheet. The copy sheet is heated to permanently affix the toner image thereto in image configuration.
Multi-color electrophotographic printing is substantially identical to the foregoing process of black and white printing. However, rather than forming a single latent image on the photoconductive surface, successive latent images corresponding to different colors are recorded thereon. Each single color electrostatic latent image is developed with toner of a color complementary thereto. This process is repeated a plurality of cycles for differently colored images and their respective complementarily colored toner. Each single color toner image is transferred to the copy sheet in superimposed registration with the prior toner image. This creates a multi-layered toner image on the copy sheet. Thereafter, the multi-layered toner image is permanently affixed to the copy sheet creating a color copy. The developer material may be a liquid or a powder material.
In the process of black and white printing, the copy sheet is advanced from an input tray to a path internal the electrophotographic printing machine where a toner image is transferred thereto and then to an output catch tray 4 subsequent removal therefrom by the machine operator. In the process of multi-color printing, the copy sheet moves from an input tray through a recirculating path internal the printing machine where a plurality of toner images is transferred thereto and then to an output tray for subsequent removal. With regard to multicolor printing, a sheet gripper secured to a transport receives the copy sheet and transports it in a recirculating path enabling the plurality of different color images to be transferred thereto. The sheet gripper grips one edge of the copy sheet and moves the sheet in a recirculating path so that accurate multi-pass color registration is achieved. In this way magenta, cyan, yellow, and black toner images are transferred to the copy sheet in registration with one another.
Current 3-color scanners function by interposing a set of color filters in front of a broad spectrum photosensitive device. This filter set is usually chosen to be set sensitive to short medium and long wavelength regions of the spectrum (or B, G, R for short). The information produced by the scanner is usually further processed and eventually sent to a printer. In processing the scanned image for presentation to the printer, it is desirable to have the color information in a colorimetric system, such as CIELAB or CIELUV, rather than in terms of the scanner primary colors.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,745,467 to Sekizawa et al. discloses a color image processing apparatus which comprises a color line image sensor, a matrix circuit and a color conversion circuit. The sensor reads a document to output a plurality of fundamental color signals. The matrix converts the signals into a brightness signal and two color difference signals. The color conversion converts the brightness and color difference signals into ink amount control signals. Non-linear conversion circuits are provided to change low level input signals greater than high level inputs.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,409,614 to Eichler et al. discloses a method for reproducing originals in which originals are first scanned and converted into three primary signals having actual color values in a predetermined color coordinate system which are corrected according to visual sensitivity. Primary signals derived from this are then converted to another color coordinate system, have gradation changes or any other non-linear process.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,402,015 to Yamada discloses a picture signal pre-processing method for a picture reproducing machine in which an original picture is scanned photoelectrically to obtain a picture signal. First conversion characteristic data stored in a memory is read out and then changed by second conversion characteristic data depending on a desired reproducible density range of the original.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,727,425 to Mayne et al. discloses an image reproduction system in which digital signals are generated for each pixel of an image to be reproduced corresponding to color values. The values are applied to a set of look up tables to determine if the values fall within a certain range. The look up tables provide an output representing one of a plurality of processing operations for that pixel. The operations may be retouching, replacement tinting, or dropout. The tables define color ranges within which processing operations are required.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,919 to Schreiber discloses a color reproduction system for reproducing an original comprising a scanner for producing a train of tristimulus appearance signals, aesthetic correction circuitry for introducing alterations into the signals to provide modified appearance signals, and a colorant selection mechanism for selecting corresponding reproduction values representing values of colorants to produce a color match on a medium of the appearance signals. A model is used which corrects for unwanted absorptions of inks followed by processing in a matrix. After processing, a look up table is used to remove any error.
While the related art recognizes the need for processing the scanned color images, the art does not provide an efficient an effective system for converting RGB scanner data into a colorimetric system via transformation of the raw RGB signals into END-like RGB signals. |
Rainbow kick
The rainbow kick (also called the reverse flick-over, the rainbow flick, the Carretilha or the Lambreta in Brazil, the Lambretta in Italy, the Ardiles flick in the UK, the arco iris in Spain, the Okocha-Trick in Germany and the coup du sombrero in France) is a trick used in association football, in which a player steps to the side of the ball and flicks it up round from the side of them. The trajectory of the ball gives this trick its name. The trick is usually performed while running forward with the ball, and is done by rolling the ball up the back of one leg with the other foot, before flicking the standing foot upwards to propel the ball forward and over the head.
History
This trick is an impressive show of skill, sometimes seen in street soccer or futsal. It is rarely used in modern professional football, as it has a relatively low success rate, but players with high confidence and skill may attempt it from time to time as a feint, to beat opposing players when dribbling. This move is said to be invented by Tim Greene of Minnesota. It has also been used by some top players such as Jay-Jay Okocha or Neymar. In fact, it was first executed in 1968 by Brazilian football player Alexandre de Carvalho "Kaneco". The rainbow kick was performed at the 2002 FIFA World Cup when Turkey's İlhan Mansız, in what was described as a "sombrero" move of "outrageous skill", flicked the ball over both his head and the head of Brazil's world-class side-back Roberto Carlos, forcing Carlos into a foul. Sometimes the use of tricks like the rainbow kick are seen as showboating and disrespectful to the opposing team. In March 2008, the Sheffield Wednesday player Franck Songo'o, on his debut loan appearance for the Championship side against Queens Park Rangers, attempted the trick in the closing minutes of the game, which Wednesday were leading, with one match report commenting that the referee "quickly called a halt to proceedings as Rangers players piled in threatening to lynch the Frenchman".
The rainbow kick appears in a famous sequence in the 1981 film Escape to Victory, when the trick is used by the character played by Ossie Ardiles, which led to the name of "Ardiles flick". One review described it thus: "the all time special effects highlight being when Ossie Ardiles flicks the ball over his head".
The trick has also been featured in football computer games, including FIFA 08, where it is described as "One of the most famous soccer moves". Brazilian Superstar Neymar is a notable exponent of the rainbow flick in the modern game.
See also
Dummy / feint
References
Bibliography
Richard Witzig, The Global Art of Soccer (2006), CusiBoy Publishing,
External links
Wikihow.com
Category:Association football tactics and skills
Category:Association football terminology |
package protocol
import "time"
type TopicErrorCode struct {
Topic string
ErrorCode int16
ErrorMessage *string
}
type CreateTopicsResponse struct {
APIVersion int16
ThrottleTime time.Duration
TopicErrorCodes []*TopicErrorCode
}
func (c *CreateTopicsResponse) Encode(e PacketEncoder) (err error) {
if c.APIVersion >= 2 {
e.PutInt32(int32(c.ThrottleTime / time.Millisecond))
}
if err = e.PutArrayLength(len(c.TopicErrorCodes)); err != nil {
return err
}
for _, t := range c.TopicErrorCodes {
if err = e.PutString(t.Topic); err != nil {
return err
}
e.PutInt16(t.ErrorCode)
if c.APIVersion >= 1 {
if err = e.PutNullableString(t.ErrorMessage); err != nil {
return err
}
}
}
return nil
}
func (c *CreateTopicsResponse) Decode(d PacketDecoder, version int16) error {
c.APIVersion = version
if version >= 2 {
throttleTime, err := d.Int32()
if err != nil {
return err
}
c.ThrottleTime = time.Duration(throttleTime) * time.Millisecond
}
l, err := d.ArrayLength()
if err != nil {
return err
}
c.TopicErrorCodes = make([]*TopicErrorCode, l)
for i := range c.TopicErrorCodes {
topic, err := d.String()
if err != nil {
return err
}
errorCode, err := d.Int16()
if err != nil {
return err
}
var errorMessage *string
if version >= 1 {
errorMessage, err = d.NullableString()
if err != nil {
return err
}
}
c.TopicErrorCodes[i] = &TopicErrorCode{
Topic: topic,
ErrorCode: errorCode,
ErrorMessage: errorMessage,
}
}
return nil
}
func (r *CreateTopicsResponse) Version() int16 {
return r.APIVersion
}
|
Portal site metastasis after thoracoscopic resection of a cranial mediastinal mass in a dog.
An 11-year-old castrated male Vizsla was evaluated for excision of a cranial mediastinal mass. The dog had a 1-month history of a cough that had recently increased in frequency. On physical examination, the dog had a grade 2/6 left systolic heart murmur and multiple subcutaneous masses. A soft tissue mass was observed in the cranioventral aspect of the thorax on radiographs. Results of a CT scan revealed a well-defined, 2.8 × 3.2 × 3.9-cm soft tissue mass in the cranial mediastinum. The dog underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic removal of the mediastinal mass and recovered routinely. Histologic examination of excised tissues revealed malignant thymoma. Approximately 6.5 months after surgery, the dog was evaluated because of polyuria, polydipsia, decreased appetite, and vomiting. On physical examination, masses were found in both axillary regions. Results of serum biochemical analysis indicated hypercalcemia. Thoracic ultrasonography revealed pulmonary metastases and a large mass in the right caudoventral region of the thorax. The dog received supportive care and medical treatment for hypercalcemia, but clinical signs recurred. Euthanasia was elected; necropsy and histologic examination revealed thymic carcinoma. Descriptions of the development of portal site metastasis in canine patients are rare. In this patient, portal site metastasis developed rapidly after thoracoscopic resection of a malignant thymic mass and was associated with hypercalcemia. As use of thoracoscopic procedures increases in veterinary medicine, it will be important to monitor the development of major complications such as those in the patient of this report. |
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List of English football transfers summer 2006
This is a list of English football transfers for the 2006–07 season. Only moves from the Premiership and Championship, as well as any other prominent moves from the lower leagues are listed.
The summer transfer window ran from the end of the 2005–06 season, with a few transfers taking place prior to the season's complete end, the first prominent move went through on 2 May. The window closed on 31 August. The mid-season transfer window opened on 1 January 2007, and ran for the entire month, until 31 January. Players without a club may join one, either during or in between transfer windows. Clubs below Premiership level may also sign players on loan at any time. If need be, clubs may sign a goalkeeper on an emergency loan, if all others are unavailable.
Chelsea broke the record for the highest transfer fee paid by an English club, as well as their own transfer record when they paid £30 million for Andriy Shevchenko, slightly eclipsing the £29.1 million Manchester United paid for Rio Ferdinand in 2002. It also became the sixth highest costing transfer of all time. Dietmar Hamann's transfer to Bolton Wanderers became the shortest in English footballing history, with him only being at the club for one day, before having a "change of heart" and joining Manchester City the following day. In total, Premiership clubs spent the highest amount on transfers in the summer since the transfer window system was introduced.
Summer transfer window
Clubs are English unless noted
See also
List of English football transfers Summer 2007
Notes and references
External links
Transfers – May 2006 BBC Sport. Retrieved on 3 January 2007
Transfers – June 2006 BBC Sport. Retrieved on 3 January 2007
Transfers – July 2006 BBC Sport. Retrieved on 3 January 2007
Transfers – August 2006 BBC Sport. Retrieved on 3 January 2007
Transfers – January 2007 BBC Sport. Retrieved on 3 January 2007
Category:2006–07 in English football
Summer 2006
Category:Football transfers summer 2006 |
However, Mohammed — detained at Guantanamo Bay — has never been charged with the crime.
Pearl, 38, was researching a story about Islamist militants and so-called "shoe bomber" Richard Reid for the Journal when he was abducted and beheaded in January 2002. A group called the National Movement for the Restoration of Pakistan's Sovereignty claimed responsibility for Pearl's abduction.
A graphic video of his decapitation was delivered to US officials in Karachi nearly a month later, and eventually posted online.
Advertisement:
A movie about his murder, "A Mighty Heart," came out in 2007, with Angelina Jolie playing Pearl's pregnant wife, Mariane.
In the video that documented the end of his life, Pearl's abductors demanded that Pakistanis held at Guantanamo Bay be released, and also an end to the US presence in Pakistan. They specified that the delivery of F-16 fighter jets purchased by Pakistan from the US should be halted.
They also forced Pearl to discuss his Jewish heritage and admit to numerous family visits to Israel.
The video begins with Pearl saying:
"My name is Daniel Pearl. I'm a Jewish-American. My father is Jewish, my mother is Jewish. I am a Jew." |
KABOOM Student Showcase at The Rhythm Hut
End the school term with a KaBOOM. Share a meal with family and friends, with yummy home-cooked food, while you enjoy performances from Rhythm Hut's students, in a one-of-a-kind student performance variety night.
Get ready to be wowed by the thunderous taiko, wiggle your booty to the infectious sounds of djembe, be captivated by the beautiful didgeridoo and sing along to some well-known classics performed by the choir students and ukulele club. |
Abundance and diversity of bacteria in oxygen minimum drinking water reservoir sediments studied by quantitative PCR and pyrosequencing.
Reservoir sediment is one of the most stressful environments for microorganisms due to periodically oxygen minimum conditions. In this study, the abundance and composition of bacteria associated with sediments from three drinking water reservoirs (Zhoucun, ZCR; Shibianyu, SBYR; and Jinpen, JPR) were investigated by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and 16S rRNA-based 454 pyrosequencing. The results of physico-chemical analysis of sediments showed that the organic matter and total nitrogen were significantly higher in ZCR as compared to JPR (P < 0.01). The bacterial abundance was 9.13 × 10(6), 1.14 × 10(7), and 6.35 × 10(6) copies/ng DNA in sediments of SBYR, ZCR, and JPR, respectively (P < 0.01). The pyrosequencing revealed a total of 9,673 operational taxonomic units, which were affiliated with 17 phyla. The dominant phylum was Firmicutes (56.83%) in JPR; whereas, the dominance of Proteobacteria was observed in SBYR with 40.38% and ZCR with 39.56%. The Shannon-Wiener diversity (H') was high in ZCR; whereas, Chao 1 richness was high in SBYR. The dominant genera were Clostridium with 42.15% and Bacillus with 20.44% in JPR. Meanwhile, Dechloromonas with 14.80% and Smithella with 7.20% were dominated in ZCR, and Bacillus with 45.45% and Acinetobacter with 5.15% in SBYR. The heat map profiles and redundancy analysis indicated substantial differences in sediment bacterial community composition among three reservoirs. Moreover, it appears from the results that physico-chemical variables of sediments including pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, and available phosphorous played key roles in shaping the bacterial community diversity. The results obtained from this study will broaden our understanding on the bacterial community structure of sediments in oxygen minimum and stressful freshwater environments. |
The American Society of Civil Engineers on Thursday assigned a grade of “D+” to the quality of U.S. roads, bridges and other infrastructure in a closely-watched assessment that the group publishes every four years. The group said an additional $2 trillion in funding is needed to raise the standards.
The findings could reinforce President Donald Trump’s initiative to steer as much as $1 trillion in public and private funds to U.S. infrastructure over the coming years. Trump met with private-sector leaders on Wednesday to discuss his plan and said he wants states to be ready to start projects within 90 days of receiving funding, the White House said.
“We need our elected leaders – those who pledged to rebuild our infrastructure while on the campaign trail – to follow through on those promises with investment and innovative solutions that will ensure our infrastructure is built for the future,’’ Norma Jean Mattei, ASCE president, said in a statement.
The ASCE evaluated 16 categories of infrastructure in its 2017 report card, with grades ranging from a “B’’ for rail to a “D-’’ for transit. Engineers assessed data and reports and consulted with technical and industry experts to assign grades, the group said. The criteria included whether capacity meets current and future demands, infrastructure condition and the current level of funding.
The group defined the “D+’’ grade as infrastructure that is “in fair to poor condition and mostly below standard, with many elements approaching the end of their service life.”
While the overall grade was unchanged from 2013, there were some improvements: hazardous waste management, inland waterways and locks, levees, ports, rail, schools and wastewater treatment, according to the report. Grades fell for parks, solid waste management and transit. They stayed the same for aviation, bridges, dams, drinking water, energy and roads.
The group estimated that there’s a gap of more than $2 trillion between projected current funding and the $4.59 trillion it would take to improve U.S. infrastructure to a “B” grade by 2025, according to the report.
The ASCE says it represents more than 150,000 members in 177 countries who plan, design, construct and operate infrastructure. In a 2016 report, the group estimated that a failure to close the gap in infrastructure investment would result in $3.9 trillion in losses to the U.S. economy by 2025.
Trump has yet to provide details for his plan, including what kinds of infrastructure would be included and how it would be funded. He has said it will be “financed through both public and private capital,’’ including with public-private partnerships.
The administration convened a meeting on March 2 with 15 cabinet members and agency leaders to discuss funding, projects, and possible changes in policy, regulations and statutes to speed the process. Trump met on Wednesday with representatives from the private sector, including billionaire Elon Musk, to discuss ways to encourage public-private partnerships, the White House said.
During the meeting, Trump asked for more details about Musk’s Hyperloop project that would use small vehicles to transport people and goods through low-pressure tubes at high speeds, the White House said. The details of the meeting were reported earlier by the Wall Street Journal.
The president also expressed interest in both new high-speed railroads and auctioning the broadcast spectrum to wireless carriers, and he suggested giving states 90 days to start projects to encourage them to accelerate permitting the way he is trying to do at the federal level.
Officials with the U.S. Chamber of Commerce and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials testified on Wednesday before the Senate Subcommittee on Transportation that while a variety of funding and financing tools are needed, there must be more public investment and that existing funding mechanisms to get dollars to states should be used.
“The needs are great, and the resources are limited,’’ said Ed Mortimer, the chamber’s executive director for transportation infrastructure. “This is a once-in-a-generation opportunity to modernize America’s infrastructure.’’
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Iowa City Restaurants: Vue Rooftop Bar & Restaurant
The Hilton Garden Inn in Downtown Iowa City opened in October 2017 and is home to the Vue Rooftop Bar and Restaurant, one of only a handful of rooftop bars in the Midwest. It is located on the 12th floor of the hotel and offers views across Iowa City from 3 sides! You can even see the Iowa Hawkeye football stadium as it’s just 1 mile away!
Disclosure: Thank you to Kinseth Hospitality and the Hilton Garden Inn Iowa City for hosting my stay. As always, opinions are 100% my own.
Not only are the views awesome both during the day and at night (the runway lights of the Iowa City Municipal Airport are visible!) but the food tastes amazing and is very reasonably priced! I sampled a starter of the Lobster Arancini in a lobster butter for $15 and for my main I had Pan Seared Walleye in lemon thyme butter with quinoa and raspberry gastrique for $18. I recommend both! A burger with egg AND bacon only sets you back $13 which is great for somewhere that feels so high end!
There is a wide selection of local craft beers on tap and they have a selection of locally distilled liquors, which help support the nearby communities. Popular brands of beer are available in bottles.
For me, I think one of the highlights of the Vue is the outdoor seating space. There is an undercover area with comfy chairs as well as tables and even a TV…that’s if you can pull your eyes away from the views long enough to be able to watch it! It can be enjoyed even in the winter as you can huddle around a mesmorising fire pit that chucks out enough heat to keep you warm even on a cold evening (believe me, I was out there when the temperature was hovering somewhere around 32F/0C)!
Along with the outdoor area, a large indoor bar and seating area, there is also a smaller private function room that takes up the majority of one side of the restaurant and has its own separate bar. The tables can be kept as smaller individual seating, or pushed together to create a more banquet style layout.
Behind the scenes, the technology at the Vue Rooftop is amazing. All the lighting is controlled from an iPad. A range of solid colours can be chosen in both the main bar area and the private room or they can be set so they rotate through several. Even from the outside of the hotel, looking up at the rooftop looks really cool. When speaking to some locals, they had spotted the coloured lights from the street level and wondered what it was, so it really does stand out!
Food orders are all computerised. When you place an order, the dishes are sent to the kitchen at different times, depending on how long it takes for that meal to be prepared. This ensures that every person’s meal will be completed and ready to be served at the EXACT same time. Pretty clever really!
There’s also a selfie camera in the main restaurant area for guests to take up to 5 shots of themselves enjoying their time at the Vue Rooftop, which can then be uploaded straight to social media or sent direct to an email address.
Have you ever been to a bar or restaurant, been sat next to the speaker system and have found yourself shouting over the music to be heard? Or on the other hand, been sat so far away that you can’t even hear the music? Well the Vue Rooftop has a highly expensive sound system that means wherever you are in the restaurant, the music will always been the same level…a comfortable level which means you wake up in the morning and still have a voice!
The Vue Rooftop also has live music on certain evenings.
Guests staying at the Hilton Garden Inn do not need to be concerned about ‘non residents’ wandering around on guest levels. Floor 12, where the Vue Rooftop is located, has open access so anyone can exit on that floor. However the guest levels require a room key to activate those floors.
Dinner is served at the Vue Rooftop between 4pm – 11pm. For more information or to make a reservation, visit: www.vuerooftop-ic.com
If you’re looking for a bar with a difference in Iowa City, the Vue Rooftop is definitely for you!
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Welcome to Between England and Iowa!
I’m Kylie and this is my Travel & Lifestyle blog! I’m a British girl living in the USA, blogging about the USA visa process, expat life and awesome adventures in England, Iowa and everywhere in between!! Pre-K teaching assistant by day, world traveller on weekends and during school breaks!! If you have any questions or just want to say hi, feel free to contact me!
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Privacy, reverie, and the analyst's ethical imagination.
The author illustrates varying ways of using and thinking about forms of analytic reverie and the analyst's privacy. He discusses a few different registers from which the analyst can illuminate points of transference-countertransference enactment. The modality by which the analyst communicates these formulations of unconsciously held object relations and defenses varies and includes verbal interpretation through symbolic speech, interpretive action (Ogden 1994a), and, at times, interpretations that involve a construction of the analyst's subjectivity put forward to enhance the patient's understanding of enactments of the transference-countertransference. The author develops a concept, the analyst's ethical imagination, defined as the ways in which we consider and anticipate the implications of our interpretations. |
CHANDIGARH: Blowing hot and cold over the probable fee hike in the coming academic session (2019-20), the authorities at Panjab University have been oscillating between extremes since March to have finally inched towards the golden mean now.
Talk about being born with a silver spoon in your mouth: the royal baby of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle will have a particularly glittery one.
And US tax authorities will be keen to know how much that utensil is worth.
That’s because the baby will have dual nationality: British because of his father and US from his American mother, whose official title is the duchess of Sussex.
“When one of the parents is American and has resided in the US for five years with at least two after the age of 14, the baby is automatically a citizen,” said David Treitel, founder of American Tax Returns, a consultancy for US expatriates living in Britain.
“This is the case with Meghan,” said Treitel, noting this case is a first in the British royal family.
US nationality comes with a bevy of restrictive conditions: like any American who is born, grows up and dies anywhere in the world, year after year Meghan and Harry’s child will have to show the Internal Revenue Service his or her tax status is clean.
From the moment of birth, money deposited in banks by the royal parents—eager to ensure a bright future for their progeny—must be duly reported to the tax man.
The same would apply to money that comes in if mom and dad decide, say, to have the child follow in the footsteps of his ex-actress mother to become a star on TV or in movies.
Forget about privacy, said Treitel. The IRS will “get to know a lot more about the couple’s wealth” through the tax returns of the couple and their mother. “A lot more information is gonna get to the US,” he added.
To wit: the IRS will demand that any valuable gifts from non-Americans to Harry and Meghan’s child—and he will be feted, won’t he? — also be declared as assets.
“Imagine the queen giving the baby some nice beautiful book of art from the royal collection, with paintings by Van Gogh or Miro. If this gift if worth more than USD 1,00,000, it is reportable,” said Treitel.
However, baby shower gifts that Markle received recently in New York will not have to be declared if they came from fellow Americans, the expert said.
And although the baby and the mother will have to present forms that will be very time-consuming for their accountants, they may still not have to pay a lot in tax: these may be offset by duties paid in Britain, tax specialist Laura Saunders told The Wall Street Journal.
US tax authorities’ efforts to keep a close watch on American expatriates can have serious consequences for people whose sole link to America is that they were simply born there.
Such is the case of so-called “Accidental Americans” - such as thousands of people in France who automatically received US citizenship because they were born in the US but left America as little kids and no longer have any links whatsoever to the country.
Since the adoption of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act in 2010, which replaced the criterion of nationality with that of tax domicile, these people are obliged to report their income to US tax authorities and in some cases actually cough up some money.
Many of these people left the US when they were very young. The Association of Accidental Americans that brings them together asked President Donald Trump last year to find a solution to their quandary.
Their status can be a touchy subject. If they refuse to play ball with the US tax authorities, their banks at home can be sanctioned. So these institutions can refuse them services like bank accounts and mortgages.
To a lesser extent, the British royal family cannot dodge its US tax obligations either: a flawed tax return can trigger hefty fines.
But there is a solution to avoid headaches for the royal couple’s accountants: Meghan can renounce her US citizenship. However, even if she does that, tax returns would still have to be filed for the child until age 18. — AFP
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CHANDIGARH: Blowing hot and cold over the probable fee hike in the coming academic session (2019-20), the authorities at Panjab University have been oscillating between extremes since March to have finally inched towards the golden mean now. |
Smok Stick V8 kit @3,000 mah - TFV8 Big Baby 5 ml
Reference:
Condition: New product
Taking a classic design to a different level, the Stick V8 Kit by Smok features a very simple take on sub ohm kits with an added punch.
The battery features a 3000mAh internal battery that is easily charged through the micro USB port as well as a LED battery life indicator located behind the power button. The V8 Battery performs with simple elegance that is unmatched when looking for a low maintenance power source.
Pagos en :
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Stick V8 Kit
The Pen Style Cloud Beast
Stick V8 is the newest pen style starter kit from SMOK, which brings the user experiences to the top level of its kind, the battery has a 3000mAh super high capacity and 20amps continious discharge capability, while its tank is the famous TFV8 big baby tank which is 5ml and shares all the baby beast coils, when used with the included baby M2 coil head, which specially made for stick v8 battery , it will bring you a smooth and flavorful clouds,besides its swivel top cap design just brings you so much convenience when refills, all in all, this kit will defintely made to be one of your favorite daily vaping device.
Stick V8 Battery Specifications:
Dimensions: 24.5*75mm
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TFV8 Big Baby Specifications:
Dimensions: 56*24.5mm
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5 x Spare O-Rings
1 x User Manual
1 x Warranty Card
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Stick V8 Kit adopts built-in 3000mAh battery which is powerful and durable; what’s more it brings you massive cloud of vapor.
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Young men love all intelligent goods; the intelligent battery indicator of Stick V8 battery will show clear prompts. The battery life indicator will blink 4 times each time you take a puff. When it blinks fast with 15 times, it indicates that the voltage is lower than 3.3V, please charge.
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Reviews
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Smok Stick V8 kit @3,000 mah - TFV8 Big Baby 5 ml
Taking a classic design to a different level, the Stick V8 Kit by Smok features a very simple take on sub ohm kits with an added punch.
The battery features a 3000mAh internal battery that is easily charged through the micro USB port as well as a LED battery life indicator located behind the power button. The V8 Battery performs with simple elegance that is unmatched when looking for a low maintenance power source. |
Many rumors have been circulating regarding President Obama’s stance on illegal drug use.
Some drug reform advocates hope the president will legalize marijuana; some critics think he will continue the failed policies of the Bush administration in Latin America.
The President’s actual stance on drug policy falls somewhere in between. On Whitehouse.gov, Obama states:
With escalating violence along our Southwest border and far too many suffering from the disease of addiction here at home, never has it been more important to have a national drug control strategy guided by sound principles of public safety and public health. We must demonstrate to our international partners, the criminal organizations threatening to undermine stability and the rule of law in those nations, and the American people, that we take seriously our responsibility to reduce drug use in the United States.
The Obama administration has dropped usage of the term “War on Drugs” in favor of “harm reduction” signaling a shift from prohibition to prevention. The President wants to establish a policy that focuses on public health needs and plans to federally fund needle exchanges; however, the ’09-’10 federal budget continues the longstanding ban on needle exchange programs. The selection of Seattle police Chief Gil Kerlikowske as drug czar could signal a shift in drug policy, but the jury is still out on. Kerlikowske’s state of Washington has needle exchange programs, medical marijuana rights, and made marijuana a low priority for law enforcement. Ethan Nadelmann, the executive director of the Drugs Policy Alliance, explains:
These statements really indicate a significant shift. It’s not just a repudiation of the Bush administration, it’s a repudiation of the Clinton administration. This signals a new direction in US drug policy. This is about all the leading scientists and all the public health people pushing in the same direction and Obama saying he’s putting science above politics.
But is this really true? What about the US financial support of Mexico’s war on organized crime and drug-trafficking? In the Fiscal Year 2009 Supplemental Appropriations Request, Obama requests funding for “counterdrug/anti-crime assistance for Mexico”, although the $0.5 billion is to be shared other economic development projects in Kenya, Zimbabwe, and Burma; nuclear dismantling in North Korea; and security assistance for Lebanon. According to the Committee on Appropriations, this amount has been increased to “$470 million to address growing violence along the United States-Mexico border by supporting the
Government of Mexico’s war against organized crime and drug-trafficking.” Combined with the Merida Initiative, the supplemental could double US funding for the Mexican war on drugs, although it is unclear how the two fundings will be combined. Kristin Bricker of Narcosphere writes:
This new money, along with February’s $410 million for the Merida Initiative ($300 million of which is destined for Mexico), is being pledged despite the fact that Mexico has failed to meet the human rights conditions laid out in the Merida Initiative. Less than 15% of overall Merida Initiative funds are subject to human rights conditions. While the US government is withholding the required 15%, it seems to be more than making up for this loss by appropriating new money to Mexico’s war on drugs.
If the Appropriations Committee’s new supplemental really does appropriate $400 million more to Mexico than Obama requested, and if it is all destined for the Mexican government, then this supplemental would bring fiscal year 2009 funding for Mexico’s war on drugs to $770 million–that is, nearly double last year’s funding and over 50% more than former President George W. Bush had originally requested when he proposed the Merida Initiative.
US Drug War funding policies are accused of increasing the level of violence in Mexico, and 60 to 70 percent of drug trafficking and cartel activities involve marijuana. Radley Balko, senior editor of Reason thinks that “lifting prohibitions on it in the United States would eradicate a major source of funds for the cartels.” Balko accuses Obama of changing ““from a thoughtful drug-war critic to a typical Beltway drug warrior.” He notes Obama has never been in favor of legalization.
The Drug War began in the Nixon administration and is responsible for half of the 200,000 Federal prison inmates. From the sale of Afghan child brides to the murder of more than 10,000 Mexicans, the Drug War has had far reaching consequences around the globe. It has also put a strain on our economy. Harvard economist Jeffrey Miron explains:
Prohibition is a drain on the public purse. Federal, state and local governments spend roughly $44 billion per year to enforce drug prohibition. These same governments forego roughly $33 billion per year in tax revenue they could collect from legalized drugs, assuming these were taxed at rates similar to those on alcohol and tobacco. Under prohibition, these revenues accrue to traffickers as increased profits.
In addition, taxpayers spend $68 billion annually on prisons. Obama has proposed reforming crack and cocaine laws to eliminate mandatory minimum sentences.
Other political leaders think legalization of marijuana should be explored. Arianna Huffington writes:
Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger has called for “an open debate” and careful study of proposals to legalize, regulate, and tax marijuana. Former Mexican President Vicente Fox has also urged renewing the debate, saying that he isn’t convinced taxing and regulating drugs is the answer but “why not discuss it?” Arizona Attorney General Terry Goddard, pointing to evidence that Mexican drug cartels draw 60 to 80 percent of their revenue from pot, suggested legalization might be an effective tool to combat Mexican drug traffickers and American gangs.
The Obama administration does represent some change in drug policies. Kerlikowske has called the nation’s drug problem one of “human suffering”, and Obama campaigned on allowing non-violent drug offenders “a chance to serve their sentence, where appropriate, in the type of drug rehabilitation programs that have proven to work better than a prison term in changing bad behavior.” The administration has stated that legalization of marijuana is off the table. When asked if legalization was realistic, Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano responded, “No, it is not.”
Image: wantedarrest on Flickr under a Creative Commons License |
Listening to young people with special needs: the influence of group activities.
The article reports on the experiences of group activities within an area of Yorkshire that helped young people with special needs to express their views and opinions. Significant issues were raised by the ethics of undertaking work with young people and these are reviewed. The young people involved in the research reported that their participation in the groups developed their self-confidence and advocacy skills. This led them to be more confident in expressing their needs at school and in the community. To establish wider generalizability for the study findings, the Yorkshire group activities were compared with another similar group in London where further data were collected from the young people involved. In facilitating group activities, willing staff were an important addition to the group because their presence provided and encouraged positive reactions to the distinctive achievements of the young people themselves. In both groups, members were committed to participation in project-based activities that raised their self-esteem and helped establish a sense of their own identity and purpose. |
xl pitbull pups, 1male,4females. Sire 140lbs,Dam100lbs..the fawn brown is the only male.pups are only 3weeks in these pics. will be ready 8/10/13...first 2 pics are mom and dad...contact me @774-365-0856 or via email @.....adoption fees will apply |
There was a prolonged period of my life where I wore purple eyeshadow nearly every day. More specifically, a cool plum shade in the crease. Circa 2004-ish. It was just my jam. Like many routines, though, this turned rut and I pretty much avoided wearing plum in the crease. Until this week, anyway, when I discovered Benefit World Famous Neutrals, Sexiest Nudes Ever Eyeshadow Kit. Old plum faithful is back! There is so much to love about this kit, including the compact book it’s packaged in that looks like a throwback romance novel, but mostly the versatility it lends. While I’m admittedly fixated on the plummy hue, Raincheck?, even I appreciate all Benefit is offering.
Two tiny tubs of Benefit’s Creaseless Cream Shadows in a brightening oyster pink (Bikini-Tini) and a charcoal base (Holy Smokes!) layer well under the powder shadows. The soft mauve Pause for Applause pairs well with Raincheck? and a touch of Milk It! in the inner corners of the eyes helps brighten everything up. The silver Blingo! is super shimmery and would be great for the nights when you want to do it up more. Since I’ve publicly admitted my Friday nights at home with QVC, let’s just say I haven’t gotten around to doing it big Blingo! style yet. Give me time, everyone. I’ll get there.
In the meantime, I’ll be plum-ing it like its 2004. Anyone interested in joining me?
Benefit’s World Famous Neutrals kits – there’s three different versions! – are available at Sephora for $30. |
The team enlisted the help of 143 undergraduate students who completed a survey regarding their mental well-being and who had to submit screenshots of their iPhones' batteries for three weeks. They were separated into two groups: a control group that maintained their current social media behavior and an experimental group that limited their time on the three social media networks to 10 minutes per platform per day. The researchers found that those who spent less time on the three platforms showed "significant reductions in loneliness."
Team leader Melissa G. Hunt explained:
"Here's the bottom line. Using less social media than you normally would leads to significant decreases in both depression and loneliness. These effects are particularly pronounced for folks who were more depressed when they came into the study... Some of the existing literature on social media suggests there's an enormous amount of social comparison that happens. When you look at other people's lives, particularly on Instagram, it's easy to conclude that everyone else's life is cooler or better than yours."
That said, the study isn't perfect. The results were self-reported, and the researchers didn't exactly monitor how the subjects used their phone. Yes, they could've limited their time on Facebook, Snapchat and Instagram, but they could've used that time to go on Twitter, Tumblr or dating apps like Tinder. Maybe those other platforms made them happier.
That's why Hunt admits that she can't say for sure if the conclusion applies for all social media platforms. She also can't say if they'll come to the same conclusion for different age groups. They're hoping to conduct further studies, though, and she says it couldn't hurt to limit time on those apps anyway. |
Cardinal Alfonso López TrujilloPresident of thePontifical
Council for the Family
THE FAMILY: GIFT AND COMMITMENT,
HOPE FOR HUMANITY
Introduction
This theme expresses and condenses some fundamental
elements of the family. It opens the mind and heart to broad horizons based on
the certainty of the Lord's presence in the domestic Church: "The Lord is
with you", as the Successor of Peter recalls in his Letter to Families
Gratissimam Sane (n. 18). The Lord's presence, "Christ is head of
his body the church" (Eph. 5:23), which fills families with the
greatest energy (cf. Eph. 5:27), is the key to, and reason for the
certainty that gives consistency to hope. By virtue of that hope, we look and walk
toward the future, which is in God's hands, and are led in a dynamic way toward
the Third Millennium. The Holy Father, John Paul II, says this in the Apostolic
Letter Tertio Millennio Adveniente: "Each family, in some way,
should be involved in the preparation for the Great Jubilee" (n. 28). The Pope had already stated that the "future
of humanity passes by way of the family" (Familiaris Consortio,
86).
This theme, which I would like to take up in an
introductory way, has a Christological perspective that enriches the reflection
and prayer in this first year of the three-year preparatory period for the
Jubilee of the Year 2000 with its theme, "Jesus Christ, the only Savior of
the world, yesterday, today and tomorrow" (TMA, 40).
The Family: Gift and Commitment, Hope for Humanity, the
theme which I intend to present, will be the theme both for the World Meeting of
the Holy Father with Families and for the Theological and Pastoral Congress.1
The theme chosen is situated in a historical moment after
the celebration of the Year of the Family which made it possible to consider the
wide-ranging possibilities of the family more deeply, as well as the challenges
and difficulties which it faces. The first Theological and Pastoral Congress
held in Rome in October 1994 focused on the theme, "The Family: Heart
of the Civilization of Love". The proceedings of that Congress have been
published.[Pontifical Council for the Family, Famiglia: Cuore della Civiltà
dell'Amore, Vatican Press, Vatican City 1995, 271pp.]
In these past years, some events of an international nature
convened by the United Nations have taken place which we could list in a series
from Rio to Istanbul: i.e., from the Conference in Rio de Janeiro on the
Environment in 1992, to the Cairo Conference on Population and Development in
1994, to Beijing on Women in 1995, culminating in the Istanbul Conference on the
Habitat in 1996.
This year, at the FAO
headquarters in Rome, the World Summit on Hunger also took place. These political events were closely
connected, even if we cannot speak about an intentional relationship.
It should be pointed out that we are focusing on the family
based on marriage as a natural institution with its specific ends and values,
the primary cell of society, whose truth is rooted in the heart and experience
of peoples. Therefore, it is part of their cultural
heritage, a reality open to all peoples of all ages, both believers and
non-believers.
Our reflection is not limited
to what can be grasped through reason alone but, in a special way, we are
keeping in mind the sacramental dimension of marriage with the abundant riches
that the faith offers us, as indicated by the Second Vatican Council (cf. Gaudium
et Spes, 49).
1. THE FAMILY
The historical situation is immersed in a series of changes
and alterations in ways of thinking which are often filled with very widespread
ambiguities. In a certain way, these ambiguities are
raising questions about the raison d'être and the very meaning of the
family with its irreplaceable physiognomy, based on God the Creator's plan. This has made it necessary today to insist
on using the singular form of THE family.
The greatest emphasis should be given to using the singular
form, THE FAMILY, at a time when the plural form, THE FAMILIES, is being used
more and more, with all this implies in the sense of denying one model
of the family based on marriage, a community of love and life, of a man and a
woman, open to life.
The philosophy and
anthropological foundation of the family lie in the singular concept and the
singular form of THE family, about which the Pope has offered many enlightening
aspects in his Magisterium.2
By keeping the model of the family willed by God as a
natural institution without any confusion or undue concessions, we remove
ourselves from any superficial and hasty vision which conceives of marriage and
the family as merely the fruit of human will, the product of changing consensus. This kind of consensus does not offer
stability and identity, values without which marital union, being left out in
the open, suffers the deterioration of successive forms of erosion that weaken
the family.
In quoting the text of Genesis 2:24, the Lord
solemnly declares God's plan from the beginning of creation ("ab initio":
as a model of creation). There is an order established by God from creation (Ap
Arches) (cf. Mt. 19:4): "The Creator made them male and female For
this reason a man shall leave his father and mother and cling to his wife, and
the two shall become as one. Thus they are no longer two but one flesh.
Therefore, let no man separate what God has joined".3 The Catechism of the Catholic Church
presents Tertullian's comment: "undivided in spirit and flesh, truly two in
one flesh. Where the flesh is one, one also is the spirit" (CCC,
n. 1642). We must remember that "flesh" in Biblical language does not
only denote the material part of man but the man himself as a person. In the
Letter to the Ephesians, Saint Paul again refers to this passage of Genesis (cf.
Eph. 5:31) and calls it a "great mystery (to misterion mega)"
(Eph. 5:32), related to Christ and the Church. The "mega"
(the greatness of the mystery in the process to which Scripture refers) has its
roots in the fact that man (anthropos: Adam) is a type (typos) of the
love of Christ and of the Church. 4
The theme we are presenting takes the gift which
has its source in God himself, from whom all gifts come (cf. Jm. 1:17),
as its key. This is a gift received in the Church ("gift of the Church")
and for the Church, through the domestic Church.
The gift which the future spouses offer one another through
their corresponding free and explicit acceptance, i.e., the consent, forms the
indispensable element that "makes the marriage" (CCC, n.
1626). It is better for the "human act by which the partners mutually give
themselves to each other" (CCC, n. 1627) to be stated in a formula
which the couple learn by memory and express in a personal and meaningful way.
It could be said that the Church's insistence on adequate
preparation for marriage, in the different stages, seeks to ensure that the "Yes"
of the spouses will have all its certainty and richness (cf.
CCC, n. 1632), and this is at the basis of the values and requirements
of conjugal love. Therein lies the key to their happiness, as the third nuptial
blessing of the ritual states: "May they find their happiness in giving
themselves to one another". The liturgical celebration should express
everything that reciprocal self-giving implies between the spouses, between the
spouses, the Church and God, in the love that is showered over their hearts.5
The gift of the spouses, which is both precise and
permanent, implies and expresses mature freedom, through the canonical form
used by the priest who receives the consent in the name of the Church, and "visibly
expresses the fact that marriage is an ecclesial reality" (CCC, nn.
1630, 1631), a public commitment, in "the bond established by God
himself" (CCC, n. 1640). It is an irrevocable bond that requires
fidelity between the spouses and to God, faithfulness to what his divine wisdom
disposes. Christ is present in the heart of human freedom, in its thriving
continuity, in an act renewed daily, by virtue of which they are ("veluti")
consecrated, as Gaudium et Spes observes.
The spouses cannot attain their happiness and realization
on the margin of that truth which enriches the meaning of their freedom. The
spouses have given themselves to one another in Christ, who follows their
footsteps; he offers them the energies they need to overcome the limitations of
a necessarily vulnerable freedom, and makes it possible for them to say
sincerely: "I take you as my wife (as my husband) and I promise
to be true to you for all the days of my life".6 These words, which accompany the spouses'
outstretched hands, are charged with meaning and should warn them about the
risks of betraying love which the world presents as a right and even as a
liberation, thus making one's word inexpressive and one's gesture empty, without
any dimension of greatness.
2. GIFT AND COMMITMENT
The family, based on marriage, a community of life and love
(of "the whole of life" in the presentation of the Code of Canon
Law, can. 1055), has its "indispensable element" which "makes
the marriage" in the exchange of consent (cf. CCC, n. 1626).
Consent, as the Catechism of the Catholic Church
observes, consists in a "human act by which the partners mutually give
themselves to each other" (GS, 48,1) (CCC, n. 1627). The
reciprocal self-giving is made through a word as a solemn promise accompanied by
gestures which stress the will of mutual self-giving. The gift that is offered,
one's own person, takes on the quality of a gift when it is accepted. The
Catechism adds, "I take you to be my wife - I take you to be my husband".
This consent which unites the spouses to one another, has its completion in the
fact that the two are "becoming one flesh" (CCC, n. 1627).
Consent, as an expression of this gift, which makes the
marriage, "the marriage covenant", and constitutes a community of the
whole of life (cf. CCC, n. 1601), is a gift in God. It has its source
and author in God. When the spouses give themselves to one another, they become
a gift from Christ who gives the man to the woman and the woman to the man.
This is "the intimate partnership of life and love established by the
Creator God himself is the author of marriage" (GS, 48,1). As
the Second Vatican Council recalls, "Our Savior, the spouse of the Church,
now encounters Christian spouses" (GS, 48b).
This plan of creation willed by God in the beginning is
what the Lord solemnly sanctifies and raises to the dignity of a sacrament. It
is God who joins in marriage, in the community "with its own proper laws",
as an institution "established by the Creator" which does not depend
on human will (cf. CCC, n. 1603). The passages of biblical theology are
well known which show, in the framework of a well-defined anthropology, how in
the first couple the call is anchored in the heart of a human being to
complementarity and acceptance. In this union, whose author is God, He himself
is committed and projects himself in the horizon of his Covenant with humanity,
of Christ with the Church. Most forcefully, Max Thurian stated: "It is not
a mere contract related to mutual fidelity. God in person brings about this
mystery of union and gives it certainty before the dangers of breakdown. This
is the primordial characteristic of Christian marriage. Marriage is union in
God and through God ".7
Christian marriage has a direct relationship to the
Covenant of Christ. In this sense, consent is not an act between two persons,
but "triangular" (to use Carlo Rocchetta's expression): a "Yes"
stated within the "Yes" of Christ and to the Church. The spouses'
consent cannot be separated from belonging to Christ. "The tradere se
ipsum of Christ to the Church, gives in-depth shape to the tradere se
ipsum of the spouses".8
What God has joined to become "only one flesh"
man cannot subject to his whims or free will. Marriage is not the kind of
consent that is the fruit of changing human agreements but rather an institution
which plunges its roots into the sacred: the very will of the Creator. It is
not a generous gift from members of parliaments or the achievement of lawmakers
in their political strategies. Full lordship belongs to God and it is He who
comes forward and offers the gift. Joachim Gnilka makes this comment: "Let
no man separate what God has joined (Mt. 19:6) is only understandable if
we start from the presupposition that it is God who unites every married couple".9
The gift expressed in "personal, irrevocable"
consent which establishes the Covenant of marriage, bears the seal and the
quality of definitive and total mutual self-giving (cf. CCC, n. 2364).
The self-giving to become "only one flesh" is
personal surrender; things are not offered in the word-promise that is based on
the Lord. Since it a personal gift, in the original plan, the dialectics of
possession and domination do not come into play. Therefore, it is not the
destruction of the person, but his/her realization in the dialectics of love
which do not consider the other as a thing or an instrument to be possessed and
used, but the mystery of the person in whom the features of God's image are
delineated. Only an adequate conception of the "truth about man" and
of the anthropology that defends the dignity of man and woman, makes it possible
to fully overcome the temptation to treat the other as a thing and to interpret
love a kind of seduction. This is not love that belittles or nullifies but one
which exalts and realizes. Only in this way can the kind of gift be understood
and interpreted which frees from selfishness, from a love devoid of content
which is insufficient and instrumentalizing and relates the union to mere
enjoyment, without any responsibility or continuity, like an exercise of freedom
that degenerates since it is far from the truth.
The Second Vatican Council forcefully states the following:
"If man is the only creature on earth that God has wanted for its own sake,
man can fully discover his true self only in a sincere giving of himself" (GS,
24). Therefore, man has dignity as his end, not that of an instrument or thing,
and in his capacity as a person, he is capable of giving himself, not only of
giving.
In reciprocal self-giving, in the dialectics of total
self-giving, the spouses "become only one flesh", a unity of persons, "communio
personarum", from their essence, in the unity of bodies and spirits. They
give themselves to each other with spiritual energy and their own bodies in a
love where sex is at the service of a language that expresses self-giving. As
the Apostolic Exhortation Familiaris Consortio states, sex is an
instrument and sign of reciprocal self-giving: "Sexuality, by means of
which man and woman give themselves to one another through the acts which are
proper and exclusive to spouses, is by no means something purely biological, but
concerns the innermost being of the human person as such. It is realized in a
truly human way only if it is an integral part of the love by which a man and a
woman commit themselves totally to one another until death" (FC,
11).
It is very difficult to grasp all the richness contained in
the words "only one flesh" in the biblical term. In the Letter to
Families, the Holy Father analyzes its meaning in the light of the values of the
"person" and of the "gift", as well as in relation to the
conjugal act which is already included in this scriptural concept. These are
the Pope's words in Gratissimam Sane: "The Second Vatican Council,
particularly conscious of the problem of man and his calling, states that the
conjugal union, the biblical 'una caro', can be understood and fully
explained only by recourse to the values of the 'person' and of 'gift'.
Every man and every woman fully realizes himself or herself through the sincere
gift of self. For spouses, the moment of conjugal union constitutes a very
particular expression of this. It is then that a man and woman, in the 'truth'
of their masculinity and femininity, become a mutual gift to each other. All
married life is a gift; but this becomes most evident when the spouses, in
giving themselves to each other in love, bring about that encounter which makes
them 'one flesh' (Gen. 2:24). They then experience a moment of
special responsibility, which is also the result of the procreative
potential linked to the conjugal act. At that moment, the spouses can become
father and mother, initiating the process of a new human life, which will then
develop in the woman's womb" (n. 12).
In this perspective, and in commenting on the "mystery
of femininity" in his "Catechesis on Human Love", John Paul II
observes this (in relation to Genesis 4:1): "The mystery of
femininity is manifested and revealed in depth through motherhood, as the text
says, 'she conceived and gave birth'. The woman stands before man as a mother,
the subject of a new human life conceived in her which develops and is born of
her into the world. In this way, the mystery of the man's masculinity is also
revealed in depth, that is, the generating and paternal significance of his body".
Later the Pope stresses this: "Parenthood is one of the most outstanding
aspects of humanity in Sacred Scripture".10 We will return to this theme when we
examine the gift of the child.
In the light of the theology of self-giving, the Pope
reflects on body language and all its expressiveness and meaning as a personal
gift of the human person. "As ministers of a sacrament, which is made up of
consent and perfected through the conjugal union, a man and a woman are called
to express that mysterious language of their bodies in all their truth.
Through actions and reactions, through the whole, reciprocally conditioned
dynamism of tension and enjoyment, through all this, man, the person speaks ( )
And, precisely on the level of this 'body language' which is something
more than just sexual reactivity and, as an authentic language of persons, is
placed under the requirement of truth, i.e., objective norms a man and a
woman mutually express themselves to one another in the fullest and
deepest way, insofar as possible for them, through the very somatic dimension of
masculinity and femininity: the man and the woman express themselves in the
whole truth about their persons".11 This relationship and personal dimension
expressed in "only one flesh", speak of a relationship to God as a
couple which, as such, is the image of God. "We can deduce that man has
become the image and likeness of God not only through his own humanity but
through the communion of persons".12
It is this truth which ennobles and dignifies what ought to
be transmitted in sexual education worthy of its name. It should stress the
greatness of sexuality in its personal dimension as a language of love:
self-giving, acceptance, commitment that does not close persons in on themselves
or a cycle closed to pleasure. On the contrary, sexuality is raised up to God
and acquires a new dimension of eternity, i.e., it is not circumscribed to
unlasting acts that time wipes away and wears out because it is elevated from
the very source of love.
How can such an expression of totality in human and
personal language not mark one's existence with a sense of deep commitment? In
some way, even after the death of one of the spouses, something of their
relationship remains. Far from entering into a discussion about the right of a
widow or widower to remarry, in thinking above all about some very significant
prayers in the Oriental Liturgy for remarriage, one finds not exactly words of
praise but, as it were, of permission or tolerance. It seems to me that an area
of explanation opens up here for this type of relationship, and it is not
exactly indifferent for a person who has submerged him/herself in the current of
the gift.
The meaning of self-giving must be regained in order to
free it from a culture that attacks the dignity of man and woman and destroys
the personal relationship of the spouses, as if the process of self-giving did
not respond to deep needs of the personality and as if science, worthy of this
name, could not come to the aid of the truth about man.
This is the not the place to go into considerations which
our Council has already made in a Document the title of which explanation its
main content: Truth and Meaning of Human Sexuality. This perspective is
also recognized fundamentally by the conquest of reason and the developments of
a science that truly approaches human essence. A projection which overcomes
selfishness and tends toward the other is altruistic; this is not extraneous,
e.g., to Freud's thinking. Today a denunciation can be made of the
trivialization of sex which stops at previous stages where selfishness closes in
and isolates, in a form of immaturity that destroys the language of love and
truth, and both the man and the woman are victims of this.
Often the contracting parties come to marriage with a
personality that is seriously damaged by a falsifying culture, and this is like
a time bomb for the marriage. The fact that sexual language, as harmonious and
articulate behavior which is at the beginning of the truth, should not be
reduced merely to the biological sphere is sometimes expressed by writers of the
caliber of Marguerite Yourcenar in her Memories of Hadrian. Let me give
some of her thoughts which seem to me to illustrate the truth which the
Magisterium wishes to transmit. She says that the language of acts and contacts
goes from the periphery of our universe to its center and returns more necessary
than ourselves. The wondrous prodigy takes place in which one can see more a
taking on of the flesh through the spirit rather than simply a game of
the flesh, in a kind of mystery of dignity of the other which consists
in offering oneself a point of support from the other world.13
There is then a kind of intuition which is not exclusive to
the world of faith, that gives sex back its greatness and saves it from the
emptying and instrumental use which is very similar to the use of disposable
items in the consumer culture. The globality of the person is at stake.
Moreover, a person's actions are not external to him or her, as if they could be
attributed to another in a form of underlying and childish "irresponsibility",
like a person who feels incapable or unsure of responding for his/her actions
that take on the tone of games suggested by a torpid being.
Let us go back to one of M. Yourcenar's thoughts that
conveys an ethical impression well: "I am not one of those who say that
their actions do not belong to them. They must pertain to them because actions
are the only means and measure of fixing themselves on people's memory or on
their own Between me and the actions of which I am made, there is no
undefinable gap, and proof of this is the fact that I experience a continuous
need to weigh them, to explain them, and to account for them to myself".14
In sexual language, man expresses himself and, in some way,
outlines, models and shapes his destiny. The gift, its truth and meaning
acquire a stature and proportion worthy of man. For this reason, Familiaris
Consortio stresses this value without which sex is emptied, loses its truth
and even turns into a caricature and grimace that lacerates and disfigures what
should glow in the mystery of 'one flesh': "Conjugal love involves a
totality, in which all the elements of the person enter appeal of the
body and instinct, power of feeling and affectivity, aspiration of the spirit
and of will. It aims at a deeply personal unity, the unity that, beyond union
in one flesh, leads to forming one heart and soul" (n. 13).
Consent, the reciprocal gift as we mentioned earlier
is "personal and irrevocable"; the self-giving is "definitive
and total". Its noble, proper and sole place is in marriage. There
self-giving is true!
We might say that the definitive aspect is a characteristic
of the totality of self-giving. This surpasses any partial self-giving,
in bits, in "convenient installments", which render homage to
selfishness and to love darkened by sin. Thus a love given "in bits"
loses its depth, spontaneity and poetry. Between the engaged, there is a
different tonality. The love they promise one another either yearns to last "for
ever" or, basically, it does not exist. Self-giving is for one's whole
lifetime and in all circumstances. This ensures against what is provisional,
against breakdowns and lies. What can we say about those who propose to pass
laws regarding marriages ad tempus, temporary unions, as a new step in "pluralism"
and a complacent juridical attitude? "To state that love is the
constitutive element of marriage is to maintain that since irrevocable, mutual
self-giving did not exist, the 'foedus coniugale' does not exist between
the spouses. Therefore, the laws of unity and indissolubility are not
requirements extrinsic to marriage but they arise from its very essence.
Therefore, the constituent love must be conjugal, exclusive and indissoluble
love".15
Marriage bears the guarantee of stability, permanence and
perpetuity. We might say that the reciprocal gift "involves an obligation
much more serious and profound than anything which might be 'purchased' in any
way and at any price" (Gratissimam Sane, 11). This is expressed in
a word of commitment. A. Quilici observes the following: "One does not
truly give oneself until first and in truth he gives his word. If not, this is
similar to a kind of violation. The gift of the body is not truly human unless
each one gives his/her agreement, to the extent that each one has allowed going
farther in the dialogue, until the ultimate intimacy".16
This expressive word remains and deeply commits the
spouses; therefore, self-giving that is voluntarily limited in time destroys the
very quality of a total gift. The word expresses a profound 'yes' that rises
from the source of a love that wants to be faithful over time. Cardinal
Ratzinger describes that 'yes' in this way: "Man, in his totality, includes
the temporal dimension. Moreover, the 'yes' of a human being also surpasses
this time. In its integrality, the 'yes' means for ever. It constitutes the
area of fidelity the freedom of the 'yes' makes itself felt as freedom
before what is definitive".17 Love18 is not necessarily subject to the wear and
tear of time, like things that get worn out and gradually lose their energy. It
does not fall into the sphere of the law of entropy. Time can aid growth and
maturation before God by making love a more serious and deeper commitment. In
Cana, I heard this beautiful promise and these words of an elderly married
couple: "I love you more than yesterday but less than tomorrow". The
joy of serenity, of a testimony that acquires substance over the years, is
discovered in many marriages of elderly persons in whom freshness and tenderness
are kept alive and strengthened over time.
By virtue of the total donation, the requirement of
indissolubility can be understood better which frees and protects love and is
not its prison or impoverishment. It is false that marriage is the tomb of love
and that what is definitive and indissoluble ruins love's spontaneity and
dynamics. There is no doubt that a culture of precariousness leads to this
situation in which one's word is devoid of meaning and superficial to the point
of irresponsibility. It cannot tolerate the weight of the truth which is
neither capricious nor changing, like a false love that is deceptive. "The
possible absence or weakening in manifestations of conjugal love does not
destroy its properties and natural tendency, although it may hinder them, for
both must always be enlivened by conjugal love".19
Total self-giving leads to the need for fidelity.
This is a concrete form of gift which commits and frees. A faithful love is
also radically indissoluble. It frees from the fear of betraying and being
betrayed and provides the source of life the guarantee and transparency to which
the children are entitled.
Antonio Miralles writes the following: "Also the
spouses' personal, reciprocal self-giving requires the indissolubility of the
reciprocal bond which they have established through their self-giving. It is
total and thus excludes all provisional, temporary self-giving ( ) The
conjugal bond presents a definitive character in that it springs from an
integral self-giving which also includes the temporality of the person. Giving
oneself with the reservation of being able to free oneself in the future would
mean that the self-giving is not total, and thus contrary to what gives rise to
a real marriage".20
It should in fact be stated that fidelity, indissolubility
and a definitive character are essential for the quality of the gift. Herein lie the commitment and promise of the
gift, the commitment that also opens up in an essential way to the gift of life
and becomes a public witness in the Church and in society. It is light, the flame placed on the candle
holder.
St. John Chrysostom makes a beautiful comment on this style
of self-giving when offering advice to a couple: "I have taken you in my
arms, I love you and prefer you to my life. Since the present life is nothing, my most
burning desire is to spend it with you in such a way that we will be sure not to
be separated in the life that is reserved for us I put your love above
everything ".21 The duration, the definitive character of
self-giving, by virtue of its totality, leads to the indissolubility which is
attributed to natural marriage and takes on a more profound and expressive
dimension in Christian marriage, before and under the Lord's eyes.
Natural marriage already had "a certain sacramentality"
in a broad sense as a foreshadowing of the mystery of the nuptial union, in the
intimate unity of only one flesh, included (in some way) in the mystery of God's
Covenant with humanity, in the language of creation, of God with his people (cf.
Hos. 1-3), of Christ with the Church.22 "Husbands, love your wives, as Christ
loved the church.
He gave himself up for her For
this reason a man shall leave his father and mother, and shall cling to his
wife, and the two shall be made into one. This is a great foreshadowing; I mean that
it refers to Christ and the church" (Eph. 5: 25, 31-33).
In the central part of this text of the Letter to the
Ephesians, in verse 25, the model is Christ's self-giving, in the language of
the sacrifice in which the greatest love, without any limits, is expressed:
crucified love! The "tradidit semetipsum", total and radical
self-giving which is the model, is the fundamental mystery that includes the
conjugal covenant. The mystery (cf. v. 32) refers to the process which has its
"type", its model in Christ and the Church. It should be noted that
in speaking about the great (mega) mystery, the author is referring to the
importance of the mystery and its expressive power, not to its obscurity. The
mystery of Christ's nuptial union with the Church is reproduced in the marriage
of a man and a woman.23
We are in the sacred area of self-giving that takes on its
full light in Christ and in his redeeming passion. This is what the Council of
Trent stressed in the XXIV session, Denz. 969: "Gratiam vero quae naturalem
illum amorem perficeret, et indissolubilem unitatem confirmaret coniugesque
sanctificaret: ipse Christus sua nobis passione promeruit". In
commenting on this key text, Max Zerwick writes: "Since this is the case,
human marriage is something more than a mere figure when it takes place between
members of Christ. It must bring about the loving union of Christ with his
Church. Therefore, marriage is not merely figurative but a real sharing in what
Paul calls the great mystery".24
The "tradere seipsum" of each of the
spouses, like Christ, as Carlo Rocchetta observes, "is an act which is
perpetual by nature a permanent sacrament".25
"The consent by which the spouses mutually give and
receive one another is sealed by God himself" (CCC, n. 1639). The
marriage bond established by God himself is an irrevocable reality and so it is
not in the Church's power to contravene this divine disposition (cf. CCC,
n. 1640). Unhappily, the idea is widespread that if the Pope and the Bishops
were less rigorous, they could introduce some changes and open doors to
solutions, at least in exceptional cases. This truth must therefore be repeated
with decisiveness and love: it is not in the Church's power and therefore
non possumus! And it should not be thought that the situation of one
couple, no matter how exceptional, would be removed from divine wisdom. The
judgment that returns is linked to the original project ratified by Christ: "Let
no man separate what God has joined". How could changes be introduced in
the name of God who is faithful to the Covenant and who, in his mercy, guards
and protects the good of marriage?
It is thought, on the other hand, that indissolubility is
an ideal but unattainable requirement. Could God place such an obligation on
married persons, such a burden, that would turn out to be harsh and unbearable
for them because it is unattainable? He, who is the author of marriage, goes
toward Christians spouses; he offers his grace and strength so that they will be
able to live in the domestic Church in the dimension of the Kingdom.
It is necessary to reflect, with the Catechism of the
Catholic Church in hand, on all the riches of marriage in God's plan, in all
the considerations which are made about marriage in the order of creation in the
bondage of sin, and about marriage in the Lord. God's original project should
be understood in this sense: "The vocation to marriage is written in the
very nature of man and woman as they came from the hand of the Creator" (CCC,
n. 1603). Therefore, it is not merely a human institution subject to human free
will. God himself is the author of marriage (cf. Ibid.).
It is natural in the community of conjugal life and love,
regulated by its own laws, to accept God's will joyfully and confidently. In
the bondage of sin, marriage is threatened by discord, a spirit of domination
and infidelity. It is a disorder (opposed to the original order) which "does
not stem from the nature of man and woman, nor from the nature of their
relations, but from sin" (CCC, n. 1607). Breakdowns, deformations,
relationships of domination and concupiscence set in, but "the order of
creation persists, though seriously disturbed. To heal the wounds of sin,
man and woman need the help of the grace that God in his infinite mercy never
refuses them. Without his help man and woman cannot achieve the union of their
lives for which God created them 'in the beginning'" (CCC, 1608).
In the pedagogy of the old law, "moral conscience concerning the unity and
indissolubility of marriage developed" (CCC, 1610). The Lord "unequivocally
taught the original meaning of the union of man and woman". "This
unequivocal insistence on the indissolubility of the marriage bond [is
meant] to restore the original order of creation disturbed by sin" (cf.
CCC, nn. 1614, 1615). In marriage in the Lord, "by following
Christ, renouncing themselves spouses will be able to 'receive' the
original meaning of marriage and live it with the help of Christ" (CCC,
1615).
3. CHILDREN: THE MOST PRECIOUS GIFT OF MARRIAGE
Saint Augustine taught that, "Among the goods of
marriage, the offspring have first place. It was truly the Creator
himself of humankind, in his goodness, who wished to make use of men as
ministers for the propagation of life ".26 The Apostolic Exhortation Familiaris
Consortio teaches: "The fundamental task of the family is to serve
life, to actualize in history the original blessing of the Creator that
of transmitting by procreation the divine image from person to person" (n.
28). These two statements should be stressed: parents are ministers and
servants of life.
Life must be born in marriage, as the suitable place, the
most excellent place where life is wanted, loved, accepted and in which a whole
process of integral formation takes place.
The Second Vatican Council states the following: "By
its very nature the institution of marriage and married love is ordered to the
procreation and education of the offspring and it is in them that it finds its
crowning glory" (GS, 48, 1). In a more expressive way it says, "Indeed
children are the supreme gift of marriage and greatly contribute to the good of
the parents themselves" (GS, 50,1). It should be noted that the
Holy Father Paul VI personally wanted this vigorous statement included in the
text. Children are a gift that grows out of the same reciprocal gift of the
spouses as an expression and completion of their mutual self-giving. This is a
wonderful inter-relation of gifts which the Catechism of the Catholic Church
highlights splendidly: " Fecundity is a gift, an end of marriage,
for conjugal love naturally tends to be fruitful. A child does not come from
outside as something added on to the mutual love of the spouses, but springs
from the very heart of that mutual giving, as its fruit and fulfillment. So the
Church, which 'is on the side of life', (FC, 30) teaches that 'each and
every marriage act must remain open to the transmission of life' (HV, 11) ( )
man on his own initiative may not break the unitive significance and the
procreative significance which are both inherent to the marriage act" (CCC,
n. 2366). The Catechism quotes Humanae Vitae again: "By
safeguarding both these essential aspects, the unitive and the procreative, the
conjugal act preserves in its fullness the sense of true mutual love and its
orientation toward man's exalted vocation to parenthood" (CCC,
2369).
Children are a "common good of the future family".
The words of consent define this: "In order to bring this out, the Church
asks the spouses if they are prepared to accept the children God grants them and
to raise the children as Christians Fatherhood and motherhood represent a
responsibility which is not simply physical but spiritual in nature"
(Grat. San., 10). Further on it teaches this: "When they transmit
life to the child, a new human 'thou' becomes a part of the horizon of the
'we' of the spouses, a person whom they will call by a new name" (Grat.
San., 11).
The Holy Father situates this doctrine in the framework of
the theology of the gift of the person and in the perspective of the
Council, of the "most precious gift" (GS, 50).
The child's existence is a gift, the first gift from the
Creator to the creature: "The process from conception and growth in the
mother's womb to birth makes it possible to create a space within which the new
creature can be revealed as a 'gift'" (Grat. San., 11). "The
child becomes a gift to its brothers, sisters, parents and entire family. Its
life becomes a gift for the very people who were givers of life" (Ibid.).
It should be repeated how the meaning of mutual and
true love includes the meaning of reciprocal self-giving open to life.
Contraception sets up a language contradictory to the language that expresses
reciprocal and total self-giving. It becomes inexpressive and thus a lie. A
language that is not the vehicle of the truth but of a lie, with the objective
disorder which contraception implies, is opposed to love (in a certain way, it
does not manage to protect the "unitive meaning" fully). Only mutual
and true love that expresses total self-giving without any reservations has the
strength proper to conjugal love. When a couple freely and consciously let
themselves be carried away by another logic and follow a systematic path of
contraception, aren't they putting a kind of time bomb on their conjugal union?
This truth is expressed with particular strength and
clarity in Familiaris Consortio: "Thus the innate language that
expresses the total reciprocal self-giving of husband and wife is overlaid,
through contraception, by an objectively contradictory language, namely, that of
not giving oneself totally to the other. This leads not only to a positive
refusal to be open to life but also to a falsification of the inner truth of
conjugal love, which is called upon to give itself in personal totality" (FC,
32). (Entire text reproduced in the CCC, n. 2370).
Another penetrating analysis of the conjugal union and the
procreation of children is made in a book by the Most Rev. Francisco Gil Hellín
entitled Il matrimonio e la vita coniugale: "The essential meanings
of the conjugal act, which are the unitive and the procreative
meanings, express respectively the essence and the end of marriage ( ) If
love, which leads the spouses to self-giving by becoming only one flesh, is
carried out 'in truth', 'rather than closing them in on themselves, opens them
to a new life, to a new person' (Grat. San., 8)".
Conjugal life includes a logic of sincere self-giving to
one's husband or wife and to the children. "The logic of the total gift
of self to the other involves a potential openness to procreation" (Grat.
San., 12). The capacity for this gift either grows and matures through its
exercise throughout conjugal life, or it remains inhibited by selfishness whose
snares tend to lessen the dynamism of the truth written into the self-giving
itself. One of the principal manifestations of such selfishness "not
only the selfishness of individuals, but also of couples" (Ibid.,
14) is not seeing procreation as a requirement of conjugal love but as a
gratifying result and a choice voluntarily added to love. "The idea of
gift contains not only the free initiative of the subject, but also the aspect
of duty" (Ibid.).
Conjugal love which does not include the procreative
dimension proper to its intimate truth ends up resembling "so-called 'free
love'; this is particularly dangerous because it is usually suggested as a
way of following one's 'real' feelings, but it is in fact destructive of love"
(Ibid.). Therefore, the refusal to open up to children greatly
contributes today to undermining and destroying the conjugal gift. This is not
a question of acts or periods in which spouses are weak in living the
requirements of fatherhood or motherhood in a coherent way in difficult or
particularly heroic situations, as has always occurred out of human fragility.
Today many conjugal unions bring about their own
destruction by falsifying the coordinates of their self-giving. "In the
conjugal act, husband and wife are called to confirm in a responsible way the
mutual gift of self which they have made to each other in the marriage
covenant. The logic of the total gift of self to the other involves a
potential openness to procreation" (Ibid., 12). When the husband or
wife's capacity to be a father or mother is rejected, the gift does not respect
the requirements of conjugal love. For this reason, the Pope states that it is
essential for a real civilization of love that "the husband should
recognize that the motherhood of his wife is a gift" (Ibid., 16).27
In his catechesis on human love, John Paul II speaks about "body
language" which, in the conjugal union, means not only love but also
potential fecundity, and this can be deprived of its full and proper meaning.
Since it is not licit to separate artificially the unitive and procreative
meaning (cf. HV, 12), "the conjugal act, deprived of its inner truth,
because it is deprived of its procreative capacity, ceases also to be an act
of love".28
A child is part of the spiritual dimension of marriage
which is open to life. Here an area of reflection should be followed that goes
from trinitary love to conjugal love. The family that grows in the image of the
Trinity, the "we" of the family in the image of the trinitary "we",
includes the child that grows out of total and fruitful love. Carlo Rocchetta
writes this: "According to the affirmation of 1 John 4:16, 'God is
love' (agapè), the supreme fullness of love that gives and receives; not
an 'I' alone, closed in on itself, but an 'I' that lives in itself an existence
of interpersonal love, an eternal generation that springs from love and leads to
love, where the exchange of gift/acceptance between the two first Persons
attains its fullness in the encounter with the Third Person ( ) The
supernatural bond between the spouses takes on this trinitary value. The
sacramental grace represents the gift of the trinitary ontology showered over
the hearts of the spouses as a dynamic resemblance which gives in-depth
structure to the life of the spouses and makes them a sign and sharing in the
three-fold personal communion of God".29
It must be repeated that the child or children, the "good
of the offspring", is the raison d'être of marriage. As we know, for
Doms, the meaning of marriage and the love of two persons who find their deepest
expression in the conjugal act would be in itself the most intimate and precious
achievement, apart from any orientation to the child. The realization of
conjugal unity would in itself justify the institution of marriage. Krempel
expresses a similar position.30
The Council sheds great light on the full meaning of
marriage and confutes these and other similar positions: "Marriage and
married love are by nature ordered to the procreation and education of children.
Indeed children are the supreme gift of marriage ("sunt praestantissimum
matrimonii donum") and greatly contribute to the good of the parents
themselves ( ) Without intending to underestimate the other ends of
marriage, it must be said that true married love and the whole structure of
family life which results from it is directed to disposing the spouses to
cooperate valiantly with the love of the Creator and Savior, who through them
will increase and enrich his family from day to day" (GS, 50).31
Familiaris Consortio categorically states that "the
fundamental task of the family is to serve life, to actualize in history the
original blessing of the Creator that of transmitting by procreation the
divine image from person to person" (n. 28).
In the family, the sanctuary of life, the Encyclical Evangelium
Vitae points out that "Within the 'people of life and the people for
life', the family has a decisive responsibility. This responsibility
flows from its very nature ". Later it adds: "Consequently the
role of the family in building a culture of life is decisive and
irreplaceable. As the domestic church the family is summoned to
proclaim, celebrate and serve the Gospel of life. This is a
responsibility which first concerns married couples, called to be givers of
life, on the basis of an ever greater awareness of the meaning of
procreation as a unique event which clearly reveals that human life is a
gift received in order then to be given as a gift" (n. 92).
The family proclaims the Gospel of life in raising
children (cf. EV, 92); it celebrates the Gospel of life through
daily prayer, which also includes everyday life, and this is in the service of
life expressed in solidarity (cf. EV, 93). All this is part of an
integral pastoral care of the family "capable of making every
family rediscover and live with joy and courage its mission to further the Gospel
of life" (EV, 94).
The family in fact cannot be separated from its essential
service to life. This has a clear and long-standing tradition in the Council
(cf. GS, 50a) and is also confirmed in the whole of the Magisterium and
in pastoral care of the family. Allow me to repeat that, ""By its
very nature the institution of marriage and married love is ordered to the
procreation and education of the offspring" (GS, 50). The family's
relationship with life is more complete, direct and integral. All are invited
to proclaim and defend life. "What is urgently called for is a general
mobilization of consciences and a united ethical effort to activate a great
campaign in support of life. All together, we must build a new culture of life"
(EV, 95). However, the various approaches to the same objective are
different. "Everyone has an important role to play". The Holy Father
points out the creation of the Pontifical Academy for Life with its particular
functions (cf. EV, 98).32
This perspective of the very close connection between the
family and life was certainly followed in the creation of the Pontifical Council
for the Family (May 13, 1981), through the insight of the Holy Father John Paul
II, not only in relationship to the family institution, but also as a Department
of the Roman Curia, with the special task indicated in art. 141, 3 of the
Apostolic Constitution on the Roman Curia Pastor Bonus: "[The
Pontifical Council for the Family] makes efforts so that the rights of the
family will be recognized and defended, also in social and political life; it
also supports and coordinates initiatives for the defense of human life from
conception, and in favor of responsible procreation".
The Letter of the Holy Father to Families, Gratissimam
Sane, provides a solid doctrinal and pastoral basis to the whole service to
life by the family and from the family. We will mention some of the most
outstanding aspects. In n. 9, dedicated to the genealogy of the person, it
states: "Bound up with the family is the genealogy of every individual: the
genealogy of the person. Human fatherhood and motherhood are rooted in biology,
yet at the same time transcend it". It is thus situated in reference to
God: "God himself is present in human fatherhood and motherhood quite
differently than he is present in all other instances of begetting 'on earth'"
(Ibid.).
The child's quality as a gift is recorded, albeit in a
laconic way, in the biblical text, "The man had relations with his wife
Eve, and she conceived and bore Cain, saying, 'I have produced a man with the
help of the Lord'" (Gn. 4: 1). This is like a guarantee, despite
the fact that the child she conceived would be his brother's murderer. It is a
joyful exclamation for a new man! In the New Testament, the birth of a man
"a man has been born into the world" (Jn. 16: 21)
constitutes a paschal sign, as the Pope recalls. While speaking to his
disciples before his passion and death, Jesus compared the sadness that would
overcome them to the pains of childbirth which would be transformed into joy
when a man is born who comes into the world (joy and happiness for new life
risks being experienced less and less in the culture of death, in the growing
mistrust which this culture spreads around the world today, with its sick
societies). The joy which should fill families in awaiting and welcoming a new
child turns into a colorless, sometimes unwanted process. It is as if the song
of the angels and shepherds in Bethlehem did not echo in every home, with all
the human "poverty", like wounds inflicted on humanity which this
attitude implies in contrast to the attitude of those who want a child at all
costs! This contrast, however, should not make the gift of a child be
interpreted as a "right" that can be claimed in the last instance,
even through recourse to acts which are morally illicit because they do not
express the real self-giving proper to the personal conjugal act.
Normally, a child who is conceived and its birth, despite
the responsibility and sacrifice this implies, is an invitation from the new
being to celebrate. There is paschal joy! This is the real meaning of St.
Irenaeus' words, "Gloria Dei vivens homo". This atmosphere does not
reduce in any way the strength of the commitment which a child's gift
incarnates, like a great, gratifying and inescapable responsibility (cf. Grat.
San, 12).
In the joyful fulfillment of this responsibility and the
ability to respond first of all to God, one's coherence and thus happiness are
at stake. In the sacrament of Reconciliation, the ministry of the Church to
absolve and forgive sins, responds to her prophetic mission to proclaim the
truth. When the Gospel is proclaimed and accepted in hearts, it bears fruits of
healthy repentance which prepares to receive forgiveness. Only a kind of
commiseration which does not come from Christian love can lead to dissimulating
the truth which may hurt or to mitigating the moral requirements derived from
Revelation, but this kind of hurt is healthy and saving.
This attitude will certainly not take away the suffering of
believers for their disordered deeds, but it will lead them to the joy of
forgiveness whereby God welcomes them as children who return to the paternal
home. These are the criteria which guided the preparation of the Vademecum
for Confessors Concerning Some Aspects of the Morality of Conjugal Life by
the Pontifical Council for the Family. In it the understanding and merciful
attitude is presented which confessors should always have when receiving
penitents in the celebration of this sacrament, as well as the clarity, truth
and doctrinal competence with which they must educate and instruct those who may
be disoriented or in error.
There is one widespread prejudice and error that means to
oppose truth and mercy. "Mercy" without truth would be a caricature
of what the Lord entrusts to the Church as her mission. In the name of a poorly
understood "understanding", the Church cannot, so to speak, "close"
an eye, pass over without seeing, denouncing, precisely as a requirement of true
reconciliation and re-encounter with the Lord in truth and forgiveness.
A child is a gift for the family. The family focuses its
attention on it and follows it throughout the whole process from conception,
birth, and upbringing with tenderness and a sense of gratitude, with wonder and
surprise, in discovering the different moments of the new being's affirmation.
This requires a pedagogy so that routine will not destroy what is beautiful and
gratifying in the parental mission and so that the "burden" will not
reduce the legitimate intensity of fullness and joy. A well-known moralist put
these words on a child's lips and I would like to transcribe them: "Do not
be afraid to welcome me and take on my life as a mission! This will not be a
heavy task for you; on the contrary, it will be such a light task that it will
even lessen your oppressed life. I in fact am not a despotic boss ( ) I
will be capable of such gratitude as to become a compensation for you that is
much greater than your toil".33
The Lord teaches us through words and deeds. He took a
child and placed it in the midst of his disciples and said, "Whoever
welcomes a child such as this for my sake welcomes me. And whoever welcomes me
welcomes, not me, but him who sent me" (Mk. 9:36-37). The sign of
welcome already bears the message of the gift offered and the welcome goes back
to the Giver of all good. Children are first of all a blessing, a message
transmitted in spontaneous tenderness, which especially characterizes the home.
More than a burden, they are bearers of the "Good News" which is
proclaimed and shines in them. We might say that the Gospel of the family and
the Gospel of life that echo in the domestic church, the sanctuary of life, are
the place from which the child itself proclaims its own dignity. "God the
Creator calls him into existence 'for himself'; and in coming into the world he
begins, in the family, his 'great adventure', the adventure of human life. 'This
man' has, in every instance, the right to fulfill himself on the basis of his
human dignity. It is precisely this dignity which establishes a person's place
among others, and above all, in the family" (Grat. Sane, 11).
This "above all, in the family", which simply
reminds us about the inseparability between family and life, brings true joy
that pulsates in every new life in a unique way.
"The Gospel of God's love for man, the Gospel of the
dignity of the person and the Gospel of life are a single and indivisible Gospel"
(EV, 2). In the family the Gospel is lived like an adventure that brings
surprise and wonder and keeps everything in its heart, like Mary. The mystery of
Bethlehem and Nazareth bears an anthropological truth, of life as a gift, in the
dignity which God's love sustains and nourishes: "By his incarnation, he,
the son of God, has in a certain way united himself with each man" (GS,
22).
Hans Urs von Balthasar has expressed this thought well: "( )In
all the non-Christian cultures, a child has only a marginal importance because
it is merely a stage that precedes adulthood. Christ's incarnation is necessary
for us to see not only the anthropological importance but also the theological
and eternal importance of being born, the definitive beatitude of being,
starting from the womb that generates and gives birth".34
There are some who put forth the hypothesis that "the
sense of childhood" only grew up in the mid-sixteenth century (this is
Philippe Ariès' position). G. Campanini makes this comment: "Over
and above the verifiability of Aries' starting hypothesis there is no doubt
that in the West there has been a long period during which the child was
in the periphery, and a brief but equally rich and significant phase
(which embraces approximately the last three centuries of Western history) in
which the child has been placed at the center of the family and, in some
way, of all social life. This was the period of 'puero-centrism', which may be
wearing out before our eyes as an effect of an ever more advanced technological
development in which it seems that there is no more place for childhood".35 The author, a profound sociologist at the
University of Parma, manifests the concern with unique clarity and synthetic
observations, that technology may close off personal relations and that
ultimately what will count more is the keyboard in what he calls the "digital
society", rather than the nearness of persons and closeness to children.
In education, intelligence is appreciated (I would say a
kind of intelligence) more than the whole personality. The encounter with the "button"
(the computer keyboard or electronic games) is taking the place of the encounter
with persons. The phenomenon which Campanini describes as the "loss of
center" includes the loss of reference points regarding fundamental values,
especially ethical and religious values, while another framework of "values"
is growing. The computer can be a field open to the imagination, a programmed
and pre-codified imagination, but a child finds itself in a world where its "living
world" is being reduced. The erosion of fundamental mediation structures
is taking place, the principal one of which is the family where, in past
society, most knowledge was acquired. School itself is giving more and more
place to "information" from machines. Will the family and the school
cease being nuclei of protection?36 We will return to the theme of social
mediation and family later when taking the concerns of Pierpaolo Donati into
consideration regarding the social overview.
It is impressive to see how ground is being lost where
promising progress was being made in recognizing children's central, and not
peripheral or marginal, place. Children are already in danger in their mothers'
wombs when parliaments become places for the most unjust sentences of death!
While solid progress is being made on the United Nations Convention of the
Rights of the Child (without going into its relations and oscillations in
some parts which were rightly subject to "reservations" by the Holy
See Delegation), and the Church is fighting for codes protecting children,
widespread attempts of all sorts are being made, and the necessary coherence
cannot always be seen between what is underwritten and promised and concrete
behavior. There is an abyss between the "Convention" of the United
Nations and some recommendations of the European Parliament. Furthermore, the
reaction is still very timid to scandals which are stirring people's consciences
in a healthy way, although these situations are the result of widespread
permissiveness. Children are its first victims! This reaction could be a path
of return after prostration.
Along the lines of Familiaris Consortio n. 25,
regarding the rights of children, the Pontifical Council for the Family, with
very limited means, has undertaken a mobilization of consciences, especially
with regard to children's "authority" in the family and society. The
Holy Father stated the following at the General Assembly of the United Nations
on October 2, 1979: "Concern for the child, even before birth, from the
first moment of conception and then throughout the years of infancy and youth,
is the primary and fundamental test of the relationship of one human being to
another" (FC, n. 26). A "test" for the family's and
society's state of health is its loving care of children. I am beset by the
doubt that children's situations are being relegated to second place because of
married persons' excessive concern for "their" problems (as if a child
could stay on the margin) and their search for happiness that seems evasive,
inaccessible and far from the reference points which should guide every life and
even more the life of those who have decided to share it. Isn't divorce
overwhelming proof when children suffer "emotional" abandonment?
In a normal process, concern for the child gives a new
sense of responsibility. A couple cannot resolve "their problems" to
the disadvantage or harm of the one who becomes the witness to the quality of
their love and to the personality facets of the persons who gave him or her
life.37 A child can also become a victim who
reclaims its rights, although in silence.
Concern is growing for the social costs and the destruction
of children's rights, but it cannot be seen how to implement this in a society
that has fallen into a deep lethargy. If a child is considered a gift, in its
transparent innocence which encourages treating it with a privileged, committed
and thoughtful love, the contrast becomes more painful when this love is denied.
We might say that near the doors of Bethlehem the manifestation of Herod's
intentions are growing darker, as are the physical and moral massacres which sow
victims among the most vulnerable.
M. Zundel offers a lovely text which also helps to see this
terrible contrast: "Who has not felt moved to prayer at seeing the
wonderful sight of a sleeping child? The countless possibilities which it
enfolds have the original purity of the gift.38 And just think of the dreadful mass murder
taking place! I visited a parish in Rwanda: during the genocide (which is not
ending in any case) approximately 6,000 women and children were assassinated in
the church and its surroundings. Humanity continues its "self-genocide"
through an avalanche of abortions that are burying its future!
If what Plato says is true namely, that the
education of children, the Paideia, is the principle which every human community
uses in order to preserve itself then we must say, as one journalist
observes, that the communities which educate children and use them for sex, war,
commerce and publicity have already decided their own extinction and they are
well aware of it.
To be a child, on the other hand, requires a way of living,
a behavior. A child is proud of its father and shows this in the act of placing
itself in his hands, as an act that expresses the supreme confidence
that the father will make everything right that is wrong and disordered. A
child is recognized when it speaks with its father and addresses him with the
confident name of "Abba" (Daddy)! This was Jesus' relationship with
his father, which went from childhood to death, until the last cry of the Son of
the Father abandoned on the Cross. Jesus had a special relationship in the
family context with his Mother, from whose womb he came: "Blessed is the
fruit of your womb". This relationship went far beyond the biological
limits and attained unexpected dimensions in a dialogue that bore fruit in
prompt, careful, decisive obedience to God's will. "A woman from the crowd
called out, 'Blest is the womb that bore you and the breasts that nursed you!'
'Rather,' he replied, 'blest are they who hear the word of God and keep it' "
(Lk. 11:27-28). There is a common saying which Tangum Yeronshami used
which paraphrases the blessing of Judah over Joseph. Jesus does not contradict
this Beatitude, which he knows his mother fully deserves, but he enunciates a
higher one.39
Children, who are the gift of God (Ps. 126:3), have
the responsibility to take the form of a gift to their parents, to be
obedient to God's will, to trust in them, in the same current that leads to God.
Jesus "was obedient to them" (Lk. 2:51) and perfectly
observed the commandment, "Honor your father and your mother, that you may
have a long life in the land, which the Lord, your God, is giving you" (Ex.
20:12; Dt. 5:16). "The Christian family is a communion of persons,
a sign and image of the communion of the Father and the Son in the Holy Spirit"
(CCC, n. 2205).
A child is a gift that considerably strengthens the
marriage bond and acts as a cement in the understanding between the husband
and wife who look together toward a common plan which makes them come out of
themselves in order to meet in the child's future: the new life which grew from
them through their cooperation with God the Creator. Projected toward the
child, they build their future. In a certain way, they, as the first
evangelizers of their children, are also evangelized by them. Taking care of
children is expressed in trust, as a fundamental human attitude. Giuseppe
Angelini writes this: "Everyone knows the very great value which children
give to the understanding between their parents. But even more than its very
great value, we should speak about the radical inability of small children to
imagine their life and whole world without this 'understanding'( ). Also
in this way children show that they are a blessing an illumination of the
overall meaning of life".40 One requirement for welcoming the gift of
children is knowing how to commit oneself. "The truth of the generative act
thus requires, from the beginning, that a man and a woman promise one another to
the one who will come ".41
All these aspects which we have only mentioned and which
deserve being deepened in a theology of the values of the "person and of
the gift", which reaches such high levels of greatness for believers, were
not entirely unknown to the wisdom of secular culture. Let us listen to
Aristotle: "Parents love their children like themselves because children
born of them are like them and children love their parents because they
had their origin in them ( ) Lastly, children are considered a bond:
therefore, married persons without children separate more easily; children are a
common good for both and what is in common keeps them united".42
Family relations, as Giorgio Campanini observes, take on
other dimensions in the light of the Gospel: "'Honor your father and your
mother' (Dt. 15:4) can lead to various forms of children's subjection .
In different contexts, the care of children was not always disinterested. The
Gospel introduces the new category of 'service' into the area of relationships
between parents and children which does not exclude, but in a certain sense
rises definitively above 'authority' (Mt. 20: 26), thus changing the
traditional relationship of subjection". We might say that the concept and
focus of authority is enriched and put in the service of the children's growth.
And I think that this is the author's perspective when he states: "Understanding
the exercise of authority as a service implies that the one on high must make
those below the center of his or her concerns".43 This is temporary subordination in the
Lord which achieves and leads to growth. Once again, love seeks the good of the
other, not domination. Parental love should not be "possessive" since
it takes oxygen away from the children and impedes their growth. In this sense,
family authority is "ex-centric" in that its center is outside of it.
The child, the center of concern, makes the parents tend
toward the common good in which they personally converge, like a deep living and
existential urgency, a characteristic form of common purpose which, from their
intimate communion, is pursued for the sake of the fruit of their love, the
blessed fruit, in the dual character of "service" and "promise".
This project and common purpose go from procreation throughout upbringing.
In St. Thomas' thought, this is like an integral uterus: "The
type of relationship of evangelical 'submission' (to not forget the fact
that 'he was subject to them' or 'he was subjected to them'), becomes an
exemplary value for society itself and for the exercise of authority.
Therefore, family authority can be proposed as an ideal type for every form of
authority exercised in the spirit of the Gospel".44
The Catechism of the Catholic Church observes in
this perspective: "Authority, stability and a life of relationships within
the family constitute the foundations for freedom, security and fraternity
within society" (CCC, n. 2207).
The commitment to children's education places authority in
this perspective and overcomes the instinctive tendency to transfer one's own
personality and expectations to the children. This requires a real commitment
to educate in the faith (Cf. GS, 48).
4. THE FAMILY, GIFT TO SOCIETY
"The family is the original cell of social life. It
is the natural society in which husband and wife are called to give themselves
in love and in the gift of love Family life is an initiation into life in
society" (CCC, n. 2207).
I cannot dwell on this necessary dimension which has been
dealt with at other times and in other reflections. I will limit myself to some
considerations of a general nature.
The Council had already stressed the following at the
beginning of the Chapter, "The Dignity of Marriage and the Family": "The
well-being of the individual person and of both human and Christian society is
closely bound up with the healthy state of conjugal and family" (GS,
47). Later, in no less expressive terms, it states: "For God himself is
the author of marriage and has endowed it with various benefits and with various
ends in view: all of these have a very important bearing on the continuation of
the human race, on the personal development and eternal destiny of every member
of the family, on the dignity, stability, peace, and prosperity of the family
and of the whole human race" (GS, 48a).
The family is a gift for society and requires adequate
recognition and support from it, just as families are expected to take on their
political task.
The Apostolic Exhortation Familiaris Consortio
dedicates Chapter III of Part III to "Participating in the Development
of Society" (nn. 42-48), because "the family is 'the first and
vital cell of society' (AA, 11). The family has vital and organic links
with society, since it is its foundation and nourishes it continually through
its role of service to life ( ) Far from being closed in on itself, the
family is by nature and vocation open to other families and to society, and
undertakes its social role" (FC, 42).
The relations between the family and society regarding the
State's mediation are neither easy nor transparent, and this is true for various
reasons. The State invades areas which were formerly reserved for the family.
Moreover, although democracy waves the flag of respect and participation, the
family is more and more confined to a reduced area where it has difficulty
breathing and where it feels hard-pressed and harassed. The State's power is
becoming omnipotent. In some way, the movement toward privatization, in being
reduced to intimacy, can really represent a form of flight and refuge from
commitments which the family has with society. Pier Paolo Donati points this
out: "The family is becoming ( ) from a 'psychological'
viewpoint a particular form of cohabitation, of subjectivized and
privatized communication, a pure manifestation of intimacy and affection, which
does not have influence and should not in a significant way,
except for reasons of social and cultural backwardness".45
This is a complex phenomenon which Paul Moreau, in closely
following F. Chirpaz, takes up in one of its dimensions. In the "outside"
world, one must produce and struggle in order to live. This is the world of
economic competition and political conflicts. On the other hand, as Chirpaz
specifies, "the family world can appear in counterpoint and opposition to
society, as the place for the private sector, for real human relations".46 Intimacy, as a refuge from threatening
society or a hostile State, from a society that generates suffering, would be
the place of real truth and peace. Curiously, the city is attractive but, at
the same time, it causes aversion and nourishes the Virgilian dream of the
countryside away from the unbearable, aggressive and disorganized city. This
conception of privatization, which deprives the family of its function in
society, can be covered over with all kinds of reasons including
individualistic, self-centered and disinterested attitudes. Moreau's
denunciation is timely: "By fleeing from this world, through its desertion
by honest persons like me, I am leaving it to faithless and lawless persons".47 Objectively, deserting the "politeia"
is an act of irresponsibility: "( ) To flee from danger means not to
face it and those who are content to flee from the public world (démission
de sa qualité de citoyen) come to be objectively accomplices in the
degradation affecting society".48
To take refuge in the private sector and create no
opposition is a temptation that aids the State's ambition of new domination
which ends up not recognizing something "sovereign" in the family,
something prior to the State itself, and confines it to the powerlessness of
those who have no more strength.
This is also Campanini's legitimate concern: "Family
morality is not exercised exclusively within the domestic walls ( ) The
family has the precise duty to take part in the humanization of society and
human promotion. Precisely because it is structurally a meeting point between
the public and private spheres, the family cannot isolate itself in its intimacy
(which, in the sense of privatization, would be misinterpreted and deformed); on
the contrary, it is called upon to take charge of the problems of the society
surrounding it. Moreover, setting up this relationship appears in advanced
industrial societies to be characterized by a strong influence of the public
sphere on family life a condition which is almost necessary for the
correct fulfillment of the educational mission".49
The Holy Father, John Paul II, stresses the importance of
the family which must be recognized as the "primordial and, in a
certain sense, sovereign society". This very interesting concept is
explained by the Pope in his Letter to Families Gratissimam Sane, with
its precise outlines and nuances, when dealing with the family and society (cf.
Grat. Sane, 17).
The family is a sovereign society, recognized in its identity
as a social subject. This sovereignty is specific and spiritual as
a solidly rooted reality, although it is conditioned from various viewpoints.
The rights of the family, which are closely related to human rights,
must be recognized as a subject that fulfills God's plan and which calls for the
particular and specific rights contained in the Charter of the Rights of the
Family. The Pope recalls their long-standing tradition among peoples, in
their cultures (here the concept of "nation" is included and relations
with the State which has a less "family" structure since it is
organized according to a political system and in a more "bureaucratic"
form), but which has "a soul" inasmuch as it responds to its nature as
a political community. It is precisely here, in the relationship between the
family and the "soul" of the State, that the principle of
subsidiariety is situated in the framework of the Social Doctrine of the
Church. The State must not take up the place and task of the family and violate
its autonomy. The position of the Church, based on an undeniable experience, is
categorical in this regard: "An excessive intrusiveness on the part of the
State would prove detrimental, to say nothing of lacking due respect Only
in those situations where the family is not really self-sufficient does the
State have the authority and duty to intervene" (Grat. Sane, 17).
When the family, an indispensable value for society, is not
respected and aided but hindered, an immense void is created which is disastrous
for peoples (e.g., divorce, the leveling of marriage, "simple union which
can be ratified as marriage in the society", permissivism, etc.). The Pope
draws this conclusion: "The family is at the heart of all these problems
and tasks. To relegate it to a subordinate or secondary role would be to
inflict grave harm on the authentic growth of society as a whole" (Ibid.).
As an application of the principle of subsidiariety in the
educational field, it must be recalled that the Church cannot entirely delegate
this mission!
I will have to limit myself here to just mentioning the
problem of social mediations which are removing the family from those areas
where its presence is beneficial and necessary.
Pierpaolo Donati reflects on the "new family
mediations" after raising this question: "Does the family no longer
mediate in the social sphere?". In some sectors, the family is treated
like a "left-over" that is called upon only in problematic cases.
There is a widespread sensation that the family ought to disappear from the
public scene. The marriage commitment and the value of stability have even been
described as "survivors".50 However, Pierpaolo Donati rightly points
this out: "In fact, no research in the area confirms the irrelevance of
family belonging today in the non-family spheres Although for certain
aspects and in some areas family mediations may be decreasing or have been lost,
for other aspects and in other areas the mediations are increasing or new ones
are arising. On the whole, the relevance of the family in the non-family
spheres not only continues but is growing both in actual behavior and in
the needs for cultural and even political legitimization".51 There is an entirely new shape of things.
If the family no longer defines social status (and this can be positive), it
nonetheless has other forms of unforeseen mediation.
Today it is understood that a child is neither an isolated
atom, a monad in Leibnitz's pattern, nor an island or a molecule fluctuating in
a void. Concern is returning for children's rights. The right to a child's
biological identity is sought as well as its cultural, ethnic and historical
roots. Donati observes this: "In the past it was society that imposed the
mediations which the family was supposed to play; today the individual enjoys
the right to make use of the mediations, to make them emerge, to recognize them
and to give value to them".52 He also notes this: "The most recent
research shows that the average family, in a way different from the past, has a
number of positions and relations which, far from being less important than in
the past, are more decisive for the social destiny and the quality of life".53
This same sociologist recognizes areas in which ignorance
is spreading in an alarming way, especially in the political area, which ought
to be of greatest interest, at least in circumstances where negative effects and
reactions cannot be hidden.54 The separation is accentuated in the
educational field.55
New forms of mediations are coming from a deeper discovery
of the family as a subject, particularly with regard to humanization and
personalization, for instance, in everything the family necessarily represents
in the balanced growth of the child: the mediation of love in the home or human
warmth and caring for the elderly with the rich contribution of their experience
to the family in a broader conception through inter-generational solidarity.56 The "subjectivity" of the family
is of great importance for the formation of the personal identity of a child
who needs a family environment as a fundamental right.57
In this perspective, it could be said that whereas for some
aspects the family as a social value is forgotten, for others a new value of the
family is emerging.58
Everything that highlights essential aspects of the
family's mediation may free the family institution from other contingent forms
of mediation which, at a given moment, can be left aside without affecting
either the family nucleus or the social fabric. The family can be a channel for
transmitting values or a center of mediation which seems to be more decisive for
the quality of social life and public ethics. This coincides with what the Charter
of the Rights of the Family points out: "The family constitutes, much
more than a mere juridical, social and economic unit, a community of love and
solidarity, which is uniquely suited to teach and transmit cultural, ethical,
social, spiritual and religious values, essential for the development and
well-being of its own members and of society".59
A new citizenship of the family is taking shape in the new
forms of mediation.60 In this sense, incorporation into society
would not be based on the family to which one belongs (as in the past), like a
kind of passport or credit card because of one's "last name". In
principle, this phase seems to be over and could be a positive thing.
Incorporation into society would be based instead on the identity and harmonious
development of the personality acquired above all in the family. There would no
longer be those who rest "while their surname is at work"; on the
contrary, the qualities acquired through personal talents, ability and integrity
would be important. In this perspective, the family is the first school of
virtues. In the new citizenship, with the whole set of new relations of special
importance, women are being given greater value according to rights-duties and
not because they depend on a male figure, about which some feminist movements
(not the radical ones) are rightly concerned. This is an area in which
something broader is expressed, such as respect for the fundamental rights of
the human person which, with regard to the family, are not limited to
recognizing less individual rights.61
In terms of mediation for the values of authentic humanity
in and based on the family, today high social costs are cited for not
giving due recognition to the family institution. From a sociological
viewpoint, Donati puts his finger on the sore spot: "It can in fact be
observed that a growing number of social problems originate in the failure to
recognize and support the functions of the family's social mediation. This is
witnessed to by the increased maladjustment, ill-being, mental illness, drug
addiction, suicide and attempted suicide among young people in the same way that
continuing drop-outs from compulsory schooling are indicative of family
shortcomings".62
The same author observes the following: "Modern
society has tried to eliminate all mediation between the individual and society".
It has sought the self-realization of the "pure individual", in an "open
society", made up of individuals. The result has been to lose the
individual and, once family mediation is denied, to leave him "homeless",
with very serious consequences. The "individual" they have made is a "weak
subject" in need of building "ex novo" forms of
mediation, without which neither "society" nor "human subjects"
can exist.63 A new home is needed where the
family will be given back all its importance. They cannot honestly complain
that a universal "unit-we" does not work, or that there is no altruism
when the values of the identity "we", which is the family, in the "small,
everyday forms of solidarity", are denied. "The family is
necessary for the survival and development of political citizenship itself".64
"No one can do without a relationship of trust, aid and primary support
over the course of one's lifetime".65
Being left "homeless", without a family, because
of the suicidal caprices of the State, means that a human being is put to the
streets, left out in the open, threatened to the core of his/her personality. Let us be sincere: these weak individuals
are proof of the failure of adventuresome hypotheses, of the worst kind of
anthropology, and a fathomless void in the conception of a human being as a
person and of society itself. Without a profound change in this direction,
how can a general breakdown be avoided? This danger on the universal or
national level should intensify the healthy reaction and the political and
social function of the family.66 This also requires that the right of the
family will be recognized "to be able to rely on an adequate family policy
on the part of public authorities in the juridical, economic, social and fiscal
domains, without any discrimination whatsoever" (art. IX). The family is entitled to exist and to
progress as such, that is, as a family (art. VI).
For individuals, nearness is not enough because this fails
to recognize "family subjectivity", the home as a center and source of
relations, without which society is lost!
The social costs of not recognizing family mediations, with
the obstacles that risk immobilizing it politically and in its social influence,
sow their victims, we repeat, predominantly among the children. The information and statistics are
astonishing which are provided by the Review, Concilium, dedicated to
the theme "Where are our children?", and to what is rightly described
as a "silent catastrophe".67 It is all the more painful because it is in
contrast with an impressive range of possible solutions. How can we not denounce a terrible lack of
solidarity and political will to provide rapid solutions?
A historical answer could be given through an effective
mobilization to the widespread phenomenon of unjust violence that generates
death, to inequalities and imbalances in resources that sow millions and
millions of innocent victims (without counting the abominable slaughter of
abortion): "If one tenth of the means used around the world for
arms in these two decades had been placed at the disposal of the principal
objectives of the development policy, today we would be living in a world with
little or no malnutrition, with a much lower number of illnesses and invalidity,
with a much greater level of literacy and education, and with much higher
incomes".68 This conclusion is based on data from the
German Committee for UNICEF on the situation of children around the world in
1995.69 The report to which I am referring opens a
door to hope with regard to some other aspects: "Sanitary conditions around
the world have improved more over the past 40 years than throughout the whole
preceding history of humanity".70 "In the past decade, the emergence of
childhood as a subject of public and political interest has been truly
impressive The attention now given to children does not end in the
principle that they are the 'most vulnerable citizens' of society or the 'the
most precious resource of humanity' The twenty-first century belongs to the
children".71 Let us open our hearts to hope!
There are other forms of "poverty" that sow
victims among children, like a rake passing over their backs, and these are not
limited to economic questions or physical health. Today these are the object of
study and analysis, e.g., in the United States, in the terms expressed in the
title of one article, "In what way in the United States has the family
become a 'liberal theme'". In the political area, "the liberals are
interested (this is a sub-title) in the question of values". Some dramatic
testimonies are reported: "The proof of the growing poverty of single
mothers and the deterioration of the mental and physical health of children
represent the most important factors in this change in mentality. The
increased number of divorces and births outside of marriage is now
considered the proximate cause behind these tendencies. As to divorce, in the
70s and 80s there was an enormous increase in the divorce rate in the United
States which is currently around 50%".72 Its effects on the decline in economic
conditions are also enormous. Recent studies are mentioned which show that
divorce leads to serious economic breakdown.73 And what can be said about births outside
of marriage!
There are many serious studies on the negative impact of
the family's absence on children and youth. How can the leaders of a country
not feel seriously called upon in this regard, over and above any political
denominations? It has been established unequivocally that "the
relationship between adolescent crime and family breakdown has become clearer.
Louis Sullivan, the former Secretary of the Department of Health reported
that more than 70% of male youths in jail came from families where the father
was absent".74 On the contrary, "children obtain the
best results when they have the personal involvement and material support of a
father and a mother and when both parents fulfill their responsibilities as
loving providers Growing rates of divorce, out of wedlock pregnancies and
the absence of parents are not simply manifestations of alternative life styles
but of adult behavior patterns that increase the risk of negative consequences
for the children".75
This summary information taken from most reliable sources
shows us the size of the problem and the need to strengthen and aid the family
in carrying out its important social mediations without which (and this is not
apocalyptic rhetoric), civilizations will break down. At the center of the
problem there is a question of values, life styles, behaviors that affect
society through the existence or absence of the family. Therefore, it is in the
State's greatest interest to help the family so that there will be "a
vigorous family ethic". Galston76 believes that a just democracy requires
virtuous citizens, and that religion is essential to the creation of the ethics
of motivations77 which are cultivated in the family.
4. HOPE FOR HUMANITY
The theme of the World Meeting of the Holy Father with
Families opens the heart to hope.
One looks to the future with certain trust, despite the
difficulties and concerted hostility that are weakening the institution of
marriage.
Hope puts us in the perspective of the Third Millennium
which offers an occasion to look at the past, to make a balance, to learn many
lessons from history in the Church's pilgrimage under God's glance in the heart
of humanity and, above all, to celebrate the faith through solid commitments by
taking the future in hand, which belongs to God, before whom we must assume our
responsibilities. We cannot desert the decisive battles of humanity.
The family "is closely linked with the mystery of the
Incarnation and the very history of man", as the Holy Father observes in
the Apostolic Letter Tertio Millennio Adveniente (n. 28), on the
occasion of the Year of the Family. From Nazareth, where "the Word became
flesh" (Jn. 1:14), comes the sublime message of the Holy Family.
It is the model for families, the inexhaustible source of the spirituality and
new energies that come from the Risen one who acts with transforming dynamism in
the very heart of history in the special revelation of the mystery, in the fullness
of time, which is identified with the mystery of the Incarnation (TMA,
1).
In Christ, who "fully reveals man to himself and
brings to light his most high calling" (GS, 22), the mystery is
also deciphered of the primary cell of society, the community of life and love,
in which the Lord is present as he was at the marriage of Cana.
The Lord continues to come toward families, to enlighten
them, strengthen them and redeem their love. He walks with them in a caring
dialogue which must be discovered through faith and prayer. In many
circumstances, this pilgrimage is difficult when bitterness is felt about what
has not been achieved, or perhaps because of battles lost and the erosion of
many families. But through contact with the Savior of men, as with the pilgrims
of Emmaus, hope is born again in a cause that seemed to be shattered.
Redeemed love continues to have wonderful energies for
responding to the challenges and taking on the necessary responsibilities which
the Lord entrusts to families and without which humanity, and even the Church
herself, would be condemned to failure. If the future of humanity passes
through the family, it becomes necessary to consider the vast opportunities
which the future holds and to think, to a good extent, in answer to the Lord of
history, that the family is the architect of its own destiny. The Pope points
this out: "Each family, in some way, should be involved in the preparation
for the Great Jubilee. Was it not through a family, the family of Nazareth,
that the Son of God chose to enter into human history?" (TMA, 28).
The Lord, who "made his dwelling among us"
(Jn. 1:14), who, so to speak, pitched his tent (of the Bedouins), as the
biblical language suggests, among us, wanted to do this in the concrete family
of Nazareth where Jesus learned his first lessons in obedient nearness to his
parents.
The celebration of the World Meeting in Rio requires this
open, joyful and contemplative attitude in which the mystery of the family is
discovered and deepened in the Lord. It is for this reason that we wanted
preparation for the event to have the form of "catecheses" on which
millions of families are reflecting, in different parts of the world, guided by
the doctrine of the Church, in an atmosphere of prayer, and with the conviction
that the Lord is accompanying them.
Hope is something that is written into human dynamism. It
is part of basic human nature. Hoping and the way of hoping is a
determining factor, as one philosopher writes.78 Human existence is determined not only by
taking on the present, but also through remembrance of the past and expectation
of the future in the sense of active hope which opens us to a value or a series
of values which we desire. Therefore, it is part of man to hope and to have
hope. For Christians, this hope is projected toward God. This generates an
attitude of limitless trust in God's protection and help so that when trust is
not placed in God, as one author comments, it becomes an irresponsible certainty
destined to be destroyed.79
As the Spanish writer Eugenio D'Ors noted, hope, on the one
hand, is "the virtue with the worst reputation" or, as Chamfort dared
to say, hope "is a charlatan that constantly deceives us". On the
other hand, however, we are living in a historical moment in which it is
necessary to reconstruct the coordinates of hope. True hope, like truth and
authentic love, does not deceive and, in that sense, is not a fragile and
deceptive "irresponsible certainty" but a necessary dimension which is
based on the absolute of God.
By virtue of the solid certainty of Christ's triumph, the
Savior of men, a triumph which is ours because he lets us share in it, hope
offers us the tonic, the disposition and the guarantee of confidence. It gives
vigor and direction to our movement as moral behavior. Saint John of the Cross
thus spoke about a "green-colored dress".80 This solid hope and confidence are
absolute because they rest on divine promises.81
The Catechism of the Catholic Church teaches this: "The
virtue of hope responds to the aspiration to happiness which God has placed in
the heart of every man; it takes up the hopes that inspire men's activities and
purifies them so as to order them to the Kingdom of heaven; it keeps man from
discouragement; it sustains him during times of abandonment; it opens up his
heart in expectation of eternal beatitude. Buoyed up by hope, he is preserved
from selfishness and led to the happiness that flows from charity" (n.
1818).
Through hope we cast our anchors toward heaven where the
Lord has already arrived. Jesus who has already entered into eternity is the
one who returns for that definitive appointment with humanity which is the
parusia. Therefore, hope puts us in the area of history and eschatology.
How can we lift up our hearts to hope when a whole series
of signs causes doubts, some of which are grounded, about survival, at least
according to the present patterns? There are obvious symptoms of erosion,
especially in some countries, and worrisome breakdowns are predicted in family
structures in ever greater areas. We recall how the doubts about the family's
future were nourished in the international forums during the International Year
of the Family in the recurring term "uncertain family", in line with
L. Rousell's position.82
Nonetheless, it could be that projections regarding
phenomena that are causing concern in some countries are being unduly
aggrandized and generalized. Even in the countries most affected by the
systematic destruction of the family with "the conspiracy" of the
State, one ought to ask whether new tendencies and firm reactions will not arise
in the future that will urge the political forces, beginning with the most
committed pastoral efforts of Christians, toward new directions and changes.
There are some hopeful signs which reveal a new dynamic.
In any case, will it be possible for peoples who have had
so many lessons from history to continue towards an adventure with a tragic
ending?
We have seen how certain defeatist conclusions give little
consideration to the fact that a fundamental concern for the continuity of the
family persists, and to the abundant data from sociological inquiries,
especially the answers from young people, indicating that the majority want to
have a stable family. Whether their behavior is in conformity with what they
express as their ideal is another matter.83 The bitter experiences of social disarray
are already suggesting the need to some politicians for coherent financial
measures and positions to support and protect the family.
In the final phases of the International Year of the
Family, there was a more positive atmosphere, compared to the rarefied air at
the beginning, which was also freer with regard to the premises on which many
were working frantically at the start.
We have mentioned the new way of treating the family, for
instance, in the United States, where the family has once again become of
political interest.84
We cannot let ourselves be carried away by a kind of "determinism"
of a fatalistic sort that makes us give up without fighting what seems to be an
inescapable trend of eclipse of the family. Since the family is an institution willed
expressly by the Creator, shouldn't a search for the necessary good for married
persons, children and society be felt in the heart of peoples and of individual
persons?
We have considered the fact that it is not an objective for
the family to cease being a center of social mediation and that there are
essential mediations aimed at recognizing and protecting the family as a privileged
place of humanity and its safeguard. With the help of the sciences, "the
citizenship of the family" is taking on a new image which is inseparable
from its educational task at the service of the identity of the human person.
It is surely here where we must deepen the family's rich possibilities, without
holding on to other forms of presence and mediation by the family which were
more suited to other moments in history and other cultural modes.
This necessary mediation leads us to give priority to the
dimension of the child, as the concrete path for redeeming the family
institution and its reinforcement, precisely because children reveal the
outlines and ways of being and living in the family.
Allow me to tell a story. At the World Congress of
Families in Malta (November 1993), organized by the United Nations, the
principal speaker (and this was symptomatic) was the French sociologist, L.
Rousell. The forecast about the family's future was full of dark spots. It
might have been said that hope was dying. At the end, I asked him a question, as
if the "spes contra spem" had moved me for which Abraham was praised.
I asked him if he really saw no way out because if that was the situation,
humanity was heading toward a void. After reflecting a bit, he offered me his
book, which I had already read with interest, and replied: "I am starting
to think that there is a light at the end of the tunnel and it is the child".
Yes, in children there is a light and a way out. Although that "way out"
can still not be seen in his work, I must confess that this is a fundamental
track.
It is service to children, their loving care, which can
free from the tentacles of selfishness that grip so many couples in a "dual
selfishness", and also society which, through the asphyxiation of values,
is bringing about the crises of humanity. Children, who are the fruits of love,
evangelize and free the authors, together with God, of their life. By
fulfilling their principal task which is not opposed to but, on the contrary,
gives fullness to conjugal love, a couple is freed by their children from being
reduced to solving "their problems" without leaving any room for the
children and their rights and suffering.
In very many societies which are running the risk of aging,
especially in spirit (without going into considerations regarding the "demographic
winter"), the light comes from above in the new light that comes from God,
just as the Lord, the Savior of the world, came "from above".
Please allow me to make another reference of an artistic
nature. A well-known Spanish sculptor, Luis Antonio Sanguino, generously gave
his work entitled "Santuarium vitae", as a gift to the Pontifical
Council for the Family. It is a beautiful piece of sculpture, like a hymn to
life. From the hands of Christ, pierced by nails the hands of God, the
potter of man. In the form of a cradle, life is born in the bright cave of a
woman, the mother. It is the womb in which the "nasciturus" is
sleeping born like a tree, the tree of life, in the family: there are boys
and girls of all races. With smiling faces they raise their arms in a sign of
victory toward heaven, toward the light. The light, which is in the blessed
wombs of mothers, enlightens the love of spouses, of the families and of the
world, with more poetry and realism than the sole light that is seen at the end
of the tunnel. This is the true light of the One who, from Nazareth to
Bethlehem, illuminates every person who comes into this world (cf. Jn.
1:9).
I would like to conclude with one more artistic reference
and thanks for another gift we received.
The famous, Italian religious artist, Enrico Manfrini, has
given a beautiful bass-relief of the Holy Family of Nazareth for the World
Meeting. The sculptor who has enriched the Christian artistic heritage with
many works, is 83 years old. He works with youthful enthusiasm in his shop in
Milan together with his wife. They are a living witness of a family, of a
serenely happy couple who, as in the book of Tobias, are growing old together
under God's glance (cf. Tb. 14:2). I asked myself this: How, at that
age, can hands be so agile to the inspiration that moves them, as laborious and
precise as those of a young person, to the point of shaping the wonderful
countenances of the Baby Jesus, God, of Joseph and Mary, that filled the humble
house-workshop of Nazareth with light?
It seems to me that the secret of this artist's longevity
lies in the conjugal love and in the children with whom the Lord has blessed
him. Nazareth, Bethlehem and Cana tell us about the family, and the Lord's
working presence continues in history. In the Letter to Families
Gratissimam Sane, the Successor of Peter pointed out the "Bridegroom"
who is within the family. It is He who joins the spouses in the mystery of his
Covenant; it is He who renews love through mutual self-giving in the family
communion, gift and commitment, which plunges its roots into God; it is He who
changes the water into wine and comes to help the newlyweds in that series of
new things that continues over the years; it is He who shares hope, because He
is Hope.
1 The World Meeting of the Holy Family with Families will
take place in Rio de Janeiro from October 4-5, 1997. It will be preceded by a
Theological and Pastoral Congress from October 1-3, 1997 which will bring
together 2,500 participants delegated by the Episcopal Conferences, together
with theologians, pastors, representatives of apostolic movements for the family
and life, as well as groups and associations involved in, and committed to the
transcendental cause of the domestic Church, the sanctuary of life.
18 "The love which is spoken about here is 'amor
coniugalis', i.e., not the mere sentiment and blind and irresistible impulse
exposed to the instability of passion, but that 'eminently human' affection
that, since it comes from the will, takes on and ennobles all the manifestations
of the natural tendency. Part of the most noble part of the person the
affection of the will is directed toward its end, embracing all the good
of the person loved" (Francisco Gil Hellín,
op. cit., pp. 236-237).
31 The former Holy Office, in the decree of April 1, 1944,
had already rejected the position represented by Doms and Krempel (Denz-Sch., n.
3838). Moreover, Pius XII had taught the primary and intimate end of procreation
in his Discourse to Obstetricians on October 29, 1951. He stressed that "Everything
that is most spiritual and profound in conjugal love as such was placed, through
the will of nature and the Creator, at the service of offspring" (Matrimonio
e famiglia nel magistero della Chiesa, n. 264).
32 In this way, by having recourse to the scholastic use of
the formal object, the Pontifical Council for Pastoral Assistance to Health Care
Workers refers to health with a focus on illness and thus of health
which must be treated, taken care of, with emphasis on illness and human
suffering (cf. Pastor Bonus, art. 152, 153).
50 N. Luhmann has expressed the opinion in a scientific way
whereby individuals must not be connected with their family belonging in any
way. Its role is irrelevant (N. Luhmann, Il sistema sociale famiglia in
La ricerca sociale, 1989, n. 39, pp. 235-352). Even less should the
family be considered as a "sub-system of society" (With this, a
concrete negation is made of the family as a sovereign subject with specific
rights). It cannot and must not mediate anything any longer between the
individual and society, not even in relations between the sexes (cf. N. Luhmann,
Donne, uomini, Iusea, Paris-Lecce 1992, pp. 52-70).
51 P. Donati, op. cit., p. 28.
52 Ibid., p. 31.
53 Ibid., p. 59.
54 Cf. Ibid., p. 61.
55 Donati recognizes the growing difficulty of some
mediations or their reductive character, e.g., the school, social and health
services, enterprise (economy)with reference to the Italian situation. In
general, in observing some countries, it might be thought that "the family
does not exist: 'couples', 'women', 'children', 'the elderly' exist: that is,
only generic social categories" (op. cit., p. 61). Nonetheless,
interest is growing again in a greater involvement in the economic area (in the
micro-economy and in local communities) (cf. Familia et Vita, review of
the Pontifical Council for the Family, No. 2/96).
56 Cf. Donati, op. cit., p. 65.
57 Here it would be good to refer to the valid opinions of
Buttiglione regarding the theme of the family as a communion of persons and
concretely regarding the function of the mother and the father (cf. R.
Buttiglione, L'uomo e la famiglia, Dino Editore, Rome 1991, pp. 121,
141).
58 Donati notes this: "The subjectivity of the family
ultimately means that the family, precisely with regard to mediation, is
becoming a new 'value' which is felt, lived and pursued intentionally with its
own meaning which is not subordinate or dependent on other contexts or variables"
(op. cit., p. 70).
59 Charter of the Rights of the Family, Vatican
Press, Vatican City 1983, Preamble, E.
60 Donati comments that "if the family had no more
reference to citizenship, the fundamental rules of inter-human cohabitation
would be lacking and thereby the orientation toward the person as a sense of
belonging and identity would vanish" (op. cit., p. 71).
61 A whole series of personal relations open up in the area
of the family and in reference to society. The Bologna professor observes this:
"To promote the citizenship of the family means, in other terms, to opt for
choices which go in the direction of a real, more complete democracy: a
democracy made of solidarity, sharing, participation and autonomy of the person
as individuals in relation to one another" (op. cit., p. 73).
Something of this perspective could be found in the motto of the International
Year of the Family proclaimed by the United Nations for 1994: "Building the
smallest democracy".
62 P. Donati, op. cit., p. 76.
63 Ibid., p. 80.
64 Ibid., p. 79.
65 Ibid., p. 77.
66 Cf. Charter of the Rights of the Family, art.
VIII.
67 Cf. Concilium, 2/1996 (Italian edition). The
tragedy of poverty is taken up as a "silent catastrophe" of the "40,000
children who die each day of hunger and illness, the 150 million who live in a
precarious state of health and growth, and the 100 million children between 6
and 11 years of age who do not go to school": the age-old injustices, the
lack of solidarity and resources, despite favorable changes and new resources (Concilium,
2/1996, 17).
68 Ibid., p. 20.
69 The paragraph which I quoted continues in this way: "and
with lower birth rates, with less social and environmental problems, with less
civil wars and refugees and with less international conflicts". Since I
have serious doubts regarding the birth rate, which seems to be derived from a
slightly correct demographic vision, I preferred to place that statement in the
notes. It should be considered that if the huge economic resources which are
destined today to an exaggerated birth control were directed toward in-depth
formation of the family, we would be better off.
73 "Approximately 10% of white children and 14% of
black children with separated parents fell into poverty over the course of the
following year 45% of families with children under 18 who are in the care
of a woman are poor compared to only 7% of families with children in the care of
a married couple" (Ibid.).
74 Op. cit., p. 54. We cannot dwell here on the
figures relative to suicide, mental disorder, which are instructive. The same
can be said for scholastic achievement. The costs are enormous! The
deterioration, also of economic conditions, has obvious relations in certain
cultural changes with the tendency "ever more accentuated to resolve the
conflict of interests between adults and children in favor of the former" (Ibid.,
p. 55).
75 Beyond Rhetoric: A New American Agenda for Children
and Families. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 1991, xix,
quoted in Concilium, 2/1996, p. 59.
76 W. Galston is a well-known moral philosopher and author
of the book "Liberal Purposes (Cambridge University, Press,
Cambridge, 1990) (which apparently inspired some changes in Clinton's policy).
He studies Aristotelian democracy which presumes that the citizens must have a
high degree of virtue and moral character.
81 Hope is not a marginal thing, much less in the world of
philosophy. Kant recalled that every philosophy was related to four fundamental
questions, of which the third would be, "What am I permitted to hope?".
Basically, as J.L. Bruges comments, every religion is born from a question
about the future (cf. Dictionnaire de la morale catholique, CLD, 1991,
p. 153). Hope also puts new vivacity into theology (Ibid.).
82 His hypotheses were the object of consideration in some
of my other conferences. He concentrates especially on the situation in France
and perhaps of other Western European countries.
83 Other studies show the numerical increase in premarital
relations and postponement of the date for celebrating marriage. Various
factors lead them to stay at home. The phenomenon of "prolonged
adolescence" is new and worrisome.
84 While the demographic and pro-abortion policies are to be
deplored, an effort is seen on the part of liberal politicians to present
themselves as defenders of the family (cf. Concilium, 2/1996, pp.
48-65). |
There have previously been proposed various types of toy cars, such as a spring-drive type, a battery-drive type, a wireless-control type and others, for winning popularity with younger children. However, the majority of such conventional toy cars may slip transversely upon sudden change of a running direction, and in a worse case may lose its balance and turn over. In order to eliminate such disadvantages, an independent-suspension system has been utilized for maintaining the weight balance, which system results in complicated structure and a high cost.
As a result of diligent efforts to design a toy car which is simple in construction and may prevent transverse slippage upon sudden change of the running direction, it has now been found out that an improved design of the toy car comprising a pair of front wheels and a plurality of rear wheels mounted to a car body, in which said plurality of rear wheels comprise a main wheel arranged substantially at the center of a car width and a pair of follower wheels arranged on either sides of the main wheel, said pair of follower wheels each being pivoted to one end of a supporting arm while the other end of the supporting arm being pivoted to an eccentric position in relation to an axle of the main wheel, may run on three wheels, namely the front wheels, the rear main wheel and either one of the follower wheels upon the sudden change of the running direction. |
///
/// Reference: Anjyo K, Hiramitsu K. Stylized highlights for cartoon rendering and animation[J].
/// Computer Graphics and Applications, IEEE, 2003, 23(4): 54-61.
///
Shader "NPR/Cartoon/Stylized Highlights" {
Properties {
_Color ("Diffuse Color", Color) = (1, 1, 1, 1)
_MainTex ("Base (RGB)", 2D) = "white" {}
_Ramp ("Ramp Texture", 2D) = "white" {}
_Outline ("Outline", Range(0,1)) = 0.1
_OutlineColor ("Outline Color", Color) = (0, 0, 0, 1)
_Specular ("Specular", Color) = (1, 1, 1, 1)
_SpecularScale ("Specular Scale", Range(0, 0.05)) = 0.01
_TranslationX ("Translation X", Range(-1, 1)) = 0
_TranslationY ("Translation Y", Range(-1, 1)) = 0
_RotationX ("Rotation X", Range(-180, 180)) = 0
_RotationY ("Rotation Y", Range(-180, 180)) = 0
_RotationZ ("Rotation Z", Range(-180, 180)) = 0
_ScaleX ("Scale X", Range(-1, 1)) = 0
_ScaleY ("Scale Y", Range(-1, 1)) = 0
_SplitX ("Split X", Range(0, 1)) = 0
_SplitY ("Split Y", Range(0, 1)) = 0
_SquareN ("Square N", Range(1, 10)) = 1
_SquareScale ("Square Scale", Range(0, 1)) = 0
}
SubShader {
Tags { "RenderType"="Opaque" }
LOD 200
UsePass "NPR/Cartoon/Antialiased Cel Shading/OUTLINE"
Pass {
Tags { "LightMode"="ForwardBase" }
CGPROGRAM
#pragma vertex vert
#pragma fragment frag
#pragma multi_compile_fwdbase
#pragma glsl
#include "UnityCG.cginc"
#include "Lighting.cginc"
#include "AutoLight.cginc"
#include "UnityShaderVariables.cginc"
#define DegreeToRadian 0.0174533
fixed4 _Color;
sampler2D _MainTex;
float4 _MainTex_ST;
sampler2D _Ramp;
fixed4 _Specular;
fixed _SpecularScale;
float _TranslationX;
float _TranslationY;
float _RotationX;
float _RotationY;
float _RotationZ;
float _ScaleX;
float _ScaleY;
float _SplitX;
float _SplitY;
float _SquareN;
fixed _SquareScale;
struct a2v {
float4 vertex : POSITION;
float3 normal : NORMAL;
float4 texcoord : TEXCOORD0;
float4 tangent : TANGENT;
};
struct v2f {
float4 pos : POSITION;
float2 uv : TEXCOORD0;
float3 tangentNormal : TEXCOORD1;
float3 tangentLightDir : TEXCOORD2;
float3 tangentViewDir : TEXCOORD3;
float3 worldPos : TEXCOORD4;
SHADOW_COORDS(5)
};
v2f vert (a2v v) {
v2f o;
o.pos = mul( UNITY_MATRIX_MVP, v.vertex);
TANGENT_SPACE_ROTATION;
o.tangentNormal = mul(rotation, v.normal); // Equal to (0, 0, 1)
o.tangentLightDir = mul(rotation, ObjSpaceLightDir(v.vertex));
o.tangentViewDir = mul(rotation, ObjSpaceViewDir(v.vertex));
o.uv = TRANSFORM_TEX (v.texcoord, _MainTex);
o.worldPos = mul(_Object2World, v.vertex).xyz;
TRANSFER_SHADOW(o);
return o;
}
float4 frag(v2f i) : COLOR {
fixed3 tangentNormal = normalize(i.tangentNormal);
fixed3 tangentLightDir = normalize(i.tangentLightDir);
fixed3 tangentViewDir = normalize(i.tangentViewDir);
fixed3 tangentHalfDir = normalize(tangentViewDir + tangentLightDir);
// Scale
tangentHalfDir = tangentHalfDir - _ScaleX * tangentHalfDir.x * fixed3(1, 0, 0);
tangentHalfDir = normalize(tangentHalfDir);
tangentHalfDir = tangentHalfDir - _ScaleY * tangentHalfDir.y * fixed3(0, 1, 0);
tangentHalfDir = normalize(tangentHalfDir);
// Ratation
float xRad = _RotationX * DegreeToRadian;
float3x3 xRotation = float3x3(1, 0, 0,
0, cos(xRad), sin(xRad),
0, -sin(xRad), cos(xRad));
float yRad = _RotationY * DegreeToRadian;
float3x3 yRotation = float3x3(cos(yRad), 0, -sin(yRad),
0, 1, 0,
sin(yRad), 0, cos(yRad));
float zRad = _RotationZ * DegreeToRadian;
float3x3 zRotation = float3x3(cos(zRad), sin(zRad), 0,
-sin(zRad), cos(zRad), 0,
0, 0, 1);
tangentHalfDir = mul(zRotation, mul(yRotation, mul(xRotation, tangentHalfDir)));
// Translation
tangentHalfDir = tangentHalfDir + fixed3(_TranslationX, _TranslationY, 0);
tangentHalfDir = normalize(tangentHalfDir);
// Split
fixed signX = 1;
if (tangentHalfDir.x < 0) {
signX = -1;
}
fixed signY = 1;
if (tangentHalfDir.y < 0) {
signY = -1;
}
tangentHalfDir = tangentHalfDir - _SplitX * signX * fixed3(1, 0, 0) - _SplitY * signY * fixed3(0, 1, 0);
tangentHalfDir = normalize(tangentHalfDir);
// Square
float sqrThetaX = acos(tangentHalfDir.x);
float sqrThetaY = acos(tangentHalfDir.y);
fixed sqrnormX = sin(pow(2 * sqrThetaX, _SquareN));
fixed sqrnormY = sin(pow(2 * sqrThetaY, _SquareN));
tangentHalfDir = tangentHalfDir - _SquareScale * (sqrnormX * tangentHalfDir.x * fixed3(1, 0, 0) + sqrnormY * tangentHalfDir.y * fixed3(0, 1, 0));
tangentHalfDir = normalize(tangentHalfDir);
// Compute the lighting model
fixed3 ambient = UNITY_LIGHTMODEL_AMBIENT.xyz;
UNITY_LIGHT_ATTENUATION(atten, i, i.worldPos);
fixed diff = dot (tangentNormal, tangentLightDir);
diff = diff * 0.5 + 0.5;
fixed4 c = tex2D (_MainTex, i.uv);
fixed3 diffuseColor = c.rgb * _Color.rgb;
fixed3 diffuse = _LightColor0.rgb * diffuseColor * tex2D(_Ramp, float2(diff, diff)).rgb;
fixed spec = dot(tangentNormal, tangentHalfDir);
fixed w = fwidth(spec) * 1.0;
fixed3 specular = lerp(fixed3(0, 0, 0), _Specular.rgb, smoothstep(-w, w, spec + _SpecularScale - 1));
return fixed4(ambient + (diffuse + specular) * atten, 1.0);
}
ENDCG
}
Pass {
Tags { "LightMode"="ForwardAdd" }
Blend One One
CGPROGRAM
#pragma vertex vert
#pragma fragment frag
#pragma multi_compile_fwdadd
#pragma glsl
#include "UnityCG.cginc"
#include "Lighting.cginc"
#include "AutoLight.cginc"
#include "UnityShaderVariables.cginc"
#define DegreeToRadian 0.0174533
fixed4 _Color;
sampler2D _MainTex;
float4 _MainTex_ST;
sampler2D _Ramp;
fixed4 _Specular;
fixed _SpecularScale;
float _TranslationX;
float _TranslationY;
float _RotationX;
float _RotationY;
float _RotationZ;
float _ScaleX;
float _ScaleY;
float _SplitX;
float _SplitY;
float _SquareN;
fixed _SquareScale;
struct a2v {
float4 vertex : POSITION;
float3 normal : NORMAL;
float4 texcoord : TEXCOORD0;
float4 tangent : TANGENT;
};
struct v2f {
float4 pos : POSITION;
float2 uv : TEXCOORD0;
float3 tangentNormal : TEXCOORD1;
float3 tangentLightDir : TEXCOORD2;
float3 tangentViewDir : TEXCOORD3;
float3 worldPos : TEXCOORD4;
SHADOW_COORDS(5)
};
v2f vert (a2v v) {
v2f o;
o.pos = mul( UNITY_MATRIX_MVP, v.vertex);
TANGENT_SPACE_ROTATION;
o.tangentNormal = mul(rotation, v.normal); // Equal to (0, 0, 1)
o.tangentLightDir = mul(rotation, ObjSpaceLightDir(v.vertex));
o.tangentViewDir = mul(rotation, ObjSpaceViewDir(v.vertex));
o.uv = TRANSFORM_TEX (v.texcoord, _MainTex);
o.worldPos = mul(_Object2World, v.vertex).xyz;
TRANSFER_SHADOW(o);
return o;
}
float4 frag(v2f i) : COLOR {
fixed3 tangentNormal = normalize(i.tangentNormal);
fixed3 tangentLightDir = normalize(i.tangentLightDir);
fixed3 tangentViewDir = normalize(i.tangentViewDir);
fixed3 tangentHalfDir = normalize(tangentViewDir + tangentLightDir);
// Scale
tangentHalfDir = tangentHalfDir - _ScaleX * tangentHalfDir.x * fixed3(1, 0, 0);
tangentHalfDir = normalize(tangentHalfDir);
tangentHalfDir = tangentHalfDir - _ScaleY * tangentHalfDir.y * fixed3(0, 1, 0);
tangentHalfDir = normalize(tangentHalfDir);
// Ratation
float xRad = _RotationX * DegreeToRadian;
float3x3 xRotation = float3x3(1, 0, 0,
0, cos(xRad), sin(xRad),
0, -sin(xRad), cos(xRad));
float yRad = _RotationY * DegreeToRadian;
float3x3 yRotation = float3x3(cos(yRad), 0, -sin(yRad),
0, 1, 0,
sin(yRad), 0, cos(yRad));
float zRad = _RotationZ * DegreeToRadian;
float3x3 zRotation = float3x3(cos(zRad), sin(zRad), 0,
-sin(zRad), cos(zRad), 0,
0, 0, 1);
tangentHalfDir = mul(zRotation, mul(yRotation, mul(xRotation, tangentHalfDir)));
// Translation
tangentHalfDir = tangentHalfDir + fixed3(_TranslationX, _TranslationY, 0);
tangentHalfDir = normalize(tangentHalfDir);
// Split
fixed signX = 1;
if (tangentHalfDir.x < 0) {
signX = -1;
}
fixed signY = 1;
if (tangentHalfDir.y < 0) {
signY = -1;
}
tangentHalfDir = tangentHalfDir - _SplitX * signX * fixed3(1, 0, 0) - _SplitY * signY * fixed3(0, 1, 0);
tangentHalfDir = normalize(tangentHalfDir);
// Square
float sqrThetaX = acos(tangentHalfDir.x);
float sqrThetaY = acos(tangentHalfDir.y);
fixed sqrnormX = sin(pow(2 * sqrThetaX, _SquareN));
fixed sqrnormY = sin(pow(2 * sqrThetaY, _SquareN));
tangentHalfDir = tangentHalfDir - _SquareScale * (sqrnormX * tangentHalfDir.x * fixed3(1, 0, 0) + sqrnormY * tangentHalfDir.y * fixed3(0, 1, 0));
tangentHalfDir = normalize(tangentHalfDir);
UNITY_LIGHT_ATTENUATION(atten, i, i.worldPos);
fixed diff = dot (tangentNormal, tangentLightDir);
diff = diff * 0.5 + 0.5;
fixed4 c = tex2D (_MainTex, i.uv);
fixed3 diffuseColor = c.rgb * _Color.rgb;
fixed3 diffuse = _LightColor0.rgb * diffuseColor * tex2D(_Ramp, float2(diff, diff)).rgb;
fixed spec = dot(tangentNormal, tangentHalfDir);
fixed w = fwidth(spec) * 1.0;
fixed3 specular = lerp(fixed3(0, 0, 0), _Specular.rgb, smoothstep(-w, w, spec + _SpecularScale - 1));
return fixed4((diffuse + specular) * atten, 1.0);
}
ENDCG
}
}
FallBack "Diffuse"
}
|
More From People Who Have a Child With Cancer
I just wanted to write a note to encourage all you parents in this group. I am blessed to say that I do not have a child with cancer. In that regard I have no idea how you feel, but I wanted to let you know that someone in the Cancer project was thinking about you.
I am a cancer...
I am trying to do my part in advocating for my son, Christian,ancer by promoting childhood cancer awareness. My son is 9 years old. On March 16, 2010, he was diagnosed with 4B Hodgkin Lymphoma. His cancer was at a very aggressive stage. The cancer had already attacked his...
So. Sunday 14th July.
Nearly a month since we were told the leukaemia has stopped responding.
We are on the transplant list (bone marrow). I can't donate, sadly.
We are waiting.
We are surviving.
So far. |
Q:
How to access EF class properties from Service Layer
I have an ASP.NET MVC3 in C# and Razor. The architecture of the application is divided in Data Access Layer (EF classes + Repository), Service Layer, Controller, ViewModels and View.
From my Service Layer ProductServices I call the method GetAllProducts exposed by my Repository ProductRepository , which has the following signature:
IQueryable<Products> GetAllProducts()
Therefore within ProductServices I call (productRepository is an instance of ProductRepository):
var products = productRepository.GetAllProducts();
that populates the variable products. Now I would like to access the name of the product ProductName from productServices. If I use this instruction:
var productNames = products.Select(m => m.ProductName).ToList();
I am creating coupling between ServiceLayer and the EF (bypassing the repository). That means I must add to ProductRepository a method with signature:
IQueryable<string> GetAllProductsName()
However, since I need other product information in my application, shall I create one method in productRepository for each field of the Product class? Is my reasoning correct? Thanks
A:
Theres two schools of thought around this,
A repository explicitly defines the way you interact with the database and should be tightly controlled. Therefore methods on the repository should provide enumerated data
The repository breaks the strong coupling to a specific datasource type but does not need to provide detailed and enumerated datasets.
Personally i subscribe to the second, heres why:
my feeling is that when you get overly explicit within the repository it turns into business logic rather than a decoupling mechanism. I don't really like this as it means that you become more tightly linked to the repository implementation.
I also think that in some cases the repository isnt the right place to enumerate the data, for example I believe paging and sorting is a UI concern, however for performance you want queries to only relate to the current page/sort. this means you either need to let the UI contribute to the query compilation or the repository needs to understand paging and sorting.
Having said that providing un-enumerated datasources does open you up for issues later down the track, and even if you do provide them its very important to enumerate the set as soon as possible.
If you're interested heres my take on the repositories: http://blog.staticvoid.co.nz/2011/10/staticvoid-repository-pattern-nuget.html , all the code is also on github
|
Laminated electronic components such as laminated ceramic capacitors are widely used as compact, large-capacity and highly reliable electronic components. As electronic circuits have reached higher density in recent years, there has been an increasingly strong demand for miniaturization of dielectric elements. Furthermore, as miniaturization and increased capacity of laminated electronic components such as laminated ceramic capacitors have sharply advanced, so the range of applications has also expanded. As the range of applications of laminated electronic components has expanded, various characteristics have come to be required of these laminated electronic components.
For example, medium- and high-voltage capacitors which are used in devices such as engine control modules (ECMs), fuel injection devices, electronic control throttles, inverters, converters, high-intensity discharge (HID) headlamp units, hybrid engine battery control units and digital still cameras often have a rated voltage in excess of 100 V because they are used in circuits for providing a high voltage boost. Medium- and high-voltage capacitors such as these need a high dielectric constant and high capacitance when a high DC bias is applied. Furthermore, when these medium- and high-voltage capacitors are used in a motor vehicle or industrial equipment etc., there is also a need for a high dielectric constant and high capacitance not only for application of a high DC bias but also for use under a high-temperature environment.
However, conventional dielectric compositions are designed on the assumption that they will be used when a low DC bias is applied. This means that if an electronic component having a dielectric layer comprising a conventional dielectric composition is used when a high DC bias is applied, there is a problem in that the dielectric constant and the capacitance are reduced. This problem becomes more marked the higher the DC bias, especially in laminated ceramic capacitors which have very thin layers, because the dielectric constant and capacitance tend to decrease.
In order to solve the abovementioned problem, Japanese patent document JP 3334607 B2 mentioned below describes a dielectric porcelain composition which contains a main component comprising: barium titanate having an alkali metal oxide content of 0.02 wt % or less; at least one compound selected from among europium oxide, gadolinium oxide, terbium oxide, dysprosium oxide, holmium oxide, erbium oxide, thulium oxide, and ytterbium oxide; barium zirconate, magnesium oxide and manganese oxide, said main component being represented by the following compositional formula: {BaO}mTiO2+αR2O3+βBaZrO3+γMgO+gMnO (where R2O3 is at least one compound selected from among Eu2O3, Gd2O3, Tb2O3, Dy2O3, Ho2O3, Er2O3, Tm2O3 and Yb2O3; and α, β, γ, and g represent a mole ratio and are within the following ranges: 0.001≤α≤0.06, 0.005≤β≤0.06, 0.001<γ≤0.12, 0.001<g≤0.12, γ+g≤0.13, and 1.000<m≤1.035); and said dielectric composition contains, as an auxiliary component, silicon oxide in an amount of 0.2-5.0 mol as SiO2 equivalent, with respect to 100 mol of the main component.
A dielectric porcelain composition such as that described in Japanese patent document JP3334607 B2 has a relatively large dielectric constant when a DC bias of 5 V/μm is applied. However, it is not possible to achieve satisfactory characteristics with the dielectric porcelain composition described in Japanese patent document JP3334607 B2 in a laminated electronic component having thinner layers in order to respond to an even greater degree of compactness and higher capacity in a medium- and high-voltage capacitor. It is not possible to achieve a high dielectric constant when a high DC bias of the order of 8 V/μm is applied at room temperature to the dielectric porcelain composition described in Japanese patent document JP 3334607 B2. In addition, a high dielectric constant cannot be achieved when a high DC bias of the order of 8 V/μm is applied at high temperature.
Furthermore, there is a possibility of breakdown of the dielectric composition occurring in a conventional dielectric composition due to the application of a high DC bias. A superior withstand field that does not produce breakdown is also required for when a high DC bias is applied. |
Liver dysfunction elicited by gut ischemia-reperfusion.
Gut ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) has been implicated as a prime mechanism in the pathogenesis of multiple organ failure and in initiating remote organ failure. Although it has long been known that gut I/R elicits liver dysfunction, only recently has the kinetics of leukocyte accumulation in the hepatic microcirculation and mechanisms of the liver injury after gut I/R been investigated. These studies reveal that the magnitude of gut I/R-induced liver injury depends on the duration of ischemic period and animal species. Gut I/R-induced accumulation of leukocytes, both neutrophils and lymphocytes, in the liver results in an oxidative stress in proximity to non-perfused sinusoid that contributes to subsequent hepatocellular injury. The gut I/R-induced leukosequestration in the liver is mediated by adhesion molecules that are induced by different cytokines, endotoxin, and oxidants. Kupffer cells also play an important role in the gut I/R-induced leukosequestration and liver injury. Nitric oxide and anti-oxidants such as superoxide dismutase protect the liver against the deleterious effects of gut I/R. Furthermore, agents such as ethanol can alter the hepatic responses to gut I/R. The results of these studies provide novel information and potential therapeutic strategies for reducing the liver dysfunction and multiple organ failure induced by gut I/R. |
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Information
Mondo
Realname: Unknown Otheraliases: None Identity: Secret Occupation: StudentLegal status: Citizen of the Island of Samoa with
no known criminal record, still a minor Place of birth: Island of Samoa Marital status: Single Known relatives: None Base of operations: Massachusetts
Academy, Massachusetts Group affiliation: Generation
XFirst appearance: GENERATION X #3
History: Little is known about the Samoan native
called Mondo, except that some time after his power manifested
he used it to save two Samoan youths from drowning, and
he met up with Cordelia Frost, the sister of Emma Frost,
the White Queen.
In an effort to join the new Inner Circle of the Hellfire
Club, Cordelia betrayed Mondo, had him captured, and
brought him to the United States to display to the Inner
Circle Black King, Shinobi Shaw. While he was being delivered
to Shaw, he was rescued by Cordelia's sister Emma, known
as the White Queen, and her students, known as Generation
X. Mondo returned to the Massachusetts Academy with the
rest of the team and became a member of Generation X.
During the time spent at the Academy, Mondo was captured
by Black Tom Cassidy, cousin to the Academy's headmaster,
Banshee, and apparently
replaced with a duplicate constructed of organic matter.
Black Tom and the false Mondo attacked the academy in
an attempt to capture the students. "Mondo" was hunting
the Generation X member known as Jubilee
when he was apparently killed by the man known only as
Bastion, who then captured Jubilee. Since Bastion had
killed the false Mondo, the whereabouts and current status
of the real Mondo are as yet unrevealed.
Height: 5 ft. 10 in.Weight: 260 lbs. Eyes: Brown Hair: Black
Strength level: Mondo normally possesses the normal
human strength of a man his age, height, and build who
engages in no regular exercise. When using his power,
Mondo is able to grow in mass with an assumed proportionate
growth in strength to superhuman levels.
Known superhuman powers: Mondo is a
mutant who is able to absorb organic matter into his body,
gaining the mass, appearance, and other properties of
the matter in question. This change will remain until
Mondo's body "digests" the organic matter, which is then
disintegrated.
Mondo is also able to use his power to travel through
organic matter, such as dirt, and can appear instantaneously
in the immediate vicinity of where he entered the earth. |
Aerial Photograph Analyst Salary
How much does a Aerial Photograph Analyst make in the United States?
Get insights on the salary, benefits, education and job description.
$46,009 (USD)
Average Base Salary
$22 (USD)/hr
Average Hourly Rate
$865 (USD)
Average Bonus
The average aerial photograph analyst salary in United States is $46,009 or an equivalent hourly rate of $22. In addition, they earn an average bonus of $865. Salary estimates based on salary survey data collected directly from employers and anonymous employees in United States.
$34,075 (USD)
Entry Level Salary
$55,980 (USD)
Senior Level Salary
An entry level aerial photograph analyst (1-3 years of experience) earns an average salary of $34,075. On the other end, a senior level aerial photograph analyst (8+ years of experience) earns an average salary of $55,980.
Are you paid fairly?
Calculate your market salary rate to find out.
Perform surveying and mapping duties, usually under the direction of an engineer, surveyor, cartographer, or photogrammetrist to obtain data used for construction, mapmaking, boundary location, mining, or other purposes. May calculate mapmaking information and create maps from source data, such as surveying notes, aerial photography, satellite data, or other maps to show topographical features, political boundaries, and other features. May verify accuracy and completeness of maps. Excludes “Surveyors" (17-1022), "Cartographers and Photogrammetrists" (17-1021), and "Geoscientists, Except Hydrologists and Geographers" (19-2042).
The above data is a sample of data available in ERI"s Global Salary Calculator. The Global Salary Calculator provides compensation data for over 45,000 positions in 8,000+ cities in 69 countries. If you need to calculate competitive levels of salaries, incentives and total compensation by industry, organization size and salary planning date, please view a demonstration version of ERI"s Salary Assessor, which is used by the majority of the Fortune 500 for salary survey data and compensation planning.
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Effects of cisapride on gastric and esophageal emptying in progressive systemic sclerosis.
The effects of cisapride on gastric emptying, esophageal emptying, and gastrointestinal symptoms were evaluated in 8 patients with progressive systemic sclerosis who had delayed gastric emptying of the solid or liquid component of a meal, or both. A double-isotope technique was used to measure gastric emptying, and esophageal emptying was measured as the time for a bolus of the solid meal to enter the stomach. Gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed by a questionnaire. On 2 days each patient received cisapride (10 mg) or placebo intravenously, 5 min before an esophageal and gastric emptying test. After these 2 days each subject took cisapride (10 mg q.i.d., p.o.) for 1 mo. Cisapride improved solid and liquid gastric emptying (p less than 0.001), but had no significant effect on esophageal emptying (p less than 0.1). Upper gastrointestinal symptoms were reduced after cisapride (p less than 0.001), and no side effects were reported. These results indicate that gastroparesis is a treatable cause of morbidity in progressive systemic sclerosis. |
China Shrugs Off Furor Over Journalists' Visas
Asia: Broadcasters barred from Clinton trip failed to meet 'regulations.' Their station is known to annoy Beijing.
BEIJING — The Foreign Ministry on Tuesday dismissed the flap over China's withdrawal of visas for three journalists scheduled to travel with President Clinton on his visit here this week, saying that it had acted according to its regulations governing foreign media.
Ministry spokesman Tang Guoqiang declined to specify what rules the three representatives of Radio Free Asia might have violated to warrant the revocation, made just days before the president's departure. "We welcome correspondents from all over the world to cover the coming visit by President Clinton," Tang said. "Approval is based on the regulations for foreign correspondents in China."
In addition to a protest lodged by the White House, U.S. Ambassador James R. Sasser is taking up the matter with the Beijing regime, an embassy official said. "We hope it will be resolved," said the official. "Refusing visas can only detract from the positive news of the summit."
The Chinese government is known to be irritated by Radio Free Asia, or RFA, a medium it charges with meddling in its internal affairs by airing programs promoting Western-style democracy. The network, which started broadcasting two years ago, is funded by the U.S. Congress and is a key element in Clinton's stated approach to encouraging human rights improvements in China and other parts of Asia.
Beijing is probably annoyed by some of RFA's recent hiring and programming decisions, including the engagement of exiled pro-democracy advocate Wang Dan as a commentator. Three times a week, RFA also airs brief programs by Chinese labor activist Han Dong-fang, who like Wang was imprisoned for taking part in the 1989 protests in the capital's Tiananmen Square.
Han, now living in Hong Kong, criticized the Chinese government's decision to pull the visas of the three journalists, identified as reporters Feng Xiaoming and Arin Basu and producer-technician Patricia Hindman. Feng and Hindman are Americans; Basu is an Indian citizen.
"Radio Free Asia is part of the world media, and there is definitely no reason for the Chinese government to reject the visas of RFA reporters. There are a hundred reasons for them to follow the U.S. president to China to report the news," said Han, adding that he was not speaking for the network.
But Han said he was unsurprised by the move, which he called a calculated maneuver by Beijing to pull the plug on media it finds unfriendly but achieve its goal of having Clinton come on a state visit anyway. "The Chinese government knows what it wants," he said. "They don't care about international pressure on human rights."
The controversy has fed accusations that the Clinton administration is too docile toward China. Critics have already denounced the president for accepting an official welcome at Tiananmen Square, around which at least hundreds were killed at the bloody conclusion of the 1989 demonstrations.
This morning, toppled Chinese reformist leader Zhao Ziyang called on China's Communist Party to admit that the Tiananmen crackdown was a mistake. Zhao, 78, declared it "one of the biggest human rights problems this century" in a letter to Communist leaders, the Reuters news agency reported. A letter purportedly written by Zhao in September made a similar appeal.
Hopes that major policy announcements will emerge from the summit are low on both sides of the Pacific. But Chinese Foreign Minister Tang Jiaxuan told reporters Tuesday that the Communist regime will press for greater U.S. disentanglement from Taiwan, particularly with respect to a 1982 agreement pledging reduced U.S. arms sales to the island.
"The Taiwan question is the most important and most sensitive issue at the core of Sino-U.S. relations," Tang said.
Also Tuesday, two U.S. telecommunications firms, Lucent Technologies and Motorola, signed deals in China collectively worth more than $400 million. |
According to the state of the art, automatic transmissions, in particular for motor vehicles, comprise planetary gear sets that are shifted by means of friction elements or shifting elements and are typically connected to a start-up element that is subject to a slip effect and is alternatively provided with a lock-up clutch, such as a hydrodynamic torque converter or a fluid coupling.
In general, automatically shiftable vehicle transmissions of planetary design are subject to continuous development and improvement. Thus, such transmissions should require low construction costs, in particular a small number of shifting elements, and, upon a sequential shifting operation, should avoid double gearshifts, i.e. the switching on and off of two shifting elements, such that, during gearshifts in defined gear groups, only one shifting element is changed. In addition, fuel consumption should be reduced with such transmissions; this may occur, on the one hand, by reducing internal transmission losses and, on the other hand, by operating the internal combustion engine at the ideal operating point. In order to run the internal combustion engine at its ideal operating point, it is particularly important to, with a large gear spread, realize small gear steps, which results in the increase in the number of gears.
DE10 2008 064 113 A1 shows a transmission arrangement of an automatic transmission for a motor vehicle comprising ten forward gears, which features a first planetary transmission, which is designed as a simple planetary transmission, and features a first rotating element, which acts as a fixed element, a second rotating element, which provides a reduced rotation speed, and a third rotating element, which is directly connected to an input shaft and acts as an input element. The known transmission also comprises a second simple planetary gear, which features a fourth rotating element, which is directly connected to the second rotating element, a fifth rotating element, which is optionally connected to a transmission housing by inserting a first brake, and a sixth rotating element, which is optionally connected to a transmission housing by inserting a second brake, whereas a first coupling optionally connects at least two rotating elements of the fourth, fifth and sixth rotating elements. Furthermore, a third planetary transmission composed of one planetary transmission with a single pinion and one planetary transmission with a double pinion is provided; this features a seventh rotating element, which is directly connected to the sixth rotating element, an eighth rotating element, which is optionally connected to the input shaft by inserting a second coupling and is optionally connected to the transmission housing by inserting a third brake, a ninth rotating element, which is connected to an output shaft, and a tenth rotating element, which is connected to the fourth rotating element by inserting a third coupling, whereas a fourth coupling is arranged between the seventh rotating element and the eighth rotating element.
For transmissions with a high number of gears, the problem arises that the number of transmission components and thus the construction costs greatly increase, depending on the number of gears. In addition, due to the higher number of transmission components, the internal efficiency of the transmission decreases, such that the optimization of consumption is partially compensated through the high number of gears. |
Wednesday, May 2, 2012
A New Way to Tour the White House
In their continuing effort to make the White House more accessible, President Obama and the First Lady have teamed up with the Google Art Project. People all over the world can now take a 360-degree tour of the White House's public rooms. The White House is the only building in the world that is simultaneously the home of a head of state, the executive office of a head of state, and is regularly open to the public for tours. Take a look inside the White House at http://www.googleartproject.com/collection/the-white-house/museumview/ |
Hydrium
Hydrium may refer to several things:
Hydrogen, hydrium is a former name for hydrogen.
Hydrium, a fictitious element in Kenneth Oppel's Matt Cruse novels, Airborn, Skybreaker, and Starclimber
See also
Protium (disambiguation)
Hydride
Hydronium
Hydron (disambiguation)
Hydroxonium |
NAVESH CHITRAKAR
WARNING: SOME IMAGES CONTAIN GRAPHIC CONTENT OR NUDITY
From the uprisings across the Arab world to the devastating earthquake, tsunami and nuclear disaster in Japan, there was no lack of news in 2011. Reuters photographers covered the breaking news events as well as captured more intimate, personal stories. In this showcase, the photographers offer a behind the scenes account of the images that helped define the year. |
Fun Fact: The state of Maine has the highest moose population in the lower 48 states. As the largest member of the deer family, Maine has approximately 60-70,000 of the cute, gangly and DANGEROUS creatures. While aggression is not their norm, they can resort to it when a cow moose protects its young or when the bull moose is in the rut. As always, stay aware of your surroundings, observe from afar, and don’t be like these assholes who throw snowballs at them.
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Fun Fact: The New Hampshire section of the Appalachian Trail has the highest average elevation gain of the entire trail at 329 feet/mile. Be prepared. This state can totally kick your ass (in the most beautiful way possible, of course).
Live free or die.
It’s not my motto though some may argue that it could be (just kidding, I like to think I’m far more hardcore than I actually am).
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“Birds sing after a storm; why shouldn’t people feel as free to delight in whatever remains to them.”
-Rose Kennedy
149.8 miles
12 days (08.21-09.02)
When people ask me “What is your favorite section of the Appalachian Trail?” it’s tough to form a response. Is this question in reference to the scenery and beauty? Is this an inquiry into the amazing people I was surrounded with? Or, perhaps a particular moment or timeframe in which I felt the most enlightened? Continue reading →
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When you hear the word “Massachusetts”, what image do you conjure up? Assuming you aren’t one of the 6.7 million people living in this great state with a unique and intimate perspective, perhaps you might imagine…
Cobblestone streets in Boston…
Lighthouses and quaint fishing villages on Cape Cod…
“The Departed”…
Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch…
All reasonable first thoughts. What child born in the U.S. wasn’t taught about the midnight ride of Paul Revere? The Kennedy Compound summons memories of this country’s 35th president, his family and the beautiful, slow-paced living of Cape Cod. And, if all else fails, 99.9% of people on this planet are assuredly aware of the six-pack abs belonging to the perfection that is Mark Wahlberg.Continue reading →
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Helpful NOBO tidbit: If you are planning to receive a winter gear mail drop, Connecticut is a good place to begin planning when and where to receive it (we received ours in Bennington, VT). Depending on the season and time of arrival, it can get quite cold in the remaining states. It’s best to be prepared!
Connecticut… home of this fine country’s first juicy burger, headquarters to ESPN and the World Wrestling Federation, and birthplace of George W. Bush (listed in order of quality contributions to American life).
Also home to Connecticut? Quaint New England towns, polo-shirted men, and charming countryside.Continue reading →
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Interesting Fact: The first section of the Appalachian Trail was completed in 1923 and was constructed in the Bear Mountain-Harriman State Park segment. Also found in this section? The lowest elevation point of the A.T. is located at the Trailside Museum and Zoo at Bear Mountain ringing in at a whopping 124 feet above sea level.
When you cross into the ninth state on your Appalachian Trail journey, you don’t just smile, say “wahoo”, and move along. You sit and savor the moment. With Friends. Celebrating.
When things get monotonous, you celebrate.
Every.
Single.
Milestone.
That was our key to keeping the excitement alive. As enjoyable as hiking can be, doing anything repeatedly for 4-5 months can make even grandma yawn to an episode of Green Acres (which just plain doesn’t happen). Continue reading →
Leaving Daleville was a struggle. Not so much from the pull of the town but from the state of exhaustion I found myself in. I don’t know if it’s malnourishment (probably) or the daily wear-and-tear on my body (likely) but I knew I needed to try something new. We’re going to start with upping our calorie count. Little things like adding olive oil to meals and packing out peanut butter are worth their weight in gold in terms of the calories added. Continue reading → |
Q:
Javascript - Replace text beetwen special characters
I'm trying to replace everything between special characters of a string in Javascript.
var text = "Hello,\n>> Someone lalalala\nMore Text\n<<";
I've tried the following code:
var newText = text.replace(/>>.*<</, ">>Some other text<<");
But at the end it actually returns the text variable.
I'd appreciate some thoughts about this. Thanks.
A:
Regexes are "greedy", meaning they'll try to match the longest substring possible. Since .* means literally any character, it's going to include your delimiter << as well. Thus, .* reaches all the way to the end of your string, and then it can't find << after that, so the match will fail. You have to exclude it in your expression:
text.replace(/>>[^<]*<</, ">>Some other text<<");
|
The Cubs have been told the price for their number one target, Yankees relief pitcher Andrew Miller, is Kyle Schwarber.
Schwarber has not played much in 2016, after he suffered a torn ACL and LCL on April 7. But before the injury he was regarded as one of the best young power hitters in baseball.
In just 69 games in 2015, Schwarber had 16 home runs, 43 RBI, and a .355 on-base percentage. In the 9 postseason games he played, he only got better – batting .333 with 5 HR and 8 RBI in 31 AB.
Schwarber is regarded as a weak defensive player, but he does have experience at Catcher and LF. He would undoubtedly be a DH for the Yankees and could, if he doesn’t change his approach significantly, put up big numbers in Yankee Stadium.
In 147 minor league games, he batted .333 with 34 HR and 102 RBI.
The Cubs have resisted putting Schwarber in a deal but, due to his injury concerns and lack of defensive ability, may ultimately decide to include him in the deal for Miller. |
405 S.W.2d 25 (1966)
Clarence ROE and Benjamin Roe, Appellants,
v.
COMMONWEALTH of Kentucky, Appellee.
Court of Appeals of Kentucky.
July 1, 1966.
*26 J. D. Atkinson, Jr., Greenup, for appellants.
Robert Matthews, Atty. Gen., H. N. McTyeire, Asst. Atty. Gen., Frankfort, for appellee.
WILLIAMS, Judge.
Appellants were arrested April 18, 1965, on their farm in Greenup County, Kentucky, and indicted on a charge of operating a nudist society without a license. At the time of the arrest both appellants, the wife of one, and their children were in the back yard in the nude preparing to begin a church service. This area was visible from the road, and there were at least four cars of "sightseers" parked along the road. Appellants had circulated an application for membership in their "church" and they had solicited people to become members, but no one had joined. A sign warning people of the nudist church had also been posted on the road to the farm. The record indicates that appellants were sincere in their belief that they had been called to establish a new church.
Appellants did not have a license to operate a nudist society nor were the premises surrounded by a 20-foot high wall as is required by KRS 232.020-030.
Appellants demurred to the indictment on the grounds that the statute upon which the indictment is based is violative of their freedom of religion as guaranteed by the Kentucky and United States Constitutions, and also that the statute denies appellants due process of law. This motion and later motions for a directed verdict by appellants were overruled and the case was submitted to a jury which found appellants guilty and fined each of them $1,000. Appellants have now appealed from that conviction.
KRS Chapter 232, reads as follows:
"232.010. As used in this chapter, `nudist' means any person who displays any part of his private person naked before persons of the opposite sex, not his husband or wife, at their solicitation or with their consent, for religious or health purposes."
"232.020. No person shall own or operate a nudist society unless he first secures a license from the Department of Revenue and pays an annual tax of one thousand dollars."
"232.030. No person shall operate a nudist society without first building a wall twenty feet in height, made of brick, stone or cement around the premises on which the society is located."
*27 "232.040. Every nudist society shall be inspected by such persons and at such times as may be deemed necessary by the Attorney-General."
"232.050 The owner, operator or other person in charge of a nudist society shall keep a register of the names and addresses of all persons who enter the society. The register shall be open to inspection at all times to the proper authorities."
"232.990. Any person who violates any of the provisions of this chapter shall be fined not less than one thousand dollars."
We do not reach the contention that the legislation violates freedom of religion for the reason we find it an unreasonable exercise of the police power.
The police power is an indispensable, essential attribute of sovereignty; an inherent power of the state. It is the least limitable of governmental powers, and courts have been unwilling definitely to circumscribe it. The basic standard by which the validity of all exercise of the police power is tested is that it extends only to such measures as are reasonable. It has been said that the only limitation upon the exercise of the police power is that such exercise must be reasonable. See 16 Am. Jur.2d, Constitutional Law, sections 259, et seq.
In Workmen's Compensation Board v. Abbott, 212 Ky. 123, 278 S.W. 533, 47 A.L.R. 789 (1925), this Court said:
"* * * The right of the Legislature to declare what is a proper public policy, so as to authorize its being dealt with under the police power, seems to be limited only by the consideration that its action in the matter may not be arbitrary, but must be rested upon some tangible and reasonably clear public purpose to be served, and which has a reasonably substantial tendency to further the interest of the public welfare. * * *"
The legislature has seen fit to include nudist societies within the realm of activities which may properly be regulated under the police power. There is no contention they do not fall within that scope. Perhaps they could have been prohibited altogether, but the fact is they were not. The question before us then is whether the statutes regulating them are unreasonable. It was held in State Racing Commission v. Latonia Agricultural Association, 136 Ky. 173, 123 S.W. 681, 25 L.R.A.,N.S., 905 (1909):
"* * * Whether the end justifies the means is exclusively for the legislative discretion. Whether the means bear a pertinent and reasonable relation to the end may be looked into by the courts so far only as to determine the fact of pertinency and reasonableness. Only when the means adopted are manifestly unreasonable and oppressive, or bear no logical relation to the object of the legislation, are the courts at liberty to declare the act unconstitutional. * * *"
We look to the legislation under consideration. KRS 232.030 requires a masonry wall 20 feet high around the premises on which a nudist society is located. In this case the appellants were attempting to operate a nudist society on their farm. To build a 20-foot masonry wall around the perimeter of the farm would undoubtedly be prohibitive. It seems obvious to us that privacy could be obtained by the exercise of far less stringent measures.
KRS 232.020 provides that an annual license tax of $1,000 be paid before a nudist society may be owned or operated. The Attorney General is authorized to inspect every nudist society at such times as he deems necessary. The purpose of a license tax imposed under the police power is to compensate for issuing the license and for supervising the licensee. The cost of issuing a license by the Department of Revenue would be minimal, and the Attorney General's expense occasioned by necessary inspections should not approach the amount exacted from each nudist society. *28 It is a well-known rule of law that a license fee imposed under the police power must not be so large as to create the imputation of a revenue measure. The fee must be sufficient only to meet the expense of issuing the license and supervising any necessary regulatory measures. In City of Henderson v. Lockett, 157 Ky. 366, 163 S.W. 199 (1914), we said:
"* * * But, where a license fee is imposed under the police power, the fee exacted must not be so large as to charge the ordinance with the imputation of a revenue-producing purpose. The fee that may be imposed under the police power is one that is sufficient only to compensate the municipality for issuing, the license and for exercising a supervision regulation over the subjects thereof. Anything in addition to this amounts to a tax for revenue, and cannot be upheld as a valid exercise of the police power. What is a reasonable fee is a question of fact, depending upon the particular circumstances * * *."
See also Reeves v. Adam Hat Stores, 303 Ky. 633, 198 S.W.2d 789 (1946); Martin v. City of Greenville, 312 Ky. 292, 227 S.W. 2d 435 (1950).
We note in passing that KRS 232.010, construed literally, would define as a nudist a female patient who undergoes an examination by a male physician.
A consideration of the entire legislation pertaining to nudist societies conclusively shows that the regulatory provisions set out therein are so unreasonable as to be prohibitive. The fact that a person seeking to own or operate a nudist society must pay a $1,000 license tax each year and build a 20-foot brick, stone or cement wall around the entire premises, effectively precludes the existence of a nudist society altogether. The legislature did not see fit to prohibit the existence of nudist societies but merely sought to regulate them. Having done so, the regulations should have been reasonable. We feel they were not and, consequently, must declare the act unconstitutional.
For the reasons heretofore stated, the judgment assessing a fine of $1,000 against the appellants is void.
The judgment is reversed.
|
package io.udash.properties
import com.avsystem.commons.Opt
import io.udash.utils.Registration
import scala.collection.mutable
private[udash] class MutableBufferRegistration[ElementType](
s: mutable.Buffer[ElementType], el: ElementType,
statusChangeListener: Opt[() => Unit]
) extends Registration {
override def cancel(): Unit = {
s -= el
statusChangeListener.foreach(_.apply())
}
override def restart(): Unit = {
s += el
statusChangeListener.foreach(_.apply())
}
override def isActive: Boolean = s.contains(el)
}
|
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
/**
* This file is part of the Phalcon Developer Tools.
*
* (c) Phalcon Team <team@phalcon.io>
*
* For the full copyright and license information, please view
* the LICENSE file that was distributed with this source code.
*/
namespace Phalcon\DevTools\Builder\Project;
use Phalcon\DevTools\Builder\Component\Controller as ControllerBuilder;
use Phalcon\DevTools\Builder\Exception\BuilderException;
use Phalcon\DevTools\Web\Tools;
use Phalcon\Exception;
/**
* Builder to create Simple application skeletons
*/
class Simple extends ProjectBuilder
{
use ProjectAware;
/**
* Project directories
*
* @var array
*/
protected $projectDirectories = [
'app',
'app/views',
'app/config',
'app/models',
'app/controllers',
'app/library',
'app/migrations',
'app/views/index',
'app/views/layouts',
'cache',
'public',
'public/img',
'public/css',
'public/temp',
'public/files',
'public/js',
'.phalcon'
];
/**
* Build project
*
* @return bool
* @throws BuilderException
* @throws Exception
*/
public function build()
{
$this
->buildDirectories()
->getVariableValues()
->createConfig()
->createBootstrapFiles()
->createHtaccessFiles()
->createControllerBase()
->createIndexViewFiles()
->createControllerFile()
->createHtrouterFile();
if ($this->options->has('enableWebTools') && true === $this->options->get('enableWebTools')) {
Tools::install($this->options->get('projectPath'));
}
return true;
}
/**
* Create indexController file
*
* @return $this
* @throws BuilderException
*/
private function createControllerFile()
{
$builder = new ControllerBuilder([
'name' => 'index',
'directory' => $this->options->get('projectPath'),
'controllersDir' => $this->options->get('projectPath') . 'app/controllers',
'baseClass' => 'ControllerBase'
]);
$builder->build();
return $this;
}
/**
* Create view files by default
*
* @return $this
*/
private function createIndexViewFiles()
{
$engine = $this->options->get('templateEngine') == 'volt' ? 'volt' : 'phtml';
$getFile = $this->options->get('templatePath') . '/project/simple/views/index.' . $engine;
$putFile = $this->options->get('projectPath') . 'app/views/index.' . $engine;
$this->generateFile($getFile, $putFile);
$getFile = $this->options->get('templatePath') . '/project/simple/views/index/index.' . $engine;
$putFile = $this->options->get('projectPath') . 'app/views/index/index.' . $engine;
$this->generateFile($getFile, $putFile);
return $this;
}
/**
* Create ControllerBase
*
* @return $this
*/
private function createControllerBase()
{
$getFile = $this->options->get('templatePath') . '/project/simple/ControllerBase.php';
$putFile = $this->options->get('projectPath') . 'app/controllers/ControllerBase.php';
$this->generateFile($getFile, $putFile, $this->options->get('name'));
return $this;
}
/**
* Create .htaccess files by default of application
*
* @return $this
*/
private function createHtaccessFiles()
{
if (file_exists($this->options->get('projectPath') . '.htaccess') == false) {
$code = '<IfModule mod_rewrite.c>' . PHP_EOL .
"\t" . 'RewriteEngine on' . PHP_EOL .
"\t" . 'RewriteRule ^$ public/ [L]' . PHP_EOL .
"\t" . 'RewriteRule (.*) public/$1 [L]' . PHP_EOL .
'</IfModule>';
file_put_contents($this->options->get('projectPath') . '.htaccess', $code);
}
if (file_exists($this->options->get('projectPath') . 'public/.htaccess') == false) {
file_put_contents(
$this->options->get('projectPath') . 'public/.htaccess',
file_get_contents($this->options->get('templatePath') . '/project/simple/htaccess')
);
}
if (file_exists($this->options->get('projectPath') . 'index.html') == false) {
$code = '<html><body><h1>Mod-Rewrite is not enabled</h1>' .
'<p>Please enable rewrite module on your web server to continue</body></html>';
file_put_contents($this->options->get('projectPath') . 'index.html', $code);
}
return $this;
}
/**
* Create Bootstrap file by default of application
*
* @return $this
*/
private function createBootstrapFiles()
{
$getFile = $this->options->get('templatePath') . '/project/simple/index.php';
$putFile = $this->options->get('projectPath') . 'public/index.php';
$this->generateFile($getFile, $putFile);
return $this;
}
/**
* Creates the configuration
*
* @return $this
*/
private function createConfig()
{
$type = $this->options->get('useConfigIni') ? 'ini' : 'php';
$getFile = $this->options->get('templatePath') . '/project/simple/config.' . $type;
$putFile = $this->options->get('projectPath') . 'app/config/config.' . $type;
$this->generateFile($getFile, $putFile, $this->options->get('name'));
$getFile = $this->options->get('templatePath') . '/project/simple/loader.php';
$putFile = $this->options->get('projectPath') . 'app/config/loader.php';
$this->generateFile($getFile, $putFile, $this->options->get('name'));
$getFile = $this->options->get('templatePath') . '/project/simple/services.php';
$putFile = $this->options->get('projectPath') . 'app/config/services.php';
$this->generateFile($getFile, $putFile, $this->options->get('name'));
$getFile = $this->options->get('templatePath') . '/project/simple/router.php';
$putFile = $this->options->get('projectPath') . 'app/config/router.php';
$this->generateFile($getFile, $putFile, $this->options->get('name'));
return $this;
}
}
|
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