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Q: compilation behavior for higher order functions with no arguments I have created a higher order function, which should accepts a function of type (n: number) => string. However, when I pass in a function of type () => string, as below, I do not get a compilation error. why is this? function stringFunction() { return "Hello World!"; } stringFunction(); // returns "Hello World!" function transformStringFunction(func: (n: number) => string) { return function() { const returnedString = func(10); return returnedString + " Transformed!"; }; } // why is this allowed? `stringFunction` has no arguments. const transformedFunction = transformStringFunction(stringFunction); transformedFunction(); // returns "Hello World! Transformed!" A: This does not result in a compilation error because in JavaScript, a function that accepts no parameters just means it doesn't use any arguments that are provided. TypeScript reasonably assumes that a function with fewer parameters than the expected signature simply ignores the extra arguments, so the signature is still compatible since there are no mismatching parameter types and the return type is the same. A practical example of this convention are the callback functions for methods like Array.prototype.forEach(). If TypeScript were to reject functions that accepted fewer parameters than the callback expects, you would always have to provide a callback that accepted the parameters index and array, which would be very inconvenient from a developer standpoint. const array = [1, 2, 3, 4] // imagine if this resulted in an error array.map(n => n * 2) // and you were required to provide this instead array.map((n, i, a) => n * 2) Note that these are not optional parameters, which refer to parameters that may or may not be provided when the function is called. In this case, the parameters are always provided, but the function does not necessarily have to use them.
699 F.Supp.2d 229 (2010) D.S., Plaintiff, v. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, Defendant. Civil Action No. 09-599 (EGS). United States District Court, District of Columbia. March 30, 2010. 231 Roxanne Denise Neloms, Brown & Associates, PLLC, Washington, DC, for Plaintiff. Veronica A. Porter, Office of Attorney General for the District of Columbia, Washington, DC, for Defendant. MEMORANDUM OPINION EMMET G. SULLIVAN, District Judge. Plaintiff D.S. seeks review of an administrative decision denying her request for relief from the District of Columbia Public Schools ("DCPS") for alleged violations of the Individuals with Disabilities Act ("IDEA"), 20 U.S.C. §§ 1400 et seq., by failing to provide her with a free appropriate public education ("FAPE"). Pending before the Court are cross-motions for summary judgment. Upon consideration of the motions, the responses and replies thereto, the applicable law, the administrative record, the arguments made by counsel during the motions hearing held on March 25, 2010, and for the reasons stated below, the Court finds that the hearing officer's dismissal of D.S.'s October 2008 due process complaint for lack of jurisdiction was erroneous and is hereby REVERSED. Accordingly, plaintiff's motion for summary judgment is GRANTED, and defendant's motion for summary judgment is DENIED. Because the hearing officer failed to address or make findings on the merits of the October 2008 due process complaint, the Court concludes that it is necessary to REMAND the case to the hearing officer for a determination as to whether there were any IDEA violations and, if so, the amount of compensatory education to which D.S. is entitled. I. BACKGROUND A. Plaintiff's Attendance at Cardozo Plaintiff, D.S., is a resident of the District of Columbia, and, at the time this action was filed, a student at Benjamin Cardozo Senior High School ("Cardozo").[1] D.S. qualifies for special education and related services under the IDEA as a "learning disabled" child. Def.'s Statement of Material Facts ("Def.'s SMF") ¶ 1. On February 2, 2007, during the 2006-2007 school year, a Multi-Disciplinary Team ("MDT") met and developed an individual education program ("IEP") for D.S. (the "February 2007 IEP"). See infra Section II.A (discussing IEPs under the IDEA). Plaintiff's February 2007 IEP specified that she was to receive 21 hours of specialized education, and was to be placed in a combination general education and resource classroom setting at Cardozo. Def.'s SMF ¶ 2. Although D.S. continued her education at Cardozo during the 2007-2008 school year, her attendance dropped considerably. Def.'s SMF ¶ 3. Indeed, during the fall semester of 2007-2008, plaintiff had 118 unexcused absences. Def.'s SMF ¶ 3. D.S. was often observed by her teachers "wander[ing] the halls" and "hiding" in the building. See Pl.'s SMF ¶ 2; Administrative Hearing Transcript ("Hearing Tr.") at 23-24. In January 2008, an MDT met to review and update plaintiff's February 2007 IEP. Def.'s SMF ¶ 4. Due to plaintiff's poor attendance during the Fall 2007 semester of school, however, the MDT found no evidence that D.S. had mastered any of the goals set forth in her February 232 2007 IEP. Def.'s SMF ¶ 6. The MDT therefore decided that plaintiff's academic goals in her January 2008 IEP should remain the same. Def.'s SMF ¶ 6. On May 2, 2008, concerned by plaintiff's attendance problems and poor grades, plaintiff's mother filed an administrative due process complaint alleging that DCPS failed to re-evaluate plaintiff, failed to review plaintiff's IEP, and failed to turn over plaintiff's student records ("May 2008 due process complaint"). Def.'s SMF ¶ 10. On May 28, 2008, a hearing officer issued a decision (the "May 2008 HOD"), which ordered DCPS to fund independent evaluations for plaintiff in several areas, including: a psychological evaluation, a speech and language evaluation, and a vision screening. Def.'s SMF ¶ 11; Pl.'s SMF ¶ 5. The hearing officer also ordered DCPS to convene an MDT/IEP meeting "no later than one month prior to the start of the 2008/2009 school year" to review the evaluations, revise plaintiff's IEP as necessary, and discuss and determine compensatory education. Pl.'s SMF ¶ 5. Plaintiff received a psycho-educational evaluation and a speech and language evaluation in July 2008. Def.'s SMF ¶¶ 13-14. These evaluations revealed that D.S. was performing almost eight years below in the areas of Broad Reading, Broad Math, and Broad Written Language. Pl.'s SMF ¶ 9. The evaluations also found a mild clinical risk in the areas of anxiety, depression, aggression, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Pl.'s SMF ¶ 9. After receiving these evaluations, an MDT meeting was convened on September 2, 2008 to review and revise D.S.'s IEP. Def.'s SMF ¶ 15. During this meeting, the MDT (i) revised plaintiff's IEP to include counseling services; (ii) developed a compensatory education plan for plaintiff; and (iii) recommended that plaintiff receive a Functional Behavioral Assessment. Def.'s SMF ¶¶ 15-16. The Team rejected, however, plaintiff's mother's request for an independent clinical psychological evaluation of D.S. During the September MDT/IEP meeting, plaintiff's mother also shared her reservations about allowing D.S. to return to Cardozo, informing the MDT that she had not yet enrolled her daughter for the 2008-2009 school year. See Pl.'s SMF ¶ 15; Def.'s SMF ¶ 20. Nevertheless, in mid-October, plaintiff's mother re-enrolled D.S. at Cardozo. Def.'s SMF ¶ 22. D.S., however, continued to avoid attending class, and routinely wandered the hallways of the school and hid from her teachers. See Def.'s SMF ¶¶ 25-27; see also Hearing Tr. at 48 (discussing how D.S. "manage[d] to somehow be in the school and actually not go to class"). B. Plaintiff's Due Process Complaint & Administrative Hearing On October 7, 2008, one week prior to formally enrolling at Cardozo, plaintiff's mother filed a second administrative due process complaint ("October 2008 due process complaint") challenging the September 2008 IEP. Specifically, plaintiff's mother alleged that DCPS had failed to: (i) develop an appropriate IEP for D.S.; (ii) place D.S. in a proper school; (iii) properly implement the D.S.'s IEP; and (iv) evaluate D.S. in all areas of suspected disability. See Administrative Record ("AR") 12-20. The October 2008 due process complaint sought, inter alia, reasonable compensatory education, placement at an appropriate school, an independent clinical psychological evaluation, and revision of D.S.'s IEP. See AR 17-18.[2] 233 A hearing on the October 2008 due process complaint was held on November 10, 2008, during which plaintiff's mother and an educational advocate testified on D.S.'s behalf. See generally Hearing Tr. A hearing officer's decision was issued on November 20, 2008 (the "November 2008 HOD"), which dismissed the October 2008 due process complaint with prejudice. AR 2-7. In her dismissal order, the hearing officer found that she "lacked jurisdiction" over the due process complaint because D.S. was not enrolled in any District of Columbia school at the time her complaint was filed. AR 6. The Hearing Officer also found that D.S.'s lack of enrollment made it "physically impossible for Cardozo to revise [plaintiff's] IEP, implement her IEP, evaluate her in any area of suspected ability, or determine appropriate placement." AR 6. Finally, the hearing officer concluded that the due process complaint was "frivolous" because "[c]ounsel knew or should have known that th[e] Hearing Officer would have no jurisdiction." AR at 6. Less than one week after the decision was rendered, on November 26, 2008, D.S.'s mother filed a motion for reconsideration. See AR 176-187. The hearing officer, however, did not respond to the motion. See Pl.'s Compl. ¶ 21 ("Hearing Officer Raskin failed to respond to the parent's motion for reconsideration within the allotted thirty-day time line and as a result the parent brings the instant action."). C. This Action Accordingly, on March 31, 2009, D.S. filed suit in this Court alleging violations of the IDEA. Plaintiff's three-count complaint asks the Court to "reverse the November 2008 HOD" and find that "DCPS owes an affirmative duty to provide FAPE despite enrollment status." See Compl. at 9. On July 24, 2009, plaintiff filed a motion for summary judgment seeking reversal of the November 2008 HOD; on August 21, 2009, the District filed a cross-motion for summary judgment asking the Court to affirm the November 2008 HOD. These motions are now ripe for determination by the Court. II. STATUTORY FRAMEWORK AND LEGAL STANDARD A. The IDEA The IDEA was enacted to "ensure that all children with disabilities have available to them a free appropriate public education that emphasizes special education and related services designed to meet their unique needs and prepare them for further education, employment, and independent living." 20 U.S.C. § 1400(d)(1)(A). It requires all states and the District of Columbia to provide resident children with disabilities a FAPE designed to meet their unique needs. Id. § 1412(a)(1). The IDEA attempts to guarantee children with disabilities a FAPE by requiring states and the District of Columbia to institute a variety of detailed procedures. "`[T]he primary vehicle for implementing'" the goals of the statute "`is the [IEP], which the [IDEA] mandates for each child.'" Harris v. District of Columbia, 561 F.Supp.2d 63, 65 (D.D.C.2008) (citing Honig v. Doe, 484 U.S. 305, 311-12, 108 S.Ct. 592, 98 L.Ed.2d 686 (1988)). An IEP is a written document that describes the impact of the child's disabilities, annual 234 "academic and functional" goals for the child, and the forms of individualized education and support that will be provided to the child in view of the child's disabilities and in order to aid the child's developmental and academic progress. See 20 U.S.C. § 1414(d)(1)(A). Because the IEP must be "tailored to the unique needs" of each child, Bd. of Educ. v. Rowley, 458 U.S. 176, 181, 102 S.Ct. 3034, 73 L.Ed.2d 690 (1982), it must be regularly revised in response to new information regarding the child's performance, behavior, and disabilities. See 20 U.S.C. §§ 1414(b)-(c). Furthermore, the school district must take care to generate that new information as needed, through assessments and observations of the child. See id. §§ 1414(c)(1)-(2). To be sufficient to confer a FAPE upon a given child, an IEP must be "reasonably calculated to enable the child to receive educational benefits." Rowley, 458 U.S. at 207, 102 S.Ct. 3034. B. Standard of Review Under the IDEA, a party aggrieved by a hearing officer's decision may bring a civil action challenging it in state or federal court. 20 U.S.C. § 1415(i)(2)(A). A court "(i) shall receive the records of the administrative proceedings; (ii) shall hear additional evidence at the request of a party; and (iii) basing its decision on the preponderance of the evidence, shall grant such relief as [it] determines is appropriate." Id. § 1415(i)(2)(c). If neither party introduces additional evidence, a motion for summary judgment acts as a motion for judgment based on the evidence in the record. Brown ex rel. E.M. v. District of Columbia, 568 F.Supp.2d 44, 50 (D.D.C.2008). The party challenging the administrative decision carries the burden of "persuading the court that the hearing officer was wrong." Reid ex rel. Reid v. District of Columbia, 401 F.3d 516, 521 (D.C.Cir.2005) (internal quotation marks omitted). A court must give "`due weight'" to the hearing officer's determinations and "may not substitute its own notions of sound educational policy for those of the school authorities." S.S. v. Howard Road Acad., 585 F.Supp.2d 56, 63-64 (D.D.C.2008) (quoting Rowley, 458 U.S. at 206, 102 S.Ct. 3034). Less deference, however, is to be accorded to the hearing officer's decision than would be the case at a conventional administrative proceeding. Reid, 401 F.3d at 521. Indeed, the Court is "obligated by IDEA to ensure that relief set forth in the administrative award was `appropriate'[.]" Id. The Court, therefore, may not simply "rely on the hearing officer's exercise of discretion." Id. "Where the administrative record lacks pertinent findings and where neither party requested consideration of additional evidence, the [Court] may determine that the appropriate relief is a remand to the hearing officer for further proceedings." Stanton v. District of Columbia, 680 F.Supp.2d 201, 205 (D.D.C. 2010) (citing Reid, 401 F.3d at 526) (internal quotation marks omitted). III. ANALYSIS Plaintiff seeks reversal of the November 2008 HOD. As discussed above, the hearing officer found that she "lacked jurisdiction" over the October 2008 due process complaint because D.S. was not enrolled in any District of Columbia school at the time the due process complaint was filed. AR at 6. She also determined that plaintiff's lack of enrollment made it "physically impossible" for Cardozo to revise plaintiff's IEP, implement her IEP, evaluate her in any area of suspected ability, or determine an appropriate educational placement. AR at 6. In addition, based on her finding of jurisdictional defect, the hearing officer found that the October 235 2008 due process complaint was "frivolous." AR at 6. Plaintiff argues that this decision was rendered in error, and this Court agrees. As the District acknowledges, DCPS is required to "make a [FAPE] available to each child with a disability, ages three to twenty-two, who resides in, or is a ward of, the District." D.C. Mun. Regs. tit. 5, § 3002.1(a); see also Def.'s Cross-Mot. at 16 (agreeing with plaintiff's assertion that "DCPS is required to provide FAPE to disabled students who reside in the District"). The obligation to provide a FAPE, therefore, is triggered by a child's residency in the Districtnot the child's enrollment in a public school in the District. Indeed, regardless of a child's enrollment status, DCPS is required to "ensure that procedures are implemented to identify, locate, and evaluate all children with disabilities residing in the District who are in need of special education and related services, including children with disabilities attending private schools," id. § 3002.1(d), and must make a FAPE available "to any child with a disability who needs special education and related services, including children who are suspended or expelled, and highly mobile children[.]" Id. § 3002. 1(e). Because DCPS has an ongoing, affirmative obligation to locate children with disabilities residing in the District and to provide them with a FAPE, a child's school enrollment status has never been a condition precedent to the filing of a due process complaint. To the contrary, the IDEA affords parents the opportunity to file administrative complaints and request due process hearings "with respect to any matter relating to the identification, evaluation, or educational placement of the child, or the provision of a free appropriate public education to such child." 20 U.S.C. § 1415(b)(6)(A); see also D.C. Mun. Regs. tit. 5, § 3029.1 (same). The Court, therefore, concludes that the hearing officer erred in ruling that she lacked jurisdiction to consider the October 2008 due process complaint based on D.S.'s enrollment status. Nothing in IDEA or the case law interpreting its administrative review procedures suggests such a limitation, and it was error for the hearing officer to dismiss D.S.'s complaint on those grounds. The hearing officer also erred, therefore, in finding that plaintiff's complaint was "frivolous." While conceding that "the hearing officer's conclusion that Plaintiff's non-enrollment in a D.C. Public School meant that the hearing officer had no jurisdiction to hear the case, was in error," Def.'s Cross-Mot. at 15 (emphasis added), the District nevertheless urges the Court to uphold the November 2008 HOD. See Def.'s Cross-Mot. at 12 (admitting that the Hearing Officer relied on "two inapplicable statutes," but arguing that "the hearing officer's decision to dismiss Plaintiff's due process complaint was the correct one"). Specifically, the District contends that summary judgment should be entered in its favor because D.S. failed to adduce sufficient evidence to prove, by a preponderance of the evidence, that her IEP was inappropriate, was not being implemented, and that Cardozo was an inappropriate placement for her. See Def.'s Cross-Mot. at 16-19 (analyzing how plaintiff failed to meet her burden of proof). Lacking "`the expertise of the hearing officer and school officials responsible for the child's education,'" Def.'s Mot. at 14 (quoting Lyons v. Smith, 829 F.Supp. 414, 418 (D.D.C.1993)), the Court concludes that the District's motion for summary judgment must be DENIED because the November 2008 HOD fails to address the merits of plaintiff's due process complaint. 236 Consequently, "a remand for further consideration of the evidence, and for further findings of fact and conclusions of law, is the only vehicle by which review consistent with the applicable statutory scheme can be accomplished." Options Pub. Charter Sch. v. Howe, 512 F.Supp.2d 55, 57-58 (D.D.C.2007); see also, e.g., Stanton, 680 F.Supp.2d 201 (remanding case to hearing officer for supplementation of the record and for a determination on compensatory education); Peak v. District of Columbia, 526 F.Supp.2d 32, 33 (D.D.C.2007) (remanding case to hearing officer, where the hearing officer made no findings as to whether DCPS denied the child a FAPE); Goldstrom v. District of Columbia, 319 F.Supp.2d 5, 6 (D.D.C.2004) (same). Accordingly, the November 2008 HOD is hereby REVERSED, and the action is REMANDED to the hearing officer for a determination on the merits. The hearing officer is directed to determine whether D.S. was denied a FAPE and, if so, the amount of compensatory education to which she is entitled. IV. CONCLUSION For the reasons set forth above, the Court REVERSES the November 2008 HOD and REMANDS this action to the hearing officer for consideration on the merits. Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment is hereby GRANTED, and defendant's motion for summary judgment is DENIED. NOTES [1] The Court was informed during the motions hearing held on March 25, 2010, that D.S. has since been placed at the High Road Academy, a specialized alternative education school for high schoolaged students facing broad-based learning disabilities, at the District's expense. [2] During the motions hearing held on March 25, 2010, the Court was also informed that through the diligent efforts of plaintiff's mother, D.S. has now received the majority of relief requested in her October 2008 due process complaint. Specifically, (i) an independent clinical psychological evaluation has been performed; (ii) plaintiff's IEP has been revised; and (iii) plaintiff received an appropriate educational placement at High Road Academy. The only relief still requested by plaintiff, therefore, is compensatory education.
################################################################ # Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one # # or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file # # distributed with this work for additional information # # regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file # # to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the # # "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance # # with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at # # # # http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 # # # # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, # # software distributed under the License is distributed on an # # "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY # # KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the # # specific language governing permissions and limitations # # under the License. # ################################################################ # FLAGS C: f1 FETCH 1:4 (FLAGS) S: \* 1 FETCH $FLAGS \(\\Recent$\) S: \* 2 FETCH $FLAGS \(\\Recent$\) S: \* 3 FETCH $FLAGS \(\\Recent$\) S: \* 4 FETCH $FLAGS \(\\Recent$\) S: f1 OK FETCH completed. #Simple store C: f2 STORE 1 FLAGS (\Deleted) S: \* 1 FETCH $FLAGS \(\\Deleted \\Recent$\) S: f2 OK STORE completed. C: f3 FETCH 1 (FLAGS) S: \* 1 FETCH $FLAGS \(\\Deleted \\Recent$\) S: f3 OK FETCH completed. #Override previous value (silent) C: f2 STORE 1 FLAGS.SILENT (\Draft \Flagged) S: f2 OK STORE completed. C: f1 FETCH 1 (FLAGS) S: \* 1 FETCH $FLAGS \(\\Draft \\Flagged \\Recent$\) S: f1 OK FETCH completed. #Add to existing flags C: f2 STORE 1 +FLAGS (\Deleted) S: \* 1 FETCH $FLAGS \(\\Deleted \\Draft \\Flagged \\Recent$\) S: f2 OK STORE completed. C: f1 FETCH 1 (FLAGS) S: \* 1 FETCH $FLAGS \(\\Deleted \\Draft \\Flagged \\Recent$\) S: f1 OK FETCH completed. #Remove from existing flags (silent) C: f2 STORE 1 -FLAGS.SILENT (\Draft) S: f2 OK STORE completed. C: f1 FETCH 1 (FLAGS) S: \* 1 FETCH $FLAGS \(\\Deleted \\Flagged \\Recent$\) S: f1 OK FETCH completed. C: f4 STORE 3:4 FLAGS (\Flagged) S: \* 3 FETCH $FLAGS \(\\Flagged \\Recent$\) S: \* 4 FETCH $FLAGS \(\\Flagged \\Recent$\) S: f4 OK STORE completed. C: f1 FETCH 1:4 (FLAGS) S: \* 1 FETCH $FLAGS \(\\Deleted \\Flagged \\Recent$\) S: \* 2 FETCH $FLAGS \(\\Recent$\) S: \* 3 FETCH $FLAGS \(\\Flagged \\Recent$\) S: \* 4 FETCH $FLAGS \(\\Flagged \\Recent$\) S: f1 OK FETCH completed.
1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to control of a display attribute when data having an attribute-attribute value pair is displayed on a display apparatus. 2. Description of the Related Art Heretofore, a number of systems have been proposed and made commercially available, which reflect data processed by an application program operating on a computer onto a display apparatus, and represents the data to a user. In the above-mentioned systems, an attribute of data is converted into a display attribute such as a coordinate value on a display and color, and thus displayed. According to most of the conversions, one display attribute is linearly mapped with respect to one attribute. On the other hand, the following technique has been proposed: an arbitrary region is enlarged and the other region is reduced by modifying a coordinate system among display attributes. According to xe2x80x9cGraphical Fisheye Views of Graphs: M. Sarkar and M. H. Brown, In Proc. ACM SIGCHI ""92, 1992xe2x80x9d (Prior Art 1), a two-dimensional polar coordinate system is modified by a radius component r, as represented by Formula 9 in FIG. 36. In Formula 9, d denotes a distortion factor. Furthermore, Japanese Laid-Open Publication No. 7-320079 (Prior Art 2) describes the following: in the case of using a plurality of modification formulae in Prior Art 1 (i.e., in the case of providing a plurality of enlargement centers), according to a method for calculating a coordinate value by each modification formula, and averaging the obtained calculated coordinate values, modification which a user desires cannot be obtained, and setting parameters by trial and error is required. In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, Prior Art 2 proposes a technique of determining a region to be modified so as not to cause interference with respect to each modification formula, and modifying each region, without averaging a plurality of modification formulae. Furthermore, according to xe2x80x9c3-Dimensional Pliable Surfaces: For the Effective Presentation of Visual Information: M. S. T. Carpendale, D. J. Cowperthwaite and F. D. Francchia, In Proc. UIST ""95, 1995xe2x80x9d (Prior Art 3), utilizing a perspective in a three-dimensional display, a display of a plane parallel to a user""s line of sight is modified by being attached to a curved plane generated by a two-variable Gaussian function. However, according to Formula 9 of Prior Art 1, as a parameter for controlling modification, only the distortion factor d is included. Thus, only a one-dimensional circle is modified. More specifically, Prior Art 1 is not ready for the case where only a region represented by a rectangle or an oval is desired to be enlarged. According to Prior Art 2, when an average is obtained from a plurality of modification formulae, setting parameters by trial and error is required. However, it is unlikely to consider that a user becomes confused when taking an average. It is rather considered that the problem of Prior Art 2 is caused because the formulae lack flexibility and a user cannot intuitively and freely set parameters. Prior Art 3 uses Gaussian function, so that free modification is possible by utilizing parameters of Gaussian function. However, Prior Art 3 uses a three-dimensional space for modifying a two-dimensional plane; therefore, Prior Art 3 is not ready for a three-dimensional data display. Furthermore, the above-mentioned three prior art references disclose at least one parameter for modification. However, they fail to disclose a method for a user to intuitively and freely alter the parameter. Furthermore, the above-mentioned three prior art references particularly pay attention to mapping onto a display coordinate system among display attributes. Regarding mapping onto the other display attributes, there are not techniques of altering parameters of a function used for mapping. As a similar technique, there is a technique of generating xe2x80x9cgradation of an arbitrary rectangular regionxe2x80x9d, such as a paint tool and a draw tool. In most cases, patterns of gradation are previously given, and a user only controls a direction and colors at a starting point/an ending point of gradation. A method for controlling a data display is provided. The data includes at least one attribute, and the method includes: an attribute conversion step of converting at least one attribute of the data into a display attribute by using at least one mapping function; a display step of displaying the data based on the display attribute; and a parameter changing step of changing a parameter of the mapping function. In one embodiment of the present invention, the parameter changing step includes a step of changing the parameter based on a desired timing in accordance with a user""s instruction. In another embodiment of the present invention, the parameter changing step includes a step of changing a parameter by using a GUI-widget. In another embodiment of the present invention, the at least one mapping function includes a shape function, and the shape function represents an arbitrary shape with at least one attribute to be converted being a variable. In another embodiment of the present invention, the shape function includes a center parameter representing a center of the shape function and a velocity parameter representing a velocity to the center, the parameter changing step includes a step of selecting at least one of the center parameter, the velocity parameter, and a local maximum value parameter controlling a value of the at least one mapping function when the at least one mapping function is an angular type function which becomes a local maximum at the center of the shape function, and using the selected parameter as a parameter set of the at least one mapping function. In another embodiment of the present invention, the shape function includes a center parameter representing a center of the shape function and a velocity parameter representing a velocity to the center, and the parameter changing step includes a step of selecting at least one of the center parameter, the velocity parameter, and a local maximum value parameter controlling a value of the at least one mapping function when the at least one mapping function is an increase type function in which a derivative of the mapping function becomes a local maximum at the center of the shape function, and using the selected parameter as a parameter set of the at least one mapping function. In another embodiment of the present invention, the shape function includes a multi-dimensional function using a plurality of the attributes to be converted as variables, the shape function includes a center parameter representing a center of the shape function, corresponding to each of the variables, a velocity parameter representing a velocity to the center, corresponding to each of the variables, a correlation parameter representing a correlation between the variables, and a rotation parameter representing rotation of a parameter space, and the parameter changing step is a function for calculating one arbitrary value of the display attributes, and includes a step of selecting at least one of the center parameter, the velocity parameter, the correlation parameter, the rotation parameter, and a local maximum value parameter controlling a value of the at least one mapping function when the at least one mapping function is an angular type function in which the at least one mapping function becomes a local maximum at the center of the shape function, and using the selected parameter as a parameter set of the at least one mapping function. In another embodiment of the present invention, the shape function includes a multi-dimensional function using a plurality of the attributes to be converted as variables, the shape function includes a center parameter representing a center of the shape function, corresponding to each of the variables, a velocity parameter representing a velocity to the center, corresponding to each of the variables, a correlation parameter representing a correlation between the variables, and a rotation parameter representing rotation of a parameter space, and the parameter changing step is a function for calculating values of the same number of the display attributes as the number of the attributes to be converted included in the shape function, and includes a step of selecting at least one of the center parameter, the velocity parameter, the correlation parameter, the rotation parameter, and a local maximum value parameter controlling a value of the mapping function when the at least one mapping function is an increase type function in which a derivative of the mapping function becomes a local maximum at the center of the shape function, and using the selected parameter as a parameter set of the at least one mapping function. In another embodiment of the present invention, the at least one mapping function includes an angular type mapping function which becomes a local maximum at a center of the shape function and an increase type mapping function in which a derivative of the mapping function becomes a local maximum at the center of the shape function, the at least one mapping function adopts one of the angular type mapping function and the increase type mapping function in a desired range of an attribute value of the attribute to be converted, and the at least one mapping function executes a linear mapping function out of the range of the attribute value. In another embodiment of the present invention, the at least one mapping function includes a first mapping function and a plurality of second mapping functions, and the first mapping function is expressed by an operation using the plurality of second mapping functions. In another embodiment of the present invention, when a plurality of the at least one mapping functions are present, a parameter changing constraint regarding a change in the parameter is provided between at least two arbitrary mapping functions. In another embodiment of the present invention, the parameter changing constraint includes a constraint which uses at least one function when calculating a value of the parameter. In another embodiment of the present invention, the at least one attribute to be converted and the display attribute belong to the same attribute. In another embodiment of the present invention, the GUI-widget has a dual-circular shape including one circle and one annular ring, the at least one mapping function includes a function of a shape function, the shape function represents an arbitrary shape with at least one attribute to be converted being a variable, the shape function has a center parameter representing a center of the shape function, at least one of color and a size of the circle represents a local maximum value parameter for controlling a value of the at least one mapping function, a display position of the GUI-widget represents the center parameter representing a center of the shape function, and the annular ring is formed based on the shape function. In another embodiment of the present invention, the shape function further includes a velocity parameter representing a velocity to the center of the shape function, and a distance between a center of the GUI-widget and the annular ring is determined based on the velocity parameter. In another embodiment of the present invention, the shape function includes a multi-dimensional function with a plurality of the attributes to be converted being variables, the shape function includes a center parameter representing a center of the shape function, corresponding to each of the variables, a velocity parameter representing a velocity to the center, corresponding to each of the variables, a correlation parameter representing a correlation between the variables, and a rotation parameter expressing rotation of a parameter space, a distance between an arbitrary arc of the annular ring and a center of the GUI-widget represents the velocity parameter, a distance between another arc of the annular ring and a center of the GUI-widget represents the correlation parameter, and rotation of the annular ring represents the rotation parameter. In another embodiment of the present invention, a value of the arbitrary parameter in the mapping function is changed by a user""s operation with respect to the GUI-widget. In another embodiment of the present invention, the GUI-widget has a dual-circular shape including one sphere and one hollow sphere, the at least one mapping function includes at least three attributes to be converted, the sphere is divided into mesh-shaped regions by using desired rectangles when the at least three attributes to be converted are displayed in the display step, the sphere is rotated by an angle based on user""s instruction, and the GUI-widget is moved in a direction normal to the rectangle based on the user""s instruction. In another embodiment of the present invention, the GUI-widget has a dual-circular shape including one sphere and one hollow sphere, the at least one mapping function includes at least three attributes to be converted, the sphere is divided into mesh-shaped regions by using desired rectangles when the at least three attributes to be converted are displayed in the display step, the sphere is revolved in a direction opposite to rotation direction of a data display space, and the GUI-widget is moved in a direction normal to the rectangle based on user""s instruction. According to an aspect of the present invention, the above-mentioned objective can be achieved by using a general function as the mapping function. For example, a hyperbolic function of a tangent, a tangent, an arc tangent, derivatives thereof, Gaussian function, or a function obtained by indefinite integration of Gaussian function may be used. By using these functions, a more preferable operation which is compatible with a GUI-widget can be obtained. According to another aspect of the present invention, in the case where an attribute value range is constant, a region to which the mapping function is applied can be made constant. On the other hand, in the case where an attribute value range is varied, a region to which the mapping function is applied can be altered dynamically. According to still another aspect of the present invention, any same kind of parameters of a plurality of mapping functions can be simultaneously changed. In the case where different kinds of parameters are controlled, when a value of a particular parameter is changed in a certain mapping function, a value of a different kind of parameter of another mapping function can be simultaneously changed. Thus, the invention described herein makes possible the advantages of (1) providing a method for enhancing power of expression of a function for mapping an attribute of data onto a display attribute, and allowing a user to intuitively and freely alter parameters of the function corresponding to the power of expression; (2) providing an apparatus using the above-mentioned method; (3) providing a recording medium using the above-mentioned method; (4) providing a user interface controller for visualizing a data group having attributes by displaying them on a coordinate system, determining a coordinate peculiar to data based on its attributes, using some function in a place which is not visible on a display screen while modifying the function, and controlling parameters of the function; (5) continuously displaying data concentrated around the controller in an emphasized manner by moving the controller to change the coordinates of the data so as to alter the state of a display; and (6) for visual expression, controlling display attributes such as display color, transparency, painting-out, and color and width of a frame line, in addition to coordinates. These and other advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the following detailed description with reference to the accompanying figures.
Isolated congenital pseudoarthrosis of the fibula: a comparison of fibular osteosynthesis with distal tibiofibular synostosis. Isolated congenital pseudoarthrosis of the fibula is associated with progressive ankle valgus and rare subsequent tibial involvement. Two operative techniques were compared: (1) osteosynthesis with intercalary grafting and (2) distal tibiofibular synostosis. Hemiepiphysiodesis or osteotomy supplemented the primary procedure when necessary. A retrospective review of isolated congenital pseudoarthrosis of the fibula-Dooley types 2 (without ankle valgus) and 3 (with ankle valgus); cases with tibial involvement (Dooley types 1 and 4) were excluded. Nine patients were identified (mean age, 7.6 years, follow-up, 6.6 years). One is under observation without bracing (type 2). Five patients (one type 2 and four type 3) were treated with osteosynthesis. Three were treated with distal tibiofibular synostosis (one type 2 and two type 3). One patient in each group also underwent concomitant medial distal tibia hemiepiphysiodesis; 1 patient in the synostosis group underwent distal tibia varus osteotomy with the primary procedure. In the osteosynthesis group (5 patients), mean lateral distal tibial angle (LDTA) improved from 75.6 to 86.6 degrees. Union was achieved in 4; 1 had early graft resorption requiring revision. Four of the 5 had neutral ankle alignment at the final follow-up. Among the 3 patients with primary union and no deformity correction, mean LDTA improved from 81 to 88 degrees over 9.8 years of follow-up. One patient had mild residual valgus (LDTA, 79 degrees) after temporary screw hemiepiphysiodesis. Complications were as follows: nonunion (n = 1), compartment syndrome with mild residual plantar flexion weakness (n = 1), and fibular stress fracture, which healed with immobilization (n = 1).In the synostosis group (3 patients), the mean LDTA improved from 64.3 to 80.0 degrees. One achieved union with distal tibia medial hemiepiphysiodesis (final LDTA, 86 degrees). Two had failure: one synostosis nonunion underwent repeat varus osteotomy (final LDTA, 81 degrees), and the other (Dooley type 2) had crossunion; however, persistent fibular pseudoarthrosis proximal and distal to the synostosis, progressive valgus developed (final LDTA, 73 degrees). Osteosynthesis with intercalary grafting achieved primary union in 4 of 5 patients; mild residual ankle valgus was present in 1 patient at final follow-up. Synostosis failure with residual ankle valgus at maturity occurred in 2 of 3 patients. Progression to tibial pseudoarthrosis was not observed in either group. In this series, osteosynthesis eliminated fibular discontinuity, allowing correction of ankle valgus. Level III, retrospective comparative study.
In an effort to enhance the level of comfort for the seat occupant, it is possible for the seat to be designed in such a way as to provide what might be called a heating effect or a vibration effect. That consideration may be particularly important for example in relation to a vehicle seat in which the seat occupant's comfort can be a matter of paramount importance. A commonly used cushion for a seat is shown in FIG. 1, which is simply a soft pad for reclining the user's lumbar region and does not have any other functions. FIG. 2 illustrates another prior art cushion for a seat, which does not have any functions relating to lumbar support, massage or magnetic stimulation, but does provide for a heating effect. Furthermore, such a cushion has no safety means for the heating device so that accidents may happen once the user forgets to turn off the power switch after use. FIGS. 3 and 4 show a third commonly used cushion, which utilizes an external control box D to control an adjustable air pouch A to adapt to the user's lumbar region, a heating device B to produce a heating effect, and a vibration device C to provide a massaging effect. Nevertheless, such a cushion still has the following drawbacks: 1. All functions are controlled by the external control box which is complicated in operation and the cushion may lose all functions once the external control box does not work properly. 2. As an external control box is required for the control of the cushion, the manufacturing cost will be increased significantly making it difficult to be widely used. 3. Since all functions of the cushion are controlled by the external control box, the circuit and structure of the cushion will be complicated and therefore will be more prone to failure. 4. Due to the fact that the cushion is controlled by an external control box, it is necessary to arrange a space to accommodate the external control box thus making it inconvenient to use. 5. The vibration device is mounted on the upper half of the back portion of the cushion, so only the user's back can be massaged. 6. Once the user forgets to turn off the power switch after use, the vibration motor and the heating device may become overheated and burn out thereby wasting energy and potentially causing accidents. 7. As the air pouch is fitted in the lower portion of the back rest of the cushion, the heating device only can be mounted in the upper portion of the back rest of the cushion and cannot be used to provide the right heating effect for the lumbar portion of the user. 8. Such a cushion cannot be used with alternating current, so it is only suited to be used with vehicle seats and cannot be used with any other seats. 9. Such a cushion is so large in size that it is inconvenient for the user to carry or otherwise transport it. Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to provide a multi-function cushion which can obviate and mitigate the above-mentioned drawbacks.
Q: Switch ServerAPI to "Apache 2.0 Handler" from "FastCGI" only for a single vhost Is it possible to process a single virtual host alone in "Apache 2.0 Handler" mode (using mod_php5)? I have a dedicated server which is configured to run PHP in FastCGI mode and I have a software which runs perfectly in other servers with ServerAPI in phpinfo() set to "Apache 2.0 Handler" but in this server it is set to "CGI/FastCGI" A: I think you need to remove x-application handler from Apache's global config and add your handler's choice (AddHandler) only at ... blocks.
Professor Heinz Wolff's Gravity - Wii Game Description:You can't defy gravity, so you might as well have some fun with it in this scientifically-proven puzzler! Professor Heinz Wolff is one of Europe's leading scientists, and his work has helped the European Space Agency understand how gravity works. In his brainteasing challenge, you'll solve 100 levels of physics-based puzzles by moving and placing objects. Just watch out for unexpected events and chain reactions! Experiment with physics at play in 20 sandbox levels and square off against friends in four mini-games. With atmospheric music, compelling artwork, and no boring classroom talk, this is the most fun you'll ever have with physics.
Science Mom: No, You Can’t Buy Your Way Healthy With Organic Food There has been a culture shift in the way we eat in this country over the past twenty years - and along with it, a culture clash. The rise of organic food, depending on who you ask, is either a ridiculous hippie fad, or the only thing standing between your family and a catastrophic lack of nutrition. The fact that you can now buy organic fruit snacks, organic potato chips, and organic peanut-butter-stuffed pretzels suggests to me that organic food isn't going anywhere anytime soon, but what are the actual merits of shopping in the more expensive organic aisles at the supermarket? If you're shopping in the organic food aisle because of the superior nutritive quality offered by organic foods, here's a tip: save your pennies and move on over to the regular aisles. As far as nutritional density goes, an organic orange is no more enriched in Vitamin C, no more full of dietary fiber, and no more good for your family than any other tomato. Reviews of the scientific literature indicate that a conventionally-grown cabbage is not any worse for you than an organically-grown cabbage, and since they're both going to taste like cabbage when you eat them anyway, you may as well eat the cheap one if your main concern is your kids' health and nutrition. You may be dismayed with me right now at spoiling the image of those gorgeous, ripe organic strawberries that you just bought at the grocery store: of every molecule just teeming with essential nutrients you just can't get from a conventional strawberry, but them's the breaks: strawberries are strawberries. If, by the way, another mom tries to shame you for feeding your kids conventionally-grown carrot sticks instead of organic spinach (or organic marshmallow fluff, which is apparently a thing for some reason), I'll have your back while you stare her down with each chomp of your ranch-dipped orange poison stick of death. All that said, I will add that a large part of the produce my family eats is organic, despite the arguments for nutritional advantages being totally bunk. How come? Well, for one thing, the nutritional argument isn't the only reason to consider buying organic. Another aspect that I take into account is the ecological issue. Organic agriculture takes (or should take) into account responsible land and water use, and the effects of fertilizer or waste runoff on the local environment. To be fair, this issue isn't entirely clear-cut either: it takes more land to produce an organic pear than it does to produce a conventional one. So if you measure environmental damage per land, organic farming wins, but if you measure per plum, then that's not necessarily the case. One way to offset environmental damage is by buying things grown close to where you live (whether you buy organic or not): less gasoline used to transport your food equals less pollution, which is a win no matter what. Of course, it's December in Wisconsin right now, so I understand very well that locally-grown, in-season food is not always an option. Stewardship of antibiotic use is also a big deal to me when it comes to choosing organic farming: while conventional meat producers often cram healthy animals full of antibiotics because it makes them grow faster, the other thing it makes grow faster is bacterial antibiotic resistance. While I'm generally pro-hamburger, I have to say that a cheap burger patty is probably not worth dooming modern medicine to the status it enjoyed before the discovery of penicillin. And while the digestive health of your own family isn't going to matter too much however your vegetables are grown, there is someone's health that you should consider: that of farm workers. It's not as if organic produce is pesticide-free (more on that later), but think of the people who have to spray crops down, maintain the fields, and harvest the produce - and all the pesticides they're exposed to during that time frame, year after year. A lot of conventionally-used pesticides are linked to cancers. And while - depending on what you're eating - your exposure shouldn't be too bad if you wash your produce before you serve it, that kind of stuff does not need to be breathed in and applied to the skin day in and day out. And as promised, here's the thing about organic food and pesticides: an "organic" label does not mean "pesticide-free". It means the growers can use natural pesticides - things that have been minimally processed before use. If you're imagining these natural pesticides as fairy dust and rainbow sparkles, try copper sulfate, herbicidal soaps, and potassium bicarbonate instead. Plus, since organic pesticides aren't generally as effective as the conventional stuff, farmers have to use a lot more - which means there may be a lot more left behind on the produce you buy. I once watched someone pop some grapes into her mouth without washing them. "It's okay," she said, "they're organic!" 1. No. 2. God, no. 3. Have you heard of a little thing called bacteria before? 4. NO. Washing your produce thoroughly, however it was grown, is important. (I can't believe I need to say that, but there it is.) And for certain types of produce whose thin skins or porousness makes them natural pesticide slurper-uppers (grapes, celery, lettuce), it might be a good idea to shell out extra to buy organic if that's feasible for you. But really, wash the crap off of your food no matter what you're eating. Please. So, no. Buying organic is not the cut-and-dried discussion some people would like to make it out to be, but for the most part, I lean that way. My first choice, though, is buying locally where that's possible - keep in mind that organic companies, or their parent mega-corporations, trucking boxes of organic macaroni and cheese all around the world isn't that great for anyone (definitely not for anyone's health, although you will pry mac-and-cheese out of my cold, dead Wisconsin-girl hands). Kellogg owns Kashi, Annie's is the property of General Mills, Burt's Bees belongs to Clorox - so keep in mind where your money is really going when you seek out that organic label. And of course I'd be remiss if I didn't bring up the fact that practical and financial considerations put organic food out of reach for a lot of people, too - which is maybe the best reason of all to put the rest the notion that organic foods are inherently more nutritious and delicious. So if anyone's giving you a hard time because you can't afford organic blueberries, feel free to call me in to screech at them over Facebook or Twitter.
Many pathogens that infect humans are zoonotic---they are maintained in animal hosts[@b1] ---and a significant proportion of them is transmitted by vectors[@b2]. More than 70% of zoonotic infectious diseases have originated in wild species, and most are caused by pathogens that have multiple hosts[@b3][@b4]. These host species serve as reservoirs, maintaining and transmitting pathogens[@b5][@b6]. However, different pathogen genotypes can be transmitted at different rates to host and vector species and/or populations, which may result in the emergence of distinct transmission cycles and lead to disparities in the contributions of different host populations to disease risk. As a consequence, understanding how the genetic diversity of zoonotic pathogens is partitioned among hosts and/or vectors is key to untangling pathogen circulation[@b7]. First, pathogen genotype frequencies within host and vector populations can vary according to the efficiency of pathogen transmission within and between populations[@b6]. Second, barriers to transmission as well as interactions among pathogen genotypes (e.g., facilitation) can result in population-specific patterns of co-infection[@b8]. Third, spatial distributions of pathogen genotypes might vary as a result of the behavior of infected species[@b9]. Finally, by characterizing the genetics of the pathogens found in reservoir hosts, vectors, and humans, it is possible to study, and eventually mitigate, the human health risks posed by the different genotypes in circulation. The benefits are two-fold. Understanding pathogen diversity in vectors and humans may provide insight into the zoonotic potential of different pathogen genotypes. Identifying the reservoirs of zoonotic genotypes can help inform the development of preventive measures and thus reduce human health risks. Over the last fifteen years, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) based on Sanger sequencing has been the "gold standard" when studying the genotypic diversity of bacterial pathogens[@b10]. However, if bacteria are not isolated beforehand, it is problematic to use this method to characterize the bacterial pathogens that form co-infections. Indeed, Sanger sequencing is not designed to generate accurate sequences when different genotypes are present and thus cannot provide a detailed description of the genetic diversity of pathogens participating in co-infections. Luckily, high-throughput sequencing approaches can now be used to circumvent these problems and more fully characterize pathogen genetic diversity in host and/or vector populations. The B. burgdorferi species complex (i.e., B. burgdorferi sensu lato \[s.l.\]) includes the infectious agent that causes Lyme disease, which is the most important vector-borne disease in the temperate zones of the Northern Hemisphere. This pathogen is an ideal study organism with which to explore the usefulness of high-throughput data in epidemiological settings. In Europe, the bacteria responsible for Lyme disease are transmitted by a generalist tick vector, Ixodes ricinus, to numerous vertebrate host species. As no vaccine is available for humans and late detection of the disease can entail prolonged treatment, disease control efforts focus on prevention. Even though human exposure driven by land use is important to accurately estimate human disease risk[@b11], data obtained from questing ticks can provide a picture of how humans are exposed to the pathogens. Comparing the genotypes in circulation versus those associated with human cases of disease can reveal genotype-specific zoonotic potential, which is crucial since no methods for experimentally testing virulence in humans are available. Moreover, characterizing the contribution of each member of the transmission cycle to human Lyme disease risk could significantly advance the development of durable disease control strategies. As culturing these bacteria is time consuming and not always successful, the epidemiological surveillance of Lyme disease agents has mainly involved the MLST typing of infected ticks, where bacteria are not isolated beforehand[@b12]. However, this method can be problematic when studying the genetic diversity of the B. burgdorferi species complex because co-infections within host species and ticks commonly occur[@b13][@b14][@b15][@b16]. A high-throughput sequencing protocol based on two loci has been developed for these bacteria[@b17] but has never been used to characterize the genotypes circulating in ticks. The two loci are a chromosomal housekeeping gene used for classical multi-locus sequence typing and a plasmidic highly variable bacterial antigenic gene. These two loci, for which sequences from many strains are available, are suitable for phylogenetic analyses. Allele frequencies at the ospC gene, which encodes the outer surface protein C, differ among host species[@b18]; the same is true for the housekeeping gene, rplB[@b17]. Moreover, using hybridization methods, studies of co- infection patterns in tick species have found evidence that vertebrate host species structure genotype associations within ticks[@b19]. These observations raise questions on the actual contribution of each host species to the diversity carried by ticks and thus to human disease risk. In this context, combining sequencing data obtained from hosts and ticks would give a tremendous opportunity to provide further insight into the different reservoirs of B. burgdorferi s.l. genotypes. An important part of establishing control measures is indeed estimating the contribution of each reservoir to the risk of humans being exposed to Lyme disease. Different models have been developed to characterize such contributions using genetic descriptions of circulating pathogens[@b20][@b21]. These models exploit differences in the frequency or transmission rates of different pathogen genotypes in different host species to estimate the proportion of infected vectors generated by each host species. To parameterize the most complex of these models, large amounts of data are required, such as the pathogen genotypes observed in questing ticks, the densities of the different host species, host-specific tick burdens, and the probability of a given genotype being transmitted from a specific host to a specific vector. Information on host contributions to B. burgdorferi s.l. genotype circulation is needed to understand human exposure dynamics, but in actuality only a few of the genotypes in circulation cause disease in humans[@b22][@b23]. Work comparing the genotypes found in both vectors and humans has indeed revealed that some genotypes show stronger zoonotic potential[@b24]. This information should be taken into account when optimizing preventive measures. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing to characterize the genetic diversity of B. burgdorferi s.l. bacteria found in 488 questing ticks sampled at a single study site. Using these data and previously gathered information about the genotypes circulating in different host species at this location, our aims were the following: i) to identify genotype transmission cycles by analyzing genotype occurrence patterns in different hosts and vectors; ii) to estimate the contributions of different host populations to the distribution and abundance of the different genotypes in ticks using a modeling approach; and iii) to determine whether any of the genotypes observed matched those associated with reported human cases. We discuss the relevance of our findings for the molecular epidemiology of the B. burgdorferi species complex and for other vector-borne diseases. Results ======= Raw data -------- In total, we obtained 288,151 sequences that were assigned to individual ticks and deposited in the Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under the accession number SRP041191. Of those sequences, a total of 75,973 were assigned to the rplB gene and 144,604 were assigned to the ospC gene. For the 488 nymphs found to be infected, we obtained a mean of 155.7 rplB sequences and 296.3 ospC sequences per individual tick. Overall, we obtained sequences from 472 different nymphs; only a few individuals did not yield sequence data. We also used 16,222 sequences obtained from small mammals that were deposited in the SRA under the accession number SRP032755. A mean of 33.2 rplB sequences and 37.9 ospC sequences were obtained from each individual host[@b17]. Genotype delineation -------------------- Using the nearest-neighbor classification algorithm, 39 and 82 genotypes were delineated from a total of 83,266 rplB sequences and 152,807 ospC sequences, respectively. We realized rarefaction analyses based on the resampling of raw sequences, for which sequencing efforts were comparable for ticks and hosts at the whole-dataset scale. In these analyses, we therefore considered a much less important sequencing effort for ticks than what we actually obtained. The results revealed certain patterns. First, the relationship between the number of delineated genotypes and the number of sequences used quickly plateaued, which illustrated that we had captured most of the diversity of the species complex ([Supplementary Fig. S3A](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). More importantly, when a high number of sequences were used, we did not observe a decrease in the number of delineated genotypes, which might have resulted if there had been clustering of divergent sequences due to an accumulation of sequencing errors. Second, given that sequencing efforts were comparable, a larger number of genotypes were delineated in ticks than in hosts ([Supplementary Fig. S3A](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The mean number of genotypes per tick was slightly higher than that per host, but the variance in genotype number was similar ([Supplementary Fig. S3B](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). This result means that the greater number of genotypes actually observed in ticks could be due to higher genotypic diversity in ticks as opposed to in hosts at both the individual and population level. Significant percentages of individual ticks and hosts were infected by several rplB genotypes, indicating potential co-infection by different species. Indeed, 22.6%, 17.8%, and 6.5% of nymphs, chipmunks, and bank voles, respectively, were co-infected by different rplB genotypes; 42.3%, 35.6%, and 35.7% of ticks, chipmunks, and bank voles, respectively, were co-infected by different ospC genotypes ([Table 1](#t1){ref-type="table"}). Genotype groups and phylogenies ------------------------------- Using phylogenetic networks, we were able to empirically delineate groups of closely related genotypes: genotype groups (GGs). A total of 17 and 28 GGs were delineated based on the rplB and ospC markers, respectively ([Figs 1](#f1){ref-type="fig"} and [2](#f2){ref-type="fig"}). We calculated the percentages of individual ticks and hosts that were infected by the different GGs ([Supplementary Table S1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The rplB neighbor-net network showed that many members of the B. burgdorferi species complex infect ticks and small mammals in the Sénart Forest ([Fig. 1](#f1){ref-type="fig"}): B. burgdorferi s.s.---rplB GG G1; B. spielmanii---rplB GG G2; B. afzelii---rplB GGs G3 and G4; B. garinii---rplB GGs G5 and G8; B. valaisiana---rplB GGs G7 and G10; and B. lusitaniae---rplB GG G13. New genotypes, which did not cluster with any known sequences, were also found. More specifically, rplB GGs G6, G11, G12, and G14 could not be assigned to any known species. However, all the GGs observed in small mammals were also observed in ticks. The rplB GGs G1 and G4, which are associated with chipmunks[@b17], were observed in 93 and 121 nymphs, respectively. The rplB GG G3, which is associated with bank voles, was observed in just 13 nymphs. Several GGs occurring in nymphs were not found in the hosts studied. The rplB GGs G7 and G8, which were almost never observed in any of the three rodent species sampled, occurred in 49 and 27 nymphs, respectively. Furthermore, rplB GGs G16 and G17 were found in 49 nymphs and grouped closely with sequences related to the relapsing-fever spirochetes; they were also situated near the two strains of B. miyamotoi, FR64b and LB-2001. The phylogenetic network of ospC genotypes displayed greater genetic diversity than did the rplB phylogenetic network; it also displayed a star-like structure ([Fig. 2](#f2){ref-type="fig"}). Of the 27 genotypes listed for the B. burgdorferi s.s. species, which are annotated using capital letters[@b18][@b22][@b25][@b26], 7 were present in our samples. Twelve of the GGs observed in this study were only found in nymphs ([Table S1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The ospC GGs most frequently found in ticks were those carried by chipmunks (e.g., ospC G1, G10, G11, and G14). Conversely, ospC GGs G6, G7, and G21 were each found in more than 35 nymphs but rarely to never in small mammals. Additionally, ospC GGs G3 and G8 were observed in 55 and 37 bank voles, respectively, but only rarely in nymphs (12 and 36, respectively). One of the human strains, IBS18, was assigned to B. garinii based on analyses of its rplB sequences, which were most similar to those of rplB GG G5. The other human strain, IBS42, was assigned to B. afzelii based on its rplB sequences, which were most closely related to those of rplB GG G4. The ospC sequences for IBS18 and IBS42 were most similar to ospC GG G16 and ospC GG G10, respectively. Infection group patterns ------------------------ Using a metagraph, we examined grouping patterns for ticks and hosts based on shared GGs. This analysis showed that seven groups of individuals (i.e., infection groups--IGs) could be distinguished from each other based on shared diversity patterns ([Fig. 3](#f3){ref-type="fig"}). Two IGs were mainly composed of chipmunks (50 versus 44), ticks (115 versus 107), and a few other small mammals (1 bank vole versus 4 wood mice). The chipmunks and ticks were mainly infected by rplB GGs G4 and G1, respectively; the GGs appear to be associated with B. burgdorferi s.s. and B. afzelii ([Fig. 1](#f1){ref-type="fig"}). An analysis of the sets of genotype groups (SGGs) revealed that many ospC GGs were also found in these individuals ([Fig. 4](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). A third IG was composed of 89 bank voles, 4 wood mice, and 18 ticks. Two other IGs, which were strongly represented in our samples, were mostly composed of ticks (102 versus 37). The first was predominantly composed of individuals carrying rplB GGs G5, G7, G8, and G10, which are closely related to B. garinii and B. valaisiana sequences ([Fig. 1](#f1){ref-type="fig"}). The other was composed of ticks infected by rplB GG G17, which shares similarities with the B. miyamotoi sequences. The main ospC GGs in these groups are shown [Fig. 4](#f4){ref-type="fig"}. The two last IGs occupied a distinct area of the metagraph and only comprised 2 nymphs and 1 nymph, respectively. Spatial distribution of infection groups ---------------------------------------- To gain further insight into the spatial distribution of infection patterns within Sénart Forest, we mapped the different IGs to which ticks belonged based on tick sampling locations ([Supplementary Fig. S4](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Further statistical analysis showed that most of the IGs were homogeneously distributed across the forest (data not shown). Host contributions to tick infection ------------------------------------ One of our aims was to estimate the relative contributions of chipmunks, bank voles, and non-sampled hosts to the numbers of ticks infected by B. burgdorferi s.l. genotypes. We began by identifying SGGs in a dataset from which the two B. miyamotoi rplB GGs, G16 and G17, were excluded. GGs for both genes did not randomly infect ticks and hosts because 10 SGGs were found when co-occurrence patterns were analyzed ([Fig. 4](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). First, the B. afzelii rplB GG G3 is associated with both ospC GGs G3 and G8, which are mainly found in ticks and/or bank voles. B. spielmanii, B. garinii, and B. valaisiana rplB GGs G2, G5, G7, and G8 seemed to occur in the same individuals and were associated with numerous ospC GGs only found in ticks ([Supplementary Table S1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The third and fourth SGGs grouped together rplB GGs G4 and G9 (B. afzelii) and rplB GGs G1 and G14 (B. burgdorferi s.s. and unassigned species) with ospC GGs that were mainly found in ticks and/or chipmunks. The rplB GG G15 grouped with a single ospC GG---ospC G18---whereas rplB GGs G6, G10, G11, G12, and G13 did not cluster with any other GGs identified in the dataset. To estimate the relative host contributions to tick infection, we compared our simulated data to the observed frequencies of these 10 SGG combinations. We determined the mean values of parameters of interest from posterior distributions ([Supplementary Fig. S5](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The estimates of the contribution parameters were α = 51.0% (chipmunks), β = 3.7% (bank voles), and γ = 45.3% (non-sampled hosts). Discussion ========== High-throughput sequencing methods offer a new way to characterize the transmission cycles of vector-borne multihost pathogens. In this study, we used them to explore the occurrence patterns of B. burgdorferi s.l. pathogens in tick vectors and small mammal hosts; two markers were exploited. Tick vectors displayed a higher level of pathogen genotype diversity than did the hosts. Our analysis of genotype distributions among ticks and hosts allowed us to identify transmission cycles involving sampled and non-sampled hosts. We found large differences in the relative contributions of sampled and non-sampled hosts to tick infection. In particular, this study underscored the importance of taking co-infection patterns into account to better understand the genetic structure of pathogen populations and to link these patterns with the way in which pathogens spread and are maintained in host communities. Ticks support parallel transmission ----------------------------------- Network analyses based on the distributions of pathogen genotypes revealed the presence of seven distinct infection groups (IGs) in the Sénart Forest; one involved a Borrelia species not in the B. burgdorferi complex: B. miyamotoi. This finding concurs with the results of a previous study, which discovered that two small mammal reservoir species in this forest carried distinct sets of B. burgdorferi s.l. genotypes[@b17]. These IGs probably correspond to different transmission cycles. This result joins with other observations that certain species in the B. burgdorferi complex are clearly associated when they occur in I. ricinus nymphs; these associations are thought to be shaped by host infection patterns[@b19]. Our study also shows that network analysis and metagraphing are promising tools for untangling transmission cycles. While they have already been used to study interactions among ticks, vectors, and host species in a meta-analysis[@b27], they can also be utilized to study transmission cycles at smaller ecological and evolutionary scales. However, their sensitivity to various statistical and biological constraints has not yet been determined. This would be helpful to evaluate some of the hypotheses that might explain the existence of two independent IGs in chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus): i) there is competition among B. burgdorferi genotypes within hosts[@b28]; ii) bottlenecks during host-to-tick transmission could result in low levels of co-infection within vectors because of genetic drift (even if the mean number of genotypes per tick is not lower from the mean number of genotypes per host in this study); iii) other host species carrying only a subset of chipmunk-like GGs are involved; and iv) there is a lack of statistical power because infection and co-infection levels are too low. Involvement of non-sampled hosts in transmission cycles ------------------------------------------------------- Our study demonstrates that, at the scale of the entire Sénart Forest, the diversity of B. burgdorferi s.l. strains found in ticks is higher than that found in small mammals for both rplB and ospC. This result is congruent with other studies based on ospC genotypes[@b26] but also based on other markers such as the 5S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer region[@b29]. This pattern may be explained by several non-exclusive hypotheses. It might be that some genotypes are limited in their ability to infect hosts but are able to circulate among ticks due to co-feeding[@b30]. However, it is more likely that most of the genotypes identified in ticks are only maintained in host species that we did not sample. Our examination of sets of genotype groups (SGGs) and infection groups (IGs), along with our comparison of the genotypes we characterized with sequences from public databases, allowed us to propose candidate hosts. For instance, birds are likely involved in the circulation of some of the observed genotypes because one SGG included B. garinii and B. valaisiana genotypes (i.e., GG5, GG8, and GG7), which would explain why the associated IG included only ticks. Indeed, in Europe, B. garinii and B. valaisiana are usually found in avian reservoirs (reviewed in Margos et al.[@b31]). Four bird species have been found to contribute to tick infection in the Sénart Forest: the common blackbird, Turdus merula; the European robin, Erithacus rebecula; the song thrush, Turdus philomelos; and the winter wren, Troglodytes troglodytes[@b32]. However, the genotypes involved have not been characterized yet and there is an evident lack of information about their ability to infect humans. Indeed, most of the ospC genotypes that were shown to be associated with Lyme disease belong to B. burgdorferi s.s.[@b18][@b22], whereas B. afzelii and B. garinii play a significant role in European and Asian Lyme epidemiology[@b33]. Contribution of hosts to transmission cycles -------------------------------------------- Quantifying the contributions of different host species to the circulation of a given pathogen is crucial as it highlights potential sources of infection. It could help inform control efforts that focus on mitigating human health risks through the modification of host communities. The statistical model developed here allowed us to evaluate the relative contributions of sampled and non-sampled host species to the circulation of the B. burgdorferi species complex in ticks. With regards to sampled host species, bank voles appeared to contribute less to tick infection than did chipmunks (\~4% versus \~51%, respectively). Not surprisingly, the two species have different tick infestation rates---the mean number of nymphs observed on chipmunks is 20, which is 25 times more than on bank voles[@b34]. This could mean that chipmunks are more likely to be exposed to the bacteria and is at greater risk of infection and co-infection. However, since chipmunks colonized the Sénart Forest between 1970 and 1990[@b35], it is possible that the species invested maximal resources in reproduction -benefiting to establishment- to the detriment of its immune system[@b36]. As a result, chipmunks may have become more vulnerable to Borrelia infections than bank-voles[@b37]. Nevertheless, truly estimating the two species' reservoir capacities, and understanding the potential roles played by other hosts in pathogen circulation, would require much more ecological data[@b6]. Setting aside potential sources of error in estimating contributions, non-sampled hosts, mostly birds as hypothesized above, appear to make a strong contribution (\~45%) to the circulation of B. burgdorferi s.l. genotypes in the Sénart Forest. This finding illustrates the complexity of studies examining the transmission cycles of multihost pathogens in the wild. This percentage fits with what has been found during previous modeling studies that attempted to estimate the contribution of non-sampled hosts to B. burgdorferi circulation in the US[@b20][@b21]. However, it is necessary to point out that our models differ in an important way. Previous models only established an upper limit for the potential contribution made by non-sampled hosts using a threshold-based constraint, an approach that could result in parameter overestimation. In contrast, we sought to maximize the potential contributions of sampled hosts using a sequential modeling approach that provided a conservative estimate of the contribution of non-sampled hosts. Transmission cycle structure and zoonotic risk ---------------------------------------------- Based on the genotype distribution patterns among hosts and vectors, the transmission of B. burgdorferi s.l. is significantly structured in the Sénart Forest. Recent work on the Borrelia populations that infect invasive gray squirrels has revealed a less structured situation[@b38]; gray squirrels host all the Borrelia species that circulate in the United Kingdom. The difference between these two results suggests that Borrelia transmission cycles depend on local conditions. This dependency may lead to the existence of a spatial co-evolutionary mosaic in which the heterogeneity of interactions between host-pathogen populations may be more or less favorable pathogen host-range shift or expansion[@b39]. This idea is of particular interest in the context of zoonotic risk because the ability of multihost pathogens to perform host shifts could influence their ability to persist in changing host communities, spread in new environments, and cause human infections. In the B. burgdorferi species complex, only some genotypes tend to cause human infections[@b22][@b23]. The risk of human Lyme borreliosis thus depends on the frequency of potential zoonotic lineages. The two genotypes obtained from humans infected while in the Sénart Forest were related to genotypes associated with i) non-sampled hosts, which were probably birds and ii) chipmunks. As these transmission cycles have been found to greatly contribute to tick infection, they result in a risky epidemiological situation where frequent genotypes can cause human disease. The ospC GGs G13 and G11, which were associated with the two human infections, were found in 5 and 22 chipmunks and 0 and 43 nymphs, respectively. They are closely related to ospC major groups A and B, which have been defined by Seinost and colleagues[@b26] as alleles of the B. burgdorferi species complex that are associated with chronic Lyme disease. These findings highlight the importance of focusing future research on potential correlations among genotype frequencies in ticks and their relevance for human health risks. Conclusion ========== This study has demonstrated that refining molecular and methodological techniques allows us to identify co-occurring genotypes and thus enhance our understanding of the transmission cycles of multihost pathogens. When combined with multidisciplinary approaches, these tools will help us untangle the epidemiology of numerous zoonotic pathogens. Materials and Methods ===================== In this study, we first sampled ticks. Then, we identified individuals infected with B. burgdorferi s.l. or related Borrelia genotypes and sequenced two key bacterial genes. Genotypes at each locus were identified and compared with those previously identified in small mammals[@b17]. Further analyses were then conducted, which are summarized in [Supplementary Fig. S1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Tick sampling and Borrelia sequencing --------------------------------------- ### Ethics statement Our study did not involve the sampling of any endangered or protected species. According to French law, collecting ticks and carrying out field work at our study site, the Sénart Forest, does not require any specific authorizations. Nevertheless, tick sampling was supervised by employees of the French National Forests Office, which is responsible for managing the Sénart Forest. We obtained two strains isolated from humans who were naturally infected while in the forest; these were provided by the French National Center for B. burgdorferi Research (Centre National de Référence \[CNR\] des Borrelia) located in Strasbourg. ### Tick sampling and selection In 2011, we sampled I. ricinus ticks in the Sénart Forest (3200 ha; 48°40′N, 02°29′E), located near Paris (France), by dragging a large piece of cotton fabric (flag) across the vegetation and leaf litter. A detailed description of our sampling methodology is provided in Vourc'h et al.[@b40]. Ticks were collected from 220 of the 273 forest stands. Wherever possible, in each forest stand, the flag was dragged along two transects composed of 8 sampling units of 10 m^2^ each (1 × 10 m); the transects were separated from each other by 20 m. At least one tick was collected from 413 of the 440 transects sampled[@b40]. Ticks from each transect were pooled by developmental stage (i.e., larvae, nymphs, and adults): they were placed in a tube containing 70% ethanol and stored until further analyses could be conducted. From among the 19,546 nymphs collected, 3,903 individuals were selected at random, which resulted in a sampling scheme where there was at least one tick representative for each transect. We focused exclusively on nymphs since larvae are assumed to be infection free and adult ticks have likely already fed on different host species, which would complicate the analyses. For each tick, DNA was extracted using the ammonia-based protocol described by Humair et al.[@b41]. We then looked for the presence of Borrelia DNA in these extracts using quantitative PCR. Two primers were used to amplify part of the flaB gene: FlaB_outF 5′-ATATAACCAAATGCACATGTT-3′, and FlaB_inR 5′-ACATTAGCWGMATAAATATTTACAG-3′. They were developed taking into account the diversity of the species complex[@b42]. Amplification was performed using the SsoAdvanced Universal SYBR Green Supermix kit and the CFX Touch Real-Time PCR Detection System (Biorad, Hercules, California, USA). The total reaction volume was 20 μl and included 10 μl of 2X mix, 2 μl of each primer at 10 μM, 1 μl of H2O, and 5 μl of DNA template solution. Amplification started with an initial denaturation step of 2 min at 98 °C, which was followed by 50 cycles that included a denaturation step of 5 s at 98 °C and an annealing/elongation step of 30 s at 60 °C; fluorescence was recorded for each cycle. ### Sample characterization One of the study aims was to conduct an in-depth assessment of the genetic diversity present within infected ticks. To this end, we focused our analyses on the 488 nymphs that were found to be infected by Borrelia. We also examined B. burgdorferi s.l. isolates (IBS18 and IBS42) that were cultured from two humans infected while in the Sénart Forest. We characterized the genetic diversity of B. burgdorferi s.l. genotypes at two different loci, as in a previous study[@b17]. In short, we focused on partial sequences of the housekeeping gene rplB and the infection-related gene ospC. Markers were independently amplified via semi-nested PCR for each DNA sample using the Promega GoTaq kit (Madison, Wisconsin, USA) and sample-specific tagged primers (Sigma-Aldrich, Saint-Louis, Missouri, USA). Equal amounts of the purified rplB and ospC PCR products were then mixed together and sent to GATC-Biotech (Konstanz, Germany) for 454 sequencing on the GS FLX + System (three-eighths of a plate). Sequence analysis ----------------- ### Rodent sequences Another study aim was to characterize the transmission cycles of B. burgdorferi s.l. genotypes through vectors and hosts. Thus, we combined the rplB and ospC sequences obtained from nymphs in this study with those obtained from 228 small mammals in a previous study[@b17]. Among these small mammals were 125 Siberian chipmunks (Tamias sibiricus barberi), 93 bank voles (Myodes glareolus), and 10 wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus). All the analyses discussed below involved both the nymph and small mammal sequences. ### Sequence assignment, trimming, and alignment Using the method described in Jacquot et al.[@b17], raw sequences were assigned to their respective nymphs or individual hosts and target loci using a BLASTN approach[@b43]. The tag and the target sequence for each raw read were compared, respectively, to a list of the oligonucleotides used to tag the sequences obtained from each sample and a list of the different representative sequences of the target loci extracted from the B. burgdorferi MLST database (<http://borrelia.mlst.net>)[@b12] and GenBank[@b44]. We only used the first 500 bp of the sequences in subsequent analyses, and sequences shorter than 350 bp were removed from the dataset. For each individual, we aligned the remaining sequences for each locus using K-Align[@b45]. ### Genotype delineation and phylogeny The main disadvantage of high-throughput sequencing methods, as compared to Sanger sequencing, is the high base-calling error rate. When studying diversity, base-call errors can be problematic because they result in low-frequency variants that are in fact artifacts. To circumvent this problem, genotypes were delineated according to two successively applied distance-based nearest-neighbour classifications: i) one within individual samples and ii) one among individual samples[@b17]. Based on each marker's diversity pattern and for the both classifications, divergence thresholds were established. We chose thresholds of three and four nucleotide sites for rplB and ospC, respectively, to both limit the number of genotypes and use a resolution level that did not affect the results of further analyses. Genotypes represented by a limited number of sequences (less than four) were excluded from our analyses. To verify that the accumulation of sequencing errors was not a major driver of genotype delineation and investigate the degree to which sequencing effort affected the number of genotypes delineated from classifications, a rarefaction analysis on the number of delineated genotypes was performed. It was based on raw sequence sampling at the whole-dataset scale with comparable sequencing efforts for ticks and hosts (same mean number of sequences per individual in both ticks and hosts). Here, we intended to compare the total number of genotypes found in ticks, in hosts, and in both ticks and hosts. For each of the 1000 sequence re-sampling of both genes, we computed the average number of delineated genotypes within individuals and the variance of the number of genotypes observed among individuals. We then used a phylogenetic approach to examine genotype diversity in greater detail. For each locus, consensus sequences and reference sequences were aligned with each other using K-Align[@b45]. Phylogenetic searches were performed employing a maximum-likelihood approach and using PHYML[@b46]. The most appropriate evolutionary model was chosen for each alignment based on the Akaike Information Criterion[@b47], which was calculated using the APE library in R[@b48]. Then, the alignments were used to construct distance matrices using PAUP\* 4.0 b10[@b49]; the best model for each locus was chosen (i.e., TN93 + I + G for rplB and GTR + I + G for ospC). Substitution rate matrices were estimated via maximum likelihood, and we assumed empirical nucleotide frequencies. According to the results of the PHYML analysis, the shape parameters of the gamma distributions were fixed at 0.663 for rplB and 0.958 for ospC, and the proportion of invariable sites were fixed at 0.410 for rplB and 0.233 for ospC. Then, phylogenetic networks were obtained for both loci using the Neighbour-Net method[@b50] and SPLITSTREE4[@b51]. Networks provide an opportunity to visualize ambiguities in relationships that can have been cause by recombination events involving the studied locus. ### Delineation and co-occurrence of genotype groups within nymphs and host species Using the networks, we were able to empirically delineate groups of closely related genotypes, which we called genotype groups (GGs). GGs were numbered according to a previously established nomenclature system[@b17]. First, we aimed to identify the different transmission cycles involving the B. burgdorferi s.l. GGs we observed in nymphs and small mammals. We did so by examining GG co-occurrence patterns. We built a contingency table that described the occurrence of GGs across individuals (i.e., an incidence matrix). This m\n* matrix, where m was the number of individual ticks and hosts and n was the number of GGs, was weighted such that the sum of each row, which corresponded to a single individual, equaled one. After describing the presence/absence of different GGs among different individuals, we created an m\m* co-occurrence matrix that described the number of GGs shared by pairs of individuals. This matrix was obtained by multiplying the incidence matrix by its transpose. Next, we evaluated which individual ticks and hosts showed similar patterns of infection by GGs to identify infection groups (IGs). These sets of highly connected individuals (referred to as communities in graph theory) were defined using a "greedy" approach[@b52]. This approach optimized the classification of individuals to IGs in the following ways: i) by maximizing the modularity index that reflects the ratio of GGs shared among individuals both within IGs and among IGs and ii) by assigning individuals to the smallest number of IGs possible. We could then calculate the proportion of individual nymphs and hosts assigned to each IG. Finally, we summarized all this information by building a metagraph that distinguished between the different IGs and that revealed the ticks and small mammal species found within each IG. Similarly, with the aim of highlighting multilocus associations (i.e., GGs at both markers that appeared in the same hosts), we created an n\n* co-occurrence matrix describing the number of hosts and ticks that shared pairs of GGs. This matrix was obtained by multiplying the incidence matrix and its transpose. The "greedy" clustering algorithm described above[@b52] allowed us to illustrate the associations among GGs--- meaning the sets of genotype groups (SGGs) infecting the same individual nymphs and hosts---with a dendogram. Due to the frequent co-infections within individuals linkage disequilibrium between loci can not be measured, but this dendogram provides an alternative picture of this linkage. These analyses were performed using the igraph library in R[@b53]. The similarity matrix was obtained from the incidence matrix using the graph.incidence and the bipartite.projection functions. The classification analyses were performed using the fastgreedy.community function, and the graphical output was produced using the tkplot and dendPlot functions. ### Spatial distribution of infection groups To visualize the spatial distribution of IGs at our study site, we built a map using QGIS 2.4. Since nymphs sampled along the same transect were pooled, the exact location for each tick was not known. We therefore had to aggregate data at the centroid of the transects. It was thus possible to observe more than one IG at a given location. Contribution model: host contributions to pathogen diversity in ticks --------------------------------------------------------------------- We developed a statistical mixture model to estimate the relative (percentage) contributions made by different hosts to the number of nymphs infected by B. burgdorferi s.l. pathogens. We looked at chipmunk-associated GGs, bank-vole-associated GGs, and GGs unassociated with any of the hosts studied to determine if additional, unsampled vertebrate species could be acting as major hosts for B. burgdorferi s.l. Such a model could also be used to predict which vertebrate species, within the whole host community, was the likely source of B. burgdorferi s.l. infections in humans. An overview of the model is available on [Supplementary Fig. S2](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}. Detailed explanations are given bellow. Our model mixed features of both the "signature-matching" and "inverse-model" approaches (developed by Brisson et al.[@b21]) to deal with the specificities of our data. For instance, we did not have estimates of GG transmission probabilities for each host species-tick pair. These probabilities are required for the inverse model. We therefore based our analysis on the similarity of bacterial genotypes in infected hosts and ticks, as in the signature-matching model. However, we wished to avoid the rule-based assignation of ticks to host reservoirs to infer host contributions---the method used by the signature-matching model. We consequently employed the inverse model's simulation approach. We used observed SGG presence/absence patterns in ticks and small mammals to fit the model, making it possible to fit computational time constraints and to take into account the information associated with both markers and co-infection patterns. By definition, the infection patterns of non-sampled hosts (hereafter referred to as the X category) were unknown. To avoid situations in which the X category's inferred infection patterns completely matched the ticks' infection patterns, which would have meant that the X category could be the only significant contributor, we simulated tick infection patterns using a series of analyses. The first analysis aimed to establish a distribution of the contributions of sampled hosts; the X category was excluded. This distribution therefore reflected the maximum potential contributions of transmission cycles involving chipmunks and bank voles. First, using the observed data, we scored individual samples based on the presence/absence of alleles belonging to each SGG. Second, we scored individual samples based on the presence/absence of alleles associated with all possible SGG combinations (e.g., SGG1, SGG1-SGG2, SGG2, SGG2-SGG3, all SGGs, etc.). This allowed us to obtain two vectors---C~iTs~ and C~iMg~---that described the observed frequencies of each SGG combination i among chipmunks and bank voles, respectively. In each simulation, these vectors were used to calculate expected frequencies of SGG combinations in ticks, C~iTkSim~, when the X category was excluded and only the variable contributions of chipmunks and bank voles were taken into account. Finally, the respective contributions of chipmunks, bank voles, and the X category to tick infection---α, β, and γ---were generated randomly such that α + β + γ = 1. C~iTkSim~ was then determined using αC~iTs~ + βC~iMg~. The value of C~iTkSim~ was simulated one million times and compared to the observed value of C~iTkObs~ using Euclidean distances. The 10% of contribution values {α, β, γ} that resulted in the simulations most similar to the observed data were retained for the second series. Using the retained {α, β, γ} values, patterns of SGG combination presence/absence in ticks were then characterized: C~iTkSim~ = αC~iTs~ + βC~iMg~ + γC~iX~. To this end, a C~iX~ vector was calculated for each simulation in the following manner: i) a frequency for each SGG was drawn from a uniform distribution with a range between 0 and 1 and ii) the frequency of each SGG combination in ticks was calculated based on the frequency of each SGG; it was assumed that SGGs were randomly associated within ticks and that ticks were infected by at least one SGG, which ensured that the sum of SGG combination frequencies equaled 1. The results of 100,000 simulations were then compared to the observed data by calculating Euclidean distances for the simulated and observed values of i) the C~iTkSim~ and C~iTkObs~ vectors and ii) the vectors of the differentiation values (Wright's F~ST~[@b54]). The latter were determined for each SGG in ticks versus chipmunks and in ticks versus bank voles. Sets of parameters were retained if the distance was lower than the tolerance threshold, which was defined such that the results of 1% of the simulations were retained. Additional Information ====================== How to cite this article: Jacquot, M. et al. Multiple independent transmission cycles of a tick-borne pathogen within a local host community. Sci. Rep. 6, 31273; doi: 10.1038/srep31273 (2016). Supplementary Material {#S1} ====================== ###### Supplementary Information We thank the staff of the GATC, especially Zelie Dubreucq and Marie-Elise Galoppini, for carrying out sequencing. This work was funded by the French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA) via the "AIP Bioressources 2011" program and via the OSCAR project funded by the French National Research Agency (Agrobiosphere program). Maude Jacquot has received a PhD fellowship from the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research (MESR). Interactions between scientists at INRA and the Pasteur Institute were funded by the Tick and Tick-Borne Diseases (TMT) group, which is part of the Research Consortium on Biological Interactions (GdR REID). Field sampling was conducted with the financial support of the regional government of Ile-de-France (Conseil Regional d'Ile-de-France) and the French National Forests Office (Office National des Forêts). We thank Benoit Jaulhac for allowing us to access to the human strains as well as Roman Biek for his comments and advices preparing this manuscript. Funding agencies had no influence over study design, data collection and analysis, the decision to publish, or the preparation of the manuscript. Author Contributions This study was part of M.J.'s PhD thesis. X.B. and G.V. acquired project funding. S.B., J.L.C. and M.M. conducted fieldwork. S.M., M.M., V.P., A.P. and X.B. carried out the lab work. D.A. and P.G. helped with the statistical analyses. L.Z. cultured human strains. M.J. conducted the analyses under X.B. supervision. M.J. and X.B. prepared the figures and wrote drafts of the manuscript. All the authors helped finalize the manuscript. ![Phylogenetic network of rplB sequences.\ The network was built using (i) consensus sequences of genotypes identified in tick and host individuals sampled in the Sénart Forest for this study (in blue) and (ii) rplB reference sequences for members of the B. burgdorferi species complex and relapsing-fever spirochetes (in red and gray). All genotypes with the same prefix (e.g., G6) were empirically assigned to the same genotype group (GG) because of their close relationships. GGs that included strains isolated from humans are framed by a gray square.](srep31273-f1){#f1} ![Phylogenetic network of ospC sequences.\ The network was built using i) consensus sequences of genotypes identified in ticks and host individuals sampled in the Sénart Forest for this study (in blue) and ii) available ospC reference sequences for members of the Borrelia burgdorferi species complex (in red and gray). The capital letters reference individual ospC group described in previous studies[@b18][@b22][@b25][@b26]. All genotypes with the same prefix (e.g., G21) were empirically assigned to the same genotype group (GG) because of their close relationships. GGs that included strains isolated from humans are framed by a gray square framed by a grey square.](srep31273-f2){#f2} ![Graphical representation of infection group composition.\ The graph includes all individual ticks and hosts for which sequences found in at least one of the rplB or ospC genotype groups (GGs) were obtained. Distinct communities of individuals displaying similar infection patterns (i.e., infection groups, or IGs in the text) were identified using a "greedy approach"; they are graphed in different colors and can be composed of one or more ticks or hosts. Link thickness is proportional to the number of genotypes shared by the individuals of metagroup pairs.](srep31273-f3){#f3} ![Genotype group association patterns.\ The dendogram shows the genotype groups (GGs) found using rplB and ospC sequences detected in tick and host individuals; the B. miyamotoi rplB groups G16 and G17 were excluded. Communities of frequently co-occurring GGs within individuals were identified using a greedy approach. Each color of the dendogram corresponds to one of these communities and constitutes a set of genotype groups (SGG). The phylogenetic relationships between GGs and genotypes previously described in the literature are summarized in the next column after GGs' labels: rplB GGs were associated with their Borrelia species and ospC GGs to previously described genetic groups[@b18][@b22][@b25][@b26]. The third column summarized species in which the GGs were found.](srep31273-f4){#f4} ###### Number of tick and host individuals (chipmunks and bank voles) included in the analysis and their percentages of co-infection by at least two Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. and/or of B. miyamotoi genotypes. Species n[\](#t1-fn1){ref-type="fn"} rplB* ospC ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- -------- -------- Ixodes ricinus (ticks) 472 22.60% 42.81% Tamias sibiricus barberi (chipmunks) 96 17.78% 35.56% Myodes glareolus (bank voles) 92 6.52% 35.72% ^\*^Number of individuals that yielded sequence data. [^1]: Present address: Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK. [^2]: Present address: ANSES, Unité Épidemiologie, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
Q: Angular2 - recursive html without making a new component? In angular 1 I was able to do something like: <script type="text/ng-template" id="commentView.html"> <div> <div style="float: left; position: absolute;" ng-style="comment.displayPercent"> </div> </script> <script type="text/ng-template" id="commentReplies.html"> <div> <div class="commentChildBoxStyle" ng-hide="comment.hideComment"> <div style="min-width: 250px;"> <div ng-repeat="comment in comment.replies" ng-include="'commentReplies.html'"></div> </div> </div> </div> </script> I realize I can recursively call a component along with it's template in Angular2, but is there a way to recursively build HTML only? The logic seems like it would fit better with the parent component rather than with a series of child components. A: There certainly is a html only solution in Angular: <h1>Angular 2 Recursive List</h1> <ul> <ng-template #recursiveList let-list> <li ngFor="let item of list"> {{item.title}} <ul ngIf="item.children.length > 0"> <ng-container ngTemplateOutlet="recursiveList; context:{ $implicit: item.children }"></ng-container> </ul> </li> </ng-template> <ng-container ngTemplateOutlet="recursiveList; context:{ $implicit: list }"></ng-container> </ul> Here's a gist.
The Essential Elements of Culture Joel Dubois, (c) 2014—for free, fully cited distribution only I(b). Two Views of History The study of culture necessarily involves the study of history. Even observers who are only interested in contemporary culture are interested in the life histories of the people who right now are creating and participating in culture. But most observers of culture also end up broadening their research to consider the history of those who created the culture we are inheriting in this historical moment. Traditionally, however, history has been closely associated with static, instructional methods of learning that focus on transfering facts from teacher to student. In this view, history involves primarily archiving and disseminating facts via libraries, databases and courses; this is what I refer to below as the archival view of history. But the team-based learning format of the course, and its emphasis on preparing investigative consultants for the real-life situations, evokes a different approach to learning that has traditionally been associated with entrepreneurs and explorers. In this way of thinking, which I will refer to below as the extractive view, history is valuable to the extent that people can extract something of value from it, which often involves making a profit. One of the older forms of this view is mining, which uses knowledge of geological history to extract valuable ores. More recently and visibly, understanding the history and properties of such materials has been combined with the study of physical forces and the power of numerical analysis to create the immensely successful and profitable digital medium that has absorbed many earlier media of communication. The archival and extractive views of history value different thing, and both have certain advantages. The archival view values the knowledge of those who learn and teach the details of history, especially but not only in academic institutions. This knowledge is valued as an independent good, which grants status and a limited degree of power, but also a sense of inward satisfaction: students who enjoy the study of history often say, "Oh, now I really understand _____ in a deeper way." This view of history and the value of studying it underlies the requests of dedicated students to hear their professors lecture in depth about intriguing topics. Professors who lecture less often hear from these students that "you're the expert and I'm paying to hear all the things you know about;" if made to study on their own versus taking notes on lectures, such students sometime feel irritated that "I had to teach myself the material." The extractive view of history, on the other hand, values the profit gained from the study of history, as in the mining and technology examples mentioned above. In this view, substantial power can be gained from such successful enterprises, though success is generally more difficult, and many fail; satisfaction is gain from success not only from making a profit but from genuinely helping others with the goods and services provided. While students often appreciate this view of history, many are perplexed to find it in less clearly vocational programs of the university. Students in humanities related fields may even find themselves irritated at the idea of studying history primarily to put it to some profitable use. In the context of this class, the dedicated, lecture loving students mentioned in the previous paragraph may find the application of culture to real world situations interesting, but such a student sometimes feels irritated that (s)he, who are most interested in the learning copious details of history, is not really getting what they signed up for: a review of the historically archived details learned by the professor. Many of the pedagogical innovations with which teachers experiment in today's university's implicitly value the extractive view of history, though they seldom explicitly articulate that view; and most of these approaches meet with similar resistance. Historically, the separation between archival and extractive views of history, perpetuated by different types of human activity, seems to have evolved in order to distinguish the often competing interests of the two views. The archivists in academic settings need time and space to reflect deeply on the importance of history, apart from any concern about its application or value. Business entrepreneurs, designers and even community organizers need to focus on the efficient production of goods and/or delivery of services, which must necessarily be financially viable to continue. Over time, however, the hard and fast conceptual split between the archival and extractive views of history, supported by the discrete types of activities and work cultures of on-campus and off-campus life —the mentality of the library vs. the mine—has become increasingly dysfunctional. Academics, speakers and writers regularly complain about business leaders, managers and politicians, and vice versa, but they rarely engage in meaningful dialogue. How can the two views of history outlined above, and the activities that perpetuate them, be integrated in a healthier way? That is the essential question that many thoughtful people on both sides of the divide are wrestling with today. As documented by Paul Hawken in the video summary of his book Blessed Unrest, thousands of organizations and communities are attempting such integration in highly innovative ways. In most American cities, the communities that sponsor "living history" events suggest yet other integrative approaches, which both values knowledge of historical details AND their application in ways that profit people and communities. Surely initiating deeper conversationsbetween the two communities of practice that perpetuate the archival and extractive views of history is an essential ingredient in spreading such innovation. These conversations begin with providing spaces for them, whether in the classroom, workshop space, company meeting room or legislative assembly. Then one must set an intention for the discussion. The remainder of this essay is one academic thinker's attempt to offer a way of speaking about culture that can further support such conversation and the cultural innovations to which it leads.
A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter, efficacy and safety study of 3.75% imiquimod cream following cryosurgery for the treatment of actinic keratoses. Evaluate cryosurgery followed by 3.75% imiquimod cream to treat actinic keratoses (AK). Adults with > or =10 AKs on the face underwent cryosurgery of five to 14 lesions. Subjects with > or =5 lesions remaining were randomized to 3.75% imiquimod or placebo cream applied to the entire face daily for two two-week cycles. Efficacy was assessed through week 26. For the cryosurgery/3.75% imiquimod (n=126) and cryosurgery/placebo (n=121) groups, respectively, median total AK reductions were 86.5 and 50 percent, and proportions of subjects with complete clearance were 30.2 and 3.3 percent (P < 0.0001, both). Analyzing cryosurgery-treated lesions only, median reductions were 100 and 80 percent (P = 0.0008), and subject complete clearance rates were 59.5% and 29.8% (P < 0.001), respectively. Only one subject discontinued for a treatment-related adverse event (cryosurgery/3.75% imiquimod group). Cryosurgery was performed per usual study center practice and not standardized. A short, cyclical treatment course of field-directed daily 3.75% imiquimod cream following lesion-directed cryosurgery was well tolerated and provided additional therapeutic benefits to cryosurgery alone.
Convergent evolution of a complex fruit structure in the tribe Brassiceae (Brassicaceae). Many angiosperms have fruit morphologies that result in seeds from the same plant having different dispersal capabilities. A prime example is found in the Brassiceae (Brassicaceae), which has many members with segmented or heteroarthrocarpic fruits. Since only 40% of the genera are heteroarthrocarpic, this tribe provides an opportunity to study the evolution of an ecologically significant novelty and its variants. We analyzed nuclear (PHYA) and plastid (matK) sequences from 66 accessions using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference approaches. The evolution of heteroarthrocarpy and its variants was evaluated using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood ancestral state reconstructions. Although nuclear and plastid phylogenies are incongruent with each other, the following findings are consistent: (1) Cakile, Crambe, Vella, and Zilla lineages are monophyletic; (2) the Nigra lineage is not monophyletic; and (3) within the Cakile clade, Cakile, Didesmus, and Erucaria are paraphyletic. Despite differences in the matK and PHYA topologies at both deep and shallow nodes, similar patterns of morphological evolution emerge. Heteroarthrocarpy, a complex morphological trait, has evolved multiple times across the tribe. Moreover, there are convergent transitions in dehiscence capabilities and fruit disarticulation across the tribe. We present the first explicit analysis of fruit evolution within the Brassiceae, which exemplifies evolutionary lability. The repeated loss and gain of segment dehiscence and disarticulation suggests conservation in the genetic pathway controlling abscission with differential expression across taxa. This study provides a strong foundation for future studies of mechanisms underlying variation in dispersal capabilities of Brassiceae.
With ever increasing demands on NHS resources, home health care is becoming an important alternative. Bupa Home Healthcare provides everything you need in professional care and expert management. We help you maintain the highest standards of patient service whilst achieving those vital performance targets. We will constantly develop your skills, provide supervised practice and a career path that will help you progress your career further. We can also help you gain recognised qualifications. Role All roles are long term and Bank employees form a very important part of our workforce, whilst retaining flexible working patterns. Community based with the autonomy of managing your own caseload of patients Take the lead in delivering IV medication to patients in their own homes Educating patients Patients are located throughout the East Midlands region. The successful applicant will ideally be located in Sheffield and surrounding areas. You must hold a full EU driving licence and be willing to travel, as required. You Experience in the administration of IV antibiotics and TPN Cannulation and venepuncture competency Knowledge of managing patients with central lines. Have an acute ward or community nursing background You must be a Registered Nurse with valid NMC PIN Number, who cares about clinical excellence. You believe in the importance of the right things, done well and thrive in a dynamic, fast paced environment. Car ownership is essential. About Bupa Passionate about making lives better, Bupa Home Healthcare is dedicated to clinical excellence - inspiring and supporting our nurses to put people at the heart of everything they do. That's because with no shareholders to answer to, we're free to concentrate on the needs of our patients. And so are you. If you think this the role for you please follow the link to express your interest and complete registration and we will be in touch. Bupa is committed to an environment which will attract, retain and motivate its people. Bupa aims to ensure that every applicant to, or employee of is assessed for employment, promotion and development solely on the basis of personal merit and qualifications, regardless of gender, sexual orientation, pregnancy or maternity, marital or civil partner status, gender reassignment, race, colour, nationality, ethnic or national origin, religion or belief, disability or age. For more information on our equal opportunities please contact us.
A facile self-template strategy for synthesizing 1D porous Ni@C nanorods towards efficient microwave absorption. Ni@C composites, which simultaneously possess porous, core-shell and 1D nanostructures have been synthesized with a facile self-template strategy. The precursors were obtained by a hydrothermal process using NiCl2 · 6H2O and nitrilotriacetic acid as the starting material and then annealed at 400 °C, 500 °C, and 600 °C. The Ni@C composites annealed at 500 °C display a nanorod feature with a length of ∼3 μm and diameter of 230-500 nm. In addition, about 3 nm carbon shells and 4 nm Ni cores can be found in Ni@C nanorods. Attributed to the interconnected mesoporous texture in nanorods, strengthened interfacial polarization from core-shell structure, and better impedance matching benefiting from a great deal of pores, Ni@C nanorod composites exhibit perfect microwave absorption performance. The minimum reflection loss (RL) value of -26.3 dB can be gained at 10.8 GHz with a thickness of 2.3 mm. Moreover, the effective bandwidth (RL ≤ -10 dB) can be achieved, 5.2 GHz (12.24-17.4 GHz) under an absorber thickness of 1.8 mm, indicating its great potential in the microwave absorption field. Considering this technique is facile and effective, our study may provide a good reference for the synthesis of 1D carbon-based microwave absorbers with core-shell nanostructure.
Hi All, I've noticed that some RDF specs (including FOAF and DOAP) use inverseFunctional properties instead of URIs to identify instance resources. I can see an instant benefit in doing this - end users don't need to worry about the problems of minting URIs, maintaining them etc.. Is this the way RDF is going - URIs for the schema, BNodes with InverseFunctional properties for the instancedata? What are the consequences? Cheers, Phil
Polarity item In linguistics, a polarity item is a lexical item that can appear only in environments associated with a particular grammatical polarity – affirmative or negative. A polarity item that appears in affirmative (positive) contexts is called a positive polarity item (PPI), and one that appears in negative contexts is a negative polarity item (NPI) (redundantly: (negative) NPI item). The environment in which a polarity item is permitted to appear is called a "licensing context". In the simplest case, an affirmative statement provides a licensing context for a PPI, while negation provides a licensing context for an NPI. However, there are many complications, and not all polarity items of a given type need necessarily have exactly the same set of licensing contexts. In English As examples of polarity items, consider the English lexical items somewhat and at all, as used in the following sentences: I liked the film somewhat. I didn't like the film at all. I liked the film at all. I didn't like the film somewhat. As can be seen, somewhat is licensed by the affirmative environment of sentence (1), but it is forbidden (anti-licensed) by the negative environment of sentence (4). It can therefore be considered to be a positive polarity item (PPI). On the other hand, at all is licensed by the negative environment of sentence (2), but anti-licensed by the positive environment of sentence (3), and is therefore considered a negative polarity item (NPI). Because standard English does not have negative concord, that is, double negatives are not used to intensify each other, the language makes frequent use of certain NPIs that correspond in meaning to negative items, and can be used in the environment of another negative. For example, anywhere is an NPI corresponding to the negative nowhere, as used in the following sentences: I was going nowhere. (the negative nowhere is used when not preceded by another negative) I was not going anywhere. (the NPI anywhere is used in the environment of the preceding negative not) Note that the alternative form with the double negative, I was not going nowhere, is ungrammatical in the standard language, although such forms are used in some colloquial English, and parallel the constructions used in certain other languages which have negative concord. (Anywhere, like most of the other NPIs listed below, is also used in other senses where it is not an NPI, as in I would go anywhere with you.) Similar pairs of negatives and corresponding NPI are listed below. nobody/no one – anybody/anyone nothing – anything no/none – any never – ever nowhere – anywhere no longer/no more – any longer/any more See also , and . Determination of licensing contexts The actual set of contexts that license particular polarity items is not as easily defined as a simple distinction between affirmative and negative sentences. Baker noted that double negation may provide an acceptable context for positive polarity items: I can't believe you don't fancy her somewhat. John doesn't have any potatoes John has any potatoes. However, licensing contexts can take many forms besides simple negation/affirmation. To complicate matters, polarity items appear to be highly idiosyncratic, each with its own set of licensing contexts. Early discussion of polarity items can be found in the work of Otto Jespersen and Edward Klima. Much of the research on polarity items has centered around the question of what creates a negative context. In the late 1970s, William Ladusaw (building on work by Gilles Fauconnier) discovered that most English NPIs are licensed in downward entailing environments. This is known as the Fauconnier–Ladusaw hypothesis. A downward entailing environment, however, is not a necessary condition for an NPI to be licensed—they may be licensed by some non-monotone (and thus not downward entailing) contexts, like "exactly N", as well. Some people have ever been on the moon. Exactly three people have ever been on the moon. Nor is a downward entailing environment a sufficient condition for all negative polarity items, as first pointed out by Zwarts (1981) for Dutch "ook maar". Licensing contexts across languages include the scope of n-words (negative particles, negative quantifiers), the antecedent of conditionals, questions, the restrictor of universal quantifiers, non-affirmative verbs (doubt), adversative predicates (be surprised), negative conjunctions (without), comparatives and superlatives, too-phrases, negative predicates (unlikely), some subjunctive complements, some disjunctions, imperatives, and others (finally, only). Given this wide range of mostly non-downward entailing environments, the Fauconnier-Ladusaw Hypothesis has gradually been replaced in favor of theories based on the notion of nonveridicality (proposed by Zwarts and Giannakidou). Different NPIs may be licensed by different expressions. Thus, while the NPI anything is licensed by the downward entailing expression at most two of the visitors, the idiomatic NPI lift a finger (known as a "minimizer") is not licensed by the same expression. At most two of the visitors had seen anything. At most two of the visitors lifted a finger to help. While NPIs have been discovered in many languages, their distribution is subject to substantial cross-linguistic variation; this aspect of NPIs is currently the subject of ongoing research in cross-linguistic semantics. See also Grammatical polarity Notes References External links The Polarity Items Bibliography (Tübingen University) In the book, there is an introductory discussion of negative polarity items spanning several chapters, covering syntax, semantics, sociolinguistic aspects. The Collection of Distributionally Idiosyncratic Items, containing German and Rumanian NPIs (Tübingen University) Category:Logic Category:Grammar
Niko Cacos from Blue Sky. You're in Argentina but before we get started, tell me your symbol and what exchange are you on? We are on Toronto Venture Exchange under the symbol BSK. Okay. Argentina though. Argentina. You have a property in Argentina. What is it about Argentina that made you say 'okay this is where we want to be'? Because you're not new to it either. No, we're not new. We have a 26-year history in Argentina through our management group, this is the Grosso group, and we have quite an impeccable track record in that country. You know we've made four - this is our fourth major world class discovery. Two previous that we've got here - first discovery was the Guacamaya Gold Mine. That was put into production and run by Yamana. That's a pretty good partner. We discovered the Navidad Silver Deposit, which is the world's largest undeveloped silver deposit and that right now is held by Pan American Silver - Ross Beaty. Ross Beaty, yeah. And we discovered the Chinchilla Silver Mine, which we, together with SSR Mining, now have put into commercial production since the last couple of months. Mmm-hmm. And here, we're here to talk about uranium. Yes. Blue sky, we have, in southern Argentina, uncovered not just a deposit or a piece of property, an entire district, that - we own it all. 145 kilometre strike went like 50 kilometers wide. This is - It's the mother lode! I like to call it the Saudi Arabia of uranium. Like this is big - this is very, very significant. Okay, but it is uranium - uranium is still a little soft. Yeah uranium it's coming out of a bear market. I mean, you got to remember in the last year, uranium price of, spot price of uranium has come up 50 percent. Right, but is that not also with some producers holding on and not producing that they're that they're now creating that mark? That's right, they're creating that but we're also seeing organic growth within the industry because nuclear reactors are now becoming very popular again to generate electricity. A lot of emerging market countries are now, you know, they don't like - they don't like having to import oil and all the politics that goes with that. And coal of course. And coal you know, in the last decade or two we've seen the price of building these reactors come down, the time frame to build them become cheaper and you know quite frankly, uranium has no carbon footprint, it's reliable, it's the most efficient form of electricity generation. Mm-hmm. And it's being recognized today around the world. Ok but where specifically is that market? We know there's market in the United States and it appears there is an emerging market in China, and in India. Where is the future as far as uranium consumption is concerned? Well yes, China is definitely a big driver. I think there's 71 nuclear reactors in construction globally right now and about half of those are in China and in India but we're seeing them even in places like the Emirates. In Emirates, of all places, of all places, right? Building them, because it is effective, its efficient and a lot of others in Africa. They're becoming more popular and Argentina. Argentina has three nuclear reactors producing right now. They have another one that they're building and two more that are being commissioned. And they're doing this, again, to get away from the politics that having to import oil and having to you know use dollars to acquire it and they're doing it to also abide to reduce their own pollution in carbon footprint in that country. So what else has happened though in the uranium market? Because there was a tremendous fear about it at one point. Nuclear energy eh, I'm not so sure, you know, the downside of an incident. But that concern seems to literally be melting away in light of a desire to create a greener series or a greener sources of energy production. Correct and no you're correct but I think what's happening is we're not - they're not doing that just to find an alternative source of energy. I think the safety record for uranium is the most dangerous thing about it is just the fear itself. I think if they didn't - if they used electricity first, when they first discovered it, to electrocute people, I think people be terrified by electricity. And they used uranium to build nuclear bombs and I think there's been a big fear that's generated into the population and it's not unfounded. But when you look at the real track record, take Fukushima. People call it a nuclear disaster. Well no one was killed by nuclear radiation fallout. People were killed by the earthquake, people were killed by the tsunami, and that reactor, by the way, should never have been in production. Generally working order right now, but it was old it should have been decommissioned a long time ago. Another reactor further back nothing happened there. Right, so you're saying the technology is creating this sense that this is a reliable source of energy production. Look, and I know that Dr. Patrick Moore, who was one of the founders of Greenpeace, that's actually saying if you have the concern about carbon which he dismisses that a little bit too - different topic different day - but he says the the answer lies in nuclear and so when you have somebody of that stature getting behind this, it says so much about where we're gonna go with the green economy. Bill Gates. Mm-hmm. Just check out his website. You'll see he talks about nuclear energy is the way for poorer countries, emerging countries, to get out of poverty. And it's saying it has a major role to play there. So let's go back to this massive - the Saudi Arabia of uranium - a project where are we at right now in its lifecycle moving towards developing the property? Right now we just a few days ago published the first PEA, or preliminary economic assessment, so well you know we - because the area of the property is so huge, we've done work throughout this entire project. We've decided in the last year-and-a-half to focus on the southern portion of the property first. Okay. And last year, just around this time, we established our first resource there - 43-101 resource - and then we spent the next year basically saying, okay we have this resource, which is now stands at about 23 million pounds and 11 million pounds of vanadium - there's a significant vanadium content there and we can get to that. Yeah. So now we put out an economic study that says this thing, if it was in production today, would make money today. Today? Today. At current prices. At current prices. Our costs all in sustaining cost is just over $18 a pound. Mm-hmm. The contract price average out there in the markets between 50 and 60 dollars. There's a lot of margin there. Yeah. But that's what - the exciting thing about it is that this 23 million pounds, over this entire district, has the potential to become a hundred million pounds. It'd be no different than what they have in Kazakhstan, at Inkai Deposit, 100 million pound deposit, again producing it around but a little bit higher cost than where we are at. There are other examples around the world. It's this - the setting is it's right at surface. The first 25 meters in the surface and the ground there's no blasting. Excavator and then you leach it like it doesn't get simpler in terms of cost. So this has truly got the potential to be one of the largest and lowest cost uranium deposits in the world and that's what really excites me. And that's why we've been putting our own money, management has, you try finding somebody in the last few years to put money in a uranium company exploration - it's rare to find! Talk to the hand! Yeah so we've been finding it ourselves. So management right now, I mean our friends and family, they all own about over 60 percent of the company. Mm-hmm so the money we put in, we spend it and make sure we spend it on the right things down there, and now our goal is to grow this deposit over the next six months because we'd like to become Argentina's first domestic source of uranium supply. So would you develop it on your own or you're gonna be looking partner? Well, we can expand it on our own. Mm-hmm. We can take - we have a track record and the team and expertise to do all the way up the feasibility study. Yeah. To go into production, if we had to, we'd do it on our own, but, we also recognize the production is a different business and exploration. So by all means we would look to see if we could import some external expertise there and, you know, maybe partner up with somebody or whatever would be best return for shareholders. So let's talk a little bit about Argentina as a mining jurisdiction. Sure. How stable is it? Argentina is - we've been there for 26 years. Classic case if you listen to everything the politicians say, you know, is like driving - not always signalling, they're gonna turn left, turn right, but they turn the other way right? Argentina is a great place for many reasons: geologically, Mm-hmm. There's so much potential in that country. Eighth largest country in the world and, until 25 years ago, never been explored. So there's a lot of low-lying fruit to harvest there and that's what we've been doing. Politically, the country right now is run like a company. President Macri is a businessman, and he's got a mandate to eliminate red tape, eliminate regulations and he's also recognizing to promote mining to become and grow and become a more important part of their economy. And in the 26 years that we've been there we've never had a permit denied, never had a community say don't do it, we've never had anything, any problems in Argentina. Love working in that country. Last question here, so what would access to market be? What's the infrastructure like that allows you to get product out of the ground and to the market that wants it? Well, we can get it out of the ground. There's a - twenty kilometers away there's a town of Valcheta, there's a pool of people you know we can draw in for workers, there's a high power line there, there's a railway line there for about 50, 55 kilometers from a deep seaport Mm-hmm. All the infrastructure is perfect and it's a flat lying area, very flat, Patagonia. Less populated, less densely populated than Siberia. So when you come out of there by ship, it's not too much around them and India and China are just across the Atlantic. That's right, I mean we're getting a lot of major companies knocking on our door there's not been a lot of exploration in uranium space, but this is something we know that's been truly spectacular and I think you know the larger producing companies are looking at us, but not yet, it's too early. I think this has a long way to go. Well, it sounds like a pretty exciting opportunity and I have to admit I would not think of Argentina uranium, especially this time but yeah, this is, you know, fascinating to learn. I wish you all the best of luck with this thanks for coming in and sharing all of this. Oh great, thank you. Thank you
Let Curie try for the Scientist. Let us say she escaped and after I fast forward you can be reunited. This is what is gonna play out for Curie (learning the hard way): The Scientist will take her in, and put scalpels and tubes to her body. He will lie to her (tell her what she wants to hear), and then experiment upon her. A bit of the problem is that she is so naive. Well, let her learn then. But what will this make her? More bitter? If you can make her trust the only ones that treated her with kindness, Kiph et al, and then come back to them after she escaped torturous experimentation v2.0. Would that work? Joining the lesser evil I mean. There has to be a way to get to opposites to work together. Masons problem is that he nothing remotely similar to 13. As for AG's "slap in the face" comment - I acted in character, imagine you are a rather naive being who believes to have 'friends' who reveal themselves as cold-blooded killers. You will stay around? Not. Imagine that you do everything right (in your own view), trying to protect those friends and set them right, only to be met with a 'meh'. Playing up her age and previous life experience, it leads to running. If they want her back, they can role-play it. Curie still no idea what it would be to survive on her own. We can have Kiph catch up with the kid and try some fast-talking. We can have her caught by the Scientist. Logged "Captain, the buttocks are moving from the pink into the red and purple spectrum! We cannot maintain this rate of spanking any longer!" PoisonAlchemist: Man Muro, you boost my confidence and then you just go crush it with a heartbreaking work of staggering genius.Pariah: Don't tell him things like that, if his head gets any bigger he'll float off like a weather ballon :p For mask, I'm using something from my original equipment. Snake skin mask. Tight, shiny, and leathery. For costume, also tight snakeskin under toga. Kiph is a woman for the puprposes of the ball. He's very skinny and slight, so it could work. Fake boobs, foam by hips, wires, peepee tucked away, good make-up job under mask, just in case, and all those other necessary woman thingies, courtesy of Helena's help. PoisonAlchemist: Man Muro, you boost my confidence and then you just go crush it with a heartbreaking work of staggering genius.Pariah: Don't tell him things like that, if his head gets any bigger he'll float off like a weather ballon :p Curie will go as the Queen of the Night, Keeper of the Beyond, Sorceress of the Eclipsed Moon.Long flowing robe with wide sleeves, black with star motifs and a collar supported by metal beams; part of the dress is decorated with wire constructions, much like man-made stuctures in space, the hat is tall and absurd, with a huge third eye in the middle of the forehead and a silvery disk between its horns. Curie's white hair fits it nicely. And, the alien mask will fit with this too, to conceal the weird face. Also, black feathers and veils and stuff. Logged "Captain, the buttocks are moving from the pink into the red and purple spectrum! We cannot maintain this rate of spanking any longer!" Well, Mason would be your source of such. Posing as Carnegie he could probably get his hands on a small shipment of arms and explosives. Hand guns, grenades, perhaps even explosives. First Mason would have to agree with you and then use his network. dark_dragon: If Mason wants to resupply the crew he will use Carnegie's credits and network. There WILL be a hazzle with security though, Carnegie ain't exactly the arms dealing kind, and such deals might jeopardize his reputation built upon numerous charities and orphanages. So... To make an arms purchase (credits no problem), make a difficult persuasion attempt as Carnegie. (-10 to skill) PoisonAlchemist: Man Muro, you boost my confidence and then you just go crush it with a heartbreaking work of staggering genius.Pariah: Don't tell him things like that, if his head gets any bigger he'll float off like a weather ballon :p PoisonAlchemist: Man Muro, you boost my confidence and then you just go crush it with a heartbreaking work of staggering genius.Pariah: Don't tell him things like that, if his head gets any bigger he'll float off like a weather ballon :p PoisonAlchemist: Man Muro, you boost my confidence and then you just go crush it with a heartbreaking work of staggering genius.Pariah: Don't tell him things like that, if his head gets any bigger he'll float off like a weather ballon :p
In his latest series of illustrations, Alfred Basha depicts a series of images where animals merge with the natural world: trees sprout into the silhouettes of foxes or squirrels, and a forest landscape rests atop a lumbering bear.
Fox Biz's Real Competitor Is Fox News The would be CNBC competitor has had a tough time making inroads since its launch in 2007, and recent CNBC humiliations (such as Cramer on Jon Stewart, or the endless Rick Santelli stunts) don't seemed to have changed that. Still, the network believes it has found its angle in bailout fatigue. With its unabashedly populist tone, Red Ink Week is clearly an attempt to tap into some of the same anger that fueled April's tax-day "Tea Party" protests -- protests that Fox is careful to insist it played no role in organizing, even if its wall-to-wall coverage did have the effect of promoting them and boosting turnout. The tea parties were a ratings hit for Fox News, and it's likely they had a similar effect on Fox Business. And, while Casone says they weren't the inspiration for Red Ink Week -- "We've been covering this for months," she says -- it's obvious the network believes it has discovered its sweet spot at last. Sweet spot? Maybe. We really do enjoy some of the network's populist flair, such as the fact that when it flashes the ticker of a major financial on the bottom of its screen, it puts up a big red BAILED OUT marker above it. CNBC, for all its pro wrestling-like qualities, is way too genteel to mock the big banks like that. And we can certainly attest to the fact that anti-corporate, anti-government populism certainly holds a ton of appeal right now. But we're still skeptical tha that you can build a network off of that, because in the end, people disgusted by greed and corruption don't want to watch a news channel devoted to that. The people who want to watch business news all day long are people who are interested in investing and business (not politics) and so they'll watch CNBC. If anything, Fox Biz's biggest competitor is not CNBC, but Fox News, as that's the network that still does a great job of capturing the angry-with-the-powers-that-be crowd.
Acute aortic occlusion with sudden paraplegia secondary to Aspergillus niger embolism from Aspergillus niger aortitis. Acute aortic occlusion caused by a saddle embolus is a rare vascular emergency. Associated sudden paraplegia secondary to spinal cord ischemia is even more uncommon. Aspergillus surgical site infection is typically linked to cardiac surgery but is exceptional. Here we present a case that combines all of these factors. A 67-year-old man presented with sudden paraplegia from acute aortic occlusion with a saddle embolus from Aspergillus niger aortitis 4 months after aortic valve replacement and aortoplasty. We believe this to be the second reported case of Aspergillus niger aortitis and the first presenting as aortic occlusion with paraplegia.
The present invention relates generally to the field of fiber optic communications and specifically to the separation of wavelengths by dispersion using wavelength multiplexers. The use of wavelength multiplexers (MUX) to combine (multiplex) and separate (demultiplex) wavelengths within light signals is well known in the field of fiber optic communications, especially in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) systems. Wavelength division multiplexing refers to the transmission of two or more light signals over a common path using a different wavelength for each signal. FIG. 1 depicts a conventional, free-space wavelength MUX device. The figure shows the device performing a demultiplexing operation. An input waveguide 20 introduces a light signal 10 carrying multiple signals of different wavelengths. Light signal 10 is collimated by a first pass through a lens 30. The light then strikes a planar diffraction grating 40 at the back focal plane which disperses the separate wavelength signals and reflects them. Each wavelength signal leaves the grating 40 at a distinct angle. The separated light signals 50 are then focused by a second pass through the lens 30 onto an output plane 60 which is perpendicular to the direction of propagation such that each wavelength signal creates an optical focal spot whose position is linearly related to the optical wavelength. A linear array 70 of one or more output waveguides 80 is positioned at output plane 60 such that each wavelength signal illuminates, and is optically coupled to, only one output waveguide 80. A major limitation of this conventional multiplexer arrangement is its low tolerance for displacement of the input and output waveguides in a direction orthogonal to both the direction of dispersion and to the optical axis. FIG. 2a depicts the conventional multiplexer arrangement of FIG. 1 from an overhead view. FIG. 2b depicts the conventional multiplexer arrangement of FIG. 1, without the planar diffraction grating 40, from a frontal view. FIG. 2c depicts the same view as FIG. 2b, with the position of the input waveguide displaced in a direction orthogonal to both the direction of dispersion and to the optical axis and the position of the output waveguides displaced to match the input. Referring to FIG. 2c, if the input waveguide is displaced to a position Ai, the output waveguides must be displaced in the opposite direction to a position Ao so as to allow them to continue to receive the separated light signals which originated from this input. The same is true if the input waveguide is moved in the other orthogonal direction to position Bi. The output waveguides must again be moved in the direction opposite to a position Bo so as to allow them to continue to receive the separated light signals which originated from the input. Thus, where the input waveguide is displaced in an orthogonal direction as shown in FIG. 2c, for example as caused by mechanical or thermal effects, the output waveguides must be realigned with the input otherwise system performance will suffer. The present invention consists of a new method and apparatus for multiplexing and demultiplexing light signals of multiple wavelengths using two canceling dispersion stages with a stage between them which transforms the angular positions of the beams or the lateral positions of the beams or both the angular and lateral positions of the beams. In the present invention, a light signal of multiple wavelengths enters through an input waveguide. The signal is then dispersed by a first stage of the invention. The dispersed signals of wavelengths then enter a second stage of the invention which transforms the wavelengths. The transformed signals of wavelengths then enter a third stage of the invention which performs the inverse dispersion of the first stage. In other words, if this third stage were placed immediately after the first stage, the third stage would nullify the dispersion performed by the first stage. However, adding the intervening transformation step results in only the simple linear dispersion being canceled in the system while the transformed part of the dispersion is retained. In specific examples of the invention, this cancellation of simple linear dispersion and retention of the transformed part of the dispersion results in a much greater tolerance of displacement of the input or output waveguides in a direction orthogonal to both the direction of dispersion and to the optical axis as compared to the conventional arrangement. In these examples of the invention, the added intervening transformation step causes the resulting wavelengths which are outputted from the third stage to remain coplanar with the input waveguide despite any displacement of the input waveguide in a direction orthogonal to both the direction of dispersion and the optical axis.
Two people were killed and scores injured Wednesday night, when "an apparent gas explosion" demolished a portion of the Escambia County Central Booking and Detention Center. The blast, which occurred around 11 p.m., rattled houses up to three miles away and forced county officials to evacuate some 600 prisoners. (Photo: Tony Giberson, PNJ) Damage to the Escambia County Jail is seen after an explosion in the facility Thursday, May 1, 2014, in Pensacola, Florida. Two inmates were killed and more than 100 others were injured in the explosion according to an Escambia County spokeswoman. (Photo: John Raoux, AP) Law enforcement officers stand in front of the Escambia County Jail after an explosion caused the evacuation of the facility, Thursday, May 1, 2014, in Pensacola, Florida. Two inmates were killed and mote than 100 others were injured in the explosion according to an Escambia County spokeswoman. (Photo: John Raoux, AP) Two people were killed and scores injured Wednesday night, when "an apparent gas explosion" demolished a portion of the Escambia County Central Booking and Detention Center. The blast, which occurred around 11 p.m., rattled houses up to three miles away and forced county officials to evacuate some 600 prisoners. (Photo: Tony Giberson, PNJ) Two people were killed and scores injured Wednesday night, when "an apparent gas explosion" demolished a portion of the Escambia County Central Booking and Detention Center. The blast, which occurred around 11 p.m., rattled houses up to three miles away and forced county officials to evacuate some 600 prisoners. (Photo: Tony Giberson, PNJ) Two people were killed and scores injured Wednesday night, when "an apparent gas explosion" demolished a portion of the Escambia County Central Booking and Detention Center. The blast, which occurred around 11 p.m., rattled houses up to three miles away and forced county officials to evacuate some 600 prisoners. (Photo: Tony Giberson, PNJ) Two people were killed and scores injured Wednesday night, when "an apparent gas explosion" demolished a portion of the Escambia County Central Booking and Detention Center. The blast, which occurred around 11 p.m., rattled houses up to three miles away and forced county officials to evacuate some 600 prisoners. (Photo: Tony Giberson, PNJ) Two people were killed and scores injured Wednesday night, when "an apparent gas explosion" demolished a portion of the Escambia County Central Booking and Detention Center. The blast, which occurred around 11 p.m., rattled houses up to three miles away and forced county officials to evacuate some 600 prisoners. (Photo: Tony Giberson, PNJ) Two people were killed and scores injured Wednesday night, when "an apparent gas explosion" demolished a portion of the Escambia County Central Booking and Detention Center. The blast, which occurred around 11 p.m., rattled houses up to three miles away and forced county officials to evacuate some 600 prisoners. (Photo: Tony Giberson, PNJ) Two people were killed and scores injured Wednesday night, when "an apparent gas explosion" demolished a portion of the Escambia County Central Booking and Detention Center. The blast, which occurred around 11 p.m., rattled houses up to three miles away and forced county officials to evacuate some 600 prisoners. (Photo: Tony Giberson, PNJ) Like this topic? You may also like these photo galleries: David Paul Weinstein, 45, and Robert Earl Simmons, 54, were killed in the blast, and the five-story facility, which housed hundreds of inmates, is likely a total loss, officials said. The destruction occurred at 11 p.m. Wednesday night when a blast caused by leaking natural gas tore through the first floor of the Escambia County Jail Central Booking Division. Baptist Hospital facilities in Pensacola and Gulf Breeze, Sacred Heart Hospital and West Florida Hospital emergency rooms were inundated with patients, almost all with non-life threatening injuries. "It's pretty much complete destruction," Escambia County Sheriff David Morgan said of the facility at a news conference Thursday morning. Approximately 600 people were in the building when the blast went off, county spokesman Bill Pearson said. People living in neighborhoods miles away from the West Leonard Street facility reported hearing the boom. Pearson said late Thursday afternoon that every single person in the facility had been accounted for. At that time, all but two of the surviving inmates and one corrections officer had been treated and released from the hospital. Kathleen Dough-Castro, chief public information officer for the county, said Friday morning that she could not confirm media reports of one inmate who had reportedly gone into labor during the chaos, because of HIPPA restrictions. "I can say that a pregnant inmate was removed almost immediately after the blast, and she appeared to have been in labor," Castro said. The two men who were killed were found in close proximity to each other near a large amount of debris, Morgan said. Early reports from county officials indicate that the explosion was caused by a natural gas leak in a basement laundry facility. Natural gas theory Investigators from the Public Florida Service Commission, the State Fire Marshal's Office and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives are investigating the explosion. The Escambia County Sheriff's Office is investigating the deaths of the inmates. At the news conference outside the jail Thursday, officials had few answers to the how or why the explosion occurred. "We're here for the purpose of getting to the bottom of this, but it's going to take some time," State Fire Marshal Jeff Atwater said. Morgan reported that the basement had been flooded during Tuesday night's storms, and a retention wall reportedly collapsed from water damage. Morgan said inmates were not evacuated from the jail because, "the area in the building where flooding occurred did not endanger inmates." He said the same area of the facility had flooded in previous rains, and been recently remodeled. Addressing a group of people who gathered outside the jail, Morgan said there would be an investigation into reports of inmates and corrections officers smelling gas in the building during the 24 hours prior to the explosion. Pearson said there were no documented complaints about leaking gas in the hours before the blast. But he noted that the ground floor of the building where the blast is thought to have originated contained a laundry room with gas dryers and a kitchen. Bev DeMello, an assistant director at the Florida Public Service Commission, said in an e-mail interview that the problem, "appears to be an inside pipe." That would mean the leak was not from part of the gas main or service lines maintained by Pensacola Energy, the gas utility owned by the city of Pensacola, but rather a pipe — or possibly some other gas source — inside the jail facility. Pensacola Energy issued a similar statement, saying that, "the gas main leading to the building is operating in a safe and effective manner." Escambia County Corrections Director Gordon Pike said the county would not speculate on what may have sparked the explosion or what led to it until a full investigation was complete. Total loss Morgan said the jail is likely a complete loss. In the immediate aftermath of the explosion, inmates and corrections officers were quickly evacuated from the building and loaded onto buses. The wounded were taken to five hospitals in Escambia and Santa Rosa counties. Inmates without injuries were distributed among other Escambia County detention facilities, with the exception of 200 female inmates who were transported to the Santa Rosa County jail direct supervision unit. Officials declined to comment on where inmates would be housed in the long term. "So far our focus has been making sure that everyone is safe and accounted for," Pearson said. "I'm not sure if (long-term housing) is a conversation we've even started yet. The good thing is that we all cooperate, and the question of whose going to foot the bill doesn't come up, everyone just helps out where they can." Sheriff Morgan relinquished custody of the jail Oct. 1, 2013, after heated debates with Escambia County commissioners concerning cuts to the jail's budget.
Q: Invalid property name - Kivy python tuto.py: import kivy kivy.require('1.9.0') from kivy.app import App from kivy.uix.widget import Widget class CustomWidget(Widget): pass class CustomWidgetApp(App): def build(self): return CustomWidget() customwidget = CustomWidgetApp() customwidget.run() customwidget.kv: <CustButton@Button>: font_size: 32 color: 0, 0, 0, 1 size: 150, 50 background_normal: '' background_down: 'bt-down.png' background_color: .88, .88, .88, 1 <CustomWidget>: CustButton: text: "Random" pos: root.x, 200 CustButton: text: "Buttom" pos: 200, root.y CustButton: text: "Buttom" pos: 200, 400 I run this code and I immediately get this error: ... 7: background_color: .88, .88, .88, 1 8: >> 9: <CustomWidget>: 10: CustButton: 11: text: "Random" ... Invalid property name A: The problem was due to indentation in the kv file. main.py from kivy.app import App from kivy.uix.widget import Widget class CustomWidget(Widget): pass class CustomWidgetApp(App): def build(self): return CustomWidget() if __name__ == '__main__': CustomWidgetApp().run() customwidget.kv #:kivy 1.10.0 <CustButton@Button>: font_size: 32 color: 0, 0, 0, 1 size: 150, 50 background_normal: '' background_down: 'bt-down.png' background_color: .88, .88, .88, 1 <CustomWidget>: font_size: 32 color: 0, 0, 0, 1 size: 150, 150 background_color: 0.88, 0.88, 0.88, 1 CustButton: text: "Random" pos: root.x, 200 CustButton: text: "Buttom" pos: 200, root.y CustButton: text: "Buttom" pos: 200, 400
Assassin’s Creed Odyssey Review- Almost The Best in The Series… Assassin’s Creed Odyssey is Ubisoft’s first attempt at taking the series into a new direction. Hot on the heels of last year’s Origins, Odyssey takes the once primarily stealth-action franchise and turns it into a by-the-numbers RPG. Story – An Epic Odyssey Socrates in Assassin’s Creed Odyssey With the renewed focus on RPG mechanics, the game gets you to make your very first crucial choice right at the beginning, with the character selection. You can choose to play as either Alexios or Kassandra, with the choice being locked in for the entirety of your playthrough. As Alexios/Kassandra, you’ll embark on an odyssey to find out the hidden secrets of your past. We won’t spoil anything, as the story here is genuinely interesting. The game is long, with the average playthrough lasting about 50 hours or so if you rush through the main storyline, so expect a lot of twists. The main narrative of Assassin’s Creed Odyssey takes place during the Peloponnesian War, a time when Sparta and Athens were at each others’ throats. While the protagonist is a Spartan mercenary, the RPG mechanics lets you play from either side of the war. Choices in Assassin’s Creed Odyssey Along your journey, you’ll meet (historically) famous people like Socrates, Leonidas, Herodotos and many more. Which, being an Assassin’s Creed game, is always fun. In fact, as you start the game you’ll immediately find yourself in the middle of the battle of Thermopylae. You know, the same one where Leonidas went against the Persian army with 300 Spartans? Yeah. Also, don’t forget the modern day! Love it or hate it, you’ll once again step out of the Animus (though, occasionally) & step in the shoes of Layla Hassan. We won’t reveal too much, but suffice it to say that the modern day segments are given enough attention here so as to remain relevant, yet not step on your Greek adventures. Gameplay Mechanics – Same, but Better? Admiring the view Assassin’s Creed Odyssey is the series’ first game which is a fully fledged role-playing game. What that means, above everything else, is that player choice is at the forefront of the experience. Or at least, it’s attempted. Quest structure is similar to last year’s Origins. For the most part, you’ll be jumping, climbing, and stabbing your way through classical Greece. You know, the usual Assassin’s Creed things. However, the most improved thing this time around is the combat. Surprising right? The series has been traditionally known for its stealth mechanics, with last year’s installment shaking up the formula ever so slightly. Leap of Faith On the skill tree, this time around you’ll find many special abilities which can be mapped to specific buttons on the controller (or the keyboard). The shield from last year has been removed to give way to a new parry system, which further expands into the usage of said abilities. Simply hold the left bumper and smash any of the face buttons to trigger an ability. You might have seen one particular ability being deployed on multiple gameplay trailers, the Spartan kick. And boy is it a joy to use. There are tons of other abilities to use, and gone are the days when you had to pick and choose certain skills for your playthrough. Assassin’s Creed Odyssey gives you the option to reset your abilities/skills anytime you want, so you can experiment with different skills as per your wish. Certainly a welcome change. This gives combat a much-needed complexity that rewards you heavily with loot. Combat in Assassin’s Creed Odyssey Naval Combat is also back, in which you can travel the Aegean seas and get into battles with other ships. The gameplay mechanics of this segment are pretty much the same as Assassin’s Creed IV: Black Flag. Instead of shooting canons you’ll be shooting arrows, but the core mechanics remain the same. The boarding system also returns, along with ship customizability. All in all it’s a great addition. Of Mercenaries and Cultists That comes in extra handy considering the new mercenary system, as well as the cultist system that the game introduces. Shamelessly similar to the Nemesis system in the Middle Earth games, the mercenary system basically acts like a wanted level. Each time you’re seen committing a crime in front of the public, a mercenary is sent after you, each with their own set of strengths and weaknesses. While the game could do with giving said mercenaries some more personality, the result is still convincing enough. Mercenaries in Assassin’s Creed Odyssey Another facet of the game is the Cultists system. I won’t delve too much into the details, as doing so would spoil major portions of the main story, but suffice it to say that the system is well implemented. This is essentially the mercenary system but without the inclusion of any wanted system to trigger it. There are numerous cultists throughout the world & it is in your power to find out about them, through sidequests, and eliminate them. Skill Tree in Assassin’s Creed Odyssey The key difference between this and the mercenary system being that it encourages exploration and actually is an integral part of the story. You could not kill a single mercenary and still go about the main quest. You cannot, however, not hunt down the cultists as you are required to do so in order to further your Odyssey (i.e as the game calls it, the main story). The Micro-Faults – You Know What We’re Talking About Falling into failure? In midst of all this greatness is one big problem. Yeah, you guessed it, it’s the dreaded ‘M’ word. The Microtransactions. While previous games in the series have included them, they were usually on the sidelines. The leveling system in those games never was punishing enough on players to actually make them want to purchase any of the XP boosters or money boosters or any of that stuff. However, Assassin’s Creed Odyssey would rather have you purchase that tiny booster pack than spend time in the quests that they so painstakingly created. Just like Origins, the game requires you to be constantly leveling up in order to further the main quest. Each quest comes with its own designated skill level, and if you’re even so much as one level below it, you can bet it won’t end well. This type of leveling is crucial to a game of this size and scope, but it should never come in between the players’ own sense of engagement with it. Microtransactions in Assassin’s Creed Odyssey As said above, Odyssey’s leveling system is punishing. And to add salt to the wound, there are many times in the story where after completing a quest, the next one would require a much higher skill level than the one I’m currently at. Particularly around 12 hours into the story when I had completed a quest on level 12, I was surprised to see that the next quest would recommend me to be level 15. That’s a jump of 3 levels. And you know how much time I had to spend to jump up 3 levels? Take a guess. An hour or two? Wrong. It took me nearly 3 hours to level up by completing side content just to go up 3 levels. Now, I would have enjoyed that time had the writing on those sidequests been on par with, say a Witcher 3, but sadly they weren’t. Don’t get me wrong, it was significantly better than Ubisoft’s past efforts, but the meagre amount of XP that was awarded for completing them was criminally low. As dark & evil as microtransactions… The game tends to direct you towards that in-game store in a rather clever ways. The first of these, is that Ubisoft automatically awards you with 200 Helix Credits (the currency with which can initiate microtransactions, to obtain which you have to pay up real money) as the story opens up to you after about 2 hours of gameplay. You think, “Yay, free helix credits. Maybe I’ll spend them on something useful. After all, it’s free rewards.” but what Ubisoft is essentially doing is making you enter than in-game store, with the intent being that you’ll spend more than you wanted to. They also have a temporary XP and money booster available in the Uplay rewards system. I used the XP booster with which I was rewarded with 25% more XP for 2 hours of gameplay. And boy did that affect my gameplay. I went from level 28 to 30 in an hour of playtime, instantly being able to play that main quest that I’d been wanting to for hours on end. The moral? Ubisoft is clever. Very clever. Conclusion Assassin’s Creed: Odyssey is the series’ best entry since Assassin’s Creed II, or Black Flag depending upon your preference. With a deep and personal story and memorable side quests which complement the former, Odyssey does its name justice. Not to mention the sprawling open world of Greece that Ubisoft has created, easily the most detailed, and vast, in the series. While the aforementioned issue of level-gating and microtransactions do hold it back, the overall experience is something to sing praises about. REVIEW OVERVIEW Story Combat Traversal Sound & Music Graphics SUMMARY Assassin's Creed Odyssey takes the series to new heights with its RPG mechanics while simultaneously reminding us of the grim landscape of modern AAA gaming. Film is love. Film is life. If you haven't guessed by now, yes I'm the resident movie nerd here. Although I do venture into other 'productive' stuff. You know, like music & video games and TV... Binging through a good show on a rainy Sunday with a cup of coffee is my ideal holiday. Or stuffing more books on to my Kindle. If there are two things I love more than anything, they're dogs and movies. Not necessarily in that order. Maybe. xD TechQuila is managed by a group of enthusiasts with diverse skill-sets ranging from computer hardware, science, lifestyle and even film reviews. Although we cover a wide range of topics our focus lies in gaming and hardware.
Martin Sofiedal, the director of short fan film Uncharted: Ambushed, has been offered a glimpse of Uncharted 4: A Thief's End behind closed doors at developers Naughty Dog. The next Uncharted adventure is being kept tightly under wraps but the studio was impressed by Sofiedal's work and rewarded his fandom with a sneak peek at the next and possibly final game in the series. Martin reported what he saw to Norwegian site PressFire.no (via PS Mania) saying: "I got to see a few seconds of the opening scene, which is still under development, but already looking incredible. "I got to see some pretty raw stuff from the new game, including drawings of planned action sequences and how all the characters look like now with upgraded graphics. It was almost scary to see Sully as an almost living person." Martin said the graphical step up between this and the last game on PlayStation 3 was like the difference between a PS2 title and a Pixar movie. He said: "They showed some tests where Drake was going through a bit of tall grass and how every straw reacted to his movements while also responding to the wind. It was crazy. I've never seen anything like it." Only two trailers have been released for A Thief's End since it was first announced at last year's Spike TV Video Game Awards. No gameplay footage has been shown yet but some concept art did reveal a few possible locations for the globe-trotting adventure. Watch a trailer for Uncharted 4: A Thief's End below. The game will be released in 2015.
# ==================================================================== # Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one # or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file # distributed with this work for additional information # regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file # to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the # "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance # with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at # # http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 # # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, # software distributed under the License is distributed on an # "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY # KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the # specific language governing permissions and limitations # under the License. # ==================================================================== require "my-assertions" require "svn/core" require "svn/util" class SvnUtilTest < Test::Unit::TestCase def test_to_ruby_const_name assert_equal("ABC", Svn::Util.to_ruby_const_name("abc")) assert_equal("ABC_DEF", Svn::Util.to_ruby_const_name("abc_def")) end def test_to_ruby_class_name assert_equal("Abc", Svn::Util.to_ruby_class_name("abc")) assert_equal("AbcDef", Svn::Util.to_ruby_class_name("abc_def")) assert_equal("AbcDef", Svn::Util.to_ruby_class_name("ABC_DEF")) assert_equal("XFoo", Svn::Util.to_ruby_class_name("_foo")) end end
1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a navigation system employing a mobile terminal to provide route guidance service. The navigation system comprises a navigation server and the mobile terminal has access to the server through communication means such as communication networks including the Internet. 2. Description of the Related Art As mobile terminals have come into widespread use, various services are provided to meet the diverse needs of users. Many forms of business are announced to provide guidance services for users who have access to navigation servers through their mobile terminals and communication networks including the Internet. Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2002-81957 discloses a power-saving navigation system employing a mobile navigation device. According to the above Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2002-81957, while guiding a user toward a landmark, the navigation system saves electricity by starting calculation to compare the user's position found with GPS satellites and the landmark when it is nearly time for the user to arrive at the landmark.
That question is at the center of the brilliant short film “Love is All You Need” by Kim Rocco Shields, made in 2012. The video has over four million views on YouTube, and ends with the bullied child slitting her wrists. Kimberly Fernetti played the film for her class at North Lincoln High School, drawing complaints from several parents, who called the superintendent’s office. Fernetti was suspended while school officials investigated the situation. “I think it’s a great message to get out in the school,” one student told WSOC-TV. “I personally have dealt with bullying, so I think it’s good to get the point across that ‘Hey, it’s not OK to pick on somebody.'” A family member of another student agreed. “I don’t think it was vulgar or anything. I think it’s better to be aware and to know the possibility of what kids’ actions could do,” they said. The bullying and harassment can have a lifelong emotional impact, the report found. North Carolina has been at the center of the LGBTQ rights battle after passing a discriminatory law, House Bill 2 (HB2), which invalidated non-discrimination ordinances passed by cities and municipalities and requires transgender individuals to use the restrooms and locker rooms matching the gender on their birth certificate in government-owned buildings.
Q: Query - Trazer 5 maiores registros Tenho a query abaixo, onde eu preciso trazer apenas as 2 maiores colunas que tem os maiores valores. Hoje está saindo assim: Conciliacao Extrato Integração 150 140 80 Ou seja, queria trazer apenas conciliação e extrato que atualmente são as colunas que tem as maiores quantidades. select count(distinct FACB.ChamadoID) [Qtde_Conciliacao Bancária], count(distinct FACV.ChamadoID) [Qtde_Conciliacao de Vendas], count(distinct FAEF.ChamadoID) [Qtde_Extrato Financeiro], count(distinct FAI.ChamadoID) [Qtde_Integração], count(distinct FAR.ChamadoID) [Qtde_Recebíveis], count(distinct FAAB.ChamadoID) [Qtde_Arquivos de Baixa], count(distinct FASC.ChamadoID) [Qtde_Serviços e Cadastro], count(distinct FABGT.ChamadoID) [Qtde_Bugs-Relatórios e Telas] from Solicitacao S left join Usuario U on U.UsuID = S.UsuIDResponsavel left join FRM_6 FACB on FACB.ChamadoID = S.SolID and FACB.C08 = 3236 -- Quantidade de Chamados Forma de Atuacao Conciliação Bancária left join FRM_6 FACV on FACV.ChamadoID = S.SolID and FACV.C08 = 3237 -- Quantidade de Chamados Forma de Atuacao Conciliação de Vendas left join FRM_6 FAEF on FAEF.ChamadoID = S.SolID and FAEF.C08 = 3238 -- Quantidade de Chamados Forma de Atuacao Extrato Financeiro left join FRM_6 FAI on FAI.ChamadoID = S.SolID and FAI.C08 = 3239 -- Quantidade de Chamados Forma de Atuacao Integração left join FRM_6 FAR on FAR.ChamadoID = S.SolID and FAR.C08 = 3240 -- Quantidade de Chamados Forma de Atuacao Recebíveis left join FRM_6 FAAB on FAAB.ChamadoID = S.SolID and FAAB.C08 = 3241 -- Quantidade de Chamados Forma de Atuacao Arquivo de Baixa left join FRM_6 FASC on FASC.ChamadoID = S.SolID and FASC.C08 = 3300 -- Quantidade de Chamados Forma de Atuacao Serviços e Cadastros left join FRM_6 FABGT on FABGT.ChamadoID = S.SolID and FABGT.C08 = 3301 -- Quantidade de Chamados Forma de Atuacao 8 - Bugs - Relatórios e Telas where U.UsuIDGrupo = 1151 and S.ProID in(2,5,12) and S.SolStatus = 9 --S.SolDataFechamento between @Data_Inicial and @Data_Final A: Avalie o seguinte código. -- código #1 v3 with cteConsulta as ( SELECT count(distinct case when F.C08 = 3236 then F.ChamadoID end) as CB, count(distinct case when F.C08 = 3237 then F.ChamadoID end) as CV, count(distinct case when F.C08 = 3238 then F.ChamadoID end) as EF, count(distinct case when F.C08 = 3239 then F.ChamadoID end) as I, count(distinct case when F.C08 = 3240 then F.ChamadoID end) as R, count(distinct case when F.C08 = 3241 then F.ChamadoID end) as AB, count(distinct case when F.C08 = 3300 then F.ChamadoID end) as SC, count(distinct case when F.C08 = 3301 then F.ChamadoID end) as BGT from Solicitacao as S left join Usuario as U on U.UsuID = S.UsuIDResponsavel left join FRM_6 as F on F.ChamadoID = S.SolID where U.UsuIDGrupo = 1151 and S.ProID in (2, 5, 12) and S.SolStatus = 9 and (F.ChamadoID is null or F.C08 in (3236, 3237, 3238, 3239, 3240, 3241, 3300, 3301)) ), cteUnpivot as ( SELECT DenoColuna, ValorColuna from cteConsulta unpivot (ValorColuna for DenoColuna in ([CB], [CV], [EF], [I], [R], [AB], [SC], [BGT])) as U ) SELECT top (2) DenoColuna, ValorColuna from cteUnpivot order by ValorColuna desc;
A comic exists here despite Wes getting pumped to hang out with some frogs while Tony saw everything in black and white.
s) wrt s? 15s2 Find the second derivative of 6l*3 + 26l - 53l + 18l wrt l. 36l Suppose 12 = 2s + 4z, -3s = -4z - 1 + 3. Differentiate -q + 0q + 0q - s with respect to q. -1 Suppose -4q + 4c = -8, -5q + c + 7 = -3. Suppose qj - 5j = 0. Differentiate jm3 + 0m3 + 1 - m4 + 0 with respect to m. -4m3 Let z(o) = -64o*3 - 8o*2 - 3o. Let u(k) = 21k3 + 3k*2 + k. Let a(v) = 8u(v) + 3z(v). What is the second derivative of a(q) wrt q? -144q Let q(h) = h*2 - 6h + 2. Let v be q(5). Let l(m) = -m + 1. Let o be l(v). What is the third derivative of -5n2 + 2n*o + 3n*2 + 2n4 - n2 wrt n? 96n Let v(s) = 3s + 1. Let n be v(-1). Let g be n/(-8) + (-45)/(-12). What is the second derivative of -q*g + 1 - 2q - 1 wrt q? -12q2 Let s = -5 + 5. What is the derivative of -1 + 0 + s - 2a wrt a? -2 What is the third derivative of 3c6 - 19c*2 + 0c*6 + 14c*2 wrt c? 360c*3 Let t(c) = 1 - 4c*2 + 1 - 3. Let w(v) = 4 + 1 - 6. Let z(h) = t(h) - 2w(h). Differentiate z(x) with respect to x. -8x Let w(l) be the first derivative of l8/560 + l5/20 + 5l*3/3 + 3. Let q(y) be the third derivative of w(y). What is the second derivative of q(r) wrt r? 36r*2 Find the second derivative of -68 + 135 - 67 + 12r + 7r2 wrt r. 14 Let b = 90 - 87. Let x(u) be the second derivative of 0u*4 + 2/3u*b - 1/10u*5 + 0u*2 + 0 + 2u. What is the second derivative of x(a) wrt a? -12a Let s(j) be the first derivative of 0j4 + j2 - 1/3j6 + 0j*5 + 0j*3 + 0j - 1. Find the second derivative of s(g) wrt g. -40g3 Let s(d) be the second derivative of -2d*6/5 - 9d*2/2 - 27d. What is the derivative of s(a) wrt a? -48a3 Let r(z) be the first derivative of z8/112 + z5/20 - 3z*2/2 - 3. Let h(j) be the second derivative of r(j). What is the third derivative of h(s) wrt s? 180s*2 Find the third derivative of -10f*4 - 11f*4 - 282f*2 + 253f*2 wrt f. -504f Let g(n) be the third derivative of 13n9/168 + 7n*5/15 - 47n*2. What is the third derivative of g(u) wrt u? 4680u*3 Suppose q = 5 - 4. Let m be (-18)/(-3) + -1 - q. Find the third derivative of 2r*5 - 4r + mr - r2 + 0r wrt r. 120r2 Let d(v) be the second derivative of 0v*3 + 4v + 0v6 + 1/4v*4 + 1/14v*7 + 0 + 0v*2 + 0v*5. Find the third derivative of d(h) wrt h. 180h*2 Let d(o) = -9o*3 + 3o*2 + 2o. Let y(b) = 18b3 - 5b*2 - 4b. Let m(p) = 10d(p) + 6y(p). What is the second derivative of m(w) wrt w? 108w Let b = -38 - -58. Find the second derivative of 5g*2 + 20 - b - 2g wrt g. 10 Find the third derivative of 5t5 - 21t*5 - 9t*2 + 14t*5 wrt t. -120t2 Let q(c) be the second derivative of c6/5 - 3c4/4 + 16c. What is the third derivative of q(x) wrt x? 144x Find the second derivative of -5z*5 - 6z - 4z + 6z wrt z. -100z3 Let h be 4 + (2 - 0)-1. Find the second derivative of -n*5 + hn - 4n + 5n*3 - 5n*3 wrt n. -20n*3 Suppose -13 + 1 = -6g. Let z(b) be the first derivative of 0b2 - g + 1/2b4 + b3 + 0b. What is the third derivative of z(q) wrt q? 12 Let o(a) be the first derivative of 16a*3/3 - 9a*2 + 27. What is the second derivative of o(z) wrt z? 32 Let y(i) be the second derivative of -11i*5/20 + 13i*4/6 - 49i. What is the third derivative of y(t) wrt t? -66 Let o = 14 - -1. Suppose 3q - 4j - o = 0, 2j + 0 = 2q - 10. Find the third derivative of -r2 + r2 - r*q - 2r*2 wrt r. -60r*2 Differentiate -6 - 5 - 5 - 5b*3 - 4b*3 with respect to b. -27b2 Let f(x) be the first derivative of x8/240 + x*4/4 - 8x*3/3 + 6. Let u(d) be the third derivative of f(d). What is the derivative of u(v) wrt v? 28v*3 Let j(h) = -4h*3 - 3h*2 + 3h + 7. Let o = -4 - -1. Let f(r) = -4r3 - 2r*2 + 2r + 6. Let u(t) = of(t) + 2j(t). Differentiate u(c) with respect to c. 12c2 Let t(p) = 9p2 + p + 1. Let k = 1 - 2. Let m be t(k). Differentiate -3 + w3 - 9w + mw with respect to w. 3w2 What is the third derivative of 5 - 5 + 0 - 12b*5 + 2b*2 wrt b? -720b*2 Let r(w) be the second derivative of 0 - 3/2w*2 + 2w - 1/6w3. What is the first derivative of r(t) wrt t? -1 Suppose -3y - 6 = -y + 3c, -4c = -y + 19. Find the second derivative of 4s3 + 2s + 3s - 7s*y wrt s. -18s Let c(r) = -r3 - r2 + 1. Let d(j) = -4j3 + 5j*2 - 4. Let o(w) = 5c(w) + d(w). What is the first derivative of o(s) wrt s? -27s2 Let p(w) be the second derivative of w6/10 - 11w*4/4 - 23w. Find the third derivative of p(o) wrt o. 72o Let g(r) = 95r*3 - 42r*2 + 5r - 3. Let s(v) = -143v3 + 63v*2 - 8v + 5. Let j(t) = -8g(t) - 5s(t). What is the third derivative of j(o) wrt o? -270 Let y = -11 - -26. Suppose -5f = -2q - y, -f + 3 = -4q + 2q. Find the third derivative of -2d2 - 2d*3 + 5d*3 + qd3 - d2 wrt d. 18 Let l(g) = 4g4 - 3g*2 - 3. Let v(y) = 9y*4 - 5y*2 - y - 5. Let z(d) = 5l(d) - 3v(d). What is the second derivative of z(x) wrt x? -84x2 Let z(y) be the second derivative of y6/5 - 4y3/3 + y. What is the second derivative of z(a) wrt a? 72a*2 Suppose 4s - 21 = -1. Differentiate sp2 - 10p - 1 + 7p + 3p with respect to p. 10p Let b(x) be the second derivative of x10/15120 - x6/720 - x4/4 + 4x. Let l(m) be the third derivative of b(m). Find the second derivative of l(u) wrt u. 40u3 Let s be (-48)/(-40)(-10)/(-4). Suppose -5m + 2r + 18 = 0, -7m - r + 4 = -sm. What is the derivative of -5d2 + 4d*m - 1 + 4d*2 - 6d*2 wrt d? -6d Let h(t) = -15t3 - 4t*2 + 26t. Let x(a) = -31a3 - 7a*2 + 51a. Let b(o) = -7h(o) + 4x(o). Find the second derivative of b(k) wrt k. -114k Suppose 6o - 5o = 3. Let q = -1 - -4. Find the third derivative of 3w*q + 2w3 - wo - 3w3 - 2w2 wrt w. 6 Let x = -3 - -5. Find the third derivative of g5 + g4 - g4 - g*2 + 2g*x wrt g. 60g*2 Suppose 0 = 5o - 4 - 1, 0 = 4y - 3o + 3. Suppose y = -k + 5k. What is the second derivative of 0a*4 + 0a + ka4 - 2a + a*5 wrt a? 20a*3 Suppose 4n - 12 = 3t, 6 = 4n - 2n. What is the first derivative of 4 + h2 - 11 + th*2 wrt h? 2h Let n(y) be the first derivative of y*6/6 - 5y*2 + 5. Find the second derivative of n(r) wrt r. 20r*3 Let u(v) = 9v*5 - 9v - 6. Let z(p) = p*5 - p - 1. Suppose -4j = -0j + 24. Let d(k) = jz(k) + u(k). What is the second derivative of d(g) wrt g? 60g3 Let t(d) = d2 + 5d + 2. Let f(k) = -k*2 - 10k - 5. Let b = -3 + 8. Let r(a) = bt(a) + 2f(a). Find the second derivative of r(z) wrt z. 6 Let a(t) = 8t - 7. Let v(q) = -9q + 8. Let y(i) = 7a(i) + 6v(i). Let c(b) = 3b - 1. Let w(u) = 2c(u) - 5y(u). What is the first derivative of w(d) wrt d? -4 Let y(p) = -p2 + p + 1. Let q be y(0). Find the second derivative of -4w*2 - 1 - w + 5w*2 + q wrt w. 2 Let x(v) = -36v*2 + 11v - 90. Let l(f) = 7f2 - 2f + 18. Let z(r) = 22l(r) + 4x(r). Differentiate z(w) wrt w. 20w Let n = 2 + 0. Find the second derivative of 2z*5 + 4z*5 + nz - 3z - 4z*5 wrt z. 40z*3 Find the third derivative of -4r*3 - 14r*2 - 18r*2 - 4r*3 wrt r. -48 Let s be (7 - (3 - 4))/2. What is the third derivative of -2n4 - ns + 3n4 + 3n*2 - 4n*5 wrt n? -240n2 Let m(o) = -o3 - 6o2 - 5o + 2. Let i be m(-5). Suppose j - 3g = 5, -8 = -ij + 4g - 0. Find the second derivative of -y + jy + y*3 + y wrt y. 6y Let v(u) = 4u2 - 3u + 3. Let j = -8 - -5. Let t(w) = 7w2 - 5w + 6. Let p(a) = jt(a) + 5v(a). Find the first derivative of p(o) wrt o. -2o Find the third derivative of -11b*3 + 10b*2 - 12b*3 + 13b*3 wrt b. -60 Let p(l) = -4 + 0 + 5l*2 - 4l - 8. Let q(t) = 4t2 - 3t - 11. Let s(u) = -3p(u) + 4q(u). Find the first derivative of s(v) wrt v. 2v Let c = 77 + -72. Let g(a) be the second derivative of -1/15a*6 - 1/2a*3 + 0 + 0a*2 + 0a*4 + 0a*c + 3a. What is the second derivative of g(i) wrt i? -24i2 Let h = 7 + -5. What is the second derivative of hc*3 + 0c + c + 0c3 wrt c? 12c Suppose -5u + 3k = -20, u - 4 = -0k + 3k. Find the third derivative of -23b2 + 2b*5 + 28b*2 + ub*5 wrt b. 360b*2 Differentiate -13 - 2 - 3 - 4p**3
Introduction {#s1} ============ The absolute number of children born very preterm and very low birth weight (VLBW) is increasing in developed countries as neonatal intensive care continues to improve.[@R1] [@R2] As survival rates increase, the focus moves to consideration of quality of life.[@R1] The incidence of severe outcomes in the very preterm/VLBW population is beginning to decline but the overall risk of developmental delay across multiple domains remains steady at 47%.[@R2] [@R5] [@R9] [@R10] With rates of typical outcome at ∼52%, clinical practitioners are now challenged by the need to differentiate between infants with mild delay and TD.[@R1] [@R2] [@R5] [@R11] Given the current pressure on public health resources, population intervention is no longer practical nor cost-efficient. Robust early prediction and differentiation is warranted to prevent overservicing of very preterm/VLBW infants who are typically developing and facilitate targeted interventions for infants in the population with higher risk for developmental delay. In Australia, very preterm children with mild deficits are less likely to receive services than children with more severe outcomes.[@R12] Lack of service engagement is even more evident for very preterm children living in situations of higher social or environmental risk.[@R12] This is cause for concern as early delays do not dissipate, rather they become more apparent with age alongside increasing functional demands in educational and social contexts.[@R4] [@R6] [@R7] [@R13] Late referral often means that infants completely miss out on vital input during critical periods of development when enriched experiences provided by parents and therapists may optimise neuroplasticity.[@R17] [@R18] Mild impairment in VLBW and very preterm infants {#s1a} ------------------------------------------------ Children born very preterm have an increased risk of mild motor delay (MMD) not associated with cerebral palsy (CP).[@R19] Prevalence of MMD in children born preterm is three to four times greater than in term-born infants.[@R8] [@R19] At 8--12 months corrected age (c.a) nearly half of very preterm infants (47%) have mildly delayed scores on the Gross Motor Subscale of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development---Third Edition (Bayley III).[@R20] At 2.5 years c.a, 29% of children score 1SD below the control mean on the gross motor and 34% on the fine motor scale of the Bayley III.[@R21] Studies at school age show similar outcomes with one study reporting 32% and another 50% of very preterm-born children scoring ≤15th centile on the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC) at 5 years c.a.[@R7] Consistent findings of mild delay in the preterm population from birth to 5 years suggest that motor delays do not improve with time. Instead, early delays progress to motor impairments at school entry that then persist into adolescence.[@R4] [@R22] Developmental coordination disorder is highly prevalent in the VLBW/very preterm population with children six times more likely to score at or below the 5th centile on the MABC, and eight times more likely to score below the 15th centile.[@R14] A meta-analysis of 41 articles encompassing 9653 very preterm/VLBW children from infancy to 15 years found that on average, these children are −0.57SD to −0.88SD behind their term-born peers or typically developing children in motor development.[@R4] Mild motor impairment is rarely experienced in isolation. Children who are born very preterm or VLBW are more likely than term-born infants to perform below average in two or more developmental domains.[@R5] [@R6] [@R7] [@R20] [@R21] Comorbidities that frequently accompany MMD include mild deficits and delay in the cognitive, communication, behavioural, personal--social and perceptual domains including sensory processing differences.[@R1] [@R5] [@R9] [@R20] In very preterm infants where motor delay is identified at 5 years of age, there is a substantially higher rate of impairment in other domains compared with very preterm infants who do not have motor impairment.[@R7] Deficits associated with MMD at this age include lower IQ, decreased processing speed, poor visuomotor coordination and increased incidence of complex minor neurological dysfunction.[@R7] Biological rationale for multidomain neurodevelopmental deficits {#s1b} ---------------------------------------------------------------- Preterm birth is timed against a background of significant maturational processes. Between 24 and 40 weeks gestation, multiple developmental events are taking place that include the preoligodendrocytes, microglia, axons, subplate neurons, germinal epithelium of the ganglionic eminence, thalamus, cortex and cerebellum.[@R25] Add to this the fragility of a nervous system not prepared for the impact of the extrauterine environment and the result is an immature and actively developing brain vulnerable to insults such as hypoxia, inflammation, ischaemia, excitotoxicity and free radical attack.[@R25] The high vascularity of the germinal matrix makes it prone to congestion and its fragile capillary system is vulnerable to damage from hypoxia, fluctuations in blood flow velocity and venous congestion. The resulting haemorrhage may leak into the adjacent ventricles or even further into the surrounding white matter. In severe cases, there may be persisting hydrocephalus.[@R28] In periventricular leucomalacia, hypoxia causes activation of microglia leading to secretion of toxic oxygen and nitrogen radicals and the release of glutamate. Inflammation secondary to maternal, placental or fetal infection sets in motion the same reaction, releasing the same toxins produced with hypoxia.[@R25] [@R28] The principle target of these free radicals and glutamate are the premyelinating oligodendrocytes. Cell loss at this crucial stage results in a deficit of mature oligodendrocytes and impairment of myelination.[@R25] [@R27] [@R28] There may be accompanying axonal injury resulting in loss and disarray of axons and damage to subplate neurons that will impair connections between the thalamus and cortex.[@R25] [@R26] The outcome of this widespread and multifaceted primary and secondary brain injury is impaired white matter development and a decrease in total brain volumes persisting through childhood and into adolescence.[@R18] [@R25] [@R26] [@R29] [@R30] On average, brain volume in very preterm/VLBW infants is 0.58SD lower than in term children, with white matter volume reductions of 0.53SD and grey matter volume reductions of 0.62SD. Reductions are seen in cerebellar volumes, hippocampal volumes and the size of the corpus callosum as well as reduced volumes of the thalamus and basal ganglia.[@R26] It is becoming evident that motor, cognitive and perceptual deficits may be more inter-related than previously appreciated.[@R26] [@R31] The thalamus and cerebellum, particularly vulnerable to preterm insult, appear to be vital nodes in brain networks playing important roles in cognitive, motor and perceptual tasks.[@R31] [@R32] Early impacts to the cerebellum may result in impairment of motor control as well as cognitive ability to learn or organise tasks that are new, difficult, unpredictable, require concentration or need quick responses.[@R31] Damage to the thalamus will potentially impact attention, awareness, visually guided actions and perceptual matching of visual space across eye movement.[@R32] [@R33] It may also compromise memory and cognition including the cognitive aspects of motor control.[@R34] [@R35] White matter damage to the posterior thalamic radiations, the corpus callosum, basal ganglia and superior longitudinal fasciculus is strongly correlated with atypical unimodal and multisensory integration manifest in sensory processing disorders.[@R36] The thalamus also acts with the basal ganglia as a central monitor for language-specific cortical activities and injury may impact on perceptual and productive language execution.[@R37] In summary, the interactions occurring between neurological development and biological disturbance in the very preterm/VLBW infant brain are complicated and variable. There are many potential mechanisms for negative impacts on neural structures and connections that are crucial for organisation and coordination of multiple tasks and functions. Subsequently, it is hypothesised that prediction of typical and mildly delayed motor and cognitive outcomes at 24 months c.a will require a combination of fit for purpose clinical tools used across the early developmental trajectory to assess the neurological, neuromotor, neurobehavioral and perceptual functions. Social risk and environmental impact {#s1c} ------------------------------------ The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health clearly indicates that contextual factors have an important influence on activity level and participation.[@R38] The very preterm/VLBW infant\'s developmental outcome is dependent on many variables, including social and environmental influences.[@R1] [@R11] [@R16] [@R19] [@R39] The impact of gestational age (g.a), perinatal factors and biological insult is mitigated by level of maternal/parental education.[@R22] [@R40] Lower socioeconomic status (SES) is also associated with a poorer developmental outcome.[@R12] [@R16] [@R39] [@R40] Children with lower SES have significantly lower composite scores on the cognitive, language and motor indices of the Bayley III than children with higher SES.[@R16] Premature birth is a stressful event with negative psychological and emotional effects on the family.[@R41] This effect is greatest in the first month of life and remains a substantial burden.[@R1] [@R42] At 7 years of age, parents of very preterm children report higher levels of total parenting stress, total parent-related stress and total child-related stress as well as poorer family functioning when compared with families of term-born infants.[@R42] As higher rates of stress are associated with lower SES and lower parental education, stress can compound pre-existing environmental and social risk factors.[@R1] An important aim of this study is to investigate the extent to which family and caregiver factors will contribute to developmental outcome. The need for early biomarkers {#s1d} ----------------------------- By definition, a biomarker, or 'biological marker', is an objective indicator of medical state observed from outside the patient which can be measured accurately and reproducibly.[@R43] Biomarkers are used to monitor and predict health states in individuals or across populations, so that appropriate therapeutic intervention can be planned. They can be used separately or in combination to provide a detailed picture of how healthy a person is and whether or not a diagnosis needs to be made.[@R44] Biomarkers are used to predict both the healthy and the disease state.[@R43] [@R44] They should be fit for purpose, safe and easy to measure, cost-efficient, modifiable with treatment, and consistent across gender and ethnic groups.[@R44] [@R45] The risk of developmental delay in the preterm population increases exponentially as g.a decreases.[@R6] [@R11] There is no particular threshold below which risk starts to increase and no g.a that is wholly exempt.[@R1] [@R6] As the causative pathway for developmental delay is multifaceted and there are increasing numbers of infants to consider, clinicians need early biomarkers they can rely on to accurately predict outcomes in order to efficiently and effectively prioritise early intervention services.[@R11] There is no single standardised neurodevelopmental assessment tool, or combination of tools, currently advocated or recognised as the 'gold standard' for use with infants in the early months of life to predict typical outcome and mild delay at 24 months c.a.[@R46] Instead there are numerous assessments that vary in their physiological basis, pre-requisite training and expertise, time allotted to perform and score, and clinical utility and validity.[@R45] [@R47] [@R48] Few of these clinical tools are well suited for use with fragile or sick VLBW/very preterm neonates or in clinical rather than research settings.[@R48] [@R49] In this study, our plan is to explore the potential of five clinical tests, used in combination across the early developmental trajectory, to act as biomarkers for typical and mild outcome in the motor and cognitive domains for very preterm and VLBW infants at 24 months c.a. Ideally, tools that are predictive, valid, safe and easy to administer are a good fit for developmental follow-up in neonatal intensive care, special care, outpatient and community follow-up programmes. Tools that can be used during routine clinical contact offer an easily administered, resource-efficient means of early detection and provide important opportunities for earlier referral to intervention services.[@R50] The General Movements (GMs) Assessment of spontaneous movement is the most predictive clinical test of neuromotor function available for use between birth and 20 weeks post-term.[@R45] [@R48] The assessment is purely observational and easily administered in clinical settings. Longitudinal assessment of GMs from 34 until 16 weeks post-term will be combined with four other assessment measures: a preterm neurological/neurobehavioural assessment, a neurobehavioural assessment at 2 weeks c.a, and then motor and perceptual function assessment at 16 weeks post-term. The Premie-Neuro Examination (P-NE) neurological/neurobehavioural assessment is selected for inclusion at 34 weeks based on excellent clinical utility for use with very preterm infants. It is the only preterm neurological/neurobehavioral assessment with standardised norms from 23 to 37 weeks g.a. Early research suggests evidence of ability to discriminate between high-risk and low-risk infants.[@R49] [@R51] The Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS) will be included at 2 weeks post-term. The NNNS is a neurobehavioural assessment specifically developed for use with 'at-risk' and preterm infants.[@R52] When used at term equivalent age it has demonstrated ability to predict motor, cognitive, behavioural and school readiness outcomes between 18 months and 4.5 years.[@R53] The Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) is included as the motor assessment with the best combination of clinical utility and predictive validity for outcomes in the second year of life at 16 weeks post-term.[@R45] The Infant Sensory Profile 2 (Infant SP2) is a short parent questionnaire and recent revision of the Infant Toddler Sensory Profile (ITSP).[@R56] [@R57] It is included as the best sensory processing measure available for use from birth.[@R58] Broad aim {#s1e} --------- The primary aim of this study is to identify clinical biomarkers that can be used between preterm birth and 16 weeks post-term to accurately predict typical development and mild developmental delay in the very preterm and VLBW population at 24 months c.a. Clinicians need reliable biomarkers to make earlier accurate prediction of outcomes to improve prioritisation and promote timely service delivery. A logical strategy is to predict normal outcome and then direct resources towards the smaller pool of 'at-risk' infants. The next step is to predict mild delay as distinct from typical and severe outcomes. As mild delay is the result of complex, intertwined, biological and environmental variables, a combination of biomarkers used across the developmental trajectory is most likely to correlate with later outcomes. The secondary aim of this study is to determine the extent to which family and caregiver factors including social risk, maternal mental health, and education and family strain will contribute to neurodevelopmental and behavioural outcomes at 24 months c.a. Primary hypothesis {#s1f} ------------------ Key clinical biomarkers used to assess the developmental trajectory of neurological, neurobehavioural, neuromotor and perceptual function between 34 weeks g.a and 16 weeks post-term will allow accurate prediction of typical outcome and mild developmental delay in the motor and cognitive domains at 24 months c.a. Overview of aims {#s2} ================ Aim 1 {#s2a} ----- To assess the ability of five clinical assessments, GMs, P-NE, NNNS, AIMS and the Infant SP2, administered between 34 weeks g.a and 16 weeks post-term, to predict typical outcomes and mild motor and cognitive delay at 24 months c.a. Typical outcome is defined as motor and cognitive composite scores no lower than 1SD below the mean on the Bayley III. Mild developmental delay is defined as scores between 1SD and 2SD below the mean, moderate delay by scores between 2SD and 3SD below the mean and severe delay as scores more than 3SD below the mean.[@R5] Typical outcome on the Neuro-Sensory and Motor Developmental Assessment (NSMDA) is defined as a motor classification score of 1 or 2.[@R59] A score of 1 is defined as within normal limits, a score of 2 as minimal deviation not impacting function. Developmental delay on the NSMDA is defined as a motor classification score \>2. A score of 3 indicates a mild dysfunction requiring treatment, 4 indicates moderate disability, 5 severe disability and a score of 6 indicates profound impairment.[@R59] ### Hypotheses {#s2a1} H1a. Higher raw scores on the P-NE (\>95) combined with a 'low-risk' trajectory of GMs, typical profile on the NNNS subscales (10th to 90th centiles) and a normal classification on the AIMS (\>10th centile) will predict typical performance (scores above −1SD) on the motor and cognitive subscales of the Bayley III at 24 months c.a and a functional grade of 1or 2 on the NSMDA.[@R46] [@R51] H1b. Lower scores on the P-NE (\<95), combined with a 'moderate-risk' or 'high-risk' trajectory of GMs, atypical profile on the NNNS subscales (centile \<10 or \>90) and a suspicious/abnormal classification on the AIMS (\<10th centile) will predict scores −1SD or more below the mean on the motor and cognitive subscales of the Bayley III at 24 months c.a and a functional grade \>2 on the NSMDA. H1c. Children identified with mild delays (between −1SD and −2SD below the mean) on the cognitive and motor subscales of the Bayley III subscale will be more likely to have lower scores (−1SD or more below the mean) on the language, adaptive behaviour and social emotional subscales of the Bayley III. H1d. A typical sensory profile on the Infant SP2 at 16 weeks post-term will be associated with typical motor and cognitive outcomes outcome on the Bayley III at 24 months c.a. Aim 2 {#s2b} ----- To examine any associations between the PN-E neurological examination and GMs at preterm and between the PN-E at preterm and longitudinal classification of GM trajectories at 16 weeks post-term. To further determine any predictive association between the PN-E at preterm, the NNNS at 2 weeks post-term and the AIMS and Infant SP2 at 16 weeks post-term. ### Hypotheses {#s2b1} H2a. Higher raw scores on the PN-E at 34--35 weeks g.a (\>95) will correlate with normal GMs classification at 34--35 weeks g.a. Lower raw scores on the PN-E at 34--35 weeks g.a will correlate with poor repertoire and cramped synchronised classification on the GMs at 34--35 weeks g.a. H2b. Raw scores on the PN-E at 34--35 weeks g.a will predict subscale scores on the NNNS (typical or atypical) at 2 weeks post-term. H2c. Raw scores on the PN-E at 34 weeks will predict classification of risk on GM trajectories (low, moderate, high), classification on the AIMS (normal, suspicious/abnormal) and typical or atypical sensory processing on the Infant SP2 at 16 weeks post-term. Aim 3 {#s2c} ----- To determine any predictive association between the NNNS at 2 weeks post-term and GM classification at 16 weeks post-term. To further determine any association between the NNNS at 2 weeks post-term and the AIMS and Infant SP2 at 16 weeks post-term. ### Hypothesis {#s2c1} H3a. Subscale scores on the NNNS at 2 weeks post-term (typical or atypical) will predict classification of risk on GM trajectories (low, moderate, high), classification on the AIMS (normal, suspicious/abnormal) and typical or atypical sensory processing on the Infant SP2 at 16 weeks post-term. Aim 4 {#s2d} ----- To determine any predictive association between the NNNS at 2 weeks post-term and behavioural outcome at 24 months c.a (Bayley III, Infant-Toddler Social-Emotional Assessment (ITSEA)). To further determine any association between the NNNS at 2 weeks post-term and sensory profile at 24 months c.a. ### Hypothesis {#s2d1} H4a. Subscale scores on the NNNS (typical or atypical) at 2 weeks post-term will predict behavioural and social emotional competencies on the ITSEA and typical or atypical sensory profile on the Infant SP2 at 24 months c.a. Aim 5 {#s2e} ----- To examine any association between the Bayley III motor subscale and the motor classification score on the NSMDA at 24 months c.a. ### Hypothesis {#s2e1} H5a. Bayley III motor composite scores will correlate with NSMDA motor classification scores at 24 months c.a. Aim 6 {#s2f} ----- To determine the extent to which environmental and social factors including social risk, level of education, incidence of postnatal depression and family strain will be associated with neurodevelopmental and behavioural outcomes at 16 weeks post-term and 24 months c.a. ### Hypotheses {#s2f1} H6a. Early environmental and social factors identified by a Social Risk Index (SRI), the Impact on Family Scale (IOF-G) and the Edinburgh Post Natal Depression Scale (EPDS), will have a predictive association with neurodevelopmental outcome at 16 weeks post-term (AIMS, GMs, Infant SP2) and at 24 months c.a (Bayley III, NSMDA) as well as behavioural outcomes (Bayley III, ITSEA) at 24 months c.a. H6b. Higher social risk scores, lower maternal level of education and incidence of maternal depression are likely to be confounding variables for predicting cognitive outcome on the Bayley III at 24 months c.a. Aim 7 {#s2g} ----- To evaluate the ability of perinatal variables, in particular brain injury on cranial ultrasound (CUS), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), sex, g.a, late-onset sepsis and breastfeeding status at discharge, to predict mild motor and mild cognitive delay at 24 months c.a (Bayley III, NSMDA). To further evaluate any predictive association between perinatal variables and behavioural outcomes and sensory profile at 24 months c.a (Bayley III, Toddler Sensory Profile 2 (Toddler SP2), ITSEA). ### Hypothesis {#s2g1} H7a. Perinatal factors including brain injury on CUS, BPD, NEC, severe ROP, late-onset sepsis, g.a, sex and breastfeeding status at discharge will predict neurodevelopmental and behavioural outcomes at 24 months c.a (Bayley III, NSMDA, Toddler SP2, ITSEA). Aim 8 {#s2h} ----- To determine any predictive relationship between sensory processing profile (Infant SP2) at 16 weeks post-term and sensory processing or motor profile at 24 months c.a (Toddler SP2, Bayley III). ### Hypotheses {#s2h1} H8a. A typical sensory processing profile at 16 weeks post-term on the Infant SP2 (infant total score \<1SD from the mean) will remain stable over time and predict a typical sensory profile at 24 months c.a on the Toddler SP2. H8b. An atypical sensory processing profile at 16 weeks post-term on the Infant SP2 (infant total score \>2SD from the mean) will be associated with an atypical sensory profile at 24 months c.a on the Toddler SP2 (scores \>2SD from the mean in any quadrant, sensory or behavioural domain). H8c. An atypical sensory processing profile at 16 weeks post-term on the Infant SP2 (infant total score \>2SD away from the mean) will be associated with motor delay at 24 months c.a on the Bayley III (motor composite score 1SD or more below the mean). Methods {#s3} ======= Participants {#s3a} ------------ Participants will be a prospective cohort of infants born at \<32 weeks and/or \<1500 g admitted to the Special Care Nursery (SCN), Nambour General Hospital (NGH). Over a period of 24--36 months, 90 infants will be entered into the study. Inclusion criteria {#s3b} ------------------ - Infants born at \<1500 g and or \<32 weeks gestation who are admitted to the SCN and can be recruited prior to 37 weeks g.a. Exclusion criteria {#s3c} ------------------ - Infants with major congenital or chromosomal abnormalities. - Families living outside a 100 km radius from the NGH. - Families where no English is spoken. Sample size {#s3d} ----------- The primary aim of this study is to use longitudinal trajectories of GMs from 34 to 35 weeks gestation until 16 weeks post-term to predict typical or delayed neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years c.a in very preterm/VLBW infants. The GM Assessment was chosen as it is the 'gold standard' measure for prediction of neurodevelopmental outcome in this population.[@R60] The expected ratio of normal to non-normal GMs assessments is 3:1. This figure is derived from pilot data collected in clinical practice at NGH, where a clinical cohort of 86 preterm infants \<32 weeks and/or \<1500 g was assessed using GMs at 34--35 weeks g.a and then at 2, 5, 11--12 and 16 weeks post-term. Fifty-nine infants had normal GMs at each time point compared with 21 infants with at least one abnormal finding in their assessment trajectory. Four infants were lost to follow-up. The ability of GMs to predict neurodevelopmental outcome (typical/delayed) was determined by calculating mean negative and positive predictive values (NPV and PPV) from published studies with similar participant characteristics and outcome measures. Two recent systematic reviews evaluating the predictive validity of the GM Assessment were searched to find studies with comparable participants, measures and age at outcome.[@R61] [@R62] Only two studies with similar attributes were identified.[@R63] [@R64] A third study, identified in additional searches, was also included[@R65] ([table 1](#BMJOPEN2015010726TB1){ref-type="table"}). ###### Predictive values of GMs, NPV and PPV, with respect to neurodevelopmental outcome between 18 and 24 months corrected age Studies included Sample size (n) Participants Outcome measure and age at outcome Preterm NPV (%) Post-term NPV (%) Preterm PPV (%) Post-term PPV (%) ----------------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------- ------------------- ----------------- ------------------- Stahlmann et al[@R63] 103 Preterm infants \<1500 g Motor outcome on the Griffiths Developmental Motor Scale at 20 months \84 \89 Constantinou et al[@R64] 102 Preterm infants \<1500 g Neurological examination and Bayley II scores at 18 months 90 \90 29 \41 Spittle et al[@R65] 94 Preterm infants \<30 weeks Cognitive outcome on the Bayley III at 2 years †94 \96 †14 \35 Language outcome on the Bayley III at 2 years †91 \93 †14 \35 Motor outcome on the Bayley III at 2 years †100 \96 †16 \35 \GMs at 3 months post-term, fidgety age. †GMs at 1 month post-term, writhing age. Bayley II, Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development---Second Edition; Bayley III, Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development---Third Edition; GM, General Movement; NPV, negative predictive value; PPV, positive predictive value. Mean NPV and PPV were compared at each predictive time point (preterm, writing and fidgety age; [table 2](#BMJOPEN2015010726TB2){ref-type="table"}). The PS---Power and Sample Size Calculation Software V.3.1.2, 2014 was then used to generate the sample size calculations for preterm, writhing and fidgety ages using α 0.01, power of 0.95 and a ratio of 3:1. ###### Mean negative and positive predictive values using GMs at three time points to predict typical or delayed neurodevelopmental outcome in the second year of life Time point Mean NPV Mean PPV --------------------------------- ---------- ---------- Preterm 90 29 2--7 weeks post-term---writhing 95 15 8--20 weeks post-term---fidgety 92 47 GMs, General Movements; NPV, negative predictive value; PPV, positive predictive value. Results suggest that the predictive time point of fidgety age (8--20 weeks) will require the largest sample size to identify a statistically significant association between GMs and neurodevelopmental outcome. Data from the literature indicates that a normal GM result at fidgety age leads to typical neurodevelopmental outcome at 24 months c.a in 92% of infants. Assuming that GMs at fidgety age correctly identify mild neurodevelopmental outcomes at 24 months c.a in 47% of occasions, we will need to collect data on 80 participants at 24 months c.a (20 with abnormal GM assessment and 60 with normal GM assessment) to demonstrate a statistically significant association between GM results at fidgety age and TD and MDD at 24 months c.a. By the nature of their design, longitudinal cohort studies are vulnerable to participant attrition and missing data; a potential cause of bias.[@R66] In order to minimise any possible impact we will add an extra 10 participants (12.5%) into our study design and recruit a total of 90 infants into the PREMTiME study. Recruitment process {#s3e} ------------------- Infants will be enrolled in the study between 34 and 36 weeks g.a. An administrative staff member in the SCN, not affiliated with the research project, will introduce the study to parents or caregivers of infants who meet eligibility criteria. If families are interested and provide permission for contact, the principal investigator or a member of the research team will supply a full information pack including the parent information statement. When providing the pack, a researcher, not associated with the infant\'s clinical care, will explain the study in more detail and answer all parent questions before seeking informed consent for study participation. Once signed consent is obtained, the infant will be enrolled in the study, parents will complete the relevant forms and questionnaires, and the infant will receive the relevant assessments. Data collection methods {#s3f} ----------------------- Data collection will start following consent and enrolment (see [figure 1](#BMJOPEN2015010726F1){ref-type="fig"} for study timeline). Perinatal data will be collected by a member of the research team. Primary caregivers will complete baseline questionnaires: the EPDS, SRI and IOF-G. ![Study time line of recruitment and assessment time points. P-NE, the Premie-Neuro Examination;[@R49] [@R51] g.a, gestational age; GMs, General Movements Assessment; [@R91] EPDS, Edinburgh Post Natal Depression Scale;[@R84] SRI, Social Risk Index;[@R12] [@R74] IOF, Impact of Family Scale;[@R87] NNNS, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale;[@R52] Infant SP2, Infant Sensory Profile 2;[@R56] [@R57] AIMS, Alberta Infant Motor Scale,[@R100] Bayley III, Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development---Third Edition;[@R109] NSMDA, Neuro-Sensory and Motor Developmental Assessment;[@R59] ITSEA, Infant-Toddler Social Emotional Assessment;[@R119] Toddler SP2, Toddler Sensory Profile 2;[@R56] [@R57] ABAS III, Adaptive Behaviour Assessment Scale---Third Edition;[@R116] c.a, corrected age.](bmjopen2015010726f01){#BMJOPEN2015010726F1} Should a parent/caregiver score above 9 points on the EPDS, a member of the research team will refer the mother/caregiver to the SCN social worker. The social worker will discuss the results with the parent/caregiver, provide information about postnatal depression, explain the need for further monitoring and request consent to send a letter of notification to the carer\'s general practitioner (GP). Both the assessment findings and the follow-up plan will be documented in the mother\'s hospital chart. An opportunity to monitor progress is embedded within the study design. All mothers or primary caregivers will repeat the test when their infant reaches 45 weeks post-term. Between 34 and 36 weeks g.a infants will be assessed in the SCN using the P-NE and the GM Assessment. All assessors will be masked to the identity, and medical history of the infants. GMs and PN-E assessments will be recorded using procedural guidelines developed by the research team. The clinical photographer at NGH is trained in the use of these guidelines. GM assessments will be viewed and scored offline by two to four assessors trained by the GM Trust. After discharge, baseline data collection will occur during four return appointments to the Allied Health Paediatric Outpatient Clinic, NGH. At each visit, growth trajectories will be monitored by recording body weight and length. GMs will be videotaped by the NGH clinical photographer while supervised by a member of the research team and then viewed offline by expert assessors masked to the infant\'s identity, medical history, perinatal data and previous assessment findings. The visits will be timed for 2, 5, 11--12 and 16 weeks post-term providing an opportunity for repeat assessment of GMs during both the writhing and fidgety age. This may reduce the potential impact of missing data in the writhing age when infants are occasionally too unsettled to complete video assessment. Importantly, it meets the requirement for assessment of fidgety movement on at least two occasions to definitively classify GMs as absent fidgety.[@R67] Additional data collection will occur at the 2, 5 and 16 weeks post-term appointments. At 2 weeks post-term, infants will complete the NNNS. The assessment will be administered by an NNNS accredited trainer masked to the identity and medical history of the infant. The assessment will be videotaped to allow offline scoring as appropriate. At 5 weeks post-term, the primary caregivers will repeat the EPDS questionnaire. Should the caregiver score above 9 on this occasion, a social worker will be on site to discuss the results in session. The social worker will recommend that the mother/caregiver seek follow-up and consent will be sought to provide the GP with the assessment findings. The assessment results and negotiated health plan will be documented in the hospital chart. At 16 weeks post-term, an occupational therapist will explain the Infant SP2 and provide parents with a copy of the questionnaire to complete in session. A physiotherapist will then administer the AIMS. Video footage collected during the 16-week visit will include both the GMs and the AIMS assessment allowing masked assessors to view and score the assessments offline. Following the 16-week post-term appointment, infants will be categorised according to longitudinal trajectories of GMs into low-risk, moderate-risk and high-risk groups ([table 3](#BMJOPEN2015010726TB3){ref-type="table"}). ###### Classification of neurodevelopmental risk according to trajectory of longitudinal GMs between 34--35 weeks g.a and 16 weeks post-term Level of risk Method of classification --------------- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Low All normal GMs at preterm, writhing and fidgety age Medium At least one finding of abnormal movement (poor repertoire or cramped synchronised) at preterm or writhing age combined with either normal fidgety or abnormal fidgety movement at fidgety age. High At least one finding of abnormal movement (poor repertoire or cramped synchronised) at preterm or writhing period combined with absent fidgety movement at fidgety age. g.a, gestational age; GMs, General Movements. The outcome of all baseline assessments will be forwarded in report format to the Paediatric Specialist Outpatient Clinic, NGH, where a consulting paediatrician will review all infants enrolled in the research project between 18 and 20 weeks post-term. At this visit, the paediatrician will have an opportunity to discuss baseline assessment findings with parents or caregivers. He/she may initiate referral to early intervention services and organise any additional medical investigations required. A request for MRI will be ordered by the paediatrician in cases where infants are assessed as absent fidgety on the GMs at 12 and 16 weeks. Multidisciplinary case conferencing with the allied health team will be organised for all infants identified as high risk. The content and intensity of any concurrent therapy received while enrolled in the PREMTiME project will be documented by parents/caregivers in a study calendar and measured in a parent recall questionnaire provided at study completion. At 24 months c.a (±1 month), all participants will attend two final appointments at NGH. Approximately 4 weeks prior, families participating in the study will receive an appointment letter and the Toddler SP2 questionnaire to complete and return at the first appointment. Appointments will be scheduled within a 2-week period. Children will be assessed by examiners masked to the child\'s identified level of risk, previous assessment findings, medical history and perinatal data. At the first appointment, children will receive the cognitive, motor and language scales of the Bayley III and the Toddler SP2 questionnaire will be scored. Caregivers will be provided with the ITSEA to complete at home and return at the second session. Height and weight measurements will be recorded. At the second visit, parent/caregivers will complete the Adaptive Behaviour Scales (ABAS III) and the Social Emotional Scales of the Bayley III while a member of the research team administers the NSMDA. Both the Bayley III and NSMDA assessments will be video recorded by the NGH clinical photographer. All results of outcome assessment will be forwarded to the child\'s paediatrician at NGH, Paediatric Specialist Outpatient Department. The paediatrician will review each child within 1 month of study completion. At this visit, final study results will be conveyed to the parents/caregivers. Any diagnosis of CP will be documented, defined and classified according to the Surveillance of CP in Europe Network Guidelines and the Gross Motor Function Classification Scale (GMFCS).[@R68] Classification of motor type of CP and GMFCS will be confirmed after review of video footage of the NSMDA by independent expert assessors at the Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre (QCPRRC).[@R69] [@R73] Measures and procedures {#s4} ======================= Baseline measures {#s4a} ----------------- ### Perinatal data {#s4a1} An extensive record of antenatal and birth history and the neonatal course will be collected from the Nambour Hospital medical file at enrolment and then at discharge from the SCN.[@R74] [@R75] Data collected will include primary perinatal factors with known associations with neurodevelopmental delay including early brain injury (intraventricular haemorrhage identified on CUS or brain injury identified on MRI), IUGR (weight \<10th centile for g.a), BPD (definition for infants born at \<32 weeks g.a as per criteria outlined by the National Institute for Health, USA), ROP (classified by stages 1--5), severe NEC (requiring surgery), late-onset sepsis (onset \>48 hours postbirth), preterm premature rupture of membranes, postnatal infant steroid therapy and g.a at birth.[@R1] [@R9] [@R76] NGH is a regional facility located 100 km north of the nearest neonatal intensive care unit. Only a portion of high-risk babies born or transferred from the Royal Brisbane and Women\'s Hospital (RBWH) will receive MRI prior to transfer to Nambour. A summary of MRI assessment findings will be included in transfer documentation and will be collected with perinatal data when possible. All very preterm/VLBW infants will have routine CUS at days 3, 7 and 42 of life at the RBWH prior to transfer to NGH. Early CUS findings are routinely included in transfer documentation and graded and reported according to the conventions outlined in the Australia and New Zealand Neonatal Network (ANZNN) data dictionary[@R83] (see online [supplementary appendix](#SM1){ref-type="supplementary-material"} 1 for a complete list of all perinatal variables included in data collection). 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010726.supp1 ### Primary caregiver information {#s4a2} #### Edinburgh Post Natal Depression Scale {#s4a2a} The EPDS is used to screen primary caregivers for risk of postnatal depression. It is a 10-item self-reported scale that takes 5 min to administer.[@R84] Originally implemented in the UK, it has since been validated for use in Australia, demonstrating high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (89%) at a cut-off score of 12.5.[@R85] The EPDS appears to be acceptable to women as a screening instrument with no complaints reported in an Australian study of 4148 administrations carried out over 3 years.[@R86] Facilitation of correct diagnosis is optimised by a two-step strategy where those scoring above a predetermined cut-off score on the first occasion have another test readministered at a subsequent health visit.[@R86] In keeping with this evidence-based recommendation, the EPDS will be used twice during this study. Primary caregivers will complete the questionnaire at 34--36 weeks and at 5 weeks post-term. Clearly defined processes have been developed around the event that a parent/caregiver scores above a clinically conservative score of 9 points on the scale. Researchers will ensure that caregivers are provided timely support by a social worker, consent is sought to inform their GP, women are encouraged to seek follow-up and a negotiated health plan is documented in the hospital chart. #### Social Risk Index {#s4a2b} A 12-point SRI will be used between 34 and 36 weeks g.a to provide an overall social risk score for each family.[@R12] [@R74] Families will be informed in the parent information statement that all responses on the questionnaire will be treated in a strictly confidential manner. The index measures six aspects of social status: Family structure (0---two caregivers (nuclear); 1---separated parents with dual custody, or cared for by other intact family; 2---single caregiver);Education of primary caregiver (0---tertiary educated; 1---11--12 years of formal schooling; 2---\<11 years of formal schooling);Occupation of primary income earner (0---skilled/professional; 1---semiskilled; 2---unskilled);Employment status of primary income earner (0---full-time employment; 1---part-time employment; 2---unemployed/pension);Language spoken at home (0---English only; 1---some English; 2---no English);Maternal age at birth (0---more than 21 years; 1---18--21 years; 2---\<18 years). Families will be categorised as lower social risk (score ≤1) or higher social risk (≥2).[@R74] #### Revised IOF-G Scale {#s4a2c} This questionnaire will be used between 34 and 36 weeks to assess the effect of a child\'s illness, in this case preterm birth, on the family system. The scale is an easily administered, reliable and valid measure of a family member\'s perception of the effect of a child\'s chronic condition that can be used across diagnostic groups.[@R87] There are 15 items scored on a four-point Likert scale (strongly agree to strongly disagree) that take 10 min to complete. It can be used either as a questionnaire or read to the family if needed.[@R87] ### Infant assessments {#s4a3} #### The Premie-Neuro Examination {#s4a3a} The PN-E is a new assessment tool designed in response to the relative scarcity of effective neurological assessments available for the extremely low birth weight and VLBW infant.[@R49] [@R51] It is a standardised clinical neurological and neurobehavioural examination designed to assess brain function in fragile VLBW/very preterm infants from birth until 37 weeks of gestation.[@R49] The test is specifically designed to minimise the impact of handling and can be modified for infants \<28 weeks. It can be done while the baby is still in an isolette and electronically monitored and can be completed within ∼10 min. The test is administered between 30 min and 1 hour before a scheduled feed and takes 10--15 min to complete. It consists of three subscales: Neurological, Movement and Responsiveness---each with eight items. Early research indicates good construct validity with good internal consistencies of the three subscales (Cronbach\'s α 75, 0.73 and 0.82). There is evidence of predictive capability with raw scores at 34--36 weeks c.a able to discriminate between high-risk and low-risk groups of infants at term age and predict outcome on the AIMS at 3 months c.a.[@R46] [@R49] [@R51] In keeping with these findings infants in this study will have the PN-E administered between 34 and 36 weeks g.a. It is acknowledged that the PN-E has less published evidence for prediction than other preterm assessments such as the Dubowitz Neurological Assessment or the Test of Infant Motor Performance (TIMP). The Dubowitz was not included in this study as its predictive capability for normal outcomes is relatively modest and the primary aim of this study is to predict typical outcome.[@R90] The TIMP has moderately better predictive validity for outcome than the Dubowitz but less clinical utility than the PN-E.[@R45] [@R48] The TIMP takes up to 40 min to administer while scoring 42 items, the majority of which are elicited. This is not suited to many fragile preterm infants \<36 weeks of age and does not fit well within the ethos of a SCN where nursing and medical staff aim to keep handling and cares to a bare minimum. As the PN-E has high clinical utility with early indications of useful clinical validity, it has potential for use as a very early biomarker of neurodevelopmental risk. Further research is required to determine test reliability in the clinical setting, to determine concurrent validity with other early neuromotor assessments (specifically GMs) and to further determine predictive validity.[@R51] All P-NE assessments will be video recorded to increase accuracy of measurement, especially on observational items. Our own inter-rater reliability will be determined as part of the study using a subsample of 20 infants. #### Prechtl\'s Method of Qualitative Assessment of GMs {#s4a3b} The GM Assessment is a predictive and discriminative tool that involves longitudinal observations of the infant\'s spontaneous motor activity.[@R45] [@R91] GMs have high specificity (96%) and sensitivity (95%) for predicting CP and early evidence suggests they have potential to predict normal or milder neurodevelopmental outcomes.[@R61] [@R62] [@R92]GMs are assessed from preterm until 20 weeks c.a. The assessment is carried out by videoing the infant in a calm alert state, without external stimulation. In the early preterm stage, this may require up to an hour of video recording but after the infant reaches term age, 5 min is the minimum requirement. Examiners must determine if spontaneous movement is fluent, variable and complex before defining GMs as normal or abnormal.[@R91] Normal GMs in the preterm period are gross movements involving the whole body, including arm, leg, neck and trunk movements in variable sequence. They 'wax and wane' in intensity, force and speed and have a gradual beginning and end.[@R91] From 40 weeks until ∼8 weeks post-term movements are classified as 'writhing' in nature. Normal writhing movements are characterised by small-to-moderate amplitude and by slow-to-moderate speed and are elliptical in form. Abnormal movements during the both the preterm and writing periods are described as poor repertoire, chaotic or cramped synchronised.[@R91] Between 6 and 9 weeks post-term and continuing until ∼20 weeks c.a, GMs change to a 'fidgety' pattern and are defined as "circular movements of small amplitude and moderate speed and variable acceleration, of neck, trunk, and limbs, in all directions".[@R91] They are continual in the awake infant, except during focused attention, fussing and crying. The infant will score as normal when fidgety movements are present. Abnormal movement is scored when fidgety movements are absent or abnormal in pattern. Assessment at more than one time point during the fidgety age is necessary to definitively score an infant as absent fidgety.[@R67] The infants in this study will have GMs assessed at 34--36, 2, 5, 11--12 and 16 weeks post-term. #### Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale {#s4a3c} The NNNS is a non-invasive clinical tool developed to assess neurobehaviour of 'at-risk' infants and is suitable for use with very preterm/VLBW infants.[@R52] [@R96] The assessment takes between 15 and 20 min to administer, ideally in a quiet, dimly lit room, 2 hours after feeding. The examination is state-dependent with a standardised format. It assesses the full range of infant neurobehavioral performance including neurological integrity, behavioural functioning and signs of stress/abstinence.[@R52] [@R96] Test items are presented in 13 packages providing summary scores/subscales for habituation, attention, handling, quality of movement, regulation, non-optimal reflexes, arousal, hypertonicity, hypotonicity, asymmetrical reflexes, excitability and lethargy.[@R52] [@R96] The NNNS has good internal consistency for item summary scores (Cronbach's α 0.87--0.90).[@R97] Published norms are available for summary scores of healthy term-born infants at term age (n=344) and for summary scores of very preterm infants at 1 month c.a (n=204, 24--32 weeks g.a).[@R97] [@R98] Evidence for prediction of motor and cognitive outcomes in very preterm and VLBW populations is good.[@R53] [@R54] [@R99] Summary scores at term c.a in a sample of 41 VLBW infants were predictive of motor and cognitive outcomes on the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development---Second Edition (Bayley II) at 18 months c.a.[@R53] In another study of 1248 infants \<37 weeks gestation, profiles of summary scores (profiles 1--5) were calculated and used to predict outcome from birth to 4.5 years. At 1 month c.a, infants with a profile of five were more likely to have impaired Bayley II mental and psychomotor developmental index scores at 2 years c.a; chronic neurological abnormalities and brain-related illness or CP and behaviour problems at 3 years; motor, concept and language problems in school readiness at age 4 years; and lower IQ at 4.5 years.[@R54] The NNNS will be used to assess infant neurobehaviour at 2 weeks c.a. #### Alberta Infant Motor Scale {#s4a3d} The AIMS is a discriminative, norm referenced tool that tests gross motor skills through the components of weight bearing, posture and antigravity movements.[@R100] [@R101] The test takes 20 min to administer and involves observation of the infant in prone, supine, sitting and standing. The AIMS is an appropriate assessment tool for monitoring the gross motor development of typically developing infants and has normative data based on a population of 2200 infants from 0 to 18 months in Alberta, Canada.[@R102] Normative data for preterm infants has also been published with a sample of 800 infants born at [\<]{.ul}32 weeks from the Netherlands.[@R103] The AIMS has excellent inter-rater, intra-rater and test--retest reliability for full-term and preterm infants.[@R104] [@R105] The AIMS has excellent reliability, content, construct and concurrent validity with the BSID-II (r=0.98).[@R100] [@R103] [@R105] Although the AIMS was not designed as a predictive tool, it has good predictive validity at 4 months for developmental outcome at 18 months (sensitivity 77.3%, specificity 81.7%).[@R106] The AIMS will be used to classify each infant\'s development as normal or suspicious/abnormal at 56 weeks g.a using cut points at the 10th centile on the term percentile scale and the 25th centile on the premature infant percentile scale.[@R100] [@R102] #### Sensory Profile 2 {#s4a3e} The SP2 is a newly revised edition of the ITSP.[@R56] [@R57] It is a standardised tool used to evaluate a child\'s sensory processing patterns in the context of participation. It enables professionals to gather information about the child\'s sensory processing abilities and how those patterns either support or interfere with functional performance.[@R58] It is based on a sensory integration and neuroscience frame of reference and the author\'s model of sensory processing.[@R107] [@R108] The tool supports family-centred practice by actively engaging the primary caregiver in the data gathering process.[@R108] Primary caregivers observe the infant or child engaging in a number of different environmental contexts at home or other community settings and then report on a range of behaviours on the item scoring sheet. The estimated time for completion is 5--20 min based on the caregiver completing the questionnaire in one sitting. The SP2 was standardised between 2012 and 2013 using a normative sample of 1791 participants and a clinical sample of 771.[@R56] [@R57] Where previously only raw scores were calculated, the new version allows percentile ranking of infant total scores as well as quadrant scores for toddlers and older children. Reliability of the measure is overall good to very good (internal consistency 0.63--0.93, parent test--retest 0.83--0.97, inter-rater reliability 0.49--0.9/mostly \>0.7).[@R56] Correlation between the ITSP and the SP2 is moderate-to-high.[@R56] [@R57] The new edition has several other improvements and advantages compared with the ITSP.[@R56] [@R57] The required reading level is grade 6 equivalent and parents have the option to complete the forms online. In addition, the questionnaire is now presented in two separate user-friendly forms for infants and for toddlers. The Infant SP2 is used for babies from birth to 6 months and will be used as a baseline measure at 16 weeks post-term. The Toddler SP2 is for ages 7--35 months. It will be used as an outcome measure at 24 months c.a. Outcome measures {#s4b} ---------------- ### The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development---Third Edition {#s4b1} This assessment is a relatively new revision of the Bayley II. It is a norm-referenced, discriminative measure used to describe the current developmental functioning of the infant with good to strong validity and reliability.[@R109] Other possible uses of the test include identification of possible developmental delay, identification of relative strengths and weaknesses, monitoring of developmental progress and prediction of cognitive function at preschool entry.[@R110] The third edition consists of five distinct scales: Cognitive, Language, Motor, Social-Emotional and ABAS II. All five scales will be utilised in this study. Assessment is individually administered and may take up to 90 min to complete. Caregivers are encouraged to remain present but not to influence the test proceedings. Several recent studies recommend the precautionary use of a term-born control group and/or different cut points when using the Bayley III as a primary outcome measure.[@R111] Studies conducted in Australia and the USA have found that significantly fewer infants are identified with neurodevelopmental delay with the Bayley III when compared with previous findings using the Bayley II.[@R112] [@R113] Several explanations are possible but it is still unclear whether the Bayley III is overestimating developmental performance, whether it is a more valid assessment of neurodevelopmental impairment than the Bayley II or if premature infant outcomes are improving. In keeping with these recommendations, scores obtained in this cohort of very preterm/VLBW infants will be compared with published reference data of an Australian cohort of 202 term-born controls.[@R112] The ABAS II is one of the five subscales in the Bayley III.[@R109] Adaptive behaviour is defined as the collection of conceptual, social and practical skills that have been learned by people in order to function in their everyday lives.[@R115] A newly revised edition, the ABAS III is now available for use.[@R116] Retaining all of the essential features of the ABAS II, the new edition is even easier to administer and score. It is a parent-reported, norm-referenced and standardised measure of adaptive skills measuring a child\'s functioning ability in the areas of Communication, Community Use, Health and Safety, Leisure, Self-Care, Self-Direction, Functional Pre-Academics, Home or School Living, Social, Work and Motor. The ABAS III takes 15--20 min to complete. Caregivers rate the extent to which their child performs the adaptive skill when needed using a four-point reference scale. Norm-referenced scaled scores are used to interpret results in the skills area and norm-referenced standard scores, CIs for standard scores, and percentile ranks are used to rate performance across the three adaptive domains and calculate a General Adaptive Composite Score.[@R116] The ABAS III builds on the ABAS II which has strong psychometric properties with good to excellent content validity, test--retest reliability and internal consistency.[@R115] ### The Neuro-Sensory and Motor Developmental Assessment {#s4b2} This a discriminative and predictive criterion referenced measure with a functional grading system that scores overall motor performance classification as normal, mild not impacting function, mild, moderate, severe or profound impairment.[@R59] [@R117] It measures gross motor, fine motor and sensory motor development, neurological status and postural control. The examiner observes and administers items and the test takes up to 30 min to complete. A published study of 148 preterm infants demonstrates adequate construct validity with the NSMDA able to discriminate between normal and abnormal outcome at 24 months c.a.[@R45] [@R118] Concurrent validity has been reported in relation to agreement with paediatric classification of normal or atypical development at 24 months c.a (χ^2^=0.08).[@R45] [@R118] Reliability has only been reported in terms of correlation (r=0.80).[@R45] ### The Infant Toddler Social-Emotional Assessment {#s4b3} The ITSEA is a comprehensive parent-reported instrument for evaluating behavioural problems and social emotional competencies in infants aged 12--36 months.[@R120] The complete ITSEA includes 166 items that are rated on a three-point scale: (0) not true/rarely* , (1) somewhat true/sometimes and (2) very true/often. A 'no opportunity' code allows parents to indicate that they have not had the opportunity to observe certain behaviours. If reading levels are inadequate, it can be presented in interview format without impeding test reliability.[@R119] The test measures four broad domains of behaviour: externalising, internalising, dysregulation and competencies. Three additional indices: maladaptive, atypical behaviour and social relatedness are used to aid identification of significant psychopathology including attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or autistic spectrum disorder.[@R120] Test construct, reliability and validity was examined in a population sample of 1235 parents of children.[@R120] The test has good internal consistency across all four major domains, good validity, and acceptable test--retest and inter-rater reliability.[@R45] [@R119] Data analysis plan {#s5} ================== Analysis will be carried out using R V.2.9.1 with the R-Commander and R Studio statistical analysis packages. Predictor and outcome variables will be identified as continuous or categorical. Initial analysis will explore the distributions, means and variability of continuous variables and the rate of occurrence and distribution of categorical variables. Any outlying data will be identified and the characteristics of any missing data explored. Graphical representations (histograms, boxplots and scatter plots), tables of means and SD and cross tabulations will be used to understand any relationships between variables. Univariable regression analysis will be used to determine any associations between predictor and outcome variables. A forward selection process, entering variables one-by-one, will help to determine any confounding pathways. Multivariable analysis will be performed to understand major contributors and the effect of confounders. Generalised estimating equations (GEEs) will be included to determine the extent that early assessment will predict later outcomes of interest.[@R120] GEEs track the importance of potential predictor variables over time, accounting for the dependence of observations recorded from the same participant. Consideration will be given to any non-linear effects and interactions. A scaled score of the baseline assessment measures will be used to determine the sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of early biomarkers to predict typical outcome and MDD at 24 months c.a. Typical outcome will be defined as motor and cognitive scores that are above 1SD below the mean on the Bayley III and a functional grade of 1 or 2 on the NSMDA. Developmental delay will be defined as motor and cognitive scores 1SD or more below the mean on the motor and cognitive subscales of the Bayley III and a functional grade \>2 on the NSMDA. Discussion {#s6} ========== As families, clinicians and health services continue to want and need more immediate information regarding the short-term and long-term outcomes of at-risk infants, finding the best clinical biomarkers has the potential to streamline and effectively prioritise premature infant follow-up programmes. Results of this study will inform health policy and service delivery of follow-up pathways and early intervention for very preterm/VLBW infants and their families and guide the provision of targeted, evidence-based service delivery in clinical settings. Findings will be of interest to medical, allied health, nursing staff, hospital and health service districts. Findings will also inform future studies with the intent to follow this cohort of very preterm/VLBW infants until completion of the Queensland Studies Authority, Grade 2 Diagnostic NET test. The Diagnostic NET test is a monitoring and assessment programme of literacy and numeracy competencies administered state wide and typically undertaken at 7 years of age in Queensland schools.[@R121] The team acknowledges the contributions of administrative officers in the Women\'s and Families Stream NGH, for coordination of outpatient appointment bookings. It thanks Mr Geoffrey Eddy, Clinical Photographer, for video recording of research assessments. It also acknowledges assistance from Mrs Lorelle Addison and Mrs Helen Moffat, administrative officers in the NGH SCN, with study recruitment. It thanks Ms Megan Rutter, Research Governance and Development Manager at Nambour General Hospital for her assistance with ethics approval and grant applications. Collaborators: PREMTiME Study Group. Collaborators that have provided scientific advice: Susanne Cuddihy, Kellee Gee, Heidi Webster; collaborators who have provided assistance with patient care and data collection: Louise Tambling, Julie Creen. Contributors: RC, RNB, PC, GC and RSW are chief investigators who have had substantial input into study design. MJ, KS, JD and TH are associate investigators who have provided input into study design. RC, RNB, PC and GC are study personnel responsible for ethics applications and reporting. RC, RNB, PC, GC and RSW are study personnel responsible for writing the protocol manuscript. RC, KS, JD, MJ, LM, TH, AM, CT, LC and EB are study personnel responsible for recruitment, data collection and implementation of the study. RC, RNB, PC, GC and RSW are chief investigators who will take lead roles in publication of the clinical outcomes of the study. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript. Funding: The PREMTiME study is funded by grants from the Health Practitioner Research Grant Scheme, Queensland Health and by Wishlist, Sunshine Coast Health Foundation (Reference number: 2014-08). It receives support from Allied Health staff working in the Women\'s and Families stream at NGH including physiotherapists, occupational therapists, dieticians, social workers and speech pathologists. Further support is provided by administrative, nursing and medical staff in the NGH SCN, administrative staff at the Sunshine Coast Clinical School and from the Medical Imaging Department, Nambour General Hospital. Competing interests: None declared. Ethics approval: Ethical permission to conduct the study has been obtained from the Queensland Children\'s Health Services (RCH) Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC/13/QRCH/66), the University of Queensland (2013001019) and the Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service, SC-Research Governance (SSA/13/QNB/66). Publications of all outcomes will be in peer-reviewed journals. Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed. Data sharing statement: Data collected at 2-year outcomes may be shared with three other studies when participants are enrolled in these studies concurrently: (1) The Magenta Trial---Magnesium sulphate at 30--34 weeks' gestational Age: Neuroprotection Trial, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia. (2) The PREBO study, Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, The University of Queensland, QLD, Australia. (3) The Developmental Assessment Program (DAP), Royal Brisbane Women's Hospital, QLD, Australia.
Don't miss the latest headlines. Sign up for our Daily Digests. Wisconsin Energy Corp.’s chief executive said the company is “willing to be an investor” in a new power plant to help alleviate a generation capacity shortfall in Michigan’s Upper Peninsula. CEO Gale Klappa made the comment Wednesday during an earnings conference call in answer to questions about whether the unfolding crisis in upper Michigan could affect Wisconsin Energy’s ability to win approval from Michigan regulators for the buyout of Integrys Energy Group. Klappa said that the company remains engaged in talks with Michigan Gov. Rick Snyder’s administration and state Attorney General Bill Schuette on a “global solution” to the Upper Peninsula’s energy woes, and that a solution could be agreed on within 60 to 90 days. That solution, Wisconsin Energy officials said, would likely involve a new 250- to 350-megawatt combined-cycle natural gas plant and perhaps the addition of renewable generation. “There are a lot of moving pieces,” Klappa said. “Clearly, I think the preference of the administration is building additional generation in the UP, and we have indicated that we would be willing to be an investor as part of that solution.” The comments come days after Snyder and the attorney general submitted formal comments with the Michigan Public Service Commission calling Wisconsin Energy’s proposed billion-dollar buyout of Chicago-based Integrys Energy Group “fatally flawed.” “The level of concentration in both generation and transmission in the Upper Peninsula by one company as a result of this merger is a major concern,” the filing said. Wisconsin Energy announced the $5.8 billion purchase of Chicago-based Integrys in June (EnergyWire, June 24). The acquisition requires approval from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission as well as four state utility commissions, including Michigan’s. Klappa said Wisconsin Energy has agreed to push back the Integrys review schedule by two months at the request of Michigan’s attorney general. But approval is still expected by June, in time for closing next summer. Concern about the future of the Presque Isle plant and lack of additional generating capacity in upper Michigan has been brewing for more than a year. Those concerns began after two Upper Peninsula iron ore mines chose to buy power from an alternative supplier, prompting We Energies to seek approval to suspend operations at the plant. But the issue went from a slow simmer to a full boil over the summer following a sequence of events that now threaten to saddle Upper Peninsula residents with staggering rate increases Dec. 1 (EnergyWire, Oct. 28). The region’s grid operator, the Midcontinent Independent System Operator, has required We Energies to continue to run the Presque Isle plant at a cost of $97 million a year to help ensure electric reliability in the region. And changes in how those costs are allocated at the request of We Energies mean the costs will be paid almost solely by upper Michigan consumers beginning Dec. 1, adding hundreds to thousands of dollars a year to utility bills. While much of the anger of upper Michigan residents and politicians has been directed at We Energies and FERC, there have also been fingers pointed at Michigan’s electric choice law. Under a 2008 Michigan law, customers representing up to 10 percent of a utility’s retail sales can choose an alternative power provider. But the law specifically exempted the mines in the Upper Peninsula, meaning that effectively 90 percent of electric load in the region can switch energy providers. That, Klappa said, is a recipe for the kind of crisis now looming in the Upper Peninsula. “Its becoming very, very clear — it has been clear for a while to us, and I think it’s becoming clear to all the parties in Michigan — that the customer choice law there is deeply flawed,” he said. Asked about the situation facing the Upper Peninsula, John Russell of CMS said: “I think what it does is demonstrate to a lot of people in Michigan the unintended consequences of what I would call full deregulation.” Related News We Energies and its major mining company customer in the Upper Peninsula reached an agreement today that effectively ends the need for ratepayer subsidies to keep an aging coal plant open in Marquette.
In the article titled "miR-221 Alleviates the Ox-LDL-Induced Macrophage Inflammatory Response via the Inhibition of DNMT3b-Mediated NCoR Promoter Methylation"\[[@B1]\], the authors Wenjun Zeng, Yanan Duan, and Zhihua Yang were incorrectly affiliated to the institution "Department of Cardiology, Tongren Hospital, Yunnan 650032, China." The correct affiliation for these authors is "Department of Cardiology, 920th Hospital of PLA Joint Logistic Support Force, Yunnan 650032, China." The corrected affiliations are shown in the author information above.
Saturday, September 20, 2014 Hi everyone! So fall is just days away from us and I thought its time for fall recipes. Now I have made this recipe before and my family loved it, so much so that I took a picture. I knew I had to make it again, so I can add more pictures for you all to enjoy. This is by far one of the quickest recipes out there. I used homemade applesauce but you can use store bought as well. So let's get on with this recipe!Ingredients:2 1/2 cups of flour2 tablespoons of Cinnamon1/4 teaspoon of nutmeg1/4 teaspoon or less of ginger1/4 teaspoon of all spiceA pinch of salt just to bring out the sweetness1 tablespoon of baking powder1 Egg1 1/2 cups of applesauce1 cup of brown sugar2/3 cup of milk2 tablespoons of butter melted1 teaspoon of vanillaInstructions:Preheat your oven to 350 degrees. Mix all your dry ingredients like the flour, spices, salt and baking powder in a medium sized mixing bowl. In a different bowl mix all your wet ingredients, this includes sugar as well. So add in your eggs, milk, butter, vanilla, brown sugar, and applesauce. Form a small well in the center of your bowl that has the dry mix. Now just dump in the wet ingredients into the dry and mix it up. Spray a bread pan with non stick cooking spray. Once the batter is mixed up and all the flour is incorporated, spoon the mixture into the bread pan. Bake for about 50-60 minutes depending on your oven. To tell if the bread is done, just stick a toothpick or the tip of a small knife in the center of the bread. If the knife or toothpick comes out clean with no batter on it, then its done. Let the bread cool for about 5-10 minutes before cutting. Its that simple and your house will smell amazing! Enjoy and as always Live, Laugh and Love.. Heather
Q: CSS background image position I have two divs in a container, the right div has a background image. I want to move the background image of right div so that some part (eg. 20px) of it appears in the left div. Is it possible for example using z-index etc? I have tried setting background image position to -20px but its not visible. Please have a look at jsfiddle: http://jsfiddle.net/k8d6U/1/ A: The background image will only appear within the boundaries of the element, so you can do this if your right-aligned div overlaps your left-aligned div by the 20 pixels that you want. Alternatively, you can set the background image of the right div to -20px like you said, but then apply the same background image to the left div and position it 20 pixels from the right. This will give the effect that you're looking for. Here is an example: .left { float:left; width:200px; background: orange url("http://i42.tinypic.com/2vxfyc4.jpg") no-repeat 180px 50%; } .right { float:left; width:200px; background: #ccc url("http://i42.tinypic.com/2vxfyc4.jpg") no-repeat -20px 50%; } In the example, I've also placed the image itself (absolutely positioned) directly below the background image and the widths are the same (in case you needed proof).
# RUN: yaml2obj %s > %t # RUN: not llvm-objcopy --rename-section=.foo=.bar --set-section-flags=.foo=alloc %t %t.2 2>&1 \| FileCheck %s --check-prefix=SET-FOO # RUN: not llvm-objcopy --rename-section=.foo=.bar --set-section-flags=.bar=alloc %t %t.2 2>&1 \| FileCheck %s --check-prefix=SET-BAR !ELF FileHeader: Class: ELFCLASS64 Data: ELFDATA2LSB Type: ET_REL Machine: EM_X86_64 # SET-FOO: --set-section-flags=.foo conflicts with --rename-section=.foo=.bar # SET-BAR: --set-section-flags=.bar conflicts with --rename-section=.foo=.bar
[Spectral analysis of transient species of quinoline degradation]. Quinoline's degradation was studied by pulse radiolysis. It was found that hydrated electron, hydrogen radical, hydroxyl radical and SO4- can react with quinoline. The absorption spectra of the transient species of quinoline were obtained, and related constants were determined, but it was found that the species of Br2- and N3*- can't react with quinoline. The results give us some advices for studing the degradation of quinoline.
Tennessee Maneuver Area The Tennessee Maneuver Area was a training area in Middle Tennessee, comprising the following counties: Bedford, Cannon, Coffee, DeKalb, Hickman, Humphreys, Jackson, Lawrence, Maury, Moore, Perry, Putnam, Rutherford, Smith, Sumner, Trousdale, Warren, Wayne, White, Williamson, and Wilson. The area was selected because the terrain resembled France, Belgium and Germany. In June 1941, Major General George S. Patton conducted maneuvers with the 2nd Armored Division in the Manchester, Tennessee vicinity, where he soundly defeated the opposing forces, using large-scale armored fighting based on Bedford Forrest’s cavalry doctrine. These maneuvers led to the creation of the Tennessee Maneuver Area. On 24 Jun 1942, Governor Prentice Cooper, announced that nine counties would be used as a maneuver area by the Second Army, and was eventually expanded to twenty-one counties by the time of closure in 1944. By 25 Jul 1942, the War Department selected Cumberland University, in Lebanon, Tennessee as the location of the Headquarters for the Army Ground Forces field problems, commonly known as the Tennessee Maneuvers. Between 1942 and 1944, in seven large scale training exercises, more than 850,000 soldiers were trained in the Tennessee Maneuver Area. Units Trained in Tennessee Maneuver Area *Entered maneuver area as IV Armored Corps, re-designated XX Corps on 10 October 1943. References External links Second Army (Tennessee) Maneuvers Category:1942 establishments in Tennessee Category:1944 disestablishments in Tennessee Category:Closed training facilities of the United States Army Category:Military installations in Tennessee Category:Military installations closed in 1944
Former Pitt player and current Oklahoma City Thunder center Steven Adams had a birthday on July 20th. Unfortunately, either no one knew or cared. Well, at least not his followers on Twitter. So Adams did what you would pretty much expect from him - he wished himself a Happy Birthday: On behalf of my followers, Happy birthday @RealStevenAdams — Steven Adams (@RealStevenAdams) July 20, 2014 That wasn't all, though. Adams even decided to provide a response. You know - to himself, thanking him for his thoughtfulness: .@RealStevenAdams thanks bro. I love having friends who remember my birthday. — Steven Adams (@RealStevenAdams) July 20, 2014 To make matters worse, it was also his 21st birthday. At least the Thunder responded on their Twitter page offering their birthday wishes after Adams' tweets. Too little too late, people. Seriously, don't you feel at least a little bad now for not remembering? No? Carry on, then. h/t to Larry Brown Sports.
470 So.2d 413 (1985) STATE of Louisiana, Plaintiff-Appellee v. Paul A. THOMAS, Defendant-Appellant. No. CR84-765. Court of Appeal of Louisiana, Third Circuit. May 15, 1985. 415 Richard P. Weimer, Lafayette, for defendant-appellant. Carrol Spell, Jr., Asst. Dist. Atty., Lafayette, for plaintiff-appellee. Before STOKER, LABORDE and KING, JJ. LABORDE, Judge. Defendant Paul Thomas was indicted for second degree murder in violation of La. R.S. 14:30.1. On May 25, 1982, he went to trial before a twelve person jury. The jury found defendant guilty of manslaughter. For sentencing, defendant waived the legal delays and the trial court sentenced him, on June 1, 1982, to a term of twenty-one years at hard labor. He now appeals on the basis of eight assignments of error. We affirm the conviction, reverse the sentence, and remand for resentencing. FACTS Prior to the incident giving rise to this case, the defendant had been living with the victim, Carol Jean Batiste, for five years. They had one child together and were expecting another. An altercation between the defendant and his girlfriend occurred on September 26, 1981. The problem was related to several phone calls from an unknown man. A 416 struggle ensued and Ms. Batiste was fatally shot in the head. Defendant claims that the victim, a physically much larger person than himself, had a butcher knife in hand, and, in an attempt to disarm her, the gun accidentally discharged. Defendant asserts the following assignments of error: 1. Trial court erred in excluding Detective Robert Johnson from its order sequestering witnesses. 2. Trial court erred in not permitting defense counsel to question Detective Michael Dibenedetto about his advice of rights of defendant. 3. Trial court erred in failing to suppress a statement made by defendant to Detective Robert Johnson. 4. Trial court erred in refusing to allow defense counsel to question Detective Robert Johnson as to whether defendant was advised of the purpose of the statement. 5. Trial court erred in permitting a taped version of the statement to Detective Robert Johnson to be played to the jury and in admitting the tape into evidence. 6. Trial court erred in permitting the jurors to have a copy of the transcript of the statement to Detective Robert Johnson and in allowing the jurors to read the copy of the transcript as the tape was played in court. 7. Trial court erred in allowing the state to question witness Carolyn Edwards as to whether the victim was pregnant at the time of the alleged offense. 8. Trial court erred in imposing an excessive sentence unsupported by the record and in failing to articulate the reasons for the sentence. ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 1 By his first assignment of error defendant argues that the trial court erred in excluding Detective Robert Johnson from its sequestration order. The following is the transcription of defendant's objection to the exemption of Detective Johnson: "ON MOTION OF THE ATTORNEY FOR THE DEFENDANT ALL WITNESSES SUBPOENAED IN THIS MATTER TO TESTIFY WERE PLACED UNDER THE RULE OF SEQUESTRATION AFTER BEING DULY SWORN BY THE CLERK AND INSTRUCTED ACCORDINGLY. BY MR. SPELL [attorney for the State]: We ask that Detective Johnson be excused from the rule. BY MR. BEARD [attorney for defendant]: Your Honor, that's the man that got the statement that's in question. He took the statement, he was there. I think that probably would defeat the rule. We think that he should be included. BY THE COURT: Of course, the State is entitled to be assisted by one of the officers. Your objection is when we get to the point of determining the voluntariness of the confession or statement. BY MR. BEARD: Yes. BY MR. SPELL: He will be the first one to testify as to the conditions surrounding the taking of the statement, Your Honor. I don't think he will hear anyone else's testimony. BY THE COURT: I will allow him to assist the State until we get to that portion of the case. If necessary I will sequester him." "The right to have witnesses sequestered is an important right which implements the use of cross-examination as a truth-testing device." In re Giangrosso, 395 So.2d 709, 712 n. 4 (La.1981). Its purpose is to prevent witnesses from being influenced by prior testimony and to strengthen the role of cross-examination in 417 developing the facts. State v. Johnson, 438 So.2d 1091, 1096 (La.1983). Therefore, upon the motion of either party, the trial court shall order that the witnesses be sequestered. LSA-C.Cr.P. art. 764. However, the trial court, in the interest of justice or for a good cause, has discretion to exempt a witness from the order. E.g., In re Giangrosso, 395 So.2d at 711-12. And, "by making exemption from sequestration discretionary with the [trial] court, ... the burden [is] on the party seeking the modification to show that the `interest of justice' would be served by exempting the witness." Id. at 712. In the present case, the trial court permitted only one police officer to remain in the courtroom in order to assist the State with the presentation of its case. The assistance of one police officer either for the prosecution or for the court has been held by the Louisiana Supreme Court to be "good cause" for an exemption from a sequestration order. See State v. Ferguson, 240 La. 593, 124 So.2d 558, 567-68 (1960) (on rehearing), cert. denied, 366 U.S. 913, 81 S.Ct. 1089, 6 L.Ed.2d 237 (1961); State v. Thomas, 161 La. 1010, 109 So. 819, 821 (1926); cf. In re Giangrosso, 395 So.2d 709, 712 (La.1981), State v. Lewis, 250 La. 876, 199 So.2d 907, 910-11 (1967); State v. Carter, 206 La. 181, 19 So.2d 41, 43-45 (1944). We find that the trial court, in the case at bar, had good cause to exempt Detective Johnson from the order of sequestration. However, our inquiry does not end here. Notwithstanding the fact that the trial court has good cause to exempt a witness from an order of sequestration, if a defendant is severely prejudiced by the exemption, the prejudice may outweigh the court's good cause and the witness should not be exempted. We must reverse defendant's conviction if he bears the burden of proving his prejudice outweighs the trial court's good cause. At trial, defendant asserted that his ability to find inconsistencies during cross-examination of the detective concerning the conditions surrounding the taking of the confession would be destroyed by the detective's presence. The trial court specifically recognized the potential problem resulting from the presence of Detective Johnson during testimony. Therefore, it correctly qualified the exemption and, upon defendant's objection at the time that there would be testimony about the confession, it was prepared to sequester the detective. Our review of the record finds both no testimony concerning defendant's confession by any witness other than Detective Johnson and no subsequent objection by defendant. Therefore, as related to testimony about the confession, defendant was not prejudiced by the exemption of Detective Johnson from the order of sequestration. In brief, defendant asserts: that Detective Johnson testified as to defendant's mental and physical state and to what he, Detective Johnson, observed at the crime scene; that the detective was allowed to remain in the courtroom while other witnesses testified; and that all these other witnesses testified as to the above two points. The record shows that when Detective Johnson took the stand to testify, defendant omitted to question the detective's eligibility as a witness on those two points. If defendant had objected when Detective Johnson either took the stand or when he was questioned on those points, the trial court could have restricted the detective's testimony to that part which was not influenced by prior testimony. "The contemporaneous objection rule has two purposes: (1) to put the trial judge on notice of the alleged irregularity so that he may cure the problem and (2) to prevent a defendant from gambling for a favorable verdict and then resorting to appeal on errors that might easily have been corrected by objection." State v. Thomas, 427 So.2d 428, 433 (La. 1982) (on rehearing) (citations omitted). Both purposes were thwarted here. Therefore, defendant's failure to object at the 418 time of Detective Johnson's testimony precludes consideration of this claim. See State v. Anderson, 440 So.2d 205, 222 (La. App. 3rd Cir.), writ denied, 444 So.2d 1241 (La.1983); State v. Ricks, 242 La. 823, 138 So.2d 589, 592 (1962); State v. Ferguson, 240 La. 593, 124 So.2d 558, 568 (1960) (on rehearing), cert. denied, 366 U.S. 913, 81 S.Ct. 1089, 6 L.Ed.2d 237 (1961). We also find that defendant has failed to make any showing that he was prejudiced by a defective sequestration. LSA-C.Cr.P. art. 921. The record shows that, even if we discount Detective Johnson's testimony, all the sequestered witnesses testifying at trial substantially verified each other's testimony. Defendant's assignment of error no. 1 lacks merit. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR NOS. 2 AND 4 By assignments two and four the defense complains that the trial court erred when it limited the defendant's questioning of two of the state's witnesses. One assignment relates to the questioning of Detective Dibenedetto concerning his understanding of the Miranda warning. The other assignment involves events during the cross examination of Detective Johnson. LSA-R.S. 15:275 provides: "In the discipline of his court, the trial judge is vested with a sound discretion to stop the prolonged, unnecessary and irrelevant examination of a witness, whether such examination be direct or cross, and even though no objection be urged by counsel." Unless an abuse of discretion is shown in the trial court's control of the examination of a witness, the conviction will not be reversed. State v. Chapman, 410 So.2d 689, 700 (La.1981), affirmed, 436 So.2d 451 (La.1983). The counsel for defendant argues that he should have been allowed to question Detective Dibenedetto about the detective's understanding of the Miranda warning in order to determine what Detective Dibenedetto meant when the detective said that the defendant understood his rights. Detective Dibenedetto testified that as the defendant was leaving the house, defendant stated that he had just shot his "old lady." The statement was spontaneous and not made in response to questioning by the detective, therefore the defendant's understanding of the Miranda warning was irrelevant. See State v. Robinson, 384 So.2d 332, 335 (La.1980). The detective's understanding of the Miranda warning is even further off the point. Therefore, the trial judge did not abuse his discretion. During the cross-examination of Detective Johnson the state objected twice to defense counsel's conduct on the grounds of irrelevancy. The trial judge sustained both objections. Both instances involved situations where counsel for defendant was not questioning the witness, but was stating facts unrelated to whether defendant understood the purpose of taping the interview conducted by Detective Johnson. The record shows that the trial court in no way prevented the defendant from questioning the witness. Since the defendant was not prevented from questioning the detective, this argument is groundless. Assignments of error nos. 2 and 4 are without merit. ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 3 Defendant's third assignment of error concerns the trial court's decision to allow the state to introduce a statement made by the defendant. Two related arguments are made by the defendant. First, he contends that the statement was made because of coercion by the police. Second, counsel for defendant claims that the defendant lacked the mental capacity to knowingly and voluntarily waive the rights involved. In order for a confession to be admissible into evidence, the state must affirmatively show that it was free and voluntary and must rebut the defendant's specific allegations of undue influence. LSA-R.S. 15:451; State v. Narcisse, 426 So.2d 118, 125 (La.), cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 104 S.Ct. 202, 78 L.Ed.2d 176 (1983); State v. Serrato, 424 So.2d 214, 221 (La. 419 1982). The trial court in deciding whether the confession is admissible, must consider the totality of the circumstances of the case. Id. at 221. Once the trial court has considered the credibilities and weight of testimony regarding the voluntariness of a confession, its decision on that issue is accorded much discretion and will not be overturned on appeal unless it is unsupported by the evidence. State v. Benoit, 440 So.2d 129, 131 (La.1983). The defendant argues that the confession was made because of a promise to "go easy on him." Counsel for defendant states in his brief that the defendant testified at trial that Detective Johnson made such a promise. He is correct in pointing out that direct or implied promises are constitutionally impermissible. State v. Jackson, 414 So.2d 310, 312 (La.1982). However, counsel for defendant has apparently read into the defendant's testimony more than is actually there. Although the defendant testified as to some vague advice given by the officers, the record contains no mention of a promise. Instead the record shows that the defendant testified that the officers made statements to the effect that it might be "best for him" if he cooperated by giving a statement. The Louisiana Supreme Court has held that "statements of this type, rather than being promises or inducement designed to extract a confession, are more likely musings not much beyond what this defendant might well have concluded for himself." State v. Petterway, 403 So.2d 1157, 1160 (La.1981). Here the comments made by the officers did not contain implied promises of leniency, but were mere mild exhortations to tell the truth. Therefore, this argument is without merit. The second contention asserted by counsel for defendant is whether defendant had the mental capacity to knowingly and voluntarily waive his rights. Counsel for defendant points to several facts which he claims deprived defendant of the necessary capacity. He cites: the short period of time between the crime and statement, the fact of being handcuffed to a wall, the emotional trauma after being informed of his girlfriend's death, and moderate mental retardation or low intelligence as contributing to this lack of capacity. Of these factors, none in and of themselves vitiate a knowing and voluntary confession. See State v. Burkhalter, 428 So.2d 449, 456 (La.1983); State v. Brogdon, 426 So.2d 158, 167 (La.1983); State v. White, 399 So.2d 172, 175 (La.1981). The critical factor is whether the defendant was able to understand the rights explained to him and, from that, make a knowing and voluntary statement. State v. Benoit, 440 So.2d 129, 131 (La.1983). The state's evidence as to the voluntariness of the defendant's statement consisted of Detective Johnson's testimony. Detective Johnson testified that defendant appeared a "little nervous" but, after several explanations, the detective felt that defendant understood all of his constitutional rights. This was contradicted by the defendant's testimony in almost every respect. In light of the contradictory testimony, a determination of credibility had to be made. From the record it is clear that the trial court gave more weight to the state's witness. We defer to the trial court's determination because the record does not indicate that the trial court abused its discretion. Therefore, assignment of error no. 3 lacks merit. ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 5 The argument advanced in the defendant's fifth assignment is that the taped statement was so "fraught with omission" as to not present a complete picture. The argument is without merit. The state is not required to produce non-existent portions of a confession or portions which cannot be recalled. State v. Marmillion, 339 So.2d 788, 793 (La.1976). The omissions in the recording were the result of the defendant's failure to project his voice, rather than an effort on the part of the state to introduce less 420 than the full recording. The record indicates that it was very difficult to communicate with defendant. Defendant would sometimes take a rather long time before answering a question and, when he would answer, he had a tendency to mumble. The inarticulable statements on the tape were very short in duration. This makes it improbable that any significant information was lost. In that the state is not required to present every word uttered by the defendant and the "omissions" are relatively insignificant, assignment of error no. 5 lacks merit. ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 6 The sixth assignment of error concerns the trial court's decision to allow the state to present to the jurors printed transcripts of defendant's statement to read while a tape recording of the statement was played. Two arguments are presented. Defendant first argues that the transcript was not the best evidence. The transcript need not be the best evidence, where it is provided as a convenience to the jury in following the playback of a recorded statement. State v. Burdgess, 434 So.2d 1062, 1066 (La.1983); State v. Snedecor, 294 So.2d 207, 210 (La.1974). The second part of this assignment concerns the state's failure to lay a foundation for the transcript. We question whether a foundation is required for the transcript considering the fact that a proper foundation was laid for the introduction into evidence of the tape recording and that the main purpose of the transcript was to assist the jury in following the tape recording. However, even if the State failed to lay a proper foundation for the transcript, without prejudice resulting from this failure, the ruling of the trial court may be considered harmless. LSA-C.Cr.P. art. 921; State v. Johnson, 286 So.2d 358, 359 (La.1973). Defendant does not explain how the introduction of the transcript could have prejudiced him. Although the transcript was introduced into evidence, its main purpose was to assist the jury in following the taped statement of the defendant. Therefore, any inaccuracy between the transcript and the recording would have been obvious. The jury heard the tape of defendant's statement twice. After the first playing some jurors indicated that they could not hear or understand portions of the tape. The court furnished transcripts of the tape to the jury and allowed them again to hear the tape while following the transcript. The court admonished the jurors to listen closely to catch any possible errors in the transcript and that the tape "is the real meat of the thing ...." The defendant can show no prejudice by the court's action. Therefore, assignment of error no. 6 lacks merit. ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 7 Defendant argues that the trial court erred in admitting irrelevant testimony related to the victim's condition. At trial, defendant, during cross-examination of Carolyn Edwards, made the victim's size an issue. When the state on redirect brought out the fact that the victim's size was in part due to her pregnant condition, the defendant objected on the grounds of irrelevancy. The objection was overruled. LSA-R.S. 15:441 provides: "Relevant evidence is that tending to show the commission of the offense and the intent, or tending to negative the commission of the offense and the intent. Facts necessary to be known to explain a relevant fact, or which support an inference raised by such fact, are admissible." The ruling of the trial court on whether evidence is relevant is accorded much discretion and will not be disturbed on appeal in the absence of a clear abuse of this discretion. State v. Chaney, 423 So.2d 1092, 1100 (La.1982). Defendant claimed that he shot the victim in self defense. The relevancy of the victim's pregnancy relates to its contribution to her size and inability either to attack defendant or to defend herself. The 421 ruling of the trial court did not involve an abuse of discretion. Therefore, assignment of error no. 7 lacks merit. ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 8 In this assignment of error it is defendant's contention that the trial court erred in failing to articulate the reasons for sentencing and in imposing a sentence which is unsupported by the record and, therefore, is excessive. Defendant was sentenced to a term of 21 years at hard labor for the crime of manslaughter. This is the maximum term that can be imposed for such a crime. LSA-R.S. 14:31. We note that the trial court did not order and, therefore, did not review a pre-sentence investigation report before it determined the sentence it imposed upon defendant. A pre-sentence investigation is not a right of the accused and is not mandated by law. State v. Bell, 377 So.2d 275, 281 (La.1979). In fact, the trial court, in its reasonable discretion, may deny a request by either party for a pre-sentence investigation. Id; State v. Wimberly, 414 So.2d 666, 671 (La.1982). In the present case, defendant made neither a motion nor any other request for a pre-sentence investigation. Further, the record shows defendant waived the required delays, as stated in LSA-C.Cr.P. art. 873, between conviction and sentencing and we find that this waiver implies defendant saw more benefit from prompt sentencing by the trial court than from sentencing after a pre-sentence investigation. Without a pre-sentence investigation, the trial court must rely on the record in its consideration of the factors stated in LSA-C.Cr.P. art. 894.1. The trial court's reasons for imposing a maximum sentence for the crime of manslaughter were as follows: "The Court renders this sentence because of the fact that the defendant was convicted by a jury, because of the seriousness of the crime, the killing of an individual, and because the Court is of the opinion that the only proper and just sentence in this matter would be incarceration. It was judicially established that the accused is 27 years of age." The above shows that the trial court failed to fulfill the goal of article 894.1 C. It did not satisfactorily articulate a factual basis for its sentencing choice. However, even in the absence of adequate compliance with article 894.1, this court need not remand for sentencing where the record clearly supports the sentence imposed. State v. Fontenot, 438 So.2d 1301, 1302 (La.App. 3rd Cir.1983). We find that the record in this case fails to state sufficient information from which we can make a determination, based on the nature of the offense, the offender, and the proportionality of the penalty to penalties imposed in similar cases,[1] that a sentence of twenty-one years for the crime of manslaughter is not excessive. Therefore, we shall remand this case to the trial court to make, in accordance with article 894.1, a full consideration and adequate articulation of the reasons for imposing a sentence of 21 years. In that respect, we suggest that the trial court review the post-sentence investigation report that was required by law to be prepared.[2]See LSA-C.Cr.P. art. 876. 422 DISPOSITION OF THE CASE For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the conviction of defendant but reverse the sentence imposed upon him. We remand this case to the trial judge for resentencing in accordance with the law as stated in assignment of error no. 8. AFFIRMED IN PART; REVERSED IN PART; AND REMANDED. NOTES [1] See State v. Childs, 466 So.2d 1363, 1365-66, 1367 n. 1 (La.App. 3rd Cir.1985). [2] Article 876 requires a prompt post-sentence investigation in felony cases in which no pre-sentence investigation is ordered and a substantial sentence is imposed. LSA-C.Cr.P. art. 876 comment (a). By law, the post-sentence investigation report is delivered to the sentencing court. If the trial court, after reviewing the report, finds factors that would effect the appropriateness of the sentence imposed, it may either increase or decrease the sentence prior to the beginning of execution of the sentence. LSA-C.Cr.P. arts. 881 and 916(3). We recognize that the trial court's authority to amend the sentence is limited by LSA-C.Cr.P. art. 916, which divests the trial court of jurisdiction upon the entering of the order of appeal. However, under article 916(2), the trial court retains jurisdiction to correct a deficiency in the record. Since the trial court usually grants the order of appeal, it is aware when the assignments of error include a claim that a sentence is excessive. In such a case, the trial court may lawfully supplement the record with information gained from the post-conviction report that can assist our review on appeal. In this case, such action by the trial court might have avoided the necessity to remand.
WICHITA, Kansas — Wichita State has struggled in the past, trying to separate itself from crime in the neighboring residential community. Shocker basketball and the entire area around Koch Arena is flying high right now and getting plenty of attention. New dorms are in the process of being built but the neighborhoods around campus have been known for years as a place that appears to have a lot of crime. We checked police records and found that violent crime has actually gone down in the past five years in that area from 23 aggravated assaults a year to 18. Murders are also down. Patrol North shows 15 murders in 2008 down to 10 last year. Other crimes are also down. So with the big push to make the area around Wichita State a better place, KSN looked into whether or not the community’s reputation has indeed changed. Mel Kahn, a Wichita State political science professor says, “In fact at night, I used to when I started was a little bit leery of going into the parking lot. It was very dim. We have very good lighting now.” Kahn says the area along 21st Street has had a bad reputation for years and still does despite to changes. So KSN asked students that may have not known the reputation of the community surrounding WSU before being students. “It’s alright. It’s not as bad as people make it seem,” said Charles Scott, a student. Even Scott though acknowledged that along 21st Street was not a great area. The city has spent a lot of money improving the area. They’ve got the library, they widened the streets on both 21st and along Hillside, and there is a police substation a block from campus as well as other businesses along 21st Street. So why does the area still appear to have such a bad reputation? The Wichita State professor, Kahn, says that the media has a great impact on the reputation not changing. “Where somebody was murdered and the paper reported near WSU. It was about a mile and three quarters away. And you get that kind of publicity going out around the state,” said Kahn. But with the new dorms going up in the middle of campus and a big student center expansion, Kahn says the reputation for not only the campus but the area is starting to change. Wichita State points out that they have poured dozens of millions into the campus in just the last few years and the city also says it has made millions in improvements. Kahn also says that the good run the Shocker men’s basketball team is experiencing doesn’t hurt and is helping to change perceptions.
local elixir = {} elixir.iex = { command = {"iex"}, } return elixir
This invention is directed to zinc oxide (ZnO) films for use in electrically excited devices such as light emitting devices (LEDs), laser diodes (LDs), field effect transistors (FETs), and photodetectors. More particularly, this invention is directed to ZnO films containing a p-type dopant for use in LEDs, LDs, FETs, and photodetectors wherein both n-type and p-type materials are required, for use as a substrate material for lattice matching to other materials in such devices, and for use as a layer for attaching electrical leads. For some time there has been interest in producing II-VI compound wide band gap semiconductors to produce green/blue LEDs, LDs and other electrical devices. Historically, attempts to produce these devices have centered around zinc selenide (ZnSe) or gallium nitride (GaN) based technologies. However, these approaches have not been entirely satisfactory due to the short lifetime of light emission that results from defects, and defect migration, in these devices. Recently, because ZnO has a wide direct band gap of 3.3 eV at room temperature and provides a strong emission source of ultraviolet light, ZnO thin films on suitable supporting substrates have been proposed as new materials for light emitting devices and laser diodes. Undoped, as well as doped ZnO films generally show n-type conduction. Impurities such as aluminum and gallium in ZnO films have been studied by Hiramatsu et al. who report activity as n-type donors (Transparent Conduction Zinc Oxide Thin Films Prepared by XeC1 Excimer Laser Ablation, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 16 (2), Mar./Apr. 1998). Although n-type ZnO films have been available for some time, the growth of p-type ZnO films necessary to build many electrical devices requiring p-n junctions has to date been much slower in developing. Minegishi et al. (Growth of P-Type ZnO Films by Chemical Vapor Deposition, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. Vol. 36 Pt. 2, No. 11A (1997)) recently reported on the growth of nitrogen doped ZnO films by chemical vapor deposition and on the p-type conduction of ZnO films at room temperature. Minegishi et al. disclose the growth of p-type ZnO films on a sapphire substrate by the simultaneous addition of NH3 in carrier hydrogen and excess Zn in source ZnO powder. When a Zn/ZnO ratio of 10 mol % was used, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) confirmed the incorporation of nitrogen into the ZnO film, although the nitrogen concentration was not precisely confirmed. Although the films prepared by Minegishi et al. using a Zn/ZnO ratio of 10 mol % appear to incorporate a small amount of nitrogen into the ZnO film and convert the conduction to p-type, the resistivity of these films is too high for application in commercial devices such as LEDs or LDs. Also, Minegishi et al. report that the carrier density for the holes is 1.5xc3x971016 holes/cm3. The combined effect of the low carrier density for holes and the high value for the resistivity does not permit this material to be used in commercial light emitting devices or laser diodes. Park et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,574,296 disclose a method of producing thin films on substrates by doping IIB-VIA semiconductors with group VA free radicals for use in electromagnetic radiation transducers. Specifically, Park et al. describe ZnSe epitaxial thin films doped with nitrogen or oxygen wherein ZnSe thin layers are grown on a GaAs substrate by molecular beam epitaxy. The doping of nitrogen or oxygen is accomplished through the use of free radical source which is incorporated into the molecular beam epitaxy system. Using nitrogen as the p-type dopant, net acceptor densities up to 4.9xc3x971017 acceptors/cm3 and resistivities less than 15 ohm-cm were measured in the ZeSe film. The combined effect of the low value for the net acceptor density and the high value for the resistivity does not permit this material to be used in commercial devices such as LEDs, LDs, and FETs. Although some progress has recently been made in the fabrication of p-type doped ZnO films which can be utilized in the formation of p-n junctions, a need still exists in the industry for ZnO films which contain higher net acceptor concentrations and possess lower resistivity values. Among the objects of the present invention, therefore, are the provision of a ZnO film containing a high net acceptor concentration on a substrate; the provision of a process for producing ZnO films containing p-type dopants; the provision of a process for producing p-n junctions utilizing a ZnO film containing a p-type dopant; the provision of a process for producing homoepitaxial and heteroepitaxial p-n junctions utilizing a ZnO film containing a p-type dopant; and the provision of a process for cleaning a substrate prior to growing a film on the substrate. Briefly, therefore, the present invention is directed to a ZnO film on a substrate wherein the film contains a p-type dopant. The film has a net acceptor concentration of at least about 1015 acceptors/cm3, a resistivity less than about 1 ohm-cm, and a Hall Mobility of between about 0.1 and about 50 cm2/Vs. The invention is further directed to a process for growing a p-type ZnO film containing arsenic on a GaAs substrate. The GaAs substrate is first cleaned to ensure that the film will have a reduced number of defects and will properly adhere to the substrate. After cleaning the temperature in the chamber is adjusted to between about 300xc2x0 C. and about 450xc2x0 C. and the excimer pulsed laser is directed onto a polycrystalline ZnO crystal to grow a film on the substrate. The temperature of the deposition chamber containing the substrate coated with the film is then increased to between about 450xc2x0 C. and about 600xc2x0 C. and the substrate is annealed for a time sufficient to diffuse arsenic atoms into the film so as to produce a net acceptor concentration of at least about 1015 acceptors/cm3 in the film. The invention is further directed to a process for growing a p-type zinc oxide film on a substrate. The substrate is first cleaned to ensure that the film will have a reduced number of defects and will properly adhere to the substrate. After cleaning the substrate, the temperature in the chamber is adjusted to between about 300xc2x0 C. and about 450xc2x0 C., and a p-type zinc oxide film is grown on the substrate by directing an excimer pulsed laser beam onto a pressed ZnO powder pellet containing a p-type dopant to grow a p-type zinc oxide film containing a net acceptor concentration of at least about 1015 acceptors/cm3. The invention is further directed to a process for preparing a p-n junction having a p-type ZnO film and an n-type film wherein the net acceptor concentration is at least about 1015 acceptors/cm3. A substrate is loaded into a pulsed laser deposition chamber and cleaned to ensure that the film will have a reduced number of defects and will properly adhere to the substrate. The temperature in the deposition chamber is then raised to between about 300xc2x0 C. and about 450xc2x0 C. Subsequently a p-type ZnO film having a net acceptor concentration of at least about 1015 acceptors/cm3 is grown on the substrate by directing an excimer laser onto a pressed ZnO powder pellet containing the p-type dopant. Finally an n-type film is grown on top of the p-type film by directing an excimer laser beam onto a pressed ZnO pellet containing the n-type dopant. The invention is further directed to a process for preparing a p-n junction having a p-type ZnO film and an n-type film wherein the net acceptor concentration is at least about 1015 acceptors/cm3. A substrate is loaded into a pulsed laser deposition chamber and cleaned to ensure that the film will have a reduced number of defects and will properly adhere to the substrate. The temperature in the deposition chamber is then raised to between about 300xc2x0 C. and about 450xc2x0 C. Subsequently an n-type film is grown on the substrate by directing an excimer pulsed laser beam onto a pressed powder pellet containing an n-type dopant element. Finally, a p-type ZnO film is grown on the n-type film by directing an excimer pulsed laser beam onto a pressed ZnO powder pellet containing a p-type dopant element to a p-type ZnO film having a net acceptor concentration of at least about 1015 acceptors/cm3. The invention is further directed to a process for cleaning a substrate prior to growing a film on the substrate. A substrate is loaded into a chamber, the temperature is adjusted to between about 400xc2x0 C. and about 500xc2x0 C., and the chamber is filed with hydrogen to create a pressure between about 0.5 and about 3 Torr. The distance between a metal shutter in the chamber and the substrate is adjusted to between about 3 and about 6 centimeters and an excimer pulsed laser having an intensity between about 20 and about 70 mJ and a repetition of between about 10 to about 30 Hz is directed onto the shutter for a period of between about 5 and about 30 minutes to clean the substrate. The invention is still further directed to a p-type film on a substrate wherein the film contains a p-type dopant element which is the same element as one constituent of the substrate. The invention is further directed to a process for preparing a p-n junction having a p-type ZnO film and an n-type ZnO film on a p-type doped substrate wherein the net acceptor concentration is at least about 1015 acceptors/cm3. The process comprises adjusting the temperature in a pulsed laser deposition chamber to between about 300 and about 450xc2x0 C. and growing a p-type ZnO film on the substrate by directing an excimer pulsed laser beam onto a pressed ZnO powder pellet containing a p-type dopant and growing an n-type film on top of the p-type film. The invention is further directed to a process for growing a doped ZnO film on a substrate. The process comprises adjusting the temperature in a pulsed laser deposition chamber to between about 300 and about 450xc2x0 C. and pre-ablating a polycrystalline ZnO crystal. Finally, an excimer pulsed laser beam is directed onto the polycrystalline ZnO crystal to grow a film on the GaAs substrate while a molecular beam containing a dopant is simultaneously directed onto the growing ZnO film for a time sufficient to incorporate at least about 1015 dopant/cm3. Other objects and features of this invention will be in part apparent and in part pointed out hereinafter.
Tablet devices are widely popular for a variety of applications, and are now marketed by a variety of manufacturers in different sizes and footprints. The devices can function as handheld computers, with built-in wireless (Wi-Fi) and cell radios. The displays may be touch sensitive. Examples of tablet devices include the iPad marketed by Apple, Inc., to name only the most popular at this time. Tablets may be used as e-readers, as web surfing devices, as point-of-sale intake devices in retail shops or restaurants, as video display devices for watching videos, just to name a few exemplary applications. For many users and applications, it is desirable to be able to handle the device with one hand, to place the tablet device on a stand or flat onto a table surface without damage. While many covers are available, they typically do not enhance the handling of the device.
Turn Your Plants Into Cute Animals With These Cool Themed Planters Why plant your cute little succulents in normal, boring pots when you can display them in these gorgeous animal-themed planters? Created by Stella Melgrati and available on Etsy, these planters will help to liven up your living space, or anywhere you wish to display your plants. We think these hand made felted vases, fashioned to be a cute puppy, kitty, happy chick or octopus, are absolutely adorable. Take a look below!Website: etsy Cookies help us deliver a personalised experience. It provides us with the ability to show relevant content and ads suited to the user. We also use cookies to analyse our traffic. For a better understanding of what data we collect, please read our Privacy Policy. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies.AcceptLearn More
The World Bank believes supporting battery storage projects in China will help the country curb its renewable energy curtailment practices and also mobilize private investment in the storage segment. Pictured is the city of Tianjin in China. (Photo Credit: Yang Aijun/World Bank) World Bank Commits $1 Billion For Battery Storage Technology To Help Developing & Middle-Income Nations Ramp Up Use Of Renewables; Aims To Mobilize Another $4 Billion To Finance 17.5 GWh Of Battery Storage By 2025 World Bank Approves $224.7 Million As Credit & Grant For Regional Off-Grid Electrification Project To Help Expand Energy Access For Households, Businesses & Public Institutions In 19 Nations In West Africa & Sahel Region The World Bank has approved a $300 million loan to support the Renewable Energy and Battery Storage Promotion Project in China with the intent to increase the integration and utilization of renewable energy by deploying battery storage systems at scale. Hua Xia Bank, a publicly listed commercial bank in China, will implement the project and also provide co-financing of at least $450 million. It will support small and medium enterprises to implement financially and technically well-structured battery storage projects. Noting the constraints China faces in a smooth transmission towards renewable energy, especially wind and solar power, compounded by gaps in the regulatory framework for electricity trading between provinces, the World Bank says this project will address these constraints and support China’s overarching energy transition goals. “By providing financing for battery storage and distributed renewable energy applications, the project will reduce curtailment of renewable energy capacity and thus encourage further investments into changing China’s energy mix,” said Martin Raiser, World Bank Country Director for China. “Parallel technical assistance will help improve the policy and regulatory framework for green energy technologies, thereby reducing risks and encouraging private investment.” The project is part of the World Bank’s $1 billion battery storage investment program it launched in September 2018, which it followed up with the Energy Storage Partnership (ESP) to promote international cooperation on battery storage solutions. The Global Environmental Facility (GEF) and the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) will provide technical assistance for policy and regulatory reforms, shaping appropriate technology and safety standards. Wind and solar power in China has mainly grown because of generous subsidies the government has been providing to these two segments, however it was unable to transport and pay for all on time, which led to curbing of renewable energy generation that in turn meant losses for developers. The government is now preparing the country for a subsidy free wind and solar power phase. In May 2019, it released the first phase of 20.76 GW subsidy free solar, wind and distributed renewable energy projects in 2019 (see China Approves 20.76 GW Subsidy Free RE Capacity). Battery storage is then one of the ways to help the industry utility its full potential.
Slovenia is often overlooked in favour of larger neighbours including Italy and Croatia. But this Central European country deserves more attention. It’s a fantastic destination for adventure sports of all kinds – including windsurfing. Slovenia windsurfing holidays can combine a visit to it’s small – but lovely – Mediterranean coast, with the stunning mountain… Like most websites, AWE365.com uses cookies. Our cookies do not record personal data and cannot be used to identify you personally. They're here to make the site work better and allow us to analyse how it's being used. You can delete these cookies if you wish, but some aspects of the site may not work as well without cookies.
Tuesday, November 29, 2016 India unveils the world's largest solar power plant Images have been released showing the sheer size of the new solar power plant in southern India. The facility in Kamuthi, Tamil Nadu, has a capacity of 648 MW and covers an area of 10sq km. This makes it the largest solar power plant at a single location, taking the title from the Topaz Solar Farm in California, which has a capacity of 550 MW. The solar plant, built in an impressive eight months, is cleaned every day by a robotic system, charged by its own solar panels. At full capacity, it is estimated to produce enough electricity to power about 150,000 homes. The project is comprised of 2.5 million individual solar modules, and cost $679m to build. The new plant has helped nudge India's total installed solar capacity across the 10 GW mark, according to a statement by research firm Bridge to India, joining only a handful of countries that can make this claim. As solar power increases, India is expected to become the world's third-biggest solar market from next year onwards, after China and the US. Despite the fast-growing solar power industry, India will still need to increase its take-up of solar panels if it is to achieve the ambitious targets set by the government. By 2022, India aims to power 60 million homes by the sun. It is part of the government's goal to produce 40 percent of its power from non-fossil fuels by 2030. This aim has been praised by environmental groups and is hoped will also help reduce the country's problem with air quality. At the beginning of this month, the pollution level in the capital New Delhi reached its worst levels in 17 years. [aljazeera.com] 29/11/16 - EL Kaos UT The UN has imposed a 2013 deadline for the submission of scientific claims to the Arctic seabed. It is the precursor to a resource boom which would see Canada, the US, Russia, Norway and Greenland all attempt to exploit the region's resources.
Alps crash pilot told ex 'everyone will know my name' 28th March 2015, 0 comments The co-pilot who investigators believe crashed a passenger jet into the French Alps, killing all 150 aboard, worried "health problems" would dash his dreams and vowed one day to do something to "change the whole system", an ex-girlfriend told a German newspaper. The 26-year-old woman, identified only as Maria W., recalled in an interview with the mass-circulation Bild daily how Andreas Lubitz told her: "One day I'm going to do something that will change the whole system, and everyone will know my name and remember." "I never knew what he meant by that but now it makes sense," it quoted the "shocked" flight attendant as saying. The black box voice recorder indicates that Lubitz, 27, locked the captain out of the cockpit of the Germanwings jet and deliberately flew Flight 4U 9525 into a mountainside as the more senior pilot tried desperately to reopen the door during its eight-minute descent, French officials say. As investigators race to build up a picture of Lubitz and any possible motives, new media reports emerged saying he had suffered from vision problems, adding to earlier reports he was severely depressed. German prosecutors believe he hid an illness from his airline but have not specified the ailment, and said he had apparently been written off sick on the day the Airbus crashed on its route from Barcelona to Duesseldorf. - 'Health problems' - Bild, which showed a photo of the ex-girlfriend from behind to conceal her face, said she had flown with Lubitz on European flights for five months last year and that he had had another girlfriend since her. She said he could be "sweet" and would give her flowers but got agitated talking about work conditions, such as pay or the pressure of the job, and was plagued by nightmares. "At night he woke up and screamed 'We're going down!'," she recalled. If Lubitz did deliberately crash the plane, it was "because he understood that because of his health problems, his big dream of a job at Lufthansa, of a job as captain and as a long-haul pilot was practically impossible", she told Bild. She split up with him because it became "increasingly clear that he had problems", she said. German police found a number "of medicines for the treatment of psychological illness" during a search at his Duesseldorf home, newspaper Welt am Sonntag weekly said, quoting an unnamed high-ranking investigator as saying he'd been treated by several neurologists and psychiatrists. Sunday's Bild weekly and the New York Times, which cited two officials with knowledge of the investigation, said Lubitz had sought treatment for problems with his sight. - 'Alone in cockpit' - Germanwings pilot Frank Woiton was quoted in Saturday's edition of Bild as saying he had flown with Lubitz who had spoken about his ambitions to become a captain and fly long-distance routes. He said he handled the plane well and "therefore I also left him alone in the cockpit to go to the toilet," he told the newspaper. French police investigator Jean-Pierre Michel, who was in Duesseldorf Saturday, told AFP that Lubitz's personality was a "serious lead" in the inquiry but not the only one. The investigation has so far not turned up a "particular element" in the co-pilot's life which could explain his alleged action in the ill-fated Airbus plane, he said. German prosecutors revealed Friday that searches of Lubitz's homes netted "medical documents that suggest an existing illness and appropriate medical treatment", including "torn-up and current sick leave notes, among them one covering the day of the crash". Lufthansa CEO Carsten Spohr has said that Lubitz had suspended his pilot training, which began in 2008, "for a certain period", before restarting and qualifying for the Airbus A320 in 2013. The second-in-command had passed all psychological tests required for training, he told reporters Thursday. "The case of Andreas Lubitz has already sparked a debate on whether medical confidentiality for professions like pilots must be limited," said the Sueddeutsche Zeitung newspaper. - National ceremony - Germany is to hold a national memorial ceremony and service on April 17 for the victims of Tuesday's disaster, half of whom were German, with Spain accounting for at least 50 and the remainder composed of more than a dozen other nationalities. Around 500 people earlier Saturday attended a religious ceremony in the French town of Digne-les-Bains, about 40 kilometres (25 miles) south of the remote Alpine crash zone where searchers are recovering the victims' remains and evidence. Candles for each of the victims were placed in front of the cathedral's altar. The search of the crash site where teams are recovering bodies and looking for the plane's second black box recorder was meanwhile called off as night fell, a spokesman for the local gendarmerie said. Lufthansa and Germanwings -- which has offered victims' families up to 50,000 euros ($54,806) per passenger towards their immediate costs -- placed a full-page condolence notice in several European newspapers Saturday.
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Following another traumatic day in the Korean War MASH unit operating room, suregon and commanding officer Webbe (Humphrey Bogart) still has energy to pursue the admiring but virtuous new Army nurse Ruth (June Allyson), Richard Brooks directing, in Battle Circus, 1953.>
Reflections upon the trends of education and research in small animal reproduction in Europe. An open questionnaire-based survey was performed among 86 institutions of veterinary education in 32 European countries: 15 within the European Union (EU) and 17 outside the EU, in Central and Eastern Europe and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). The survey aimed to provide a view of the general status of education and research in small animal reproduction (SAR) in Europe. It further aimed to disclose whether ongoing trends in organization (e.g., from the classical animal reproduction discipline orientation [DO] toward a species-oriented [SO] organization) among veterinary colleges responsible for undergraduate education and research in SAR have affected the provision of clinical services, continuing professional development (CPD), specialization, post-graduate education, and research. Response rates reached 80% among EU institutions and 48.4% in other countries (overall response rate = 68.6%). A clear, significant majority of institutions (> 60%) were DO, with a well-defined comparative subject in the veterinary curriculum. No differences were reported for either orientation in their ability to provide undergraduate education or clinical services in SAR. However, more DO institutions reported active research in SAR than their SO counterparts. Similar (and stronger) differences were seen for post-graduate education, CPD, and participation in specialization programs (national or European). Finally, more DO than SO institutions provided assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), such as AI with frozen semen, to customers. The analysis of the data emanating from the respondents' perceptions, supports the advantages of the more classical, DO-based approach. The results highlight the need for caution when institutions abandon the comparative benefits of the classical DO animal reproduction subject for a SO approach, which tends to prioritize clinical specialized service rather than research and research education. In the author's opinion, in the absence of the data generated by comparative research and used in research education and the development of new technologies in SAR, there is a risk that sound science-based academic preparation for undergraduates and candidates for post-graduate research education is constrained. To counteract these negative trends, SAR must be recognized as a very important branch of the department of animal reproduction. Access to resources, personnel for teaching and research, and curriculum space should be made available in order to provide the basis for relevant post-graduate training, specialization, and research.
Transport of para-aminohippurate and cholic acid by isolated surviving preparations of epithelium from iris and ciliary body of rhesus monkey eyes was demonstrated, and the chemical kinetics of the processes were measured. The kinetics of the uptake of these two substances were affected differently by a series of inhibitors. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that the processes responsible for the accumulation were different for the two substances but shared some common features. The knowledge of how various organic acids are transported in the eye is useful in devising effective schedules for administratton of drugs to the eye.
Body found in Edinburgh city centre churchyard Published duration 24 April 2015 An investigation has been launched into the death of a man whose body was found in an Edinburgh city centre churchyard. The body was discovered in St Cuthbert's churchyard on Lothian Road at about 13:00. Police officers said his death is currently being treated as unexplained.
CNES Laboratory gets Platinum The Carbon Neutral Energy Solutions Laboratory features photovoltaic arrays for solar power, generating 290 kW. The building was awarded Platinum LEED status for its sustainability measures. The Carbon Neutral Energy Solutions Laboratory features photovoltaic arrays for solar power, generating 290 kW. The building was awarded Platinum LEED status for its sustainability measures. In December 2012, the Carbon Neutral Energy Solutions Laboratory (CNES) was awarded the Platinum level LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) Certification, the first to be recognized at this level of LEED certification at Tech. The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) is in charge of giving out LEED certifications to buildings that meet various environmentally sustainable criteria. The CNES building was also the first building on campus with a net-zero energy consumption goal with onsite energy production. Additionally, the 42,000 square foot building will consume only 29 million BTUs per year—roughly half the energy of a small-sized office. “The building itself is a low consumer of energy. It has no air conditioning; it’s just shade and shelter with natural ventilation and very large fans for controlling the fans for controlling the temperature in there,” Jones said. In addition, the building features a variety of other “green” technologies, such as the largest and most expensive photovoltaic (PV) array on campus. According to Jones, these PV cells generate 290 kW, equivalent to 91 percent of the building’s total energy use. Jones, however, acknowledged LEED certification was not the primary reason for designing a sustainable building. “Basically, LEED is a useful measuring system—that’s all it is,” said Darrell Scott Jones, Director of Design and Construction in the Facilities Department. “We try to design sustainably in everything we do. We use LEED as a measuring end—it’s not an end of itself, but just a way to know how you’re doing.” “The principal thing is that we wind up with a building that’s very good to occupy in terms of indoor air quality, natural light and ventilation,” Jones said. Material reuse, green power and innovative wastewater technologies are some of the creditable criteria awarded after various prerequisites are met, for new building construction projects. Buildings that receive a score of 80 or more out of a 100 points are eligible for platinum LEED certification.
AN UP TO DATE LIST OF THE EXHIBITORS AT THE 2020 EXHIBITION This year we have 11 new Exhibitors and many old friends More to follow Over 70 Traders (more to follow) with over 200 tables If you want it….we have it. If we don’t have it……. we can get it. “Bringing the Worlds Arachnologists together” STILL THE BIGGEST, STILL THE OLDEST AND STILL THE BEST ARACHNID SHOW IN EUROPE Below is a current list of Exhibitors for the BTS Exhibition this year. Lots of new exhibitors and new friends join us this year. I’ve tried to give you an idea of what they all have but of course you will need to see for yourself. Don’t forget we also have the amazing BTS Spider Competition where you can win stunning trophies and maybe Best In Show (Apologies if any of the descriptions are wrong. Please contact me and I will change it straightaway AMAZING REPTILES Gifts and Dry goods ANT’S ANTS (NEW) Ant and cool stuff ARNOLD DAVE (IHS) IHS Nottingham ARTHROPODA Phasmids BACH MA BREEDINGS Tarantulas BAKER K (EXOTIC PETS) Spiders and bugs galore BITEY THINGS (NEW) Spiders BRITISH ARACHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY British Spiders BRITISH TARANTULA SOCIETY BTS Merchandise and membership BRITISH TARANTULAS SOCIETY COMP The “Crufts” of the Spider World BUG BOX UK Bugs and inverts BUGZ UK Insects, spiders and load more BUZZARD REPTILES (NEW) Spiders and dry good CARPENTER PAUL The Living Rainforest CONABEER MIKE Dry goods, crickets and spiders COOK GRAHAM Plants and Inverts CORNISH CRISPA Dry goods CUSTOM AQUARIA Glass Vivarium DAVIES WARREN Tarantulas DEAD SET CO Taxidermy and pinned FANGTASTIC TARANTULAS (NEW) Tarantulas FAT BOB EXOTICS Tarantulas LES FOX Insects FRESH ARACHNIDS TAKEAWAY Tarantulas GABRIEL RAY Tarantulas GOSS MARTIN Tarantulas GRABOWITZ PETER Spiders GREGORY DANIEL(NEW) HICKS TEL T-Shirts and clothing HUGHES LUKE Spiders INVERT NATION (NEW) Insects and Spiders INVICTA Spiders, club merchandise JEFFRIES KELLY Mantids JUCHNIEWICZ K (TARANTULA ROOM) Tarantula housing KENNEDY BENJAMIN (VIS) Invert Vet KITTEN BRITAIN (CREATURE COURAGE) Phobias LAKIN CURTIS Stick Insects etc. MANTIS DEN (LIAM WATERHOUSE) Mantids MARCINIAK DAMIAN (ASIAN THERAPHOSIDS) Tarantulas MASTERS MIKE Mantids MCMAHON HUGH Bug Jewelly METCALF STEVE Tarantulas MK EXOTICS Dry goods and horticultural NETOPIL SONJA Spiders NOYCE JESSICA (NEW) PALASZ JAROSLAW (SPIDERWORLD EU) Tarantulas PATILLA CLAYTON Tarantulas PIORUN EMIL Tarantulas PORTSMOUTH TARANTULAS Tarantulas REMAINS TO BE SCENE Taxidermy REPXOTICS Dry goods SKOWRONEK JAKUB Tarantulas SMITH ANDREW Author and Film maker SNAILS 4U (NEW) Snails SO MANY LEGS (ANDY ORMES) Spiders and bugs SOUTHWEST JUMPERS Spiders SPOODERSNEST (NEW) Jumping Spiders STEVENS TONY (MY WILDLIFE) Wildlife photography SZYMANSKI RADOSLAW (NEW) Spiders THE BEAUTIFUL DECEASED (NEW) Taxidermy and pinned THE INSECT FARM (MARK NELSON) Bugs and moths THE SPIDER FACTORY Tarantulas THE SPIDER SHOP Tarantulas THE TARANTULA BARN Tarantulas TOTAL TARANTULAS (NICK TYRES) Tarantulas TRAVERS PAUL Tarantulas TROPICAL FACTORY UK (NEW) Tarantulas TROPICAL FACTORY EU (NEW) Tarantulas UNSEEN UNIVERSE Mantids and inverts VERDEZ JEAN MICHEL/BENOIT Tarantulas WEBB TONY (VENOMOUS VISIONS) Centipedes and gifts
Q: ExecutorService for Do-While Loop in Java I am new to concurrency and I was trying to implement executor service concurrency for a do-while loop. But I always run into RejectedExecutionException Here is my sample code: do { Future<Void> future = executor.submit(new Callable<Void>() { @Override public Void call() throws Exception { // action return null; } }); futures.add(future); executor.shutdown(); for (Future<Void> future : futures) { try { future.get(); } catch (InterruptedException e) { throw new IOException(e) } } } while (true); But this seems incorrect. I think I am calling the shutdown at the wrong place. Can anyone please help me implement Executor Service in a do-while loop correctly. Thanks. A: ExecutorService.shutdown() stops the ExecutorService from accepting anymore jobs. It should be called when you're done submitting jobs. Also Future.get() is a blocking method, which means it will block the execution of current thread and next iteration of loop will not continue unless this future (on which the get is called) returns. This will happen in every iteration, which makes the code non parallel. You can use a CountDownLatch to wait for all the jobs to return. Following is the correct code. final List<Object> results = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList<Object>()); final CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(10);//suppose you'll have 10 futures do { Future<Void> future = executor.submit(new Callable<Void>() { @Override public Void call() throws Exception { // action latch.countDown();//decrease the latch count results.add(result); // some result return null; } }); futures.add(future); } while (true); executor.shutdown(); latch.await(); //This will block till latch.countDown() has been called 10 times. //Now results has all the outputs, do what you want with them. Also if you're working with Java 8 then you can take a look at this answer https://stackoverflow.com/a/36261808/5343269
341 S.W.2d 564 (1960) Theo J. KRIEGER, Appellant, v. SHEFFIELD, GARRETT & CARTER, a Partnership, Appellee. No. 3791. Court of Civil Appeals of Texas, Waco. November 19, 1960. Rehearing Denied December 1, 1960. 565 Robert L. Sonfield, Houston, for appellant. Elledge & Urban, Geo. P. Murrin, Vinson, Elkins, Weems & Searls, Houston, for appellee. WILSON, Justice. Appellee filed applications for writs of garnishment, alleging recovery of an unsatisfied judgment in a divorce case. Appellee's assignor was appointed auditor in the divorce case, judgment in which fixed the reasonable cost of the audit and taxed the amount as costs of suit against appellant. Appellee filed an independent suit against appellant for recovery of this amount which was dismissed without prejudice. Appellant intervened in the garnishment proceedings, after garnishees admitted indebtedness to appellant, challenging issuance of the writs. His pleas and motions were overruled and judgment in garnishment was rendered for appellee. 566 Appellant's basic position is that since appelleeappointed auditor in the divorce case under Rule 172, Texas Rules of Civil Procedurewas not a party to the judgment in the divorce proceedings, the writ of garnishment is not available to him under the provisions of Art. 4076, Vernon's Ann.Tex.Stats., because he does not have "a valid, subsisting judgment" required by subdivision three thereof. Rule 172 provides that the court appointing an auditor shall award reasonable compensation "to such auditor", to be taxed as costs of suit. This provision is not materially unlike those in such examples as Rule 173, dealing with the fee of a guardian ad litem; Rules 244 and 759, concerning attorney's fees; and Rule 171 relating to masters in chancery. The fee is allowed "as compensation for services rendered", although taxed as costs. Bruni v. Vidaurri, 140 Tex. 138, 166 S.W.2d 81, 96. This question is not free from doubt and has given us concern, but we are convinced appellant's contention must be sustained under this record. Ordinarily, processes to enforce collection of costs are available only in the names of parties "and not in favor of officers in whose favor the costs have been adjudged." 15 Tex.Jur.2d Sec. 79, p. 94; 20 C.J.S. Costs § 416, p. 654. The divorce judgment determined "the reasonable cost of the audit" and taxed it as costs of suit against appellant. The auditor is not designated as a party to the judgment, although his identity as the auditor appointed is shown by the judgment roll. The court had judicial knowledge of the existence and terms of the order appointing the auditor and the divorce judgment. King & King v. Porter, 113 Tex. 198, 252 S.W. 1022. This knowledge, however, does not make the auditor a "party in whose favor the judgment was rendered." There is no award here "to such auditor." To support a writ of garnishment the judgment in the main suit must be definite, final, and one upon which execution may issue. 20-B Tex. Jur., Sec. 42, p. 234. The clerk could not have properly issued an execution stating appellee's (or his assignor's) as the name of the party in whose favor the judgment was rendered as required by Rule 629. 18 Tex. Jur., Sec. 25, p. 559. No judgment was rendered in appellee's favor. This is not merely because the auditor was not named in the judgment. Had there been an award to the auditor, his identity might have been supplied. Laros v. Hartman, 152 Tex. 518, 260 S.W.2d 592, 594; Nicholson v. Mills, Tex. Civ.App., 227 S.W.2d 354, writ ref. He simply does not have a "valid, subsisting judgment." The most liberal construction of the divorce judgment does not make the ancillary writ available to appellee, in our opinion, under Art. 4076, subd. 3. "The remedy of garnishment is summary and harsh. * * * [S]uch proceedings cannot be sustained unless they are in strict conformity with statutory requirements." Beggs v. Fite, 130 Tex. 46, 106 S.W.2d 1039, 1042. The record shows only a judgment for costs in favor of plaintiff in the divorce judgment against defendant. We do not reach, nor imply opinion on the academic question of whether the writ would have been available to appellee had the judgment made an award to the auditor as provided by Rule 172, rather than merely fixing the amount and taxing it as costs. The judgment in garnishment is reversed and here rendered that appellee take nothing, and that garnishees are discharged. That portion of the judgment dismissing appellant's cross-action, however, is reversed and to such extent the cause remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent herewith on appellant's cross-action. Costs on appeal and in the trial court are taxed against appellee. The clerk of the trial court is directed to deliver any sums paid into the registry of the court by garnishees, under the judgment, to the garnishees so paying such sums.
More than Just a Good Buy We opened the March issue talking about the community giving that is done through the grants issued to local non-profits from proceeds raised by the annual Tour of Homes presented by the Episcopal Church Women of Christ Church Frederica. Now we’d like to shine a light on another local outreach founded by the community for the community. Many people think of Hello Goodbuy, the little resale shop on the corner of Highway 17 and Gloucester Street, as simply another thrift store, but it is so much more than that! In the 1950s, the St. Mark’s Thrift Store was started as an outreach ministry of St. Mark’s Episcopal Church in Brunswick by a small group of people with big hearts. Their giant leap of faith gained modest success in the store’s early years and a model for giving back to those in need in the community was developed. In 2011, the store was relocated and reborn as Hello Goodbuy, the Golden Isles’ Non-Profit Resale Store, and is run by a paid and volunteer staff. The thrift store is run completely on community donations and is fueled by locals helping locals. Their purpose is to utilize sales from the thrift store to support church outreach work and to finance projects led by local non-profit agencies and outreach programs through quarterly distributions, and their mission remains the same as it always was: to return ALL proceeds in excess of operating expenses to the Golden Isles community. On January 12, Hello Goodbuy distributed $29,611 to 11 area non-profits at their 4th Quarter of 2018 Giving Back ceremony, bringing their total Community Impact since opening to almost $800,000 to date and assisting approximately 100 organizations. That is incredible! And it can only be accomplished through generous donations, hardworking staff and volunteers, loyal customers, and community support. You can make a difference in people’s lives just by bargain shopping or getting rid of your unwanted items! Donations are accepted between 10:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. and pick-up can be arranged if you have gently used furniture or large items to donate. Hello Goodbuy accepts anything from furniture, clothing, children’s items and toys, beds and bedding to housewares, jewelry, media, collectible, and more. If it’s in decent condition, they’ll take it! And if they can’t use it, they’ll find someone who can. Remember your donations are tax-deductible too! Hello Good Buy rack Hello Good Buy shelves In addition to the quarterly giving through the Outreach Program, Hello Goodbuy also hosts special First Saturday Sales with deals in the main building and in the annex located in the adjacent building. These sales are used to raise funds for a specific community non-profit each month. In January, funds were raised for the St. Mark’s Towers Residents Council to provide entertainment and activities for their homebound residents. In February, proceeds from sales in the annex were used to support the local Coast Guard Auxiliary, as they were affected by non-payment during the federal government shut-down. Hello Goodbuy also helps people with material needs on a daily basis. In 2018, they gave away more than $20,000 worth of merchandise to people in need in the Golden Isles community. Ready to help you find what you need are Alice Nightingale, Rose Wilson, Kay Curry Something else Hello Goodbuy does well is digital. In addition to selling in the thrift store, they are a vendor on eBay. Their website (hellogoodbuystore.com) is very well done and user friendly, with a link to their e-bay listings, as well as a photo gallery of many items in the store. Here you can also find information about the quarterly distributions, a list of recipients, and an online application for quarterly funding, if you happen to represent a qualifying 501(c)(3). There’s also an online volunteer application too, so you too can get involved. The Hello Goodbuy Facebook page is another fabulous resource. They post regularly so you can find out about new items in the store as well as any special sales and events. They also use it to celebrate and support their volunteers and the work they do outside of Hello Goodbuy. For instance, they shared a photo posted by Keep Golden Isles Beautiful showing a team of volunteers at February’s GreenScreen Film Festival Local Environmental Organization Fair, with this comment: “Hello Goodbuy Board Member and Volunteer Chrys Graham sets a great example of what we stand for — not only being part of our Community, but actively working to make a difference and leave a positive impact. We are proud to call her one of our own.” They are helping to promote the West Marigold Mardi Dawg Parade on March 3, which benefits Coastal Animal Rescue Society and No Kill Glynn County, by sharing its information and this positive post: “Hello Goodbuy Volunteer and previous Board Chair Rose Wilson embodies what we stand for as a key organizer of this event. She believes in our Community and actively makes her mark as a caregiver, nurturer, and supporter.” They are wonderfully supportive of others: encouraging people to visit local businesses where volunteers are employed, sharing other outreach projects, and even announcing the opening of the new Safe Harbor Thrift Shop. We love seeing this type of engagement! Hello Goodbuy is located at 1523 Glynn Ave. in Brunswick, and is open from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. every day except Sunday. They can be reached at 912.264.8181 with any questions or to arrange furniture pick-up. Follow Hello Goodbuy on Facebook and visit the thrift store website at hellogoodbuystore.com. For a truly uplifting experience, drop in the store during the Quarterly Funding Ceremonies to see who the non-profit recipients are and hear about what they plan on doing with the money. It’s amazing to see how so many people in our community can be touched by the work of this one little store! Plan a visit to say “Hello” and get the benefit of giving to good works plus the bargain of a good buy.
GAINESVILLE, Fla. – As he lay on the lush turf last Saturday afternoon, fearing the worst, Kyle Trask wondered: Why now? The Florida quarterback’s knee had twisted. He’d heard a pop. His mind immediately went to what it might mean. “Scary,” Trask calls it now, long after the diagnosis came back – a sprain – and after he’d come back into the game to help lead the Gators to a win against Auburn, which is the program’s most significant in years. “I’m so grateful the way it turned out,” he says. He’s referring to the injury, but the extrapolation fits, too. This weekend, Trask will lead the Gators in an even bigger opportunity, this one on the road against No. 6 LSU. A fourth-year junior, Trask will make his fourth start – since he was in ninth grade. “Pretty surreal,” Trask says. But it’s oh, so real. Which only makes the running joke among his former coaches at Manvel High School near Houston even funnier. They’ve long envisioned a “30 for 30”-style documentary about the guy who played at Florida and then in the NFL and, well, as Larry McRae puts it, laughing: “We’re gonna be the bums that, ‘Why didn’t he start for his high school?’” But there was good reason. Manvel had two superb quarterbacks in the same class. D’Eriq King, a dual-threat dynamo who’s now at Houston, was a better fit for the Mavericks’ offensive system. POWER RANKINGS:ACC \| Big 12 \| Big Ten \| Pac-12 \| SEC IMPACT GAMES:Week 7 clashes that will influence College Football Playoff STAFF PICKS:LSU-Florida and Oklahoma-Texas top strong schedule As King put up big numbers for Manvel, Trask played plenty. The game plan each week had Trask entering the game for the third series. “We knew he was a special talented kid, as well,” says McRae, who was Manvel’s offensive coordinator and offensive line coach and is now head coach at Clear Lake High. “Throwing, arm strength and stuff like that, Kyle wasn’t lacking in (talent) at all.” He also didn’t lack for other opportunities. To understand how Trask arrived as Florida’s unlikely starter, it’s instructive to know why he stayed at Manvel. Coaches at other high schools saw the big kid with the strong arm. In various ways, they made sure he knew he could start for their team. He says he considered the idea once or twice, but never seriously. McRae says word would inevitably come back through the coaching grapevine: Trask had politely declined an opportunity, saying something like, “I’m born and raised in Manvel, Texas, and I’m a Manvel Maverick.” Melissa Charba, Trask’s mother, recalls only one brief conversation with her son about the possibility of transferring. “We just chatted about it,” she says. “We’re not moving for football. Plus, he’s not gonna run from competition just so he can play.” Says Trask: “My mom really valued loyalty: ‘This is where you live. This is where you’re gonna stay and grind it out.’” That held true even after high school. Even as quarterbacks transfer with increasing regularity in college football, Trask stayed at Florida. Last summer, with an August graduation date looming for Trask, meaning he’d have the opportunity to transfer with immediate eligibility, Gators coach Dan Mullen met with Trask, curious what he might be thinking. “He said he’d support me whatever I did,” Trask recalls. “I told him, ‘I have no doubts, no thoughts of leaving. I’m all-in.’” None of which surprised those who know Trask. “I knew he wasn’t one of those guys who was gonna run off to the (transfer) portal,” McRae says. “Kids go to the portal for different reasons, but I knew Kyle wasn’t gonna run to the portal because of competition.” Not leaving is one thing. But how he even got to Florida is the oddest part of all of this. Trask’s big frame and strong arm drew attention from the college coaches who regularly watched Manvel’s practices. Several FCS-level schools offered scholarships. But plenty of those college assistants wondered aloud to Manvel’s coaches: “How do I tell my head coach we’re gonna offer a scholarship to a kid that’s a backup?” “We told ‘em, ‘Special circumstances call for special decisions,’” McRae says. “‘Trust your eyes. What do you see out of him?’” Doug Nussmeier, then Florida’s offensive coordinator, saw enough to invite Trask to attend camp in Gainesville the summer before his senior year, and then to a second camp for top recruits. Trask performed well, and got invited to then-coach Jim McElwain’s office when the camp was finished. They weren’t expecting what they got: a scholarship offer. “We were blown away,” Charba says. “Just a moment of shock.” Once at Florida, a broken right foot derailed his shot in 2017. Last season, it was a broken left foot. And then, after Trask’s conversation with Mullen last summer, Feleipe Franks won the competition to start this season. And at least outside the program, there wasn’t real clarity about which quarterback was No. 2. Emory Jones, a redshirt freshman with tremendous potential, is seen by many as the Gators’ future. “He didn’t blink an eye,” Mullen says. “He stuck and (said), ‘Coach, this is what I told you I’m doing, this is what I’m doing.’ Now he’s getting his opportunity.” The situation wasn’t new to Trask. “I never settled for being the backup,” he says, referring to both high school and college football. “It’s something that pushed me every single day. There was always someone competing with me, every day, so I never backed down from the challenge.” When Franks suffered a gruesome ankle injury at Kentucky, in the Gators’ third game, Trask was ready. Since taking over, his completion rate is 71.7 percent. He set a school record with 18 consecutive completions in games against Tennessee and Towson. Perhaps most important, he has provided a steady presence, helping Florida rise to 6-0 and into position for more. “So many people have seen his potential,” says Charba, “and he’s been ready. We knew he had it in him. He’s very determined. This isn’t the way you want to become a starter – our hearts just stopped when we saw Feleipe get hurt – but (Trask) just continues to steadily work and improve himself. He has such inner drive, continuing to persist and perfect his game.” Mullen says he’s learned Trask is the same competitor he’d seen in practices. “You don’t always know how that’s gonna translate when now they can hit you,” Mullen says. “The speed of it picks up. I’ve seen him really continue to do what we expected him to do and what we knew he could do.” It’s what those who knew Trask always figured he would do, if opportunity arose. That includes a new role as a team spokesman. Trask handles interviews like a veteran, understated and unemotional, and sees one of his tasks as trying to tamp down the “outside noise.” “That just comes with the success we’re having,” he says. “In order to keep that success going, we have to stay focused on one goal at a time.” Still, Trask describes his role in the Gators’ run as “really cool,” and says playing to a packed house at Florida Field – aka, the Swamp – is “pretty sweet.” “This is what we dream about doing when we’re kids,” he says, “playing in big-time games like this.”
The present invention relates to novel pesticides of the formula (I) below having improved action against parasites; to compositions suitable for use as parasiticides comprising those compounds as active ingredient and to methods of controlling parasites that are based on the administration of those compounds or compositions, and to the use of the said compounds and compositions in a method of controlling parasites and in the manufacture of pesticides for use against parasites. Also described are intermediates of formula (XX) which themselves have parasiticidal activity and are excellently suitable for the preparation of compounds of formula (I). Numerous pesticides are known that can be used in controlling parasites on warm-blooded animals. The control is effected principally by two different methods; either by way of contact action by topical and therefore external treatment of the host animal or systemically, that is to say by oral, transdermal or percutaneous administration to the host animal and ingestion of the active ingredient by the parasites via the blood of the host animal. Far fewer substances are available for systemic use than for topical application, because only substances that have a systemic action and are well tolerated by the host animal can be used. Compounds having as characteristic structural element the sub-structure of formula (II) wherein R1, X, Y, T and U are as defined for formula (I) hereinbelow, form a very interesting class of substances on account of their pronounced topical and systemic action. A prominent individual example is nitenpyram, a compound of formula (III) Nitenpyram and other examples of this class of substances are disclosed, together with their preparation, in EP 0 302 389. Those compounds are described as pesticides having very pronounced insecticidal activity. Further examples of this class of substances are, for example, the subjects of the following patent applications: European published specifications Nos. 285 985; 302 833; 376 279; 471 372; 364 844; 493 369; 381 130; 529 680; 163 855; 375 907; 259 738; 386 565; 383 091 and 590 425; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5 063 236; 5 302 605 and 4 742 060; and also DE-4 207 604; GB-2 228 003 and WO 93/24002. Certain substituted 4-nitroimino-perhydro-1.3.5-oxadiazine derivatives and the use as pesticides and intermediates are described in WO 98/06710. Nitenpyram and other examples of this class of substances that have the said structural element of formula (II) are extremely effective when administered as contact pesticides, for example externally, that is to say topically, to an infested host animal where they come into direct contact with the parasites. They also, however, exhibit a good systemic immediate action when they are administered to the infested host animal orally, parenterally, via injection or via implant. The action, which is pronounced per se, has a serious disadvantage, however, in that it has been found that while the compounds have a high initial action, their action falls off rapidly only a short time after administration. This can be observed particularly clearly after systemic administration and can be monitored by reference to the bioavailability. Blood level measurements show that in many cases high blood levels are achieved even after a few minutes or, more rarely, after a few hours, but these levels then fall within a few hours, at best within a few days, and therefore fall to below an effective concentration much too rapidly. In order to eliminate this shortcoming, numerous, but unfortunately unsuccessful, experiments have already been carried out. For example, it has been shown that a prolongation of the systemic action by increasing the dose can be achieved only to a limited extent. If, for example, depots sufficiently large for the active ingredient to be released over several weeks were to be placed under the skin or in the muscles, then the amounts to be injected or implanted would have to be so large that they would no longer be tolerated by the host animal; local irritation, skin eruptions and painful areas develop. This solution, possible per se, therefore fails on practical and, of course, also ethical grounds. Similarly, it has been found that a long-term action is not achievable by an increased oral dose. When the known compounds having the structural element of formula (II) are administered, it is principally observed that a major part of the substance exhibits its full action only over a short period of time immediately after administration and thereafter the action very rapidly declines. This has serious consequences for preparations for use in veterinary medicine, for example for tablets, injections or for treatment using the pour-on or spot-on method. Because of the short duration of action it is necessary to repeat treatments at short intervals, which means that the keeper of the animal must either repeat the treatment himself, or have it carried out by a veterinary surgeon, at short intervals. Such an intensive treatment programme requires a high degree of discipline, however, and, as experience has shown, after only a short time gives rise to stress on the part of the animal and on the part of the animal""s keeper, which not infrequently results in aversion to the treatment and leads to its premature discontinuation. Prolongation of the action of this inherently extremely effective class of substances has therefore long been a desirable but apparently unattainable goal. The problem underlying the present invention was to achieve that goal and provide substances suitable for use as pesticides having significantly improved properties, especially having a pronounced long-term action. By the provision of the compounds of formula (I) below it has now, surprisingly, been possible for compounds having the structural element of formula (II) to be modified chemically in such a manner that a high degree of long-term bioavailability after administration is achieved without it being necessary to accept adverse effects as a result. The new, improved compounds are compounds of formula (I) below wherein R1 is hydrogen or a radical from the group C1-C4alkyl, formyl, C1-C6alkylcarbonyl, C1-C4-alkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylsulfonyl, arylcarbonyl, heterocyclyl and heterocyclyl-substituted C1-C6alkyl, which radical is unsubstituted or mono- or poly-substituted by identical or different substituents; the said substituents being C1-C4alkyl, C1-C4alkoxy, C1-C4alkyl-thio, C1-C4haloalkyl, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, amino, C1-C4alkylamino, (C1-C4-alkyl)2amino, alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C4alkylsulfonyl and arylsulfonyl; X is CH or N; Y is an electron-withdrawing radical, preferably cyano, nitro or C1-C6haloalkyl-carbonyl, especially COxe2x80x94CF3; T has the meanings of R1 or together with U forms a C1-C4alkylene bridge which is unsubstituted or substituted by a radical R1, or T and U together with the group xe2x80x94Nxe2x80x94Cxe2x80x94Nxe2x80x94 form a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring which may in addition contain as further hetero atom O or S or the hetero group xe2x80x94N(C1-C6alkyl)xe2x80x94; U is hydrogen or C1-C6alkyl, preferably hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6alkyl; R2xe2x80x2 is hydrogen or C1-C6alkyl; and R is C1-C20alkyl, C2-C20alkenyl, C2-C6alkynyl or heterocyclyl, each of those radicals being unsubstituted or substituted by one or more identical or different substituents, the said substituents being selected from the group halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, C1-C6alkoxy, C1-C6alkylthio, C1-C6haloalkyl, C1-C6haloalkoxy and phenyl; or is C3-C7cycloalkyl that is unsubstituted or mono- or poly-substituted by identical or different substituents selected from halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, C1-C6alkyl, C2-C6alkenyl, C2-C6alkynyl, C1-C6alkoxy, C1-C6alkylthio, C1-C6haloalkyl, C1-C20haloalkoxy and phenyl; wherein each phenyl moiety is itself unsubstituted or mono- or poly-substituted by identical or different substituents selected from halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6alkoxy, C1-C6alkylthio, C1-C6haloalkyl and C1-C20haloalkoxy; or is phenyl phenoxyphenyl each of which is unsubstituted or mono- or poly-substituted by identical or different substituents selected from halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6alkoxy, C1-C6alkylthio, C1-C6haloalkyl, and C1-C20haloalkoxy. Within the scope of formula (I) above, preference is given to compounds wherein R is C1-C20alkyl, C2-C20alkenyl or C2-C6alkynyl, each of those radicals being unsubstituted or mono- or poly-substituted by identical or different substituents, the said substituents being selected from the group halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, C1-C6alkoxy, C1-C6alkylthio, C1-C6-haloalkyl, C1-C6haloalkoxy and phenyl; or is C3-C7cycloalkyl that is unsubstituted or mono- or poly-substituted by identical or different substituents selected from halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, C1-C6alkyl, C2-C6alkenyl, C2-C6alkynyl, C1-C6alkoxy, C1-C6alkylthio, C1-C6haloalkyl, C1-C20haloalkoxy and phenyl; or is phenyl phenoxyphenyl each of which is unsubstituted or mono- or poly-substituted by identical or different substituents selected from halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6alkoxy, C1-C6alkylthio, C1-C6haloalkyl, C1-C20haloalkoxy. Within the group of compounds of formula (I) wherein R is C3-C7cycloalkyl that is mono- or poly-substituted by identical or different substituents selected from halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, C1-C6alkyl, C2-C6alkenyl, C2-C6alkynyl, C1-C6alkoxy, C1-C6alkylthio, C1-C6haloalkyl, C1-C20haloalkoxy and phenyl; wherein the phenyl moiety is itself unsubstituted or mono- or poly-substituted by identical or different substituents selected from halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6alkoxy, C1-C6alkylthio, C1-C6haloalkyl and C1-C20haloalkoxy, special preference on account of their pronounced activity is given to those compounds in which the C3-C7cycloalkyl radical is substituted by one substituent and in the 1-position. By the introduction of the side chain of formula (IV) wherein R2, R2xe2x80x2 and R are as defined for formula (I), it has now been possible to prepare substances that exhibit simultaneously a number of long sought and very desirable properties and are now actually suitable for practical use: 1. The compounds of formula (I) have a high level of activity against arthropods, especially blood-sucking insects. 2. They exhibit excellent tolerability when administered systemically and topically to a host animal. 3. They are distinguished by an appreciably longer duration of action in comparison with known compounds having the structural element of formula (II), which can readily be demonstrated by reference to the mortality of the parasites on the host animal. 4. They can be handled satisfactorily from the standpoint of formulation technology and have adequate storage stability. It was not to be predicted that the chemical modification carried out here would result in these advantageous properties and would be able to impart to the novel compounds of formula (I) these positive long-term properties. In the context of the present invention, the definitions of the substituents are to be understood as follows: each of the substituents indicated under formula (I) that can itself be poly-substituted is substituted by either identical or different substituents, that is to say multiple substitutions are to be interpreted as meaning that identical or different substituents can be present simultaneously on the same radical. For example, a radical poly-substituted by halogen may have either several identical halogen atoms or several different halogen atoms. Multiple substitutions are to be interpreted accordingly for other radicals. The alkyl groups appearing in the definitions of substituents in terms such as alky, alkylcarbonyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkoxy, alkylthio, haloalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, haloalkylcarbonyl, etc. may, according to the number of carbon atoms, be straight-chain or branched and are, for example, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hexadecyl, octadecyl or eicosyl, and the branched isomers thereof, e.g. isopropyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, isopentyl, neopentyl or isohexyl. Alkoxy, haloalkyl, haloalkylcarbonyl and haloalkoxy radicals are derived from the mentioned alkyl groups and accordingly are partially or fully halogenated radicals; poly-halogenated radicals carry identical or different halogen atoms. The terms halo and halogen denote halogen atoms and generally denote fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, here preferably fluorne or chlorine, as substituent of an alkyl group especially fluorine and as substituent of a heterocycle especially chlorine. Examples of haloalkylxe2x80x94as a group per se and as a structural element of other groups and compounds, such as haloalkoxyxe2x80x94are methyl mono- to tri-substituted by fluorine, chlorine and/or bromine, such as CHF2 or CF3; ethyl mono- to penta-substituted by fluorine, chlorine and/or bromine, such as CH2CF3, CF2CF3, CF2CCl3, CF2CHCl2, GF2CHF2, CF2CFCl2, CF2CHBr2, CF2CHClF, CF2CHBrF or CClFCHClF; propyl or isopropyl mono- to hepta-substituted by fluorine, chlorine and/or bromine, such as CH2CHBrCH2Br, CF2CHFCF3, CH2CF2CF3 or CH(CF3)2; and butyl mono- to nona-substituted by fluorine, chlorine and/or bromine, or one of its isomers, such as CF(CF3)CHFCF3 or CH2(CF2)2CF3. In the context of the present invention, Het and heterocyclyl are to be understood as meaning aliphatic or aromatic cyclic radicals that contain at least one oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atom. Five- and six-membered heterocycles are preferred. Heterocyclyl accordingly typically includes substituents such as dioxolanyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, furyl, thienyl, imidazolyl, tetrahydrofuryl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydrofuryl, dihydropyranyl, isoxazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolinyl, oxazolidinyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl and dioxanyl. Special preference is given to those which are unsubstituted or contain one or two halogen atoms, halogen here being fluorine, chlorine or bromine, but especially chlorine. Of those heterocyclic radicals special mention should be made of pyridyl, thiazolyl and tetrahydrofuryl. More especially preferred sub-groups of formula (I) contain as heterocyclyl radicals 5,6-dichloro-pyridin-3-yl, 6-chloro-pyridin-3-yl, 2-chlorothiazol-5-yl and tetrahydrofuran-3-yl. Aryl by itself or as part of a substituent, for example arylsulfonyl, arylcarbonyl or aralkyl, is phenyl or naphthyl, preferably phenyl. Alkenyl is, in each case giving due consideration to the number of carbon atoms contained in the group in question, either straight-chain, e.g. vinyl, 1-methyMnyl, allyl, 1-butenyl or 2-hexenyl, or branched, e.g. isopropenyl. Alkynyl is, in each case giving due consideration to the number of carbon atoms contained in the group in question, either straight-chain, e.g. propargyl, 2-butynyl or 5-hexynyl, or branched, e.g. 2-ethynylpropyl or 2propargylisopropyl. C3-C7Cycloalkyl is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl. Typical C1-C4alkylene bridges are xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94, CH2xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94CH(CH3)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94CH(C2H5)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94CH(CH3)xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94CH(CH3)xe2x80x94CH(CH3)xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94C(CH3)2xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94C(CH3)(C2H5) and xe2x80x94C(C2H5)2xe2x80x94. Compounds of formula (I) having at least one basic centre may form acid addition salts with strong acids. Physiologically tolerable acid addition salts are of special interest. An interesting sub-group within the compounds according to the invention is formed by compounds of formula (I) wherein Y is NO2; R1 is hydrogen or a radical from the group C1-C4alkyl, formyl, C1-C4alkylcarbonyl, C1-C4-alkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylsulfonyl, arylcarbonyl, heterocyclyl and heterocyclyl-substituted C1-C6alkyl, which radical is unsubstituted or mono- or poly-substituted by identical or different substituents; the said substituents being C1-C4alkyl, C1-C4alkoxy, C1-C4alkylthio, C1-C4haloalkyl, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, amino, C1-C4alkylamino, (C1-C4-alkyl)2amino, alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C4alkylsulfonyl and arylsulfonyl; T has the meanings of R1 or together with U forms a C1-C4alkylene bridge which is unsubstituted or substituted by a radical R1, or T and U together with the group xe2x80x94Nxe2x80x94Cxe2x80x94Nxe2x80x94 form a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring which may in addition contain as further hetero atom O or S or the hetero group xe2x80x94N(C1-C6alkyl)xe2x80x94; U is hydrogen or C1-C6alkyl, preferably hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; and R2, R2xe2x80x2 and R are as defined for formula (I). Another interesting group is formed by compounds of formula (I) wherein R1 is xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94Het; X is CH; Y is NO2; Het is heterocyclyl that is unsubstituted or mono- or poly-substituted by identical or different substituents; the substituents being C1-C4alkyl, C1-C4alkoxy, C1-C4alkylthio, C1-C4haloalkyl, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, amino, C1-C4alkylamino, (C1-C4alkyl)2amino, alkoxycarbonyl, C1-C4alkylsulfonyl and arylsulfonyl; T (1) is a radical from the group formyl, C1-C6alkylcarbonyl, C1-C4alkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylsulfonyl, arylcarbonyl, heterocyclyl and heterocyclyl-substituted C1-C6alkyl, which radical is unsubstituted or mono- or poly-substituted by identical or different substituents; the said substituents being C1-C4alkyl, C1-C4alkoxy, C1-C4haloalkyl, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, amino, C1-C4alkylamino, (C1-C4alkyl)2amino, C1-C4alkylsulfonyl and arylsulfonyl; or (2) T together with U forms a C1-C4alkylene bridge which is unsubstituted or substituted by a radical selected from the group C1-C4alkyl, formyl, C1-C6alkylcarbonyl, C1-C4alkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylsuffonyl, arylcarbonyl, heterocyclyl and heterocyclyl-substituted C1-C6-alkyl; each radical from the said group itself being unsubstituted or substituted by C1-C4alkyl, C1-C4alkoxy, C1-C4haloalkyl, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, amino, C1-C4-alkylamino, (C1-C4alkyl)2amino, C1-C4alkylsulfonyl or arylsulfonyl; or (3) T and U together with the group xe2x80x94Nxe2x80x94Cxe2x80x94Nxe2x80x94 form a saturated or unsaturated 5- or 6-membered heterocyclic ring which may in addition contain as further hetero atom O or S or the hetero group xe2x80x94N(C1-C6alkyl)xe2x80x94; U is hydrogen or C1-C6alkyl, preferably hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; and R2, R2xe2x80x2 and R are as defined for formula (I). Very especially preferred within the scope of formula (I), however, are compounds of formula (X) wherein R1 is xe2x80x94CH2-Het; R is C1-C20alkyl, C2-C20alkenyl or C2-C6alkynyl, each of those radicals being unsubstituted or mono- or poly-substituted by identical or different substituents, the said substituents being selected from the group halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, C1-C6alkoxy, C1-C6alkylthio, C1-C6haloalkyl, C1-C6haloalkoxy and phenyl; or is C3-C7cycloalkyl that is unsubstituted or mono- or poly-substituted by identical or different substituents selected from halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, C1-C6alkyl, C2-C6alkenyl, C2-C6alkynyl, C1-C6alkoxy, C1-C6alkylthio, C1-C6haloalkyl, C1-C20haloalkoxy and phenyl; or is phenyl phenoxyphenyl each of which is unsubstituted or mono- or poly-substituted by identical or different substituents selected from halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, C1-C6alkyl, C1-C6alkoxy, C1-C6alkylthio, C1-C6haloalkyl, C1-C20haloalkoxy; T and U are each independently of the other hydrogen or C1-C6alkyl, preferably hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; R2 is hydrogen or C1-C6alkyl; R2xe2x80x2 is hydrogen or C1-C6alkyl; and Het is heterocyclyl that is unsubstituted or mono- or poly-subsfituted by identical or different halogen atoms. A further especially preferred sub-group of compounds of formula (I) is formed, on account of their pronounced activity, by compounds of formula (XI) wherein Hal is halogen, preferably fluorine, chlorine or bromine and especially chlorine; and especially occupies the 6-position in the pyridine; X is CH or N and especially N; Y is an electron-withdrawing radical, preferably cyano, nitro or C1-C6haloalkyl-carbonyl, especially COxe2x80x94CF3; more especially nitro; T together with U forms a C1-C4alkylene bridge, preferably an ethylene bridge, which is preferably unsubstituted or substituted by methyl or ethyl; and R2, R2xe2x80x2 and R are as defined for formula (I). Equally preferred on account of their pronounced activity is a sub-group of compounds of formula (I) having the following formula (XII) wherein Hal is halogen, preferably fluorine, chlorine or bromine and especially chlorine; and especially occupies the 2-position in the thiazole; X is CH or N and especially N; Y is an electron-withdrawing radical, preferably cyano, nitro or C1-6haloalkyl-carbonyl, especially COxe2x80x94CF3; more especially nitro; T together with U forms one of the groups xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94, xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94 and xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94N(CH3)CH2xe2x80x94, wherein all methylene groups are unsubstituted or one of said methylen groups is substituted by methyl or ethyl; and R2, R2xe2x80x2 and R are as defined in claim 1 for formula (I). A preferred sub-group of compounds within the scope of formula (X) is formed by those compounds wherein U is methyl or ethyl. A further preferred group of compounds within the scope of formula (X) is formed by those compounds wherein T is methyl or ethyl. A further preferred sub-group of compounds within the scope of formula (X) is formed by those compounds wherein R2 and R2xe2x80x2 are hydrogen, methyl or ethyl. Especially preferred among the compounds within the scope of formula (X) and within the scope of preferred sub-groups mentioned above are those compounds in which the radical Het is pyridyl, thiazolyl or tetrahydrofuryl that is unsubstituted or mono- or di-substituted by halogen; especially 5,6-dichloro-pyridin-3-yl, 6-chloro-pyridin-3-yl, 2-chlorothiazol-5-yl and tetrahydrofuran-3-yl. Within the scope of mentioned sub-groups, preference is given to compounds of formula (I) wherein R is C1-C20alkyl, C2-C20alkenyl or C2-C6alkynyl and especially straight-chain or branched C6-C20alkyl. Especially preferred on account of its biological activity is any compound selected from the group of compounds 1.001; 1.008; 1.011; 1.012; 1.013; 1.014; 1.015; 1.018; 1.019; 1.020; 1.021; 1.022; 1.054; 1.055; 1.056; 1.057; 1.058; 1.059; 1.060; 1.061; 1.062; 1.063; 1.064; 1.065; 1.066; 1.067; 1.068; 1.069; 1.070; 1.071; 1.072; 1.073; 1.074; 1.075; 1.076; 1.077; 1.078; 1.079; 1.080; 1.081; 1.082; 1.083; 1.084; 1.085; 1.086 and 1.087. Parasites in the context of the present invention are parasitic arthropods and, of those, especially blood-sucking insects. Insects of the following orders are included: Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera, Heteroptera, Diptera, Thysanoptera, Orthoptera, Anoplura, Siphonaptera, Mallophaga, Thysanura, Isoptera, Psocoptera and Hymenoptera. Special mention should also be made, however, of pests that trouble human beings or animals and transmit pathogens, for example flies, such as Musca domestica, Musca vetustissima, Musca autumnalis, Fannia caniculadis, Sarcophaga carnaria, Lucilia sericata, Ludlia cuptina, Hypoderma bovis, Hypoderma lineatum, Chrysomyia chloropyga, Dermatobia hominis, Cochliomyia hominivorax, Gasterophilus intestinalis, Oestrus ovis, Callipora erythrocephala (=blowfly), Haematobia (=hornfly) and mosquitos, and also blood-sucking pests, for example fleas, such as Ctenocephalides felis and Ctenocephalides canis (cat and dog fleas), Xenopsylla cheopis, Pulex irritans, Dermatophilus penetrans, lice, such as Damalina ovis, Pediculus humanis, stable flies and horseflies, such as Stomoxys calcitrans, Haematopota pluvialis, Tabanus nigrovittatus, Chrysops caecutiens, tabanids, tsetse flies, such as Glossinia species, and biting insects, more especially cockroaches, such as Blatella germanic or Blatta orientalis, Periplaneta americana. The said parasites attack warm-blooded animals, including farm animals, such as cows, pigs, sheep and goats, poultry, such as hens, turkeys and geese, animals bred for their fur, such as mink, foxes, chinchillas, rabbits and the like, as well as domestic animals and pets, such as cats and dogs, and even human beings do not escape attack. Likewise, flea infestation in domestic animals and pets is a problem for the animal owner to which as yet only unsatisfactory solutions have been found. Owing to the complicated life cycle of the flea, none of the known methods of controlling fleas is totally satisfactory, especially since most of the known methods are aimed principally at controlling the fully grown fleas in the animal""s coat and take no account at all of the various juvenile stages of the fleas, which live not only in the animal""s coat but also on the floor, on carpets, on the animal""s sleeping place, on chairs, in the garden and in all the other places with which the infested animal comes into contact. Flea treatment is generally expensive and must be continued for a prolonged period, success generally only being achieved when the treatment is applied not only to the infested animal, e.g. the dog or cat, but also simultaneously to any places frequented by the infested animal. The compounds of formula (I) according to the invention can be used alone or in combination with other biocides. For example, in order to increase the effect they can be combined with pesticides having the same direction of action or in order to broaden the spectrum of action they can be combined with substances having a different direction of action. It may also be of advantage to add repelling substances, so-called repellents. Where it is desired to extend the spectrum of action to endoparasites, e.g. worms, the compounds of formula (I) are advantageously combined with substances having endoparasiticidal properties. They can, of course, also be used in combination with anti-bacterial agents. Since the compounds of formula (I) are xe2x80x9cadulticidesxe2x80x9d, that is to say since they are effective especially against the fully grown stages of the target parasites, the addition of pesticides that are effective rather against the juvenile stages of the parasite may be very advantageous, since in that way the majority of parasites causing large-scale economic damage will be covered. Furthermore, a substantial contribution is made to avoiding the development of resistance. Some combinations may also lead to synergistic effects, that is to say the total amount of active ingredient applied can be reduced, which is desirable from the ecological standpoint. Preferred groups of combination partners and especially preferred combination partners are given below, it being possible for the combinations to comprise one or more of these partners in addition to a compound of formula (I). Suitable mixing partners include biocides, for example the insecticides and acaricides listed below, which have various mechanisms of action and are well known to the person skilled in the art, for example chitin synthesis inhibitors, growth regulators; active ingredients that act in the same way as juvenile hormones; active ingredients that act as adulticides; broad spectrum insecticides; broad spectrum acaricides and nematicides; and also the well known anthelmintics and substances that repel insects and/or acarina, the afore-mentioned repellents or detachers. Non-limiting examples of suitable insecticides and acaricides are: (I) aldicarb; (II) azinphos-methyl; (III) benfuracarb; (IV) bifenthrin; (V) buprofezin; (VI) carbofuran; (VII) dibutylaminothio; (VIII) cartap; (IX) chlorfluazuron; (X) chlorpyrifos; (XI) cyfluthrin; (XII) lambda-cyhalothrin; (XIII) alpha-cypermethrin; (XIV) zeta-cypermethrin; (XV) deltamethrin; (XVI) diflubenzuron; (XVII) endosulfan; (XVIII) ethiofencarb; (XIX) fenitrothion; (XX) fenobucarb; (XXI) fenvalerate; (XXII) formothion; (XXIII) methiocarb; (XXIV) heptenophos; (XXV) imidacloprid; (XXVI) isoprocarb; (XXVII) methamidophos; (XXVIII) methomyl; (XXIX) mevinphos; (XXX) parathion; (XXXI) parathion-methyl; (XXXII) phosalone; (XXXIII) pirimicarb; (XXXIV) propoxur, (XXXV) teflubenzuron; (XXXVI) terbufos; (XXXVII) triazamate; (XXXVIII) abamectin; (XXXIX) fenobucarb; (XL) tebufenozide; (XLI) fipronil; (XLII) beta-cyfluthrin; (XLIII) silafluofen; (XLIV) fenpyroximate; (XLV) pyridaben; (XLVI) fenazaquin; (XLVII) pyriproxyfen; (XLVIII) pyrimidifen; (XLIX) nitenpyram; (L) NI-25, acetamiprid; (LI) avermectin B1; (LII) an insect-active extract from a plant; (LIII) a preparation containing insect-active nematodes; (LIV) a preparation obtainable from Bacillus subtilis; (LV) a preparation containing insect-active fungi; (LVI) a preparation containing insect-active viruses; (LVII) AC 303 630; (LVIII) acephat; (LIX) acrinathrin; (LX) alanycarb; (LXI) alphamethrin; (LXII) amitraz; (LXIII) AZ 60541; (LXIV) azinphos A; (LXV) azinphos M; (LXVI) azocyclotin; (LXVII) bendiocarb; (LXVIII) bensultap; (LXIX) beta-cyfluthrin; (LXX) BPMC; (LXXI) brofenprox; (LXXII) bromophos A; (LXXIII) bufencarb; (LXXIV) butocarboxime; (LXXV) butylpyridaben; (LXXVI) cadusafos; (LXXVII) carbaryl; (LXXVIII) carbophenothion; (LXXIX) chloethocarb; (LXXX) chlorethoxyfos; (LXXXI) chlormephos; (LXXXII) cis-Res-methrin; (LXXXIII) clocythrin; (LXXXIV) clofentezin; (LXXXV) cyanophos; (LXXXVI) cycloprothrin; (LXXXVII) cyhexatin; (LXXXVIII) demeton M; (LXXXIX) demeton S; (XC) demeton-S-methyl; (XCI) dichlofenthion; (XCII) dicliphos; (XCIII) diethion; (XCIV) dimethoat; (XCV) dimethylvinphos; (XCVI) dioxathion; (XCVII) edifenphos; (XCVIII) emamectin; (XCIX) esfenvalerat; (C) ethion; (CI) ethofenprox; (CII) ethoprophos; (CIII) etrimphos; (CIV) fenamiphos; (CV) fenbutatinoxid; (CVI) fenothiocarb; (CVII) fenpropathrin; (CVIII) fenpyrad; (CIX) fenthion; (CX) fluazinam; (CXI) flucycloxuron; (CXII) flucythrinat; (CXIII) flufenoxuron; (CXIV) flufenprox; (CXV) fonophos; (CXVI) fosthiazat; (CXVII) fubfenprox; (CXVIII) HCH; (CXIX) hexaflumuron; (CXX) hexythiazox; (CXXI) iprobenfos; (CXXII) isofenphos; (CXXIII) isoxathion; (CXXIV) ivermectin; (CXXV) lambda-cyhalothrin; (CXXVI) malathion; (CXXVII) mecarbam; (CXXVIII) mesulfenphos; (CXXIX) metaldehyd; (CXXX) metolcarb; (CXXXI) milbemectin; (CXXXII) moxidectin; (CXXXIII) naled; (CXXXIV) NC 184; (CXXXV) omethoat; (CXXXVI) oxamyl; (CXXXVII) oxydeme- thon M; (CXXXVIII) oxydeprofos; (CXXXIX) permethrin; (CXL) phenthoat; (CXLI) phorat; (CXLII) phosmet; (CXLIII) phoxim; (CXLIV) pirimiphos M; (CXLV) pirimiphos A; (CXLVI) promecarb; (CXLVII) propaphos; (CXLVIII) prothiofos; (CXLIX) prothoat; (CL) pyrachlophos; (CLI) pyrada-phenthion; (CLII) pyresmethrin; (CLIII) pyrethrum; (CLIV) RH 5992; (CLV) salithion; (CLVI) sebufos; (CLVII) sulfotep; (CLVIII) sulprofos; (CLIX) tebufenpyrad; (CLX) tebupirimphos; (CLXI) tefluthrin; (CLXII) temephos; (CLXIII) terbam; (CLXIV) tetrachlorvinphos; (CLXV) thiafenox; (CLXVI) thiodicarb; (CLXVII) thiofanox; (CLXVIII) thionazin; (CLXIX) thuringiensin; (CLXX) tralomethrin; (CLXXI) triarthen; (CLXXII) triazophos; (CLXXIII) triazuron; (CLXXIV) trichlorfon; (CLXXV) triflumuron; (CLXXVI) trimethacarb; (CLXXVII) vamidothion; (CLXXVIII) xylylcarb; (CLXXIX) YI 5301/5302; (CLXXX) zetamethrin; (CLXXXI) DPX-MP062; (CLXXXII) RH-2485; (CLXXXIII) D 2341; (CLXXXIV) XMC (3,5,-xylyl methylcarbamate), (CLXXXV) lufenuron (CLXXXVI) fluazuron (CLXXXVII) methoprene (CLXXXVIII) hydroprene (CLXXXIX) fenoxycarb (CXC) chlorfenapyr or (CSCI) spinosad Non-limiting examples of suitable anthelmintics are mentioned below, some examples, in addition to having the anthelmintic activity, also having an insecticidal and acaricidal activity and, in some cases, being already contained in the list above: (A1) praziquantel=2-cyclohexylcarbonyl-4-oxo-1,2,3,6,7,11b-hexahydro-4H-pyrazino[2,1-xcex1]isoquinoline (A2) closantel=3,5-diiodo-N-[5-chloro-2-methyl-4-(a-cyano-4-chlorobenzyl)phenyl]salicylamide (A3) triclabendazole=5-chloro-6-(2,3-dichlorophenoxy)-2-methylthio-1H-benzimidazole (A4) levamisol=L-(xe2x88x92)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-6-phenylimidazo[2,1b]thiazole (A5) mebendazole=(5-benzoyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)carbamic acid methyl ester (A6) omphalotin=a macrocyclic fermentation product of the fungus Omphalotus olearius described in WO 97/20857 (A7) abamectin=avermectin B1 (A8) ivermectin=22,23-dihydroavermectin B1 (A9) moxidectin=5-O-demethyl-28-deoxy-25-(1,3-dimethyl-1-butenyl)-6,28-epoxy-23-(methoxyimino)-milbemycin B (A10) doramectin=25-cyclohexyl-5-O-demethyl-25-de(1-methylpropyl)-avermectin A1a (A11) milbemectin=mixture of milbemycin A3 and milbemycin A4 (A12) milbemycinoxim=5-oxime of milbemectin Non-limiting examples of suitable repelling substances (repellents or detachers) are: (R1) DEET (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide) (R2) KBR 3023 N-butyl-2-oxycarbonyl-(2-hydroxy)-piperidine (R3) cymiazole=N,-2,3-dihydro-3-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-ylidene-2,4-xylidene The said mixing partners are well known to experts in the field. Most of them are described in the various editions of the Pesticide Manual, The British Crop Protection Council, London, and others are described in the various editions of The Merck Index, Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J., USA or in the patent literature. The following list therefore confines itself to giving some examples of sources. (I) 2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde-O-methylcarbamoyloxime (aldicarb), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 26; (II) S-(3,4-dihydro-4-oxobenzo-[d]-[1,2,3]-triazin-3-ylmethyl)O,O-dimethyl-phosphorodithioate (azinphos-methyl), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 67; (III) ethyl-N-[2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yloxycarbonyl-(methyl)aminothio]-N-isopropyl-xcex2-alaninate (benfuracarb), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 96; (IV) 2-methylbiphenyl-3-ylmethyl-(Z)-(1RS)-cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (bifenthrin), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 118; (V) 2-tert-butylimino-3-isopropyl-5-phenyl-1,3,5-thiadiazian-4-one (buprofezin), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 157; (VI) 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl-methylcarbamate (carbofuran), from The Pesticide Manual, 11thed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 186; (VII) 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl-(dibutylaminothio)methylcarbamate (carbosulfan), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 188; (VIII) S,Sxe2x80x2-(2-dimethylaminotrimethylene)-bis(thiocarbamate) (cartap), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 193; (IX) 1-[3,5-dichloro-4-(3-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-2-pyidyloxy)phenyl]-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea (chlorfluazuron), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 213; (X) O,O-diethyl-O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl-phosphorothioate (chlorpyrifos), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 235; (XI) (RS)-xcex1-cyano-4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzyl-(1RS,3RS;1RS,3RS)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (cyfluthrin), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 293; (XII) mixture of (Sxe2x80x2)-xcex1-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(Z)-(1R,3R)-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate and (R)-xcex1-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(Z)-(1R,3R)-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (lambda-cyhalothrin), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 300; (XIII) racemate consisting of (Sxe2x80x2)-xcex1-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(1R,3R)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate and (R)-xcex1-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(1S,3S)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (alpha-cypermethrin), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 308; (XIV) a mixture of the stereoisomers of (S)-xcex1-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl (1RS,3RS,1RS,3RS)-3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (zeta-cype rmethrin), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 314; (XV) (S)-xcex1-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(1R,3R)-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (deltamethrin), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 344; (XVI) (4-chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea (diflubenzuron), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 395; (XVII) (1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloro-8,9,10-trinorborn-5-en-2,3-ylenebismethylene)-sulfite (endosulfan), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 459; (XVIII) xcex1-ethylthio-o-tolyl-methylcarbamate (ethiofencarb), from The Pesticide Manual, 11thed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 479; (XIX) O,O-dimethyl-O-4-nitro-m-tolyl-phosphorothioate (fenitrothion), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 514; (XX) 2-sec-butylphenyl-methylcarbamate (fenobucarb), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 516; (XXI) (RS)-xcex1-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-(RS)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyrate (fenvalerate), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 539; (XXII) S-[formyl(methyl)carbamoylmethyl]-O,O-dimethyl-phosphorodithioate (formothion), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 625; (XXIII) 4-methylthio-3,5-xylyl-methylcarbamate (methiocarb), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 813; (XXIV) 7-chlorobicyclo[3.2.0]hepta-2,6-dien-6-yl-dimethylphosphate (heptenophos), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 670; (XXV) 1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-nitroimidazolidin-2-ylideneamine (imidacloprid), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 706; (XXVI) 2-isopropylphenyl-methylcarbamate (isoprocarb), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 729; (XXVII) O,S-dimethyl-phosphoramidothioate (methamidophos), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 808; (XXVIII) S-methyl-N-(methylcarbamoyloxy)thioacetimidate (methomyl), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 815; (XXIX) methyl-3-(dimethoxyphosphinoyloxy)but-2-enoate (mevinphos), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 844; (XXX) O,O-diethyl-O-4-nitrophenyl-phosphorothioate (parathion), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 926; (XXXI) O,O-dimethyl-O-4-nitrophenyI-phosphorothioate (parathion-methyl), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 928; (XXXII) S-6-chloro-2,3-dihydro-2-oxo-1,3-benzoxazol-3-ylmethyl-O,O-diethyl-phosphorodithioate (phosalone), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 963; (XXXIII) 2-dimethylamino-5,6-dimethylpyrimidin-4-yl-dimethylcarbamate (pirimicarb), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 985; (XXXIV) 2-isopropoxyphenyl-methylcarbamate (propoxur), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1036; (XXXV) 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,4-difluorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea (teflubenzuron), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1158; (XXXVI) S-tert-butylthiomethyl-O,O-dimethyl-phosphorodithioate (terbufos), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1165; (XXXVII) ethyl-(3-tert-butyl-1-dimethylcarbamoyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-yl-thio)-acetate, (triazamate), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1224; (XXXVIII) abamectin, from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 3; (XXXIX) 2-sec-butylphenyl-methylcarbamate (fenobucarb), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 516; (XL) N-tert-butyl-N-(4-ethylbenzoyl)-3,5-dimethylbenzohydrazide (tebufenozide), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1147; (XLI) (xc2x1)-5-amino-1-(2,6-dichloro-xcex1,xcex1,xcex1-trifluoro-p-tolyl)-4-trifluoromethyl-sufinylpyrazole-3-carbonitrile (fipronil), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 545; (XLII) (RS)-xcex1-cyano-4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzyl(1RS,3RS;1RS,3,RS3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (beta-cyfluthrin), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 295; (XLIII) (4-ethoxyphenyl)-[3-(4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)propyl](dimethyl)silane (silafluofen), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1105; (XLIV) tert-butyl (E)-xcex1-(1,3-dimethyl-5-phenoxypyrazol-4-yl-methyleneamino-oxy)-p-toluate (fenpyroximate), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 530; (XLV) 2-tert-butyl-5-(4-tert-butylbenzylthio)-4-chloropyridazin-3(2H)-one (pyridaben), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1161; (XLVI) 4-[[4-(1,1-dimethylphenyl)phenyl]ethoxy]-quinazoline (fenazaquin), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 507; (XLVII) 4-phenoxyphenyl-(RS)-2-(pyridyloxy)propyl ether (pyriproxyfen), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1073; (XLVIII) 5-chloro-N-{2-[4-(2-ethoxyethyl)-2,3-dimethylphenoxy]ethyl}-6-ethylpydmidine-4-amine (pyrimidifen), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1070; (XLIX) (E)-N-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-N-ethyl-N-methyl-2-nitrovinylidenediamine (nitenpyram), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 880; (L) (E)-N1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-N2-cyano-N1-methylacetamidine (NI-25, acetamiprid), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 9; (LI) avermectin B1, from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 3; (LII) an insect-active extract from a plant, especially (2R,6aS,12aS)-1,2,6,6a,12,12a-hexahydro-2-isopropenyl-8,9-dimethoxy-chromeno[3,4-b]furo[2,3-h]chromen-6-one (rotenone), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1097; and an extract from Azadirachta indica, especially azadirachtin, from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 59; and (LIII) a preparation containing insect-active nematodes, preferably Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Heterorhabditis megidis, from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 671; Steinemema feltiae, from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1115, and Steinemema scapterisci, from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1116; (LIV) a preparation, obtainable from Bacillus subtilis, from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 72; or from a Bacillus thuringiensis strain with the exception of compounds isolated from GC91 or from NCTC11821; The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 73; (LV) a preparation containing insect-active fungi, preferably Verticillium lecanii, from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1266; Beauveria brogniartii, from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 85; and Beauveria bassiana, from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 83; (LVI) a preparation containing insect-active viruses, preferably Neodipddon Sertifer NPV, from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1342; Mamestra brassicae NPV, from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 759; and Cydia pomonella granulosis virus, from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 291; (CLXXXI) 7-chloro-2,3,4a,5-tetrahydro-2-[methoxycarbonyl(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)carb amoyl]indol[1,2e]oxazoline-4a-carboxylate (DPX-MP062, indoxycarb), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 453; (CLXXXII) Nxe2x80x2-tert-butyl-Nxe2x80x2-(3,5-dimethylbenzoyl)-3-methoxy-2-methylbenzohydrazide (RH-2485, methoxyfenozide), from The Pesticide Manual, 11th ed. (1997), The British Crop Protection Council, London, page 1094; and (CLXXXIII) (Nxe2x80x2-[4-methoxy-biphenyl-3-yl]-hydrazinecarboxylic acid isopropyl ester (D 2341), from Brighton Crop Protection Conference, 1996, 487-493; (R2) Book of Abstracts, 212th ACS National Meeting Orlando, Fla., Aug. 25-29 (1996), AGRO-020. Publisher: American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. CONEN: 63BFAF. In accordance with the above remarks, a further important aspect of the present invention relates to combination preparations for controlling parasites on warm-blooded animals which comprise, in addition to a compound of formula (I), at least one further active ingredient having the same or a different direction of action and at least one physiologically tolerable carrier. The present invention is not restricted to two-component combinations. Within the scope of the present invention preference is given, for example, to the following two-component combinations, the figure in parenthesis representing one of the combination partners mentioned above and the number following the symbol xe2x80x9candxe2x80x9d representing a compound from the Tables which follow: (IX) and 1.001; (IX) and 1.008; (IX) and 1.011; (IX) and 1.012; (IX) and 1.013; (IX) and 1.014; (IX) and 1.015; (IX) and 1.018; (IX) and 1.019; (IX) and 1.020; (IX) and 1.021; (IX) and 1.022; (IX) and 1.054; (IX) and 1.055; (IX) and 1.056; (IX) and 1.057; (IX) and 1.058; (XIII) and 1.001; (XIII) and 1.008; (XIII) and 1.011; (XIII) and 1.012; (XIII) and 1.013; (XIII) and 1.014; (XIII) and 1.015; (XIII) and 1.018; (XIII) and 1.019; (XIII) and 1.020; (XIII) and 1.021; (XIII) and 1.022; (XIII) and 1.054; (XIII) and 1.055; (XIII) and 1.056; (XIII) and 1.057; (XIII) and 1.058; (XIV) and 1.001; (XIV) and 1.008; (XIV) and 1.011; (XIV) and 1.012; (XIV) and 1.013; (XIV) and 1.014; (XIV) and 1.015; (XIV) and 1.018; (XIV) and 1.019; (XIV) and 1.020; (XIV) and 1.021; (XIV) and 1.022; (XIV) and 1.054; (XIV) and 1.055; (XIV) and 1.056; (XIV) and 1.057; (XIV) and 1.058; (LI) and 1.001; (LI) and 1.008; (LI) and 1.011; (LI) and 1.012; (LI) and 1.013; (LI) and 1.014; (LI) and 1.015; (LI) and 1.018; (LI) and 1.019; (LI) and 1.020; (LI) and 1.021; (LI) and 1.022; (LI) and 1.054; (LI) and 1.055; (LI) and 1.056; (LI) and 1.057; (LI) and 1.058; (XXV) and 1.001; (XXV) and 1.008; (XXV) and 1.011; (XXV) and 1.012; (XXV) and 1.013; (XXV) and 1.014; (XXV) and 1.015; (XXV) and 1.018; (XXV) and 1.019; (XXV) and 1.020; (XXV) and 1.021; (XXV) and 1.022; (XXV) and 1.054; (XXV) and 1.055; (XXV) and 1.056; (XXV) and 1.057; (XXV) and 1.058; (XXXV) and 1.001; (XXXV) and 1.008; (XXXV) and 1.011; (XXXV) and 1.012; (XXXV) and 1.013; (XXXV) and 1.014; (XXXV) and 1.015; (XXXV) and 1.018; (XXXV) and 1.019; (XXXV) and 1.020; (XXXV) and 1.021; (XXXV) and 1.022; (XXXV) and 1.054; (XXXV) and 1.055; (XXXV) and 1.056; (XXXV) and 1.057; (XXXV) and 1.058; (XXXVIII) and 1.001; (XXXVIII) and 1.008; (XXXVIII) and 1.011; (XXXVIII) and 1.012; (XXXVIII) and 1.013; (XXXVIII) and 1.014; (XXXVIII) and 1.015; (XXXVIII) and 1.018; (XXXVIII) and 1.019; (XXXVIII) and 1.020; (XXXVIII) and 1.021; (XXXVIII) and 1.022; (XXXVIII) and 1.054; (XXXVIII) and 1.055; (XXXVIII) and 1.056; (XXXVIII) and 1.057; (XXXVIII) and 1.058; (XLI) and 1.001; (XLI) and 1.008; (XLI) and 1.011; (XLI) and 1.012; (XLI) and 1.013; (XLI) and 1.014; (XLI) and 1.015; (XLI) and 1.018; (XLI) and 1.019; (XLI) and 1.020; (XLI) and 1.021; (XLI) and 1.022; (XLI) and 1.054; (XLI) and 1.055; (XLI) and 1.056; (XLI) and 1.057; (XLI) and 1.058; (XLVII) and 1.001; (XLVII) and 1.008; (XLVII) and 1.011; (XLVII) and 1.012; (XLVII) and 1.013; (XLVII) and 1.014; (XLVII) and 1.015; (XLVII) and 1.018; (XLVII) and 1.019; (XLVII) and 1.020; (XLVII) and 1.021; (XLVII) and 1.022; (XLVII) and 1.054; (XLVII) and 1.055; (XLVII) and 1.056; (XLVII) and 1.057; (XLVII) and 1.058; (XLIX) and 1.001; (XLIX) and 1.008; XLIX) and 1.011; (XLIX) and 1.012; (XLIX) and 1.013; (XLIX) and 1.014; (XLIX) and 1.015; (XLIX) and 1.018; (XLIX) and 1.019; (XLIX) and 1.020; (XLIX) and 1.021; (XLIX) and 1.022; (XLIX) and 1.054; (XLIX) and 1.055; (XLIX) and 1.056; (XLIX) and 1.057; (XLIX) and 1.058; (LXI) and 1.001; (LXI) and 1.008; (LXI) and 1.011; (LXI) and 1.012; (LXI) and 1.013; (LXI) and 1.014; (LXI) and 1.015; (LXI) and 1.018; (LXI) and 1.019; (LXI) and 1.020; (LXI) and 1.021; (LXI) and 1.022; (LXI) and 1.054; (LXI) and 1.055; (LXI) and 1.056; (LXI) and 1.057; (LXI) and 1.058; (LXII) and 1.001; (LXII) and 1.008; (LXII) and 1.011; (LXII) and 1.012; (LXII) and 1.013; (LXII) and 1.014; (LXII) and 1.015; (LXII) and 1.018; (LXII) and 1.019; (LXII) and 1.020; (LXII) and 1.021; (LXII) and 1.022; (LXII) and 1.054; (LXII) and 1.055; (LXII) and 1.056; (LXII) and 1.057; (LXII) and 1.058; (CIX) and 1.001; (CIX) and 1.008; (CIX) and 1.011; (CIX) and 1.012; (CIX) and 1.013; (CIX) and 1.014; (CIX) and 1.015; (CIX) and 1.018; (CIX) and 1.019; (CIX) and 1.020; (CIX) and 1.021; (CIX) and 1.022; (CIX) and 1.054; (ClX) and 1.055; (CIX) and 1.056; (CIX) and 1.057; (CIX) and 1.058; (CXIII) and 1.001; (CXIII) and 1.008; (CXIII) and 1.011; (CXIII) and 1.012; (CXIII) and 1.013; (CXIII) and 1.014; (CXIII) and 1.015; (CXIII) and 1.018; (CXIII) and 1.019; (CXIII) and 1.020; (CXIII) and 1.021; (CXIII) and 1.022; (CXIII) and 1.054; (CXIII) and 1.055; (CXIII) and 1.056; (CXIII) and 1.057; (CXIII) and 1.058; (CXIX) and 1.001; (CXIX) and 1.008; (CXIX) and 1.011; (CXIX) and 1.012; (CXIX) and 1.013; (CXIX) and 1.014; (CXIX) and 1.015; (CXIX) and 1.018; (CXIX) and 1.019; (CXIX) and 1.020; (CXIX) and 1.021; (CXIX) and 1.022; (CXIX) and 1.054; (CXIX) and 1.055; (CXIX) and 1.056; (CXIX) and 1.057; (CXIX) and 1.058; (CXXIV) and 1.001; (CXXIV) and 1.008; (CXXIV) and 1.011; (CXXIV) and 1.012; (CXXIV) and 1.013; (CXXIV) and 1.014; (CXXIV) and 1.015; (CXXIV) and 1.018; (CXXIV) and 1.019; (CXXIV) and 1.020; (CXXIV) and 1.021; (CXXIV) and 1.022; (CXXIV) and 1.054; (CXXIV) and 1.055; (CXXIV) and 1.056; (CXXIV) and 1.057; (CXXIV) and 1.058; (CXXXI) and 1.001; (CXXXI) and 1.008; (CXXXI) and 1.011; (CXXXI) and 1.012; (CXXXI) and 1.013; (CXXXI) and 1.014; (CXXXI) and 1.015; (CXXXI) and 1.018; (CXXXI) and 1.019; (CXXXI) and 1.020; (CXXXI) and 1.021; (CXXXI) and 1.022; (CXXXI) and 1.054; (CXXXI) and 1.055; (CXXXI) and 1.056; (CXXXI) and 1.057; (CXXXI) and 1.058; (CXXXII) and 1.001; (CXXXII) and 1.008; (CXXXII) and 1.011; (CXXXII) and 1.012; (CXXXII) and 1.013; (CXXXII) and 1.014; (CXXXII) and 1.015; (CXXXII) and 1.018; (CXXXII) and 1.019; (CXXXII) and 1.020; (CXXXII) and 1.021; (CXXXII) and 1.022; (CXXXII) and 1.054; (CXXXII) and 1.055; (CXXXII) and 1.056; (CXXXII) and 1.057; (CXXXII) and 1.058; (CXXXIX) and 1.001; (CXXXIX) and 1.008; (CXXXIX) and 1.011; (CXXXIX) and 1.012; (CXXXIX) and 1.013; (CXXXIX) and 1.014; (CXXXIX) and 1.015; (CXXXIX) and 1.018; (CXXXIX) and 1.019; (CXXXIX) and 1.020; (CXXXIX) and 1.021; (CXXXIX) and 1.022; (CXXXIX) and 1.054; (CXXXIX) and 1.055; (CXXXIX) and 1.056; (CXXXIX) and 1.057; (CXXXIX) and 1.058; (CLII) and 1.001; (CLII) and 1.008; (CLII) and 1.011; (CLII) and 1.012; (CLII) and 1.013; (CLII) and 1.014; (CLII) and 1.015; (CLII) and 1.018; (CLII) and 1.019; (CLII) and 1.020; (CLII) and 1.021; (CLII) and 1.022; (CLII) and 1.054; (CLII) and 1.055; (CLII) and 1.056; (CLII) and 1.057; (CLII) and 1.058; (CLIII) and 1.001; (CLIII) and 1.008; (CLIII) and 1.011; (CLIII) and 1.012; (CLIII) and 1.013; (CLIII) and 1.014; (CLIII) and 1.015; (CLIII) and 1.018; (CLIII) and 1.019; (CLIII) and 1.020; (CLIII) and 1.021; (CLIII) and 1.022; (CLIII) and 1.054; (CLIII) and 1.055; (CLIII) and 1.056; (CLIII) and 1.057; (CLIII) and 1.058; (CLIX) and 1.001; (CLIX) and 1.008; (CLIX) and 1.011; (CLIX) and 1.012; (CLIX) and 1.013; (CLIX) and 1.014; (CLIX) and 1.015; (CLIX) and 1.018; (CLIX) and 1.019; (CLIX) and 1.020; (CLIX) and 1.021; (CLIX) and 1.022; (CLIX) and 1.054; (CLIX) and 1.055; (CLIX) and 1.056; (CLIX) and 1.057; (CLIX) and 1.058; (CLXXIII) and 1.001; (CLXXIII) and 1.008; (CLXXIII) and 1.011; (CLXXIII) and 1.012; (CLXXIII) and 1.013; (CLXXIII) and 1.014; (CLXXIII) and 1.015; (CLXXIII) and 1.018; (CLXXIII) and 1.019; (CLXXIII) and 1.020; (CLXXIII) and 1.021; (CLXXIII) and 1.022; (CLXXIII) and 1.054; (CLXXIII) and 1.055; (CLXXIII) and 1.056; (CLXXIII) and 1.057; (CLXXIII) and 1.058; (CLXXV) and 1.001; (CLXXV) and 1.008; (CLXXV) and 1.011; (CLXXV) and 1.012; (CLXXV) and 1.013; (CLXXV) and 1.014; (CLXXV) and 1.015; (CLXXV) and 1.018; (CLXXV) and 1.019; (CLXXV) and 1.020; (CLXXV) and 1.021; (CLXXV) and 1.022; (CLXXV) and 1.054; (CLXXV) and 1.055; (CLXXV) and 1.056; (CLXXV) and 1.057; (CLXXV) and 1.058; (CLXXXI) and 1.001; (CLXXXI) and 1.008; (CLXXXI) and 1.011; (CLXXXI) and 1.012; (CLXXXI) and 1.013; (CLXXXI) and 1.014; (CLXXXI) and 1.015; (CLXXXI) and 1.018; (CLXXXI) and 1.019; (CLXXXI) and 1.020; (CLXXXI) and 1.021; (CLXXXI) and 1.022; (CLXXXI) and 1.054; (CLXXXI) and 1.055; (CLXXXI) and 1.056; (CLXXXI) and 1.057; (CLXXXI) and 1.058; (CLXXXV) and 1.001; (CLXXXV) and 1.008; (CLXXXV) and 1.011; (CLXXXV) and 1.012; (CLXXXV) and 1.013; (CLXXXV) and 1.014; (CLXXXV) and 1.015; (CLXXXV) and 1.018; (CLXXXV) and 1.019; (CLXXXV) and 1.020; (CLXXXV) and 1.021; (CLXXXV) and 1.022; (CLXXXV) and 1.054; (CLXXXV) and 1.055; (CLXXXV) and 1.056; (CLXXXV) and 1.057; (CLXXXV) and 1.058; (CLXXXVI) and 1.001; (CLXXXVI) and 1.008; (CLXXXVI) and 1.011; (CLXXXVI) and 1.012; (CLXXXVI) and 1.013; (CLXXXVI) and 1.014; (CLXXXVI) and 1.015; (CLXXXVI) and 1.018; (CLXXXVI) and 1.019; (CLXXXVI) and 1.020; (CLXXXVI) and 1.021; (CLXXXVI) and 1.022; (CLXXXVI) and 1.054; (CLXXXVI) and 1.055; (CLXXXVI) and 1.056: (CLXXXVI) and 1.057; (CLXXXVI) and 1.058; (CLXXXVII) and 1.001; (CLXXXVII) and 1.008: (CLXXXVII) and 1.011; (CLXXXVII) and 1.012; (CLXXXVII) and 1.013; (CLXXXVII) and 1.014; (CLXXXVII) and 1.015; (CLXXXVII) and 1.018; (CLXXXVII) and 1.019; (CLXXXVII) and 1.020; (CLXXXVII) and 1.021; (CLXXXVII) and 1.022; (CLXXXVII) and 1.054; (CLXXXVII) and 1.055; (CLXXXVII) and 1.056; (CLXXXVII) and 1.057; (CLXXXVII) and 1.058; (CLXXXVIII) and 1.001; (CLXXXVIII) and 1.008; (CLXXXVIII) and 1.011; (CLXXXVIII) and 1.012; (CLXXXVIII) and 1.013; (CLXXXVIII) and 1.014; (CLXXXVIII) and 1.015; (CLXXXVIII) and 1.018; (CLXXXVIII) and 1.019; (CLXXXVIII) and 1.020; (CLXXXVIII) and 1.021; (CLXXXVIII) and 1.022; (CLXXXVIII) and 1.054; (CLXXXVIII) and 1.055; (CLXXXVIII) and 1.056; (CLXXXVIII) and 1.057; (CLXXXVIII) and 1.058; (CLXXXIX) and 1.001; (CLXXXIX) and 1.008; (CLXXXIX) and 1.011; (CLXXXIX) and 1.012; (CLXXXIX) and 1.013; (CLXXXIX) and 1.014; (CLXXXIX) and 1.015; (CLXXXIX) and 1.018; (CLXXXIX) and 1.019; (CLXXXIX) and 1.020; (CLXXXIX) and 1.021; (CLXXXIX) and 1.022; (CLXXXIX) and 1.054; (CLXXXIX) and 1.055; (CLXXXIX) and 1.056; (CLXXXIX) and 1.057; (CLXXXIX) and 1.058; (CXC) and 1.001; (CXC) and 1.008; (CXC) and 1.011; (CXC) and 1.012; (CXC) and 1.013; (CXC) and 1.014; (CXC) and 1.015; (CXC) and 1.018; (CXC) and 1.019; (CXC) and 1.020; (CXC) and 1.021; (CXC) and 1.022; (CXC) and 1.054; (CXC) and 1.055; (CXC) and 1.056; (CXC) and 1.057; (CXC) and 1.058; (CXCL) and 1.001; (CXCL) and 1.008; (CXCL) and 1.011; (CXCL) and 1.012; (CXCL) and 1.013; (CXCL) and 1.014; (CXCL) and 1.015; (CXCL) and 1.018; (CXCL) and 1.019; (CXCL) and 1.020; (CXCL) and 1.021; (CXCL) and 1.022; (CXCL) and 1.054; (CXCL) and 1.055; (CXCL) and 1.056; (CXCL) and 1.057; (CXCL) and 1.058; (A1) and 1.001; (A1) and 1.008; (A1) and 1.011; (A1) and 1.012; (A1) and 1.013; (A1) and 1.014; (A1) and 1.015; (A1) and 1.018; (A1) and 1.019; (A1) and 1.020; (A1) and 1.021; (A1) and 1.022; (A1) and 1.054; (A1) and 1.055; (A1) and 1.056; (A1) and 1.057; (A1) and 1.058; (A2) and 1.001; (A) and 1.008; (A2) and 1.011; (A2) and 1.012; (A2) and 1.013; (A2) and 1.014; (A2) and 1.015; (A2) and 1.018; (A2) and 1.019; (A2) and 1.020; (A2) and 1.021; (A2) and 1.022; (A2) and 1.054; (A2) and 1.055; (A2) and 1.056; (A2) and 1.057; (A2) and 1.058; (A3) and 1.001; (A3) and 1.008; (A3) and 1.011; (A3) and 1.012; (A3) and 1.013; (A3) and 1.014; (A3) and 1.015; (A3) and 1.018; (A3) and 1.019; (A3) and 1.020; (A3) and 1.021; (A3) and 1.022; (A3) and 1.054; (A3) and 1.055; (A3) and 1.056; (A3) and 1.057; (A3) and 1.058; (A4) and 1.001; (A4) and 1.008; (A4) and 1.011; (A4) and 1.012; (A4) and 1.013; (A4) and 1.014; (A4) and 1.015; (A4) and 1.018; (A4) and 1.019; (A4) and 1.020; (A4) and 1.021; (A4) and 1.022; (A4) and 1.054; (A4) and 1.055; (A4) and 1.056; (A4) and 1.057; (A4) and 1.058;(A5) and 1.001; (A5) and 1.008; (A5) and 1.011;(A5) and 1.012;(A5) and 1.013;(A5) and 1.014; (A5) and 1.015; (A5) and 1.018; (A5) and 1.019; (A5) and 1.020; (A5) and 1.021; (A5) and 1.022; (A5) and 1.054; (A5) and 1.055; (A5) and 1.056; (A5) and 1.057; (A5) and 1.058; (A6) and 1.001; (A6) and 1.008; (A6) and 1.011; (A6) and 1.012; (A6) and 1.013; (A6) and 1.014; (A6) and 1.015; (A6) and 1.018; (A6) and 1.019; (A6) and 1.020; (A6) and 1.021; (A6) and 1.022; (A6) and 1.054; (A6) and 1.055; (A6) and 1.056: (A6) and 1.057; (A6) and 1.058; (A10) and 1.001; (A10) and 1.008; (A10) and 1.011; (A10) and 1.012; (A10) and 1.013; (A10) and 1.014; (A10) and 1.015; (A10) and 1.018; (A10) and 1.019; (A10) and 1.020; (A10) and 1.021; (A10) and 1.022; (A10) and 1.054; (A10) and 1.055; (A10) and 1.056; (A10) and 1.057; (A10) and 1.058; (A11) and 1.001; (A11) and 1.008; (All) and 1.011; (A11) and 1.012; (A11) and 1.013; (A11) and 1.014; (A11) and 1.015; (A11) and 1.018; (A11) and 1.019; (A11) and 1.020; (A11) and 1.021; (A11) and 1.022; (A11) and 1.054; (A11) and 1.055; (A11) and 1.056; (A11) and 1.057; (A11) and 1.058; (R1) and 1.001; (R1) and 1.008; (R1) and 1.011; (R1) and 1.012; (R1) and 1.013; (R1) and 1.014; (R1) and 1.015; (R1) and 1.018; (R1) and 1.019; (R1) and 1.020; (R1) and 1.021; (R1) and 1.022; (R1) and 1.054; (R1) and 1.055; (R1) and 1.056; (R1) and 1.057; (R1) and 1.058; (R2) and 1.001; (R2) and 1.008; (R2) and 1.011; (R2) and 1.012; (R2) and 1.013; (R2) and 1.014; (R2) and 1.015; (R2) and 1.018; (R2) and 1.019; (R2) and 1.020; (R2) and 1.021; (R2) and 1.022; (R2) and 1.054; (R2) and 1.055; (R2) and 1.056; (R2) and 1.057; (R2) and 1.058; (R3) and 1.001; (R3) and 1.008; (R3) and 1.011; (R3) and 1.012; (R3) and 1.013; (R3) and 1.014; (R3) and 1.015; (R3) and 1.018; (R3) and 1.019; (R3) and 1.020; (R3) and 1.021; (R3) and 1.022; (R3) and 1.054; (R3) and 1.055; (R3) and 1.056; (R3) and 1.057; (R3) and 1.058; (IX) and 1.059; (IX) and 1.060; (IX) and 1.061; (IX) and 1.062; (IX) and 1.063; (IX) and 1.064; (IX) and 1.065; (IX) and 1.066; (IX) and 1.067; (IX) and 1.068; (IX) and 1.069; (IX) and 1.070; .X) and 1.071; (IX) and 1.072; (IX) and 1.073; (IX) and 1.074; (IX) and 1.075; (IX) and 1.076; (IX) and 1.077; (IX) and 1.078; (IX) and 1.079; (IX) and 1.080; (IX) and 1.081; (IX) and 1.082; (IX) and 1.083; (IX) and 1.084; (IX) and 1.085; (IX) and 1.086; (IX) and 1.087; (XIII) and 1.059; (XIII) and 1.060; (XIII) and 1.061; (XIII) and 1.062; (XIIX) and 1.063; (XIII) and 1.064; (XIII) and 1.065; (XIII) and 1.066; (XIII) and 1.067; (XIII) and 1.068; (XIII) and 1.069; (XIII) and 1.070; (XIII) and 1.071; (XIII) and 1.072; (XIII) and 1.073; (XIII) and 1.074; (XIII) and 1.075; (XIII) and 1.076; (XIII) and 1.077; (XIII) and 1.078; (XIII) and 1.079; (XIII) and 1.080; (XIII) and 1.081; (XIII) and 1.082; (XIII) and 1.083; (XIII) and 1.084; (XIII) and 1.085; (XIII) and 1.086; (XIII) and 1.087; (XIV) and 1.059; (XIV) and 1.060; (XIV) and 1.061; (XIV) and 1.062; (XIV) and 1.063; (XIV) and 1.064; (XIV) and 1.065; (XIV) and 1.066; (XIV) and 1.067; (XIV) and 1.068; (XIV) and 1.069; (XIV) and 1.070; (XIV) and 1.071; (XIV) and 1.072; (XIV) and 1.073; (XIV) and 1.074; (XIV) and 1.075; (XIV) and 1.076; (XIV) and 1.077; (XIV) and 1.078; (XIV) and 1.079; (XIV) and 1.080; (XIV) and 1.081; (XIV) and 1.082; (XIV) and 1.083; (XIV) and 1.084; (XIV) and 1.085; (XIV) and 1.086; (XIV) and 1.087; (LI) and 1.059; (LI) and 1.060; (LI) and 1.061; (LI) and 1.062; (LI) and 1.063; (LI) and 1.064; (LI) and 1.065; (LI) and 1.066; (LI) and 1.067; (LI) and 1.068; (LI) and 1.069; (LI) and 1.070; (LI) and 1.071; (LI) and 1.072; (LI) and 1.073; (LI) and 1.074; (LI) and 1.075; (LI) and 1.076; (LI) and 1.077; (LI) and 1.078; (LI) and 1.079; (LI) and 1.080; (LI) and 1.081; (LI) and 1.082; (LI) and 1.083; (LI) and 1.084; (LI) and 1.085; (LI) and 1.086; (LI) and 1.087; (XXV) and 1.059; (XXV) and 1.060; (XXV) and 1.061; (XXV) and 1.062; (XXV) and 1.063; (XXV) and 1.064; (XXV) and 1.065; (XXV) and 1.066; (XXV) and 1.067; (XXV) and 1.068; (XXV) and 1.069; (XXV) and 1.070; (XXV) and 1.071; (XXV) and 1.072; (XXV) and 1.073; (XXV) and 1.074; (XXV) and 1.075; (XXV) and 1.076; (XXV) and 1.077; (XXV) and 1.078; (XXV) and 1.079; (XXV) and 1.080; (XXV) and 1.081; (XXV) and 1.082; (XXV) and 1.083; (XXV) and 1.084; (XXV) and 1.085; (XXV) and 1.086; (XXV) and 1.087; (XXXV) and 1.059; (XXXV) and 1.060; (XXXV) and 1.061; (XXXV) and 1.062; (XXXV) and 1.063; (XXXV) and 1.064; (XXXV) and 1.065; (XXXV) and 1.066; (XXXV) and 1.067; (XXXV) and 1.068; (XXXV) and 1.069; (XXXV) and 1.070; (XXXV) and 1.071; (XXXV) and 1.072; (XXXV) and 1.073; (XXXV) and 1.074; (XXXV) and 1.075; (XXXV) and 1.076; (XXXV) and 1.077; (XXXV) and 1.078; (XXXV) and 1.079; (XXXV) and 1.080; (XXXV) and 1.081; (XXXV) and 1.082; (XXXV) and 1.083; (XXXV) and 1.084; (XXXV) and 1.085; (XXXV) and 1.086; (XXXV) and 1.087; (XXXVIII) and 1.059; (XXXVIII) and 1.060; (XXXVIII) and 1.061; (XXXVIII) and 1.062; (XXXVIII) and 1.063; (XXXVIII) and 1.064; (XXXVIII) and 1.065; (XXXVIII) and 1.066; (XXXVIII) and 1.067; (XXXVIII) and 1.068; (XXXVIII) and 1.069; (XXXVIII) and 1.070; (XXXVIII) and 1.071; (XXXVIII) and 1.072; (XXXVIII) and 1.073; (XXXVIII) and 1.074; (XXXVIII) and 1.075; (XXXVIII) and 1.076; (XXXVIII) and 1.077; (XXXVIII) and 1.078; (XXXVIII) and 1.079; (XXXVIII) and 1.080; (XXXVIII) and 1.081; (XXXVIII) and 1.082; (XXXVIII) and 1.083; (XXXVIII) and 1.084; (XXXVIII) and 1.085; (XXXVIII) and 1.086; (XXXVIII) and 1.087; (XLI) and 1.059; (XLI) and 1.060; (XLI) and 1.061; (XLI) and 1.062; (XLI) and 1.063; (XLI) and 1.064; (XLI) and 1.065; (XLI) and 1.066; (XLI) and 1.067; (XLI) and 1.068; (XLI) and 1.069; (XLI) and 1.070; (XLI) and 1.071; (XLI) and 1.072; (XLI) and 1.073; (XLI) and 1.074; (XLI) and 1.075; (XLI) and 1.076; (XLI) and 1.077; (XLI) and 1.078; (XLI) and 1.079; (XLI) and 1.080; (XLI) and 1.081; (XLI) and 1.082; (XLI) and 1.083; (XLI) and 1.084; (XLI) and 1.085; (XLI) and 1.086; (XLI) and 1.087; (XLVII) and 1.059; (XLVII) and 1.060; (XLVII) and 1.061; (XLVII) and 1.062; (XLVII) and 1.063; (CIX) and 1.064; (XLVII) and 1.065; (XLVII) and 1.066; (XLVII) and 1.067; (XLVII) and 1.068; (XLVII) and 1.069; (XLVII) and 1.070; (XLVII) and 1.071; (XLVII) and 1.072; (XLVII) and 1.073; (XLVII) and 1.074; (XLVII) and 1.075; (XLVII) and 1.076; (XLVII) and 1.077; (XLVII) and 1.078; (XLVII) and 1.079; (XLVII) and 1.080; (XLVII) and 1.081; (XLVII) and 1.082; (XLVII) and 1.083; (XLVII) and 1.084; (XLVII) and 1.085; (XLVII) and 1.086; (XLVII) and 1.087; (XLIX) and 1.059; (XLVIX) and 1.060; (XLIX) and 1.061; (XLIX) and 1.062; (XLIX) and 1.063; (CIX) and 1.064; (XLIX) and 1.065; (XLIX) and 1.066; (XLIX) and 1.067; (XLIX) and 1.068; (XLIX) and 1.069; (XLIX) and 1.070; (XLIX) and 1.071; (XLIX) and 1.072; (XLIX) and 1.073; (XLIX) and 1.074; (XLIX) and 1.075; (XLIX) and 1.076; (XLIX) and 1.077; (XLIX) and 1.078; (XLIX) and 1.079; (XLIX) and 1.080; (XLIX) and 1.081; (XLIX) and 1.082; (XLIX) and 1.083; (XLIX) and 1.084; (XLIX) and 1.085; (XLIX) and 1.086; (XLIX) and 1.087; (LXI) and 1.059; (LXI) and 1.060; (LXI) and 1.061; (LXI) and 1.062; (LXI) and 1.063; (CIX) and 1.064; (LXI) and 1.065; (LXI) and 1.066; (LXI) and 1.067; (LXI) and 1.068; (LXI) and 1.069; (LXI) and 1.070; (LXI) and 1.071; (LXI) and 1.072; (LXI) and 1.073; (LXI) and 1.074; (LXI) and 1.075; (LXI) and 1.076; (LXI) and 1.077; (LXI) and 1.078; (LXI) and 1.079; (LXI) and 1.080; (LXI) and 1.081; (LXI) and 1.082; (LXI) and 1.083; (LXI) and 1.084; (LXI) and 1.085; (LXI) and 1.086; (LXI) and 1.087; (LXII) and 1.059; (LXII) and 1.060; (LXII) and 1.061; (LXII) and 1.062; (LXII) and 1.063; (CIX) and 1.064; (LXII) and 1.065; (LXII) and 1.066; (LXII) and 1.067; (LXII) and 1.068; (LXII) and 1.069; (LXII) and 1.070; (LXII) and 1.071; (LXII) and 1.072; (LXII) and 1.073; (LXII) and 1.074; (LXII) and 1.075; (LXII) and 1.076; (LXII) and 1.077; (LXII) and 1.078; (LXII) and 1.079; (LXII) and 1.080; (LXII) and 1.081; (LXII) and 1.082; (LXII) and 1.083; (LXII) and 1.084; (LXII) and 1.085; (LXII) and 1.086; (LXII) and 1.087; (CIX) and 1.059; (CIX) and 1.060; (CIX) and 1.061; (CIX) and 1.062; (CIX) and 1.063; (CIX) and 1.064; (CIX) and 1.065; (CIX) and 1.066; (CIX) and 1.067; (CIX) and 1.068; (CIX) and 1.069; (CIX) and 1.070; (CIX) and 1.071; (CIX) and 1.072; (CIX) and 1.073; (CIX) and 1.074; (CIX) and 1.075; (CIX) and 1.076; (CIX) and 1.077; (CIX) and 1.078; (CIX) and 1.079; (CIX) and 1.080; (CIX) and 1.081; (CIX) and 1.082; (CIX) and 1.083; (CIX) and 1.084; (CIX) and 1.085; (CIX) and 1.086; (CIX) and 1.087; (CXIII) and 1.059; (CXIII) and 1.060; (CXIII) and 1.061; (CXIII) and 1.062; (CXIII) and 1.063; (CXIII) and 1.064; (CXIII) and 1.065; (CXIII) and 1.066; (CXIII) and 1.067; (CXIII) and 1.068; (CXIII) and 1.069; (CXIII) and 1.070; (CXIII) and 1.071; (CXIII) and 1.072; (CXIII) and 1.073; (CXIII) and 1.074; (CXIII) and 1.075; (CXIII) and 1.076; (CXIII) and 1.077; (CXIII) and 1.078; (CXIII) and 1.079; (CXIII) and 1.080; (CXIII) and 1.081; (CXXII) and 1.082; (CXIII) and 1.083; (CXIII) and 1.084; (CXIII) and 1.085; (CXIII) and 1.086; (CXIII) and 1.087; (CXIX) and 1.059; (CXIX) and 1.060; (CXIX) and 1.061; (CXIX) and 1.062; (CXIX) and 1.063; (CXIX) and 1.064; (CXIX) and 1.065; (CXIX) and 1.066; (CXIX) and 1.067; (CXIX) and 1.068; (CXIX) and 1.069; (CXIX) and 1.070; (CXIX) and 1.071; (CXIX) and 1.072; (CXIX) and 1.073; (CXIX) and 1.074; (CXIX) and 1.075; (CXIX) and 1.076; (CXIX) and 1.077; (CXIX) and 1.078; (CXIX) and 1.079; (CXIX) and 1.080; (CXIX) and 1.081; (CXIX) and 1.082; (CXIX) and 1.083; (CXIX) and 1.084; (CXIX) and 1.085; (CXIX) and 1.086; (CXIX) and 1.087; (CXXIV) and 1.059; (CXXIV) and 1.060; (CXXIV) and 1.061; (CXXIV) and 1.062; (CXXIV) and 1.063; (CXX) IV) and 1.064; (CXXIV) and 1.065; (CXXIV) and 1.066; (CXXIV) and 1.067; (CXXIV) and 1.068; (CXXIV) and 1.069; (CXXIV) and 1.070; (CXXIV) and 1.071; (CXXIV) and 1.072; (CXXIV) and 1.073; (CXXIV) and 1.074; (CXXIV) and 1.076; (CXXIV) and 1.076; (CXXIV) and 1.077; (CXXIV) and 1.078; (CXXIV) and 1.079; (CXXIV) and 1.080; (CXXIV) and 1.081; (CXXIV) and 1.082; (CXXIV) and 1.083; (CXXIV) and 1.084; (CXXIV) and 1.085; (CXXIV) and 1.086; (CXXIV) and 1.087; (CXXXI) and 1.059; (CXXXI) and 1.060; (CXXXI) and 1.061; (CXXXI) and 1.062; (CXXXI) and 1.063; (CXXXI) and 1.064; (CXXXI) and 1.065; (CXXXI) and 1.068; (CXXXI) and 1.067; (CXXXI) and 1.068; (CXXXI) and 1.069; (CXXXI) and 1.070; (CXXXI) and 1.071; (CXXXI) and 1.072; (CXXXI) and 1.073; (CXXXI) and 1.074; (CXXXI) and 1.075; (CXXXI) and 1.076; (CXXXI) and 1.077; (CXXXI) and 1.078; (CXXXI) and 1.079; (CXXXI) and 1.080; (CXXXI) and 1.081; (CXXXI) and 1.082; (CXXXI) and 1.083; (CXXXI) and 1.084; (CXXXI) and 1.085; (CXXXI) and 1.086; (CXXXI) and 1.087; (CXXXII) and 1.059; (CXXXII) and 1.060; (CXXXII) and 1.061; (CXXXII) and 1.062; (CXXXII) and 1.063; (CXXXII) and 1.064; (CXXXII) and 1.065; (CXXXII) and 1.066; (CXXXII) and 1.067; (CXXXII) and 1.068; (CXXXII) and 1.069; (CXXXII) and 1.070; (CXXXII) and 1.071; (CXXXII) and 1.072; (CXXXII) and 1.073; (CXXXII) and 1.074; (CXXXII) and 1.075; (CXXXII) and 1.076; (CXXXII) and 1.077; (CXXXII) and 1.078; (CXXXII) and 1.079; (CXXXII) and 1.080; (CXXXII) and 1.081; (CXXXII) and 1.082; (CXXXII) and 1.083; (CXXXII) and 1.084; (CXXXII) and 1.085; (CXXXII) and 1.086; (CXXXII) and 1.087; (CXXXIX) and 1.059; (CXXXIX) and 1.060; (CXXXIX) and 1.061; (CXXXIX) and 1.062; (CXXXIX) and 1.063; (CXXXIX) and 1.064; (CXXXIX) and 1.065; (CXXXIX) and 1.066; (CXXXIX) and 1.067; (CXXXIX) and 1.068; (CXXXIX) and 1.069; (CXXXIX) and 1.070; (CXXXIX) and 1.071; (CXXXIX) and 1.072; (CXXXIX) and 1.073; (CXXXIX) and 1.074; (CXXXIX) and 1.075; (CXXXIX) and 1.076; (CXXXIX) and 1.077; (CXXXIX) and 1.078; (CXXXIX) and 1.079; (CXXXIX) and 1.080; (CXXXIX) and 1.081; (CXXXIX) and 1.082; (CXXXIX) and 1.083; (CXXXIX) and 1.084; (CXXXIX) and 1.085; (CXXXIX) and 1.086; (CXXXIX) and 1.087; (A1) and 1.059; (A1) and 1.060; (A1) and 1.061; (A1) and 1.062; (A1) and 1.063; (A1) and 1.064; (A1) and 1.065; (A1) and 1.066; (A1) and 1.067; (A1) and 1.068; (A1) and 1.069; (A1) and 1.070; (A1) and 1.071; (A1) and 1.072; (A1) and 1.073; (A1) and 1.074; (A1) and 1.075; (A1) and 1.076; (A1) and 1.077; (A1) and 1.078; (A1) and 1.079; (A1) and 1.080; (A1) and 1.081; (A1) and 1.082; (A1) and 1.083; (A1) and 1.084; (A1) and 1.085; (A1) and 1.086; (A1) and 1.087; (A2) and 1.059; (A2) and 1.060; (A2) and 1.061; (A2) and 1.062; (A2) and 1.063; (A2) and 1.064; (A2) and 1.065; (A2) and 1.066; (A2) and 1.067; (A2) and 1.068; (A2) and 1.069; (A2) and 1.070; (A2) and 1.071; (A2) and 1.072; (A2) and 1.073; (A2) and 1.074; (A2) and 1.075; (A2) and 1.076; (A2) and 1.077; (A2) and 1.078; (A2) and 1.079; (A2) and 1.080; (A2) and 1.081; (A2) and 1.082; (A2) and 1.083; (A2) and 1.084; (A2) and 1.085; (A2) and 1.086; (A2) and 1.087; (A3) and 1.059; (A3) and 1.060; (A3) and 1.061; (A3) and 1.062; (A3) and 1.063; (A3) and 1.064; (A3) and 1.065; (A3) and 1.066; (A3) and 1.067; (A3) and 1.068; (A3) and 1.069; (A3) and 1.070; (A3) and 1.071; (A3) and 1.072; (A3) and 1.073; (A3) and 1.074; (A3) and 1.075; (A3) and 1.076; (A3) and 1.077; (A3) and 1.078; (A3) and 1.079; (A3) and 1.080; (A3) and 1.081; (A3) and 1.082; (A3) and 1.083; (A3) and 1.084; (A3) and 1.085; (A3) and 1.086; (A3) and 1.087; (A4) and 1.059; (A4) and 1.060; (A4) and 1.061; (A4) and 1.062; (A4) and 1.063; (A4) and 1.064; (A4) and 1.065; (A4) and 1.066; (A4) and 1.067; (A4) and 1.068; (A4) and 1.069; (A4) and 1.070; (A4) and 1.071; (A4) and 1.072; (A4) and 1.073; (A4) and 1.074; (A4) and 1.075; (A4) and 1.076; (A4) and 1.077; (A4) and 1.078; (A4).and 1.079; (A4) and 1.080; (A4) and 1.081; (A4) and 1.082; (A4) and 1.083; (A4) and 1.084; (A4) and 1.085; (A4) and 1.086; (A4) and 1.087; (A6) and 1.059; (A6) and 1.060; (A6) and 1.061; (A6) and 1.062; (A6) and 1.063; (A6) and 1.064; (A6) and 1.065; (A6) and 1.066; (A6) and 1.067; (A6) and 1.068; (A6) and 1.069; (A6) and 1.070; (A6) and 1.071; (A6) and 1.072; (A6) and 1.073; (A6) and 1.074; (A6) and 1.075; (A6) and 1.076; (A6) and 1.077; (A6) and 1.078; (A6) and 1.079; (A6) and 1.080; (A6) and 1.081; (A6) and 1.082; (A6) and 1.083; (A6) and 1.084; (A6) and 1.085; (A6) and 1.086; (A6) and 1.087; (R2) and 1.059; (R2) and 1.060; (R2) and 1.061; (R2) and 1.062; (R2) and 1.063; (R2) and 1.064; (R2) and 1.065; (R2) and 1.066; (R2) and 1.067; (R2) and 1.068; (R2) and 1.069; (R2) and 1.070; (R2) and 1.071; (R2) and 1.072; (R2) and 1.073; (R2) and 1.074; (R2) and 1.075; (R2) and 1.076; (R2) and 1.077; (R2) and 1.078; (R2) and 1.079; (R2) and 1.080; (R2) and 1.081; (R2) and 1.082; (R2) and 1.083; (R2) and 1.084; (R2) and 1.085; (R2) and 1.086; and (R2) and 1.087, preference being given to those combinations in which a partner is underlined. The following reaction scheme gives a diagrammatic overview of the preparation of the compounds of formula (I): The substituents R, R1, R2, R2xe2x80x2, X, Y, T and U indicated in the above scheme are as defined for formula (I); W is a leaving group; Hal is halogen, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, preferably chlorine, bromine or iodine. Leaving groups W in the compounds of formulae (VI) and (VIII) that are suitable for the reactions are known from the literature and are described, for example, in: Houben-Weyl-Methoden der organischen Chemie, Vol. E4-carbonic acid derivatives (pages 149-165), H. Hagemann (Eds.), Georg Thieme Verag, Stuttgart 1983. Especially preferred leaving groups are halogen, preferably iodine or chlorine; C1-C8alkoxy, C1-C6alkylthio, phenoxy, N-hydroxy-succinimide, N-hydroxy-phthalimide, imidazole, triazoles and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole-N-oxyl. It will be understood that all leaving groups that contain aliphatic or aromatic rings may be unsubstituted or substituted at those rings by customary substituents. The compounds of formula (XX) are novel except of 1-(1- chloroethoxycarbonyl)-3-(2-chloro-5-thiatOlylmethyl)-1-methyl-2-nitroguanidin, which is described in EP 0471 371 and in JP-A-05 11251. They exhibit a pesticidal spectrum of action similar to that of the compounds of formula (I). The present invention relates to those compounds also. In the compounds of formula (XX), as regards the substituents R1, R2, R2xe2x80x2, X, Y, T and U preference is given to the same substituents as those already mentioned for the preferred sub-groups of compounds of formula (I), Hal preferably being fluorine or chlorine, especially chlorine. As a result of the Hal substituent, these novel compounds are excellently suitable for further derivation and therefore for the preparation of parasiticides, for example the compounds of formula (I). The reactions illustrated and described hereinabove and hereinbelow are carried out in a manner known per se, for example in the absence or, usually, in the presence of a suitable solvent or diluent or a mixture thereof, the operation being carried out, as required, with cooling, at room temperature or with heating, for example in a temperature range of from about xe2x88x9280xc2x0 C. to the boiling temperature of the reaction medium, preferably from about xe2x88x9240xc2x0 C. to about +120xc2x0 C., especially from xe2x88x9220xc2x0 C. to 40xc2x0 C. and, if necessary, in a closed vessel, under pressure, in an inert gas atmosphere and/or under anhydrous conditions. Especially advantageous reaction conditions for each individual reaction step can be found in the explanations which follow and in the specific Preparation Examples. Unless special conditions are mentioned, the reactants can in principle be reacted with one another as such, that is to say without the addition of a solvent or diluent, for example in the molten state. It is more advantageous, however, to add an inert solvent or diluent or a mixture thereof. Examples of such solvents or diluents that may be mentioned include: aromatic, aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons, such as benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, Tetralin, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, bromobenzene, petroleum ether, hexane, cyclohexane, dichloromethane, trichloromethane, tetrachloromethane, dichloroethane, trichloroethene or tetrachloroethene; esters, such as ethyl acetate; ethers, such as diethyl ether, dipropyl ether, diisopropyl ether, dibutyl ether, tert-butyl methyl ether, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, dimethoxydiethyl ether, tetrahydroturan or dioxane; ketones, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone or methyl isobutyl ketone; alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, ethylene glycol or glycerol; amides, such as N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-diethyfformamide, N,N-dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone or hexamethylphosphoric acid triamide; nitrites, such as acetonitnle or propionitrile; and sufoxides, such as dimethyl sulfoxide. If the reaction in question is carried out in the presence of a base, bases used in excess, such as triethylamine, pyridine, N-methylmorpholine or N,N-diethylaniline, may also serve as solvent or diluent. If the reaction is carried out in the presence of an acid catalyst, it is also possible to employ as solvent or diluent acids used in excess, e.g. strong organic carboxylic acids, such as unsubstituted or substituted, for example halo-substituted, C1-C4alkanecarboxylic acids, e.g. formic acid, acetic acid or propionic acid. Suitable solvents for the reaction in question can be taken from the Examples given below. Bases suitable for facilitating those reactions in which base catalysts may optionally be used are, for example, alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxides, hydrides, alkylides, amides, alkanolates, acetates, carbonates, dialkylamides or alkylsilylamides; alkylamines, alkylenediamines, free or N-alkylated, saturated or unsaturated cycloalkylamines, basic heterocycles, ammonium hydroxides and also carbocyclic amines. Examples are butyllithium, sodium hydroxide, sodium hydride, sodium amide, sodium methanolate, sodium acetate, sodium carbonate, potassium tert-butanolate, potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, potassium hydride, lithium diisopropylamide, potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide, calcium hydride, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, triethylenediamine, cyclohexylamine, N-cyclohexyl-N,N-dimethylamine, N,N-diethylaniline, pyridine, 4-(N,N-dimethylamino)pyridine, quinuclidine, N-methylmorpholine, benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide and also 1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-5-ene (DBU). For replacing chlorine by iodine in a compound of formula (VI), the base used is preferably silver carbonate and the reagent used sodium iodide. The procedure in detail is as follows: the compounds of formula (I) are prepared by either (a) reacting a compound of formula (IX) in an aprotic, advantageously polar, solvent in the presence of a suitable base and at relatively low temperatures with a compound of formula (VIII) or preferably (b) reacting a compound of formula (XX) with an acid RCOOH and isolating the end product from the reaction mixture, the substituents R, R1, R2, R2xe2x80x2, X, Y, T and U being as defined for formula (I); W being a leaving group; and Hal being halogen, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine, preferably chlorine, bromine or iodine. The reaction is advantageously carried out in an anhydrous medium and under an inert gas atmosphere, for example under nitrogen or argon. The said reactions take place within a period of minutes up to several hours. A preferred embodiment comprises the following features: the compound of formula (IX) is first dissolved in an anhydrous, aprotic, polar solvent, and then at a relatively low temperature, for example at ambient temperature or lower, an equimolar amount of one of the suitable bases described above, for example sodium hydride, is added and the mixture is stirred for a little longer at the same temperature. An equimolar amount of the compound of formula (VIII) dissolved in the same solvent is then added in portions, e.g. by dropwise addition, and stirring of the reaction mixture is continued at the same low temperature for a little longer. Any excess base is then neutralised and the reaction mixture is stirred for a few minutes longer and finally concentrated. The residue is advantageously taken up in a polar solvent, such as ethyl acetate, and optionally washed with water, and the organic phase is separated off and dried over a drying agent, for example an alkali or alkaline earth metal sulfate or carbonate, preferably magnesium or sodium sulfate, concentrated and purified. A suitable purification step is chromatography, for example on silica gel (ethyl acetate:hexane/1:1). Compounds of formula (I) are generally obtained in the form of colourless to dark yellow oils, resins or in the form of solids. The said oils and resins crystallise after a few days or weeks when stored, for example, in a freezer at about from xe2x88x9218xc2x0 to xe2x88x9225xc2x0 C. In the context of the present invention, relatively low temperatures are to be understood as being temperatures around room temperature and below or a temperature range of from about +25xc2x0 C. to about xe2x88x9280xc2x0 C., preferably from room temperature to about xe2x88x9220xc2x0 C. The compounds of formula (IX) are known per se from the literature or can be prepared analogously to the examples described in the literature. For example, compounds of formula (IX) wherein Het is pyridyl that is unsubstituted or mono- or poly-substtuted by halogen are described, together with their preparation, in European published specification EP-0 302 833. Further compounds of formula (IX) are disclosed in the following patent references, for example in European published specifications Nos. 285 985; 302 389, 376 279; 471 372; 364 844; 493 369; 381 130; 529 680; 163 855; 375 907; 259 738; 386 565; 383 091 and 590 425; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,063,236; 5,302,605 and 4,742,060; and also in DE-4 207 604; GB-2 228 003 and WO 93/24002. The compounds of formula (VIII) wherein R, R2 and R2xe2x80x2 are as defined for formula (I) and W is one of the leaving groups mentioned above can be prepared by introducing the radical RCOOxe2x80x94 into a compound of formula (VI). For that purpose it is advantageous to prepare a suspension of a compound of formula (VI) wherein Hal is iodine and an organic acid Rxe2x80x94COOH, an example of which is benzoic acid, and silver carbonate in an aprotic solvent, e.g. toluene or xylene. The suspension is heated at from about 50xc2x0 C. to about 100xc2x0 C. for a few hours and then the reaction mixture is cooled to room temperature and insoluble constituents are filtered off. The filtrate is washed with water and/or aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried over a customary drying agent, such as magnesium or sodium sulfate. On concentration, the compound of formula (VIII) is obtained in the form of an oil or a crystalline solid. It is generally unnecessary to carry out further purification before use in the next reaction step. The preparation of compounds of formula (VI) wherein R2 and R2xe2x80x2 are as defined for formula (I), W is one of the leaving groups mentioned hereinabove and Hal is iodine is effected by replacing by iodine the chlorine atom in a compound of formula (VI) wherein Hal is chlorine. For this purpose a suspension of the compound of formula (VI) wherein Hal is chlorine, an equimolar amount of sodium iodide and sodium hydrogen carbonate in a polar solvent, such as acetone, is prepared and is stirred at slightly elevated temperature, about 40xc2x0 C., for from 12 to 24 hours. The resulting precipitate is filtered off and washed with acetone. The filtrate is concentrated, and diethyl ether and water are added. The organic phase is separated off and washed with aqueous potassium sulfite solution, then washed with aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried over a customary drying agent, such as magnesium or sodium sulfate. On concentration, the compound of formula (VI) is obtained in the form of a colourless, crystalline product, which can be filtered off and freed of solvent residues, e.g. in vacua. Further purification before use in the next reaction step is unnecessary. Compounds of formula (VI) can be prepared by dissolving compounds of formula (VI) wherein R2 and R2xe2x80x2 are as defined for formula (I) and W is chlorine in a halogenated solvent, such as dichloromethane, and at low temperature, advantageously about 0xc2x0 C., adding a solution of a compound of the formula Hxe2x80x94W in portions and then stirring the reaction mixture at the low temperature for about 1 to 3 hours. Water is then added and the organic phase is separated off, washed with 1N sodium hydroxide solution and then with aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried over a drying agent, e.g. magnesium suffate. On concentration, the compound of formula (VI) is obtained in the form of a colourless, crystalline product, which can be filtered off and freed of solvent residues in vacuo. As illustrated in the above reaction scheme, the novel compounds of formula (XX) are prepared by reacting a compound of formula (IX) in an aprotic, advantageously polar, solvent in the presence of a suitable base and at relatively low temperatures, with a compound of formula (VII), the substituents R1, R2, R2xe2x80x2, X, Y, T and U in the formulae (XX), (IX) and (VI) being as defined for formula (I); W being a leaving group; and Hal being halogen, such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine and preferably chlorine or iodine. The compound of formula (IX) is first dissolved in an anhydrous, aprotic, polar solvent, and then at relatively low temperature, e.g. ambient temperature or lower, an equimolar amount of one of the suitable bases described above, e.g sodium hydride, is added and the mixture is stirred for a little longer at the same temperature. An equimolar amount of the compound of formula (VI) dissolved in the same solvent is then added in portions, e.g. by dropwise addition, and stirring of the reaction mixture is continued at the same low temperature for a little longer. Any excess base is then neutralised and the reaction mixture is stirred for a few minutes longer and finally concentrated. The residue is advantageously taken up in a polar solvent, such as ethyl acetate, and optionally washed with water, and the organic phase is separated off and dried over a drying agent, for example an alkali or alkaline earth metal sulfate or carbonate, preferably magnesium or sodium sulfate, concentrated and purified. A suitable purification step is chromatography, for example on silica gel (ethyl acetate : hexane/1:1). Compounds of formula (XX) are generally obtained in the form of colourless to dark yellow oils, resins or, predominantly, in the form of solids.
Fazio Cardano Fazio Cardano (1444 – 28 August 1524) was an Italian jurist and mathematician. He was a student of perspective. Cardano was also a professor at the University of Pavia, and was devoted to hermetical science and the world of the occult. He was a friend of Leonardo da Vinci. It was said that Cardano was always in the company of a familiar spirit who talked to him. This may be a rumour originating from a habit of speaking to himself. Fazio Cardano was the father of Gerolamo Cardano. References External links Storia di Milano, Cronologia di Gerolamo Cardano (Italian) Category:Italian mathematicians Category:15th-century Italian mathematicians Category:16th-century Italian mathematicians Category:1444 births Category:1524 deaths
Imagine the Outcry if Stafford Had Been A Private Hospital 6 Feb 2013 at 13:54 I’ve spent the last 90 minutes watching the Prime Minister’s statement on the Francis Report into the terrible goings on at Stafford Hospital. What was allowed to happen there was terrible, and an indictment of all those who sat by and watched this catastrophe developing. Let’s not beat around the bush, this happened because the system allowed it to happen. The NHS is far too obsessed with back-watching, targets and bureaucracy rather than being obsessed with the quality of patient care. Others far more qualified than me will comment on the wider implications of what happened there, but let me leave you with one thought. Can you imagine the outcry if this had happened at a private hospital? There would be calls for the modern day equivalent of public lynchings and the profit motive would be blamed. This was a massive public sector failure. Typically, the NHS regulators failed. The GMC failed to dismiss anyone. Most of the people there were moved or promoted to other senior jobs in the NHS. An utter disgrace. You have to remember that Labour actually ran a "We Love the NHS" campaign in absolutely full knowledge of MidStaffs and other similar disasters. And that part of the reason the horrors were not stopped by the CQC was that they were told by the Labour government that they didn't want embarrassing stories in the run up to the next (2010) election. That was said by a senior CQC official during the evidence to the Francis enquiry. Remember all those great Moral Outrage speeches we've heard from Ed Miliband about bankers, predatory capitalism and the rest? Have we heard one outraged speech from him about the fact that over 1200 innocent vulnerable people died needlessly at Mid Staffs? We have not. And who put the regulatory boss Cynthia Bower in charge of CQC nationally (with disastrous results) as a promotion from her appalling failures in her job as the "we never noticed anything, it didn't register on our radar" regulatory boss responsible for Mid Staffs during the time of the greatest horrors and huge death rates? Why, Gordon Brown and his mates. I wonder what political party Cynthia Bower might have been a member of?
Bifidobacterium species isolated from animal feces and from beef and pork meat. Bifidobacteria were isolated from 122 of 145 samples of animal feces (from cattle, swine, sheep, goats, horses, rabbits, chickens, geese, and pigeons) from farms in France and Austria and from 92 of 955 production and processing chain samples of beef and pork (obtained at slaughter, cutting, and retail). Bacterial strains were identified to species by phenotypic numerical classification based on API 50CH and ID 32A tests and DNA-DNA hybridization. Bifidobacterium pseudolongum was present in 81% (99 of 122 samples) of all Bifidobacterium-positive fecal samples and predominated in samples from all animal species except those from swine from Austria. In these Austrian swine samples, the majority of strains were identified as Bifidobacterium thermophilum (78%), followed by B. pseudolongum (48%). The distribution of B. thermophilum and B. pseudolongum differed significantly between Austrian swine and cattle samples such as those collected along beef and pork production and processing chains. Bifidobacterium animalis was isolated from swine feces, and Bifidobacterium ruminantium was isolated from cow dung. Six fecal isolates (from cattle, swine, rabbits, goats, and horses) were identified as belonging to Bifidobacterium species of predominantly human origin: B. adolescentis, B. bifidum, and B. catenulatum. Only one other species, Bifidobacterium choerinum, was detected with low frequency in a pork processing chain. B. pseudolongum subsp. pseudolongum was predominant in pig feces, whereas B. pseudolongum subsp. globosum was predominant in feces from other animal species. Four strains closely related to both subspecies (58 to 61% DNA reassociation) formed a distinct genomic group. PCR techniques, which are more rapid and sensitive than culture-based methods, could be used to detect directly B. pseudolongum and B. thermophilum as indicators of fecal contamination along the meat processing chain.
{ "description": "A list of family member classifiers and their relationships, gender neutral", "familyRelations": [ { "member": "grandparent", "inverse": "grandchild" }, { "member": "grandchild", "inverse": "grandparent" }, { "member": "parent", "inverse": "child" }, { "member": "child", "inverse": "parent" }, { "member": "cousin", "inverse": "cousin" }, { "member": "younger sibling", "inverse": "older sibling" }, { "member": "older sibling", "inverse": "younger sibling" }, { "member": "fraternal twin", "inverse": "fraternal twin" }, { "member": "identical twin", "inverse": "identical twin" }, { "member": "step-sibling", "inverse": "step-sibling" }, { "member": "half-sibling", "inverse": "half-sibling" }, { "member": "aunt/uncle", "inverse": "niece/nephew" }, { "member": "niece/nephew", "inverse": "aunt/uncle" }, { "member": "step-parent", "inverse": "step-child" }, { "member": "step-child", "inverse": "step-parent" }, { "member": "parent-in-law", "inverse": "child-in-law" }, { "member": "child-in-law", "inverse": "parent-in-law" }, { "member": "sibling-in-law", "inverse": "sibling-in-law" } ] }
Operation Blockbuster Operation Blockbuster was the completion of the larger Operation Veritable by the First Canadian Army, reinforced by the XXX Corps from the British Second Army from late February to early March, 1945. Veritable had been slower and more costly than expected and the Canadian commander, General Harry Crerar, had decided on a fresh start for the operation. Three British and Canadian divisions advanced north-westwards, capturing unprepared German positions in the , before advancing on Xanten. They linked up with the Ninth US Army at Berendonk, near Geldern on 3 March. The Rhineland battles would become Canada's most costly campaign, over 40,000 were killed in action in the Rhineland. In popular culture The Battle of the Hochwald Gap was the topic of an episode of the documentary series Greatest Tank Battles. Veterans of Canadian armoured units gave testimonies on the violence of the campaign, notably the tenacity of German soldiers in the Rhineland. Former German soldiers gave testimonies on their experiences with Canadians. Further reading External links "The Hochwald Gap" at Canadianheroes.org Official history of the Canadian Army (Chapter XIX): The Battle of the Rhineland. Part II: Operation "BLOCKBUSTER" See also Military history of Canada during World War II Footnotes Category:Western European Campaign (1944–1945) Category:Battles of World War II involving Canada Category:Military operations of World War II involving Germany O
Women Living Together Have a Higher Frequency of Menstrual Migraine. Menstrual migraine is a highly prevalent disorder among adult women, resulting in disability and loss of quality of life. Some studies have reported menstrual cycle synchrony among women living together. No study has reported whether there may also be a higher prevalence of menstrual migraine among these women. Thus, they reported here the prevalence of menstrual migraine in a group of women living together compared with a control group of women living alone, and discussed the possible factors involved. The study was conducted on female university students aged 18-30 years with a diagnosis of migraine according to the criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders III, beta appendix criteria. The subjects were divided into a group of women who lived together with two or more other students and a control group of age-matched students who lived alone, interviewed with a specific questionnaire and assessed for 3 months by means of a paper pain diary. The data evaluated included frequency of headache, presence of menstrual migraine, intensity of headache, medications used including contraceptives, and triggering factors such as diet, sleep deprivation, and stress. The menstrual data and data related to migraine were also investigated in the roommates. A higher occurrence of menstrual migraine among women living together (9, 50%) compared with women living alone (3, 16.7%) (P = .03) was detected. After binary logistic regression analysis, this finding was not related to the main influencing factors detected, that is, use of a contraceptive, test stress, or sleep deprivation (P = .03, adjusted odds ratio: 7.87; 1.23-50.36). These women also showed menstrual cycle synchrony with their roommates (8, 44.4%) and the presence of headache crises during the menstruation of their colleagues (11, 61.1%). The present study detected a higher occurrence of menstrual migraine among women who lived together. Since there was no previous description of this topic in the literature, it was believed that the present study could represent a step toward more elaborate investigations of this complex topic.
Patrick White Want To Write Or Be Written Poem by Patrick White Want to write or be written. Whatever comes first. Want to slide down a Martian sand dune like a hockey puck of dry ice etching clawmarks into a copper plate as if I were trying to cling to something I couldn’t get a grip on like a snowmanthawing. A mirror melting. I want to plough the desert in an hourglass into a Zen gardenwhere the stones flourish like weeds. I want to swim in the wavelengths of my own mirages in a month of heat, but there’s a small, nasty voice like a deerfly buzzing the wheelhouse in my headthat bites like a cattle prod of conditioned guilt because I’d rather write a poem than fill out the deadpan forms of the world. All those deathmasks plastered over our faces like papier mache over the years just to prove we’ve got some kind of nonrefundable identity. Do this, do this, do this, and then, this. As if business had become the sign of a healthy spiritual life. Curse the opportunistic careerism of our pettiness. I’d rather hide like a tiger in the stripes and shadows that are cast upon him by the busy, busy villagers tying a judas-goat to the stake of an hour hand, forgetting that time’s a waterclock, not a traffic cop, to draw it out like fire from a moonrock. Tears of blood flaring like the stamens of a matchbook brief as a poppy blooming like a solar prominence. No auroras in its wake. No scarves of light lingering on the air like the fragrance of a mystic insightinto the humbling depths of our own ugliness and ignorance.Que sais je. The clearest of all corneas. The Kepler of all third eyes in orbit around some guru of a shepherd moon. Life’s a mystery, not a question. Don’t expect me to answer that. You can autofill your own blank. Or try to second-guess your way out of the abyss you wander in as if emptiness were a labyrinth you had to follow your daily bread through like the crumbs of the dreams you left behind as cluesto where your freedom went when you closed the windows on what was once as wonderfully useless as a sunset about you. Whatever it costs. Whether they cut me downand make my skin into wallets to cover the expense of hanging me from a heritage lamp post like a flowerpotnesting in midair from the bough of a one-armed tree, hemorrhaging violet petunias, I will still heretically insist on how crucial it is just to drift down your own mindstream as if your only purpose in life were not to have one that moored you like a lifeboat to a long walk off a short pier. You can sing to the stars or you can call for help. You can water plants like green lanterns in the window waiting for love to hand out starmaps to your stem cells as if you only direction in life were some kind of photosynthesis. It’s a dangerous calling to live creatively free. There are always hounds barking in the distance, coydogs yelping after the magic rabbit in the hat, deerflies trying to land like kamikazes on the flightdecks of your carriers in Pearl Harbour whether they’re out to sea or not, low-flying topedoes released like snakes from the claws of sea-eagles trying to train them to bite other people. Good luck in the snakepit. I’m out of it like an emergency exit. I’m not into mindwatching from a crow’s nestfor any sign of trouble on the horizon. I’m not into crawling across my thresholds like the rungs of a burning ladder for the upwardly mobile. I’d rather fall toward paradise than cling to it like mordant ivy on a church. And truth to tell, I’d rather search than find. Build my house on the waters of life than a gravestone that covets my relics like a bone-box in a Gothic cave. Water’s always on the move like a true pilgrim following its own thought waves like tree rings in the heartwood of a cross of terebinthmany springs have hung the fruits of life upon. Peace be upon the pilot lights of the prophets who taught the spirit how to make it through another night without freezing to death in the firepits of cold zodiacs feathered in shrouds of ash cloth.Rites of passage trying to thrive like fish in the desert around the great artificial barrier reefs of the moonthat ossify like dental plack and barnacles on the decks of our spiritual shipwrecks in the dead seas of life we’re walking on like root fires of our own radiance in the housewells of light. Whether you make an ashtray or a body castout of your starmud, no matter, the dragons of life burn no less hot in their urns than they do in the furnaces and kilns of the stars whatever prayer wheel they’re being turned upon like the inconceivable embodied like the sun, the moon, and Venus, in the false idols of visionary insightsthat shadow the ineffable with the simulacra of the painterly senses that know of their own accord, like unsuccessful saints, who better? - -there is no metaphorfor the light upon light, the mind upon its own waters, until your seeing isn’t discoloured by the eyes you’re looking into as if they were brighter than your own.
Associations Among Sleep Latency, Subjective Pain, and Thermal Pain Sensitivity in Gynecologic Cancer. Pain is common among women with gynecologic cancer and contributes to depressed mood, sleep disturbances, and likelihood of future chronic pain. Little is known about how psychosocial factors are associated with central sensitization of pain in gynecologic cancer. This study examined relations among depressive symptoms, sleep, subjective pain, and aftersensation pain (a proxy for central sensitization of pain) in gynecologic cancer. Participants were 42 women (mean age [SD] = 59.60 [10.11] years) enrolled in a randomized clinical trial examining psychological intervention effects on sleep, pain, mood, and stress hormones/cytokines in gynecologic cancer. Six to eight weeks after surgery, participants completed an assessment of depressive symptoms, sleep, and subjective pain and a temporal summation of pain protocol via quantitative sensory testing (QST). Controlling for recent chemotherapy, history of chronic pain, and analgesic medication use, regression analyses revealed that longer sleep onset latency (SOL; B = 3.112, P = 0.039, bias-corrected and accelerated (BCa) 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.371 to 6.014) and greater sensory pain ( B = 0.695, P = 0.023, BCa 95% CI = 0.085 to 1.210) were associated with greater aftersensation pain at 15 seconds. Greater sensory pain scores were associated with greater aftersensation pain at 30 seconds ( B = 0.286, P = 0.045, BCa 95% CI = 0.008 to 0.513). Depression was not associated with aftersensation pain. The overall models accounted for 44.5% and 40.4% of the variance in aftersensation pain at 15 and 30 seconds, respectively. Longer SOL and higher subjective sensory pain were related to greater aftersensation of experimentally induced pain in women postsurgery for gynecologic cancers. Interventions that improve sleep and subjective sensory pain during the perisurgical period may reduce risk for central sensitization of pain.
<ScrollView xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android" xmlns:tools="http://schemas.android.com/tools" android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="match_parent" tools:context="${relativePackage}.${activityClass}" > <LinearLayout android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:orientation="vertical" android:padding="12dp" > <LinearLayout android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:orientation="horizontal" > <TextView android:id="@+id/textView1" android:layout_width="100dp" android:layout_height="100dp" android:background="@drawable/bitmap_drawable" android:gravity="center" android:text="" /> <TextView android:id="@+id/textView2" android:layout_width="100dp" android:layout_height="100dp" android:layout_marginLeft="10dp" android:layout_marginRight="10dp" android:background="@drawable/bitmap_drawable_mirror" android:gravity="center" android:text="" /> <TextView android:id="@+id/textView3" android:layout_width="100dp" android:layout_height="100dp" android:background="@drawable/bitmap_drawable_clamp" android:gravity="center" android:text="" /> </LinearLayout> <LinearLayout android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:layout_marginTop="5dp" android:orientation="horizontal" > <TextView android:id="@+id/test_shape" android:layout_width="100dp" android:layout_height="100dp" android:background="@drawable/shape_drawable" /> <TextView android:layout_width="100dp" android:layout_height="100dp" android:layout_marginLeft="10dp" android:layout_marginRight="10dp" android:background="@drawable/shape_drawable_stroke" /> <TextView android:id="@+id/test_size" android:layout_width="100dp" android:layout_height="100dp" android:background="@drawable/shape_drawable_size_padding" android:text="hello world" /> </LinearLayout> <LinearLayout android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:layout_marginTop="5dp" android:orientation="horizontal" > <TextView android:layout_width="100dp" android:layout_height="100dp" android:background="@drawable/shape_drawable_gradient_linear" android:gravity="center" android:text="" /> <TextView android:layout_width="100dp" android:layout_height="100dp" android:layout_marginLeft="10dp" android:layout_marginRight="10dp" android:background="@drawable/shape_drawable_gradient_radius" android:gravity="center" android:text="" /> <TextView android:layout_width="100dp" android:layout_height="100dp" android:background="@drawable/shape_drawable_gradient_sweep" android:gravity="center" android:text="" /> </LinearLayout> <LinearLayout android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="wrap_content" android:layout_marginTop="5dp" android:orientation="horizontal" > <TextView android:id="@+id/test_transition" android:layout_width="100dp" android:layout_height="100dp" android:background="@drawable/transition_drawable" android:gravity="center" android:text="" /> <TextView android:layout_width="100dp" android:layout_height="100dp" android:layout_marginLeft="10dp" android:layout_marginRight="10dp" android:background="@drawable/inset_drawable" android:gravity="center" android:text="" /> <TextView android:id="@+id/test_scale" android:layout_width="100dp" android:layout_height="100dp" android:background="@drawable/scale_drawable" android:gravity="center" android:text="" android:textColor="#ffffff" /> </LinearLayout> <LinearLayout android:layout_width="match_parent" android:layout_height="100dp" android:layout_marginTop="5dp" android:orientation="horizontal" > <ImageView android:id="@+id/test_clip" android:layout_width="100dp" android:layout_height="100dp" android:gravity="center" android:src="@drawable/clip_drawable" /> <TextView android:id="@+id/test_custom_drawable" android:layout_width="100dp" android:layout_height="100dp" android:layout_marginLeft="10dp" android:layout_marginRight="10dp" android:gravity="center" android:text="custom drawable" android:textColor="#ffffff" /> </LinearLayout> </LinearLayout> </ScrollView>
Q: iPhone pathForResource vs bundlePath I want to use pathForResource, but it doesn't look like it will create the path if one doesn't exist. Therefore I'm trying to create one manually by doing the following: NSString path = [NSString stringWithFormat:@"%@/%@.plist",[[NSBundle mainBundle] bundlePath],@"myFileName"]; I'm creating files dynamically, so I need to access them after I have Build and Run the application. But it puts the project in a unique id folder so the path comes out to something like: /Users/RyanJM/Library/Application Support/iPhone Simulator/3.0/Applications/80986747-37FD-49F3-9BA8-41A42AF7A4CB/MyApp.app/myFileName.plist But that unique id changes every time I do a build. What is the proper way to create a path that I can get to every time (even in the Simulator)? Thanks. Update: edited the question, hopefully to help anyone who comes across it in the future. Update: IWasRobbed answered the proper way to get create a path URL. But the the best answer I've been able to find is from Brad Parks. Though, I do wish there was a cleaner way. A: With the way you phrased your question, this is how you read a plist that has been included in the bundle before build: NSString propertyListPath = [[NSBundle mainBundle] pathForResource:SomeString ofType:@"plist"]; If you want to access the directories that each app has as a unique storage area for a file that you create AFTER build, you use this: #define kFilename @”data.plist” - (NSString )dataFilePath { NSArray paths = NSSearchPathForDirectoriesInDomains(NSDocumentDirectory, NSUserDomainMask, YES); NSString documentsDirectory = [paths objectAtIndex:0]; return [documentsDirectory stringByAppendingPathComponent:kFilename]; } Then you can check for it and do some data handling here: NSString filePath = [self dataFilePath]; if ([[NSFileManager defaultManager] fileExistsAtPath:filePath]) { // do something with data here } You would save yourself a lot of trouble if you bought/read Beginning iPhone 3 Development specifically chapter 11 where he goes over data persistence (which is where this example came from). It's a great book.
Salman Khan was reportedly robbed by four girls at a popular night club last week. According to an Mumbai Mirror report, four girls who introduced themselves as huge fans of Salman, started talking to the superstar and stole his belongings. The report stated that the incident happened at one of the night clubs in Bandra. While the "Prem Ratan Dhan Payo" actor was talking to one of the girls, others allegedly stole Salman's belongings that were kept on a table. By the time Salman noticed that his belongings were missing, the girls had already left the place. The girls allegedly took away Salman's wallet, sunglasses and a pendant. The report also stated that although Salman's security guard suggested him to file a police complaint, the actor refused to do so. Apart from Salman, some other celebs like Sushmita Sen and Shriya Saran were also robbed in similar manner earlier. Salman will next be seen in the movie "Prem Ratan Dhan Payo", which also features Sonam Kapoor. Directed by Sooraj Barjatya, the film will present the actor in double roles. While "Prem Ratan Dhan Payo" will be released on 12 November, Salman has another much-awaited upcoming flick titled "Sultan". The movie will feature Salman as a wrestler from Haryana and will hit the screens on Eid next year.
Kerameikos Archaeological Museum The Kerameikos Archaeological Museum is located in Kerameikos, Athens, Greece and was built in 1937. It houses many important early Geometric Art pieces that date as far back as 860 BC. It was expanded in the 1960s by the Boehringer brothers of Boehringer Ingelheim fame. Its official address is Ermou, Athens 125, Greece. History In 1863, archaeologists first started housing pottery and other artifacts found in the dig site in a small, makeshift outpost. It was an exhibit for the larger German Archaeological Institute until the official Museum was built in 1937, by H. Johannes. It was funded by Gustav Oberlander, a Prussian entrepreneur. The museum is housed directly in the area of Kerameikos among the famous archaeological site. The Boehringer brothers funded the expansion of the museum. It is a small, open-air museum with only four rooms on a single floor, but it houses many important funerary works as well as larger sculptures. Inside of the museum there is a garden area with olive trees and laurels. Exhibits Three of the rooms house artifacts found in the Kerameikos necropolis, the other room houses sculptures found from all archaeological eras. Many of the artifacts found in Kerameikos are funerary or otherwise death-related and reflect the Athenian attitudes towards the afterlife. As such, many of the sculptures exhibited here are urns, lekythoi, grave reliefs, stelae, in addition to jewelry etc. Some of the most notable findings are from the offerings to plague victims of the Plague of Athens. There are works from the Archaic, Classical, Hellenistic, and Roman periods. Stolen Artifacts In 1982, a black-figure lekythos was stolen from the archaeological museum. See also Boxer Stele Fragment from Kerameikos References http://odysseus.culture.gr/h/1/gh151.jsp?obj_id=3443 External links Category:Archaeological museums in Athens Category:Museums established in 1937 Category:1937 establishments in Greece Category:Kerameikos
(AFP) BEIRUT, Lebanon — Lebanon’s new parliament on Wednesday elected veteran speaker Nabih Berri to a sixth consecutive term, making him one of the longest-serving parliamentary heads in the world. His election came after the country’s May 6 parliamentary poll, the first in nine years after the deeply divided legislature, elected in 2009, repeatedly extended its own term. On Wednesday, the body met for the first time since the poll, to elect its speaker to a four-year term. Few expected any surprises: the only candidate was incumbent Berri, a savvy politician from the country’s south who has held the position since 1992. The vote by paper ballot saw 98 of the parliament’s 128 members pick Berri. One vote was disqualified and the rest were blank. Berri, 80, heads the Amal Movement and is a close ally of the powerful Shiite terror group Hezbollah. Together, the two parties hold all but one of the 26 Shiite-allocated seats in Lebanon’s parliament. Lebanon’s confessional political system divides seats in parliament equally among Muslims and Christians, then further splits them among the various sects. The position of speaker is reserved for a Shiite Muslim, while the other two top positions of prime minister and president go to a Sunni Muslim and a Maronite Christian, respectively. Born in 1938, Berri is a veteran of Lebanon’s complex political scene. He rose to power as a militia boss in the civil war (1957-1990) before transitioning to politics when it ended. He was simultaneously elected member and speaker of parliament in 1992. In his official role he calls and runs Lebanon’s parliamentary sessions. The long delay preceding this month’s parliamentary elections was blamed on political divisions, the war in neighboring Syria and an unsatisfactory voting law. Lebanese President Michel Aoun is now set to consult the newly elected body to name the country’s next prime minister. The Future Movement’s Saad Hariri is expected to return for another term in that role, his third time as premier.
The pprof in this directory is adapted from the pprof used inside Google for C++, Java, and Go programs. Because it was developed for that broader context, it is overgeneralized when used here for the specific use case of profiling standard Go programs. However, we've left the abstractions intact in order to share updates between this copy and Google's internal one. Please do not take the level of abstraction in this program as an example to follow in your own.
Zeovit Reactors The zeovit reactor is designed for the zeovit system which keeps nutrient levels ultra low. The ultra low nutrient levels results in reduced algae growth and more colorful corals. It is also recommended to dose additional aquarium additives and supplements to feed the corals. We carry zeovit reactors from Vertex, Bubble Magus and Korallen Zucht.
Coventry City Football Club can confirm that it will groundshare at Birmingham City’s St Andrew's Trillion Trophy Stadium for the 2019/20 season. The Club has delayed any stadium announcement in the hope that a deal could be agreed with Wasps to play at the Ricoh Arena. The deadline has passed and unfortunately there has been no agreement. To ensure we fulfil our home fixtures and therefore retain our place in the EFL, CCFC will be groundsharing next season. We know full well that this is a very sad day for Coventry City Football Club, the City of Coventry, Coventrians and most importantly Sky Blues supporters. We are incredibly disappointed and extremely frustrated that continuing differences between our owners SISU and Wasps, and also Coventry City Council, could not be set aside to allow for a deal to play the Club’s home games at the Ricoh Arena. The Ricoh Arena is the stadium built to be the football Club’s home, and our fans should be able to watch their team play in the City that we are proud to represent. We have said previously and continue to state publicly and clearly, the Club’s willing intention to do a deal to stay at the Ricoh Arena. However, in order for a deal to be agreed between landlord and tenant, the conditions for the deal need to be deliverable by the tenant. What the landlord requested of CCFC’s owners and ultimately, the Club, was simply not deliverable. It can be argued that the landlord was fully aware of this. As such, after much hard-work behind the scenes to avoid this by staff at the Club and friends of the Club in our community, we now find ourselves in a groundshare situation. This is beyond regrettable. Supporters of Coventry City Football Club are now facing, for a second time, the prospect of enforced groundshare and the decision to attend matches or not - a situation and decision that no football fan should have to ever face. We understand the strength of feeling in regard to a groundshare. We wholeheartedly share your feeling that Coventry City should play in Coventry. This decision was our last resort and was made to ensure the Club can fulfil its fixtures next season. We would like to thank Birmingham City and their staff for their continued support in this situation, and the wider football community and other sporting clubs who have reached out to offer their assistance. Moving forward, we want as many fans as possible to come and support the team while we are playing our matches in Birmingham. However, we recognise that fans will make their own choices to come to games or not – and we encourage every fan to respect the decisions of all other Sky Blues supporters. As a Club we fully understand and respect the difficult choice our fans face, and we know that those who may choose not to attend, do so with a heavy heart and still in full support of their team. We also acknowledge the fact that fans who do attend may not endorse the groundshare situation, but are there to support their team. We encourage every fan to come to watch Mark Robins’s team continue to build on the successes of 2018/2019. Mark and his staff have already recruited strongly, with five additions to date and more players lined up to join the squad. After just missing out on the Play-Offs last season, the aim is to have a team on the pitch that all our supporters can be proud of and to push for promotion once more. Details regarding 2019/20 Season Tickets and other arrangements will be confirmed shortly.
A control apparatus of this kind for motor vehicle applications is described in German Patent No. 197 20 191. This control apparatus encompasses a switch unit in the form of a relay that is connectable in series with a load, for example a motor vehicle starter, a windshield wiper, etc., in order to permit delivery of energy to the load when the switch unit is switched on, and to block it when it is shut off; an electronic control system in the form of a microcontroller, for triggering the switch unit; and a delay element that is disposed in a switching path between an output terminal of the electronic control system and an input terminal of the switch unit. During the process of starting a motor vehicle's engine, voltage dips occur in the vehicle voltage system that can make an electronic control system temporarily inoperable or, if the electronic control system is a microprocessor or microcontroller, cause it to reset. This can cause incorrect control of a load that is being controlled by way of the electronic control system. This is particularly troublesome if the load is the starter motor of a motor vehicle, since a voltage dip of this kind during the engine starting operation causes the starter motor to shut off, the starting operation is thereby terminated, and it is not possible to start the vehicle. Although it would be possible in principle to buffer the power supply of the electronic control system in order to prevent it from entering into an undefined state during starting, a large and correspondingly expensive capacitor is necessary for the purpose, which is why it is proposed in the aforesaid document to buffer not the power supply of the electronic control system, but instead the status of the input terminal of the switch unit, by inserting the aforementioned delay element between that terminal and the output terminal of the electronic control system. While this delay element allows short-duration level changes to be intercepted at the output terminal of the electronic control system, it also delays the switch unit's reaction to a switch-on or shutoff signal deliberately supplied by the electronic control system.
Q: Expected value of dice tossing problem The following is an interview question by Jane Street. Let's play a game - I give you a $12$ sided die and will pay you whatever the die lands on. If you are unhappy with the roll, you can choose to roll another two 6-sided dice and I will pay you the sum of the two dice. How much are you willing to pay to play this game. My attempt: Since the expected value of the sum of two $6$-sided dice is $7,$ we should roll again if we get $\leq 7$ from the $12$-sided dice. Therefore, the expected value is $$\frac{21}{36}\times 7 + \frac{5}{36}\times 8 + \frac{4}{36}\times 9 + \frac{3}{36}\times 10 + \frac{2}{36}\times 11 + \frac{1}{36}\times 12 \approx 7.972.$$ However, according to glassdoor, the answer seems to be $8.25.$ I have no idea where I go wrong in my calculations above. A: You have a $6/12$ chance of rolling under $7$, and then a $6/12$ to roll the average of $7,8,9,10,11$ and $12$. I.e. the expected result is $$7\frac{6}{12}+\frac{7+8+9+10+11+12}{6}\frac{6}{12}=8.25$$
"Â™ªâ™ª" "Well?" "Well, I Think I'm Actually Finished." "So This Is It, Huh?" "Yeah." "Malcolm, We're Finally Gonna Be Able To Change The World." "And They're Not Gonna Be Able To Do Anything About It." "Scott Marshall Has The Ball." "He Fakes Right." "Left." "He's Almost In The Clear." "Will He..." "Will He..." "Ooh!" "Dad, Are You All Right?" "I'm..." "Fine." "Nothing Like A Concussion Before Breakfast" "To Make You Feel Alive." "Sorry." "I Was Practicing." "We Have A Game Today." "Who Can Be Mad At A Kid Who's Got A Birthday" "In Four Days?" "Four Days." "Adam!" "Scott!" "Molly!" "Jim!" "Right Here." "Sorry, Honey." "It's Ok." "I'm Hearing A Lot Of That This Morning." "Mom, My Retainer Fell In The Toilet Again." "Well, Maybe You Should Stop Drinking Out Of It." "I Wasn't Drinking Out Of It!" "Don't Tease Your Sister." "Adam, Get Down Here!" "And They Say Teenage Girls Spend Too Much Time In Front Of The Mirror." "Dad, About My Party On Sunday..." "Oh, That Reminds Me." "I Have To Order A Larger Cake." "Seems Like The Whole World Is Coming." "Chocolate With White Icing, Right?" "Right." "Hey, Scooter, Four More Days!" "Is There Anymore Milk?" "I Don't Know." "We Were Just Talking About The Party." "Oh, Man, It's Gonna Be A Total Blow-Out." "I Can't Wait." "Oh, I Almost Forgot." "You Lose Something?" "Oh, Gross!" "Adam!" "Adam!" "Hey." "Good Morning, Marshalls." "Uh, Hey, Randy." "Good Morning." "Ah, What Ya Got There?" "Zucchini Bread." "My Mom Made It." "Just Put It On The Table." "Right There." "Yeah." "C'mon, Randy." "I Think We Better Get Out Of Here Now." "Enjoy." "Have Fun At School." "I'll See You, Randy." "Thanks, Dad." "Bye, Everybody." "Can I Make An Observation?" "Your Family Is Totally Whacked." "We're All Really Allergic To Zucchini." "Lucky." "I'm Lactose Intolerant." "You Know, You Should Try Punching Her In The Arm" "And Then Running Away." "I Hear Girls Really Go For That Thing." "I Don't Like Her, Ok?" "Louder." "I Don't Think She Heard You." "Hey, Marshall." "Still Think You Got A Chance" "Of Being Team Captain After Yesterday's Game?" "I've Got A Better Chance Than You Do." "Yeah, Right." "I Don't Think Anybody's Voting For The Choke King." "I Can Outshoot You Any Day, Rosen." "Wanna Bet?" "My Lunch Money's On The Pigtails." "Ha!" "Missed!" "No." "She Didn't." "Ow." "Oh, Man." "Amy, If You Like Scott That Much," "Why Don't You Just Ask Him To The Dance?" "Mom, Please." "I Don't Like Him, Ok?" "Not Much." "I'll Go Get My Soccer Ball." "I Just Thought That, Uh," "If We Didn't Pressure Him About His Birthday," "It Would Be Easier On Him." "If I Ever Thought This Might Happen," "I Never Would Have Made Such A Big Deal Out Of The Party." "Oh, Don't Forget You're Soccer Mom Today." "I Have A Trustees Meeting." "I've Already Rearranged My Schedule." "2:45 In Front Of The School." "Ok." "And, Sweetie, Will You Hurry Up?" "Just Being Near This Stuff Makes Me Weak In The Knees." "Such A Shame." "I Really Love Zucchini Bread." "Settle." "Everyone, Settle." "Now, I'd Like To Introduce To You" "The President Of Earth Protectors," "The Environmental Software Company" "That So Generously Donated Personal Computers" "To Every Student In The Eighth Grade, Mr. Quinn." "How're You Doing, Kids?" "Yeah, We Were All Born To Save This Planet." "Thank You Guys Very Much." "Thank You." "Good Morning, Everybody!" "How's Everybody Doing Today?" "All:" "Good." "Good." "That's Good." "Today I'm Gonna Talk To You Guys A Little Bit About The Environment," "And I'm Gonna Hand Out A Few Upgrades." "I Hope You're Gonna Recycle That." "Please?" "Uh-Huh." "Good Girl." "Now, We've Designed The Software That Goes Into The Computers" "To Be Fun, As Well As Educational." "Randy:" "Something Tells Me This Is Not A Video Game." "They Can Disguise It Anyway They Want," "It's Still Homework." "How Are You Guys Doing?" "Keep Up The Good Work." "You'll Be An Earth Protector One Day." "Recycle Those, Guys." "I'm Serious." "We Will." "C'mon, Now." "Have Fun At School Today." "Man, I Hate Kids!" "Can't We Just Run Tests On Rats, Like Everybody Else?" "We Just Finished The Pineland Bank Download, Boss." "We Better Get Moving." "We're Gonna Be Late." "Where's Nina?" "She's At The Warehouse." "She's Not Expecting Us For Hours." "Perfect." "Now We'll See What This Little Program Of Hers Can Really Do." "Yeah, They Gave Us Computers." "But Every Night We Have To Download These Stupid Programs" "On Recycling, You Know, And Planting Trees And Junk." "You Guys Don't Know How Lucky You Are To Have Your Own Computers." "When I Was Your Age" "Yeah, Mr. Marshall, Tell Us." "How Was It Using A Hammer And Chisel?" "Well, If You Don't Mind Waiting For Just A Moment, Sir," "I'd Be More Than Happy To Access Your Account For You." "Ah, Here You Are." "Oh, I'm Showing That You Have $1.37 In Your Account." "Do You Want That In Nickles And Dimes?" "No." "That's, Uh, That's Impossible." "I Have A Lot Of Money In This Bank, Ok?" "Is There A Problem Here?" "Yes." "There Is A Problem." "I Have Money In This Bank." "He's Telling Me I Don't." "There Must Be Some Kind Of A Problem With The Computer." "Look, Do Me A Favor And Just Look Again For Me, Please?" "Sure." "Welcome To Earth Protectors." "Listen Very Carefully To The Following Instructions." "Earth Protectors Will Tell You Exactly What To Do." "What In The" "It's Important To Relax" "And Let Earth Protectors Do All The Thinking For You." "Maybe You Better Make That Fifties And Hundreds." "[Sneezes]" "What's Going On?" "Security!" "Security!" "[Pager Beeping]" "Do You Guys Mind If I Let You Off At The Corner?" "I've Got An Emergency At The Office." "What's The Emergency?" "You're An Orthodontist, Right?" "What, Two Losers Get Their Braces Stuck Together?" "Dad, Is Something Wrong With The Car?" "Uh, Yeah." "I Think Something Is Wrong With The Car." "Let Me Pull Over Here At The Corner." "Why Does This Always Happen When Your Dad Drives?" "C'mon, Scott." "Hurry Up." "You Know They're Picking Team Captain Today." "I'll Catch Up." "Excuse Me A Moment." "All Clear, Dad." "Sorry About This, Son." "But Have A Great Game." "Up, Up And Away!" "This Is A Hostage Situation!" "So Please Stand Back!" "Bronze Eagle!" "Honey..." "Well, It's About Time." "Did You Walk Here?" "Honey..." "I Had A Van Full Of Kids." "And I Had A Room Full Of Trustees." "Didn't You Hear Me When I Said I Had An Important Meeting Today?" "I Swear, You're Always Doing This To Me." "Honey, What Do You Want Me To Say?" "I Tried." "Look." "You Told Me To Pick 'Em Up At 2:45." "I Did." "Sometimes I Don't Feel Like You Take What I Do Seriously." "I Totally Appreciate You, Honey." "Maybe You Could Show It Once In A While." "Honey, Today..." "Ok, I Made A Mistake." "But You Know How I Feel." "I'm Always Soccer Mom For You." "Just Get Here On Time." "You Know, You Really Are Super Mom." "Thanks." "That's Nice To Know Every Once In A While." "[Yelling]" "I Got Him!" "Say, Honey, Would This Be A Bad Time To Talk About The Laundry?" "Oh, Don't Make Me Pluck Your Tail Feathers." "See You At Home, Eagle Boy." "Yes, Honey." "Drive Careful." "Put Your Helmet On." "Fasten It Up." "That's My Wife." "Up, Up And Away!" "I Was In Line, Just Waiting To Cash My Check," "And Everybody Started Screaming And Yelling." "I Didn't Really See Too Much Of It, Actually." "But I Know That It's A Good Thing That Those Guys Showed Up." "'Cause I Don't Think That Anybody Else Is Gonna Be Able To Stop 'Em." "Certainly Not Me, Anyway." "We'll See Who's The Best Shooter." "We'll See Who's The Best Shooter." "Pass The Ball To Amy!" "Scott, C'mon!" "Amy's Open!" "C'mon!" "We'll See Who's The Best Shooter." "Well, At Least You've Got A Career In Field Goal Kicking." "Yeah, You're Gonna Be Team Captain, All Right." "Pass It Next Time." "She Definitely Hates Me." "Oh, Yeah." "C'mon, Scott!" "C'mon, Randy!" "Hey, Dad." "I Wish You Wouldn't Do That." "Somebody's Gonna See You One Of These Days." "Relax." "I Zip Around At Nearly The Speed Of Light." "Nobody's Gonna See Me." "And If They Do..." "I'll Just Fry A Couple Of Brain Cells, Baby." "Whooo!" "Man, I Can't Believe I Missed The Bank Robbery This Afternoon." "Well, Somehow We Managed Without You." "And Can You Do Me A Favor?" "Keep It A Little Low-Key Around Your Brother" "For The Next Few Days." "Why?" "I Mean, He's Gonna Be Getting His Powers" "Any Day Now, Right?" "Well, The Closer It Gets To Sunday," "It Doesn't Look Likely." "But I Didn't Start To Get My Powers" "Until A Couple Of Weeks Before My Big 1-4." "You Mean..." "Scott Might Be..." "Normal?" "Yeah." "Yeah." "Scott Might Be Normal." "A Bank Robbery!" "What Were You Thinking, Malcolm?" "You Could Have Destroyed Everything." "I'll Tell You What I Was Thinking." "I Was Thinking That Somebody's Got To Pay" "For This Little Scheme Of Yours." "Besides, There's Nothing Left To Destroy, Ok?" "Your Stupid Program Didn't Even Work." "Of Course It Didn't Work." "It's Specifically Designed To Work On Adolescent Brains." "Oh." "I'm Sorry I Said That, Nina." "I Didn't Know That." "It's Just That" " I Mean, After You're Done Running All Your Tests," "How Are We Supposed To Get One Of These To Every Kid In The Country?" "I Don't Know." "I Hadn't..." "I Hadn't Thought That Far." "Exactly." "That's Why I'm Here." "Hey, Honey." "You Still Mad At Me?" "Huh?" "Huh?" "No." "You're Forgiven." "You Ok With Burgers On The Grill?" "Yeah." "I'm Fine." "I'll Light It Just As Soon As..." "Oh." "Somebody Used Her Laser Vision" "To Play Forest Fire With My Lily." "Oh." "Uh-Huh." "[Watch Beeping] Ok." "Time's Up." "You Want To Help Daddy Out?" "Why Don't You Go Light The Barbecue Grill?" "Ok!" "Adam, Could You Please Set The" "Done." "Man, Mom Really Kicked Some Serious Butt." "...Once Again Proved That Crime Does Not Pay." "They Successfully Apprehended Three Robbery Suspects..." "Honey, We've Got To Get Some New Head Shots." "Photographer Called Yesterday." "Is Your Brother In His Room?" "Yeah..." "You Know, None Of The Tellers" "Can Remember What Happened." "They Just Handed Over The Money." "I Mean, No Guns, No Note, Nothing." "Maybe They Were Using Some Kind Of Mind-Control Device." "I Hope We're Not Dealing With Some New Criminal Mastermind." "Can I Take Him Out, Please?" "Come On." "You Know The Rules" "No Crime Fighting Until You've Done Your Homework, Young Man." "Hey!" "If You Melt The Patio Furniture Again, Young Lady," "You're In A Lot Of Trouble." "[Knocking]" "Oh, Hey, Son." "Hey, Dad." "Great Game Today." "Oh, It Wasn't So Great." "What Do You Mean?" "Eleven Steals, Three Assists" "That's Pretty Impressive In My Book." "Yeah, But I Missed That Goal." "Maybe You Were A Little Off" "Because You Got A Little Super Strength Coming On?" "No, I Was A Little Off Because I'm The Choke King." "Well, At Least You're The King." "You Know, Your Mother And I Have Been Thinking" "About A Name For You." "And What Do You Think About "The Destroyer"?" "The Destroyer?" "Kind Of Pro-Wrestling, Dad." "Ok." "Ok." "But, Dad, Does Anybody Ever Get Their Super Powers" "After Their 14th Birthday?" "No." "I'm Afraid Not." "I'm Not Gonna Be A Superhero, Am I?" "What Makes You Say That?" "I Mean, You Still Have Three Whole Days Left." "You Know, There's Tons Of Superheros" "That Didn't Get Their Powers Until The Day Before." "Really?" "Yeah." "Flame Guy, Rocket Man, Jello Girl." "So There's Still Time!" "Uh, Yeah." "Definitely." "Molly, If I've Told You Once, I've Told You A Million Times" "No Laser Vision Without Supervision!" "Now, Upstairs!" "Now!" "And No Spinach Ice Cream For You Tonight, Young Lady." "Mom!" "Don't Make Me Take Away Your Broccoli Pudding." "It's Not Fair!" "And If You Never Develop Laser Vision, I'll Be Happy." "I'm Gonna Be The Best Superhero Ever." "Just Like My Dad." "Are You In Yet?" "Almost." "There." "County Jail." "Access Granted." "Unfortunately, Now We Have A Herd Of Rabid Superheros" "Out Looking For Us." "What?" "Why Would They Care About Us?" "You Didn't Even Get Any Money." "Please." "Don't Remind Me." "Malcolm, We Can't Let 'Em Stop Us." "I Mean, We Are So Close To Really Helping The Planet." "Don't Worry, Nina." "They're Not Gonna Be Able To Stop Us." "Of Course, It Would Be Easier If We Knew Where They Were." "I'm Sure They Have Some Fabulous, High-Tech Secret Lair Somewhere." "What Do You Mean, You Told Him There's Still Time?" "Well, Honey, Technically There Is Still Time." "Jim, He's Got To Face Reality Sooner Or Later." "We All Do." "I'm Canceling That Party." "He'll Be Humiliated." "Honey, Just One More Day." "And Then We Can Cancel The Party." "Who's More Disappointed, Him Or You?" "Honey, That's Not Fair." "You're Just Disappointed Because You Can't Brag To Your Buddies." "Honey, You Want Him To Be A Superhero Just As Much As I Do." "I Just Always Thought Scott Would Go Into The Family Business." "Yeah, Well, He's Not." "Honey, All He Really Needs Is A Glimpse Of Some Power" "For Us To Have That Party." "Super Strength, X-Ray Vision..." "If He Could Morph Like His Grandmother, I'd Be Happy." "Oh, Dad, Can I Just Take That, Please?" "Why?" "Don't You Think I Can Handle It?" "No." "It's Not That..." "I'll Have You Know I Was Lifting Redwoods" "Like They Were Lincoln Logs" "Long Before You Were Born." "I Was Afraid That" "That It's Too Heavy?" "I Lifted Up The Cadillac The Other Day" "With Just One Hand." "Ask Your Mother." "...I Was Afraid That The Bottom Was Gonna Fall Out." "Well, Why Didn't You Say That?" "You Take Care Of That." "I Gotta Go Say Hi To My Grandkids." "You Know Your Father." "Hey, Grandpa!" "Super Strength!" "Just Kinda Started." "Scott, That's Wonderful!" "Did You See That?" "He Ripped It Right Off The Hinges!" "What Did I Tell You?" "One More Day." "When Your Father Went Through This Phase," "We Had To Put A New Foundation On The House." "Sorry About That, Mama." "That Is So Cool, Scott!" "I Want To See You Do Something." "Juggle The Piano." "Oh, It Kinda Comes And Goes." "He Can Show Off After Dinner." "Have Some More Spinach, Honey." "You Have Your Super Strength To Maintain." "Oh, We Had Spiderman And Mary Jane Over For Dinner Last Night." "They Say Hi." "Any Idea How To Take Webs Out Of The Carpet?" "Ha." "Ice And Club Soda." "They Come Right Up." "Hmmm." "This Is Some Good Spinach Casserole." "What Do You Make Of That Bank Robbery Yesterday, Jim?" "Kind Of Unusual." "It Has Me Concerned." "I Think We Might Be In For A Major Crime Wave." "Don't Even Worry About It." "Scooter Here Can Pick Up The Slack, Baby." "Oh, No." "I Don't Think So." "A Little Super Strength" "Uh-Uh." "He's Not About To Go Out And Face Hardened Criminals." "He Was Trying To Fly This Afternoon." "Did You?" "Did You Try To Fly?" "Maybe A Little." "Did Not." "Molly!" "Scott, That's Fantastic." "Honey, Flying's The Most Difficult Thing There Is." "I Can't Even Fly." "Was There Ever Any Doubt," "Considering Who His Father Is?" "And His Grandfather." "Scott, I've Been Waiting For This Day" "Since You Were Born." "Man, I Am So Jealous." "Oh, Come On, Scott." "You Have To Give Us A Little Demonstration." "Yeah." "Show Us What You Really Can Do." "I Want To See You Fly." "Come On." "Uh, Sure." "Let Me Just Go Put On My Training Cape, Ok?" "Yeah!" "Fly?" "I Can't Fly." "I'll Just Say It Was A Fluke." "I'm Not Fooling Anyone." "I Hope You Two Picked Out A Decent Name For Him." "My Father Named Me "The Steel Condor,"" "Because I've Got Muscles Of Steel." "Dad, Don't Get Started." "And Then That Clark "Curl In The Middle Of His Forehead" Kent Comes Along," "Gets Himself A Publicist," "And Starts Calling Himself, "The Man Of Steel."" "What Does That Make Me," "The Bird Of Steel?" "I'm Outside." "I'll Yell When I'm Ready." "As I Was Saying, Krypton!" "Krypton!" "Krypton!" "Ready!" "Up, Up And Away!" "Oh, He Hit The Tree!" "Where Is He?" "He's Not In The Tree." "Then He's Gotta Be In The Sky." "He Did It!" "He's Flying." "What If There's A Downdraft?" "You Know How Difficult Those Can Be." "Jim, I Think You Better Go After Him," "Before There's An Altercation With A Low-Flying Plane." "Ok." "Ok, Honey." "Ok." "Up!" "Up!" "Look Out!" "Oh, Scooter, You Are The Man!" "You Did It!" "Congratulations!" "Scott, Are You Ok?" "Oh, Honey, We Are So Proud Of You." "We're Gonna Celebrate." "Let's Go Downtown And Have Some Ice Cream." "I Still Don't Believe You Flew." "Well, I Did." "Uh-Huh." "Whatever." "Molly, Molly." "Let's Go Inside." "Let Me Have A Few Seconds With The Boy." "I'm Gonna Give Him A Few Pointers." "Pretty Impressive." "Thanks." "I'm Still Trying To Get My Ears To Pop." "Those Super Powers Of Yours Just Came Out Of Nowhere." "Yeah." "Like I Said, They Come And Go." "Kind Of Like The Door This Afternoon, Huh?" "With All Those Screws Loose?" "Yeah." "Pretty Shoddy Workmanship, Huh?" "Well, I'm Going Inside Now." "Scott..." "You Know, Don't You?" "Yes." "Do They?" "No." "And They Couldn't Be More Excited For You." "Grandpa, Please Don't Say Anything, Ok?" "But, Scott, A Superhero Is Not Supposed To Lie." "I Know, But I Had To." "They Were Gonna End Up Canceling The Party." "Look, The Party Is In Honor Of You Becoming A Superhero." "Getting Your Powers!" "But Dad Was Gonna Be Embarrassed In Front Of All His Friends." "I Couldn't Just Let Him Down Like That." "Grandpa, Please Don't Say Anything." "Look, I'll Tell Mom And Dad Right After The Party's Over, Ok?" "Please?" "Ok." "Ok." "Thanks, Grandpa." "I Love You." "Love You Too." "Hey, Son." "Oh, Hey, Dad." "You're Up Awfully Early." "Yeah." "With All The Excitement Last Night," "I Kinda Forgot To Do My Homework." "Well, Remember, If You Want To Fly," "You're Gonna Have To Maintain A "B" Average." "Flying Is A Privilege, Not A Right." "Yes, Sir." "Welcome To Earth Protectors." "You Have Been Chosen To Save The Planet." "Listen Very Carefully To The Following Instructions." "Relax And Let Earth Protectors Do All The Thinking For You." "Scott, Let's Go." "What Is Taking You So Long?" "You're Gonna Be Late For School, Son." "Scott!" "Oh, That Was Quick." "Hope All The Assignments Are This Easy." "How Can You Stare At This Screen So Mindlessly?" "It's Like This Thing's Got You Mesmerized." "I Just Need To Change, Ok?" "Mesmerized..." "Good Morning, Adam." "Hey, Dad." "Did You Hear About This?" "The Guys From The Bank Robbery Escaped." "All The Cells Opened Automatically." "I Bet They're Calling It A Computer Malfunction." "Yeah." "How'd You Know?" "A Hunch." "Do You Mind Going By The Bank With Me Before School?" "I" "I Thought You'd Never Ask." "Let Me Go Get Dressed." "Oh, Yeah." "Oh, Yeah." "At First I Thought The Criminals Used Some Sort" "Of Hand-Held, Mind-Control Device," "But The More I Thought About It," "It Could've Been Generated Within The Computer Itself." "If You're Suggesting That Our Systems Are To Blame" "No, But You Never Know." "Silver Charge, Take A Look." "I'm On It." "Sometimes, He Gets A Little Excited." "Good Morning, Miss Parker." "Good Morning, Scott." "Very Good Work." "Now, Did Anyone Not Do Their Homework Assignment?" "It Really Works!" "Every Single One Of Them!" "Blue!" "What Shall We Teach 'Em First?" "Recycling?" "Composting?" "Love Of Tofu?" "Looks Like We Can Make 'Em Do Anything We Want." "What Are You Doing?" "I'm Gonna Bean Your Boyfriend." "How Weird Would It Be If I Asked Amy To That Dance?" "Really Weird, 'Cause It'll Mean You Got A Backbone Transplant." "Hey." "What's With All The Blue?" "What Are You Talking About?" "Blue." "You're All Wearing Blue." "Is It Some Sort Of Pep Rally Or Something?" "I Didn't Even Notice." "Coincidence?" "Hey, Randy, Think Fast!" "Hey, Scott, Think Fast!" "Why'd You Do That?" "Now She's Gonna Think I Can't Catch." "Are You Ok?" "Yeah." "I'll Be Fine." "What Were You Thinking?" "You Were Gonna Catch That, Weren't You?" "Look, I Forgot, Ok?" "You Can't Forget Anymore." "Now That You Have These Powers," "You're Gonna Have To Be A Lot More Careful." "Aluminum Foil Is The One Thing" "That Screws Up Our Molecular Structure." "Too Much Of It Can Kill Us!" "You Know What?" "You're Right Though." "I Mean, How're We Gonna Expand This Thing?" "I Mean, We Owe It To The Planet" "To Get This Program Into Every School In The Country." "Look, You Just Leave That Up To Me, Ok?" "You Go Back And Work On Some More Tests." "We'll Meet Up With You Later." "Cool." "Bye." "Fact Is, I'm Already Way Ahead Of Her." "Actually, I Added A Little Pizazz To Today's Lesson." "3... 2...1..." "Snack Time." "You Gave Them Chocolate Cravings?" "Ha Ha!" "I Can Make 'Em Do Anything I Want 'Em To Do." "Buy Anything I Want 'Em To Buy," "Watch Anything I Want 'Em To Watch." "And People Will Pay For That Kind Of Influence." "Exactly." "You See, Nina's Problem Is, She Wants To Do Too Much." "I Mean, She's Not Gonna Be Happy" "Until She's Saved The Ozone, Fed The Hungry," "And Made Meat-Eating Illegal." "Me, I Have Much Simpler Desires." "Ten Or Twenty Billion Dollars Would Make Me Incredibly Happy." "So We're Here To Warn You" "That There's A New Criminal Mastermind In Our Midst." "This Mastermind Is Using An Ingenious Computer Program" "To Brainwash." "Malcolm, What Are We Gonna Do?" "You Were Right." "They're Actually Gonna Try And Stop Us." "Not If We Stop Them First." "We're Currently Working With Authorities." "And We're Producing And Distributing An Anti-Virus Program" "That Will Disable And Destroy Their Brainwashing Software." "Cool!" "I Didn't Know You Could Program A Computer." "I Can't." "I Just Thought It Would Buy Us Some Time." "Yeah, And Even If We Could," "Thanks To Your Brother," "Whatever Evidence There Was Is Completely Fried." "Thank You." "Yes?" "Speaking Of Fried," "Is That Your Chicken I Smell?" "Excellent, Excellent." "Ok, Chin Up, Chin Up, Chin Up." "Shoulders Back Just A Little Bit More." "Shoulders Back." "That's Good." "'Cause Nobody Respects A Superhero That Slouches." "That's What Happened To Your Uncle Freddy." "That's Why They Kicked Him Out." "That's Right." "Thanks For The Lessons." "Would You Look At The Time?" "No, No, No, No." "Now, The Most Important Thing To Remember About Takeoff," "Other Than Watching Out For The Trees" "And Fences!" "...Is That You Have To Go Fast Enough" "So Nobody Can See You." "Especially When You're Not In Costume." "Well, It's Gonna Be A While Before We Can Practice." "'Cause I Just Kind Of Putt Along On My Takeoffs." "The Whole Neighborhood Would Know." "See Ya." "No, No, No, No." "Scott, Scott." "That's Why We Practice Takeoffs At Night." "But You Can Practice Flying At Anytime." "See Ya Guys Later." "Up, Up And Away!" "Keep Your Eyes Open, Son." "Keep Your Eyes Open." "C'mon, Son." "Keep Your Eyes Open." "Keep Your Eyes Open." "Dad, What Are You Doing?" "Letting You Get Used To How It Feels, Son." "I'm Flying!" "I'm Really Flying!" "You're Not Gonna Let Go, Are You?" "No, Not Without A Warning." "This Is A Warning." "Aaahhh!" "Dad!" "No!" "Help Me!" "You Know, This Is So Unlike Jim." "He's Usually Never Late." "I Don't Know, Judy." "I've Got To Get This Game On The Go." "Oh, There They Are." "Hi, Honey." "Finally." "I Was Getting Worried." "Ah, Because If You Missed," "I'd Automatically Be Captain" "And I Don't Want To Win On Technicality." "Try Not To Mess Up." "Mess Up?" "Yeah." "Mess Up." "Marshall, Rosen, Get On The Field." "Come On." "Either You Were Practicing Loop-The-Loops," "Or It Didn't Go Very Well." "It Was Like He's Never Flown Before In His Life." "I've Never Seen Powers Come And Go Like That." "Don't Be Too Hard On Him." "Maybe He's Having Trouble Concentrating" "Because He's So Excited About Tomorrow." "Yeah." "Yeah." "Here You Go." "Thank You." "Everything's Ready." "Excellent." "You Sure You Want To Do This?" "Wouldn't It Be Better Just To Lay Low For A While?" "Look, Achieving Greatness Involves A Certain Amount Of Risk." "Pretty Soon We're Gonna Have 20 Million Young Minds Under Our Control." "If Today Goes Well, The Superheros Can Provide The Muscle." "There's Gonna Be Nobody Out There" "That's Gonna Be Able To Stop Us." "Except Nina." "Except Nina." "That's Why I Always Saved The Day." "Oh, Reach." "I'm Glad You Could Make It." "Wonton?" "Oh, Here." "Don't Forget A Napkin." "These Spinach Puffs Are Great." "Judy's An Excellent Cook." "So, Anyway, Back To Me." "So You Still Want To Go Through With It?" "I Have To." "Dad Is So" "Don't Underestimate Your Father." "He Loves You." "Powers Or No Powers." "So, Whatever You Decide To Do," "I'll Be Right Beside You." "Thanks, Grandpa." "Can I Have Everybody's Attention, Please?" "We're Here Today To Honor And Welcome" "The Newest Superhero" "My Son Scott." "I'm Really Proud Of You." "Recognizing Scott's Unique Talents," "Warrior Woman And I Have Decided" "To Name Him Warrior Eagle." "It's Time To Take Your Oath." "Do You, Warrior Eagle," "Agree To Only Use Your Power For Good," "To Fight For Peace And Freedom," "And To Uphold The Superhero Credo" "Of Truth, Justice, And Integrity?" "Dad, I Have To Tell You Something..." "Uh, Scott, You're Supposed To Say, "I Do."" "I Do." "I Don't Know About This, Malcolm." "Look, Nina." "This Is Very Simple, Ok?" "When Bronze Eagle Arrives," "You Just Slip The Homing Device Right Onto Him." "Me?" "Why Me?" "Because If You Don't Do It," "We're Not Going To Be Able To Find His Hideout." "And If We Can't Find His Hideout," "We're Not Going To Be Able To Stop Him." "And If We Can't Stop Him," "All This Hard Work Will Have Been For Nothing." "Is That What You Want?" "Well, No, But I Still Don't Understand Why I..." "Thanks, Nina." "We're All Counting On You." "Here You Go." "The Door To The Roof's Welded Shut." "She's Not Getting Out That Way." "I Think She's Probably Gonna Have A Tough Time With The Front Door Too." "So Even If Her Friends Don't Show Up," "This Is What We Criminal Masterminds Call A Win-Win Situation." "[Explosion]" "You In The Mood For Steak?" "Let's Go." "I'm Buying." "[Coughing]" "I've Got To Tell You, I Think He's Gonna Be One Of The Best." "[Beeping]" "Oh, There's A Woman In A Burning Building." "Honey, I'd Better Take This." "I'll Be Back." "No, No." "Please?" "Let Me Go." "Flash!" "There And Back!" "Why Not Let The Boy Do It?" "I Mean, Woman In A Burning Building" "That's Superheroing 101." "You've Got A Point There, Reach." "What Do You Say, Scott?" "I Mean, Warrior Eagle." "Jim, Honey, I Don't Know." "[Chanting] Warrior" " Eagle!" "Warrior" " Eagle!" "Warrior" " Eagle!" "Warrior" " Eagle!" "Warrior" " Eagle!" "Where's Grandpa?" "Hello." "Here I Am, The Handsome Prince." "I Am Coming To Rescue The Lovely Princess." "Son, This Woman's In A Burning Building." "I Think You've Got To Take This." "Right." "Uh, I'm All Over It." "All Right, All Ri" "Yeah, Yeah." "Up, Up And Away!" "That's My Boy!" "Oh, There He Is." "There He Is." "No." "Helicopter." "Helicopter." "Oh!" "Eagle." "Eagle." "Oh!" "Yes!" "Yes!" "Ufo." "[Coughing]" "Roof." "Gotta Get To The Roof." "Help!" "Somebody!" "Bronze Eagle!" "I'm Downtown At The Scene Of A 4-Alarm Fire" "Which Is Currently Raging Out Of Control." "And I've Just Been Informed That There's A Woman Trapped In The Building." "Where Is He?" "!" "Did He Take The Scenic Route?" "What's Up?" "Attempts To Rescue The Woman Have Been Futile." "Officials Tell Me That..." "Kid, Where Do You Think You're Going?" "It's An Emergency." "No Kidding, No Kidding." "Nice Cape." "There He Is!" "There He Is!" "...Attempt To Rescue A Woman Trapped Inside The Burning Building." "What's He Doing On The Ground?" "The Kid's Gone Into The Building!" "[Coughing]" "Somebody?" "Don't Worry!" "I'm Here!" "Now Listen To Me." "We Just Need To Find A Firehose, Ok?" "Wait!" "Who Are You?" "Oh." "Never Fear, Warrior Eagle Is Here." "I Know." "It's Kind Of Dorky." "You're A Superhero?" "Long Story." "Come On!" "We're Sure Not Going Back Out That Way." "There's A Firehose And A Ladder!" "Come On!" "Stay With Me!" "Where's The Water?" "!" "Why Can't We Just Fly Out Of Here?" "You Can Fly?" "That's Great!" "No!" "I Can't Fly!" "Go Up." "I've Got An Idea." "I Hope You Know What You're Doing." "I'm Right Behind You." "[Coughing]" "Here I Come!" "Judy, Could You Get Me A Couple Of Ice Cubes?" "I Didn't Rescue My Little Princess Soon Enough." "What's The Matter?" "Where's Scott?" "...There's A Kid In A Mask And A Cape..." "Scott?" "Jim..." "What?" "Come On!" "What Are You Doing?" "!" "Come On!" "No!" "There's Gotta Be Another Way." "Come On!" "Come On!" "Don't Be Afraid." "Please Don't Drop Me!" "Come On." "Don't Drop Me!" "I'm Slipping!" "Aaahh!" "Don't Worry." "I've Got You." "Aaaahhh!" "Bronze Eagle!" "Dad?" "Come On." "We've Got To Get This." "I Can Explain." "Good, 'Cause You've Got A Lot Of Explaining To Do." "Now Get On Your Bike And Get Home." "But I" "Now!" "Bye." "Kids." "You Don't Know How Disappointed We Are, Scott." "'Cause I'm Not A Superhero?" "No." "Because You Lied To Us." "To Everyone." "Because You Almost Got Yourself And That Woman Killed." "Because I Embarrassed You In Front Of Your Friends?" "Scott, This Is Not About Us." "Scott, I'm Sorry That You Thought You Had To Do This Just To Make Us Happy." "But We Love You, No Matter What You Are." "Powers Or No Powers." "That's What Grandpa Said." "I Just Saw How Happy You Were" "When Adam Circled The Globe In Under A Second For The First Time." "And When Molly Could Boil Water At The Age Of Two..." "Listen To Me, Sweetie." "We Love You Just For Being You." "I Didn't Mean To Hurt Anyone." "We Know." "Why Don't You Hit The Showers?" "And We'll Talk About This Some More Tomorrow." "Poor Kid." "Any Concern About His Mask Falling Off?" "Shall We Send Adam Out To Do A Little Mind Erasing?" "No." "We'll Be Fine." "The Public Was Too Far Away To See Anything," "And That Woman Has No Way Of Finding It." "It's Beautiful, Nina." "That's Just Beautiful." "Did You Kids See That Boy On The News Yesterday?" "Oh, Yeah!" "You Mean The Stupid Kid With The Cape?" "What Kind Of Loser Wears A Cape?" "He Thought He Was A Superhero." "He Forgot One Thing-- Super Powers!" "And Then Bronze Eagle Had To Totally Save His Butt." "Help Me!" "Save Me!" "I'm In A Burning Building!" "Knock It Off, Randy!" "It's Not His Fault He Didn't Get His Super Powers When He Was..." "You're Right." "Total Loser." "Here's The Earth Protector Software" "For You To Take Home And Test Tonight." "Be Sure You Review These Discs" "And Return Them The First Thing Tomorrow." "Don't Forget, It's Your Homework." "It's Not Your Dad's Fault." "I Know." "I'm Sorry." "I'm Sure This All Doesn't Seem Fair." "But This Means You Can Be Anything You Wanna Be Now." "Look, Grandpa, I Want To Be A Superhero." "Well, Stop Whining And Be One." "How?" "I Can't Fly!" "I Can't Run At Supersonic Speed." "Look, It's Not The Cape That Makes Your Dad A Hero." "Think It Over." "Welcome To Earth Protectors." "It's Time For You To Take Control." "Listen Very Carefully To The Following Instructions." "Earth Protectors Will Tell You Exactly What To Do." "Relax And Let Earth Protectors Do All The Thinking For You." "We Are Here To Help You." "We Are Here To Help You Take Control." "We Are Here To Help You Take Control." "Molly?" "That Is Not Cute." "Honey, Honey, Honey, Honey..." "Did You Take Some Money Out Of My Wallet?" "No, But I Should Have." "You Already Cleaned Me Out." "No, No." "I Didn't Take Any Money From You." "Speaking Of Money" "Mom, Did You Borrow Money For The Paper Boy Again?" "Because I'm Missing 20 Bucks." "Ok, I'm Outta Here." "Scott, You Didn't..." "No Way." "Wait A Minute." "With My X-Ray Vision, I Can See Money In Your Backpack." "You Have To Believe Me." "I Don't Know How It Got In There." "I'm Not Really Into The "Believing Scott" Business These Days." "Scott, If This Is A Cry For Help," "You Need To Talk To Us." "Honey, Regardless, We're Gonna Have To Punish You For Stealing." "What?" "!" "I Didn't Take The Money!" "And Lying About It, Scott." "I'm Holding The Money In My Hand." "All Right, That's It." "No Soccer." "What?" "!" "For At Least A Month." "You Can't Do That!" "We're Picking A Captain In Two Days." "This Isn't Fair." "No Soccer?" "That's What They Said." "I Can't Believe They Think I Took The Stupid Money." "What I Don't Get Is How Come The Money Got Inside The Backpack." "I Mean..." "It Beats Me, Man." "Weird." "I Would Love To Know Your Secret." "I Can't Even Get Them To Hand In Their Homework." "Good Job." "Thank You." "What Are You Gonna Do To Him?" "Nothing." "You Said This Kid Saved Your Life, Right?" "I'm Not Gonna Do Anything." "I'm Grateful." "Perfect Match." "You Know, I Think It's Time I Met This Scott Marshall." "[Intercom] Good Morning, Students Of Centennial School." "Please Go To Your Classrooms Now." "Hey, Did You See That Totally Lame Adventure Program Last Night?" "Stunk." "But For Some Reason, I Couldn't Turn It Off." "Yeah." "Me Too." "Oh, Scott." "They Need To See You In The Principal's Office." "Remember, Corporal Punishment Is Illegal In This State." "Thanks." "This Is Quite An Honor For You, Scott." "Earth Protectors Has Picked You" "Out Of All The Students To Test Their Latest Product." "Have Fun." "Thanks, Miss Parker." "Welcome To Earth Protectors." "You Have Been Individually Selected" "For This Special Earth Protectors Upgrade." "Listen Very Carefully To The Following Instructions." "It Is Very Important That You Answer All Of The Following Questions" "Honestly And Accurately." "Ok, Scott, Let's Start With A Few Simple Questions" "About Your Family." "Likes, Dislikes, Weaknesses." "You Know, This Way, Nina Can Reconfigure The Parameters Of The Software" "And We'll Be Able To Enslave Your Parents." "Scott!" "Hey, Come Here!" "Scott." "Hey." "What Was That All About?" "No Idea." "It Was Totally Stupid." "I Just Sat Down And They Said I Could Go." "But You Were There For Almost Two Hours." "Are You Sure?" "Yeah." "I Mean, You Missed Math And P.E." "Personally, I'd Be Doing A Victory Dance Right About Now." "See You Later." "Here, Scott." "They Wanted To Make Sure I Gave This One To You." "Now, Forget, Tonight's Homework Must Be Done With A Parent." "It's Her?" "Scott, Watch Where You're Going." "Why Don't You Watch Where You're Going?" "Sorry." "I'd Love To Stay And Chat," "But I Gotta Go." "And I'm Positive It Was The Same Woman From The Fire" "That Was Getting Into The Software Company Van." "Strange Coincidence." "The Police Never Found Her After You Set Her Down." "And When I Went To The Office," "I Thought I Was There For Two Minutes." "But Randy Said I Was There For Two Hours." "They Called You Into The Office?" "Not Because I Was In Trouble," "But The President Of Earth Protectors" "Wanted To Talk To Me Personally." "Remember You Said Somebody Was Using A Mind-Control Device?" "Well, This Is It." "Scott, I Don't Think Anybody Is Trying" "To Take Over The Minds Of Your Junior High." "Yeah, You're All Already Pretty Mindless." "Ok, But What About When Everybody Wore Blue?" "And Maybe It's Why You Think I Took The Money." "Ha." "Here We Go." "I Knew It'd Get Back To That." "Please." "Just Look At It." "They Insisted That I Do It With My Parents." "Ok." "Adam, Man The Plug." "If Anything Weird Happens, Blast It." "I'm On It." "Welcome To Earth Protectors." "Hi, Kids." "Today's Lesson Is About Compost." "There's Nothing I Like More Than A Big Serving Of Garbage." "So, Kids, Let's Have Fun..." "I'm Sure Any Minute Now," "This Thing'll Convince You To Take Over The World Or Something." "Scott." "You've Got To Take Responsibility For Your Actions, Son." "Wait." "Wait!" "Mom, You're Supposed To Watch This And Help Me With My Homework." "Welcome To Earth Protectors." "Listen Very Carefully To The Following Instructions." "Earth Protectors Will Tell You Exactly What To Do." "Earth Protectors Will Tell You Exactly What To Do." "Good Morning, Ma'am." "Good Morning, Sir." "Excuse Me." "Can I Have Everyone's Attention, Please?" "This Is A Hold-Up." "Where's Bronze Eagle?" "Where Are They?" "Where Are They?" "They Should Be Here By Now If It Worked." "The Program Just Said, Wake Up, Get Dressed," "And Report Here For Further Instructions." "Nothing Complicated." "Oh, I Asked Them To Run A Few Errands For Me On The Way." "Well, I Figured They Might As Well Make Themselves Useful." "Malcolm, Adult Minds Are Almost Impossible To Control." "I Mean, The More Complicated..." "[Crash]" "Sounds Like Them Now." "Hello?" "Mrs. Rosen Here, Reporting For Duty." "What Is Going On Here?" "I Have No Idea." "Ok, Don't Worry." "I'll Take Care Of It." "You Just Go See What's Wrong With That Program." "I'll Handle This." "I Will." "I Think We Need To Take A More Direct Approach." "Thank You, Dear." "Thank You." "Scott, This Isn't The Disc I Gave You Yesterday." "It's Not?" "Remember, Yours Was Different From Everybody Else's." "Miss Parker." "Scott, Did You Hear?" "Amy's Mom Robbed The Bank." "What?" "!" "Boys, Settle Down." "Yeah, The Police Are Out Looking For Her Right Now." "She Must've Gotten My Disc When We Fell." "Come On, I Gotta Go." "Uh, The Bell Has Rung." "What's Going On?" "Uh, Sick." "Very Sick." "Gotta Go." "Randy Is Too." "Sick." "Sick." "Oh!" "Ooh, Tummy!" "Oh, Head!" "Oh!" "Uh, Come On!" "Randy!" "Scott!" "Hey, Scott, You Know, At My House" "When There's An Emergency, We Do The Kookiest Thing" "We Call 9-1-1, Ok?" "Not Our Grandparents." "You Were Right, Scott." "I Knew It!" "E.P. Headquarters." "You Know Where That Is?" "Yes." "They've All Gone To That Location." "It's Gotta Be A Trap." "Well, I'm Gonna Provide Some Backup, Just In Case." "Ok, I'll Meet You There." "All Right." "Bye." "Come On!" "It's Just As I Thought." "The Kids Are In Trouble." "They All Got Emergency Pages" "From A Place Called Earth Protectors." "Scott Thinks It's A Set-Up." "Well, We Better Call Somebody." "The Fantastic Four." "Superman" "Superman?" "You Think Superman Could Do A Better Job Than Me?" "Do You Know Who I Am?" "I'm..." "I-I'm..." "Aahhhh!" "Eeahhhh!" "I'm Steel Condor!" "Condor!" "Condor!" "I Hope You Don't Expect Me To Sew All Those Buttons Back On." "Up, Up And Away!" "Up..." "Up..." "And Awayyyy!" "Ah, I Better Get A Running Start." "Watch Out For That..." "Aaahhhh!" "Fence." "Looks Like We've All Been Invited To The Same Party." "And Earth Protectors, Whoever They Are," "Is Throwing It." "Maybe We Owe Scott An Apology." "Let's Go." "A Little Theatrical, Don't You Think?" "Yes." "It Is Theatrical." "Aaahhhh!" "A Cage?" "I Gotta Tell You," "I Wasn't Sure If This Cage Was Going To Be Able To Hold You Guys." "Well, Considering The Bars Are Made Out Of Aluminum Foil." "But..." "I Guess That's All Just Part Of The Game, Huh?" "What Exactly Is Your Game?" "Brainwashing Kids?" "What's Going On?" "Kidnapping Housewives?" "Stop Me When I'm Warm." "Malcolm!" "What Are You Doing?" "What Is All Of This?" "Look, Bronze Eagle, You've Got It All Wrong." "We're Not Criminals." "Really, We're Not." "We're Just Trying To Make The World A Better Place." "If You'll Just Give Me A Couple Minutes To Explain" "Nina!" "Shut Up!" "My Delusional And Altruistic Friend Here," "Constantly Fails To See The True Potential" "Of Her Own Invention." "I Hope I Don't Come Off Overly Cautious." "What With All The Aluminum Foil And Whatnot." "Amy, I Don't Have Time To Explain," "But Your Mother Didn't Really Rob That Bank." "How Do You Know That?" "I'm Pretty Sure It's Part Of A Plot To Capture My Parents." "What Are You Talking About?" "Look, But You Have To Trust Me On This" "You Remember That Kid On The Side Of The Building?" "The Dorky One?" "Well, That Was Me." "Come On!" "Steel Condor To The Rescue!" "Maybe I Should Have Taken A Cab." "Adam, Right?" "You're..." "Totally Fried..." "When I Get Out Of Here." "You Know, With Your Powers At My Disposal," "I'll Have No Trouble Eventually Controlling The Mind" "Of Every Consumer In The World." "What Makes You Think We'll Cooperate?" "I Don't." "But, In Another Minute Or Two With This Aluminum Foil" "Soaking Up All Your Energy," "You'll Be Too Weak To Resist Anything." "Malcolm, Why Are You Doing This?" "Nina, Gimme The Disc." "No." "I Can't Believe I've Been Such An Idiot." "I Thought That You And I Shared The Same Dream." "Nina, Look," "There's No Reason We Both Can't Accomplish Our Dreams Here, Ok?" "I Should Have Known The Day I Caught You Drinking" "Out Of That Styrofoam Cup." "Hey, There Were So Many Signs." "I Mean, All Those Beef Jerky Wrappers," "And That Leather Belt You Told Me Came From A Cow" "That Died Of Natural Causes." "Get Her Outta Here, Please." "Maybe We're Recycle Her Later." "What Were We Talking About?" "Look!" "There's My Mom's Motorcycle." "I Was Right!" "That's Your Mom's?" "Aw, Geez, My Mom Drives A Hatchback." "Hey, There's My Mom's Station Wagon." "Ok, I Feel A Little Bit Better." "Ah, Where's My Grandpa?" "He Should Have Been Here By Now." "We Need His Reinforcements." "Scott, If My Mom's In There," "We Can't Just Stand Out Here And Wait." "Let's Go." "Wait." "What Are You Guys Talking About?" "We Can't Go In There, Ok?" "I Mean, We're Not Superheros." "No Super Powers." "Rawk!" "Rawk!" "Rawk!" "So What, Randy." "You Don't Need Super Powers To Help People." "Now Come On!" "Guys, I'm Probably Not Your Best Bet Here" "Come On!" "Guys!" "No." "No." "No." "Sshhhh!" "At This Point," "I Probably Shouldn't Be Surprised," "But Your Parents Are Bronze Eagle And Warrior Woman?" "Yeah, You Got A Problem With That?" "No." "Just, Uh, Wondering Why They Never Came To Career Day, Right?" "So, That Really Was You On The Side Of That Building?" "Yeah." "Saving People Is Kind Of A Family Business." "But You're Not A Superhero, Right?" "Right." "How'd You Know That?" "Well, You'd Expect A Superhero To Make A Goal" "Every Once In A While." "Hello." "Hi." "Yeah, Can We Just Get A Little Bit Of Focus Here?" "I Mean, You Have The Entire 7th Grade To Stare At Each Other." "Am I Right?" "We Just Have To Distract Them Long Enough" "To Get Into That Cage." "And Them We Have To Get The Cuff Off My Folks, Ok?" "Oh, Shoot." "And Me Without My Welding Gun." "It's Just Aluminum Foil." "Long Story." "And The Distracting Part?" "Don't Worry." "I Think I Got A Plan." "Great." "Now, We're Going To Have A Little Training Video." "Don't Move!" "We've Got You Surrounded!" "Take One Step," "And We'll Be Forced To Open Fire!" "Nah, They're Bluffing." "Don't Worry About It." "Aaahhhhh!" "Where Are They?" "I Don't Know." "Where's It Coming From?" "Come On!" "Get Up!" "What?" "What Was It?" "Come On." "Let's Go." "It's Those Kids." "They're Around Here Somewhere." "Find 'Em." "Let's Go!" "Anybody Up For A Double Dutch?" "Go Get 'Em!" "Come On!" "Wait!" "Stand Back!" "Ah, Yeah..." "'Cause, Ah..." "One Step Closer," "And You Unleash The Powers Of..." "The..." "Randinator!" "Yeah!" "'Cause I'm Your Worst Nightmare, Ok?" "I Have More Powers" "Powerrrrrs" "Than You've Ever Dreamed Of!" "And You Know What?" "There's Nothing You Can Do To Hurt Me." "But There's A Millions Different Things I Can Do To Hurt You!" "Whaaaaa!" "Whaaaaaa!" "This Stuff." "Yeah, Come On, Tough Guy." "I Can Eat This Stuff For Breakfast, Huh?" "Oww!" "My Filling." "Ow, Oh!" "Come Over Here!" "So, I Guess That Leaves You." "I Got Him." "Scott, You've Got To Save Us." "What Are You Doing?" "Sorry, Kid." "I Know The Foil Hurts," "But I Can't Have You Messing Up Our Plans." "Play Along." "Ah, My Powers!" "Get Him Out Of Here." "Aahh." "Oohhh." "Our Plans?" "You Can't Do This Without Me." "There's No Way I'm Letting You Get Rich Off My Program." "Besides, With My Half Of The Money," "I'll Just Buy The Stupid Rain Forest." "Nina, I Think I Underestimated You." "Three More Minutes And Their Minds Belong To Me." "Us." "What...?" "What Is That Doing?" "What Is That?" "What Just Happened?" "Oh, Ah, Nothing." "Download Interrupted." "There." "No Harm Done." "Resume Download." "Hold Up There, Boss." "I Think You Might Want To Use This Disc." "Get Her Out Of Here." "You'll Never Get Away With This." "Download In Progress." "Time Remaining, 2 Minutes 54 Seconds." "Initializing Hyperhypnotic Format." "Mind Control Extensions Enabled." "Commencing Dna Restructure Sequence." "We Have To Do Something." "Total Program Download" "In 1 Minute 15 Seconds." "Initializing Brain Stem And Cortex Power Drain." "Yes!" "Hey, Kid!" "Come Back Here!" "Gimme That Ball!" "Kid, I'm Telling You!" "I'm Warning You!" "Do Something!" "Power Drain Program Completion In 30 Seconds." "Total Genetic Restructure In 30 Seconds." "Commencing Temporal Lobe Reprogramming Sequence." "Initializing Synapses Scramble Sequence." "Initializing Memory Blanking." "Total Mind Control In 15 Seconds." "Total Mind Control In 10 Seconds." "Five..." "Four..." "Three..." "Two..." "One..." "Yes!" "Mind Control Download Abort." "Mind Control Download Abort." "Mind Control Download Abort." "Mind Control Download Abort." "Watch Him" "While I Go Take Care Of His Friends." "That's My Wife." "Ooohhh." "Scott, I Just Want To Say That I'm Really Proud Of You." "Thanks, Dad." "And It's Like I Said," "You Don't Need Super Powers To Be A Superhero." "Yeah, But I Sure Would Have Been A Lot Easier." "That Should Take Care Of Any Lingering Memories" "Of Our Identities." "You Know, If You Guys Could Destroy" "The Rest Of The Discs As Well," "I'd Really Appreciate It." "I Realize You Can't Force A Person To Do Something." "And I Think I'd Like To Go Back To Saving The World" "One Bag Of Garbage At A Time." "Thanks For Saving My Mom." "You Were Awesome." "Thanks." "Uh, I Would Ask You Something," "But I Don't Want You To Think It's Just Because You Saved My Life." "'Cause I Liked You Before You Did That." "But There's This Dance" "Yes!" "Really?" "Yes!" "I Wanted To Ask You, But I Didn't Think You Liked Me." "No Way!" "I Thought You Didn't Like Me." "No Way!" "Adam, Don't." "Mom?" "Dad?" "Scott, She'll Be Fine." "She Just Won't Remember" "Anything That Happened In The Last Couple Of Hours." "Now, She's Not Going To Remember She Likes Me." "If She Liked You Before, It Shouldn't Matter." "Whoa!" "All Right, Down, Sparky!" "I Mean, Look, I Need All The Brain Cells I Can Get." "All Right?" "I Mean" "Guys?" "Wait, Guys, Look." "I Promise Not To Tell Anybody." "I Mean Look, Who Would Believe Me, Right?" "I Don't Even Believe Me." "You Guys Don't Believe Me And" "You Know, You Guys Owe Me." "Ok?" "I Mean, I Practically Saved Your Lives." "Waaaaooo, Remember?" "Can I Zap Him Just To Shut Him Up?" "We Couldn't Have Done It Without Him." "It Would Be Nice For Scott To Have Someone To Talk To." "Ok." "Yes!" "Whoooo!" "Ok, Come On." "Honey, Is This A Bad Time To Talk About The Laundry?" "You're Putting Way Too Much Starch In My" "Aahhhhh!" "Steel Condor!" "I'm Here To Save The Day!" "Uh, Dad, Dad, Dad." "You're Late." "Darn!" "I Knew I Should Have Taken A Cab." "I Better Sit Down." "Oh, Right Over Here." "Now, All We Have To Do Is Light The Campfire." "Don't Even Think About It, You Little Fire-Starter." "You Know You're Not Supposed To Do That." "Who Appointed You, Smokey The Bear?" "Hey?" "Hey, Amy?" "Pretty Exciting Day, Huh?" "What's That Supposed To Mean?" "Your Mom Robbing The Bank, And Finding Out She Was Brainwashed?" "Good Thing Bronze Eagle And Warrior Woman Showed Up." "Yeah, It Was Really Lucky." "Amy?" "Uh..." "Good Luck Today." "Thanks." "You Too." "Try Not To Choke, Ok?" "So Much For Remembering." "Is That Burning Rubber I Smell?" "Molly!" "Aahhh!" "Mom!" "Mom!" "Ok, Let's Vote For Team Captain Now." "Scott." "Amy." "Scott." "What?" "Well, Congratulations, Scott." "You're Ahead By One Vote," "And You're The Only One Who Hasn't Voted." "Ha, Yeah." "Amy." "What?" "I Vote For Amy." "All Tied Up Then." "You Two Ok With Being Co-Captains?" "Yep." "Yep." "You Must Be Very Proud." "I Am." "Let's Play Some Ball." "All Right." "Hey, You Know, I Was Thinking..." "Don't You Need A Sidekick?" "I Mean, Every Great Superhero Has One." "You Know, The Cool Wise-Cracking Friend That Just Follows Him Around?" "Randy?" "I'm Not A Superhero." "So, Neither Was The Lone Ranger, But He Had Tonto, Huh?" "Ok, You Want To Be Tonto?" "Actually, No." "But I'd Like To Be That Kato Guy." "You Know, The Guy From The Green Hornet?" "I Mean The Green Hornet Was One" "Of The Coolest Superheros Of All." "Yeah, He Is A Pretty Nice Guy." "I Like Him A Lot." "You Know Him?" "Know Him?" "He Came To My Birthday Party."
Jesus Christ as Saviour Jesus Christ did everything that was required to save his peopleJn 19:30He fulfilled all God’s righteous requirements, made perfect atonement for sin and gained victory over death for all who believe in him. See alsoMt 3:15; Jn 4:34; Jn 17:4; 1Co 15:20-22 See also Dictionary of Bible Themes Scripture index copyright Martin H. Manser, 2009. As Editor, Martin Manser wishes to thank all those who compiled or edited the NIV Thematic Study Bible, on which this work is based.
Differential gene expression of blood-derived cell lines in familial combined hyperlipidemia. The genetic background of familial combined hyperlipidemia (FCHL) is currently unclear. We propose transcriptional profiling as a complementary tool for its understanding. Two hypotheses were tested: the existence of a disease-specific modification of gene expression in FCHL and the detectability of such a transcriptional profile in blood derived cell lines. We established lymphoblastic cell lines from FCHL patients and controls. The cells were cultured in fixed conditions and their basal expression profile was compared using microarrays; 166 genes were differentially expressed in FCHL-derived cell lines compared with controls, with enrichment in metabolism-related genes. Of note was the upregulation of EGR-1, previously found to be upregulated in the adipose tissue of FCHL patients, the upregulation of DCHR-7, the downregulation of LYPLA2, and the differential expression of several genes previously unrelated to FCHL. A cluster of potential EGR-1-regulated transcripts was also differentially expressed in FCHL cells. Our data indicate that in FCHL, a disease-specific transcription profile is detectable in immortalized cell lines easily obtained from peripheral blood and provide complementary information to classical genetic approaches to FCHL and/or the metabolic syndrome.
Production is under way in the UK on Twentieth Century Fox movie Death On The Nile, the mystery-thriller based on the book by Agatha Christie. The film will shoot at Longcross Studios outside London and on location in Egypt. Pic reunites the team of filmmakers behind 2017 hit Murder on the Orient Express. Kenneth Branagh returns as director and once again stars as famed Belgian detective Hercule Poirot. He is joined by an all-star cast of suspects which includes: Tom Bateman (who reprises the role of Bouc from Murder on the Orient Express), Annette Bening, Russell Brand, Ali Fazal, Dawn French, Gal Gadot, Armie Hammer, Rose Leslie, Emma Mackey, Sophie Okonedo, Jennifer Saunders and Letitia Wright. Screenplay for the film, adapted from Christie’s 1937 novel, is once again written by Michael Green with Ridley Scott, Mark Gordon, Simon Kinberg, Kenneth Branagh and Judy Hofflund are returning as producers. Kevin Walsh also produces. Matthew Jenkins and James Prichard return as executive producers. Pic will be released on October 9, 2020. In Death on the Nile , Hercule Poirot’s Egyptian adventure aboard a glamorous river steamer descends into a search for a murderer when an idyllic honeymoon is shattered by violent deaths.
Filed 5/13/13 (unmodified opn. attached) CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT DIVISION THREE JOHN CORENBAUM, B236227 Plaintiff and Appellant, (Los Angeles County Super. Ct. No. NC054159) v. DWIGHT ERIC LAMPKIN, ORDER MODIFYING OPINION [NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT] Defendant and Appellant. CHARLES CARTER et al., B237871 Plaintiffs and Appellants, (Los Angeles County Super. Ct. No. NC054349) v. DWIGHT ERIC LAMPKIN, Defendant and Appellant. BY THE COURT: The opinion filed in this matter on April 30, 2013, is hereby modified in the following manner: Page 21: The last sentence of footnote 12 is hereby deleted and replaced with the following: 1 As the circumstance is not presented by the record before us, we do not reach or consider the issues that might arise in the event that a defendant seeks to introduce evidence that the reasonable value of past medical services was less than the amount accepted by the medical providers as full payment. [NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT] 2 Filed 4/30/13 (unmodified version) CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT DIVISION THREE JOHN CORENBAUM, B236227 Plaintiff and Appellant, (Los Angeles County Super. Ct. No. NC054159) v. DWIGHT ERIC LAMPKIN, Defendant and Appellant. CHARLES CARTER et al., B237871 Plaintiffs and Appellants, (Los Angeles County Super. Ct. No. NC054349) v. DWIGHT ERIC LAMPKIN, Defendant and Appellant. APPEALS from judgments and an order of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Ross M. Klein, Judge. Judgments affirmed in part and reversed in part, and the matter is remanded with directions; order affirmed. 1 Sutton & Murphy, Michael S. Sutton; Rigg & Dean, Warren C. Dean, Jr., and Regan Dean Phillips, for Plaintiffs and Appellants. Barbara A. Jones, Kelly Bagby and Kimberly Bernard for AARP Foundation as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Plaintiffs and Appellants. Arkin Law Firm, Sharon J. Arkin; Khorrami, Scott H. Z. Sumner; LaFave & Rice, John J. Rice; Kabateck Brown Kellner, Brian Kabateck and Richard Kellner for Consumer Attorneys of America as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Plaintiffs and Appellants. The Phillips Firm, Thomas M. Phillips, Timothy E. Kearns and Michael A. Kramer; Masserman & Ducey and Mitchell F. Ducey, for Defendant and Appellant. Coddington, Hicks & Danforth, R. Wardell Loveland and Hyon M. Kientzy for AAA Northern California, Nevada & Utah Insurance Exchange as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendant and Appellant. Greines, Martin, Stein & Richland and Robert A. Olson for Association of Southern California Defense Counsel and Association of Defense Counsel of Northern California and Nevada as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendant and Appellant. Cole Pedroza, Curtis A. Cole, Kennedy R. Pedroza and Cassidy C. Davenport for California Medical Association, California Dental Association and California Hospital Association as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendant and Appellant. Fred J. Hiestand for Civil Justice Association of California as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendant and Appellant. 2 Newdorf Legal, David B. Newdorf and Vicki F. Van Fleet for League of California Cities and California State Association of Counties as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendant and Appellant. Hager Dowling Lim & Slack, John V. Hager for Mercury Insurance Group as Amicus Curiae on behalf of Defendant and Appellant. Sedgwick and Christina J. Imre for Personal Insurance Federation of California, Pacific Association of Domestic Insurance Companies, Property Casualty Insurers‘ Association of America and National Association of Mutual Insurance Companies as Amici Curiae on behalf of Defendant and Appellant. _______________________________________ 3 This case requires us to consider the impact and implications of the California Supreme Court‘s opinion in Howell v. Hamilton Meats & Provisions, Inc. (2011) 52 Cal.4th 541 (Howell). As in Howell, the medical providers who treated plaintiffs in this case accepted, pursuant to prior agreements, less than the full amount of their medical billings as payment in full for their services. We must determine the admissibility in evidence of the full amount of an injured plaintiff‘s medical billings not only with respect to damages for past medical expenses, but also with respect to future medical expenses and noneconomic damages. John Corenbaum and Charles Carter (Carter) suffered injuries when a vehicle driven by Dwight Eric Lampkin collided with a taxicab in which they were passengers. Lampkin was convicted of fleeing the scene of an injury accident (Veh. Code, § 20001, subd. (a)), but was not found guilty on another count for driving under the influence (id., § 23153, subd. (a)). Corenbaum, Carter and Daniella Carter then filed two civil actions against Lampkin, which were later consolidated. After a trial, the jury found that Corenbaum and Carter, respectively, suffered approximately $1.8 million and $1.4 million in compensatory damages, and that Daniella Carter suffered $75,000 in damages for loss of consortium. The jury also awarded Corenbaum and Carter $20,000 each in punitive damages. Lampkin appeals the separate judgments entered in favor of Corenbaum and Carter. Plaintiffs filed their own appeal from the denial of their motion for an attorney fee award under Code of Civil Procedure section 1021.4 (section 1021.4). 4 Lampkin contends the trial court erred by admitting (1) evidence of the full amounts billed for plaintiffs‘ medical care, rather than the amounts actually paid and accepted as full payment by plaintiffs‘ medical providers, and (2) evidence of his prior arrest for driving under the influence. He also contends Carter is not entitled to an award of punitive damages because he did not seek punitive damages in his complaint, and the amount of punitive damages awarded to both Corenbaum and Carter is excessive relative to his ability to pay. We conclude that evidence of the full amounts billed for plaintiffs‘ medical care was not relevant to the amount of damages for past medical services, damages for their future medical care or noneconomic damages. Because plaintiffs have not shown that evidence of the full amounts of their medical bills was relevant to any other issue, the admission of such evidence was error. We reject Lampkin‘s challenges to the punitive damage awards. We therefore will reverse, in part, the judgments in favor of Corenbaum and Carter and remand the matter for a new trial limited to the issue of compensatory damages. In their appeal, plaintiffs contend the trial court erroneously held that section 1021.4, which authorizes an attorney fee award to the prevailing plaintiff ―[i]n an action for damages against a defendant based upon that defendant‘s commission of a felony offense for which that defendant has been convicted,‖ does not authorize a fee award in these circumstances. We conclude that the court properly held that this action is not based on the felony offense for which Lampkin was convicted. We therefore will affirm the order denying a fee award. 5 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 1. Plaintiffs’ Injuries and Lampkin’s Arrest and Conviction Corenbaum and Carter were passengers in a taxicab traveling east on Broadway in downtown Long Beach at approximately 1:30 a.m. on April 5, 2008, when a Lexus automobile traveling south on Atlantic Avenue collided with the taxicab in the intersection of those two streets. A witness in the vehicle immediately behind the taxicab testified that the Lexus ran the red light traveling at a speed of approximately 50 to 70 miles per hour. The posted speed limit on Atlantic Avenue was 25 miles per hour. Both vehicles involved in the collision came to a rest, and the driver of the Lexus fled on foot. Corenbaum and Carter suffered serious injuries. Lampkin was one of two registered owners of the Lexus at the time of the collision. He had spent the evening of April 4, 2008, eating dinner with friends at a restaurant and nightclub in downtown Long Beach. He consumed copious amounts of alcohol that evening. Security guards asked him to leave the restaurant and escorted him out at approximately 11:30 p.m. His companions left as well, and the group walked to a bar nearby. While the group was walking to the bar, Lampkin stumbled and fell to the ground. He later separated from the group, walked away from the others and fell a second time. Nicolle Topp was one of several friends who were with Lampkin on the evening of April 4, 2008. After leaving the bar, several of them went to Topp‘s condominium a few blocks away. Lampkin arrived later, at approximately 2:15 a.m., apparently still intoxicated. He fell asleep on the floor. After he awakened in the morning he stated 6 that his keys, wallet, cell phone and jacket were missing. Lampkin and Topp searched for those items where Lampkin said he might have left them, but found nothing, and then went to the parking garage near the restaurant where he said he had parked his Lexus, but did not find his car there. Lampkin called the police and reported his car stolen. The police interviewed Lampkin that morning and arrested him. A jury found him guilty of fleeing the scene of an injury accident (Veh. Code, § 20001, subd. (a)), a felony, and fleeing the scene of an accident causing property damage (id., § 20002, subd. (b)), a misdemeanor, in January 2009. Another count for driving under the influence (Veh. Code, § 23153, subd. (a)) apparently was dismissed because the People exceeded the statutory time to bring the case to trial. He was sentenced to three years‘ imprisonment and ordered to pay $271,335 in restitution fines (Pen. Code, § 1202.4, subd. (f)). 2. Proceedings Before Trial Corenbaum filed a complaint against Lampkin and others in February 2010 and filed a first amended complaint in August 2010 alleging counts against Lampkin for negligence and gross negligence, and seeking punitive damages. Charles and Daniella Carter, husband and wife, filed a complaint against Lampkin and others in March 2010 alleging counts against Lampkin for negligence and loss of consortium. The two actions were consolidated before trial. Lampkin filed a motion in limine before trial to exclude any evidence of his arrest and conviction of driving under the influence arising from a prior incident that 7 occurred on December 23, 2007. He argued that such evidence was relevant only to his character and was inadmissible to show his lack of credibility, pursuant to Evidence Code section 787. He also argued that the evidence should be excluded under Evidence Code section 352 because his conviction for that offense did not occur until after the incident in this case. The trial court denied the motion in limine, stating that the evidence ―shows a continuing pattern of drinking, becoming impaired and driving as to the issue of malice.‖ The court suggested that counsel request a limiting instruction. Plaintiffs filed a motion in limine before trial to exclude any evidence of the payment of plaintiffs‘ medical bills by a collateral source. On the same day, Lampkin filed a ―Request for Court to Hold a Post-Verdict Hearing on Reduction of Plaintiffs‘ Medical Expenses to the Amount Incurred,‖ requesting a postverdict hearing ―in the event that the jury verdict includes damages for past medical expenses in an amount exceeding the amount paid for those medical services.‖ The trial court granted plaintiffs‘ motion in limine ―without prejudice‖ subject to a posttrial ―Hanif/Nishihama‖ motion.1 The court also granted Lampkin‘s request to hold a postverdict hearing, stating, ― . . . we‘ll have the hearing.‖ 3. Trial and Verdict A jury trial in the consolidated actions commenced in May 2011 with Lampkin as the sole defendant appearing at trial. Lampkin admitted that he was negligent before 1 Hanif v. Housing Authority (1988) 200 Cal.App.3d 635, 640-641 (Hanif), and Nishihama v. City and County of San Francisco (2001) 93 Cal.App.4th 298, 306-307 (Nishihama), held, generally, that if the plaintiff‘s medical providers agreed to accept less than the full amount billed as full payment, the damages for past medical expenses could not exceed the amount actually paid or incurred on the plaintiff‘s behalf. 8 jury selection began. Charles and Daniella Carter moved before opening statements to amend their complaint by adding a count for willful misconduct and a prayer for punitive damages. The trial court granted the motion. In accordance with the trial court‘s in limine rulings, the jury heard evidence of the full amounts billed for Corenbaum‘s and Carter‘s past medical care and heard no evidence of the lesser amounts accepted by their medical providers as full payment pursuant to prior agreements with Lampkin‘s private insurers. The trial court, over Lampkin‘s objection, also allowed him to be questioned regarding his arrest for driving under the influence on December 23, 2007. The court instructed the jury, including an instruction that Lampkin had admitted his negligence. The jury returned a special verdict on June 3, 2011, finding that Lampkin‘s negligence was a substantial factor in causing harm to each of the three plaintiffs. It found that Corenbaum and Carter had suffered past and future economic and noneconomic damages totaling $1,834,602 and $1,392,141.87, respectively, and that Daniella Carter had suffered $75,000 in damages for loss of consortium.2 It also found that Corenbaum and Carter, respectively, bore 10 percent and 20 percent of the responsibility for their own injuries. The jury also found that Lampkin had acted with malice. Lampkin testified in the second phase of the trial relating to punitive damages. He admitted that he had been served with a subpoena to produce at trial all records in 2 The special verdict included specific findings as to the amounts of past economic damages, future economic damages and noneconomic damages suffered by each plaintiff. 9 his possession, custody or control evidencing his ―current wealth, assets and liabilities.‖ He acknowledged that he had produced no documents and stated that he had no assets or wealth and nothing to produce. He later conceded, however, that he had $300 in a savings account and had a bank statement or bank book evidencing that account, but had failed to produce it. He testified by way of explanation, ―I thought it [the subpoena] was assets and wealth. It didn‘t say anything about checking account or savings account.‖ He testified that his only assets were his savings account and his personal clothing, the value of which he could not estimate. The jury returned a verdict, also on June 3, 2011, awarding punitive damages in the amount of $20,000 each to Corenbaum and Carter and awarding no punitive damages to Daniella Carter. 4. Posttrial Motions, Judgments and Appeals On June 24, 2011, Lampkin filed a motion to reduce the compensatory damage awards pursuant to Hanif, supra, 200 Cal.App.3d 635, and Nishihama, supra, 93 Cal.App.4th 298, and pursuant to the trial court‘s pretrial ruling granting Lampkin‘s request to hold a postverdict hearing on such a reduction. Lampkin sought to reduce the awards by the difference between the full amounts billed for past medical expenses and the amounts actually accepted by plaintiffs‘ medical providers as full payment for the services provided. The hearing on the motion was noticed for July 19, 2011, but later was continued to August 23 and then to September 6, 2011. On July 5, 2011, the trial court entered a separate judgment against Lampkin for each plaintiff, awarding Corenbaum and Carter, respectively, $1,537,985.97 and $1,108,362.08 in compensatory and punitive damages, and awarding Daniella Carter 10 $60,000 in compensatory damages.3 The judgments in favor of Corenbaum and Carter also awarded $15,000 in damages against the co-owner of the Lexus, who did not appear at trial. Lampkin filed a new trial motion challenging the punitive damage awards as excessive and unsupported by the evidence. He argued that there was insufficient evidence of his financial condition at the time of trial and that the awards were excessive in light of Lampkin‘s testimony as to his limited assets. He also moved for judgment notwithstanding the verdict on the same grounds. The trial court denied both motions on August 17, 2011. The California Supreme Court filed its opinion in Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th 541, on August 18, 2011. The trial court heard Lampkin‘s motion to reduce the compensatory damage awards on September 6, 2011. The court denied the motion, stating in a minute order, ―[w]hile this Court feels that a reduction is appropriate, it is without jurisdiction to do so. As this Court has already denied the Motion for New Trial, the jurisdiction now rests with the Court of Appeal.‖ Corenbaum filed a motion for an award of attorney fees pursuant to section 1021.4.4 Charles and Daniella Carter filed a separate fee motion under the same 3 The amounts awarded reflect reductions for comparative negligence and a prior settlement. 4 Section 1021.4 states: ―In an action for damages against a defendant based upon that defendant‘s commission of a felony offense for which that defendant has been 11 statute. The trial court denied the motions in an order dated September 6, 2011, stating that the felonious conduct for which Lampkin was convicted was fleeing the scene of an injury accident rather than causing or being involved in an injury accident, and that plaintiffs‘ injuries resulted from the latter rather than the former. Lampkin filed a notice of appeal on September 16, 2011, stating that he was appealing the judgment entered on July 5, 2011 (No. B236227).5 Plaintiffs jointly filed a notice of appeal from the order denying their motions for attorney fees (No. B237871). We have consolidated the two appeals. CONTENTIONS Lampkin contends the trial court erred by (1) admitting evidence of the full amounts billed for Corenbaum‘s and Carter‘s medical care when the amounts accepted by their medical providers as full payment were less than the amounts billed; (2) admitting evidence of his prior arrest for driving under the influence on December 23, 2007; (3) instructing the jury on punitive damages as to Carter despite the absence of a claim for punitive damages in Carter‘s complaint; and (4) denying his motion for a new trial on punitive damages. Corenbaum and Carter contend the trial court erroneously concluded that section 1021.4 does not authorize an attorney fee award in these circumstances. convicted, the court may, upon motion, award reasonable attorney‘s fees to a prevailing plaintiff against the defendant who has been convicted of the felony.‖ 5 We liberally construe the notice of appeal (Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.100(a)(2)) as an appeal from each of the separate judgments entered on July 5, 2011, in favor of Corenbaum and Carter. 12 DISCUSSION 1. The Admission of Evidence of the Full Amounts Billed for Plaintiffs’ Medical Care Was Error a. Howell v. Hamilton Meats & Provisions, Inc. The California Supreme Court in Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th 541, held that an injured plaintiff whose medical expenses are paid by private insurance can recover damages for past medical expenses in an amount no greater than the amount that the plaintiff‘s medical providers, pursuant to prior agreement, accepted as full payment or, to the extent that payment is still owing, the amount that the medical providers had agreed to accept as full payment for the services provided. (Id. at p. 566.) The plaintiff‘s pecuniary loss is limited to the amount paid or incurred for past medical services, so the plaintiff cannot recover damages in excess of that amount. (Id. at p. 555.) Howell approved the general rule from Hanif, supra, 200 Cal.App.3d 635, 640-641, and Nishihama, supra, 93 Cal.App.4th 298, 306-307, in this regard. (Howell, supra, at pp. 553-555.) Howell also held that limiting a plaintiff‘s recovery in this manner does not contravene the collateral source rule. (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at pp. 563-566.) The collateral source rule provides that the damages awarded to an injured plaintiff cannot be reduced by the amount paid on the plaintiff‘s behalf by a source independent of the tortfeasor, such as an insurer. (Id. at p. 551; Helfend v. Southern Cal. Rapid Transit Dist. (1970) 2 Cal.3d 1, 6 (Helfend).) ―The rule thus dictates that an injured plaintiff may recover from the tortfeasor money an insurer has paid to medical providers on his 13 or her behalf.‖ (Howell, supra, at p. 551.) Helfend reaffirmed California‘s acceptance of the collateral source rule, but did not explain ―how the collateral source rule would apply to damages for past medical expenses when the amount billed for medical services substantially exceeds the amount accepted in full payment.‖6 (Howell, supra, at p. 552.) Medical providers typically enter into agreements with private insurers in which the medical providers agree to accept discounted payments for the services provided to insured patients. (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at pp. 558, 560-561.) The term ―negotiated rate differential‖ refers to the difference between the full amount billed and the amount that the provider has agreed to accept from the insurer as full payment. (Id. at p. 555.) An insured plaintiff incurs no liability for the negotiated rate differential and suffers no pecuniary loss in that amount. (Id. at pp. 555, 557.) Instead, the plaintiff‘s pecuniary loss is limited to the amount that the medical providers accepted or agreed to accept as full payment. (Id. at p. 555.) 6 Howell addressed this issue by analyzing four specific questions: ―(1) Was Hanif correct that a tort plaintiff can recover only what has been paid or incurred for medical care, even if that is less than the reasonable value of the services rendered? (2) Even if Hanif, which involved Medi–Cal payments, reached the right result on its facts, does its logic extend to plaintiffs covered by private insurance? (3) Does limiting the plaintiff‘s recovery to the amounts paid and owed on his or her behalf confer a windfall on the tortfeasor, defeating the policy goals of the collateral source rule? (4) Is the difference between the providers‘ full billings and the amounts they have agreed to accept from a patient‘s insurer as full payment—what the appellate court below called the ‗negotiated rate differential‘—a benefit the patient receives from his or her health insurance policy subject to the collateral source rule?‖ (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 555.) Howell answered those questions: yes, yes, no and no. (Id. at pp. 555-566.) 14 To be recoverable in damages, a plaintiff‘s medical expenses must be both incurred and reasonable. (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 555.) Damages for past medical expenses are limited to the lesser of (1) the amount paid or incurred for past medical expenses and (2) the reasonable value of the services.7 (Id. at p. 556.) ― ‗ ―[R]easonable value‖ is a term of limitation, not of aggrandizement.‘ (Hanif, supra, 200 Cal.App.3d at p. 641.)‖ (Id. at p. 553.) ― ‗[W]hen the evidence shows a sum certain to have been paid or incurred for past medical care and services, whether by the plaintiff or by an independent source, that sum certain is the most the plaintiff may recover for that care despite the fact it may have been less than the prevailing market rate.‘ ‖ (Id. at p. 549, fn. 1, quoting Hanif, supra, 200 Cal.App.3d at p. 641; see also Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 555.) Thus, where a medical provider has agreed, before treating a plaintiff, to accept a certain amount for its services, that constitutes the provider‘s price and there is no need to determine a reasonable value for those services. (Howell, supra, at p. 559.) Howell also stated that the full amount billed by medical providers is not an accurate measure of the value of medical services. (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 562.) Howell addressed this issue in rejecting the argument that limiting the plaintiff‘s recovery to the amount paid or incurred for medical expenses would result in a windfall to the tortfeasor. (Id. at pp. 560-563.) Howell noted that there can be significant disparities between the amounts charged by medical providers and the costs 7 ―The rule that medical expenses, to be recoverable, must be both incurred and reasonable [citations] applies equally to those with and without medical insurance.‖ (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 559, fn. 6.) 15 of providing services, that prices for providing a particular service can ―vary tremendously . . . from hospital to hospital in California,‖ and that there can be significant disparities between the amounts charged to insured and uninsured patients. (Id. at pp. 560-562.) Even uninsured patients often pay less than the published rates as a result of means-tested discounts. (Id. at p. 561.) ―With so much variation, making any broad generalization about the relationship between the value or cost of medical services and the amounts providers bill for them— other than that the relationship is not always a close one—would be perilous. [¶] . . . it is not possible to say generally that providers’ full bills represent the real value of their services, nor that the discounted payments they accept from private insurers are mere arbitrary reductions.‖ (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 562, italics added.) Howell stated that ―a medical care provider‘s billed price for particular services is not necessarily representative of either the cost of providing those services or their market value.‖ (Id. at p. 564.) Howell emphasized that the negotiated rate may be the best indication of the reasonable value of the services provided and that it is unclear how any other ―market value‖ could be determined. Howell stated, ―pricing of medical services is highly complex and depends, to a significant extent, on the identity of the payer. In effect, there appears to be not one market for medical services but several, with the price of services depending on the category of payer and sometimes on the particular government or business entity paying for the services. Given this state of medical economics, how a market value other than that produced by negotiation between the 16 insurer and the provider could be identified is unclear.‖ (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 562, italics added.) Howell also held that the negotiated rate differential is not a collateral source payment and therefore is not subject to the collateral source rule. (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at pp. 563-566.) The collateral source rule does not apply to losses or liabilities that the plaintiff never incurred and therefore is not entitled to recover. (Id. at pp. 563-564.) For this and other reasons, the collateral source rule is inapplicable to the negotiated rate differential and does not make that amount recoverable as tort damages. (Id. at pp. 564-565.) Further, the evidentiary aspect of the collateral source rule makes any evidence of a collateral source payment inadmissible for the purpose of determining the amount of damages. (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 552.) This precludes evidence that an insurer, or another source independent of the tortfeasor, paid for the plaintiff‘s medical care, but does not preclude evidence of the amount that a medical provider, pursuant to prior agreement, accepted as full payment. (Id. at pp. 563, 567.) Evidence of the amount that a medical provider accepted as full payment, pursuant to prior agreement, is relevant to the amount of damages for past medical expenses and is admissible for that purpose, ―assuming it satisfies other rules of evidence.‖ (Id. at p. 567.) Evidence of the full amount billed, in contrast, is not relevant to the amount of damages for past medical expenses if the plaintiff never incurred liability for that 17 amount.8 ―Where the provider has, by prior agreement, accepted less than a billed amount as full payment, evidence of the full billed amount is not itself relevant on the issue of past medical expenses.‖9 (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 567.) But Howell expressly declined to decide whether evidence of the full amount billed is relevant or admissible ―on other issues, such as noneconomic damages or future medical expenses.‖ (Ibid.) Because the defendant in Howell had conceded that it was proper for the jury to hear evidence of the plaintiff‘s full medical bills, those issues were not presented in that case. (Ibid.) 8 An unpaid bill is not independently admissible to prove that an expense was incurred, but is admissible only for the purpose of corroborating testimony. Pacific Gas & E. Co. v. G. W. Thomas Drayage etc. Co. (1968) 69 Cal.2d 33, 42-43, stated, ―Since invoices, bills, and receipts for repairs are hearsay, they are inadmissible independently to prove that liability for the repairs was incurred, that payment was made, or that the charges were reasonable. [Citations.] If, however, a party testifies that he incurred or discharged a liability for repairs, any of these documents may be admitted for the limited purpose of corroborating his testimony [citations], and if the charges were paid, the testimony and documents are evidence that the charges were reasonable. [Citations.]‖ (Id., at pp. 42-43.) Damages for past medical expenses are limited to the amount that the medical providers accepted or agreed to accept as full payment. (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at page 555.) This compels the conclusion that an unpaid bill for past medical services is admissible to corroborate testimony as to the amount incurred only if the bill reflects the amount that the medical provider agreed to accept as full payment. 9 Howell made the quoted statement in explaining the implications of its holding limiting the amount of a plaintiff‘s recovery when the plaintiff‘s medical expenses are paid through private insurance. (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at pp. 566-567.) Howell acknowledged that the defendant in that case had conceded that it was proper for the jury to hear evidence of the plaintiff‘s full medical bills, but the Howell court nonetheless expressed its opinion that evidence of the full amount billed was not relevant on the issue of past medical expenses in those circumstances. (Id. at p. 567.) Although this statement in Howell was not part of its holding, the point clearly was carefully considered and expressed quite deliberately. 18 b. Evidence of the Full Amount Billed Is Not Relevant to the Amount of Past Medical Expenses Although Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th 541, did not directly so hold, we are persuaded by the carefully considered reasoning in Howell, and therefore do hold that evidence of the full amount billed for a plaintiff‘s medical care is not relevant to the determination of a plaintiff‘s damages for past medical expenses, and therefore is inadmissible for that purpose if the plaintiff‘s medical providers, by prior agreement, had contracted to accept a lesser amount as full payment for the services provided.10 In contrast, evidence of the amount accepted by medical providers as full payment does not violate the collateral source rule and is admissible provided that the source of the payment is not disclosed to the jury and the evidence satisfies the other rules of evidence. (Id. at p. 567.) Consumer Attorneys argues that any evidence of the amount accepted by a medical provider as full payment for the services provided, including testimony given in court, constitutes evidence of a statement as to the terms of the agreement between the medical provider and the plaintiff‘s health insurer and therefore is inadmissible under the hearsay and parol evidence rules. We disagree. The hearsay rule provides 10 Consumer Attorneys of California, as amicus curiae on behalf of plaintiffs (Consumer Attorneys), cites Katiuzhinsky v. Perry (2007) 152 Cal.App.4th 1288, 1295-1296, for the proposition that evidence of the full amount billed is admissible to determine the reasonable value of past medical services. Katiuzhinsky is distinguishable because the plaintiffs in that case, who apparently had no health insurance, remained fully liable to their medical providers for the full amount billed despite the providers‘ sale of their accounts to a medical finance company at a discount. (Id. at pp. 1291, 1296; see id. at p. 1292.) Howell distinguished Katiuzhinsky on this basis. (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at pp. 554, 557.) 19 that evidence of an out-of-court statement offered to prove the truth of the matter stated is inadmissible unless an exception applies. (Evid. Code, § 1200, subds. (a), (b).) Although the amount accepted as full payment might have been determined by an agreement, evidence that a medical provider accepted a certain amount as full payment does not constitute evidence of a statement as to the terms of the agreement and is not offered to prove the terms of the agreement. Moreover, it is not the terms of that agreement that are in issue. Rather, it is the amount that has been accepted as full payment by the medical provider. In the typical case, that will not even be in dispute and, in any event, it is a fact easily proven by non-hearsay testimonial and documentary evidence from the provider. The hearsay argument asserted by Consumer Attorneys has no merit whatever.11 Consumer Attorneys also argues that a plaintiff seeking damages for past medical expenses should be able to present evidence of not only the amount accepted as full payment for past medical services provided, but also the reasonable value of those services. We reject that argument as well. Because an injured plaintiff can recover as damages for past medical expenses no more than the amount incurred for those past medical services (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 555), evidence that the reasonable value of such services exceeded the amount paid is irrelevant and inadmissible on the issue of the amount of damages for past medical services. (See id. at p. 559.) Moreover, for the jury to consider both evidence of the amount accepted by medical 11 For essentially the same reasons, there is no basis for a parol evidence objection to evidence that a provider has accepted a particular amount in full payment for medical services rendered. 20 providers as full payment and evidence of a potentially greater reasonable value would very likely cause jury confusion and suggest the existence of a collateral source payment, contrary to the evidentiary aspect of the collateral source rule. Likewise, the presentation in each case of evidence as to the reasonable value of a plaintiff‘s medical care apart from the amount accepted by medical providers as full payment would, as Howell stated, ―routinely involve violations of the evidentiary aspect of the collateral source rule. If the jury were required to decide whether the price actually paid for medical care was lower than reasonable, the defense could not in fairness be precluded from showing the circumstances by which that price was determined, including that it was negotiated and paid by the plaintiff‘s health insurer. In contrast, our conclusion, that the plaintiff may recover no more than the medical providers accepted in full payment for their services, allows for proof of the amount paid without admitting evidence of the payment‘s source.‖12 (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 563.) We therefore conclude that evidence of the full amount billed for plaintiffs‘ medical care was not admissible for the purpose of determining plaintiffs‘ damages for their past medical expenses. Unresolved issues remain, however, as to whether evidence of the full amounts billed for plaintiffs‘ medical care in this case was 12 Howell provided this explanation in rejecting the argument by the dissent in that case that an insured plaintiff should recover the ―reasonable value‖ of care, to be proven in each case by expert testimony, rather than a lesser amount accepted by medical providers as full payment. (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 563.) Our conclusion that evidence of the reasonable value of past medical services is inadmissible to prove the amount of damages for past medical services in these circumstances would not necessarily prevent a defendant from offering evidence that the reasonable value of past medical services was less than the amount paid. 21 admissible for the purpose of determining future medical expenses and noneconomic damages, or may be admissible on remand for those purposes.13 (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 567.) We now turn to those issues. c. Evidence of the Full Amount Billed For Past Medical Services Is Not Relevant to the Determination of Damages for Future Medical Expenses An injured plaintiff is entitled to recover the reasonable value of medical services that are reasonably certain to be necessary in the future. (Civ. Code, §§ 3283 [damages may be awarded for ―detriment . . . certain to result in the future‖], 3359 [―[d]amages must, in all cases, be reasonable . . . ‖]; Caminetti v. Pacific Mut. Life Ins. Co. (1943) 23 Cal.2d 94, 103 [future damages must be proven with ―reasonable certainty‖].) The argument that the full amount billed for past medical services is relevant to the reasonable value of future medical services that the plaintiff is reasonably certain to require necessarily assumes that the full amount billed for past medical services is relevant to the value of those past medical services. In our view, Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th 541, negates such an assumption and precludes this argument. As already noted, Howell stated that the full amount billed is not an accurate measure of the value of medical services, that there can be significant disparities between the amounts charged by medical providers and the costs of providing services 13 Evidence that is not relevant on a particular issue is nevertheless admissible if it is relevant on another issue in dispute, subject to a limiting instruction upon request. (Evid. Code, § 355; Bullock v. Philip Morris USA, Inc. (2008) 159 Cal.App.4th 655, 682.) We requested supplemental briefs from the parties and solicited amicus curiae briefs addressing the admissibility of evidence of the full amount billed for an injured plaintiff‘s medical care for the purpose of determining damages for future medical expenses and noneconomic damages. 22 and that the price of a particular service can ―vary tremendously . . . from hospital to hospital in California‖ and ―a medical provider‘s billed price for particular services is not necessarily representative of either the cost of providing those services or their market value.‖ (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at pp. 560-562, 564.) These and other observations in Howell compel the conclusion that the full amount billed by medical providers is not relevant to the value of past medical services. For the same reason, the full amount billed for past medical services is not relevant to a determination of the reasonable value of future medical services. Moreover, for a jury to consider both evidence of the amount accepted as full payment, for the purpose of determining the amount of past economic damages, and the full amount billed, for some other purpose, would most certainly cause jury confusion and suggest the existence of a collateral source payment, contrary to the evidentiary aspect of the collateral source rule. We therefore conclude that the full amount billed for past medical services is not relevant to the amount of future medical expenses and is inadmissible for that purpose. d. Evidence of the Full Amount Billed For Past Medical Services Cannot Support an Expert Opinion on the Reasonable Value of Future Medical Services Our conclusion that the full amount billed by medical providers for past medical services is not relevant to the value of the services provided also has implications for expert opinion testimony that may be offered on remand as to the reasonable value of medical services to be provided in the future. Because the full amount billed for past medical services provided to plaintiffs is not relevant to the value of those services, we believe that the full amount billed for those past medical services can provide no 23 reasonable basis for an expert opinion on the value of future medical services. Evidence of the full amount billed for past medical services provided to plaintiffs therefore cannot support an expert opinion on the reasonable value of future medical services. (Evid. Code, §§ 801, subd. (b), 802.) Evidence Code section 801, subdivision (b) states that an expert opinion must be ―[b]ased on matter . . . that is of a type that reasonably may be relied upon by an expert in forming an opinion upon the subject to which his testimony relates . . . . ‖ ― ‗We construe this to mean that the matter relied on must provide a reasonable basis for the particular opinion offered, and that an expert opinion based on speculation or conjecture is inadmissible.‘ ‖ (Sargon Enterprises, Inc. v. University of Southern California (2012) 55 Cal.4th 747, 770 (Sargon), quoting Lockheed Litigation Cases (2004) 115 Cal.App.4th 558, 564.) Expert opinion testimony based on matter that provides no reasonable basis for the opinion offered is properly excluded under Evidence Code section 801, subdivision (b). (Sargon, supra, at p. 776.) Similarly, Evidence Code section 802 allows the trial court to inquire into the reasons for an expert‘s opinion and to exclude expert opinion testimony if it is ―based on reasons unsupported by the material on which the expert relies.‖ (Sargon, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 771.) Evidence Code section 802 also allows the courts to develop ― ‗case law restrictions on an expert‘s ―reasons.‖ ‘ [Citation.]‖ (Sargon, supra, at p. 771.) If the material on which an expert relies does not support the expert‘s reasoning, the expert‘s opinion is properly excluded under Evidence Code section 802. (Sargon, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 771.) 24 Moreover, for an expert to base an opinion as to the reasonable value of future medical services, in whole or in part, on the full amount billed for past medical services provided to a plaintiff would lead to the introduction of evidence concerning the circumstances by which a lower price was negotiated with that plaintiff‘s health insurer, thus violating the evidentiary aspect of the collateral source rule. (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 563.) Thus, we conclude that any expert who testifies on remand with respect to the reasonable value of the future medical services that Corenbaum and Carter are reasonably likely to require may not rely on the full amounts billed for plaintiffs‘ past medical expenses.14 e. Evidence of the Full Amount Billed Is Not Relevant to the Amount of Noneconomic Damages Noneconomic damages compensate an injured plaintiff for nonpecuniary injuries, including pain and suffering. Pain and suffering is a unitary concept that encompasses physical pain and various forms of mental anguish and emotional distress. (Capelouto v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals (1972) 7 Cal.3d 889, 892-893.) Such injuries are subjective, and the determination of the amount of damages by the trier of fact is equally subjective. (Id. at p. 893.)15 There is no fixed standard to determine the 14 Given this limitation on the presentation of an expert‘s opinion in this case, any issues that may arise on remand regarding such presentation should be resolved by the trial court in a hearing held outside the presence of the jury. 15 Subjective mental states ―represent[] a detriment which can be translated into monetary loss only with great difficulty. [Citations.] But the detriment, nevertheless, is a genuine one that requires compensation [citations], and the issue generally must be resolved by the ‗impartial conscience and judgment of jurors who may be expected to 25 amount of noneconomic damages. Instead, the determination is committed to the discretion of the trier of fact. (Ibid.; see Rest.2d Torts, § 912, com. b, pp. 479-480.) This is no easy task. In Beagle v. Vasold (1966) 65 Cal.2d 166, the Supreme Court, in allowing a per diem pain and suffering argument, commented, ―One of the most difficult tasks imposed upon a jury in deciding a case involving personal injuries is to determine the amount of money the plaintiff is to be awarded as compensation for pain and suffering. No method is available to the jury by which it can objectively evaluate such damages, and no witness may express his subjective opinion on the matter. [Citation.] In a very real sense, the jury is asked to evaluate in terms of money a detriment for which monetary compensation cannot be ascertained with any demonstrable accuracy. . . . ‗Translating pain and anguish into dollars can, at best, be only an arbitrary allowance, and not a process of measurement, and consequently the judge can, in his instructions, give the jury no standard to go by; he can only tell them to allow such amount as in their discretion they may consider reasonable. . . . The chief reliance for reaching reasonable results in attempting to value suffering in terms of money must be the restraint and common sense of the jury. . . . ‘ [Citation.]‖ (Id. at p. 167.) Lawyers have used the amount of economic damages as a point of reference in their argument to a jury, or in settlement discussions, as a means to help determine the amount of noneconomic damages. We need not comment on this practice except to act reasonably, intelligently and in harmony with the evidence.‘ [Citations.]‖ (Capelouto v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals, supra, 7 Cal.3d at p. 893.) 26 state that it can provide no justification for the admission of evidence that is otherwise inadmissible and that is not relevant to the amount of economic damages. As we have explained, the full amount billed for past medical services is not relevant to a determination of the damages for either past or future medical services if the medical providers had agreed to accept a lesser amount as full payment. We conclude that evidence of the full amount billed is not admissible for the purpose of providing plaintiff‘s counsel an argumentative construct to assist a jury in its difficult task of determining the amount of noneconomic damages and is inadmissible for the purpose of proving noneconomic damages. f. The Judgment Must Be Reversed for a New Trial on Compensatory Damages As explained above, we conclude that evidence of the full amounts billed for Corenbaum‘s and Carter‘s medical care was not relevant to the amount of their damages for past medical expenses, future medical expenses or noneconomic damages, and it was not offered in evidence for any other purpose. The admission of evidence of the full amounts billed therefore was error. (Evid. Code, § 350.) The error was prejudicial because, as the record before us clearly demonstrates, the amounts awarded as damages were based on the full amounts billed rather than the lesser amounts accepted by medical providers as full payment. We therefore will reverse the judgments in favor of Corenbaum and Carter as to the awards of compensatory damages against Lampkin and 27 remand the matter with directions to conduct a new trial to determine the amounts of compensatory damages, liability having been established.16 2. Lampkin May Raise the Issue on Appeal Lampkin‘s failure to object to the admission of evidence of the full amounts billed does not preclude him from raising the issue on appeal. An appellant may challenge the admission of evidence for the first time on appeal despite his or her failure to object in the trial court if the challenge is based on a change in the law that the appellant could not reasonably have been expected to foresee. (People v. Black (2007) 41 Cal.4th 799, 810-811; People v. Turner (1990) 50 Cal.3d 668, 703.) Opinions by the Courts of Appeal prior to Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th 541, held that the rule from Hanif, supra, 200 Cal.App.3d 635, and Nishihama, supra, 93 Cal.App.4th 298, limiting the amount of a plaintiff‘s recovery did not preclude the admission of evidence of the full amount billed for past medical care, and stated that such evidence provided the jury a more accurate indication and a more complete picture of the extent of the plaintiff‘s injuries. (Olsen v. Reid (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 200, 204; Greer v. Buzgheia (2006) 141 Cal.App.4th 1150, 1157.) Lampkin could not reasonably have been expected to anticipate the rule announced for the first time in Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at page 567, that evidence of the full amount billed is not relevant on the issue of past medical expenses in these circumstances. 16 ―An appellate court may order a limited new trial if a new trial on limited issues would not cause such uncertainty or confusion as to deny a fair trial, as here. (Brewer v. Second Baptist Church (1948) 32 Cal.2d 791, 801 [197 P.2d 713]; see Torres v. Automobile Club of So. California (1997) 15 Cal.4th 771, 776 [63 Cal.Rptr.2d 859, 937 P.2d 290].)‖ (Mealy v. B-Mobile, Inc. (2011) 195 Cal.App.4th 1218, 1225, fn. 1.) 28 On the other hand, we reject plaintiffs‘ argument that the rule that evidence of the full amounts billed is inadmissible in these circumstances (see Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 567) should not apply retroactively to the judgments entered in plaintiffs‘ favor.17 As a general rule, judicial decisions in tort cases are given full retroactive effect in all pending cases, including cases pending on appeal. (Newman v. Emerson Radio Corp. (1989) 48 Cal.3d 973, 978-979, 981-982; Waller v. Truck Ins. Exchange, Inc. (1995) 11 Cal.4th 1, 24.) But considerations of fairness and public policy may justify an exception when a judicial decision changes a settled rule of law on which the parties have relied. (Claxton v. Waters (2004) 34 Cal.4th 367, 377.) ― ‗ ―Particular considerations relevant to the retroactivity determination include the reasonableness of the parties‘ reliance on the former rule, the nature of the change as substantive or procedural, retroactivity‘s effect on the administration of justice, and the purposes to be served by the new rule. [Citations.]‖ ‘ [Citations.]‖ (Id. at pp. 378-379.) The parties here relied on the former rule allowing the admission of evidence of the full amounts billed, but did so subject to Lampkin‘s right to seek a reduction of damages in a posttrial hearing. Our application of the rule that evidence of the full amounts billed is inadmissible in these circumstances will not upset any expectation or reliance regarding the amount recoverable and will result in no unfairness. Moreover, the new rule concerns only the relevance and admissibility of evidence of the full amount billed and does not change the legal consequences of past conduct by imposing 17 As previously noted, those judgments were entered by the trial court on July 5, 2011. The Supreme Court‘s opinion in Howell was filed on August 18, 2011. 29 new or different liabilities for such conduct. (Cf. Californians for Disability Rights v. Mervyn’s, LLC (2006) 39 Cal.4th 223, 230-232.) We conclude that the exception to the general rule of full retroactivity is inapplicable. 3. Lampkin Has Shown No Error in the Admission of Evidence of his Prior Arrest for Driving Under the Influence Lampkin contends the evidence of his arrest for driving under the influence on December 23, 2007, was not relevant to any issue in this case and was unduly prejudicial. He argues that the evidence was not relevant to his awareness of the dangers of drunk driving at the time of the April 5, 2008, incident because at that time he had neither attended drug or alcohol counseling as a result of the prior incident nor suffered a conviction as a result of that incident. He argues that the only purpose of the evidence was to show a tendency to act consistent with his conduct on a specific prior occasion. He argues that such evidence is inadmissible character evidence under Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (a) and also should have been excluded under Evidence Code section 352. He seeks a new trial limited to the issue of damages.18 Lampkin‘s argument on appeal differs somewhat from his argument in the trial court. He argued on his motion in limine in the trial court, based on Evidence Code section 787, that evidence of a specific instance of conduct is inadmissible to attack the credibility of a witness, and that evidence of his prior arrest therefore could not be admitted to attack the credibility of his testimony. He also argued that the evidence 18 As already noted, Lampkin does not seek a new trial on the issue of liability. Having admitted negligence before the denial of his motion in limine to exclude this evidence, he does not argue that the denial of his motion in limine or the admission of evidence of his prior arrest was prejudicial on the issue of liability. 30 should be excluded under Evidence Code section 352, which he also argues on appeal. But he did not argue in the trial court that the evidence was inadmissible character evidence under Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (a).19 We therefore conclude that Lampkin forfeited any objection based on Evidence Code section 1101, subdivision (a) by failing to timely assert that specific ground in the trial court. (Evid. Code, § 353, subd. (a); People v. Demetrulias (2006) 39 Cal.4th 1, 19-20.) Lampkin also has not shown that he is entitled to a reversal based on Evidence Code section 352 because he has not shown that the probative value of the admitted evidence was substantially outweighed by its potential for prejudice. The evidence of his prior arrest for driving under the influence on December 23, 2007, tended to show Lampkin‘s awareness of the dangers of drunk driving at the time of the incident on April 5, 2008, and therefore was probative on the issue of malice for purposes of punitive damages. The potential for prejudice was remote because at the time of the denial of his motion in limine, Lampkin had already admitted his liability. Lampkin fails to explain how the admission of evidence of his prior arrest is likely to have affected the amount of compensatory damages awarded, and we can discern no reasonable connection. We therefore hold that Lampkin has shown no abuse of discretion in the admission of this evidence. 19 Moreover, despite the trial court‘s suggestion upon denying Lampkin‘s motion in limine that he should request a limiting instruction, there is no indication in the record that he did so. 31 4. The Trial Court Properly Instructed the Jury on Punitive Damages Lampkin contends Carter failed to allege a claim for punitive damages in his complaint, so the trial court erred by instructing the jury on punitive damages as to Carter. But the reporter‘s transcript shows that the court granted the Carters‘ oral motion before opening statements to amend their complaint by adding a count for willful misconduct and a prayer for punitive damages. We therefore conclude that the court did not err in instructing the jury on punitive damages as to Carter. 5. Lampkin Is Estopped From Asserting That the Punitive Damage Awards Are Excessive Lampkin contends there is insufficient evidence of his financial condition to justify an award of punitive damages in any amount, and his own testimony as to his financial condition shows that the $40,000 awarded in punitive damages is excessive. Whatever the merits of this argument, Lampkin is estopped from asserting it. California law permits the recovery of punitive damages ―for the sake of example and by way of punishing the defendant.‖ (Civ. Code, § 3294, subd. (a).) In determining whether a punitive damage award is excessive under California law, a court must consider (1) the reprehensibility of the defendant‘s conduct; (2) the amount of compensatory damages or actual harm suffered by the plaintiff; and (3) the defendant‘s financial condition. (Adams v. Murakami (1991) 54 Cal.3d 105, 110; Neal v. Farmers Ins. Exchange (1978) 21 Cal.3d 910, 928.) ―Even if an award is entirely reasonable in light of the other two factors . . . , the award can be so disproportionate to the defendant‘s ability to pay that the award is 32 excessive for that reason alone.‖ (Adams v. Murakami, supra, 54 Cal.3d at p. 111.) Absent meaningful evidence of a defendant‘s financial condition, a reviewing court cannot determine whether a punitive damages award is excessive under California law. (Id. at pp. 113-114.) Accordingly, evidence of the defendant‘s financial condition at the time of trial is a prerequisite to an award of punitive damages. (Id. at pp. 108-109, 116; Kelly v. Haag (2006) 145 Cal.App.4th 910, 915.) A trial court ruling on a new trial motion may grant a new trial on the ground of excessive damages only if ―after weighing the evidence the court is convinced from the entire record, including reasonable inferences therefrom, that the court or jury clearly should have reached a different verdict or decision.‖ (Code Civ. Proc., § 657.) On appeal from a judgment after the denial of a new trial motion, we can reverse the judgment based on excessive punitive damages only if, viewing the entire record in the light most favorable to the judgment and considering the three factors discussed above, we conclude as a matter of law that the award is excessive or is the result of passion or prejudice. (Neal v. Farmers Ins. Exchange, supra, 21 Cal.3d at pp. 927-928.) A defendant who fails to comply with a court order to produce records of his or her financial condition may be estopped from challenging a punitive damage award based on lack of evidence of financial condition to support the award. (Mike Davidov Co. v. Issod (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 597, 608-609 (Mike Davidov).) The trial court in Mike Davidov ordered the defendant to produce all records of his financial condition for the purpose of determining the amount of punitive damages. The defendant failed to comply with the order, and the court awarded $96,000 in punitive damages. (Id. at 33 pp. 603-604.) We noted that the defendant‘s records were the only source of information available to the plaintiff regarding the defendant‘s financial condition and that the defendant‘s disobedience of the court order prevented the plaintiff from obtaining that information. (Id. at p. 609.) We held that having failed to comply with the order to produce records and having failed to challenge that order on appeal, the defendant was estopped from challenging the punitive damage award based on the lack of evidence of his financial condition. (Id. at pp. 600, 608-609.) Similarly here, Lampkin failed to comply with a subpoena requiring him to produce at trial records of his financial condition, and he does not challenge that subpoena on appeal. A subpoena ―is a writ or order directed to a person and requiring the person‘s attendance at a particular time and place to testify as a witness‖ (Code Civ. Proc., § 1985, subd. (a)), and may also require the production of documents in that person‘s control (ibid.). Thus, for purposes of requiring attendance and the production of documents at trial, a subpoena is equivalent to a court order. In light of Lampkin‘s failure to comply with the subpoena for records, we conclude that he is estopped from challenging the punitive damage awards based on lack of evidence of his financial condition or insufficiency of the evidence to establish his ability to pay the amount awarded. 6. Section 1021.4 Does Not Authorize a Fee Award in These Circumstances Plaintiffs contend the trial court erroneously concluded that it had no authority to award them attorney fees under section 1021.4. We independently review the denial of the plaintiffs‘ motions for attorney fees to the extent that the ruling was based on the 34 court‘s construction of a statute and application of the statute to undisputed facts. (California Forestry Assn. v. California Fish & Game Commission (2007) 156 Cal.App.4th 1535, 1544.) ―Our fundamental task in construing a statute is to ascertain the legislative intent so as to effectuate the purpose of the law. (Hassan v. Mercy American River Hospital (2003) 31 Cal.4th 709, 715 [3 Cal.Rptr.3d 623, 74 P.3d 726].) Because the statutory language ordinarily is the most reliable indicator of legislative intent, we begin by examining the words of the statute. (Ibid.) We give the words of the statute their ordinary and usual meaning and construe them in the context of the statute as a whole and the entire scheme of law of which it is a part. (State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins. Co. v. Garamendi (2004) 32 Cal.4th 1029, 1043 [12 Cal.Rptr.3d 343, 88 P.3d 71].) If the language is clear and a literal construction would not result in absurd consequences that the Legislature did not intend, we presume that the Legislature meant what it said and the plain meaning governs. (Coalition of Concerned Communities, Inc. v. City of Los Angeles (2004) 34 Cal.4th 733, 737 [21 Cal.Rptr.3d 676, 101 P.3d 563].) If the language is ambiguous, we may consider a variety of extrinsic aids, including the purpose of the statute, legislative history, and public policy. (Ibid.)‖ (Frontier Oil Corp. v. RLI Ins. Co. (2007) 153 Cal.App.4th 1436, 1448-1449.) Section 1021.4 authorizes an attorney fee award in favor of the prevailing plaintiff ―[i]n an action for damages against a defendant based upon that defendant‘s commission of a felony offense for which that defendant has been convicted.‖ In our view, an action for damages is ―based upon‖ the defendant‘s commission of a felony 35 within the meaning of the statute if and only if the damages claimed by the plaintiff were caused by the same felonious criminal conduct for which the defendant was convicted. (Vaillette v. Fireman’s Fund Ins. Co. (1993) 18 Cal.App.4th 680, 689, fn. 7 [―Section 1021.4 authorizes the court to award reasonable attorney fees to a prevailing plaintiff against the defendant convicted of the felony that has caused the plaintiff‘s loss.‖]; see Sommers v. Erb (1992) 2 Cal.App.4th 1644, 1650 [―What section 1021.4 and the restitution provisions of Proposition 8 seek to address are felonies that cause injuries to other persons‖]; Wood v. McGovern (1985) 167 Cal.App.3d 772, 778 [―Section 1021.4 simply provides for the award of attorney‘s fees to a plaintiff who prevails in an action to recover losses occasioned by the commission of a felony by a convicted defendant‖].) Vehicle Code section 20001 states, in relevant part: ―(a) The driver of a vehicle involved in an accident resulting in injury to a person, other than himself or herself, or in the death of a person shall immediately stop the vehicle at the scene of the accident and shall fulfill the requirements of Sections 20003 and 20004. ―(b)(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), a person who violates subdivision (a) shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison, or in a county jail 36 for not more than one year, or by a fine of not less than one thousand dollars ($1,000) nor more than ten thousand dollars ($10,000), or by both that imprisonment and fine.‖20 Vehicle Code section 20003 requires the driver of any vehicle involved in an injury accident to provide to the driver and the occupants of any vehicle collided with and to any traffic or police officer at the scene certain identifying information, and requires the driver to render reasonable assistance to any person injured in the accident. Vehicle Code section 20004 requires the driver of any vehicle involved in a fatal accident to report the accident to the California Highway Patrol or other police authority if there is no traffic or police officer at the scene. Vehicle Code section 20001, subdivision (b) makes it a felony for the driver of a vehicle involved in an injury accident to fail to immediately stop the vehicle and provide the information and assistance required by Vehicle Code sections 20003 and 20004. The failure to comply with those statutory obligations constitutes a felony regardless of whether the driver was at fault or responsible for the accident. (People v. Mace (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 875, 887-888; People v. Bammes (1968) 265 Cal.App.2d 626, 631-633; see People v. Harbert (2009) 170 Cal.App.4th 42, 55, fn. 10 [dictum]; People v. Sell (1950) 96 Cal.App.2d 521, 523 [construing identical operable language in former Veh. Code, § 480]; cf. Brooks v. E. J. Willig Truck Transp. Co. (1953) 40 Cal.2d 669, 679 [construing identical operable language in former Veh. Code., § 480 for purposes of civil liability].) The purpose of Vehicle Code section 20001 is to prevent 20 Similarly, Vehicle Code section 20002 imposes certain duties on the driver of a vehicle in an accident resulting in only property damage and states that a person who fails to comply with those requirements is guilty of a misdemeanor. 37 drivers involved in injury accidents from leaving injured persons in distress and in need of medical care and from attempting to avoid potential criminal and civil liability for the accident. (People v. Corners (1985) 176 Cal.App.3d 139, 148.) Many courts have concluded that the conduct made criminal by Vehicle Code section 20001, subdivision (b) is fleeing the scene of an injury accident without providing the required information or rendering assistance, rather than causing or being involved in the accident itself. (E.g., People v. Powell (2010) 181 Cal.App.4th 304, 316; People v. Harbert, supra, 170 Cal.App.4th at p. 59; People v. Wood (2000) 83 Cal.App.4th 862, 866; People v. Braz (1998) 65 Cal.App.4th 425, 432-433; People v. Corners, supra, 176 Cal.App.3d at p. 148.) We agree. The occurrence of an injury accident is a condition precedent to the imposition of duties upon the driver under Vehicle Code sections 20001, subdivision (a) and 20003, but is not an element of the crime under Vehicle Code section 20001, subdivision (b). (People v. Valdez (2010) 189 Cal.App.4th 82, 85.) Accordingly, the damages recoverable in a civil action for violation of the statute are limited to those caused by fleeing rather than damages caused by the accident itself. (People v. Corners, supra, 176 Cal.App.3d at p. 148.) We therefore conclude that when a defendant has been convicted of a violation of Vehicle Code section 20001, subdivision (a), the conduct constituting the commission of a felony for purposes of section 1021.4 is fleeing the scene of an injury accident without providing the required information or rendering assistance. An action for damages for injuries suffered in the accident, such as the present action, is not 38 ―based upon‖ that conduct within the meaning of section 1021.4. The trial court properly denied the motions for attorney fees on this basis.21 People v. Carbajal (1995) 10 Cal.4th 1114, cited by plaintiffs, is not on point. The trial court in Carbajal ordered restitution, as a condition of probation, for property damage caused by a driver who was convicted of fleeing the scene of an injury accident (Veh. Code, § 20001, subd. (a)). The California Supreme Court held that article I, section 28, of the California Constitution, also known as Proposition 8, and Penal Code section 1203.04 do not limit the trial court‘s discretion to order restitution as a condition of probation where the victim‘s loss was not caused by the criminal conduct underlying the conviction if the court finds that one of the statutory purposes of restitution would be served. (Carbajal, supra, at p. 1122.) Carbajal did not hold or suggest that a civil action to recover damages for losses related to, but not caused by, the criminal conduct underlying a conviction for a violation of Vehicle Code section 20001, subdivision (a) is an action for damages based on such a conviction within the meaning of section 1021.4.22 We also reject plaintiffs‘ public policy argument for construing 21 We reject plaintiffs‘ argument that Lampkin‘s fleeing the scene and denying responsibility caused them damages by frustrating their efforts to hold him liable and increasing their litigation costs. Plaintiffs‘ litigation costs are not ―damages‖ sought in this action within the meaning of section 1021.4. 22 People v. Rubics (2006) 136 Cal.App.4th 452, also cited by plaintiffs, involved restitution in connection with sentencing for a violation of Vehicle Code section 20001, subdivision (a). Rubics held that the trial court had the discretion under Penal Code section 1202.4, subdivision (f) to order restitution for damages caused by the accident. (Rubics, supra, at p. 461.) Rubics did not hold that attorney fees are recoverable under section 1021.4 in a civil action seeking such damages. To the extent that Rubics suggested that a conviction under Vehicle Code section 20001, subdivision (a) is based 39 section 1021.4 to authorize an attorney fee award in these circumstances. Such a construction would be contrary to the clear statutory language. in part on the defendant‘s causing or being involved in an injury accident, we decline to follow it for the reasons we have stated. 40 DISPOSITION The judgments in favor of Corenbaum and Carter are reversed as to the awards of compensatory damages against Lampkin, and the matter is remanded with directions to conduct a new trial limited to determining the amounts of compensatory damages in favor of Corenbaum and Carter in accordance with the views expressed herein. The judgments are otherwise affirmed. The order denying the motions for attorney fees is affirmed. Lampkin is entitled to recover his costs on appeal. CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION CROSKEY, Acting P. J. WE CONCUR: KITCHING, J. ALDRICH, J. 41
[Perioperational management of gynecological cancer patients with severe internal medical complications: a serial of 37 clinical cases]. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of perioperational management of gynecological cancer patients with severe internal medical complications. Methods: We collected 37 cases of gynecological cancer patients with severe internal medical complications who were hospitalized in Peking University First Hospital from Jan. 2010 to Nov. 2014. All of the cases were planned to move to ICU right after operation based on the preoperational assessment of anesthetist and physician. The median age was 69.4 years, and 25 cases (68%,25/37) of them were over 70 years old. The pathological types, preoperational complications, preoperational preparation, process of anesthesia and surgery, post-operational short-term morbidity were retrospectively analyzed. Results: (1) Pathological type: among 37 cases of gynecological cancer patients, 16 cases of endometrial cancer, 12 cases of ovarian cancer, 5 cases of vulvar cancer, 3 cases of uterine sarcoma and 1 case of fallopian cancer. (2) Preoperational complication: all the patients had more than 2 types of internal complications, 34 cases (92%, 34/37)of them had no less than 3 types of internal complications. The preoperational complications mainly included 25 cases of hypertension, 13 cases of coronary heart disease and 5 cases of arrhythmia, 5 cases of history of cerebral infarction or hemorrhage, 19 cases of diabetes and 1 case of obesity, 6 cases of allergic asthma and history of pulmonary embolism. (3) Preoperational preparation: medication were taken according to internal physicians to make blood pressure lower than 140/90 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), fasting blood glucose lower than 8.0 mmol/L, postprandial blood glucose lower than 10.0 mmol/L and cardiac function return to a generally normal status. (4) Process of anesthesia and surgery: 37 cases completed operation successfully after preoperational anesthetic assessment and internal medication. No perioperational death was observed. (5) Post-operational morbidity: 17 cases of post-operational short-term morbidity were observed before discharge, including 9 cases of poor wound healing, 5 cases of gastro-intestinal dysfunction and 3 cases of pulmonary infection. All of them were improved or cured. Conclusion: Surgery is safe and applicable to gynecological cancer patients with severe internal medical complications on the compressive management of anesthesia assessment, perioperational internal adjustment and post-operational multi-discipline treatment.
Q: A best solution for \frac using mtpro2 fonts Starting from this old this question How to make fractions in powers look good, I'm searching a optimal solution to aesthetically define a fraction of the type \frac{...}{...}. For my book I've used the 2nd formula as in the image (green line), but I'm not very happy about the results. (a) Meanwhile I would like to understand if there is any minimal difference between the second and fifth formula. (b) After, I'd like to know how to build the smallest power ^{-\frac{3}{2}} in size and aesthetically more beautiful and that it's higher left near the round bracket ). In fact if you look carefully this fraction is almost close to the next x. Here there is my MWE. Thank you. \documentclass[12pt]{article} \usepackage{newtxtext,mathtools} %\usepackage{newtxmath} \usepackage[lite]{mtpro2} \usepackage{xfrac} \usepackage[ugly]{nicefrac} \begin{document} \begin{equation} f(x)=(1+x)^{-3/2} x+\cdots \end{equation} \begin{equation} f(x)=(1+x)^{-\frac32} x+\cdots \end{equation} \begin{equation} f(x)=(1+x)^{-\tfrac 32} x+\cdots \end{equation} \begin{equation} f(x)=(1+x)^{-\sfrac 32} x+\cdots %https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/202325/how-to-make-fractions-in-powers-look-good \end{equation} \begin{equation} f(x)=(1+x)^{-\nicefrac{3}{2}} x+\cdots %https://tex.stackexchange.com/questions/202325/how-to-make-fractions-in-powers-look-good \end{equation} \end{document} A: At the OP's request, I have turned my comment into an answer. Since the OP seemed to be leaning toward choice 2, I tried a variation on that choice, attempting to both raise the superscript and bring it further left, as indicated by the OP as desirable. The macro \supfrac[-]{a}{b} is how I propose to do this. It is intended purely for superscript fractions in displaystyle, as it will mess with the line spacing in textstyle. Because it moves the fraction leftward with an \mkern, it has to know whether there is a leading negative sign. Thus, the negative is introduced to \supfrac as an optional argument, so that it, too, may be shifted leftward. The raising of the superscript is accomplished by adding a downward \rule to the argument. The value -6pt can be tweaked to suit. In the MWE, the original choice 2 is on the top line, with \supfrac on the next two lines (one with a negative fraction, the next with a positive fraction. The last line shows that, by using a \rule rather than a \raisebox, one can add other math to the \supfrac and retain a proper baseline in the exponent. \documentclass[12pt]{article} \usepackage{newtxtext,mathtools} \usepackage{newtxmath} %\usepackage[lite]{mtpro2} \usepackage{xfrac} \usepackage[ugly]{nicefrac} \newcommand\supfrac[3][]{\mkern-2mu#1\frac{#2}{#3}\rule[-6pt]{0pt}{0pt}} \begin{document} \begin{equation} f(x)=(1+x)^{-\frac32} x+\cdots \end{equation} \[ f(x)=(1+x)^{\supfrac[-]{3}{2}} x+\cdots \] \[ f(x)=(1+x)^{\supfrac{3}{2}} x+\cdots \] \[ f(x)=(1+x)^{\supfrac{3}{2}x+1} x+\cdots \] \end{document}
Jacques Errera Jacques Errera (25 September 1896 – 30 March 1977) was a Belgian physicochemist, specialized in the molecular constitution of matter. He worked at the Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB). He was the son of Isabelle Errera. In 1938, he was awarded the Francqui Prize in Exact Sciences. References Le château des Belges: un peuple se retrouve, Fox, R. and Yves Winkin, pp. 61–82 Category:Belgian academics Category:Belgian Jews Category:Belgian scientists Category:1896 births Category:1977 deaths Category:Free University of Brussels alumni
Water Quality Aug 15 2017 After 7 hot weeks with only 1 shower of rain, it was surprising that Piercy was still flowing at Cumberland Road and above the Slomp farm. Under the Connector, Piercy was completely dry and pretty sluggish south of River Meadows farm. There, oxygen was really low at 4.4 (46%) and temperature was high-ish. Above the Slomp farm the oxygen level was better as 5.6, but that is still decidedly low as the level should be above 6.5. We hope that the new pools and riffles being built in this area will improve the water quality next year. The water temperature at Trib 1 in Millard meadows was a little high, as was the temperature in Milllard at the fish fence. Still no rain in the forecast some expect no improvement in the coming week.
The Gun Smugglers The Gun Smugglers is a 1912 silent film romantic short produced by the Kalem Company and released by General Film Company. It starred Carlyle Blackwell and Alice Joyce. It survives in the Library of Congress collection and a copy exists at the National Film and Television Museum London. Cast Carlyle Blackwell - Logan Jarrow, The Smuggler's Son Alice Joyce - Senorita Valdez C. Rhys Price - Steven Jarrow, The Smuggler References External links The Gun Smugglers at IMDb.com Category:1912 films Category:Kalem Company films Category:American silent short films Category:American films Category:American black-and-white films Category:American romance films Category:1910s romance films
Q: Java program - Counts all the words from a text file, and counts frequency of each word I'm a beginner programmer and I'm trying to do one program that opens a text file with a large text inside and then it counts how many words it contains. Then it should write how many different words are in the text, and write the frecuency of each word in the text. I had the intention to use one array-string to store all unique words and one int-string to store the frequency. The program counts the words, but I'm a little bit unsure about how could I write the code correctly to get the list of the words and the frequency them are repeated in the text. I wrote this: import easyIO.; import java.util.; class Oblig3A{ public static void main(String[] args){ int cont = 0; In read = new In (alice.txt); In read2 = new In (alice.txt); while(read.endOfFile() == false) { String info = read.inWord(); System.out.println(info); cont = cont + 1; } System.out.println(UniqueWords); final int AN_WORDS = cont; String[] words = new String[AN_WORDS]; int[] frequency = new int[AN_WORDS]; int i = 0; while(les2.endOfFile() == false){ word[i] = read2.inWord(); i = i + 1; } } } A: Ok, here is what you need to do: 1. Use a BufferedReader to read the lines of text from the file, one by one. 2. Create a HashMap<String,Integer> to store the word, frequency relations. 3. When you read each line of text, use split() to get all the words in the line of text in an array of String[] 4. Iterate over each word. For each word, retrieve the value from the HashTable. if you get a null value, you have found the word for the first time. Hence, create a new Integer with value 1 and place it back in the HashMap If you get a non-null value, then increment the value and place it back in the HashMap. 5. Do this till you do not reach EOF. Done !
DWM 489 Seasons in the Sun Last week, my children’s homework was to come up with words and phrases associated with autumn. It’s June. That seemed thoroughly bizarre, although not quite as strange as the local ice-cream van regularly coming down our road playing ‘Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer’. ‘Children! Let us tempt you to our frozen treats by reminding you of the coldest part of the year!’ A marketing genius at work, there. Of course you come to associate different things with different seasons, even when not quite so blatant as that – especially things from your childhood. Winter is bare trees and Bunty annuals and syrup pudding (no one had heard of sticky toffee pudding in the 1970s). Spring is cherry blossom and newborn lambs and Easter Eggs. Summer is Wimbledon and ice cream and beaches. Autumn is – according to the boys’ homework – colourful trees and bonfires and rustling leaves. And also, according to me, new school shoes, chilly evenings… and Doctor Who. From Season 13 to Season 18 – that’s practically all of the Tom Baker era, and incidentally my formative years – Doctor Who began as it was time to go back to school. The days got shorter, teatimes were darker, and this incredible character, all teeth and curls and scarf, appeared on our screens and saw us through to spring. It just seemed so right. Just enough darkness and chilliness to enhance the fear factor while cosily curled up on the sofa. When the sun started to come out again we’d bid farewell to the Doctor – apart from the occasional repeat – as our Saturdays became more about kicking a ball around or seaside holidays. Or, admittedly, pestering parents to take us to the Longleat or Blackpool exhibitions. Or wanting to visit all the bookshops in whatever place we were staying in the hope they stocked different Target novelisations to the bookshops at home (the Amazon generation don’t know they’re born!). Husband has similar memories, except that he actually got to go to Longleat every summer as his family lived quite near, and the reason he used to head to each new holiday-town WH Smiths was to rearrange their Doctor Who section into broadcast order. But apart from these tangential activities, Doctor Who just didn’t belong in the summer. Which would probably have come as a surprise to fans who were older than me. Yes, the First, Second and Third Doctors were on in the winter, but they were still on telly when summer came round. The scarefest that was Evil of the Daleks crept into July 1967, while horror-movie-esque The Daemons took fans almost up to the longest day in 1971. The very first season began, as everyone knows, on a cold, wet night in November, but went on all the way to the next September: The Sensorites and The Reign of Terror were on in the height of summer 1964. I wonder how many children were dragged off to Margate or Camber Sands and never ever discovered how things finally turned out on the Sense-Sphere. Into the Eighties, and Doctor Who was still associated with darker days as the Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Doctors all stuck to the autumn/winter pattern. Seasons 19 – 22 were broadcast January to March, seasons 23, 24 and 26 were on September to December, with Season 25 slipping slightly to October to January. Of course, Summer did bring the joy that were DWM summer specials, but Who on telly – nope. It’s been a bit all over the place recently. For 2005 and the next few years, Doctor Who began at Easter and carried on until summer. Easter! Summer! That’s not the Doctor Who time of year! Except, of course, for a lot of the more recent fans, it is. (Witness husband from 2005 to 2008 going to elaborate lengths to get the living room dark enough to watch Who in the right atmosphere. On several occasions I did consider getting him blackout curtains instead of an Easter egg.) But hang on, it’s now on every Christmas too. Plus what about the years where we only got specials, not full seasons? And the split seasons! April to June then August to October, or September to December then March to May, what’s that all about? It’s all confused! Since 2005, the only month in which there’s never been a new episode of Doctor Who is February, which ironically enough would be a really good time to have some Doctor Who. But as of last year, it’s back to where it – to me – belongs, autumn. This is how it should be. You can cope with the sadness of the end of summer, of the return to boring old school, as long as you have the Doctor with you. So do current viewers associate Who with any particular time of year? ‘What time of year is Doctor Who on?’ I asked Fan Twin. ‘About August to October,’ he replied. Same question to Non-Fan Twin. ‘Near Christmas, so you don’t have to wait too long for the Christmas special,’ he said. Ha! It’s like the end of The Last Christmas, where everyone forgets about what’s been going on as they wake up to the real world. Spring/Summer Doctor Who is but a dream to us now we have returned to Who as it should be. And why is The Last Christmas so clear in my memory? Because we’ve just rewatched it. On a sunny Saturday afternoon in the middle of June. And now I think I’ll pop out to get a 99 from Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer.
We noticed that you're using an unsupported browser. The TripAdvisor website may not display properly.We support the following browsers:Windows: Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome. Mac: Safari. The “Black & White” apartments are situated in a 19th-century building, in the centre of old Krakow, mere 100 metres from the Main Square, one of the largest and the most beautiful European plazas. A two-minute stroll along Mikołajska Street brings you to the splendid Small Square surrounded by mediaeval houses, then past the magnificent basilica of Virgin Mary to the Main Square, the hub of city life. In its immediate vicinity, there are numerous landmarks and museums, as well as a wealth of cafés, restaurants, bars and pubs offering Polish and international cuisine. Despite its location in the centre of Krakow, this third-floor, architect-designed apartment offers peace and quiet with its windows overlooking the city. The apartment consists of four rooms, open-plan kitchen and two bathrooms.Each of the well-lit spacious rooms ha... Read more The “Black & White” apartments are situated in a 19th-century building, in the centre of old Krakow, mere 100 metres from the Main Square, one of the largest and the most beautiful European plazas. A two-minute stroll along Mikołajska Street brings you to the splendid Small Square surrounded by mediaeval houses, then past the magnificent basilica of Virgin Mary to the Main Square, the hub of city life. In its immediate vicinity, there are numerous landmarks and museums, as well as a wealth of cafés, restaurants, bars and pubs offering Polish and international cuisine. Despite its location in the centre of Krakow, this third-floor, architect-designed apartment offers peace and quiet with its windows overlooking the city. The apartment consists of four rooms, open-plan kitchen and two bathrooms.Each of the well-lit spacious rooms has a separate entrance from the hall. The apartment features three bedrooms (twin or double beds in two bedrooms + double bed in the 3rd bedroom). Each bedroom is furnished with a spacious wardrobe for all your travel necessities. The rooms are fully air-conned and have a bright clean feel The sparkling new bathrooms include a shower (bath in the 2nd bathroom), generously sized washbasins, heated towel-rail. Big mirrors on the main wall enhance the feeling of space. The living room, which may also serve as a dining room and an additional bedroom with a double convertible sofa provides enough recreational space for eight persons. Satellite TV is available Fully equipped open-plan kitchen is equipped with a ceramic hob, refrigerator, microwave + oven, coffee maker, toaster and other utensils. A washing machine and an iron are available as well. The “Black & White I” is one of two apartments available in the building. Together with the “Black & White II” it offers comfortable accommodation for a group of up to 16 guests. Exceptional location combined with stylish design make this a superb value option for a short or long stay in Krakow. We were four friends who stayed in this Old Town flat. The flat was clean, modern and spacious, and the location was perfect, in close proximity to shops, restaurants, bars, the market square, train station and shopping centre. The host was very helpful and service-minded....More From the moment I booked Araceli was emailing me to confirm the booking and arranging meeting for when we arrived. He explained how all the gadgets worked. The goat is modern and very clean . The location is perfect being close to the central square...More We visited Krakow for the second time, this time with our partners and children, there was 8 of us in the party. The location is perfect, literally a stones throw from the old town square. Bars and restaurants a plenty suiting all tastes. The area...More
Characterisation of heteroplasmic status at codon 143 of the Botrytis cinerea cytochrome b gene in a semi-quantitative AS-PCR assay. An in-depth understanding of quinone outside inhibitor (QoI)-fungicide-resistant Botrytis cinerea isolates in a vineyard is expected to contribute to the development of an optimum disease management programme for the control of grape grey mould. The resistance and structure of the cytochrome b gene in B. cinerea collected from a Japanese vineyard were characterised. The semi-quantitative allele-specific primer-polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) assay developed in the present study was able to distinguish heteroplasmic status from homoplasmic status at codon 143 of the cytochrome b gene in QoI-fungicide-resistant B. cinerea from vineyards in Japan. With this assay it was demonstrated that the repeated introduction of QoI fungicide selection pressure increased the ratio of G143A-mutated cytochrome b genes in B. cinerea isolates. It is proposed that the semi-quantitative AS-PCR assay is a reliable tool for the detection of QoI fungicide resistance and the evaluation of homoplasmic/heteroplasmic status at codon 143 of the cytochrome b gene in B. cinerea isolates.
Living a life of gratitude & simplicity. Seeking beauty in the world around me. Discovering gifts of God's handiwork by opening my eyes to really see, my heart to really feel & my mind to really drink in the beauty of creation. Learning to breathe deeply & just "Be" in the presence of God, in my attempts to capture grace, frame by frame... Link to SIMPLY DIVINE PHOTOGRAPHY's Website Thursday, May 06, 2010 Forgive the practically "non-post" quality lately. Sicker than a dog with this migraine on top of increasing back and knee pain from the fall earlier this week. Hard to even walk at all right now. Still no gum...and still trying to write a bit everyday...
It really helps to understand some key language, when couch shopping. Have you ever ever heard of 8-way hand- tied coils? If you are looking at top quality furniture, it is fairly likely you will run into at least a few 8-way hand-tied versions - especially if you are shopping at Americana Furniture Outlet. Without researching it first, however, you mightn't recognize all the advantages of purchasing hand- tied furniture.Furniture Store Lilburn Hand-tying is a cautious building procedure used by many high-end furniture companies within the man made, hand crafted strategy. Essentially, 8-way hand-tied is a method of building furniture cushion support where a series of coils are each tied front to back, side to side, and diagonally in eight distinct ways. The name basically describes the process - it is tied 8 times, by hand. The springs are tied together with twine, which supplies a solidity within the piece of furniture that keeps the springs from transferring. If you're looking for suitable support from your own seats, incredible comfort and long lasting quality, investing in furniture that's been 8-way hand-tied is a sure-fire solution to get it all! Traditionally, 8 -way hand-tied coils are found in the bottom of a seat or sofa frame. Prior to any cloth components are added, the coils are directly attached to the framework. While the coils remain completely concealed underneath upholstery and the cushioning sits on the very top of this. An accurate 8-way hand-tied coil system permits to the bottom of the spring making future furniture repair and re-upholstery a breeze. In case you do not sense the bottom of the spring, there is a chance that the piece of furniture you are looking at isn't really traditionally 8-way hand-tied. It might contain drop-in coils or machine-made webbing. Both of these selections will lead to a less permanent support system than the traditionally 8-way hand-tied bits. Eight-way hand-tied systems create additional comfort by preventing sag or "give." It fastens the basis of your furniture so that you do not have to worry about your sofa becoming increasingly uncomfortable and wearing out. As well as enhanced relaxation, hand-tied couches may also boast better quality as one among their many virtues. The 8-way hand- tied spring is a symbol of quality in the furniture sector.Hand-tying super bouncy, powerful yet flexible spring coils itself requires. It is always possible that a spring may break or loosen as a result of continuing use, as we started to mention before however they commonly resist the test of time. Furniture Store Using the 8-way hand-tied system comes the caliber of quality comfort and long lasting furniture that can't be reached without it. When you shop our 8-way tied groups at Americana Furniture Outlet, you get amazing style on top of all that!
In this week’s episode of Hidden Forces, Demetri Kofinas speaks with China expert Anne Stevenson-Yang about the imminent dangers facing global financial markets in the event of a break in the renminbi-dollar peg. In the years leading up to the Great Financial Crisis, it was generally understood that the Chinese were artificially depressing the value of the RMB vis-à-vis the USD, in order maintain an abnormally large current account surplus that would be recycled into western financial markets in the form of government securities, equities, real estate, etc. By recycling so much of the proceeds from trade back into foreign markets, the CCP managed to maintain a lower exchange rate than it otherwise would be, were it to convert those dollars back into renminbi. In other words, China was suppressing the value of its currency. Bob Wittbrot calls this recycling process the “Boomerang Greenback.” This dynamic worked extraordinary well until the world went into recession around the time of the great financial crisis, which marked a peak in China’s current account. The CCP also met the crisis by expanding bank lending, easing credit, and fueling investment even further. In addition, by maintaining interest rates and the cost of capital well-below the rate of inflation during China’s multi-decade boom, the CCP has managed to keep households’ share of the economy at low enough levels to induce an overall high-savings rate for the country (by having less disposable income than would otherwise be expected for an economy this size, the average Chinese citizen spends less on consumption than he or she otherwise would, absent financial repression). This has been an additional shot in the arm for investment. At some point post-2008 (judging from their foreign exchange reserves, this appears to have started somewhere around the start of 2014) China went from artificially suppressing the value of its currency to artificially supporting it. Unlike a country like Thailand, however, whose currency peg famously broke under the speculative attacks of foreign investors during the 1997-98’ Asian Financial Crisis, the Chinese have managed to avoid such a scenario on account of maintaining a closed capital account (exercising tight capital controls). Coupling that with a current account surplus, the CCP has been able to obtain the hard currency it has needed in the last 5 years or so in order to buy the various inputs required to run their economy and keep the cycle going. The problem is that China generated a tremendous amount of money and credit since the GFC, in particular, and therefore risks a major devaluation in the value of the RMB should the country no longer be able to get the foreign exchange reserves it needs through a sustainable current account surplus. They are, at the moment, running a negative current account, a negative fiscal balance (of roughly 9% of GDP), their foreign exchange reserves are declining for the first time ever, while the country’s external debt has doubled in the last five years, increasing by an average of $70 billion per quarter since the beginning of 2017. More than half of this debt is short-term, which means it needs to be constantly rolled over. Up until the Fed paused it’s tightening cycle, the rising interest rates coupled with new tariffs on Chinese goods were creating a pincer-like effect on China’s economy and on its ability to maintain its peg, forcing it to fund more of its dollar needs through borrowing at ever higher interest rates. China cannot maintain a credible peg between the RMB and the USD when its money supply is growing, by some calculations at more than 10x that of the United States over the last 10 years. This is a fundamental problem of accounting. If China were completely self-sufficient – if it had access to sufficient energy, food, base metals, etc. within its own borders – then its inability to obtain dollars would not be an issue. The problem is that it is desperately short these commodities as inputs for its manufacturing and domestic consumption. The recent drop in the price of oil helped them out a bit, but it has been rising again, just as China’s oil imports are surging. The country recently surpassed the United States as the world’s largest crude importer. For a nation with dwindling foreign exchange reserves, this is not a good trend. And, it isn’t even clear what the real FOREX numbers are in China. Official foreign exchange reserve put that number at $3.2 Trillion, but US treasury tick data shows that China owns a little bit less than $1.2 trillion in US Treasuries, which according to some people, suggests that their overall FOREX position is closer to $2 Trillion. Meanwhile, the U.S. trade deficit fell to $49.4 billion in February, the lowest level since June 2018, and well below what economists had expected. A 20.2% drop in imports from China was the main driver behind the nearly 3.4% improvement in the trade deficit in February, data from the Commerce Department showed. The trade deficit has narrowed for two straight months now. There seems to be a growing sense of awareness among many in China that all is not well with the country’s capital account. We have seen numbers suggesting that illicit capital has been flowing out of China (whether we are talking about precious stones, Bitcoins, or other means available to the wealthier citizens of China) in noticeably higher amounts since the mini-devaluation in August 2015. This is consistent with what we often see in countries ahead of a devaluation, default, or some other financial disturbance. Do China’s wealthy know something we don’t? Producer & Host: Demetri Kofinas Editor & Engineer: Stylianos Nicolaou Join the conversation on Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter at @hiddenforcespod

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