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import React from 'react';
import ColumnHeader from './column_header';
import PropTypes from 'prop-types';
import { debounce } from 'lodash';
import { scrollTop } from '../../../scroll';
import { isMobile } from '../../../is_mobile';
export default class Column extends React.PureComponent {
static propTypes = {
heading: PropTypes.string,
icon: PropTypes.string,
children: PropTypes.node,
active: PropTypes.bool,
hideHeadingOnMobile: PropTypes.bool,
};
handleHeaderClick = () => {
const scrollable = this.node.querySelector('.scrollable');
if (!scrollable) {
return;
}
this._interruptScrollAnimation = scrollTop(scrollable);
}
scrollTop () {
const scrollable = this.node.querySelector('.scrollable');
if (!scrollable) {
return;
}
this._interruptScrollAnimation = scrollTop(scrollable);
}
handleScroll = debounce(() => {
if (typeof this._interruptScrollAnimation !== 'undefined') {
this._interruptScrollAnimation();
}
}, 200)
setRef = (c) => {
this.node = c;
}
render () {
const { heading, icon, children, active, hideHeadingOnMobile } = this.props;
const showHeading = heading && (!hideHeadingOnMobile || (hideHeadingOnMobile && !isMobile(window.innerWidth)));
const columnHeaderId = showHeading && heading.replace(/ /g, '-');
const header = showHeading && (
<ColumnHeader icon={icon} active={active} type={heading} onClick={this.handleHeaderClick} columnHeaderId={columnHeaderId} />
);
return (
<div
ref={this.setRef}
role='region'
aria-labelledby={columnHeaderId}
className='column'
onScroll={this.handleScroll}
>
{header}
{children}
</div>
);
}
}
|
Media Matters' war against Fox
This is pretty surprising and effectively undermines Media Matters as a useful watchdog (which frankly I thought they have been doing themselves given their partisan analytics) - though the fact that they are so brazen about it, is surprising.
The liberal group Media Matters has quietly transformed itself in preparation for what its founder, David Brock, described in an interview as an all-out campaign of “guerrilla warfare and sabotage” aimed at the Fox News Channel.
The group, launched as a more traditional media critic, has all but abandoned its monitoring of newspapers and other television networks and is narrowing its focus to Fox and a handful of conservative websites, which its leaders view as political organizations and the “nerve center” of the conservative movement. The shift reflects the centrality of the cable channel to the contemporary conservative movement, as well as the loathing it inspires among liberals — not least among the donors who fund Media Matters’ staff of about 90, who are arrayed in neat rows in a giant war room above Massachusetts Avenue.
“The strategy that we had had toward Fox was basically a strategy of containment,” said Brock, Media Matters’ chairman and founder and a former conservative journalist, adding that the group’s main aim had been to challenge the factual claims of the channel and to attempt to prevent them from reaching the mainstream media.
The new strategy, he said, is a “war on Fox.”
In an interview and a 2010 planning memo shared with POLITICO, Brock listed the fronts on which Media Matters — which he said is operating on a $10 million-plus annual budget — is working to chip away at Fox and its parent company, News Corp. They include its bread-and-butter distribution of embarrassing clips and attempts to rebut Fox points, as well as a series of under-the-radar tactics.
Media Matters, Brock said, is assembling opposition research files not only on Fox’s top executives but on a series of midlevel officials. It has hired an activist who has led a successful campaign to press advertisers to avoid Glenn Beck’s show. The group is assembling a legal team to help people who have clashed with Fox to file lawsuits for defamation, invasion of privacy or other causes. And it has hired two experienced reporters, Joe Strupp and Alexander Zaitchik, to dig into Fox’s operation to help assemble a book on the network, due out in 2012 from Vintage/Anchor. (In the interest of full disclosure, Media Matters last month also issued a report criticizing “Fox and Friends” co-host Steve Doocy’s criticism of this reporter’s blog.)
riddler78 saidMedia Matters, Brock said, is assembling opposition research files not only on Fox’s top executives but on a series of midlevel officials. It has hired an activist who has led a successful campaign to press advertisers to avoid Glenn Beck’s show. The group is assembling a legal team to help people who have clashed with Fox to file lawsuits for defamation, invasion of privacy or other causes. And it has hired two experienced reporters, Joe Strupp and Alexander Zaitchik, to dig into Fox’s operation to help assemble a book on the network, due out in 2012 from Vintage/Anchor. (In the interest of full disclosure, Media Matters last month also issued a report criticizing “Fox and Friends” co-host Steve Doocy’s criticism of this reporter’s blog.)
Well this is great! If FOX can attack and undermine all gay & Liberal outlets, and individuals, let's return the favor! YAY!!!
Thanks, I look forward to posting their stuff here, to offsetting your own anti-gay propaganda! Again, YAY for truth and gay interests!!!
Well, once all the lawsuits start rolling in, it does keep the lawyers fed rather well. ;)
And gas is going up regardless of anything else (save for an aggressive resource extraction program by our leading energy corporations if such can be undertaken with a minimum amount of federal meddling and taxation).
And Media Matters seeks to squelch media that is not slanted far to the left.
Though this has less to do with Soros the Sinister Schnook's personal politics than it does with his goal of accelerating America's economic demise to his own enrichment.
If he is willing to sell out his own people (Hungarian Jews under Nazi occupation), for economic gain (to say nothing of escaping the lot of many of his fellow Jews) he will not even blink an eye at destroying a free nation with which he has little connection other than a sometime generator of wealth.
alphatrigger saidWell, once all the lawsuits start rolling in, it does keep the lawyers fed rather well. ;)
And gas is going up regardless of anything else (save for an aggressive resource extraction program by our leading energy corporations if such can be undertaken with a minimum amount of federal meddling and taxation).
And Media Matters seeks to squelch media that is not slanted far to the left.
Though this has less to do with Soros the Sinister Schnook's personal politics than it does with his goal of accelerating America's economic demise to his own enrichment.
If he is willing to sell out his own people (Hungarian Jews under Nazi occupation), for economic gain (to say nothing of escaping the lot of many of his fellow Jews) he will not even blink an eye at destroying a free nation with which he has little connection other than a sometime generator of wealth.
Alpha -
There is not a single true thing in your entire post. Fox is not "slanted to the right", it is a media arm of the Republican party.
And Soros made his first gift to Media Matters in 2010 and the other stuff you've written about him, is not only untrue, but is part of a large anti-Semitic meme being pushed by Glenn Beck and white supremacists.
As an aside, I don't even particularly like FOX News (I scan a number of specialized journals and sites, and despite my general distaste for publicly funded journalism, I do like the BBC's coverage of things, even if it does have a slight leftward bias).
There is not a single true thing in your entire post. Fox is not "slanted to the right", it is a media arm of the Republican party.
And Soros made his first gift to Media Matters in 2010 and the other stuff you've written about him, is not only untrue, but is part of a large anti-Semitic meme being pushed by Glenn Beck and white supremacists.
Say whaaaat?
Soros is Jewish. He worked for an organization set-up for Jews in Hungary by the Nazi occupiers to keep the common Hungarian Jews in line, often delivering "deportation slips" which would result in the deportation of the named Jewish family, and confiscation of their property by the Nazis.
He later escaped with an unrelated Hungarian official bribed by Soros's father, where he posed as a Christian to escape Nazi-occupied Hungary.
This is not "anti-semitic propaganda", but admitted truth by the man himself on an interview on 60 Minutes:
There is not a single true thing in your entire post. Fox is not "slanted to the right", it is a media arm of the Republican party.
And Soros made his first gift to Media Matters in 2010 and the other stuff you've written about him, is not only untrue, but is part of a large anti-Semitic meme being pushed by Glenn Beck and white supremacists.
Say whaaaat?
Soros is Jewish. He worked for an organization set-up for Jews in Hungary by the Nazi occupiers to keep the common Hungarian Jews in line, often delivering "deportation slips" which would result in the deportation of the named Jewish family, and confiscation of their property by the Nazis.
He later escaped with an unrelated Hungarian official bribed by Soros's father, where he posed as a Christian to escape Nazi-occupied Hungary.
This is not "anti-semitic propaganda", but admitted truth by the man himself on an interview on 60 Minutes:
Reckon that some benefit of the doubt could be given... but the sort of cold rationalization skill learned at that age did not necessarily temper him into a great humanitarian (except of course, where it intersects his own selfish interests).
I am not unconvinced that he is engaged in an agenda to destroy the United States as a free republic (to replaced with something on the failing Euro-socialist model).
The way it works is - aside from a few self-selected hyper-wealthy elites - everyone else should be equalized at barely above subsistence levels of poverty.
Sort of like Lord Tim's past of being one of the few humans in charge of so many thousands of serfs and peasants.
Has it become "liberal" to search out the truth behind what we are being told by our media, our politicians and our government ? Riddler writes of Media Matters as being at war ?? They are liberal? WHAT ???
Is it not conservative to seek the truth? Is it not good to be liberal with the truth ? Shouldn't we all want that ? Media Matters goes after those who seem contrary to the truth, apparently Fox has a truth telling problem or they wouldn't find themselves mentioned so much by Media Matters. This should make Riddler and others think twice about getting their "facts" from such sources as FOX.
Always notice that Media Matters goes to great lengths to prove their statements and provide detailed backing/sources. I am so glad we have a Media Matters to expose truth, because the big three or four Media operations in addition to FOX have a truth telling deficit.
realifedad said Has it become "liberal" to search out the truth behind what we are being told by our media, our politicians and our government ? Riddler writes of Media Matters as being at war ?? They are liberal? WHAT ???
Is it not conservative to seek the truth? Is it not good to be liberal with the truth ? Shouldn't we all want that ? Media Matters goes after those who seem contrary to the truth, apparently Fox has a truth telling problem or they wouldn't find themselves mentioned so much by Media Matters. This should make Riddler and others think twice about getting their "facts" from such sources as FOX.
Always notice that Media Matters goes to great lengths to prove their statements and provide detailed backing/sources. I am so glad we have a Media Matters to expose truth, because the big three or four Media operations in addition to FOX have a truth telling deficit.
Christian73 saidFox is not "slanted to the right", it is a media arm of the Republican party.
When Rupert Murdoch acquired Fox News, the first policy change was to fire all Fox News employees who were registered Democrats.
Fox News: We are certainly not Fair nor Balanced, our goal is to defeat Obama in 2012 and elect a Republican. We will strive to portray Obama in the worst possible light in every story he is in, and this includes "straight" news stories.
Christian73 saidFox is not "slanted to the right", it is a media arm of the Republican party.
When Rupert Murdoch acquired Fox News, the first policy change was to fire all Fox News employees who were registered Democrats.
Fox News: We are certainly not Fair nor Balanced, our goal is to defeat Obama in 2012 and elect a Republican. We will strive to portray Obama in the worst possible light in every story he is in, and this includes "straight" news stories.
Amen, brother.
It will be very interesting to see how Fox behaves if one of it's EMPLOYEES becomes the Repub 2012 nominee!One of their current employees, Mike Huckabee, is the front runner for the nomination.Talk about a CONFLICT OF INTEREST.It will REEK of corruption. |
Q:
Do quantum fluctuations cause variations in energy density across space?
Suppose that the early universe was filled with energy uniformly. Would quantum fluctuations cause variations in energy density across space resulting in regions with higher and lower energy density around the mean?
I read about quantum fluctuations online and still don’t understand how it works so I may have got it all wrong.
A:
No.
"Quantum fluctuations" are not actual fluctuations - at least not if you choose to add any by suitable interpretation of quantum theory and even then, any such interpretation must be consistent with observation and observation is not consistent with the things that actually affect it undergoing real fluctuation.
To explain them requires a bit of an explanation of some very basic, simplified quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. In quantum mechanics, effectively all physical parameters in a system are described by what counts in a sense as a reduced level of information density - formally a nontrivial entropy in all parameters. Such reduced information gives rise to description not in terms of a single value for the parameter but a probability distribution over a range of possible values. A measurement or query of the parameter at a resolution finer than the scale of the distribution will result in a random result as effectively new (classical) information is created about the parameter. (This information both transmits to the querying agent, and furthermore becomes actualized within the system itself.)
The most familiar example given of this is the electrons in an atom. When an electron is "resting" at the bottom of the atom's electricity well, it "fills out" a space due to the position being "fuzzed" out to something described as such a probability distribution with a girth equal to about what we would call as the size of the atom. Each possible position value is assigned a quantum amplitude. The amplitudes are largest near the nucleus, and rapidly fall off thereafter.
In quantum field theory, a field - like the electromagnetic field - behaves in much the same way. In classical mechanics, field quantities have a value at each point in space - e.g. for an electric field, the value is the strength of the field, plus the direction of force, so effectively a vectorial quantity - the directions of these quantities can be traced to form the familiar "lines of electromagnetic force" that you may see in some textbooks and which you can visualize (for the related magnetic fields) with a bar magnet placed under a sheet with iron filings.
When you get to quantization, what happens is that just as for the position of the electron in the atom, the field value at each point in space loses information and ends up as a probability distribution, meaning there is in effect one probability distribution per space point, e.g. it's no longer that we have an electric field of (say) precisely 100 V/m at this point, but an average 100 V/m with a bit of fuzz thereabout.
And just as with the atom with its electron resting at the bottom of the well, when the field is "maximally relaxed", i.e. there is no net force and no waves passing through, i.e. what is called "vacuum state", the probability distributions for the field values at each point are still nontrivial with a slight spread around zero.
This is what is meant by a "quantum fluctuation". But nothing is fluctuating. In a perfect vacuum universe with nothing in it, the ground state field evolves by a deterministic Schrodinger equation. It's only if you were to be there to measure it that you'd notice any sort of fluctuation - if you had an exquisitely sensitive voltmeter that could get below the width of the distribution and held its leads out in the space in front of you (ignoring thermal radiation and all that from your body), you would register a random, but most likely nonzero, field value. However as said above, your measurement creates this information, it wasn't there there before. In the truly empty state, it remains steady at a slightly fuzzy, reduced information version of "zero", and the only thing that happens is the phasors on the probability distributions cycle round and round ... for eternity - a little sad, a little lonely, a little bleak.......
Literally no different from a Newtonian universe with vacuum, or Maxwell's equations with a classical vacuum. The beginnings of the Universe this could not be accounted for by a "quantum fluctuation" from "nothingness". The equations simply don't make that happen. It requires something else to account for it, and what "caused" the Big Bang, or even if it was caused at all and not a true beginning of time, are things that we do not have a way to answer that is not conjecture. Any serious (but still speculative!) theories that posit a prior cause seem to essentially always have a decidedly non-vacuum Universe preexisting this one (e.g. Loop Quantum Gravity features a "Big Bounce" scenario where a previous Universe collapsed on itself.).
On the other hand, that does not mean that quantum effects did not affect the early evolution of the Universe just after the Big Bang. But a quantum vacuum is not "lumpy due to fluctuation". Mathematically it's as uniform as a classical vacuum.
The term "quantum fluctuation" needs to die. A lot of people draw a lot of (and sadly cool-sounding) stuff from it that just isn't there when you finally take a taste of some of the real physics concepts and it's a shame this term gets used by even decent physicists. "Uncertainty/fuzziness in the field values" would be a better description.
ADD: As @John Rennie says in his answer, the fact that the fluctuation happens (according to theory) in the measurer, not in the field, doesn't make it without consequence. You cannot get a universe or non-uniformity forming out of a dead quantum field but you can get the kinds of effects that are at work there affecting processes within a live Universe and that might also include cosmological processes as well since the effects spring from the same mathematical framework. The trick is, of course, to note that a universe with a measurer or agent, is not the same as an empty universe now and thus will be subject to evolution! Nor is it uniform any more...
|
Demographic and sociocultural characteristics of sickle anaemia children with positive hepatitis B surface antigenaemia in a tertiary health facility in Enugu.
Hepatitis B virus) infection is contracted through contact with body fluid of infected persons. Patients with sickle cell anaemia (SCA), a common haematological disorder in Nigeria, have tendencies to visit traditional healers who administer scarifications and ritual marks that may expose them to HBV infection. To determine the demographic and socio-cultural characteristics of children with SCA infected with HBV at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu. Two hundred and twenty one children aged 6 months to 17 years with SCA were recruited consecutively from October 2004 to April 2005. They were screened for HBsAg using ELISA method. There was no statistically difference in hepatitis B surface antigenaemia among different age group (P = 0.907). Social class did not significantly influence the prevalence of HBsAg among subjects (p = 0.887). Socio-cultural practices like circumcision and scarification did not influence the prevalence of HBsAg, (p = 0.636) (p = 0.771) respectively. Significantly higher number of people from lowest socioeconomic class practice scarification (p = 0.0001). Demographic and sociocultural factors do not appear to influence the prevalence of HBsAg among children with SCA in Enugu, Nigeria. |
//
// Transform.cpp
// UglyMan_Stitching
//
// Created by uglyman.nothinglo on 2015/8/15.
// Copyright (c) 2015 nothinglo. All rights reserved.
//
#include "Transform.h"
Mat getConditionerFromPts(const vector<Point2> & pts) {
Mat pts_ref(pts);
Scalar mean_pts, std_pts;
meanStdDev(pts_ref, mean_pts, std_pts);
std_pts = (std_pts.mul(std_pts) * pts_ref.rows / (double)(pts_ref.rows - 1));
sqrt(std_pts, std_pts);
std_pts.val[0] = std_pts.val[0] + (std_pts.val[0] == 0);
std_pts.val[1] = std_pts.val[1] + (std_pts.val[1] == 0);
Mat result(3, 3, CV_64FC1);
result.at<double>(0, 0) = sqrt(2) / (double)std_pts.val[0];
result.at<double>(0, 1) = 0;
result.at<double>(0, 2) = -(sqrt(2) / (double)std_pts.val[0]) * (double)mean_pts.val[0];
result.at<double>(1, 0) = 0;
result.at<double>(1, 1) = sqrt(2) / (double)std_pts.val[1];
result.at<double>(1, 2) = -(sqrt(2) / (double)std_pts.val[1]) * (double)mean_pts.val[1];
result.at<double>(2, 0) = 0;
result.at<double>(2, 1) = 0;
result.at<double>(2, 2) = 1;
return result;
}
Mat getNormalize2DPts(const vector<Point2> & pts, vector<Point2> & newpts) {
Mat pts_ref(pts), npts;
Scalar mean_p = mean(pts_ref);
npts = pts_ref - mean_p;
Mat dist = npts.mul(npts);
dist = dist.reshape(1);
sqrt(dist.col(0) + dist.col(1), dist);
double scale = sqrt(2) / mean(dist).val[0];
Mat result(3, 3, CV_64FC1);
result.at<double>(0, 0) = scale;
result.at<double>(0, 1) = 0;
result.at<double>(0, 2) = -scale * (double)mean_p.val[0];
result.at<double>(1, 0) = 0;
result.at<double>(1, 1) = scale;
result.at<double>(1, 2) = -scale * (double)mean_p.val[1];
result.at<double>(2, 0) = 0;
result.at<double>(2, 1) = 0;
result.at<double>(2, 2) = 1;
#ifndef NDEBUG
if(newpts.empty() == false) {
newpts.clear();
printError("F(getNormalize2DPts) newpts is not empty");
}
#endif
newpts.reserve(pts.size());
for(int i = 0; i < pts.size(); ++i) {
newpts.emplace_back(pts[i].x * result.at<double>(0, 0) + result.at<double>(0, 2),
pts[i].y * result.at<double>(1, 1) + result.at<double>(1, 2));
}
return result;
}
template <typename T>
T normalizeAngle(T x) {
x = fmod(x + 180, 360);
if (x < 0) {
x += 360;
}
return x - 180;
}
template <typename T>
Point_<T> applyTransform3x3(T x, T y, const Mat & matT) {
double denom = 1. / (matT.at<double>(2, 0) * x + matT.at<double>(2, 1) * y + matT.at<double>(2, 2));
return Point_<T>((matT.at<double>(0, 0) * x + matT.at<double>(0, 1) * y + matT.at<double>(0, 2)) * denom,
(matT.at<double>(1, 0) * x + matT.at<double>(1, 1) * y + matT.at<double>(1, 2)) * denom);
}
template <typename T>
Point_<T> applyTransform2x3(T x, T y, const Mat & matT) {
return Point_<T>((matT.at<double>(0, 0) * x + matT.at<double>(0, 1) * y + matT.at<double>(0, 2)),
(matT.at<double>(1, 0) * x + matT.at<double>(1, 1) * y + matT.at<double>(1, 2)));
}
template <typename T>
Size_<T> normalizeVertices(vector<vector<Point_<T> > > & vertices) {
T min_x = MAXFLOAT, max_x = -MAXFLOAT;
T min_y = MAXFLOAT, max_y = -MAXFLOAT;
for(int i = 0; i < vertices.size(); ++i) {
for(int j = 0; j < vertices[i].size(); ++j) {
min_x = min(min_x, vertices[i][j].x);
min_y = min(min_y, vertices[i][j].y);
max_x = max(max_x, vertices[i][j].x);
max_y = max(max_y, vertices[i][j].y);
}
}
for(int i = 0; i < vertices.size(); ++i) {
for(int j = 0; j < vertices[i].size(); ++j) {
vertices[i][j].x = (vertices[i][j].x - min_x);
vertices[i][j].y = (vertices[i][j].y - min_y);
}
}
return Size_<T>(max_x - min_x, max_y - min_y);
}
template <typename T>
Rect_<T> getVerticesRects(const vector<Point_<T> > & vertices) {
vector<vector<Point_<T> > > tmp(1, vertices);
return getVerticesRects(tmp).front();
}
template <typename T>
vector<Rect_<T> > getVerticesRects(const vector<vector<Point_<T> > > & vertices) {
vector<Rect_<T> > result;
result.reserve(vertices.size());
for(int i = 0; i < vertices.size(); ++i) {
T min_ix = MAXFLOAT, max_ix = -MAXFLOAT;
T min_iy = MAXFLOAT, max_iy = -MAXFLOAT;
for(int j = 0; j < vertices[i].size(); ++j) {
min_ix = min(min_ix, vertices[i][j].x);
max_ix = max(max_ix, vertices[i][j].x);
min_iy = min(min_iy, vertices[i][j].y);
max_iy = max(max_iy, vertices[i][j].y);
}
result.emplace_back(min_ix, min_iy,
max_ix - min_ix, max_iy - min_iy);
}
return result;
}
template <typename T>
T getSubpix(const Mat & img, const Point2f & pt) {
Mat patch;
cv::getRectSubPix(img, Size(1,1), pt, patch);
return patch.at<T>(0,0);
}
template <typename T, size_t n>
Vec<T, n> getSubpix(const Mat & img, const Point2f & pt) {
Mat patch;
cv::getRectSubPix(img, Size(1,1), pt, patch);
return patch.at<Vec<T, n> >(0,0);
}
template <typename T>
Vec<T, 3> getEulerZXYRadians(const Mat_<T> & rot_matrix) {
const T r00 = rot_matrix.template at<T>(0, 0);
const T r01 = rot_matrix.template at<T>(0, 1);
const T r02 = rot_matrix.template at<T>(0, 2);
const T r10 = rot_matrix.template at<T>(1, 0);
const T r11 = rot_matrix.template at<T>(1, 1);
const T r12 = rot_matrix.template at<T>(1, 2);
const T r22 = rot_matrix.template at<T>(2, 2);
Vec<T, 3> result;
if(r12 < 1) {
if(r12 > -1) {
result[0] = asin(-r12);
result[1] = atan2(r02, r22);
result[2] = atan2(r10, r11);
} else {
result[0] = M_PI_2;
result[1] = -atan2(-r01, r00);
result[2] = 0.;
}
} else {
result[0] = -M_PI_2;
result[1] = -atan2(-r01, r00);
result[2] = 0.;
}
return result;
}
template <typename T>
bool isEdgeIntersection(const Point_<T> & src_1, const Point_<T> & dst_1,
const Point_<T> & src_2, const Point_<T> & dst_2,
double * scale_1, double * scale_2) {
const Point_<T> s1 = dst_1 - src_1, s2 = dst_2 - src_2;
const double denom = -s2.x * s1.y + s1.x * s2.y;
if(denom < std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon() &&
denom > -std::numeric_limits<double>::epsilon()) {
return false;
}
double tmp_scale_1 = ( s2.x * (src_1.y - src_2.y) - s2.y * (src_1.x - src_2.x)) / denom;
double tmp_scale_2 = (-s1.y * (src_1.x - src_2.x) + s1.x * (src_1.y - src_2.y)) / denom;
if(scale_1) *scale_1 = tmp_scale_1;
if(scale_2) *scale_2 = tmp_scale_2;
return (tmp_scale_1 >= 0 && tmp_scale_1 <= 1 &&
tmp_scale_2 >= 0 && tmp_scale_2 <= 1);
}
template <typename T>
bool isRotationInTheRange(const T rotation, const T min_rotation, const T max_rotation) {
const Point_<T> b(cos(rotation), sin(rotation));
const Point_<T> a(cos(min_rotation), sin(min_rotation));
const Point_<T> c(cos(max_rotation), sin(max_rotation));
const T direction_a_b = a.x * b.y - a.y * b.x;
const T direction_a_c = a.x * c.y - a.y * c.x;
const T direction_b_c = b.x * c.y - b.y * c.x;
return (direction_a_b * direction_a_c >= 0) && (direction_a_b * direction_b_c >= 0);
}
template float normalizeAngle< float>( float x);
template double normalizeAngle<double>(double x);
template Point_< float> applyTransform3x3< float>( float x, float y, const Mat & matT);
template Point_<double> applyTransform3x3<double>(double x, double y, const Mat & matT);
template Point_< float> applyTransform2x3< float>( float x, float y, const Mat & matT);
template Point_<double> applyTransform2x3<double>(double x, double y, const Mat & matT);
template Size_< int> normalizeVertices< int>(vector<vector<Point_< int> > > & vertices);
template Size_< float> normalizeVertices< float>(vector<vector<Point_< float> > > & vertices);
template Size_<double> normalizeVertices<double>(vector<vector<Point_<double> > > & vertices);
template Rect_< float> getVerticesRects< float>(const vector<Point_< float> > & vertices);
template Rect_<double> getVerticesRects<double>(const vector<Point_<double> > & vertices);
template vector<Rect_< float> > getVerticesRects< float>(const vector<vector<Point_< float> > > & vertices);
template vector<Rect_<double> > getVerticesRects<double>(const vector<vector<Point_<double> > > & vertices);
template float getSubpix< float>(const Mat & img, const Point2f & pt);
template Vec< uchar, 1> getSubpix<uchar, 1>(const Mat & img, const Point2f & pt);
template Vec< uchar, 3> getSubpix<uchar, 3>(const Mat & img, const Point2f & pt);
template Vec< float, 3> getEulerZXYRadians< float>(const Mat_< float> & rot_matrix);
template Vec<double, 3> getEulerZXYRadians<double>(const Mat_<double> & rot_matrix);
template bool isEdgeIntersection< float>(const Point_< float> & src_1, const Point_< float> & dst_1,
const Point_< float> & src_2, const Point_< float> & dst_2,
double * scale_1, double * scale_2);
template bool isEdgeIntersection<double>(const Point_<double> & src_1, const Point_<double> & dst_1,
const Point_<double> & src_2, const Point_<double> & dst_2,
double * scale_1, double * scale_2);
template bool isRotationInTheRange< float>(const float rotation, const float min_rotation, const float max_rotation);
template bool isRotationInTheRange<double>(const double rotation, const double min_rotation, const double max_rotation);
|
A Long Island, N.Y., bicyclist has filed a police report after getting into a testy exchange with CNN anchor Chris Cuomo Chris CuomoGiuliani criticizes NYC leadership: 'They're killing this city' CNN's Don Lemon calls on Biden to 'stand at a podium' in addressing violence CNN's Lemon warns of Democratic 'blind spot' on 'riots': 'It shows up in the polling' MORE in front of a Hamptons home on Easter Sunday, according to a New York Post report.
The reported filing with the East Hampton Police Department came after Cuomo shared a story on his SiriusXM radio show on Monday about a "jackass, loser biker" who got in his "space" because he was in the front yard with two women and three children at the home, which is still under construction. The bicyclist told the Post that Cuomo had purchased the property.
The Cuomo family is currently living in nearby Southampton, where the anchor and host has been broadcasting from his basement while under quarantine.
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Cuomo announced on March 31 that he had tested positive for coronavirus, prompting an outpouring of support from media members and viewers of his CNN prime-time program. The 49-year-old said as recently as Tuesday night that he is still suffering from a low-grade fever.
Two weeks after first testing positive for coronavirus, @chriscuomo shares an update on how his battle is progressing: “My body is not ready until it’s ready.” pic.twitter.com/9dP6q6vEbZ — Cuomo Prime Time (@CuomoPrimeTime) April 15, 2020
The Long Island bicyclist, a 65-year-old man who only identified himself as David, told the Post he decided to file a police report to document the alleged incident in case he feels "that this guy’s a threat to me."
The bicyclist told the Post he's lived in East Hampton for most of his life.
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David said the verbal confrontation occurred after he saw Cuomo outside on Sunday.
"I just looked and said, ‘Is that Chris Cuomo? Isn’t he supposed to be quarantined?'” David said after one of the two women there approached him. "I said to him, ‘Your brother is the coronavirus czar, and you’re not even following his rules — unnecessary travel.'"
"'Who the hell are you?! I can do what I want!' He just ranted, screaming, ‘I’ll find out who you are!’" Cuomo responded, according to David.
"He said, ‘This is not the end of this. You’ll deal with this later. We will meet again.’ If that’s not a threat, I don’t know what is," David added.
Cuomo talked about the back-and-forth on his SiriusXM program, "Let's Get After It," on Monday while explaining that being a public figure prevents him from firing back at people talking "bullshit" to him.
"I want to be able to tell you to go to hell, to shut your mouth," Cuomo said. "I don’t get that doing what I do for a living, me being able to tell you to shut your mouth or I will do you the way you guys do each other."
“I don’t want some jackass, loser, fat-tire biker being able to pull over and get in my space and talk bullshit to me, I don’t want to hear it,” he added.
The Hill has reached out to the East Hampton Police Department. SiriusXM referred The Hill to CNN for comment.
Cuomo joined CNN in 2013 as a morning anchor before earning a prime-time show in 2018, with the program quickly becoming the top-rated show on the network in its 9 p.m. slot. |
2015 Estonian Football Winter Tournament
The 2015 Estonian Football Winter Tournament or the 2015 EJL Jalgpallihalli Turniir is the second edition of the annual tournament in Estonia. Levadia Tallinn are the defending champions. This tournament is divided into two groups of 6 teams.
Groups
Group A
Group B
References
Home page
Winter
Category:Estonian Football Winter Tournament |
WHAT: About 160 high school students at the Johns Hopkins Baltimore campus — and another 425 students across the country — will compete in the annual Spaghetti Bridge Contest, marking the culmination of a four-week summer course called Engineering Innovation. Using only dry spaghetti and epoxy, the students have designed and built bridges that the contest will test. Kilo by kilo, weight will be added to the bridges until they shatter. Prizes will be awarded to the teams whose bridges hold the most weight. The record stands at 60 kilos — 132 pounds.
WHO: Students competing in Baltimore are from 21 states and 14 countries – including some from Baltimore City Schools. Their families will be cheering them on.
WHY: Johns Hopkins’ Whiting School of Engineering created Engineering Innovation in 2006 to expose high school students to various engineering disciplines and to teach them critical thinking and problem solving. After the program, 86 percent of the participants have gone on to pursue careers in engineering.
Members of the media who expect to cover this event should RSVP to Jill Rosen at 443-997-9906 or 443-547-8805 or jrosen@jhu.edu. |
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Browse our Afterlife Topics or Join the Discussion!
We are a resource for people who are curious about death and those who have been affected by it. We collect articles from across the web that may be of interest to you, we post original articles by experts, and we link to articles in related fields and let you know why they are important. Our discussion forums are a place where you can ask questions and share your experiences. You will find here a community of sympathetic friends and experts in death-related fields who are eager to help you. Enjoy!
Christopher Columbus once ordered the simultaneous burning alive of a hundred Native American tribal leaders. The historian who mentioned this in a History Channel program awhile back tried to soften the shock of it by noting that “the fifteenth century was a barbaric age.”
I received And Jesus Said: A Conversation in the mail one day. I had not requested it but, being a book reviewer, it wasn’t unusual since I am occasionally sent review copies automatically. A few days later, when I sat
... |
/* Generated by RuntimeBrowser
Image: /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/ClassroomKit.framework/ClassroomKit
*/
@interface CRKMonitorExpiredCoursesInteraction : CATOperation {
CRKCourseEnrollmentController * _enrollmentController;
<CRKExpiredCoursesInteractionDelegate> * _expiredCoursesInteractionDelegate;
NSMutableSet * _expiredCoursesToPresent;
CATSerialOperationQueue * _serialOperationQueue;
<CRKRequestPerformingProtocol> * _studentDaemonProxy;
bool mIsObservingEnrollmentController;
}
@property (nonatomic, readonly) CRKCourseEnrollmentController *enrollmentController;
@property (nonatomic, readonly) <CRKExpiredCoursesInteractionDelegate> *expiredCoursesInteractionDelegate;
@property (nonatomic, readonly) NSMutableSet *expiredCoursesToPresent;
@property (nonatomic, readonly) CATSerialOperationQueue *serialOperationQueue;
@property (nonatomic, readonly) <CRKRequestPerformingProtocol> *studentDaemonProxy;
- (void).cxx_destruct;
- (void)beginInteractionWithExpiredCourses:(id)arg1;
- (void)cancel;
- (id)enrollmentController;
- (id)expiredCoursesInteractionDelegate;
- (void)expiredCoursesInteractionDidFinish:(id)arg1;
- (id)expiredCoursesToPresent;
- (id)initWithStudentDaemonProxy:(id)arg1 enrollmentController:(id)arg2 expiredCoursesInteractionDelegate:(id)arg3;
- (bool)isAsynchronous;
- (void)main;
- (void)observeValueForKeyPath:(id)arg1 ofObject:(id)arg2 change:(id)arg3 context:(void*)arg4;
- (id)serialOperationQueue;
- (id)studentDaemonProxy;
- (void)updateWithCourses:(id)arg1;
@end
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Mar 07, 2013 (Close-Up Media via COMTEX) — On behalf of the Cultural Assets Office of the Beijing Municipal Government, Director Huiguang Zhang announced the launch of the 2013 Beijing International Screenwriting Competition.
According to a release, the competition is asking writers to submit both short film and feature film screenplays centered on Beijing and its rich, multifaceted culture. The goal of this initiative is to foster artistic collaboration and an ongoing creative dialogue between China and the US.
Huiguang Zhang will serve as President of the Competition, and film producer Kevin Niu will serve as Chairman. Honorary Competition Presidents will include Vice-Mayor of Beijing Wei Lu and two-time Academy Award-winning director Mark Harris. Harris and Tracey Trench, producer of The Pink Panther and Ever After and consultant for Oriental DreamWorks, will serve as the Competition’s Grand Judges.
“I am thrilled that the Beijing International Screenwriting Competition is taking place at this time in history,” said Huiguang Zhang. “The city and people of Beijing are excited to begin a new era of creative and cultural collaboration with the US.” The 2013 Beijing International Screenwriting Competition said it will provide an opportunity for aspiring and established US writers to obtain international recognition. With no entrance fee, the competition encourages professional writers, students, and the general public alike to submit feature film proposals. The competition for short film screenplays is open to US students only. In keeping with the competition’s “Tale of Beijing” theme, all film submissions must feature Beijing as a location, conveying in some way the romance, mystery, and cultural richness of this great world capital.
“This Competition is one of the first established routes for US filmmakers to obtain direct access to the Chinese market,” said Competition Chairman Kevin Niu. “It will serve as a model for future cultural collaboration between the US and China one that bridges the gap between our two cultures.” Proposals for the initial round of the feature film competition are due April 7, and short film screenplays are due April 20 th. The top finalists for each will be announced in May. In addition to international recognition and cash prizes totaling more than $100,000, all of the finalists will receive all-expense paid trips to Beijing in June where they will have the opportunity to meet with Chinese investors. Additionally, up to seven short film grand prize winners will receive financing for the production of their films. For full submission rules and guidelines, please visit: http://writebeijing.org/competition.
The 2013 Beijing International Screenwriting Competition is sponsored by the Beijing International Creative Industry Corp. Other partners include LeTV and Harvardwood. For more information on the 2013 Beijing International Screenwriting Competition, please visit http://writebeijing.org/. |
Q:
Can you declare object types in struct
I'm really new to c# coming from c++ background I'm struggling to work with data structures in c++ I used to do that for example
struct product {
int weight;
double price;
} apple[10];
now the problem c# won't let me do the same because in c# when I declare an object type like apple I can't access the weight or the price now . is there a way to declare object type array ? like above I know I can do that
product apple = new product();
but I receive an error cannot apply indexing with [] to an expression of type Program.product .
is there a way to apply indexing with data structures all I want to do is something like this .
struct product {
int x;
double w;
} array[10];
for (int i = 0 ; i < 5 ; i++ ){
array[i].x = array[i - 1].x
}
I appreciate your help.
A:
Members variables are private by default in C#, so you need to add public before type and name.
Also to create an array you need to use the new keyword.
public struct product
{
public int x;
public double w;
}
var products = new product[10];
for (int i = 1 ; i < 5 ; i++ )
{
products [i].x = products [i - 1].x; // beware 0-1 = -1
}
Instances of structs are value types, instead of instances of classes that are references to objects (hidden managed pointers to forget to manage them).
This may help you:
struct (C# Reference)
How do I improve my knowledge in C#
|
Sip 'n' Dip Lounge, Great Falls, Montana
The Sip 'n' Dip Lounge
Located in the O'Haire Motor Lounge in Great Falls Montana, the Sip 'n' Dip Lounge is a Tiki bar with a twist. The lounge features a glass wall behind the bar that allows you to watch swimmers in the hotel's swimming pool and daily mermaid shows mean you can live out your Little Mermaid fantasies. The bar opened in 1962 and the mermaids were added in 1995 to up the "fun factor". Fun fact: Daryl Hannah once donned a tail and swam here.
The menu features an array of tropical concoctions, replete with little umbrellas, Montana microbrews, and fishbowl cocktails. There's a full food menu including something called Hog Heaven which is an artery-clogging combination pulled pork, macaroni and cheese, and bacon bits. Sip 'n' Dip hosts a Mermaid Brunch every other Sunday from 10 am - 2 pm. |
Committee issues Typhoon Kujira alert
Update:
June, 23/2015 - 13:10
|
The heading of the Kujira typhoon, the first typhoon this year. — Photo infonet.vn
HA NOI (VNS) — The National Steering Committee for Flood and Storm Prevention and Control sent an urgent document this morning, asking coastal provinces and cities to take measures to cope with Typhoon Kujira.
The document was sent to provinces and cities from the northern Quang Ninh Province to the central Thanh Hoa Province, the northern mountainous provinces such as Ha Giang, Cao Bang and Bac Kan, and relevant ministries such as public security, transport and agriculture and rural development.
The document said that at 4am today, Typhoon Kujira, the first typhoon this year, was about 300km off Mong Cai District in Quang Ninh Province, with wind speeds of 62km to 74km per hour. The forecast says by 4pm today, the typhoon will move in the north-western direction. By 4am tomorrow, the typhoon will be on the border between Viet Nam and China with wind speeds of 40km to 50km per hour.
The forecast says on Thursday, the typhoon will enter the mainland and become a tropical low pressure area, with a wind speed of 40km per hour.
Due to the typhoon, the northern area will receive heavy rain. The northern mountainous area, including Thai Nguyen, Phu Tho, Tuyen Quang and Ha Giang, can expect flash floods and landslides.
The national steering committee asked provinces and cities to recall ships in the northern area of the Bac Bo (Tonkin Gulf). Quang Ninh Province and Hai Phong City have been told to ban ships from going out to sea.
Quang Ninh has been asked to prepare to shift residents living in dangerous areas to safer places.
The northern provinces and cities have been asked to monitor the typhoon's progress to take appropriate measures.
Provinces and cities are expected to ask workers to be on duty through day and night and to report the latest information in the localities immediately to the national steering committee. — VNS |
Q:
Screen Flicker on Loki
I try to fix this so many times since I install elementaryOS. And I try this fix but do not work. Also changed to UXA and either.
I have
Intel Corporation Broadwell-U Integrated Graphics (rev 09)
This happens right now writing from Chrome, maybe is just the browser.
A:
have you tried this
solution?
|
Antitumour activity of chlorimidazine on transplantable mouse tumour systems.
The antitumour activity of the newly synthesized compound, chlorimidazine (1-chlorethyl-2-chlormethyl-2-imidazoline hydrochloride), has been investigated on mouse tumour systems including L 1210 and P 388 leukaemias and Lewis lung carcinoma. It has been found that optimum treatment schedules resulted in 153% T/C in mice with L 1210 leukaemia, 159% T/C in mice bearing P 388 leukaemia and 68% TWI for Lewis lung carcinoma. Due to the results obtained the compound acts as a novel potential antitumour agent that warrants further evaluation. |
Q:
Using ADO.NET in the IDE integrated in Excel
I want to build an authentication system based on an Excel spreadsheet database. Therefore I would like to know if it's possible to use ADO.NET in the IDE integrated in Excel. (I don't want to use visual basic studio)
A:
If you add a reference to the ActiveX Data Objects, you can use the ADODB suite of objects - Connection, Command, ResultSet etc.
I presume what you'd do is just show the "Login" sheet on opening the file and then, on successful authentication, show other sheets.
As it's Excel though, I'm not sure how easy it would be to bypass for somebody with a reasonable amount of knowledge.
Best of luck with it.
|
The ESP VIPER-JR Junior Viper Electric Guitar is a scaled-down version of ESP's well-known guitars made popular by artists like Kirk Hammett (Metallica), Jeff Hanneman (Slayer), and George Lynch (Dokken). Like the big boys, this junior guitar has a 24-fret fingerboard, two humbucker pickups, master volume and tone controls, 3-way pickup selector toggle switch, and adjustable bridge with stopbar tailpiece. It's the perfect size for young players ages 5-8 with its 20.5" scale length. |
298 Pa. Superior Ct. 466 (1982)
444 A.2d 1278
COMMONWEALTH of Pennsylvania
v.
David WILLIAMS, Appellant.
Superior Court of Pennsylvania.
Submitted October 19, 1981.
Filed April 23, 1982.
*468 Elaine DeMasse, Assistant Public Defender, Philadelphia, for appellant.
Jane C. Greenspan, Assistant District Attorney, Philadelphia, for Commonwealth, appellee.
Before BECK, WATKINS and HOFFMAN, JJ.
HOFFMAN, Judge:
Appellant contends that the lower court erred in denying his suppression motion. We agree and, accordingly, reverse the court below, and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
After being stopped by police while riding a bicycle appellant was charged with receiving stolen property. The lower court denied his suppression motion challenging the propriety of the stop. At trial, a Commonwealth witness identified the bicycle and testified that it had been stolen.[1] Appellant was adjudicated delinquent and sentenced to probation. This appeal followed.
In a suppression motion, the Commonwealth bears a burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the challenged evidence is admissible. Pa.R.Crim.P. 323(h); *469 Commonwealth v. Brown, 473 Pa. 562, 566, 375 A.2d 1260, 1262 (1977). If the suppression motion has been denied, the appellate court "will consider only the evidence of the prosecution's witnesses and so much of the evidence for the defense as, fairly read in the context of the record as a whole, remains uncontradicted." Id., 473 Pa. at 566, 375 A.2d at 1262, quoting Commonwealth v. Kichline, 468 Pa. 265, 280, 361 A.2d 282, 290 (1976).
So viewed, the evidence indicated the following: On November 6, 1977, at 3:00 p.m., appellant, a juvenile, was riding a ten-speed Raleigh bicycle near Germantown Avenue and Gorgas Lane in Philadelphia. A police officer in a patrol car stopped him. The officer had been informed by "various people in the neighborhood" that appellant "was responsible for stealing quite a few ten-speed bikes" and that "one of many bikes received were [sic] in [appellant's] possession." After questioning appellant, the officer inspected the bicycle frame and discovered that the serial number had been filed off. He then questioned appellant's mother and concluded that the bicycle had been stolen. The officer impounded the bike and released appellant. About two weeks later the officer learned of a summertime burglary involving a similar bicycle. The burglary victim subsequently identified the impounded bicycle as hers.
Appellant contends that the lower court erred in denying his suppression motion. We agree. In appropriate circumstances, a police officer is free to approach a citizen and address questions to him. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Berrios, 437 Pa. 338, 263 A.2d 342 (1970). To stop or restrain a citizen, however, the officer must be able to "point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant that intrusion." Commonwealth v. Williams, 287 Pa.Superior Ct. 19, 23, 429 A.2d 698, 700 (1981), quoting Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 21, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 1880, 20 L.Ed.2d 889, 906 (1968). Accord, Commonwealth v. Hicks, 434 Pa. 153, 253 A.2d 276 (1969). The encounter is a "stop" that must be justified by the Terry standard if, under all the circumstances, "a reasonable *470 man, innocent of any crime, would have thought [he was being restrained] had he been in the defendant's shoes." Commonwealth v. Jones, 474 Pa. 364, 372-73, 378 A.2d 835, 840 (1977) (citation and footnote omitted), cert. denied, 435 U.S. 947, 98 S.Ct. 1533, 55 L.Ed.2d 546 (1978). Though the line of demarcation between a "stop" and a mere approach cannot be precisely drawn, factors such as whether the officer makes a show of authority or exercises force, the officer's demeanor and manner of expression, the location, and the content of any interrogatories or statements are relevant to the determination. Id. See, e.g., Commonwealth v. Greber, 478 Pa. 63, 385 A.2d 1313 (1978) (plurality opinion) (blocking defendant's automobile a stop); Commonwealth v. Hall, 475 Pa. 482, 380 A.2d 1238 (1977) (three officers approaching defendant not a stop); Commonwealth v. Stewart, 257 Pa.Superior Ct. 334, 390 A.2d 1264 (1978) (officer's command after identifying self a stop). In the instant case, the officer was traveling in a patrol car, appellant was riding a bicycle, and the stop occurred on the street. When asked to explain the circumstances the officer responded only that he "stopped the boy on the street." Under these circumstances, we must conclude that a reasonable, innocent person in appellant's shoes would not feel free to leave.
Having determined that a "stop" occurred, we must decide whether the officer could "point to specific and articulable facts which, taken together with the rational inferences from those facts, reasonably warrant the intrusion." Terry v. Ohio, supra 392 U.S. at 21, 88 S.Ct. at 1880, 20 L.Ed.2d at 906. Accord, Commonwealth v. Williams, supra; Commonwealth v. Galadyna, 248 Pa.Superior Ct. 226, 375 A.2d 69 (1977); Commonwealth v. Ferraro, 237 Pa.Superior Ct. 268, 352 A.2d 548 (1975). If the officer cannot point to such facts, the stop is unjustified. See Commonwealth v. Jones, supra (defendant merely walking, breaking no law when observed); Commonwealth v. Murray, 460 Pa. 53, 331 A.2d 414 (1975) (automobile being lawfully driven); Commonwealth v. Jeffries, 454 Pa. 320, 311 A.2d 914 (1973) *471 (defendant's fleeing on sight of police officers does not justify stop); Commonwealth v. Hicks, supra (informant's description too vague); Commonwealth v. Cruse, 236 Pa.Superior Ct. 85, 344 A.2d 532 (1975) (informant's tip lacked indicia of reliability, only described defendant and auto, not any criminal activity). The stop may be justified if the "police officer observes usual conduct which leads him reasonably to conclude in light of his experience that criminal activity may be afoot." Terry v. Ohio, supra 392 U.S. at 30, 88 S.Ct. at 1884, 20 L.Ed.2d at 911. Alternatively, the officer may obtain sufficient information from an informant or from his personal knowledge that, when coupled with the circumstances, gives rise to a reasonable suspicion that the appellant is presently involved in criminal activity. See Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 92 S.Ct. 1921, 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1972) (anonymous informant plus corroborating circumstances); Commonwealth v. Stewart, supra (appellant resembled known prison escapee); Commonwealth v. LeSeuer, 252 Pa.Superior Ct. 498, 382 A.2d 127 (1977) (anonymous informant plus corroborating circumstances). Anonymous informants' tips completely lacking in indicia of reliability will not justify a Terry stop. Commonwealth v. Cruse, supra, 236 Pa.Super. at 91, 344 A.2d at 535 (further investigation and corroboration needed). See Aguilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 84 S.Ct. 1509, 12 L.Ed.2d 723 (1969). Nor will common rumor or report, standing alone, justify a stop, for "[a]nything else would invite instrusions upon constitutionally guaranteed rights based on nothing more than inarticulate hunches, a result [courts have] consistently refused to sanction." Terry v. Ohio, supra 392 U.S. at 22, 88 S.Ct. at 1880, 20 L.Ed.2d at 906. Ordinary, everyday conduct on the street, in contrast to atypical activity, does not provide needed corroboration. Cf. Commonwealth v. Mackie, 456 Pa. 372, 320 A.2d 842 (1974) (defendant carrying portable TV and field glasses in daylight on street in high crime area justified brief stop but not arrest). That various people in the neighborhood had told the officer that appellant was responsible for stealing several ten-speed bikes and that he possessed one of them, merely relates a common report. *472 The officer gave no indication of his informants' reliability. He knew of no complaint concerning the particular bicycle appellant was riding. Appellant was breaking no traffic law, nor was he engaging in any unusual activity. He was merely riding an ordinary ten-speed bicycle in broad day-light on a public street. Under these circumstances, we find that the officer lacked an adequate justification for the stop. Accordingly, the lower court erred in denying appellant's suppression motion. We must therefore reverse and remand for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
So ordered.
WATKINS, J., files a dissenting opinion.
WATKINS, Judge, dissenting:
I respectfully dissent.
In the instant case the officer stopped the defendant while he was operating a stolen bicycle. Upon doing so the officer observed that the serial number of the bicycle had been forcibly removed from the frame of the bicycle. Prior to stopping the defendant, the officer had been investigating bicycle thefts in the area and had been informed that the defendant had been involved with stolen bicycles. While the information which the officer had when he stopped the defendant to talk to him may not have been enough to arrest him it certainly justified the intermediate step of stopping the defendant rather than ignoring him. See Commonwealth v. LeSeuer, 252 Pa. Superior Ct. 498, 382 A.2d 127 (1977) [Allocatur denied May 3, 1978]. The Fourth Amendment to our Constitution does not require a police officer "who lacks the precise level of information necessary for probable cause to arrest to simply shrug his shoulders and allow a crime to occur or a criminal to escape". Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 92 S.Ct. 1921, 32 L.Ed.2d 612 (1977).
I would affirm the defendant's adjudication as based upon properly seized and sufficient evidence.
NOTES
[1] The bicycle was never introduced into evidence.
|
Stock-taking
Stock-taking or "inventory checking" or "wall-to-wall" is the physical verification of the quantities and condition of items held in an inventory or warehouse. This may be done to provide an audit of existing stock. It is also the source of stock discrepancy information.
Stock-taking may be performed as an intensive annual, end of fiscal year, procedure or may be done continuously by means of a cycle count. An annual end of fiscal year stock-taking is typically undertaken for use in a company's financial statements. It is often done in the presence of the external auditors who are auditing the financial statements.
Periodic counting is usually undertaken for regular, inexpensive items. The term "periodic" may refer to annual stock count. However, "periodic" may also refer to half yearly, seasonal, quarterly, monthly, bi-monthly or daily. For expensive items a shorter period of stock-taking is preferred.
A stock-take sale is a sale with reduced prices in a shop designed to sell off stock from previous seasons. This makes the task of stock-taking easier.
Another purpose of stock take is determination of a cutoff point i.e. what was the stock position of the company/organization at a specific point of time.
However, such stock-taking tasks are often laborious and often lead to significant warehouse operational downtime, ranging from days to weeks.
References
See also
Physical inventory
Category:Inventory
Category:Asset lists |
Q:
cvs2svn Migration
We want to move a project from CVS Repository to SVN Repository ?
For this we have installed cvs2svn-2.4.0 in our unix tomcat server.
We are having python utility 2.3.3 under /usr/local/bin and libstdc++.so.6 under /usr/local/lib.
Now when we are running cvs2svn command from cvs2svn-2.4.0, we are getting the below error:-
ld.so.1: python: fatal: libstdc++.so.5: open failed: No such file or directory.
My Questions are :-
Is only python 2.4 required for CVS2SVN or any higher ver of Python can also be installed ?
Presently Python 2.3.3 is present under /usr/local/bin, is it to be placed under /usr/bin? both the paths /usr/local/bin and /usr/bin are set as PATH Environment Variable ?
Will libstdc++.so.6 compatible with python 2.4 or higher or do we have to install libstdc++.so.5 ?
libstdc++.so.6 is placed under usr/local/lib, do we have to place it under /usr/lib, then can it work ?
In Env Variable PATH, both /usr/local/lib and /usr/lib are not present , do we have to export these directories under Env Path Variable ?
Thanks in Advance
A:
The version of Python needed by cvs2svn is documented in the requirements section of the cvs2svn documentation:
Python 2, version 2.4 or later. See http://www.python.org/. (cvs2svn does not work with Python 3.x.)
The same section also describes some other requirements that you will need.
The Python interpreter can be placed in your PATH, or alternatively you can invoke cvs2svn using an explicit python interpreter like
/path/to/my/python /path/to/my/cvs2svn [args]
The rest of your questions are not about cvs2svn but rather about how to install a working Python on your platform, which you haven't even specified.
|
Timeless (Parasol Protectorate #5)(17)Author: Gail Carriger
While they waited for him to return, Alexia turned to the new arrivals. “Good evening, Madame Lefoux. Miss Dair.”
“Lady Maccon, how do you do?” replied the actress. Hands were clasped to her trembling bosom, and the bulk of her attention was still centered on the dying girl.
Madame Lefoux merely tipped her head in Alexia’s direction and gave her a small, tight smile. Then she returned her attention to the actress, placing a solicitous arm about the woman’s waist.
Dr. Caedes returned, bearing a small silver goblet with some kind of lid attached to the top. It looked like those cup attachments designed for gentlemen with mustaches. He passed it to the queen, who took it in one hand.
“Prepare the girl.”
Dr. Caedes grabbed the comatose woman by the shoulders and shifted her into his mistress’s lap. His supernatural strength made the task an easy one, even had the girl not been relatively slight. He turned her head so that she rested with the side of her neck exposed.
The queen took a drink from the goblet, swished the contents around in her mouth, and paused, an intense look of contemplation on her face. Then Countess Nadasdy bared her teeth, both the longer regular fangs, the feeders, and the smaller fangs to either side, the makers. Alexia wasn’t quite certain on the logistics of vampire metamorphosis. They were secretive about the details, and rarely were scientists, save their own, permitted to observe. But she knew the current theory held that feeders sucked the blood out while makers pumped blood in, so metamorphosis occurred by process of the queen literally giving her own blood over to the new vampire.
The countess opened her mouth wide. The makers were dripping perfect drops of dark blood, almost black. Alexia wondered if the contents of the sippy goblet acted as a catalyst.
Dr. Caedes bent and looked into his queen’s mouth. “I believe we may proceed, My Queen.”
Lady Maccon could only hope that the vampire metamorphosis process was less brutal than the werewolves. Her husband had practically eaten Lady Kingair whole in order to change her. It was most indelicate. The last thing Alexia wanted was to witness the vampire version of a three-course meal.
“Should we be watching this? Isn’t unbirth a matter for family intimates only?” Alexia asked Major Channing on a hiss.
“I think we are remaining as witnesses apurpose, my lady. She wants to prove her strength.” The major seemed not at all perturbed by the prospect.
“Does she? Why? Did I look as though I doubted it?”
“No. But our Alpha has managed two successful metamorphoses in the past three years. That has got to smart something awful for the vampires.”
“You mean, I have stumbled into some kind of eternal tiddlywinks match? Who can make the most immortals? What are you people, schoolroom children?”
Major Channing tilted his hands, palms up, in supplication.
“Oh, for goodness’ sake,” said Alexia, and then hushed, for the countess was biting down at last.
It was a good deal more elegant than with the werewolves at first. Countess Nadasdy sank her feeder fangs deep into the flesh of the girl’s neck and then kept going until she was far enough in for the maker fangs to sink in as well. She cradled both arms about the woman and leaned back so that she was held up to her mouth like a tea sandwich. The girl’s slack white face tilted toward the small audience. Countess Nadasdy closed her eyes, assuming an expression of ecstatic bliss. She moved not one muscle, except that Alexia could see a strange up and down fluttering in her neck, like a cow regurgitating its cud, only faster, smaller, and in both directions.
Asphodel remained limp in her mistress’s arms for a long while, until her whole body jerked—once. Alexia jumped in reaction, as did Major Channing. Madame Lefoux gave them both a quelling look.
Asphodel’s eyes popped open, wide, startled, looking directly at the observers. Then she began to scream. It was a deep, drawn-out cry of agony. Her pupils dilated, darkening and changing color, extending outward until her entire eyeball was a solid deep red.
The girl’s eyes began to bleed. Drops of blood leaked out, running down the sides of her face and dripping off her nose. Her screams became gargles as blood began to pour out of her mouth, muffling the cries.
Dr. Caedes said, “Enough, My Queen. It isn’t taking. There will be no making this one over.”
The hive queen only continued to suck, her expression beatific. Her arms were beginning to lose their hold, however, and she was sagging over the girl.
Dr. Caedes stepped forward and ripped Asphodel off of his queen’s fangs. Under normal circumstances, Alexia suspected he would not have been able to do so. All vampires were strong, but queens were reputed to be the strongest of them all. However, the countess’s beautiful eyes, when they finally opened, were sunken with exhaustion.
Dr. Caedes yanked the maid from the countess’s grasp and threw her to the floor like a used dishrag. The girl convulsed one final time and stilled.
Alexia went to bend over her solicitously, careful not to touch her in case, somehow, this was all as it was meant to be, and preternatural contact might interfere with the process of metamorphosis. The girl, however, was motionless. Lady Maccon looked up from her crouch at Major Channing. The werewolf shook his blond head.
Dr. Caedes spoke into the shocked quiet of the Blue Room. “My Queen, it did not take. You need to feed and restore your strength. Please, put the makers away. I will call in the drones.”
Countess Nadasdy turned an unfocused gaze onto her vampire companion. “Didn’t it work? Another one gone. How unfortunate. I shall have to buy a new dress, then.” She looked around, catching sight of the fallen girl and Lady Maccon bent over her. She laughed. “There’s nothing you can do, soul-sucker.” |
The movie we saw last night was part of a UCLA extension class in which they see movies and have someone from the film talk about it and answer questions after the film. It was the remake of "The Flight of the Phoenix", and it was a predictable piece of fluff and I enjoyed it. The sound was SO loud that it had numerous members of the audience covering their ears to protect from it. I didn't do that, but it give more strength to my headache.
After the film we headed home and I was in bed by 10 pm, but couldn't sleep until after midnight. Not being able to get to sleep at a reasonable hour isn't going to help my headache go away.
Today is a Thanksgiving Day luncheon that is being thrown by one of my company's suppliers. Should be plenty of good food. Good thing, since I haven't been cooking much lately.
This headache just won't quit. It's been better or worse, but hasn't fully gone away. I'm not sure if it is stress-related, diet-related, weather-related, or what, but I want it to GO AWAY.
Aside from the headache, my weekend was good. The play Friday night was okay - some good acting, some bad acting, nothing spectacular. My friend's performance was the best of the bunch, and it was great to see her perform outside of acting class.
Saturday we went to the Queen Mary and some other locations to see about getting married onboard ths ship or at some other locations near there. The ship was clearly fantastic in its day, but is faded glory now, and just didn't feel like the kind of place we want to get married. Some of the other places we looked at look very promising, though. My head was aching something fierce Saturday, and when we got home I napped for over 2 hours to try to get rid of my headache so that I would be functional for Gordon's mom's party that night. Fortunately, it worked, and I was relatively bright-eyed for the party. That was a very good thing since Gordon and I were in the spotlight all evening - his mom announced our engagement at the party. All her friends were so kind - one couple offered to let us have our wedding at their home in Malibu (ocean view, and apparently a gorgeous home), another offered to give me her necklace when I admired it and said that it would go with my wedding dress (I told her perhaps it could be my 'something borrowed'). Everyone said what a great guy I am getting. It was a great party, and lots of fun. We got home about 1:30, and were asleep by 2am.
Sunday we had to get up by 9 or so to go to Anne's father's house for brunch. Traffic was light, so we got there in no time, and had a lovely time, but the three of us were so tired that we sat around the table and yawned most of the time. Anne's dad was laughing at us 'young ones' being so tired. After brunch, we ran a couple of errands, and then went home so I could do some paperwork. I HAD to take another nap, though - my head was aching again, and I just couldn't tackle that paperwork without some rest. After my nap, Gordon made some dinner - rice pasta with vegetables and chicken. Yum. I worked on my papers for about 4 hours total, and finally got it all done about 10:30 last night and was plum tuckered out.
This will be a busy few days - a movie at UCLA tonight, Anne tomorrow night, and my last acting class on Wednesday. Somewhere in there I need to get some groceries to make garlic mashed sweet potatoes, wheat-free stuffing, and chocolate pecan pie for Thanksgiving Day with Gordon's family.
This has been quite a week. I've had this headache off and on all week, and can't figure out what is causing it. Not good. I'm hoping to be able to rest a bit this weekend and get rid of it once and for all, but it will be a busy weekend, too, so we'll see how that goes.
Gordon and I are going to see a friend perform in a play tonight, and that should be fun, and then tomorrow we are going to check out a couple places where we might get married. Tomorrow night Gordon's mom is throwing a party, and then Sunday is brunch with Anne and her dad, and Sunday night is book club. Somewhere in the middle of all that I'll rest. I hope.
Well, I ordered my wedding dress, and I found a lovely tiara on ebay for 20 bucks. Love it!
I'm still feeling kind of weird and blah. I don't have a headache now, but I don't feel like I'm all here, either. Didn't get much sleep last night, either, so I'll have to get to bed early tonight to try to get rid of whatever this is.
Went to dinner last night with a friend, and had chicken piccata. Yummy, even if it did have capers in it. As dedicated as I am to the BTD, I'm not going to worry about little things that rarely cross my path like capers. Then we went to see "Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason". It was okay, and had some funny moments, but wasn't nearly as good or funny as the first one.
Went home and found my surprise from Gordon - a sweet note that he had wanted to sneak into my bag, but didn't have an opportunity to, so he left it on the keyboard at home. He's a keeper!
Had a protein powder smoothie for breakfast, and the rest of the chicken piccata for lunch. I'm going to the gym right after work and will get on the elliptical machine and then go to yoga class. I've been informed that dinner will be tilapia and green beans. Yum.
My headache is still lingering, but has lightened up considerably. It is probably 10% of what it was yesterday. I still don't feel quite like myself, but I feel vastly better than I did! Had trouble falling asleep last night - my legs were all twitchy and I just couldn't get comfortable. I took my potassium and PhytoCal, and even that didn't help.
When I get headachy or ill, I tend to reach for comfort foods, and last night was no different. I made macaroni and cheese - rice pasta, almond cheese, and ground lamb in it. Yum. Then I sat on the couch and watched three episodes of "Joan of Arcadia". Love that show! And now I'm all caught up. The last one was a tearjerker, but I don't want to give away the plot, other than to say that someone died.
Gordon was teasing me last night saying that he has a surprise for me today. Then, of course, he wouldn't tell me what it was. Grr!
Not much else going on today - just trying to stay out of headacheland.... |
Wild police chase torches motorbike, SUV in Richmond Hill
CBC
A 28-year-old man is in custody after a wild police chase in Richmond Hill early Wednesday ended with a mud-caked suspect hunted by dogs in the woods, but not before he allegedly carjacked an SUV and ran over the motorcycle he ditched earlier, dragging it under the getaway car as both vehicles burst into flames.
It was a scene that played out like a Hollywood stunt shoot.
The chase began just before 5 a.m. when York Regional Police arrived at the scene of a break-and-enter in progress at a variety store near Yonge Street and Silverwood Road.
The suspect fled police on a motorcycle but crashed the bike into a Lexus SUV.
The pursuit didn't end there.
Instead, police say the suspect then carjacked the Lexus, whose driver was stopped at a red light.
While fleeing in the stolen SUV , the suspect ran over his motorcycle.
"The gentleman who was on the motorcycle took possession of the vehicle he collided with and basically made his way up Yonge Street with the motorcycle lodged underneath," said York Regional Police spokesman Insp. Chris Bullen.
It remained jammed under the vehicle as the Lexus fled north on Yonge, at times reaching speeds of 140 km/h. He drove a distance of about eight kilometres.
Police say the motorcycle began to burn as it was dragged along the road. With the stolen getaway vehicle now on fire, the suspect stopped on Yonge Street in the area of Bloomington Road and fled on foot into a wooded area. The Lexus, meanwhile, became fully engulfed in flames.
Charred motorcycle 'was in pieces'
"In 25 years, I've never seen anything like it," Bullen said.
The suspect was arrested in a wooded area after about half an hour with the help of a canine unit and a police helicopter. He was arrested in a swampy area around Aurora and had mud caked on his legs as he was led away in handcuffs, wearing shorts and a T-shirt.
In the aftermath of the chase, CBC's Trevor Dunn reported that the motorcycle "was in pieces" and that both vehicles were blackened from the fire.
The suspect was treated for minor injuries. Charges are pending and police are appealing for witnesses.
"That's the important thing for us to piece together what transpired here," Bullen said.
Yonge Street north of Bloomington was closed for several hours during the investigation, but reopened by around 9 a.m. |
A tensioning device with the above mentioned characteristics is described in EP 0 803 399 B1. In so far as the installation conditions of tensioning devices of this type also require bent tubes with relatively small radii of curvature, the piston running through the tube is configured in the known tensioning device such that the front end of the piston pointing in the direction of movement does not abut against the inner side of the tube, but is separated therefrom by a gap. The width of the gap is matched to the radius of curvature of the tube such that the piston cannot become jammed when moving through the tube. In the area facing the pyrotechnic drive, the body of the piston has countersunk gaskets that seal the piston against the tube.
With the known tensioning device there is the disadvantage that the required accuracy in machining the piston with respect to its radial clearance with the inside of the tube is maintained in order to prevent jamming of the piston inside the tube; at the same time, the tube with its radius of curvature also has to be formed with the corresponding accuracy so that piston and tube fit one another. Likewise, the required gasket has to ensure a good, uniform seal over the entire movement of the piston inside the tube because, as a result of the gap left at the front of the piston, the piston inside the tube would otherwise not be adequately sealed.
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to simplify the design of the piston in a tensioning device of the above type, and at the same time to improve the sealing action of the piston inside the tube, and finally, to prevent jamming of the piston in a reliable manner.
The solution of this task, including advantageous embodiments and further developments of the present invention, will become apparent from the claims following this description. |
Q:
Contact form bootstrap php
I'm going to be upfront here. I don't really know PHP, but I want to use it to make a simple email form for my website that I'm building. I have put together what I thought would work, but I still get errors when I click submit.
Can anyone just tell me what I'm doing wrong to get it to work?
Here's the code (sorry if I over posted the code, I don't have the slightest clue where the problem is):
Contact.html:
<h1 class="cover-heading">Contact Me</h1>
<div class="form-area">
<form role="form" method="post" action="Contact.php">
<br style="clear:both">
<div class="form-group">
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="name" name="name" placeholder="Name"
required>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="email" name="email" placeholder="Email"
required>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="mobile" name="mobile" placeholder="Mobile Number"
required>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<input type="text" class="form-control" id="subject" name="subject" placeholder="Subject"
required>
</div>
<div class="form-group">
<textarea class="form-control" type="textarea" name="message" id="message" placeholder="Message"
maxlength="1337" rows="7"></textarea>
<span class="help-block"><p id="characterLeft" class="help-block ">You have reached the limit</p></span>
</div>
<button type="submit" id="submit" name="submit" class="btn btn-lg btn-secondary ">Submit Form</button>
</form>
</div>
Contact.php:
<?php
if(isset($_POST['email'])) {
// EDIT THE 2 LINES BELOW AS REQUIRED
$email_to = "christopherbare@outlook.com";
$email_subject = "ChristopherBare.com Contact form";
function died($error) {
// your error code can go here
echo "We are very sorry, but there were error(s) found with the form you submitted. ";
echo "These errors appear below.<br /><br />";
echo $error."<br /><br />";
echo "Please go back and fix these errors.<br /><br />";
die();
}
// validation expected data exists
if(!isset($_POST['name']) ||
!isset($_POST['subject']) ||
!isset($_POST['email']) ||
!isset($_POST['mobile']) ||
!isset($_POST['message'])) {
died('We are sorry, but there appears to be a problem with the form you submitted.');
}
$name = $_POST['name']; // required
$email = $_POST['email']; // required
$mobile = $_POST['mobile']; // not required
$subject = $_POST['subject']; //required
$message = $_POST['message']; // required
$error_message = "";
$email_exp = '/^[A-Za-z0-9._%-]+@[A-Za-z0-9.-]+\.[A-Za-z]{2,4}$/';
if(!preg_match($email_exp,$email_from)) {
$error_message .= 'The Email Address you entered does not appear to be valid.<br />';
}
$string_exp = "/^[A-Za-z .'-]+$/";
if(!preg_match($string_exp,$first_name)) {
$error_message .= 'The First Name you entered does not appear to be valid.<br />';
}
if(!preg_match($string_exp,$last_name)) {
$error_message .= 'The Last Name you entered does not appear to be valid.<br />';
}
if(strlen($message) < 2) {
$error_message .= 'The message you entered does not appear to be valid.<br />';
}
if(strlen($error_message) > 0) {
died($error_message);
}
$email_message = "Form details below.\n\n";
function clean_string($string) {
$bad = array("content-type","bcc:","to:","cc:","href");
return str_replace($bad,"",$string);
}
$email_message .= "Name: ".clean_string($name)."\n";
$email_message .= "Email: ".clean_string($email)."\n";
$email_message .= "Mobile: ".clean_string($mobile)."\n";
$email_message .= "Subject: ".clean_string($subject)."\n";
$email_message .= "Comments: ".clean_string($message)."\n";
// create email headers
$headers = 'From: '.$email."\r\n".
'Reply-To: '.$email."\r\n" .
'X-Mailer: PHP/' . phpversion();
@mail($email_to, $email_subject, $email_message, $headers);
?>
<?php
}
?>
Here is the error:
"; echo $error."
"; echo "Please go back and fix these errors.
"; die(); } // validation expected data exists if(!isset($_POST['name']) || !isset($_POST['subject']) || !isset($_POST['email']) || !isset($_POST['mobile']) || !isset($_POST['message'])) { died('We are sorry, but there appears to be a problem with the form you submitted.'); } $name = $_POST['name']; // required $email = $_POST['email']; // required $mobile = $_POST['mobile']; // not required $subject = $_POST['subject']; //required $message = $_POST['message']; // required $error_message = ""; $email_exp = '/^[A-Za-z0-9._%-]+@[A-Za-z0-9.-]+\.[A-Za-z]{2,4}$/'; if(!preg_match($email_exp,$email_from)) { $error_message .= 'The Email Address you entered does not appear to be valid.
'; } $string_exp = "/^[A-Za-z .'-]+$/"; if(!preg_match($string_exp,$first_name)) { $error_message .= 'The First Name you entered does not appear to be valid.
'; } if(!preg_match($string_exp,$last_name)) { $error_message .= 'The Last Name you entered does not appear to be valid.
'; } if(strlen($message) < 2) { $error_message .= 'The message you entered does not appear to be valid.
'; } if(strlen($error_message) > 0) { died($error_message); } $email_message = "Form details below.\n\n"; function clean_string($string) { $bad = array("content-type","bcc:","to:","cc:","href"); return str_replace($bad,"",$string); } $email_message .= "Name: ".clean_string($name)."\n"; $email_message .= "Email: ".clean_string($email)."\n"; $email_message .= "Mobile: ".clean_string($mobile)."\n"; $email_message .= "Subject: ".clean_string($subject)."\n"; $email_message .= "Comments: ".clean_string($message)."\n"; // create email headers $headers = 'From: '.$email."\r\n". 'Reply-To: '.$email."\r\n" . 'X-Mailer: PHP/' . phpversion(); @mail($email_to, $email_subject, $email_message, $headers); ?>
A:
Based on your error, look like you doesn't have PHP installed in your system.
You can download PHP here : http://php.net/downloads.php
If you are using Windows OS, I suggest you install xampp for easy use. You can download xampp here : https://www.apachefriends.org/index.html
|
Can you believe this? Does this get you riled up? You need to take a gander at this new commercial for Mazda's CX-5, an advertising partner for Universal Pictures Dr. Suess' "The Lorax". It's the latest, most outrageous act of Hollywood greed.
"Certified Truffula Tree Friendly"?! I can't tell you how sick that "endorsement" makes me.
Back when I was 5 years old, "The Lorax" tv special first aired in 1972. It was a powerful environmental message that I believe helped shape who I've become today. Yes, sure I'd rather have more cars be as environmentally friendly as possible, but that is not the point here and to allow Mazda to sponsor THIS film is just plain blasphemy.
Universal Pictures and the films producers have completely made a mockery of Dr. Seuss' work. Seriously.
What do you think? |
Extracellular haemolysin of Proteus penneri coded by chromosomal hly genes is similar to the alpha-haemolysin of Escherichia coli.
Extracellular haemolysin of four Proteus penneri strains was characterized as a polypeptide of approximately 110 kD. The chromosomal DNAs of these strains cleaved with Hind III showed three fragments hybridizing with a DNA probe containing cloned haemolysin (hly) genes of Escherichia coli. The results presented here suggested that the haemolysin of P. penneri strains is chromosomally determined and similar to the alpha-haemolysin of E. coli. |
Los Angeles lawmakers approved an agreement Friday that formally ensures the City Council would have to sign off on the upcoming bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics.
Council members contend that the pact with the LA 2024 Committee, known as a memorandum of understanding, will provide needed financial protections as L.A.'s Olympic proposal is developed.
“We are very supportive” of the 2024 bid, said Council President Herb Wesson. “But we also recognize we have a financial responsibility. And we don’t believe anything this big should occur without us being equal partners.”
The agreement, approved on an 11-0 vote, gives the council the power to hire an accounting firm or other expert, at LA 2024’s expense, to examine revenue and cost projections contained in the Olympic bid. It also requires a community meeting on L.A.'s Olympic effort in each of the council’s 15 districts.
City officials have described municipal oversight as critical to making sure the cost of staging the Olympics does not ultimately fall on taxpayers. If Los Angeles is chosen next year, local Olympic organizers -- working with private developers -- would likely need to construct temporary housing for 17,000 athletes, coaches and other support staff.
“That village is really going to play a huge role in whether the city’s going to cough up money or not,” said Councilman Joe Buscaino, who represents a district stretching from Watts to the Port of Los Angeles.
LA 2024 identified a rail yard near the Los Angeles River as a possible village site last year, drawing concerns in and outside City Hall about the potential cost. On Friday, organizers said they are now examining as many as five sites, including the rail yard.
The International Olympic Committee typically demands that host cities provide a financial guarantee saying they will cover the overall cost of the Games if there’s a deficit.
That makes construction of a village a potential danger for taxpayers, said former Los Angeles County Supervisor Zev Yaroslavsky, director of the L.A. Initiative at UCLA’s Luskin School of Public Affairs and Department of History.
In recent months, Yaroslavsky has recommended that Olympic organizers turn to housing at UCLA, USC or both campuses.
“The Olympic Village is the single biggest expenditure toward the 2024 bid,” he said. “Whether the village is privately funded or not, construction of a new village puts the games at greater financial risk because of its multibillion-dollar price tag.”
If L.A. is chosen to stage the Games, the International Olympic Committee would provide $1.7 billion in funding, said LA 2024 spokesman Jeff Millman. The remaining cost, he said, would be covered by sponsorships and tickets.
Meanwhile, any private developer tasked with building an Olympic Village would recoup its costs once the Games are over and the housing is sold, Millman added.
L.A. 2024 organizers plan to recommend a village site next month, when the next round of bidding documents are submitted to the International Olympic Committee.
Friday’s agreement is now headed to Mayor Eric Garcetti for his signature. Then it goes on to the LA 2024 Committee.
In a statement, Los Angeles 2024 Chairman Casey Wasserman said organizers want to hold an Olympic event that meets the city’s “long-term needs.”
“Achieving this is only possible with the city’s support,” he said.
Follow @DavidZahniser for what’s happening at Los Angeles City Hall |
Trial underway in former PSU assistant coach Mike McQueary’s lawsuit against school
The trial began Monday in former Penn State assistant football coach Mike McQueary’s whistle-blower lawsuit against Penn State.
McQueary, who was fired from Penn State in 2012 as part of the fallout of the Jerry Sandusky scandal, alleges that Penn State smeared his name and took his job in retaliation for his role in exposing Sandusky’s child sexual assault.
Former Assistant Football Coach Michael McQueary's lawsuit against Penn State finished the first day, of a two-week long trial. pic.twitter.com/S1JsmY4rrT
In 2001, while serving as a graduate assistant, McQueary said he witnessed Sandusky sexually assaulting a 10-year-old boy in the Nittany Lions’ locker room. He said he told coach Joe Paterno, who relayed the story up the Penn State chain of command. Nothing came of the allegation until 2010, when investigators contacted McQueary for his account of that night.
Once the Sandusky scandal became public in 2011, McQueary was placed on administrative leave. His contact was not renewed in 2012, which he alleges was Penn State’s retaliation for his role in the police investigation.
According to ESPN, McQueary’s team is arguing at trial that the school’s decision to place him on administrative leave ruined his reputation, while Penn State posits it gave him leave for his own safety. Via ESPN:
Former associate athletic director for football, Fran Ganter, testified that he advised McQueary to get out of town for the safety of his family.
The defense produced a number of lewd emails made at the time against McQueary, one of which threatened his life. “Enjoy hell,” one read. “If you have children, we pray they’re are violently raped,” said another. “I want to kill you, you f—ing piece of s—,” another read.
Penn State also claimed that any damage to McQueary’s reputation was his own fault.
“McQueary has been under fire for not stopping the alleged rape and going to Joe Paterno instead of the police. Right there, it could’ve stopped,” [Penn State attorney Nancy] Conrad told the jury, which consisted of nine women and three men. “But he walked away. McQueary failed to act like a responsible human being.”
McQueary, who said Monday he has not been able to find another job in football, is seeking $4 million in damages. |
……once again God; thanks for everything.
Menu
Thursday 2nd June
I wasn’t actually aware that Annabelle was going camping with Ex-Husband-Andy as the arrangements had been made, without my knowledge, using the wonder that is Skype. As a result I was completely unprepared for his arrival.
He turned up, totally out of the blue, whilst I was sprawled on the sofa, eating Twiglets and catching up on last night’s Apprentice: You’ve Been Fired.
To complicate matters further, I was wearing a baggy, old’ 69′ t-shirt of Ex-Husband-Andy’s that I kidnapped when we got divorced, I was thusly unable to go to the door and had to send the Teenager to manage the hand-over in my place.
In order to avoid being I-spied, I leapt off the sofa and wedged myself between the book-case and the back of the sofa where I crouched, with my eyes squeezed closed and my fingers crossed, praying that the Teenager would catch on super quick and pretend that I wasn’t home.
Newsflash. Teenagers do not catch on ‘super quick’.
An odd situation ensued where Ex-Husband-Andy would ask the Teenager a question which, having not moved an inch from the door, the Teenager would then bellow over his shoulder in the direction of my hidey-hole.
Instead of just going to the front-door like a real woman would have done, I opted for the ‘I’d-well-love-to-come-and-greet-you-personally-but-I’m-in-the- bath’ ploy and attempted to reply in a voice that sounded like I was actually upstairs.
Good thinking Batman.
Sounding like you are upstairs relaxing in soapy bubbles with sandalwood candles (and that), when you actually wedged underneath the sofa staring some sort of tarantula nest in the face is not as easy as you might think.
Finally, Ex-Husband-Andy departed taking with him a shrieking
Annabelle and any ideas he may have had that maybe he’d been wrong, and I wasn’t completely insane, shattered into a million pieces.
When I looked up, the Teenager and the dog were peering down at me, one with a look of fascinated wonder at my ingenious hiding place, the
other, with a look of condescending impatience.
So now, I’m footloose and fancy-free until Sunday morning. Bearing in mind however, that I am the proud owner of a 67p bank balance, I don’t think I’m going to be painting anything a kick-arse ‘rock ‘n’ roll’ shade of red this weekend. |
The unprecedented explosion in biomedical and behavioral research coupled with the tremendous advancement in communication systems and technology over the last century sets the stage for a new paradigm in approaching the disease control continuum. With more personalized and participatory methods, preempting disease is more of a reality today than it ever has been. However, without the translation of such research and knowledge effectively communicated to underserved communities, the existing inequalities in health will widen. This application seeks to bridge the gap in communication on research through fostering a budding campus-community partnership between Northwestern University (NU) and a suburban, underserved community, DuPage County. This campus-community partnership will leverage DuPage Health Coalition's active involvement and knowledge of their community with partners who have a well-established record of research in underserved populations at NU. Building upon each of our strengths, shared knowledge, and valuable experiences, we anticipate that a research partnership focused on the suburban poor establishes an ideal opportunity for a creative interaction utilizing a community based participatory model. Within this proposal, we aim to enhance the community's understanding of research design and methods through community strategies focusing on the unique differences in language and communication concerning health and disease used by medically underserved community members and academic university researchers. Such a relationship will lead to the development of personalized, culturally appropriate language with which to more effectively: 1) build dialogue around;2) implement;3) evaluate;and 4) disseminate research within the community of DuPage. It is our aim that this new found level of understanding will lead to the development of a lay health outreach worker program that can help sustain the improved communication on research and thus promote prevention of disease and improve health within this underserved community. The culmination of this two year proposal is to fortify a true research partnership based on mutual trust and common goals that will enhance the quality of research and data on future collaborative projects. |
INTRODUCTION
============
Transplantation of the kidney/pancreas is a well accepted treatment modality for patients suffering from end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) that reliably results in dialysis free and insulin independent state with euglycemia and normal glycosylated hemoglobin levels. Various techniques ([Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}) have been designed during the past four decades to manage pancreatic endocrine and exocrine secretions after the first successful pancreas transplantation (PTx) performed by Kelly and Lillehei \[[@B1]\], including bladder drainage \[[@B2], [@B3]\], enteric drainage with and without Roux-en-Y \[[@B4]\], ureteral drainage \[[@B5]\], and pancreas duct ligation and injection \[[@B6], [@B7]\]. Exocrine drainage to the bladder besides being non-invasive, has the advantages of diagnosing pancreatic rejection by measuring amylase in the urine, which is a non-invasive tool. In contrast to patients undergoing PTx with bladder drainage, patients with enteric pancreas drainage do not experience volume depletion, metabolic acidosis and urologic complications as seen with bladder drainage \[[@B8]\]. Unfortunately, a non-invasive access such as urinary amylase measurement as a marker to detect acute rejection is lost in transplanting pancreas with enteric drainage \[[@B2]\]. Currently, diagnosis of acute rejection in PTx with enteric drainage relies on percutaneous, laparoscopic, or open surgical biopsy \[[@B9]\]. Previously, our group modified Shokouh-Amiri and Gaber's technique of porto-enteric (P-E) PTx \[[@B10], [@B11]\] with Roux-en-Y venting jejunostomy \[[@B12]\] as an approach to monitor pancreatic rejection by donor duodenal/pancreatic biopsy and ostomy fluid amylase measurement \[[@B13]\]. In October, 2007 we performed the first simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplant with portal endocrine and gastric exocrine drainage.
######
Historical background of pancreatic transplantation
Author(s) Year Technique
-------------------------- ------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kelly and Lillehei 1967 1^st^ pancreatic transplant
Groth 1984 Segmental pancreatic transplantation with enteric exocrine drainage
Calne RY 1984 1^st^ segmental pancreatic transplant with gastric/splenic drainage
Sollinger 1984 Clinical and experimental experience with pancreatico-cystotomy for exocrine pancreatic drainage in pancreas transplantation
Gil-Vemet J 1985 Segmental pancreatic transplant with pylostomy/portal drainage
Nghiem 1986 Duodeno-cystostomy for exocrine drainage in total pancreatic transplantation
Mühlbacher 1990 Splenic vein E-S portal vein and bladder drainage
Shokouh-Amiri and Gaber 1992 Whole pancreatic transplant with enteric/portal Drainage
Rosenlof 1992 Simultaneous bilateral kidney/pancreas transplant
Fridell 2004 Ipsilateral placement of simultaneous pancreas and kidney allografts
Boggi 2004 Retroperitoneal pancreas transplantation with portal-enteric drainage
Dafoe & Ratner 2005 Pancreas/renal composite graft with renal vessel anastomosed to splenic donor vessel
Zibari and Shokouh-Amiri 2007 Portal venous and gastro-jejunostomy drainage
Kornbery 2009 Duodeno-duodenatomy
We have reported earlier our initial experience in the first 10 patients who received PTx, with this technique and demonstrated that this technique is safe and feasible \[[@B14]\]. Since then we have used this technique routinely in all of our patients (n=30) who needed SKP, PTA or PAK. This includes one patient from Labbafinejad Hospital in Tehran, Iran who received a kidney pancreas transplant with P-G technique in 2008 during our NIKI (Network of Iranians for Knowledge and Innovation) trip to Iran in collaboration with Professor Nasser Simforoosh. The purpose of this paper is to report the early and midterm results of PTx in our patients in whom we used this technique.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
====================
This is an IRB approved retrospective study of 30 patients who underwent PTx (SKP, PTA and PAK) with porto-gastric technique from October 2007 to December 2009 with V-J technique. Demographic data of donors and recipients as well as number of HLA antigen match and CMV status in these patients are shown in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}.
######
Demographic data of patients (recipient and donor) who received pancreas transplant with porto-gastric technique
--------------------------------------------------------
Demographic Data n=30
----------------------------------------- --------------
Mean recipient age (range) (yrs) 40 (16--59)
Gender %
Male\ 55%\
Female 45%
Race
Caucasian\ 20\
African American\ 10\
Hispanic 0
Mean duration of diabetes (range) (yrs) 25.5 (6--38)
Simultaneous kidney/pancreas 24
Pancreas transplant alone 4
ancreas after kidney transplant 2
Mean donor age (range) (yrs) 21 (13--38)
Positive CMV status
Donor\ 75%\
Recipient 50%
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) match 1.3 (0--4)
--------------------------------------------------------
Surgical procedure:
The standard technique of pancreas and kidney organ procurement for transplantation was slightly modified by recovering a few cm (10--12 cm) more of proximal jejunum with donor pancreas for these patients ([Fig 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}).
{#F1}
Additionally, we recover long donor iliac arterial Y-conduits and if this is not adequate, we can recover right carotid artery through mediastinal incision. This carotid arterial conduit will be anastomosed end-to-side to recipient right common iliac artery prior to kidney/pancreas transplant ([Fig 2A](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). This donor arterial conduit will be brought through mesentery of distal ileum toward superior mesenteric vein. While one surgeon does donor pancreas bench work in back table the other surgeon performs standard kidney transplant in retroperitoneum at left iliac fosse via the same midline approach. Then, donor pancreas is transplanted via anastomising end of pancreatic allograft portal vein to side of recipient superior mesenteric vein; this is immediately followed by end-to-end anastomosis of reconstructed donor iliac arterial Y-graft of pancreas to previously placed donor arterial conduit anastomosed to right common iliac artery ([Fig 2B](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). At this stage the organ is reperfused. This is followed by donor splenectomy utilizing vascular stapler. The procedure will be completed by anastomising the fully vascularized end of donor jejunum (10--12 cm longer than the standard C-loop of duodenum of pancreas allograft used in P-E PTx technique) to anterior aspect of the stomach close to greater curvature in an anti-colic fashion with a two layer hand sewn anastomosis ([Fig 3](#F4){ref-type="fig"}).
{#F2}
{#F3}
{#F4}
Post-operative management:
All patients were anticoagulated with systemic heparin in the operating room. Aspirin was given as soon as the patient tolerated oral intake. All patients were treated with antibody induction (thymoglobulin, 1 mg/kg/day for 4--5 days), steroid with rapid tapered dose, tacrolimus, and mycophenolate mofetil. All patients were also treated prophylactically with anti-*Pneumocystis carinii*, antifungal as well as anti-CMV medications for three months. Gastrojejunostomy of pancreas allograft were used for assessment of allograft dysfunction by endoscopic biopsy of allograft duodenum. Patients underwent endoscopic biopsy of donor duodenum/pancreas when acute rejection, CMV disease, or GI bleeding was suspected in addition to obtaining Doppler ultrasound of blood vessels of transplanted pancreas. Perioperative data of patients and graft survival as well as any long-term complications were collected in these patients.
RESULTS
=======
This new technique of portal-endocrine and gastric-exocrine drainage in PTx has been performed in 30 patients from October 2007 to December 2009 with follow up of 12--38 months. [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"} shows demographic data of donors and recipients. [Tables 3](#T3){ref-type="table"} and [4](#T4){ref-type="table"} show perioperative and outcome data of these patients. All patients achieved insulin free euglycemia and good renal function.
######
Peri-operative and outcome data of patients who received pancreas transplant with porto-gastric technique
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Peri-operative and outcome data n=30
------------------------------------------------------- -----------------
Mean operating time (range) (min) 337 (279--450)
Mean cold ischemia time (range) (min) 587 (240--1194)
Mean intraoperative blood transfusion (range) 1.19 (0--3)
Mean post-operative blood transfusion (range) (units) 1.2 (0--11)
Mean time to feeding (range) (d) 4.8 (3--8)
Mean length of stay (range) (d) 10.5 (6--21)
Major complications
Thrombosis\ 2\
Bleeding\ 1\
Abscess\ 1\
Hernia 0
Number of endoscopy during follow-up 28 (0--5)
CMV 7
Rejection 4
Endoscopy 0
Mean follow-up time (range) (m) 23 (10--36)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
######
Patient and graft survival (n=30)
Survival in year Graft Patient
------------------ ------- ---------
1 85% 94%
2 81% 90%
3 76% 90%
Two of our patients suffered vessel thrombosis; one patient developed an anastomotic leak. Three patients died with functioning pancreas and kidney allograft at 17, 28 and 385 days post-transplantation.
Endoscopy and biopsy of donor duodenum has been performed 28 times in these 30 patients. Seven patients were found to have CMV ([Fig 4](#F5){ref-type="fig"}) and four patients had rejection ([Figs 5A](#F6){ref-type="fig"}, [B](#F7){ref-type="fig"}, [C](#F8){ref-type="fig"} and [D](#F9){ref-type="fig"}). These were treated accordingly during the follow-up. No extra procedure-related complications or readmissions in these patients have been recorded.
{#F5}
{#F6}
{#F7}
{#F8}
{#F9}
Thirty patients received PTx with porto-gastric. [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"} shows demographic data (age, sex, race, duration of DM, percentage of SKP, PTA, and PAK) in these patients. Donor demographic is also shown in [Table 2](#T2){ref-type="table"}, length of hospital stay, number of intra-operative blood transfusions as well as overall blood transfusions during post-operative time (1.2 units). Cold ischemia time and OR time is shown in [Table 3](#T3){ref-type="table"}; [Table 4](#T4){ref-type="table"} shows graft and patient survival.
DISCUSSION
==========
Since the first successful PTx reported by Kelley and Lillehei at the University of Minnesota in 1967 \[1\], there have been many surgical techniques of pancreas transplant reported by several authors. The initial attempt of a more physiologic approach to PTx by applying segmental PTx with portal and gastric drainage was undertaken by Professor Sir Roy Calne in 1984 \[[@B15]\].
Subsequently, other authors performed pylostomy and portal drainage \[[@B5]\] or enteric drainage and used mesenteric vessels to improve the technique of PTx \[[@B16]\]. In 1990, Muhlbacher, *et al*, described a technique of end-to-side anastomosis between distal splenic vein of the donor and recipient portal vein with bladder drainage \[[@B17]\].
Rosenlof, *et al*, applied Calne's original technique to whole PTx using an end-to-side anastomosis of donor portal vein and the recipient splenic vein coupled with enteric drainage \[[@B18]\].
Whole organ PTx using the P-E technique was first described by Shokouh-Amiri and Gaber from the University of Tennessee in 1992. This new technique utilized the tributary of SMV to re-establish portal venous drainage \[[@B10]\].
At the present time, the number of pancreas transplant procedures performed worldwide with enteric drainage has increased to 80% of all PTx cases. However, the portal drainage only accounts for 15%--20% of cases \[[@B19]\].
Since Shokouh-Amiri/Gaber popularized the technique of P-E PTx, a number of surgical modifications to PTx techniques have been reported in recent years including P-E drainage with Roux-en-Y venting jejunostomy \[[@B12]\], pediatric enblock duel kidney PTx \[[@B20]\], retroperitoneal pancreas transplant with P-E drainage \[[@B21]\], ipsilateral placement of simultaneous pancreas and kidney allograft \[[@B22]\] laparoscopic simultaneous nephrectomy and distal pancreatectomy \[[@B23]\] and unusual vascular graft \[[@B24]-[@B27]\], simultaneous bilateral kidney and PTx to reduce operating time \[[@B28]\] and PTx with duodeno-duodenostomy \[[@B29]\].
The modern surgical era of PTx began with the systemic-bladder drainage technique that reliably achieved an insulin-independent euglycemic state resulting in the successful treatment of DM \[[@B2], [@B3]\]. The trade off for normal glucose homeostasis is the operative risks of the PTx procedure and the need for lifetime immunosuppression treatment. With advances in clinical immunosuppression \[[@B30]-[@B32]\], organ preservation, antimicrobial prophylaxis, and refinements in diagnostic technology and surgical techniques, the success rate for PTx has steadily increased \[[@B33], [@B34]\].
Although bladder drainage \[[@B2], [@B3]\] revolutionized the safety of PTx, it was associated with many complications including dehydration, metabolic acidosis and urologic complications, requiring conversion to enteric drainage \[15%--26 %\] within three years from transplant procedure \[[@B35], [@B36]\].
The patients who underwent P-E PTx do not have the volume depletion, metabolic acidosis and urologic complications experienced by the patients who underwent bladder-systemic PTx. Though, lack of a non-invasive access to diagnostic markers, such as urinary amylase to detect acute rejection has remained the major disadvantage to long-term follow-up of such patients. Currently, diagnosis of acute rejection in PTx with enteric drainage relies on ultrasound guided percutaneous biopsy \[[@B9]\], laparoscopic or open surgical biopsies. Previously, our group has described a technique of PTx with Roux-en-Y venting jejunostomy \[[@B12]\] as an approach to monitor for rejection, prevent and diagnose anastomotic leak and to diagnose and manage donor duodenal and anastomotic bleed. Unfortunately, in addition of managing and dealing with venting jejunostomy for a period of 6--12 months, there was also a need for subsequent ostomy take down \[[@B13]\] and this lead to loss of access to donor duodenum.
In the fall of 2007, we modified our technique of P-E drainage with Roux-en-Y venting jejunostomy to portal-endocrine and gastric-exocrine drainage. The patients on the waiting list for PTx (SKP, PTA and PAK) were informed of the new procedure and consent was obtained. The enteric-gastric drainage does allow us indefinite easy endoscopic access to both donor duodenum and pancreas allograft. Both pancreas and donor duodenum can be safely biopsied endoscopically to monitor for evidence of acute rejection and CMV duodenitis. Additionally, donor duodenal bleeding as well as anastomotic bleeding can be diagnosed and managed endoscopically in this technique, and P-G patients keep this route of access indefinitely. Endoscopy of allograft duodenum was performed in 28 patients for diagnosis of rejection and CMV disease; the patients were then treated accordingly. Endoscopy has been an easy procedure and no complications have occurred due to this procedure.
In the P-G technique, 10--12 extra cm of proximal jejunum is being used to minimize tension on gastrojejunal anastomosis ([Fig 1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). This part of the bowel is very well vascularized and poses no danger of ischemia to the graft as the pancreas allograft is procured with SMA and all branches to the head of the pancreas and first part of jejunum is well preserved. There has been one leak from this anastomosis so far, which is not different from other techniques. In this patient, the anastomosis was revised**.**In another patient who required transplant pancreatectomy 28 months after PTx, the jejuno-gastrostomy anastomosis was taken down and the stomach defect repaired. If leak happens, besides revising jejuno-gastrostomy anastomosis, the anastomosis can be taken down and anastomose end of the C-loop of duodenum of allograft to bowel safely. We have not yet observed any case of GVHD or increased rejection rate due to this 10--12 extra cm of bowel.
Regarding the fear that this anastomosis and jejunum is exposed to acidity of the stomach and increased incidence of ulcer formation, only one ulcer has been detected so far. The reason for this low incidence can be due to the neutralizing effect of alkaline secretions of the pancreas and absence of bile in the secretions, since the duodenal loop is a conduit only for pancreas allograft secretion which makes it different from regular gastro-jejunostomy that is used in general surgery with its increased incidence of marginal ulcer. The technique of P-E PTx has been in use since 1990 and several hundred patients have been transplanted with this technique safely. Furthermore, in author's opinion this technique is even easier than the systemic enteric or bladder drainage techniques. Placement of an arterial conduit first, and then anastomosing the reconstructed arterial supply of pancreas allograft to the conduit makes the technique much easier compared to the original technique that brought the reconstructed arterial supply of pancreas allograft to right common iliac artery after portal venous anastomosis. This prevents the potential twisting of the artery and also prevents pressure on the allograft during arterial anastomosis. This is the observation and experience of the co-author of this technique, Hosein Shokouh-Amiri, who have designed the P-E PTx and performed numerous PTx with P-E technique, as well as systemic-enteric/systemic-bladder techniques. In more than 300 P-E PTx performed by the authors, a total of 4--5 PV thrombosis have been observed. These have been managed safely by graft pancreatectomy, portal vein embolectomy and repair of SMV stump at the site of the anastomosis. In 2000, we reported our experience in reusing the same SMV in P-E PTx successfully in five pancreas re-transplant patients without any difficulty \[[@B37]\]. Since then, we have reused the same SMV in few more patients requiring re-transplant. The requirement for this is that during the transplant pancreatectomy one should leave behind 5--10 mm stump of allograft portal vein, so the recipient SMV does not get narrow.
Before applying to clinical setting, we did design an animal model of P-E PTx with duodeno-duodenostomy for exocrine drainage \[[@B38]\], but due to the theoretical fear of leak from this anastomosis which puts the patient in a much higher risk, especially in an immunosuppressed patient compared to the leak from gastro-jejunostomy or jejuno-jejunostomy, which can be handled much easier by taking down the anastomosis, we have never used the duodeno-duodenostomy and do not advise the use of it, even though Kornberg, *et al*, have used it successfully in their patients \[[@B29]\]. The initial use of stomach as exocrine drainage site has been in the form of segmental PTx with invagination of pancreatic stump into the stomach \[[@B15]\] and the reason for the lack of interest in pursuing this technique has possibly been due to the overall complexity of the technique using portal vein to splenic vein anastomosis which lies in a much more difficult location for a venous anastomosis. The type of drainage of allograft exocrine to stomach in the form we are presenting is quiet new and unique to this technique. This facilitates lifelong access to the allograft if it became necessary, without losing fluids or electrolytes (which have been the main problem with bladder drainage). One allograft pancreatitis without long-term sequela, but no protein loosing enteropathies has occurred so far in this limited number of patients. Gastro-jejunostomy can be performed end-to-side or side-to-side based on the surgeon's preference.
Our preliminary results of PTx with gastric-exocrine and portal-endocrine drainage show that this is a safe technique with minimal complications, as well as good patients and allograft survival. The added advantage of permanent and easy access to donor duodenum and pancreas allograft endoscopically is unique to this novel technique of PTx \[[@B39]\]. This gastric-exocrine pancreatic drainage should be even more useful in settings of solitary PTx and with pancreas after kidney transplantation where other markers for diagnosing rejection such as serum creatinine or urine creatinine will not be applicable to pancreas allograft functions. Longer follow-up and larger multi-center studies are needed to reconfirm our results.
We are very grateful to Mrs. Yvette Sanchez for her secretarial work and to Mrs. Loraine Tubbs for her art work. This study was supported by Mr. Donnie and Mrs. Gail Juneau's Transplant Chair and Malcolm Feist Chair in Transplant Surgery.
**CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:** None declared.
|
Your role:
Accountable to the aircraft commander.
Responsible to carry out the commander's instructions and assist him in the safe operation of the aircraft.
Report any safety irregularities to the commander.
Carry out pre-flight duties including checking the safety equipments on-board, ensuring the interior of the aircraft is clean, tidy and in an orderly manner.
Educate passengers on the aircraft's safety procedures.
Attend to passenger's inquiries.
Perform sales on duty-free goods, merchandises and food & beverages.
Reassure passengers and ensure that they comply to safety procedures during emergency.
Ensure passengers disembark safely at the end of the flight.
Requirements:
Open to Malaysians
Height: Min 157cm ( female ) barefoot
*SPM with CREDIT in English or any subsitute credentials,pass in Bahasa Malaysia and one other credit in any other subject.
Graduates from any disciplines are encouraged to apply.
Experienced crews are encouraged to apply.
Application details:
Completed application form, available @ http://www.airasia.com/cabincrewmalaysia-application/
Original & Copy of SPM with CREDIT in English or any subsitute credentials,pass in Bahasa Malaysia and one other credit in any other subject.
Original & copies of certificates of Higher Education or its equivalent
Recent Resume
Original and copies of NRIC
Recent Photo -Passport Size & full-length portrait |
655 N.E.2d 339 (1995)
In the Matter of Kenneth C. KERN.
No. 49S00-9410-DI-1018.
Supreme Court of Indiana.
September 13, 1995.
Kenneth C. Kern, pro se.
Donald R. Lundberg, Executive Secretary, Indiana Supreme Court Disciplinary Commission, Indianapolis, for Indiana Supreme Court Disciplinary Commission.
DISCIPLINARY ACTION
PER CURIAM.
This case is before us on a Statement of Circumstances and Conditional Agreement for Discipline tendered pursuant to Admission and Discipline Rule 2S(11)(g) by the Indiana Supreme Court Disciplinary Commission and Kenneth C. Kern, the respondent. The agreement arises out of a Verified Complaint for Disciplinary Action filed by the Commission, charging the respondent with certain violations of the Rules of Professional Conduct for Attorneys at Law. Having reviewed the tendered agreement, we find that it should be approved. The agreed facts are as follows:
The respondent is a member of the Bar of this state and is subject to this Court's disciplinary jurisdiction. During July of 1991, a *340 client asked the respondent to represent her in a personal injury action resulting from an automobile accident which had occurred on February 20, 1990. The client had already received a settlement offer of $15,000 from Farm Bureau Insurance Company ("Farm Bureau"), the insurer of the other party involved in the accident. That settlement offer included satisfaction of a subrogation claim of $4,956.86 from the client's own insurance carrier, State Farm Insurance Company ("State Farm"), for prepayment of some of the client's expenses. The client wanted the respondent to increase the settlement above the initial offer of $15,000.
At the end of December of 1991, the respondent negotiated a settlement with Farm Bureau of $25,000, which was the limit of the other party's coverage. Of that amount, $5,000 was for respondent's attorney fees, $4,750 was for State Farm's subrogation claim, and the client's portion was $15,250. On February 17, 1992, the respondent received the funds and disbursed $15,250 to the client. Farm Bureau had issued a separate check for $4,750 to pay for State Farm's subrogation claim. The respondent told his client that he would send the subrogation check to State Farm immediately.
After the settlement with Farm Bureau, the client contacted the respondent several times and asked whether he had sent the subrogation check to State Farm. Also, during mid July or early August, 1992, the client requested the respondent to assist her in collecting additional damages through her underinsured motorist coverage with State Farm. The respondent informed her that he had sent the subrogation check with a demand letter for recovery under the underinsured motorist provision of the client's own policy with State Farm. The respondent did not send the subrogation check to State Farm, nor did he send a demand letter until August 10, 1992. The respondent held on to the subrogation check for approximately six months. Meanwhile, in a letter to the client dated July 8, 1992, State Farm rejected her earlier request for additional damages under her underinsured coverage because proper notification procedures were not followed in the settlement of the claim with Farm Bureau.
The respondent is charged with (1) failing to abide by the client's decision to collect additional damages, in violation of Professional Conduct Rule 1.2(a); (2) failing to keep his client reasonably informed about the status of the subrogation matter and failing to promptly comply with her reasonable requests for information regarding the status of the pending correspondence with State Farm, in violation of Prof.CondR. 14(a); (3) failing to explain the nature of the underinsured coverage to the extent reasonably necessary to allow the client to make informed decisions, in violation of Prof. Cond.R. 14(b); and (4) failing to act with reasonable diligence and promptness in sending the subrogation check to State Farm, in violation of Prof.Cond.R. 1.3. The foregoing findings, based on the parties' agreement, establish that the respondent engaged in the charged misconduct.
The parties further agree that certain mitigating factors exist in this case. The respondent's representation of this client was hampered by the client's maintaining her own contacts with the insurance companies. Throughout the course of the disciplinary investigation, the respondent was cooperative and remorseful regarding his failure to disburse promptly the subrogation check to State Farm. Most importantly, the respondent did not use the funds due State Farm for his own purposes, and the entire amount was eventually paid to the proper recipients.
For the misconduct set out above, the parties agree that a public reprimand is an appropriate disciphnary sanction. In assessing the appropriateness of the proposed sanction we weigh several factors. We consider the respondent's state of mind, actual or potential injury to the client, the duty of this Court to preserve the integrity of the profession, the risk to the public, and any mitigating or aggravating factors. Matter of Lustina (1995), Ind., 647 N.E.2d 317; Matter ofFrosch (1994), Ind, 643 N.E.2d 902; Matter of Clanin (1993), Ind, 619 N.E.2d 269; Matter of Stover-Pock (1992), Ind, 604 N.E.2d 606.
*341 The proposed sanction comports generally with Standard 443 of the American Bar Association Model Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions which provides that a reprimand is appropriate when a lawyer is negligent, does not act with reasonable diligence and causes injury or potential injury to a client. This respondent's neglectful conduct resulted in denial of the client's claim under her underinsured coverage. The findings also reveal acts of misconduct more disturbing than simple neglect. The six-month delay in transmitting the subrogation check is inordinate. More troubling is the respondent's promise to the client to transmit the subrogation check to State Farm immediately and his subsequent statement that he had sent the check and a demand letter, when in fact he did not do so until August 10, 1992. We also note that this respondent has received a prior disciplinary sanction for an unrelated incident of professional misconduct.[1] Prior discipline is one of the factors that may be considered in aggravation. Standard 9.2 of the American Bar Association Model Standards for Imposing Lawyer Sanctions. These aggravating matters are weighed within the context of this agreed disposition which is encouraged by Admis.Disc.R. 23(11)(g) and is a factor considered in assessing proposed discipline. See Lustina, supra. In light of the agreed mitigating findings, the above aggravating factors, and in the interest of promoting settlements, we are persuaded that the agreed disciplinary sanction of a public reprimand is appropriate under the circumstances of this case. Accordingly, the agreement of the parties is approved. It is, therefore, ordered that the respondent, Kenneth C. Kern, is reprimanded and admonished for the misconduct set out above.
Costs of this proceeding are assessed against the respondent.
SELBY, J., not participating.
NOTES
[1] The respondent received a 60-day suspension with automatic reinstatement. Matter of Kern (1990), Ind., 555 N.E.2d 479.
|
Last updated on .From the section Football
Roy Hodgson (right) has managed four national sides in 40 years of management
England boss Roy Hodgson is "up there" with the likes of predecessor Sir Bobby Robson, according to Football Association chairman Greg Dyke.
Hodgson, 68, will be taking England to the Euro 2016 finals in France this summer and is also celebrating 40 years in management.
He has taken charge of four national sides and 16 teams in eight countries, including Liverpool and Inter Milan.
"His CV is quite remarkable," Dyke told The FA.com external-link
"Roy is a great example to any aspiring coach that being open to new experiences and cultures can really develop you as a person.
"Forty years coaching at the level he has puts him up there with the great English coaches, much revered people like Sir Bobby Robson, Dave Sexton and Don Howe."
Robson was England manager between 1982 and 1990, and was in charge when England were beaten on penalties by West Germany in the World Cup semi-final in Italy in 1990.
Hodgson - a varied career Born in Croydon in 1947 Played for Gravesend & Northfleet, Maidstone and South African side Berea Park Started managerial career at Swedish side Halmstad in 1976 Managed Inter Milan during two spells in the 1990s Coached Switzerland at 1994 World Cup, was in charge of UAE from 2002 to 2004 and Finland between 2005 and 2007 Appointed England manager in 2012 and has led them to two major finals
Hodgson ended his playing career, spent largely in the English non-league system, to become a manager at the age of 28. He made an instant impact by winning two titles with Swedish side Halmstad and two more with Malmo.
Other highlights include leading Inter Milan to the Uefa Cup final, Fulham to the Europa League final and Switzerland to two major tournaments.
He has also been in charge of West Brom, Fulham and Blackburn Rovers in the Premier League, and national sides Switzerland, the United Arab Emirates and Finland.
Dyke added: "It is fascinating. Wherever we travel people from different countries seek out Roy to share an experience they had of watching one of his sides, or talking to him about a player he once would have managed, or a coach that he knew." |
.. _FBA:
FBA
---
.. automodule:: src.analysis.FBA
:members:
|
Comparative study of systemic early postoperative inflammatory response among elderly and non-elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
to evaluate and compare the early postoperative period systemic inflammatory response between elderly and non-elderly patients submitted to laparoscopic cholecystectomy, mainly performing a quantitative analysis of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a marker of inflammatory activity systemic. we compared a series of cases over a period of six months at the Gaffrée and Guinle University Hospital of the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, involving 60 patients submitted to elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. We used non-probabilistic sampling for convenience, selecting, from the inclusion criteria, the first 30 patients aged 18-60 years, who comprised group I, and 30 patients with age equal to or greater than 60 years, who formed group II. the 60 patients involved were followed for at least 30 days after surgery and there were no complications. There was no conversion to open surgery. The values of the medians found in the IL-6 dosages for the preoperative period, three hours after the procedure and 24 hours after surgery were, respectively, 3.1 vs. 4.7 pg/ml, 7.3 vs. 14.1 pg/ml and 4.4 vs 13.3 pg/ml. Elderly patients were more responsive to surgical trauma and had elevated IL-6 levels for a longer period than the non-elderly group. |
“Both men became radicalized after listening to a Batam-based religious radio station called Radio Hang. The station, which claims a following in Johor Baru and Singapore, sometimes features speakers who preach extreme religious views.” Why was the peaceful, benign Islam that Rosli Hamzah and Mohamed Omar Mahadi presumably learned in their mosque in Singapore not able to withstand the appeal of these “speakers who preach extreme religious views”? Did local imams warn Muslims that Radio Hang was preaching that Islam that is not Islam, and teach them how to counter what they would hear on it? Why not?
“Singaporeans planning to join Islamic State given detention orders,” by Lim Yan Liang, The Straits Times, August 21, 2016: |
The Daily: Twitter CEO Talks Bitcoin, Bitstamp Releases New Mobile App
In Monday’s edition of The Daily we cover a recent interview with Jack Dorsey where the Twitter CEO again publicly shares his views on the future of cryptocurrency. Additionally covered are a new mobile app from Bitstamp and a report about Nvidia’s revenues from the mining market.
Also Read: SEC Solicits Blockchain Analysis Tool to Identify Wallet Owners
Twitter CEO Talks Bitcoin on Joe Rogan Experience
Jack Dorsey, CEO of Twitter and mobile payments platform Square, recently went on the wildly popular Joe Rogan Experience podcast to talk about his various ventures. Among the topics that came up was cryptocurrency, a recurring theme on the show. Dorsey explained he believes that the internet will have a native currency and he thinks it will be bitcoin because of the principles behind it and its origin. “It was something that was born on the internet, was developed on the internet, was tested on the internet, it is of the internet,” he said.
The Square CEO touched on the issue of functionality for payments vs store of wealth. “We would love to see something become a global currency. It enables more access. It allows us to serve more people. It allows us to move much faster around the world,” he explained. “We thought we were going to start with how you can use it transactionally, but we noticed that people were treating it more like an asset, like a virtual gold, and we wanted to just make that easy, just the simplest way to buy and sell bitcoin.”
Dorsey also mentioned that the current banking and political systems are threatened by the invention as no one has no centralized control over Bitcoin. “It’s certainly threatening to certain services behind banks and financial institutions. It’s threatening to some governments as well.”
Bitstamp Exchange Releases New Mobile App
Cryptocurrency exchange Bitstamp launched a new mobile app for iOS and Android on Thursday, Jan 31. The app allows users to buy and sell cryptocurrencies, make transfers, check balances and transaction history, and explore the markets through real-time charts. Additional features include a simple interface for beginners and another one for experienced traders, the ability to issue instant, market, limit and stop orders, as well as an option to remotely disable the app in case a user’s phone is lost or stolen.
“Built from the ground up to combine all the tools that make Bitstamp attractive for advanced traders in an intuitive interface, simple enough that anyone can begin trading in seconds,” the exchange team stated. “We suggest all users switch to the new app immediately for improved performance, reliability and more features.” The old Bitstamp app will be disabled after a one-month crossover period.
Besides launching the new mobile version of the platform, the Bitstamp team also announced they are preparing a number of upgrades for the desktop platform in an effort to improve users’ trading experience.
Nvidia Reportedly Made Billions From Miners
Could the impact of crypto winter have been harder on Nvidia Corporation (NASDAQ: NVDA) than its management has confessed? This is what a recent report claims. RBC analyst Mitch Steves estimates that the company controls three quarters of the GPU mining market and calculated it made a fortune from miners during the boom time, a revenue stream that is now lost.
“We think NVDA generated $1.95 billion in total revenue related to crypto/blockchain,” noted Steves according to Markets Insider. “This compares to company’s statement that it generated around $602 million over the same time period.”
Last week the company updated investors that its previous fourth-quarter guidance had embedded a “sequential decline due to excess mid-range channel inventory following the cryptocurrency boom.” The company claimed that the reduction in that inventory and its impact on the business have “proceeded largely inline with management’s expectations,” and that it was deteriorating macroeconomic conditions, particularly in China, that weakened consumer demand for gaming GPUs.
What do you think about today’s news tidbits? Share your thoughts in the comments section below.
Images courtesy of Shutterstock.
Verify and track bitcoin cash transactions on our BCH Block Explorer, the best of its kind anywhere in the world. Also, keep up with your holdings, BCH and other coins, on our market charts at Satoshi’s Pulse, another original and free service from Bitcoin.com. |
A sensitive microfluidic platform for a high throughput DNA methylation assay.
DNA methylation is an epigenetic modification essential for normal development and maintenance of somatic biological functions. DNA methylation provides heritable, long-term chromatin regulation and the aberrant methylation pattern is associated with complex diseases including cancer. Discovering novel therapeutic targets demands development of high-throughput, sensitive and inexpensive screening platforms for libraries of chemical or biological matter involved in DNA methylation establishment and maintenance. Here, we present a universal, high-throughput, microfluidic-based fluorometric assay for studying DNA methylation in vitro. The enzymatic activity of bacterial HPAII DNA methyltransferase and its kinetic properties are measured using the assay (K(m)(DNA) = 5.8 nM, K(m)(SAM) = 9.8 nM and Kcat = 0.04 s(-1)). Using the same platform, we then demonstrate a two-step approach for high-throughput in vitro identification and characterization of small molecule inhibitors of methylation. The approach is examined using known non-nucleoside inhibitors, SGI-1027 and RG108, for which we measured IC50 of 4.5 μM and 87.5 nM, respectively. The dual role of the microfluidic-based methylation assay both for the quantitative characterization of enzymatic activity and high-throughput screening of non-nucleoside inhibitors coupled with quantitative characterization of the inhibition potential highlights the advantages of our system for epigenetic studies. |
/**
* Set and run a batch request
*/
'use strict'
/**
* dependencies
*/
const ProgressBar = require('progress')
const Batch = require('batch')
class Request {
/**
* @constructor
*
* @param {Promise} getObjects A promise that resolves to the target objects
* @param {S3} The S3 instance used to interact with remote files
*/
constructor(getObjects, s3) {
this.showProgress = s3.showProgress
this.getObjects = getObjects
this.s3 = s3
this.opts = {
concurrency: Infinity,
transformer: null,
encoding: s3.encoding,
reverse: null,
exclude: null,
async: false,
limit: null
}
this.target = null
}
/**
* Renames the output key when used in map or filter.
*
* @param {String} key The string to rename
* @return {String} key The resulting string
*/
rename(key) {
const newFileName = this.target.rename(key.slice(this.target.prefix.length))
return `${this.target.prefix}${newFileName}`
}
/**
* Enable modifications to the initial context.
*
* @return {Promise}
*/
resolveSources() {
return new Promise((success, fail) => {
this.getObjects.then((objects) => {
objects = this.opts.reverse ? objects.reverse() : objects
objects = this.opts.limit ? objects.slice(0, this.opts.limit) : objects
objects = this.opts.exclude ? objects.filter(obj => !this.opts.exclude(obj.key)) : objects
success(objects)
}).catch(fail)
})
}
/**
* Creates a progress bar for the request.
*
* @param {Batch} batch The Batch instance used for the request.
* @param {Number} numSources The number of files being processed.
*/
handleProgress(batch, numSources) {
if (this.showProgress) {
const progress = new ProgressBar('[:bar] :percent', {
total: numSources,
width: 40
})
batch.on('progress', () => progress.tick())
}
}
/**
* Sets an exclude function to be used before getting objects from s3.
*
* @param {Function} e The function to use to exclude objects. The exclude
* functions takes an s3 key as a parameter and should return true if the
* object should be excluded.
* @return {Request} The instance on which this method was called.
*/
exclude(e) {
this.opts.exclude = e
return this
}
/**
* Sets the encoding to use when getting s3 objects with
* object.Body.toString(encoding). If not set, utf8 is used.
*
* @param {String} encoding The encoding.
* @return {Request} The instance on which this method was called.
*/
encode(encoding) {
this.opts.encoding = encoding
return this
}
/**
* Sets a transformation function to be used when getting objects from s3.
* Using transform takes precedence over encode.
*
* @param {Function} transformer The function to use to transform the
* object. The transformation function takes an s3 object and a key as
* parameters and should return the file's contents as a string.
* @return {Request} The instance on which this method was called.
*/
transform(transformer) {
this.opts.transformer = transformer
return this
}
/**
* Set the concurrency for requests. Default is Infinity (as many as
* the computer can handle). Has no effect with reduce.
*
* @param {Integer} concurrency The concurrency level to use in the request.
* @return {Request} The instance on which this method was called.
*/
concurrency(concurrency) {
this.opts.concurrency = concurrency
return this
}
/**
* Limits the number of sources being operated on.
*
* @param {Integer} limit
* @return {Request} The instance on which this method was called.
*/
limit(limit) {
this.opts.limit = limit
return this
}
/**
* Reverse the sources being operated on.
*
* @return {Request} The instance on which this method was called.
*/
reverse() {
this.opts.reverse = true
return this
}
/**
* Enables destructive actions (map, filter) to occur inplace.
*
* @return {Request} The instance on which this method was called.
*/
inplace() {
this.destructive = true
return this
}
/**
* Sets the output directory for map or filter. If a target is set, map and
* filter write to that location instead of changing the original objects
* themselves.
*
* @param {String} bucket The target bucket.
* @param {String} prefix The target prefix (folder) where the output will go.
* @param {Function} rename Optional. A function to rename the output file
* names (after the prefix). Takes the file name as an argument, and should
* return the new file name. Defaults to `null`.
* @return {Request} The instance on which this method was called.
*/
output(bucket, prefix, rename) {
rename = rename || null
this.target = {
bucket,
prefix,
rename
}
return this
}
/**
* Run a function over s3 objects in series. This is just a wrapper around each
* with concurrency 1.
*
* @param {Function} func The function to perform over the working context.
* @param {Boolean} [isasync=false] Set to true if `func` is async (returns a
* Promise).
* @return {Promise<Object>} Resolves after processing has completed,
* returning an object that contains the bucket, prefix, and key of the last
* S3 object that was processed.
*/
forEach(func, isasync) {
return this.each(func, isasync, 1)
}
/**
* Run a function over s3 objects in parallel.
*
* @param {Function} func The function to perform over the working context.
* @param {Boolean} [isAsync=false] Set to true if `func` is async (returns a
* Promise).
* @return {Promise<Object>} Resolves after processing has completed,
* returning an object that contains the bucket, prefix, and key of the last
* S3 object that was processed.
*/
each(func, isAsync, concurrency) {
isAsync = isAsync || this.opts.async
const batch = new Batch().concurrency(concurrency || this.opts.concurrency)
return new Promise((success, fail) => {
this.resolveSources().then((sources) => {
this.handleProgress(batch, sources.length)
const lastKey = sources[sources.length - 1]
// Loop over sources, apply function to each
sources.forEach((source) => {
const bucket = source.bucket
const key = source.key
const encoding = this.opts.encoding
const transformer = this.opts.transformer
batch.push((done) => {
this.s3.get(bucket, key, encoding, transformer).then((body) => {
if (isAsync) {
func(body, key).then(done).catch(done)
} else {
func(body, key)
done()
}
}).catch(done)
})
})
// Resolve error or last key processed.
batch.end((err) => {
if (err) {
fail(err)
} else {
success(lastKey)
}
})
}).catch(fail)
})
}
/**
* Maps a function over the objects in the working context in parallel, replacing each
* object with the return value. If an output is specified, the objects will not be
* overwritten, but rather copied to the target location.
*
* @param {Function} func The function to map over each object in the working
* context. <code>func</code> takes a string as a parameter and should return a
* string that will replace the given s3 object.
* @param {Boolean} [isAsync=false] If set to true, this indicates that func
* is async and returns a promise.
* @return {Promise<Object>} Resolves after processing has completed,
* returning an object that contains the bucket, prefix, and key of the last
* S3 object that was processed.
*/
map(func, isAsync) {
if (this.target == null && this.destructive !== true) {
throw new Error('must use target() or inplace() for destructive operations (map, filter)')
}
isAsync = isAsync || this.opts.async
// Used to output from the map function (S3Lambda.context.output.map)
const mapOutput = (bucket, key, prefix, body, done) => {
if (body == null) {
throw new Error('mapper function must return a value')
}
if (this.target == null) {
this.s3.put(bucket, key, body, this.opts.encoding).then(() => {
done()
}).catch(done)
} else {
const outputBucket = this.target.bucket
let outputKey = key.replace(prefix, this.target.prefix)
// Rename output key (if necessary)
outputKey = this.target.rename ? this.rename(outputKey) : outputKey
this.s3.put(outputBucket, outputKey, body, this.opts.encoding).then(() => {
done()
}).catch((e) => {
done(e)
})
}
}
const batch = new Batch()
batch.concurrency(this.opts.concurrency)
return new Promise((success, fail) => {
this.resolveSources().then((sources) => {
this.handleProgress(batch, sources.length)
const lastKey = sources[sources.length - 1]
// Loop over sources, apply mapper function to each
sources.forEach((source) => {
const bucket = source.bucket
const key = source.key
const encoding = this.opts.encoding
const transformer = this.opts.transformer
batch.push((done) => {
this.s3.get(bucket, key, encoding, transformer).then((val) => {
if (isAsync) {
func(val, source.key).then((newval) => {
mapOutput(bucket, key, source.prefix, newval, done)
}).catch(done)
} else {
const newval = func(val, source.key)
mapOutput(bucket, key, source.prefix, newval, done)
}
}).catch(done)
})
})
// Resolve error or last key processed
batch.end((err) => {
if (err) {
fail(err)
}
success(lastKey)
})
}).catch(fail)
})
}
/**
* Reduce the objects in the working context to a single value.
*
* @param {Function} func Function to execute on each value in the array, taking
* three arguments:
* `accumulator`: The accumulated value previously returned from the last
* invocation of func
* `currentValue`: The current entry being processed
* `key`: The key of the current object being processed
* func either returns the updated value, or a promise that resolves to the
* updated value.
* @param {String} initialValue Optional. Initial value to use as the first
* `previousValue` in `func`. Defaults to `null`.
* @param {Boolean} isAsync Optional, defaults to false. If set to true, this
* indicates that func returns a promise.
* @return {Promise<Object>} Resolves after processing has completed,
* returning the result of the reducer.
*/
reduce(func, initialValue, isAsync) {
isAsync = isAsync || this.opts.async
initialValue = initialValue || null
const batch = new Batch()
batch.concurrency(this.opts.concurrency)
return new Promise((success, fail) => {
this.resolveSources().then((sources) => {
this.handleProgress(batch, sources.length)
let accumulator = initialValue
// Loop over sources, update `accumulator`
sources.forEach((source) => {
const bucket = source.bucket
const key = source.key
const encoding = this.opts.encoding
const transformer = this.opts.transformer
batch.push((done) => {
this.s3.get(bucket, key, encoding, transformer).then((body) => {
if (isAsync) {
func(accumulator, body, key).then((newval) => {
accumulator = newval
done()
}).catch(done)
} else {
accumulator = func(accumulator, body, key)
done()
}
}).catch(done)
})
})
// Resolve error or reducer result `accumulator`
batch.end((err) => {
if (err) {
fail(err)
} else {
success(accumulator)
}
})
}).catch(fail)
})
}
/**
* Filter the objects in the working context.
*
* @param {Function} func The function to filter objects by, returning true for
* objects that should not be filtered and false for those that should. If
* isAsync is set to true, func returns a promise that resolves to true or
* false.
* @param {Boolean} isAsync Optional, defaults to false. If set to true, this
* indicates that func returns a promise.
* @return {Promise<Object>} Resolves after processing has completed,
* returning an object that contains the bucket, prefix, and key of the last
* S3 object that was processed.
*/
filter(func, isAsync) {
if (this.target == null && this.destructive !== true) {
throw new Error('must use target() or inplace() for destructive operations (map, filter)')
}
isAsync = isAsync || this.opts.async
const batch = new Batch()
// Keep a file when filtering
const keep = source => new Promise((success, fail) => {
if (this.target == null) {
// Since we are keeping the file and there is no output, there is
// nothing else to do
success()
} else {
const bucket = source.bucket
const key = source.key
const targetBucket = this.target.bucket
let targetKey = key.replace(source.prefix, this.target.prefix)
// Rename output key (if necessary)
targetKey = this.target.rename ? this.rename(targetKey) : targetKey
this.s3.copy(bucket, key, targetBucket, targetKey)
.then(() => success())
.catch(fail)
}
})
// Remove a file when filtering
const remove = source => new Promise((success, fail) => {
if (this.target == null) {
// For inplace filtering, we remove the actual file
this.s3.delete(source.bucket, source.key)
.then(() => success())
.catch(fail)
} else {
// If output is specified, there is nothing else to do, since we are
// simply not copying the file anywhere
success()
}
})
// Ensure the filter function returns a boolean
const check = (result) => {
if (typeof result !== 'boolean') {
throw new TypeError('filter function must return a boolean')
}
}
return new Promise((success, fail) => {
this.resolveSources().then((sources) => {
this.handleProgress(batch, sources.length)
const lastKey = sources[sources.length - 1]
// Loop over every key and run the filter function on each object. keep
// track of files to keep and remove.
sources.forEach((source) => {
const bucket = source.bucket
const key = source.key
const encoding = this.opts.encoding
const transformer = this.opts.transformer
batch.push((done) => {
this.s3.get(bucket, key, encoding, transformer).then((body) => {
if (isAsync) {
func(body, source).then((result) => {
check(result)
if (result) {
keep(source).then(() => done()).catch(done)
} else {
remove(source).then(() => done()).catch(done)
}
}).catch(done)
} else {
let result = null
result = func(body, source)
check(result)
if (result) {
keep(source).then(() => done()).catch(done)
} else {
remove(source).then(() => done()).catch(done)
}
}
}).catch(done)
})
})
// Resolve error or last source processed
batch.end((err) => {
if (err) {
fail(err)
} else {
success(lastKey)
}
})
}).catch(fail)
})
}
}
/**
* Exports
*/
module.exports = Request
|
The weekend may have come to an end but we’re going to do our very best to distract you from those Monday blues with this all-natural affair, courtesy of outdoors-loving couple Christina and Nick. There’s British-grown blooms, undone hair and a strawberry flower crown against the beautiful backdrop of East Riddlesden Hall and Barn. They describe their theme as ‘Fairy Potting Shed’ and they’ve got it bang on – the everyday beauty of an English country garden with just a touch of magic dust.
This pair are true romantics, and made every decision for their big day together – Christina even called Nick to check out her Cabotine dress and he shed a few tears along with her mum when she stepped out of the dressing room. And after hearing about his dreamy proposal – a night-time drive, a teal moonlit sky, a cup of tea and a glass of Champagne – we’ve gotta hand it to him: this guy gets romance.
christina says: Nick finally asked the special question on Friday 22nd May 2015. We’d been together for 11 years but we hadn’t been in a position where we could afford a wedding! He had the perfect ring, and the perfect girl (his words!), but finding the perfect location to get on one knee proved more difficult. In the end, he waited for a clear night, when the twilight turned the sky a stunning shade of teal and asked me if I fancied a drive. He then drove us to the top of a tall hill near our place to a beautiful viewpoint overlooking Mytholmroyd and Hebden Bridge. Under the moon and stars we stood in a field and he dropped to one knee and asked the question. I said yes and we hugged in the moonlight, before hurrying home to warm up with a cup of tea and a glass of bubbly. It wasn’t grand, it wasn’t extravagant but it was very ‘us’, and every time the sky turns the same colour on a clear evening, it reminds us both of that special moment!
We were married on Sunday, May 14th 2017. We’d had our hearts set on a spring wedding for a long time: we’re both nature lovers and we had noticed that May in Yorkshire had been sunny and fairly warm for the past few years. Ultimately, we chose a Sunday because we were trying to stick to a budget and, as luck would have it, our venue had a lower rate for Sunday weddings.
We had a civil ceremony and our reception at the barn at East Riddlesden Hall. There’s something magical about the place; the very first time we visited East Ridds with some friends a few years ago we glanced inside the barn and something clicked with both of us. We looked at quite a few wedding venues after Nick proposed, but found ourselves comparing them to the barn each time – and the barn always won! The wedding barn is such a beautiful building; the perfect complement to the country springtime wedding we envisaged. The National Trust wedding team were always friendly and helpful and answered all of our (many) questions when we were trying to make the decision.
Our theme was loosely based around springtime flowers, country meadows, and wildlife/nature. We decided to call it the ‘Fairy Potting Shed’ theme! Ultimately, we wanted our wedding to make the most of and celebrate spring. It’s such an exciting and invigorating time of year; nature is coming alive, bees are buzzing around and the natural colour palette in woodlands and meadows becomes diverse and beautiful. We both liked the idea of celebrating nature and all things which grow.
We didn’t really have a set colour scheme; we were so pleased with the natural rustic beauty of the venue that we didn’t feel the need to overdress it. We were very pleased that our seasonal floral displays complemented the venue so beautifully.
I found wedding dress shopping very difficult – I thought that what I wanted didn’t exist. Most of the dress shops I visited reinforced my fears or were way beyond my budget. But with a stroke of luck, I eventually found my wedding dress at the Yorkshire Wedding Emporium in Halifax.
I was originally looking for an A-line wedding dress with a very flowy skirt to complement my hourglass figure. I wanted it to be as simple and timeless as possible, without any beadwork or embellishment. I found this to be a lot more difficult than I’d anticipated!
I happened upon the Yorkshire Wedding Emporium by accident. At the time, me and my mum were searching for a ‘mother of the bride’ outfit. While my mum was trying on outfits I took a wander into the wedding dress section. I had a look at the one-off dresses and discovered a stunning and unique dress by Cabotine. I was a bit lost at this stage – having seen so many dresses I felt quite dazed, but there was something about this dress that just seemed right. It might shock some of your readers (I know our families were a bit stunned!), but I called Nick to come along to see what he thought. I don’t regret this decision at all; we ended up having a lovely moment. Nick saw me in the dress, and shed a few tears, as did my mum…and I knew that this was the dress for me! Leanne who owns the Yorkshire Wedding Emporium was wonderful from start to finish. She gave me the space to make the decision, and expelled all of my anxieties and fears with her expert knowledge and a dose of humanity and humour which I felt was missing from many of my other dress shopping experiences. She arranged alterations by an independent seamstress, and on the day the dress was a perfect fit.
I was quite anxious about bridal hair and makeup. I didn’t really know where to begin, other than knowing that I didn’t want to look dolled-up. A friend from work recommended local mobile beauty therapist Helen Whitwham, who really understood my vision and put me at ease. To quote my husband: “You looked like the Christina I know, with an added touch of something special.”
The same friend also recommended a hair stylist: Lizzie from Ophiuchus Hair in Bingley. We had multiple consultations and she spent time looking through mood boards with me. I wanted to find a natural look which complemented my long hair and a way to incorporate a flower crown. Lizzie instantly understood what I was going for and I was so impressed that she‘s now become my regular hairdresser.
We had a maid of honour and best man and we decided to let them wear whatever they felt comfortable in. They both looked incredible on the day, though!
I travelled from my accommodation to East Riddlesden in a beautiful White VW Beatle named ‘Rosie’ from Volkswagen Weddings. They were absolutely brilliant and the car was very cute.
Our photographer was Bethany Lloyd-Clarke. We chose Bethany as our photographer because of her photographic style. Her background in photojournalism lends itself to wedding photography wonderfully, and from looking at her portfolio website we were immediately attracted by her ability to capture the moment and to capture emotion. We didn’t want our wedding photos to feel overly posed or forced, and we were both absolutely over the moon when we saw our photographs after the wedding. In short, Bethany was superb; her attention to detail is faultless and her artistic skill behind the lens has captured our wedding beautifully!
For my wedding flowers, I carried a beautiful and natural bouquet composed of wildflowers and aromatic herbs, created by Rachel Slater of Owl House Flowers. Rachel provided all of our flowers, including buttonholes for the men and corsages for the women. She did an incredible job and she absolutely achieved our vision for the day. Most impressively of all is the fact that Rachel only uses flowers grown or sourced in Britain – never grown abroad and imported. For the purpose of our wedding, we wanted naturally occurring flowers, foliage and herbs, some of which might be considered including weeds traditionally (forget-me-nots, buttercups and clovers) but with a few more decorative flourishes thrown in via some wild primrose and bluebell. I even wore a headpiece composed of rosemary and strawberry flowers. Rachel had a giggle with us about our ‘Fairy Potting Shed’ theme and we thoroughly enjoyed building the grand picture together. She provided inspirational ideas such as scattering potted herbs and lavender around the venue, and using a big watering can as a flower container. We brought all kinds of bric-a-brac to Rachel from our house including various shaped jugs and glass vases and a box full of baked bean tins which we upcycled with a stripe of white paint. The glass jars were filled with candles and Rachel brought some big metal lanterns containing large candles to line the aisle. One of the final touches was a subtle decoration of wild ferns clipped above us and suspended with fairy lights. It made the room feel like a forest glade.
I used my calligraphy and design skills to create all of our stationery and wedding signage.
It took a while to decide on favours and we initially looked at a lot of traditional ideas. Since we’d decided to break tradition with so many other decisions though, we decided to keep it interesting and unorthodox and hand out favours, which were designed to give something back to nature and so put a Pollinator Beebom ‘Seedbom’ at every table setting. If you haven’t seen them before, they’re small recycled paper containers which hold seeds and compost and are designed for spreading organic flowers that specifically attract bees. We bought a big box of them from Kabloom. We also did something extra for the kiddies: some cute white chocolate jammy dodgers by Choc on Choc – none were left by the end of the night, so it looks like they were nommed with glee!
Cake? Schmake! We decided to go for a big stack of cheese instead. We ordered a cheese wedding cake from The Courtyard Dairy in Settle, who provided a wonderful service. East Riddlesden Hall have a small number of approved caterers and we decided to pick James Brown of Nomad Catering. We had set in our minds that we wanted to have a hog roast/informal buffet-type of meal; something fun to get our guests chatting and mingling. And it worked a treat! James and his team were absolutely brilliant from our initial conversations to the tasting evening he put on for us and everything on the big day. James’ team made sure there was plenty of prosecco to go around for the guests, and a bottle of red and white wine for each table during the meal – they were very attentive but never in the way. We’d definitely recommend them to everyone!
We wanted our evening to be an informal blast of fun for all of our guests, but we wanted to try and make sure that nobody felt excluded at any moment. We’ve been to a few weddings together in the past where the DJ clears the dancefloor with a couple of bad choices (or stick to one genre) but we imagined that a band would be able to adapt to everyone’s tastes. And so Phil Lyons New Vintage Swing Band provided the evening entertainment and they were an absolute hit with everyone!
Nick built an interactive guestbook by hammering together two wooden picture frames and getting guests to take selfies with a polaroid camera, then pin them to string hanging from the frames. We provided a marker pen and our guests left us little messages on the polaroid shots. We’ve got a lovely little stack of pictures and messages now and our guests didn’t realise the camera had a memory card in it, so we’ve also got the ‘outtakes’! We also managed to recycle some hay bales which had been used for a wedding from the day before. This turned out to be a great idea, the weather was on our side, it was a beautiful day and many of our guests made the most of the hay bale circle to socialise whilst eating their fish and chips in the evening.
Following our big day, we’d definitely recommend East Ridds, especially if you are the kind of couple who wants to have a lot of input on what your wedding day looks like. The team allow you that freedom, but they also put on incredible open day events where you can see examples of what can be done with the barn. Add to this the fact that the grounds are stunning, and the staff are friendly and you’ve got the perfect venue for a country wedding.
Nick says his favourite moment of the day was seeing me at the beginning of the ceremony. When he heard the entrance music and saw me stepping through the curtains at the back of the barn, he lit up and tried to calm me down with a goofy smile. I was very, very nervous. I don’t like being the centre of attention so I’d been terrified at the idea of walking down the aisle for days. The whole ceremony was so emotional and very personal, and so I tried to focus on Nick alone and had a sort of tunnel vision – I couldn’t even see our guests! It was only when we had walked back down the aisle and stepped through the curtains together that I felt relaxed enough to feel the full joy of the moment.
We haven’t actually been on honeymoon yet. We’re planning a three-week tour of New Zealand this November. We’ve been planning (and saving for) this trip for years; it’s a place we’ve always wanted to go. We’re both massive fans of The Lord of the Rings so it’ll be incredible to see those rolling hills and snow-covered mountains with our own eyes.
My top tip for other Brides Up North would be to do the planning together. Nick and I made every decision together, because wanted the wedding to reflect ‘us’ as much as possible. We even broke a few traditions here and there: Nick helped me to pick my dress, and I helped with his suit. As a result, though, there were no nasty surprises ahead of us and we both felt so proud at the end of the night.
join the northern revolution
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about the author
Laura McDonagh
Laura is a true Northophile: she married Adam in Durham in 2011 accompanied by 200 Northumbrian lamb shanks and a Mackem 1950s tribute band who did a rockabilly cover version of Celine Dion's My Heart Will Go On. They honeymooned in Northumberland in a 1972 MG convertible, went surfing in Alnmouth and made it to the Edinburgh Fringe (let's ignore the fact that it rained all week). Her big mantra is 'no regrets'...but if she could travel back in time and wear a wedding dress with a Peter Pan collar and pockets, she'd pretty much die happy. |
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the field of structural analysis and in particular to the determination of the modal characteristics of a structure.
2. Prior Art
One of the key tools in seeking to prevent unstable modes of vibration in a structure which could cause the destruction of the structure is to experimentally determine such modes and eliminate them through, for example, damping or changes in the configuration of the structure. The initial approach to determine such modes, the passive approach, was to excite the structure with a single shaker, record the response which consisted of whatever superposition of natural modes occurred appropriate to the excitation and analyze the recorded response to separate the overlapping modal motions to estimate characteristics of the individual modes. About twenty-eight years ago a significant breakthrough occurred in the experimental determination of modal characteristics using the passive approach. This breakthrough was provided by Kennedy and Pancu, "Use of Vectors in Vibration Measurement and Analyses," Journal Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 14, No. 11, Nov. 1947, when they suggested that the comparison of the real versus the imaginary parts of frequency response provided far more discrimination than observation of magnitude. Further refinements followed which eventually resulted in a fairly good agreement of theoretical and measure values of mode shape.
While the passive approach had many advantages, it had a serious disadvantage. When the resonant frequencies of vibration of the structure occurred close to each other, the analytic and/or curve fit techniques became more difficult to apply since the modes were allowed to superimpose in arbitrary combination. The end result was the occurrence of large errors in the determination of the individual modes of the structure. Shortly after the Kennedy and Pancu article, a significant breakthrough in the active approach was made by Lewis and Wrisley, "A System for the Excitation of Pure Natural Modes of Complex Structures," Journal Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 17, No. 11, Nov. 1950, when they suggested a technique which used multiple shakers and tuned the shakers to induce one mode at a time in the structure. In other words, a spatial distribution of forces were to be applied that matched only one mode so that the resulting response of the structure would be entirely due to a desired mode and no other, thus allowing the characteristics of the mode to be measured without interference from other modes. Further refinements in this technique of multiple shaker model testing followed. Traill-Nash, "On the Excitation of Pure Natural Modes in Aircraft Resonance Testing," Journal Aeronautical Sciences, Vol. 25, No. 12, Dec. 1958, showed how to to calculate the required force distribution from the in-phase sinusoidal response to a set of arbitrary but linearly independent applied forces at the resonant frequency. Asher, "A Method of Normal Mode Excitation Utilizing Admittance Measurements," Proc. National Specialist's Meeting on Dynamics and Aeroelasticity, Inst. Aereonautical Sciences, 1958, Ft. Worth, Tex, relaxed the requirement of knowing in advance the number of degrees of freedom and the exact resonant frequency by iteratively determining them, adding one shaker at a time.
Even with the above refinements, however, it has become increasingly more difficult to conduct a good modal analysis of a structure using the Lewis and Wrisley technique. The Lewis and Wrisley technique requires that a distribution of in-phase (except for polarity) forces be adjusted until an in-phase response is produced, the response then being proportional to the desired mode vector, and that the drive frequency then be shifted until there is an overall 90.degree. phase shift between force and response, that frequency then equalling the desired modal natural resonant frequency. It has been discovered, however, that this technique has certain limitations which intrinsically yields inaccuracies in the determination of the mode vectors and the modal natural resonant frequencies of the structure under analysis when nonproportional damping is present in the structure. It can be shown for an undamped system that the resonant frequencies lie exactly on the j.omega. axis in the frequency domain and that for an undamped, or proportionally damped system the mode vectors are real, that is the vectors are in-phase except for polarity. For a non-proportionally damped system, however, it can be shown that the natural frequencies are not the same as those in the undamped system since the frequencies are in the s or complex frequency plane and the mode vectors are not real but complex and thus are not in-phase. In addition, it can be shown that if the driving force has the right characteristics, the Lewis and Wrisley test criteria will be satisfied for a nonproportionally damped system but the resonant frequencies will be wrong and the response vector will not be the mode vector of the nonproportionally damped system. Finally, it can be shown that with a single frequency, in-phase drive and response, as used in the Lewis and Wrisley system, it is not possible to excite a pure mode of a nonproportionally damped system.
Accordingly, it is a general object of the present invention to provide an improved structural analysis system.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a structural analysis system which can accurately determine the mode vectors and complex resonant frequencies of a structure.
It is yet another object to provide a structural analysis system which accurately determine the mode vectors and complex resonant frequencies of a structure when nonproportonal damping is present in the structure. |
Spain (Madrid, Valencia & Barcelona) – Boundless Culture
Today, we had lovely home-made breakfast prepared by Filipe & Vira around 8.00 am. At 9.00am we started our drive of about 625 kms to Madrid, the capital of Spain. It is the third-largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan area is the third-largest in the European Union after London and Paris.
The roads were nice and we reached Marina’s house in Madrid around 6.30 pm. Marina was in constant touch with us and as she had to go out, she had arranged one of her paying guest to let us in and show us our room. The “Orange Room” as it was called was a nice little cosy room in the basement of the apartment. There was a washing machine, kitchen for us to prepare our food if required and basically the entire place was very homely with her school going teenage nice and warm daughter around. Also she had let her house to four other students who were living in each of the other rooms. We loved to stay with them and the two days we spent was really good.
The day we arrived we decided we will relax and not go anywhere. We just went to the store picked up some soup packets, noodles, wine etc and had a light relaxed dinner at home, chatting around with all the members in the house. Also, we did some laundry and then went off to sleep.
Day 122 – 18.09.2016 Madrid
In the morning Marina (in the picture with us) came to the metro station and helped us buy tickets enabling us use it for the whole day. We then took the metro train and went to the city centre. We got off at the Puerta del Sol station and walked out onto the Plaza. It was one of the busiest squares.
There were a lot of tourists taking pictures in front of a statue of the bear and the strawberry tree which was a sculpture from the second half of the 20th century, representing the coat of arms of the city.
From the Plaza, we walked ahead and observed that while Madrid possessed modern infrastructure, it had also preserved the look and feel of many of its historic neighbourhoods and streets.
Statue of the bear and the strawberry tree which was a sculpture from the second half of the 20th century, representing the coat of arms of the city
Madrid
Madrid 1
Madrid 2
We could not make up our mind from where to start so we decided to take the Hop on Hop Off bus and take a ride of the whole town first then we get an idea.
The bus passed through Puerta de Alcalá or “Citadel Gate” the first modern post-roman triumphal arch built in Europe, older than the similar monuments Arc de Triomphe in Paris and Brandenburg Gate in Berlin. It was a gate of the former Walls of Philip IV and stands near the city center.
We then were passing through Plaza de Cibeles and there was a Palace known as Cybele Palace (Palacio de Cibeles), formerly the Palace of Communication until 2011. Currently it is used as the seat of the City Council. It was opened in 1919 as the headquarters of Correos, the Spanish postal and telecommunications service. The board “REFUGEES WELCOME” was very prominently displayed.
Just in front of it was the fountain of Cybele depicting a Phrygian goddess sitting on a chariot pulled by two lions. This complex of marble sculptures with fountains we were informed has become an iconic symbol for the city of Madrid.
The Bank of Spain headquarters building on the other side of the square , is the national central bank of Spain, established in Madrid in 1782 by Charles III. Now the bank is a member of the European System of Central Banks and also the national supervisor of the Spanish banking system.
We saw the Fountain of Neptune designed in white marble by Ventura Rodríguez depicting Neptune the sea-god.
the fountain of Cybele depicting a Phrygian goddess sitting on a chariot pulled by two lions
Bank of Spain headquarters
Fountain of Neptune
Museo del Prado
The Museo del Prado the main & the largest Spanish national art museum, with world’s finest collections of European art, from the 12th century to the early 20th century, comprising collections of around 7,600 paintings, 1,000 sculptures, 4,800 prints and 8,200 drawings, in addition to a large number of other works of art and historic documents.
The Royal Palace of Madrid, the official residence of the Spanish Royal Family only used for state ceremonies. King Felipe VI and the Royal Family do not reside in the palace, choosing instead the more modest Palacio de la Zarzuela on the outskirts of Madrid.
Just opposite the Royal Palace was Santa María la Real de La Almudena, a Catholic cathedral, which was consecrated by Pope John Paul II in 1993. The new capital Madrid had no cathedral since 1561, as the seat of the Church in Spain remained in Toledo when the capital of Spain was transferred from Toledo to Madrid. It was a beautiful Church with awesome architecture.
The cathedral seems to have been built on the site of a medieval mosque that was destroyed in 1083 when Alfonso VI reconquered Madrid. Francisco de Cubas, the Marquis of Cuba’s, designed and directed the construction in a Gothic revival style. Construction ceased completely during the Spanish Civil War, and the project was abandoned until 1950, when Fernando Chueca Goitia (es) adapted the plans of de Cubas to a baroque exterior to match the grey and white façade of the Palacio Real, which stands directly opposite. The cathedral was not completed until 1993, when it was consecrated by Pope John Paul II. On May 22, 2004, the marriage of King Felipe VI, then crown prince, to Letizia Ortiz Rocasolano took place at the cathedral.
The Crypt The Almudena Crypt is part of the Almudena Cathedral and Museum. It was next to the Cathedral a few metres away. 1 Euro donation to enter, was a very cheap treat.
Santa María la Real de La Almudena, a Catholic cathedral
Santa María la Real de La Almudena (Inside)
The Almudena Crypt
Altar in the Crypt
The Neo-Romanesque Crypt, was built during the 19th century and is the oldest section of the Cathedral and houses a 16th century image of the Almudena Virgin. The Neo-Romanesque Crypt, built in the 19th century, is the oldest section of the Cathedral and houses a 16th century image of the Almudena Virgin. Nearby along the Mayor Street excavations have unearthed remains of Moorish and medieval city walls.
Here’s Louis taking lessons to ride the Segway while telling him stories of our adventurous journey by car from India.
We then visited the Sabatini Gardens, part of the Royal Palace in Madrid, Spain, which were opened to the public by King Juan Carlos I in 1978. They honor the name of Francesco Sabatini, an Italian architect of the 18th century who designed, the royal stables of the palace, previously located at this site. In 1933, construction of the gardens begun, which were only completed in the late 1970s. The gardens consists of well-sheared hedges, in symmetric geometrical patterns, adorned with a pool, statues and fountains, with trees disposed in a symmetrical geometric shape.
The picture above is Madrid Central Railway Station.
We could not have enough of Madrid in one day and felt that one or two more days were required to explore such a beautiful city. Unfortunately we had only one day and regretted not utilising the previous evening to see a few places. Anyway we decided to try out some different types of Tapas at a local restaurant before we head back to our place of stay so we can get ready to leave for Valencia the next day.
Day 123 – 19.09.2016 Madrid to Valencia
We got ready and had breakfast. Marina’s daughter was ready to go to school. She gave a big hug to me before she left for school. The two days spent with them and speaking to her was so good. It was amazing to see how the Mother as a single parent was bringing up her daughter, managing her job and the student paying guests to whom she had let out four of the rooms she had while one room was let out to Airbnb guests.
We finally left Marina’s house for Valencia. At Valencia too we were staying at an Airbnb place belonging to Jnaina. Unfortunately she too was a single mother of two grown up daughters studying at the University. She was very sick and under treatment, but she made us feel very comfortable and was available to us whenever we needed. They had a lovely balcony and a good view from the apartment.
Valencia is the third largest city in Spain after Madrid and Barcelona, and it’s Port is the 5th busiest container port in Europe and the busiest container port on the Mediterranean Sea. It was founded as a Roman colony in 138 BC. In 711 the Muslims occupied the city, introducing their language, religion and customs. In 1238 the Christian king James I of Aragon reconquered the city and divided the land among the nobles who helped him conquer it, In 18th century Philip V of Spain abolished the privileges as punishment to the kingdom of Valencia for aligning with the Habsburg side in the War of Spanish Succession. Valencia was the capital of Spain when Joseph I moved there the Court in summer of 1812.
The city is situated on the banks of the Turia, and it’s traditional Spanish dish, paella, originated in Valencia.
Jnaina gave us a travel card which we could use for travelling. As per instructions from her, we walked to the bus stop and took a bus which took us to Oceanografic. As we entered this beautiful place, we found a few stalls, and there was a lady selling cold xufa, a beverage known as horchata. I decided to try it out and found it quite tasty. From there on, everywhere we went we found cafes etc selling this lovely beverage. On enquiring about it, we were told that Valencia was the birthplace of this cold xufa called Horchata made of water, sugar and tiger nuts (chufas).
After getting off the bus we crossed the road and walked to the L’Hemisfèric which houses three types of cinemas: an IMAX 3D-cinema, planetarium and laserium.
Just around it was l Museu de les Ciències Príncipe Felipe (2000) — an interactive museum of science that resembles the skeleton of a whale. It occupies around 40,000 m² on three floors. The hotch-potch of exhibits is designed more for ‘entertainment value’ than for science education.
L’Hemisfèric
It houses three types of cinemas – an IMAX 3D-cinema, planetarium and laserium
Museu de les Ciències Príncipe Felipe (2000) — an interactive museum of science that resembles the skeleton of a whale
L’Umbracle — an open structure enveloping a landscaped walk with plant species
At the entrance was L’Umbracle — an open structure enveloping a landscaped walk with plant species such as rockrose, lentisca , rosemary, lavender, honeysuckle, bougainvillea, palm tree. It also had numerous free-standing sculptures surrounded by nature. It was designed as an entrance to the City of Arts and Sciences. It is 320 meters long and 60 meters wide, located on the southern side of the complex.
L’Hemisfèric – an IMAX Cinema, planetarium and laserium. The Hemisferic also known as the planetarium or the “eye of knowledge,” is the centerpiece of the City of Arts and Sciences. It was the first building completed in 1998. Its design resembles an eyelid that opens to access the surrounding water pool. The bottom of the pool is glass, creating the illusion of the eye as a whole. This planetarium is a half-sphere composed of concrete 110 meters long and 55.5 meters wide. The shutter is built of elongated aluminum awnings that fold upward collectively to form a brise soleil roof that opens along the curved axis of the eye. It opens to reveal the dome, the “iris” of the eye, which is the Omnimax theater.
L’Oceanogràfic — an open-air oceanographic park, is the largest oceanographic aquarium in Europe with 110,000 square meters and 42 million liters of water. It was built in the shape of a water lily. Each building represents different aquatic environments including the Mediterranean, Wetlands, Temperate and Tropical Seas, Oceans, the Antarctic, the Arctic, Islands and the Red Sea. This aquarium is a home to over 500 different species including dolphins, belugas, sawfish, jellyfish, starfish, sea urchins, walruses, sea lions, seals, penguins, turtles, sharks,and rays. It also inhabits wetland bird species.
El Palau de les Arts Reina Sofia — an opera house and performing arts center containing four large rooms: a Main Room, Magisterial Classroom, Amphitheater and Theater of Camera. It is dedicated to music and the scenic arts. It is surrounded by 87,000 square meters of landscape and water, as well as 10,000 square meters of walking area. It holds many events such as opera, theatre and music in its auditoriums.
El Pont de l’Assut de l’Or — a white cable-stayed bridge crossing the dry Turia riverbed. The tower of the bridge at 125 meters high is the highest point in the city.
L’Àgora (2009) — a covered plaza in which concerts and sporting events (such as the Valencia Open 500) are held.[1] The Agora is a space designed to hold a variety of events such as concerts, performances, exhibitions, conventions, staging of congresses, and international sports meetings. Many important events have been held in this building including the Freestyle Burn Spanish Cup in 2010 and the Christmas Special Program.
The Hemisferic also known as the planetarium or the “eye of knowledge,” is the centerpiece of the City of Arts and Sciences
L’Oceanogràfic — an open-air oceanographic park, is the largest oceanographic aquarium in Europe
El Pont de l’Assut de l’Or
L’Àgora (2009) — a covered plaza in which concerts and sporting events
Since we did not have much time, we moved out from there, took the bus to go to the city centre. Unfortunately we got off at the wrong bus stop and could not find our way, so we took a cab. The driver turned out to be a Pakistani settled in Valencia since more than 20 years. He dropped us to the Centre and the first place we saw was the Cathedral.
Cathedral – Valencia
Chancel of the cathedral
The Metropolitan Cathedral–Basilica of the Assumption of Our Lady of Valencia also known as Saint Mary’s Cathedral or Valencia Cathedral, is a Roman Catholic parish church in Valencia, Spain. It was consecrated in 1238 by the first bishop of Valencia. The Holy Grail (made of agate stone) is in this Cathedral. This Holy Grail is a homogenous piece cut out entirely from a large chunk of agate, 9 cm in diameter. The decorations of gold and pearls were added to the supporting structure over the centuries.
We then walked away from the Cathedral and came across a daring architectural building, but it was closed. Managed to get a few pictures from the outside. We understood it was the National Museum of Ceramics and Decorative Arts called “González Martí”. A museum dedicated to ceramics (with special importance to Valencian ceramics), porcelains and other decorative arts such as textile art, traditional costumes and furniture.
Most of the places are shut by 5.00 – 5.30 so we only got to see mist if it from outside.
Valencia an utterly addictive city, with its stunning Modernista and contemporary architecture make it one of the peninsula’s real jewels.
How much I wished I had atleast 2 more days to see more of Valencia. Anyway tomorrow we have to leave for Barcelona so we have to say bye to Valencia. We decided to pick up some food from the store and have a light meal at home.
When we got back home, Jnaina’s daughters were back home and I got chatting with them on the advantages of eating vegan food, after which we went off to sleep.
Day 124 – 20.09.2016 Barcelona
We reached around 3.00 pm to Rambla de la Marina, where our host, Ramila was waiting for us to hand over the keys to us. Ramila was a mother of two kids – one a teenage girl of thirteen, the other boy of 4 years and she was pregnant with the third one. She could not speak any English, but was ready with her translator. She was very active and helpful. She even allowed us to use her washing machine for doing our laundry. Once settled down we decided to take the Metro and explore Barcelona. On the advise of Ramila, we walked a few metres and across the road to the Metro station Bellvitge Line 1 and took Train to Catalunya. Unfortunately we over shot the station and we got off at the next station, Arc de Triomf. So we decided to check out interesting places here before we return to Catalunya.
After walking a few metres, we came to the Arc de Triomf, an arch in the manner of a memorial or you could say a triumphal arch in Barcelona. It was built as the main access gate for the 1888 Barcelona World Fair in reddish brickwork in the Neo-Mudéjar style. The front frieze contains the stone sculpture “Barcelona welcomes the nations”. The opposite frieze contains a stone carving entitled Recompense, representing the granting of awards to the participants in the World Exposition. The friezes along the sides of the arch include allegories of Agriculture and Industry, and of Trade and Art. The arch presides over Passeig de Lluís Companys, a wide promenade leading to the Ciutadella Park. It is located at the top of the promenade, where it meets Passeig de Sant Joan.
We then came back to the Metro station and got off at Catalunya station from where we walked towards Catalunya Placa.
At the Placa there was this unusual monument inaugurated which seems to have been inaugurated in 1991. This abstract statue consists of a bronze bust of Macià in front of an inverted concrete staircase. The unfinished staircase symbolises the ongoing history of Catalonia which is being constructed day-by-day.
Plaça de Catalunya “Catalonia Square”; is a large square in the centre of Barcelona where both its city centre and the place where the old city meet.
Some of the city’s most important streets and avenues meet at Plaça Catalunya: Passeig de Gràcia, Rambla de Catalunya, La Rambla or Portal de l’Àngel, in addition to Ronda de Sant Pere, Carrer de Vergara or Carrer de Pelai.
The plaza occupies an area of about 50,000 square metres. It is especially known for its fountains, statues and for the flocks of pigeons that gather in the centre.
Barcelona is the country’s second most populous city with a population of 1.6 million within city limits is also the largest metropolis on the Mediterranean Sea.
It was founded as a Roman city, in the Middle Ages. Barcelona though besieged several times during its history, it still has a rich cultural heritage and is today an important cultural center and a major tourist destination.
We were then walking past a very grand and impressive photogenic structure which on closer looks we understood it to be the Palais de Justice built in 1908, with its severe and regular architecture representing the firmness of judicial authority.
Though a century has gone by since its opening, this massive rectangular building has remained practically intact, unaffected by the passing of the years in which it has housed the main law courts of Barcelona through all regimes.
A few 100 metres away was the Port of Barcelona, one of Europe’s principal seaports and busiest European passenger port. Barcelona has an extensive motorway network and a high-speed rail line with a link to France and the rest of Europe.
The Cathedral of the Holy Cross and Saint Eulalia also known as Barcelona Cathedral, is the Gothic cathedral and seat of the Archbishop of Barcelona, Spain. The cathedral was constructed from the 13th to 15th centuries, with the principal work done in the 14th century.
The cathedral is dedicated to Eulalia of Barcelona, co-patron saint of Barcelona, a young virgin who, according to Catholic tradition, suffered martyrdom during Roman times in the city. One story says that she was exposed naked in the public square and a miraculous snowfall in mid-spring covered her nudity. The enraged Romans put her into a barrel with knives stuck into it and rolled it down a street. The body of Saint Eulalia is entombed in the cathedral’s crypt.
The cathedral has a secluded Gothic cloister where 13 white geese are kept, the number explained by the assertion that Eulalia was 13 when she was martyred.
Chapel
It is a hall church, vaulted over five aisles, the outer two divided into chapels. The transept is truncated. The east end is a chevet of nine radiating chapels connected by an ambulatory. The high altar is raised, allowing a clear view into the crypt.
The Cathedral of the Holy Cross and Saint Eulalia also known as Barcelona Cathedral
Barcelona Cathedral
The cathedral is dedicated to Eulalia of Barcelona, co-patron saint of Barcelona
The body of Saint Eulalia is entombed in the cathedral’s crypt
Chapel
Chapel 1
We then took the lift and went to the viewing gallery from where we could get a complete view of the city.
In Barcelona
View from the top of the Cathedral
Basilica of Our Lady of Mercy
From a distance near the seaside promenade we could spot the iconic statue of Our Lady crowned on the dome of the Basilica of Our Lady of Mercy.
Port Vell Marina a waterfront harbor in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, and part of the Port of Barcelona. It was built as part of an urban renewal program prior to the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. Before this, it was a run-down area of empty warehouses, railroad yards, and factories. A pedestrian walkway, Rambla de Mar, connects La Rambla to Port Vell.
Tired of walking, we then decided to return back after having dinner. We had a buffet dinner which offered variety of dishes including Paella, Mussels etc. We took the Metro back home.
Day 125 – 21.09.2016Barcelona
Early morning, we noted a few places to visit with directions. The first place on our must see was the Basilica of the Sagrada Familia. We took the Metro and reached our destination but were surprised to see the crowd. We then discovered that the earliest entry we could get was at 5.30 in the evening after booking the tickets and the slot for which tickets were available. We then decided to book the tickets for the next slot that is 7.00 pm. Before we left clicked a few pictures from outside.
We then left for Sant Pau a former Hospital of the Holy Cross and Saint Paul in the neighborhood of El Guinardó, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, which on reaching there realised that it is a complex built between 1901 and 1930, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
now a UNESCO World Heritage Site
It was a fully functioning hospital until June 2009, when the new hospital opened next to it
It was a fully functioning hospital until June 2009, when the new hospital opened next to it, before undergoing restoration for use as a museum and cultural center which opened in 2014.
We wanted to take the Cable Car, but the waiting time to get on it was about an hour, so we decided against it as we had to be in time to see the Basilica. We then strolled on the Barceloneta beach front, sat in a restaurant in front of the beach, before we headed to Sagrada Familia.
Barceloneta beach front
Barceloneta beach front 1
Barceloneta beach front 2
Barceloneta beach front 3
Barceloneta beach front 4
Barceloneta beach front 5
The giant goldfish looks
This giant goldfish looks as if it is bobbing along on the waters of the Mediterranean. The sunlight is reflected in the scales of this sculpture that presides over the waterfront of the Olympic Marina and Barcelona’s beaches. The sculpture is made from intertwining gilded stainless steel strips supported by a metal structure, its gentle, subtle form marked by its intense gold colour. The interplay between the rays of the sun and skin creates the impression of scales, depending on the intensity of the light, and accentuates the organic form of this vast sculpture.
Finally at 6.30 we were back to the Basilica, but we were asked to return back at 7.00 pm, the slot for which we were booked. We spent time in the park in front of the Basilica. At 7.00 we were allowed entry and were so pleased at the efforts put in by us to see this Basilica was worth it.
The Basílica/Temple Sagrada Familia which means Basilica and Expiatory Church of the Holy Family, a large Roman Catholic church in Barcelona, designed by Spanish architect Antoni Gaudí (1852–1926). Although incomplete, the church is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and in November 2010 Pope Benedict XVI consecrated and proclaimed it a minor basilica, as distinct from a cathedral, which must be the seat of a bishop.
Construction of Sagrada Familia commenced in 1882 and Gaudí became involved in 1883, taking over the project and transforming it with his architectural and engineering style, combining Gothic and curvilinear Art Nouveau forms. Gaudí devoted his last years to the project, and at the time of his death at age 73 in 1926, less than a quarter of the project was complete.
Sagrada Familia’s construction progressed slowly, as it relied on private donations and was interrupted by the Spanish Civil War, only to resume intermittent progress in the 1950s. Construction passed the midpoint in 2010 with some of the project’s greatest challenges remaining and an anticipated completion date of 2026, the centenary of Gaudí’s death.
Describing Sagrada Família, art critic Rainer Zerbst said, “It is probably impossible to find a church building anything like it in the entire history of art” and Paul Goldberger called it, “The most extraordinary personal interpretation of Gothic architecture since the Middle Ages. It is really beautiful, you have to see it to believe it.
Passion Facade
Nativity Facade
Nave
Inside
Crypt
We could access the Nave, Crypt, Museum, Shop, and the Passion and Nativity towers. While visitors earlier could previously access the towers directly at no cost, their access currently is possible only by lift and a walk up the remainder of the towers, over the bridge between the towers and descent via the opposite tower by spiral staircase.
Construction on Sagrada Família is not supported by any government or official church sources. Private patrons funded the initial stages and now money from tickets purchased by tourists is used to pay for the work, and private donations are accepted through the Friends of the Sagrada Família. The construction budget for 2009 was €18 million.
It was the most beautiful Basilica that we visited so far. Would surely like to visit it again once it is completed in 2026.
We could see the Torre Agbar, a 38-storey tower located between Avinguda Diagonal and Carrer Badajoz, near Plaça de les Glòries Catalanes, named after its owners, the Agbar Group. The tower measures a total of 545,650 sq ft. It is one in a collection of High-tech architecture examples in Barcelona.
We visited the Casa Batlló a renowned building located in the centre of Barcelona and another one of Antoni Gaudí’s masterpieces. A remodel of a previously built house, was redesigned in 1904 by Gaudí and has been refurbished several times after that. The local name for the building is Casa dels ossos (House of Bones), as it has a visceral, skeletal organic quality. The ground floor, in particular, has unusual tracery, irregular oval windows and flowing sculpted stone work. There are few straight lines, and much of the façade is decorated with a colorful mosaic made of broken ceramic tiles. The roof is arched and was likened to the back of a dragon or dinosaur. A common theory about the building is that the rounded feature to the left of centre, terminating at the top in a turret and cross, represents the lance of Saint George (patron saint of Catalonia, Gaudí’s home), which has been plunged into the back of the dragon.
The Metro station “Universitat” where we got off to take another train to the place where we stayed. Travelling through these trains, changing from one line to another was so convenient that it made our travel so easy. We purchased a travel card for ten rides and we used it to cross over several lines with ease as the Barcelona Metro lines are generally referred to by their colour or by the number and the names of their termini.
Besides metro, a bus network, two separate modern tram networks, a separate historic tram line, and several funiculars and aerial cable cars form part of the transportation network. The largely underground Metro network comprises eleven lines, identified by an “L” followed by the line number as well as by individual colours.
Barcelona also has a metered taxi fleet governed by the Metropolitan Taxi Institute, composed of more than 10,000 cars. Most of the licences are in the hands of self-employed drivers. With their black and yellow livery (on the lines of Mumbai) Barcelona’s taxis are easily spotted, and can be caught from one of many taxi ranks, hailed on street, or called by telephone.
We had lovely buffet dinner consisting of Paella, pork chops, salad, etc. before we took the metro to head back home. Two days well spent in Barcelona, tomorrow we leave for Andorra. |
Upcoming Global Health Trips
Albuquerque Area Indian Health Service
A collaborative agreement has been made between the Albuquerque Indian Health Service and WellSpan York Hospital. Zuni Pueblo is one of the oldest inhabited Native American Villages in the US, estimated to be 800-900 years old. It is high desert, located 2 1/2 hours from Albuquerque. The Zuni Comprehensive Community Health Center is a Public Health Service hospital that provides care to the Zunis, Navajos, and others living in the surrounding area. THis rotation will provide you with an opportunity to work in a variety of settings, including outpatient clinics, the emergency room, walk-in clinics, inpatient, and obstetrics. This is a 3-4 week rotation that can be scheduled based on availability at the health center.
Contact: Rebecca Bak MD MPH Rebecca.Bak@ihs.gov 505-782-7541
Ghana
The Apam, Ghana trip has occurred annually since 2006 to a small fishing village in the gold coast of Africa. The trip started in Aldersgate Methodist Church, and Building Solid Foundations 501c was then established by Dr. Seth Quartey and his wife, Grace Quartey. This trip has very personal connections, as both are from Ghana. Members of the team work in Apam Catholic Hospital for medical and surgical clinic with nurses going out into the community for screening clinics. Most common surgeries are hysterectomy for fibroids, thyroidectomy for goiters and hernia repairs. It is a very busy surgery schedule with up to 200 cases per trip. All surgery cases are prescreened, and team members only see patients to be sure they are in agreement. The vast majority of the time is operating. The medical team cares for hypertensions, diabetes, asthma and many infectious diseases including malaria, which is endemic in the area, tetnus and typhoid. Water borne disease is still a major killer in the area. In addition to the health care team, there is a non-medical team. There has been a close connection between Rotary Club of York and Apam Rotary Club, and they are putting toilets in schools, as sanitation is a major health risk. This is an annual trip that occurs in September.
Guatemala
This is a faith-based medical mission trip also sponsored by Living Word Community Church (LWCC). The clinics are set up in remote villages outside of Guatemala City, the medical camp is two days and provides primary care, dentistry and eye glasses. Since outreach is in a rural area, sleeping bags are required. The trip duration is a total of five days; departure is on a Thursday with return on a Monday. The trip occurs in July, October and February. A Church in Maryland also sponsors this trip in May. Team size is 18 to 24 medical and nonmedical members. Team members will work alongside Guatemalan doctors and translators of both Spanish and indigenous language. Spanish language skills are a plus.
Honduras
The MAMA Project is a development project focusing on the educational, health, and nutritional needs of Honduran children. It began in 1987 as a partnership between women's groups in Pennsylvania and Honduras. MAMA stands for Mujeres Amigas Miles Apart (Women Friends Miles Apart). MAMA advocates for abandoned, malnourished children. They have participated in mass Vitamin A programs in efforts to prevent blindness and death from infectious disease. They also participate in deworming programs. Medical and Dental brigades are sent to villages. You can read more at www. MAMAProject.org.
India
A new relationship with S. J. Patel Trust Hospital in Paliyad, Gujarat India, this is a two-week non-faith based mission and occurs in either October or March of every year. The experience includes primary care, inpatient, obstetrics and the opportunity for post-operative care. Shadowing opportunities are available for general surgery and cataract surgery. Two days of the trip are dedicated to outreach in an area that has little to no medical access. Team size is three to five members.
For WellSpan York Hospital residents, some funding assistance for global health travel may be available. Please contact Dr. Nancy Nagib, Co-Director of the Center for Global Health Education at nnagib@wellspan.org for more information. |
{
"cells": [
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"# Ensemble decoder on full dataset"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## User Options"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 1,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"# dataset='s1'\n",
"# dataset='m1'\n",
"dataset='hc'"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 2,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"#What folder to save the ensemble results to\n",
"#Note that the data we are loading are in this same folder (since they are the results from the other decoders)\n",
"save_folder=''\n",
"# save_folder='/home/jglaser/Files/Neural_Decoding/Results/' "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Import packages"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 3,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stderr",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"Using Theano backend.\n",
"WARNING (theano.sandbox.cuda): The cuda backend is deprecated and will be removed in the next release (v0.10). Please switch to the gpuarray backend. You can get more information about how to switch at this URL:\n",
" https://github.com/Theano/Theano/wiki/Converting-to-the-new-gpu-back-end%28gpuarray%29\n",
"\n",
"Using gpu device 0: GeForce GTX TITAN X (CNMeM is enabled with initial size: 40.0% of memory, cuDNN 5103)\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"import numpy as np\n",
"import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
"%matplotlib inline\n",
"from scipy import io\n",
"from scipy import stats\n",
"import pickle\n",
"import sys\n",
"\n",
"#Add the main folder to the path, so we have access to the files there.\n",
"#Note that if your working directory is not the Paper_code folder, you may need to manually specify the path to the main folder. For example: sys.path.append('/home/jglaser/GitProj/Neural_Decoding')\n",
"sys.path.append('..') \n",
"\n",
"#Import metrics\n",
"from metrics import get_R2\n",
"\n",
"from decoders import DenseNNDecoder\n",
"\n",
"from bayes_opt import BayesianOptimization"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 4,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": true
},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"#Turn off deprecation warnings\n",
"\n",
"import warnings\n",
"warnings.filterwarnings(\"ignore\", category=DeprecationWarning) "
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Load results from other decoders\n",
"Note we do not use the Kalman filter results in our ensemble due to slightly different formatting"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 5,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [],
"source": [
"with open(save_folder+dataset+'_ground_truth.pickle','rb') as f:\n",
" [y_test_all,y_train_all,y_valid_all]=pickle.load(f)\n",
"\n",
"with open(save_folder+dataset+'_results_wf2.pickle','rb') as f:\n",
" [mean_r2_wf,y_pred_wf_all,y_train_pred_wf_all,y_valid_pred_wf_all]=pickle.load(f)\n",
"\n",
"with open(save_folder+dataset+'_results_wc2.pickle','rb') as f:\n",
" [mean_r2_wc,y_pred_wc_all,y_train_pred_wc_all,y_valid_pred_wc_all]=pickle.load(f) \n",
" \n",
"with open(save_folder+dataset+'_results_xgb2.pickle','rb') as f:\n",
" [mean_r2_xgb,y_pred_xgb_all,y_train_pred_xgb_all,y_valid_pred_xgb_all,time_elapsed]=pickle.load(f)\n",
"\n",
"with open(save_folder+dataset+'_results_svr2.pickle','rb') as f:\n",
" [mean_r2_svr,y_pred_svr_all,y_train_pred_svr_all,y_valid_pred_svr_all,time_elapsed]=pickle.load(f)\n",
"\n",
"with open(save_folder+dataset+'_results_dnn2.pickle','rb') as f:\n",
" [mean_r2_dnn,y_pred_dnn_all,y_train_pred_dnn_all,y_valid_pred_dnn_all,time_elapsed]=pickle.load(f) \n",
"\n",
"with open(save_folder+dataset+'_results_rnn2.pickle','rb') as f:\n",
" [mean_r2_rnn,y_pred_rnn_all,y_train_pred_rnn_all,y_valid_pred_rnn_all,time_elapsed]=pickle.load(f)\n",
"\n",
"with open(save_folder+dataset+'_results_gru2.pickle','rb') as f: \n",
" [mean_r2_gru,y_pred_gru_all,y_train_pred_gru_all,y_valid_pred_gru_all,time_elapsed]=pickle.load(f)\n",
"\n",
"with open(save_folder+dataset+'_results_lstm2.pickle','rb') as f:\n",
" [mean_r2_lstm,y_pred_lstm_all,y_train_pred_lstm_all,y_valid_pred_lstm_all,time_elapsed]=pickle.load(f)"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "markdown",
"metadata": {},
"source": [
"## Run ensemble method\n",
"\n",
"1. We loop through each CV fold and both out (x and y position/velocities).\n",
"2. We create the matrix of covariates (the predictions from the other methods)\n",
"3. We optimize the hyperparameters for the fully connected (dense) neural network we are using, based on validation set R2 values\n",
"4. We fit the neural net on training data w/ the optimal hyperparameters\n",
"5. We make test set predictions and get test set R2 values"
]
},
{
"cell_type": "code",
"execution_count": 6,
"metadata": {
"collapsed": false
},
"outputs": [
{
"name": "stderr",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"/opt/anaconda/anaconda2/lib/python2.7/site-packages/keras/models.py:826: UserWarning: The `nb_epoch` argument in `fit` has been renamed `epochs`.\n",
" warnings.warn('The `nb_epoch` argument in `fit` '\n"
]
},
{
"name": "stdout",
"output_type": "stream",
"text": [
"('R2s:', array([ 0.49587947]))\n",
"('R2s:', array([ 0.70776137]))\n"
]
}
],
"source": [
"##Initialize\n",
"y_pred_ensemble_all=[] #List where test set predictions are put (for saving and plotting)\n",
"mean_r2_dnn=np.empty([10,2]) #Where the R2 values are saved (matrix of 10 CV folds x 2 outputs)\n",
"\n",
"\n",
"for i in range(10): #Loop through the cross validation folds\n",
" for j in range(2): #Loop through the 2 output predictions (x and y positions/velocities)\n",
"\n",
" \n",
" \n",
" ###CREATE COVARIATES###\n",
" \n",
" #Make matrix of covariates, where each feature is the predictions from one of the other decoders\n",
" #Do this for training, validation, and testing data\n",
" X_train=np.concatenate((y_train_pred_wf_all[i][:,j:j+1], y_train_pred_wc_all[i][:,j:j+1], \n",
" y_train_pred_svr_all[i][:,j:j+1],y_train_pred_xgb_all[i][:,j:j+1],\n",
" y_train_pred_dnn_all[i][:,j:j+1], y_train_pred_rnn_all[i][:,j:j+1],\n",
" y_train_pred_gru_all[i][:,j:j+1], y_train_pred_lstm_all[i][:,j:j+1]),axis=1)\n",
" X_valid=np.concatenate((y_valid_pred_wf_all[i][:,j:j+1], y_valid_pred_wc_all[i][:,j:j+1], \n",
" y_valid_pred_svr_all[i][:,j:j+1],y_valid_pred_xgb_all[i][:,j:j+1],\n",
" y_valid_pred_dnn_all[i][:,j:j+1], y_valid_pred_rnn_all[i][:,j:j+1],\n",
" y_valid_pred_gru_all[i][:,j:j+1], y_valid_pred_lstm_all[i][:,j:j+1]),axis=1)\n",
" X_test=np.concatenate((y_pred_wf_all[i][:,j:j+1], y_pred_wc_all[i][:,j:j+1], \n",
" y_pred_svr_all[i][:,j:j+1],y_pred_xgb_all[i][:,j:j+1],\n",
" y_pred_dnn_all[i][:,j:j+1], y_pred_rnn_all[i][:,j:j+1],\n",
" y_pred_gru_all[i][:,j:j+1], y_pred_lstm_all[i][:,j:j+1]),axis=1)\n",
" \n",
" #Get outputs (training/validation/testing) for this CV fold and output\n",
" y_train=y_train_all[i][:,j:j+1]\n",
" y_valid=y_valid_all[i][:,j:j+1]\n",
" y_test=y_test_all[i][:,j:j+1]\n",
"\n",
" \n",
" ###HYPERPARAMETER OPTIMIZATION###\n",
" \n",
" #Define a function that returns the metric we are trying to optimize (R2 value of the validation set)\n",
" #as a function of the hyperparameter we are fitting (num_units, frac_dropout, n_epochs)\n",
" def dnn_evaluate(num_units,frac_dropout,n_epochs):\n",
" num_units=int(num_units) #Put in proper format (Bayesian optimization uses floats, and we just want to test the integer)\n",
" frac_dropout=float(frac_dropout) #Put in proper format\n",
" n_epochs=int(n_epochs) #Put in proper format\n",
" model_dnn=DenseNNDecoder(units=[num_units,num_units],dropout=frac_dropout,num_epochs=n_epochs) #Define model\n",
" model_dnn.fit(X_train,y_train) #Fit model\n",
" y_valid_predicted_dnn=model_dnn.predict(X_valid) #Get validation set predictions\n",
" return np.mean(get_R2(y_valid,y_valid_predicted_dnn)) #Return mean validation set R2\n",
"\n",
" #Do bayesian optimization\n",
" dnnBO = BayesianOptimization(dnn_evaluate, {'num_units': (3, 50), 'frac_dropout': (0,.5), 'n_epochs': (2,10)}, verbose=0) #Define Bayesian optimization, and set limits of hyperparameters\n",
" #Set number of initial runs and subsequent tests, and do the optimization. Also, we set kappa=10 (greater than the default) so there is more exploration when there are more hyperparameters\n",
" dnnBO.maximize(init_points=10, n_iter=15, kappa=10)\n",
" best_params=dnnBO.res['max']['max_params'] #Get the hyperparameters that give rise to the best fit\n",
" num_units=np.int(best_params['num_units']) #We want the integer value associated with the best \"num_units\" parameter (which is what the xgb_evaluate function does above)\n",
" frac_dropout=float(best_params['frac_dropout'])\n",
" n_epochs=np.int(best_params['n_epochs']) \n",
"\n",
" # Run model w/ above hyperparameters\n",
" \n",
" model_dnn=DenseNNDecoder(units=[num_units,num_units],dropout=frac_dropout,num_epochs=n_epochs) #Declare model w/ fit hyperparameters\n",
" model_dnn.fit(X_train,y_train) #Fit model\n",
" y_test_predicted_dnn=model_dnn.predict(X_test) #Get test set predictions\n",
" mean_r2_dnn[i,j]=np.mean(get_R2(y_test,y_test_predicted_dnn)) #Get test set R2 \n",
" #Print R2 values\n",
" R2s_dnn=get_R2(y_test,y_test_predicted_dnn)\n",
" print('R2s:', R2s_dnn) \n",
" \n",
" \n",
" y_pred_ensemble_all.append(y_test_predicted_dnn) # #Add test set predictions to list (for saving) \n",
"\n",
"mean_r2_ensemble=np.mean(mean_r2_dnn,axis=1) #Get mean R2 value for each fold (across x and y predictions)\n",
"\n",
"#Save data\n",
"with open(save_folder+dataset+'_results_ensemble_dnn2.pickle','wb') as f:\n",
" pickle.dump([mean_r2_ensemble,y_pred_ensemble_all],f)"
]
}
],
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|
(SPOT.ph) It was back in September when we learned that chef, author, and television show host Anthony Bourdain would return to shoot an episode in the Philippines—this time for his current program, Parts Unknown. Bourdain once took a mini-tour of Philippine gastronomy in 2008 for No Reservations.
No information was given on when his Philippine stop would be, where he was going to go, and what he was going to eat, but last night, December 10, photographer David Hanson spotted him at Cafe Chosun in Malate, Manila. "He was about to leave," Hanson tells us. "It was around 9:30 p.m." Cafe Chosun is a highly rated Korean barbecue place, but the cameras weren't rolling at that time.
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We're not entirely sure what the chef was doing in the Philippines. Whether he was filming for Parts Unknown or he was vacationing a la Brangelina or he was channeling Margot Robbie, all we have to say is: Welcome back!
Photo is used with permission from David Hanson
Also read: 10 Things We'd Feed Anthony Bourdain on His Next Visit to the Philippines |
The simulation of the dynamical behavior of processes or events is greatly important in many technical fields. Practically, each control logic or control device according to the current state of the art is developed according to a simulation of the functionalities of the device by means of a virtual model. Control processes are also simulated by virtual models, which simulate the behavior of the control logic in several operative conditions such that the correct configuration of the control logic can be tested relatively to a proper way of functioning before a control device operating with such control logic is produced.
Virtual models simulating the behavior of devices or plants or simulating the evolution of processes or events both in time and in space are also relevant for the cognitive processes of artificial intelligence since a device provided with artificial intelligence can evaluate the consequences in future times of events, of which some parameters describing the effects of those events have been measured at different times.
This kind of technology enhances the power of artificial intelligence in evaluating events or processes and in taking decisions about actions or operations to be carried out based on the evaluation of data acquired by measuring physical or chemical parameters of a certain environment.
Events or processes but also devices, plants or control systems can be described by physical and/or chemical parameters. Those parameters relate to the condition of the event, of the process or of the device, of the plant or the control system and/or to the functional or evolution steps which will be carried out as a response to certain status conditions. Thus, it is clear that a space can be constructed representing the event, the process or the device, the plant, and the control system in relation to certain status or functional parameters. Such status or functional behavior or the evolution of the event or the process can be described by means of a topographic representation.
Similarly, considering a device or a plant or a control system, these have a two or three dimensional structure which can be described by functional or constructive schemes, in which single operative units or organs are represented and their connections, such that the behavior of the system, of the device or of the plant can be represented by the changes in the status or functional parameters of the single operative units or organs. That plant, that device or system already has a topographic structure related to the positions of the operative units, which could serve as a space for representing the system. In a further improvement, however, the space to be used is a space defined by a certain number of status or functional parameters of a certain number of operative organs or units, in which a point in this space represents a status condition or a functional condition at a certain time of a certain operative unit or organ. When the status or functional conditions changes in time, the point representing the status and/or functional condition of a certain operative unit or organ changes its place in that space.
Consider, for example, a system in which the status condition of each organ or unit provided in the system is defined by P, V and T (Pressure, Volume, Temperature) parameters. A three dimensional space can be constructed in which the status or functional condition of each unit or organ is described by a point in said space, the coordinate of that point being the measured or imposed values for pressure, volume and temperature at said unit or organ. Thus, by representing each operative unit or organ by a different point, positioned in the space according to the coordinate set equal to the measured or imposed values for pressure, volume and temperature at said unit or organ, a status map at a certain time of the entire system can be generated. Repeating such measures in time enables following evolution status.
If the system has a great number of operative organs or units, it is a very high burden to measure the values of pressure, volume and temperature at each of those operative organs or units. |
TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN
NO. 03-08-00611-CR
Toni Martinez, Appellant
v.
The State of Texas, Appellee
FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF TRAVIS COUNTY, 403RD JUDICIAL DISTRICT
NO. D-1-DC-08-201403, HONORABLE BRENDA KENNEDY, JUDGE PRESIDING
MEMORANDUM OPINION
A jury convicted appellant Toni Martinez of the offense of injury to a child. See
Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 22.04(a)(1) (West Supp. 2008). Punishment was assessed at eighteen years’
imprisonment. In two points of error, Martinez asserts that the jury charge given during punishment,
as mandated by article 37.07, section 4(a), of the code of criminal procedure, is unconstitutional
under the due-course-of-law provisions of the Texas Constitution and the due-process clause of the
United States Constitution. We will affirm the judgment of conviction.
BACKGROUND
The underlying facts of this case are not disputed on appeal. The jury heard evidence
that, on March 8, 2008, Martinez’s two-year-old son was rushed by ambulance to the hospital. His
injuries included retinal hemorrhaging and a subdural hematoma, i.e., a blood clot between the brain
and the skull. Doctors performed emergency neurosurgery, which involved “the extreme measure
of removing a portion of the skull.” One of the doctors who treated the child testified that the child
had suffered a “traumatic brain injury,” and the child “would probably be dead were it not for the
medical interventions that took place after he was brought to the hospital.” The child was diagnosed
with shake-impact syndrome, also known as shaken-baby syndrome.
Martinez was interviewed by Child Protective Services. The investigator who
interviewed Martinez, Coty Stanley, testified that Martinez told her that she had “lost her temper”
with the child, “shook him,” and “took him then into the bathroom and threw him into the tub.”
According to Stanley, “She said that he hit the tub bottom first and she began hitting him over
the head openhanded.” Then, Stanley continued, Martinez “noticed that something wasn’t right, his
eyes were glazed over, and that’s when she had called for an ambulance.”
Martinez was subsequently charged with the first-degree felony offense of injury to a
child. The indictment alleged that Martinez intentionally or knowingly caused serious bodily injury
to the child and that she used or exhibited a deadly weapon during the commission of the offense,
namely her hand. The jury found Martinez guilty of the lesser-included offense of recklessly causing
serious injury to a child, a second-degree felony. The jury also found that Martinez used or exhibited
a deadly weapon during the commission of the offense. Martinez was sentenced to eighteen years’
imprisonment. This appeal followed.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
In evaluating Martinez’s complaint of charge error, we apply the two-pronged test
set out in Almanza v. State, 686 S.W.2d 157, 171 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (op. on reh’g). We first
determine whether error exists. Ngo v. State, 175 S.W.3d 738, 743 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005);
2
Swearingen v. State, 270 S.W.3d 804, 808 (Tex. App.—Austin 2008, pet. ref’d). If error exists,
we then evaluate the harm caused by the error. Ngo, 175 S.W.3d at 743; Swearingen, 270 S.W.3d
at 808.
ANALYSIS
Because of the deadly weapon finding in this case, the jury charge on punishment
included the following language as mandated by article 37.07, section 4(a), of the code of criminal
procedure:
5.
Under the law applicable in this case, if the defendant is sentenced to a term
of imprisonment, he will not become eligible for parole until the actual time served
equals one-half of the sentence imposed or 30 years, whichever is less, without
consideration of any good conduct time he may earn. If the defendant is sentenced
to a term of less than four years, he must serve at least two years before he is eligible
for parole. Eligibility for parole does not guarantee that parole will be granted.
6.
Under the law applicable in this case, the defendant, if sentenced to a term of
imprisonment, may earn time off the period of incarceration imposed through
the award of good conduct time. Prison authorities may award good conduct time
to a prisoner who exhibits good behavior, diligence in carrying out prison work
assignments, and attempts at rehabilitation. If a prisoner engages in misconduct,
prison authorities may also take away all or part of any good conduct time earned
by the prisoner.
7.
It is also possible that the length of time for which the defendant will be
imprisoned might be reduced by the award of parole.
3
8.
It cannot accurately be predicted how the parole law and good conduct time
might be applied to this defendant if he is sentenced to a term of imprisonment,
because the application of these laws will depend on decisions made by prison and
parole authorities.
You may consider the existence of the parole law and good conduct time.
However, you are not to consider the extent to which good conduct time may
be awarded to or forfeited by this particular defendant. You are not to consider the
manner in which the parole law may be applied to this particular defendant.
See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. Ann. art. 37.07, § 4(a) (West Supp. 2008).
Martinez, while acknowledging that the above paragraphs are “required by Texas
law,” nevertheless asserts that the statutory language is erroneous and unconstitutional because it
misled the jury into believing that Martinez’s sentence could be shortened by earning good-conduct
time, when in fact, because of the deadly weapon finding, good-conduct time has no effect on her
parole-eligibility date, and she is not eligible for mandatory supervision. See Tex. Gov’t Code Ann.
§ 508.149(a)(1) (West Supp. 2008) (providing that inmate may not be released to mandatory
supervision if inmate is serving sentence for offense that contains affirmative finding under
article 42.12, section 3g(a)(2), code of criminal procedure).
Martinez’s arguments have already been addressed by the court of criminal appeals.
See Luquis v. State, 72 S.W.3d 355 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). In Luquis, the court held that a
trial court does not err by giving the above instructions, see id. at 363, and that the above instructions
do not violate a defendant’s due-process or due-course-of-law rights. See id. at 364-68. The Luquis
court recognized that there may be some cases in which the parole-law instruction “may be
4
misleading as applied to the facts in a particular case.” Id. at 367. However, in such a case, there
must be evidence in the record that the parole-law instruction “was calculated to mislead [the] jury
or that there is a reasonable probability that it did mislead [the] jury.” Id. Nothing in the record
suggests that this is such a case.
Martinez acknowledges the court’s decision in Luquis, but criticizes the court’s
reasoning and asks this Court to “revisit” the issue. However, this Court is bound by the precedent
of the court of criminal appeals and has no authority to disregard or overrule its decisions. See State
ex rel. Vance v. Clawson, 465 S.W.2d 164, 168 (Tex. Crim. App. 1971); Wiley v. State, 112 S.W.3d
173, 175 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, pet. ref’d).
We overrule Martinez’s first and second points of error.
CONCLUSION
We affirm the judgment of the district court.
____________________________________________
Bob Pemberton, Justice
Before Justices Patterson, Puryear and Pemberton
Affirmed
Filed: August 21, 2009
Do Not Publish
5
|
This example demonstrates network directed broadcast. "client" periodically
sends UDP packets to the 10.0.1.255 destination address, i.e. to the
broadcast address of the 10.0.1.x subnet. (Client itself is outside this
network, because of the way the configurator assigns addresses by default:
each link, i.e. each LAN, becames a different subnet).
When packets arrive at the router of the 10.0.1.x subnet (R2), the router
will broadcast the packet on the LAN, and so all "target" hosts will
receive it.
|
Using systemd to Run Your App
Ensuring the your node app is always running is important. In the old days of node we used to use node modules like forever to do this, but now we have better options. systemd is an init system that's built into many different linux distributions. This guide will show you how to use systemd to restart your app if the process dies for some reason.
Using systemd scripts
To use systemd create a new file in the /etc/systemd/system directory on your system called yourapp.service . Inside of that file you can use the following template. You should replace everything in all caps with your own values, except where it says NODE_ENV.
[Service] ExecStart=/usr/bin/node --use_strict /PATH/TO/YOUR/APP/bin/www Restart=always StandardOutput=syslog StandardError=syslog SyslogIdentifier=YOUR_APP User=node Group=node Environment=NODE_ENV=production [Install] WantedBy=multi-user.target
Starting your app with systemd
Once you've created the systemd script you can now use the systemctl command to start, stop or restart your app.
systemctl start yourapp.service
systemctl stop yourapp.service
systemctl restart yourapp.service
Once you've run the start command your app will continue to re-boot if the process dies until you run the stop command. |
Q:
Datastreams floating point Java
If the next statement is true:
DataStreams uses one very bad programming technique: it uses floating
point numbers to represent monetary values. In general, floating point
is bad for precise values. It's particularly bad for decimal
fractions, because common values (such as 0.1) do not have a binary
representation.
It's then true that datastreams are to be used only for non floating point values?
It's not that useful if it is in this way.
A:
The quote is confusing for a number of reasons
DataStreams uses one very bad programming technique: it uses floating point numbers to represent monetary values.
DataStream don't have anything to say about how monetary values are sent. There is no send Price/Money/Currency methods. How you send monetary values is entirely up to you,
In general, floating point is bad for precise values.
float is very bad for precise values as it only has 6 digits of precision. double on the other hand has at least 15 digits of precision and this is usually more than enough for money. i.e. you can accurately represent values up to $70,000,000,000,000.00
In general, I would avoid float as it isn't worth the memory you save (unless you have millions or billions of them)
It's particularly bad for decimal fractions, because common values (such as 0.1) do not have a binary representation.
This does not have a precise binary representation, something the double to text conversion implicitly compensate for. e.g.
double d = 0.1; // no a precise representation
System.out.println(d); // print 0.1 as the conversion is aware this what should be displayed.
While representation errors can be a head ache, they are not random errors which some people seems to believe. They can be determined and controlled with sensible rounding.
Never the less if you want to use BigDecimal for your values, you can and you can write this to a DataStream.
BTW C and C++ don't have a decimal type and yet many trading systems (in the past most trading systems) used these languages. They did this by using int, long and double types in general, as do many Java based trading systems. Most investment banks in London use double AFAIK. (I have worked at more than a few ;)
It's then true that datastreams are to be used only for non floating point values?
A common misused of DataInputStream is for reading text. There are about 30 questions and answer posted to SO a month which use DataInputStream to read text from a file and it is something I am actively trying to stop.
However DataInputStream is useful for reading all primitive types, Strings and reading a full byte[] e.g.
byte[] bytes = new byte[64];
dataInputSTream.readFully(bytes); // don't return unless 64 bytes have been read.
Note: the DataStream assume Big Endian or Network order. Unfortunately most desktop and mobile systems use Little Endian meaning you need to use ByteBuffer if you want to exchange data with a C program.
If you want a simple comparison of how inefficient BigDecimal compared with double
BigDecimal is approximately 100x slower to perform basic calculations and it does not support complex ones that double does.
double produces no garbage, BigDecimal produces a lot.
Writing one double to a stream 8 bytes, write one BigDecimal to an ObjectOutputStream 290 bytes.
What BigDecimal does for you is give you precise and controlled rounding built in. With double you have to know how to use functions like Math.round, Math.floor, Math.ceil to do the same thing.
|
The Monarch’s speech will be shown on TV and the Royal Family’s social media channels (Picture: UK Press via Getty Images)
Queen Elizabeth is to address the UK and the Commonwealth in a rare televised broadcast this Sunday, after more than 3,000 people lost their lives to coronavirus.
The Monarch, who is currently in self-isolation in Windsor Castle, will speak at 8pm in what will be only the fourth televised address of her 68-year-reign during times of national crisis and grief.
Her pre-recorded speech, which will also be shown on the Royal Family’s social media channels, comes as the national death toll rises by 684 – the biggest daily increase since the outbreak began.
The head of the Royal Family normally broadcasts a recorded message each year on Christmas Day – but gave a special address after the Queen Mother’s death in 2002, ahead of Diana, Princess of Wales’s funeral in 1997 and about the First Gulf War in 1991.
Queen Elizabeth II holding her weekly audience with Britain’s Prime Minister Boris Johnson on the phone from Windsor Castle in Windsor, west of London on March 25, 2020 (Picture: Buckingham Palace/AFP via Getty)
A member of the ambulance service wearing personal protective equipment is seen leading a patient (unseen) into an ambulance at St Thomas’ Hospital in London (Picture: AFP via Getty Images)
The UK death toll rose by 684 today
For all the latest news and updates on Coronavirus, click here. Read the latest updates: Coronavirus news live.
On the eve of Princess Diana’s funeral, the Queen made an unprecedented decision to deliver her speech live.
Speaking from Buckingham Palace against a backdrop of a view of the crowds of mourners outside, she described her former daughter-in-law as ‘an exceptional and gifted human being’.
Dressed all in black, she added: ‘In good times and bad, she never lost her capacity to smile and laugh, nor to inspire others with her warmth and kindness.’
In February 1991, Her Majesty recorded a brief televised address to the nation during the Gulf War, as the allied land offensive began against Iraqi forces occupying Kuwait.
Calling on the nation to unite and pray that the Armed Forces’ success would be as ‘swift as it is certain’, she said she hoped it would be ‘achieved with as small a cost in human life and suffering as possible’.
A drive-through NHS testing facility for Covid-19 at IKEA Wembley, north-west London (Picture: James Veysey/REX)
A woman wears a mask as a precaution against coronavirus on a street in London (Picture: Ilyas Tayfun Salci/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images)
A member of the military speaks with paramedics outside Manchester Central which is being turned into a Nightingale Hospital (Picture: Getty Images)
The day before her mother’s funeral in 2002, the Queen thanked the UK people for their support and the ‘love and honour’ shown to the Queen Mother.
She said: ‘I count myself fortunate that my mother was blessed with a long and happy life.
‘She had an infectious zest for living, and this remained with her until the very end.’
The Queen has also been known to give speeches in times of celebration, notably to mark her Diamond Jubilee in 2012.
In a two-minute pre-recorded televised message, she told the nation she was deeply touched by their support and hoped ‘memories of all this year’s happy events will brighten our lives for many years to come’.
Get in touch with our news team by emailing us at webnews@metro.co.uk.
For more stories like this, check our news page. |
How 'Joe Exotic' went from a presidential run to prison Former exotic animal park owner convicted in murder-for-hire plot Share Shares Copy Link Copy
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what to a murder for hire plot A former presidential candidate and an exotic animal park have in common a man called Joe Exotic Joe Maldonado Passage better known as Joe Exotic is a man with a colorful past, to say the least. He's a self proclaimed country music artist, the former owner of an exotic animal park, the one time candidate for governor of Oklahoma, and he even ran for president in 2016. His life is anything but team. I have a judgment against Rick from somebody down there in Florida, but I can tell you I paid a fine with the U. S. J and that is nothing but a civil fine. Ladies and gentlemen, that does not mean that I was accused or convicted of any kind of animal cruelty thing. Joe Exotic was the owner of the G W. Exotic Animal Park in Oklahoma. Animal rights groups often condemned his controversial business practices. He faced multiple citations from the USDA and even underwent a federal investigation after a tiger attacked an employee. Carole Baskin, the CEO of Florida Wildlife Sanctuary. Big Cat Rescue was arguably one of his biggest critics, and their contentious relationship may have been what led to his arrest. He's made mannequins with her likeness and blown him up. Shot him. There's probably not a person in leather who came to the park who he didn't solicit to hurt this woman. I've dealt with so many of these dress from so many of these people that are exploiting animals that, you know, if they treat animals that badly, they have no concern for life. Joe Exotics Life has repeatedly been in the public eye. In 2017 his husband, Travis Maldonado, accidentally shot himself in a tragic, fatal accident. I needed a number of the G w exotic animal part now the witnesses of the staff that was in office when he shot himself that he thought the gun wouldn't go off without the clip it. And according to the Justice Department's timeline, at the same time Joe was trying to hire someone for murder, he was also campaigning for Oklahoma. Governor came across that you did a music video called Pretty Woman Lover. Yes, you're dancing in between two scantily clad women. You have your own line of condoms called Tiger King. Who is Joseph Maldonado? I'm one of the normal people walk around here that actually work for 11 and still sit in an office or born into politics or bought into politics. And, you know, in order to solve some of the issues out here, you have to you have to live them. Joe Exotic faces two counts of hiring a person to commit murder, according to court documents. In one instance, he gave an unnamed person $3000 to travel from Oklahoma to South Carolina, then on to Florida to kill Jane Doe. If I wanted to kill her, I would have done it way before I spent 3/4 of a $1,000,000 arguing with her in court the IRA 3000. How much the second count sites that Joe asked a different unnamed person to find someone to commit the murder. This person put Joe in contact with an undercover FBI agent. The two met in December of 2017 to discuss the details of the hit leading to his eventual arrest. Been set up. I've been throwed in jail, I've had my rights taken away from me, and I still live in this country where I'm supposed to be in until proven guilty. The new owners of the exotic park say they assisted authorities to We just help the authorities tie some loose ends together. We are planning to open up a different facility. This place is very tainted by Joe's name, and we do not wantto be associated with it. My attorney problem doesn't want me talking about my case. But I can't tell you that the bastard that given my stuff away is the one who set me up so I could get put in jail and he could get away with this. So So you were set up. Do you bet your ass I got so much evidence on this man and the U. S. Attorney's office Seems like they could give. My husband tried to go remove my animals. He threatened to shoot anybody that entered the property. And my mom still owns half the land. Keep in mind, they demolished my house with all of my personal belongings in it. At what point is gonna go to jail, Joe Exotic entered a plea of not guilty and will remain in custody until his trial on November 7th. 2018. They did not bail. Okay? Right on the bond, because they said that I was suicidal. I haven't seen a counselor. I haven't seen nobody in a prosecutor. And the judge can just deem me suicidal to keep me in jail so I can spend $700 on the commentary because you have to buy your soul pepper kitsch of Malays here. Well, I am looking forward to the day of proven that I am innocent. I just want my rights as an American citizen under the Constitution to be innocent until proven guilty. And that don't mean lock me up in a six bite for sale so I can have to smell for other people for it all day. I wouldn't get away with putting a chimpanzee in this situation. What do you think about the case and the life of Joe Exotic? I'm Alexandra Stone, and this has been your weekly dispatch
SIGN UP FOR BREAKING NEWS Get local stories sent straight to your inbox as news breaks. Submit Privacy Notice |
Q:
java program to open a web page in browser and post some data into the opened page
I m stuck into a problem. The problem is that i want to write a java code which opens a web page in a default browser and post my data into that opened web page.
Please could anyone guide me to do this. I dont have a clue in this.
Your help is much appreciated. Thanks in advance
A:
This will open the default browser
java.awt.Desktop.getDesktop().browse(theURI);
Have a look at this to see how to pass parameter in url
A:
You will need a web driver for this. Look at Selenium
I am pasting some code from Getting started with Selenium
package org.openqa.selenium.example;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.htmlunit.HtmlUnitDriver;
public class Example {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create a new instance of the html unit driver
// Notice that the remainder of the code relies on the interface,
// not the implementation.
WebDriver driver = new HtmlUnitDriver();
// And now use this to visit Google
driver.get("http://www.google.com");
// Find the text input element by its name
WebElement element = driver.findElement(By.name("q"));
// Enter something to search for
element.sendKeys("Cheese!");
// Now submit the form. WebDriver will find the form for us from the element
element.submit();
// Check the title of the page
System.out.println("Page title is: " + driver.getTitle());
driver.quit();
}
}
This example shows how you can open google.com and then type some search text and click the search button.
|
Happy Hump Day! It is Wednesday, right? What a week! Sure feels like it should be Friday! I've been working on our fall porch decor and one of the things I wanted to include was this gorgeous wood oversized row of hooks.
It's called the Statement Row of Hooks and I just love it, but I didn't love the price, so I set out to make my own. Here's what you need.
I picked up a 1 x 6 x 4 at Lowe's along with 4 table legs and some 2 1/2 inch wood screws. Since the 1 x 6 was already 4 feet long, I didn't have to cut it to length. For the hooks, which are quite large as the name implies, I chose to use table legs that I cut off to be 8 inches long.
Next, I placed them exactly where I wanted them on the 1 x 6 and traced a circle around each one. My "pegs" were 6 inches from the end with approximately 10 - 11 inch spacing between each one.
This is the back side of the row of hooks. Next I pre drilled a hole into the center of each circle.
And then pre drilled a hole into the center of each of the cut table legs.
Then drill your screw into the pre drilled hole in the circle until it begins to come out the other side of the board. Line it up with the hole in the table leg and while holding the leg tightly against the board, continue drilling the screw into the table leg. It should be very tight. It's important to use 2 1/2 inch screws here because they make the pegs very sturdy and able to withstand holding something fairly heavy.
It should look like this, only your screw should be completely screwed in. I left mine out a little so you could see how they line up. Continue doing that with each "peg" until each one is attached. After it was all finished, I put a couple of coats of Minwax Special Walnut stain on and let dry. Here's my version.....I'm super happy with it! I've got some special things to hang from it for fall, as well as, some other fun things in store for the front porch but I wanted to show you what it would look like first and show you how you could make your own. I really wanted to add some warmth to the porch for the fall season and make a statement so what better way to do that than to add a statement row of hooks, right?!
Total cost for this project was just under $25 for the pine 1 x 6 x 4, the 4 table legs and the package of screws. The stain and foam brush I already had. Can't beat that! I just love it! Stay tuned for the complete Fall porch makeover very soon! Have a great day! |
Q:
regex to find a substring with key value pair
I want a regex for below scenario:
Input String:
"/eve/?tr=abcd&ay=123&test=123456789&e=event"
Output of regex should be (Search for attribute "test" and get the value against it: 123456789
I am using regex: [/test=([^\"]*)/, 1] but it returns string "123456789&e=event"
How to correct this regex?
A:
You need to match everything up to the next &, not ":
[/test=([^&]*)/, 1]
|
Introduction {#Sec1}
============
Bi containing III/V semiconductor materials have seen growing interest due to their strong reduction of the band gap energy even with a small fraction of Bi^[@CR1]--[@CR3]^. Furthermore, a growing Bi content leads to a drastic increase of spin-orbit splitting^[@CR4]^. For example in GaAs the band gap is reduced by about 90 meV per percent of Bi incorporation^[@CR2]^. With a Bi fraction higher than 10% the spin-orbit splitting becomes even larger than the band gap^[@CR5],[@CR6]^. Due to this modification Auger recombination processes can be suppressed, leading to an increased efficiency in photonic devices. Several bismide materials showed similar properties to those mentioned ones in Ga(As,Bi) promising new applications in optoelectronics^[@CR7]--[@CR11]^. Further theoretical calculations on the properties Ga(P,Bi), which could be a promising candidate for tuning the emission of optical sources as well as for the fabrication of laser devices emitting in the telecommunication wavelength, were reported^[@CR12]^. Since GaP can be grown nearly lattice matched on Si^[@CR13]^ the possibility to grow Ga(P,Bi) devices on Si exists^[@CR14]^. The fabrication of materials with a high fraction of Bi is, however, challenging due to its highly metastable nature. Furthermore, the grown Bi containing materials have to have a very high quality in terms of crystal defects to be practical for optoelectronic applications. The investigation by Christian *et al*.^[@CR15]^ demonstrated a Bi incorporation of 3.2% in GaP using a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) setup. Later results on metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) grown Ga(P,Bi) samples by Nattermann *et al*.^[@CR14]^ showed a Bi incorporation of up to 8%. In addition, *in situ* information with regards to Bi cluster formation during growth and post growth annealing is missing. Furthermore, the mechanisms involved are not yet understood^[@CR16],[@CR17]^. Beside all successes, the optimization of growth conditions for functional III/V semiconductor materials is still very challenging as can be seen by the growing body of publications within this field^[@CR18]--[@CR20]^. In particular *in situ* information promises to deliver details about the growth mechanisms and can therefore help to improve the growth parameters. One of the advantages of *in situ* methods is that they enable live insights into dynamic processes. *In situ* (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM) has been proven to be an outstanding technique for these kind of observations^[@CR21],[@CR22]^. The compatibility of modern *in situ* holders with most TEMs makes this technique feasible for a wide range of research. *In situ* TEM systems, such as the Atmosphere system^[@CR23]^ developed and produced by Protochips (Morrisville, NC, USA), are enabling observations at gas pressures up to 1,000 hPa and temperatures of 1,000 °C. With these specifications the experimental growth conditions in terms of temperature and precursor pressure of MOVPE, which is commonly used to fabricate novel III/V semiconductor compounds, can be realized.
In this paper we use *in situ* (S)TEM to investigate the threshold temperature at which the local Bi clustering take place. Further we investigate the cluster formation process as a function of the Bi fraction of the Ga(P,Bi) layers under group V stabilized conditions. Furthermore, we give a detailed insight into the Bi cluster characteristics under atomic resolution conditions.
Experimental Methods {#Sec2}
====================
The Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~)/GaP sample studied in this work was grown by MOVPE using a commercially available Aixtron horizontal reactor system (AIX 200-reactor) with gas foil rotation. Triethylgallium (TEGa), tertiarybutylphosphine (TBP), and trimethylbismuth (TMBi) were used as precursors for Ga, P and Bi, respectively. The growth temperature for the Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layer was set to 400 °C, while the GaP barriers growth temperature was set to 625 °C to remove surplus Bi from the surface. Further information, including a more detailed description of the MOVPE growth procedure of the Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~)/GaP sample is summarized thoroughly by Nattermann *et al*.^[@CR14]^. The sample used for the present study consists of two 55 nm thick Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layers with Bi fractions of x = 3.6% and x = 7.4%, separated by GaP barriers with an approximate thickness of 100 nm. The Bi fraction of each Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layer is determined using secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), with complementary high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) measurements taken for comparative purposes. Here a HRXRD pattern was simulated around the (004)-GaP substrate peak, assuming the GaBi lattice constant to be 6.33 Å^[@CR3]^. Due to the micrometer sized spot of the XRD, the resulting content values represent an average. Since potential clusters may exhibit a rhombohedral structure^[@CR16]^ and their size is in the nanometer length scale, it is unlikely that they influence these (004) rocking curves at all. The sample preparation for the presented *in situ* study was done using a JEOL JIB 4601 F FIB system. The detailed preparation process of the lamella and the loading procedure of the finished specimen into the *in situ* cell will not be repeated here, but a detailed description can be found in Straubinger *et al*.^[@CR24]^. In summary, an electron transparent lamella was prepared out of a wafer piece as described in Schaffer *et al*.^[@CR25]^. Upon completion, the lamella was rotated by 90° along the long axis and mounted with the electron transparent section positioned precisely above the electron transparent SiN window of the thermal e-chip produced by Protochips. The STEM investigations were performed in a double-C~S~ corrected JEOL JEM 2200 FS field emission TEM operating at 200 kV. For the *in situ* investigation, a modified atmosphere system with a gas environmental cell holder from Protochips was used. A detailed description of the system, the specifications, and the required modifications are given in Straubinger *et al*.^[@CR26]^. This setup allows for high resolution (S)TEM investigation of III/V semiconductor materials in the growth temperature regime and under the necessary group V stabilization, which is indispensable when aiming to avoid group V desorption. Image generation was carried out in high angle annular dark field (HAADF) mode, also known as Z-contrast mode^[@CR27],[@CR28]^ due to the underlying Rutherford-like distribution of the scattered electrons. Hence, the detected intensity is proportional to Z^1.6--2^, which helps to intuitively distinguish between different elements. In order to allow for determining thickness in later stages, the acquired images were normalized with respect to the impinging beam following the procedure described in He & Li^[@CR29]^. The HAADF intensity is corrected by subtracting the intensity contribution of the SiN windows from the measured intensity of the crystalline sample. This approximation is justified because both SiN windows are amorphous and highly defocused. Subsequent comparison with complementary contrast simulation using the frozen phonon approximation available in STEMsim^[@CR30]^ was used to determine the lamella thickness. A more detailed description of all simulation parameters is given in^[@CR26]^.
Results and Discussion {#Sec3}
======================
This paper is organized as follows: first, by tracking the lamella thickness over the temperature for different TBP pressures in the *in situ* cell, it should be ensured that the following measurements are not influenced by any destructive behaviour of the crystal structure due to P desorption. Next, the initial Bi cluster formation temperature and the cluster characteristic in terms of cluster size and formation time is determined by analysing the intensity distribution within the Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layers for three temperature series covering the MOVPE growth temperature regime. Here, one question to be answered refers to the time during which the local Bi enrichment takes place in the growth process. Subsequent annealing studies at temperatures significantly above the growth temperature will ascertain the relationship between the Bi fraction in the Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layer and the initial Bi clustering temperature. Finally, a closer insight into the crystalline structure of the Bi clusters within the Ga(P~92.6~Bi~7.4~) layer will be given.
Figure [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"} shows a HAADF STEM overview image of the investigated structure as grown, i.e without thermal treatment. As mentioned in the experimental section the sample consists of two Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layers with a different Bi content. The Bi fraction is indicated on the right hand side of the image. Every Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layer has a thickness of around 55 nm and is surrounded by approximately 100 nm of GaP. Due to the large atomic number of Bi (Z = 83), the clusters appear brighter in the HAADF STEM image. Some Bi enriched areas can be observed on the left hand side in the very top Ga(P~92.6~Bi~7.4~) layer. Due to the thickness of the lamella and the resulting overlay of the rhombohedral crystal structure of a pure Bi cluster and the surrounding zincblende host material, it is not possible to determine whether the bright areas are rhombohedral Bi clusters or Bi enriched zincblende Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~). Therefore, we will refer to the bright areas within the Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layer as clusters in the following. This is justified because the post thermal annealing investigation at a thin sample region reveals that the bright areas, which occur due to the thermal annealing, consist of rhombohedral Bi^[@CR16]^ as will be shown later. By taking a closer look at the areas around the brighter areas in Fig. [1](#Fig1){ref-type="fig"} (some examples are marked by white arrows), a contrast variation is observable. These appearances might originate from Bi depleted tracks left from moving Bi during the cluster formation. Before investigation of the detailed characteristics of the Bi clusters, it should be clarified whether the cluster formation happens during the growth of the Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layer itself taking place at 400 °C or during the growth of overlying GaP layer acting as a 625 °C thermal annealing for the lower Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layers. To ensure no contribution of already existing Bi clusters, the experiments were carried out in areas with a homogeneous Bi distribution.Figure 1HAADF STEM overview image of the dedicated structure containing two 55 nm thick Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layers with different fractions of Bi embedded in approximately 100 nm thick GaP barriers. Some of the brighter appearing Bi clusters can be observed on the left hand side in the very top Ga(P~92.6~Bi~7.4~) layer. Around the brighter areas a contrast variation is observable which might originates from Bi depleted tracks left from moving Bi. (marked with white arrows).
To facilitate the investigation of III/V semiconductor materials *in situ* in the TEM at growth temperature regime, the crystal structure must be stabilized during the *in situ* annealing investigation to prevent group V desorption. This ensures that the observed changes do not occur due to structural degradation. One method to measure the sample destruction is to track the TEM lamella thickness during the *in situ* experiment. By doing so it is possible to identify the non-destructive temperature range in dependence of the group V stabilization. Figure [2](#Fig2){ref-type="fig"} shows the results of these thickness measurements. Here, the thickness divided by the initial thickness (t~200 °C~) over the temperature is shown for an unstabilized environment and two different TBP pressures in the *in situ* cell. The red dots belong to the unstabilized annealing experiment, the black squares and blue triangles show the results of the thermal treatment experiments applying 140 hPa and 180 hPa TBP, respectively. It should be mentioned that the thickness measurement in the unstabilized experiment and in the annealing series with 140 hPa TBP in the cell was carried out on a different TEM lamella within a GaP region with approximately 3% B which is negligible in the analysis. By comparing the stabilized with the unstabilized experiment one can clearly see the tremendous difference in the sample stability during the thermal treatment. Furthermore, by comparing the thermal treatment experiment under 140 hPa TBP (black squares) and 180 hPa TBP (blue triangles) environments, the different non-destructive temperature regimes can be seen directly. With 180 hPa TBP in the cell the crystal structure is thermally stable up to 750 °C, whereas the sample annealed in the 140 hPa TBP environment starts to degrade at around 600 °C. As a result of these findings, all further *in situ* annealing investigations discussed in this paper are carried out under a 180 hPa TBP stabilization.Figure 2Plot showing the thickness divided by initial thickness (t~200 °C~) versus the temperature. The three measurements compare the non-destructive temperature regime of the GaP region of the TEM lamella without group V stabilization (red dots) with two different amounts of TBP (black squares 140 hPa TBP, blue triangles 180 hPa TBP) in the cell during the thermal annealing^[@CR26]^.
To identify the initial temperature at which the clustering takes place the temperature was gradual increased by 50 °C starting with 300 °C which is significantly below the growth temperature of 400 °C and 625 °C, respectively. For every series the temperature was kept for 30 to 45 minutes. The HAADF STEM images recorded during every series in an approximately two minute cycles are the basis for the Bi clustering study within the Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layer. The measured standard deviation of the intensity within the ternary Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layer divided by the mean intensity of the surrounding GaP matrix, hereinafter designated as σ~rel~, is a measure for the inhomogeneity of the Bi distribution of the corresponding Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layer, as has been shown on the example of Ga(N,As,P) by Wegele and co workers^[@CR31]^. It should be pointed out that due to the large difference in the surface to bulk ratio and the relaxed strain in the thin lamella, the absolute value for the initial temperature above which the clustering takes place in the MOVPE process and inside an electron transparent TEM lamella are not directly comparable. Nevertheless, the trend is the same and therefore the results presented in the following allow an *in situ* investigation of a specific MOVPE process inside the STEM under high resolution conditions. Plot (a) in Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"} shows the σ~rel~ within the Ga(P~92.6~Bi~7.4~) layer gained from the aforementioned HAADF STEM images over the time for three temperature steps. By taking a look at the data points of the 500 °C time series (black squares), no increase in σ~rel~ can be observed. This indicates that no local Bi enrichment takes place. It should be mentioned that this temperature is already 100 °C above the Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layer growth temperature of 400 °C. Also, by further increasing the temperature by 50 °C to 550 °C (red dots) no change in the structure is visible. The blue triangles represent the time series at 600 °C, here the influence of the temperature on σ~rel~ within the Ga(P~92.6~Bi~7.4~) layer which originates from Bi clustering can be seen. It is worth noting that due to the random Bi distribution within the Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layer, the fluctuation of the sample thickness, and the presence of amorphous layers during sample preparation, the value of σ~rel~ is not zero even at the beginning of the experiment. It should also be emphasised that post *in situ* energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) measurements shown in Fig. [5(b)](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"} prove that the observable bright areas consists of Bi and do not consist of Ga which might form Ga droplets on the surface as observed in destructive temperature regimes. To better illustrate the process of Bi clustering a dashed line as a guide to the eye is added to the annealing series done at 600 °C in Fig. [3(a)](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}. Taking a closer look at the curvature of this line, the time course of the structural change is directly observable. The clustering of Bi within the Ga(P~92.6~Bi~7.4~) layer takes around 40 minutes before the clusters reach a stable size. Later investigation, shown in Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}, at higher temperatures will clarify whether the cluster size increases further with rising temperatures or if there is a stable Bi cluster formation over the whole temperature regime above the threshold temperature. The STEM images presented in Fig. [3(b)](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"} show the formation of one big and two smaller Bi clusters during the temperature series at 600 °C. It is worth noting that the very long investigation time of this experiment and the presence of the group V precursor gas in the *in situ* cell resulted in a carbon coating forming over time, which caused a reduction of the contrast in the STEM images. Therefore, the HAADF intensity in the images presented on the left hand side of Fig. [3(b)](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"} are the original STEM images and are presented with the same intensity scale. For comparison, the micrographs shown on the right hand side of Fig. [3(b)](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"} are color-coded from blue (min. Intensity) to red (max. intensity) and in their individual intensity scale, since it enhances the visibility of the clusters. The scale of color-coding is shown on the far right hand side. The time passed with respect to the start of the experiment at which each image is recorded is indicated at the very right hand side. Furthermore, the black lines between the plot (a) and (b) relate the STEM image with the corresponding data point. It should be mentioned that the STEM images in Fig. [3(b)](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"} show only a part of the larger images investigated to generate the data points presented in Fig. [3(a)](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}. To further compare the Bi clustering in dependence of the Bi fraction, plot (c) in Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"} shows σ~rel~ drawn over the time within the Ga(P~96.4~Bi~3.6~) layer. Here, no Bi clustering could be observed for all three temperature series, i.e. 500 °C, 550 °C, and 600 °C. Overall, the results presented in Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"} already answer the question regarding the time during which the local Bi enrichment occurs within the growth process. It thus can be concluded that the Ga(P~92.6~Bi~7.4~) layer structure might grow without Bi clusters, and due to the subsequent GaP layer which has a growth temperature of 625 °C, the inhomogeneity of the Bi distribution takes place. This result is further supported by *ex situ* investigations on Ga(P~92.6~Bi~7.4~) layers without a GaP cap, where no Bi clusters appear in the structure. Further experiments significantly above the growth temperature should demonstrate the relationship between the temperature at which Bi clustering takes place and the Bi fraction in the Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layer as well as if the cluster size in the Ga(P~92.6~Bi~7.4~) layer further increases with rising temperature.Figure 3Plot (**a**) and (**c**) show σ~rel~, i.e. standard deviation of the intensity within the ternary Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layer divided by the mean intensity of the surrounding GaP matrix, over the time within the Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layer with 7.4% and 3.6% Bi, respectively. The temperature series were carried out at 500 °C (black squares), 550 °C (red dots) and 600 °C (blue triangles). The original as well as the color coded STEM images (**b**) show the formation of one big and two smaller Bi clusters within the Ga(P~92.6~Bi~7.4~) layer over time. The color-coding scale is shown on the far right hand side.Figure 4Plot (**a**) and (**b**) show σ~rel~ over the time within the Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layers with 7.4% and 3.6% Bi. These measurements were performed at 650 °C (black squares), 700 °C (red dots) and 750 °C (blue triangles).
To further investigate the initialisation temperature with regard to the Bi fraction, the plots in Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"} show σ~rel~ for the same Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layers presented in Fig. [3](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"} but at temperatures significantly above the growth temperatures. It should be noted that the measurements of the Ga(P~92.6~Bi~7.4~) layer were carried out at a thinner section on the lamella, therefore the values of σ~rel~ are slightly different compared to the values in Fig. [3(a)](#Fig3){ref-type="fig"}. However, a closer look at the plot (a) in Fig. [4](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"} reveals that there is no further inhomogeneity in the Bi distribution caused by increasing the temperature from 650 °C up to 750 °C. This confirms the previous observation that the Bi cluster formation reaches a stable size which is steady against higher temperatures. Due to the large spreading of the data points presented in Fig. [4(b)](#Fig4){ref-type="fig"}, dashed lines are added to the Ga(P~96.4~Bi~3.6~) layer measurements as a guide to the experiment. By comparing the series recorded at 650 °C (black squares) and the series measured at 700 °C (red dots), one cannot see any hint of Bi clustering which would lead to an increase of σ~rel~. In contrast to that, it can be assumed that there is a rising σ~rel~ value in the annealing series recorded at 750 °C within the Ga(P~96.4~Bi~3.6~) layer. From that point of view one can speculate that the Bi fraction in the Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layers is directly related to the initial clustering temperature. Unfortunately, it is not possible to further increase the temperature to investigate the Bi clustering in the Ga(P~96.4~Bi~3.6~) layer without destroying the crystal structure in a 180 hPa TBP environment. Further studies carried out at higher TBP pressures will investigate this correlation in more detail.
Figure [5(a)](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"} shows a atomic resolution HAADF STEM image of one Bi cluster recorded in the Ga(P~92.6~Bi~7.4~) layer after the thermal annealing experiment. To have tilting capability in both directions and orientate the sample precisely along the \[010\] viewing direction, the image is recorded in a standard double tilt holder. Here, the lattice planes corresponding to rhombohedral single crystal Bi are clearly resolved. The single crystalline lattice parameter for Bi were determined and published by D. Schiferl and C.S. Barrett^[@CR32]^. Two rhombohedral Bi {101} planes with a spacing of 0.327 nm are highlighted in Fig. [5(a)](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"} with white dashed lines. The inset in Fig. [5(b)](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"} shows the inverted FFT of the STEM image shown in Fig. [5(a)](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"}. The FFT was calibrated using the {200} reflections of Ga(P,Bi) which retain the spacing of pure GaP due to the tetragonal distortion. Here the parallelism between the Bi {101} and the Ga(P,Bi) {202} planes is clearly visible. The aforementioned contrast variation resulting from Bi depleted regions due to migrating Bi during the formation of Bi cluster can also seen in the STEM image in Fig. [5(a)](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"} at the lower right edge of the Bi cluster. The preferred moving direction seems to be along the \[−101\] and \[101\] direction. This was also observed in STEM images at higher magnifications. The plot in Fig. [5(b)](#Fig5){ref-type="fig"} shows the EDS results of the region at the Bi cluster (black line) and for comparison at a region within the Ga(P~92.6~Bi~7.4~) layer but without Bi clusters (red line). The counts per second (cps) over the energy in keV is plotted in the energy range around the Bi~**Mα**~ edge. This result proves that the bright areas in the STEM images consist of Bi.Figure 5Atomic resolution HAADF STEM image of the Ga(P~92.6~Bi~7.4~) layer. The brighter region in the middle of the image shows a Bi cluster embedded in the Ga(P~92.6~Bi~7.4~) layer. The inset shows the inverted FFT of the STEM image shown in (**a**). Plot (**b**) shows the EDS result of the Bi~Mα~ edge derived from the region at the Bi cluster (black line) and from a region without any local Bi enrichment (red line).
Summary {#Sec4}
=======
In this paper, we first demonstrate that the used *in situ* setup facilitates the investigation of III/V semiconductor materials in a TEM in the growth temperature regime since it provides the necessary group V stabilization. Moreover, we determine the temperature above which the Bi clustering takes place. Based on the two investigated composition values, we find that this initial temperature depends on the actual Bi fraction within the Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layers. By investigating the Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layers at even higher temperatures, we were able to conclude that there is no further Bi rearrangement. The process is most likely limited by the Bi amount available in the thin TEM lamella. Comparing these results to the findings of the as grown sample suggests that the Bi clustering during the MOVPE growth process most likely took place during the growth of the subsequent GaP layer which acts as a 625 °C thermal treatment of the lower Ga(P~1-x~,Bi~x~) layer. Finally, a closer look at a representative Bi cluster reveals its rhombohedral structure and its orientation relation to the Ga(P,Bi) matrix.
**Publisher\'s note:** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
R. Straubinger designed and performed experiments, analyzed data and wrote the paper; M. Widemann designed and performed experiments and wrote the paper; J. Belz developed analytic tools; L. Nattermann has grown the sample used in that study. A. Beyer and K. Volz designed experiments and reviewed the manuscript. All the authors discussed the data presented in the manuscript.
Competing Interests {#FPar1}
===================
The authors declare no competing interests.
|
/*
* Copyright 2002-2014 the original author or authors.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package com.zhizus.forest.client;
import com.google.common.collect.Maps;
import com.zhizus.forest.common.Constants;
import com.zhizus.forest.common.EventType;
import com.zhizus.forest.common.codec.Header;
import com.zhizus.forest.common.codec.Message;
import com.zhizus.forest.common.codec.Response;
import com.zhizus.forest.common.exception.ForestFrameworkException;
import com.zhizus.forest.transport.NettyResponseFuture;
import io.netty.channel.ChannelFuture;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import java.io.Closeable;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicBoolean;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
public class Connection implements Closeable {
private final static Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Connection.class);
public final static Map<Long, NettyResponseFuture<Response>> callbackMap = Maps.newConcurrentMap();
private ChannelFuture future;
private AtomicBoolean isConnected = new AtomicBoolean();
private final static AtomicLong id = new AtomicLong(0);
public Connection() {
this.isConnected.set(false);
this.future = null;
}
public ChannelFuture getFuture() {
return future;
}
public void setFuture(ChannelFuture future) {
this.future = future;
}
public boolean isConnected() {
return isConnected.get();
}
public void setIsConnected(boolean isConnected) {
this.isConnected.set(isConnected);
}
public NettyResponseFuture<Response> request(Message message, long timeOut) {
if (!isConnected()) {
throw new ForestFrameworkException("client is not connected");
}
message.getHeader().setMessageID(id.incrementAndGet());
NettyResponseFuture responseFuture = new NettyResponseFuture(System.currentTimeMillis(), timeOut, message, future.channel(), new Promise());
registerCallbackMap(message.getHeader().getMessageID(), responseFuture);
try {
future.channel().writeAndFlush(message);
} catch (Exception e) {
LOGGER.error(e.getMessage(), e);
removeCallbackMap(message.getHeader().getMessageID());
}
return responseFuture;
}
public boolean ping() {
Header heartBeatHeader = Header.HeaderMaker.newMaker().make();
heartBeatHeader.setExtend(EventType.HEARTBEAT.getValue());
Message message = new Message(heartBeatHeader, null);
NettyResponseFuture<Response> request = request(message, Constants.DEFAULT_TIMEOUT);
try {
return request.getPromise().await().getCode() == Constants.DEF_PING_CODE;
} catch (Exception e) {
LOGGER.error(e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
}
}
public NettyResponseFuture registerCallbackMap(Long messageId, NettyResponseFuture<Response> responseFuture) {
return callbackMap.put(messageId, responseFuture);
}
public NettyResponseFuture removeCallbackMap(Long messageId) {
return callbackMap.remove(messageId);
}
@Override
public void close() throws IOException {
future.channel().close();
}
}
|
// This file is part of VSTGUI. It is subject to the license terms
// in the LICENSE file found in the top-level directory of this
// distribution and at http://github.com/steinbergmedia/vstgui/LICENSE
#include "shareduiresources.h"
#include "../../lib/cbitmap.h"
#include "../../lib/ccolor.h"
#include "../../lib/cfileselector.h"
#include "../../lib/cframe.h"
#include "../../uidescription/compresseduidescription.h"
#include "../../uidescription/cstream.h"
#include "../../uidescription/uiattributes.h"
#include "../include/ialertbox.h"
#include "../include/iappdelegate.h"
#include "../include/iapplication.h"
#include "../include/helpers/preferences.h"
#include "application.h"
#include <unordered_map>
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
namespace VSTGUI {
namespace Standalone {
namespace Detail {
#if VSTGUI_LIVE_EDITING
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
struct EditFileMap : IEditFileMap
{
using Map = std::unordered_map<std::string, std::string>;
Map fileMap;
void set (const std::string& filename, const std::string& absolutePath) override
{
fileMap.emplace (filename, absolutePath);
}
Optional<const char*> get (const std::string& filename) const override
{
auto it = fileMap.find (filename);
if (it == fileMap.end ())
{
return {};
}
return makeOptional (it->second.data ());
}
};
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
IEditFileMap& getEditFileMap ()
{
static EditFileMap gInstance;
return gInstance;
}
#endif
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
class SharedUIResources : public ISharedUIResources
{
public:
static SharedUIResources& instance () noexcept;
SharedUIResources () noexcept;
void cleanup ();
Optional<CColor> getColor (const UTF8String& name) const override;
Optional<CBitmap*> getBitmap (const UTF8String& name) const override;
Optional<CGradient*> getGradient (const UTF8String& name) const override;
Optional<CFontDesc*> getFont (const UTF8String& name) const override;
SharedPointer<UIDescription> get () const
{
load ();
return uiDesc;
}
private:
bool load () const;
mutable bool loadDone {false};
mutable SharedPointer<UIDescription> uiDesc;
};
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
SharedUIResources& SharedUIResources::instance () noexcept
{
static SharedUIResources gInstance;
return gInstance;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
SharedUIResources::SharedUIResources () noexcept
{
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
void SharedUIResources::cleanup ()
{
uiDesc = nullptr;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool SharedUIResources::load () const
{
if (loadDone)
return uiDesc != nullptr;
loadDone = true;
if (auto filename = IApplication::instance ().getDelegate ().getSharedUIResourceFilename ())
{
#if VSTGUI_LIVE_EDITING
if (auto absPath = Detail::getEditFileMap ().get (filename))
filename = *absPath;
#endif
SharedPointer<UIDescription> description;
if (Detail::getApplicationPlatformAccess ()
->getConfiguration ()
.useCompressedUIDescriptionFiles)
description = makeOwned<CompressedUIDescription> (filename);
else
description = makeOwned<UIDescription> (filename);
if (!description->parse ())
{
#if VSTGUI_LIVE_EDITING
if (!initUIDescAsNew (*description, nullptr))
return false;
else
#endif
return false;
}
auto settings = description->getCustomAttributes ("UIDescFilePath", true);
auto filePath = settings->getAttributeValue ("path");
if (filePath)
description->setFilePath (filePath->data ());
uiDesc = std::move (description);
#if VSTGUI_LIVE_EDITING
auto res = Detail::checkAndUpdateUIDescFilePath (
*uiDesc, nullptr, "The resource ui desc file location cannot be found.");
if (res == UIDescCheckFilePathResult::Cancel)
{
IApplication::instance ().quit ();
return false;
}
Detail::getEditFileMap ().set (
IApplication::instance ().getDelegate ().getSharedUIResourceFilename (),
uiDesc->getFilePath ());
if (res == UIDescCheckFilePathResult::NewPathSet)
saveSharedUIDescription ();
#endif
}
return uiDesc != nullptr;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
Optional<CColor> SharedUIResources::getColor (const UTF8String& name) const
{
if (load ())
{
CColor c;
if (uiDesc->getColor (name, c))
return makeOptional (c);
}
return {};
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
Optional<CBitmap*> SharedUIResources::getBitmap (const UTF8String& name) const
{
if (load ())
{
if (auto bitmap = uiDesc->getBitmap (name))
{
return makeOptional (bitmap);
}
}
return {};
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
Optional<CGradient*> SharedUIResources::getGradient (const UTF8String& name) const
{
if (load ())
{
if (auto gradient = uiDesc->getGradient (name))
{
return makeOptional (gradient);
}
}
return {};
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
Optional<CFontDesc*> SharedUIResources::getFont (const UTF8String& name) const
{
if (load ())
{
if (auto font = uiDesc->getFont (name))
{
return makeOptional (font);
}
}
return {};
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
const ISharedUIResources& getSharedUIResources ()
{
return SharedUIResources::instance ();
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
SharedPointer<UIDescription> getSharedUIDescription ()
{
return SharedUIResources::instance ().get ();
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
void cleanupSharedUIResources ()
{
SharedUIResources::instance ().cleanup ();
}
#if VSTGUI_LIVE_EDITING
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
static constexpr auto UIDescPathKey = "VSTGUI::Standalone|Debug|UIDescPath|" __FILE__;
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
static void updateUIDescFilePath (const char* path, UIDescription& uiDesc)
{
uiDesc.setFilePath (path);
auto settings = uiDesc.getCustomAttributes ("UIDescFilePath", true);
settings->setAttribute ("path", uiDesc.getFilePath ());
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
UIDescCheckFilePathResult checkAndUpdateUIDescFilePath (UIDescription& uiDesc, CFrame* _frame,
UTF8StringPtr notFoundText)
{
auto originalPath = std::string (uiDesc.getFilePath ());
CFileStream stream;
if (stream.open (originalPath.data (), CFileStream::kReadMode))
return UIDescCheckFilePathResult::Exists;
VSTGUI::Standalone::Preferences prefs;
auto savedPath = prefs.get (UIDescPathKey);
if (savedPath)
{
unixfyPath (originalPath);
if (auto uiDescName = lastPathComponent (originalPath))
{
auto directory = savedPath->getString ();
unixfyPath (directory);
removeLastPathComponent (directory);
directory += unixPathSeparator;
directory += *uiDescName;
if (stream.open (directory.data (), CFileStream::kReadMode))
{
updateUIDescFilePath (directory.data (), uiDesc);
return UIDescCheckFilePathResult::NewPathSet;
}
}
}
SharedPointer<CFrame> frame (_frame);
if (!frame)
frame = makeOwned<CFrame> (CRect (), nullptr);
AlertBoxConfig alertConfig;
alertConfig.headline = notFoundText;
alertConfig.description = uiDesc.getFilePath ();
alertConfig.defaultButton = "Locate";
alertConfig.secondButton = "Close";
auto alertResult = IApplication::instance ().showAlertBox (alertConfig);
if (alertResult == AlertResult::SecondButton)
{
return UIDescCheckFilePathResult::Cancel;
}
auto fs = owned (CNewFileSelector::create (frame, CNewFileSelector::kSelectFile));
if (savedPath)
fs->setInitialDirectory (*savedPath);
fs->setDefaultExtension (CFileExtension ("UIDescription File", "uidesc"));
if (fs->runModal ())
{
if (fs->getNumSelectedFiles () == 0)
{
return UIDescCheckFilePathResult::Cancel;
}
auto path = fs->getSelectedFile (0);
updateUIDescFilePath (path, uiDesc);
prefs.set (UIDescPathKey, path);
return UIDescCheckFilePathResult::NewPathSet;
}
return UIDescCheckFilePathResult::Cancel;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
bool initUIDescAsNew (UIDescription& uiDesc, CFrame* _frame)
{
SharedPointer<CFrame> frame (_frame);
if (!frame)
frame = makeOwned<CFrame> (CRect (), nullptr);
auto fs = owned (CNewFileSelector::create (frame, CNewFileSelector::kSelectSaveFile));
vstgui_assert (fs, "create new FileSelector failed");
VSTGUI::Standalone::Preferences prefs;
if (auto initPath = prefs.get (UIDescPathKey))
fs->setInitialDirectory (*initPath);
fs->setDefaultSaveName (uiDesc.getFilePath ());
fs->setDefaultExtension (CFileExtension ("UIDescription File", "uidesc"));
fs->setTitle ("Save UIDescription File");
if (fs->runModal ())
{
if (fs->getNumSelectedFiles () == 0)
{
return false;
}
auto path = fs->getSelectedFile (0);
uiDesc.setFilePath (path);
auto settings = uiDesc.getCustomAttributes ("UIDescFilePath", true);
settings->setAttribute ("path", path);
prefs.set (UIDescPathKey, path);
return true;
}
return false;
}
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
void saveSharedUIDescription ()
{
if (auto uiDesc = getSharedUIDescription ())
{
int32_t flags = UIDescription::kWriteImagesIntoUIDescFile |
CompressedUIDescription::kForceWriteCompressedDesc;
if (uiDesc->save (uiDesc->getFilePath (), flags))
return;
AlertBoxConfig config;
config.headline = "Saving the shared resources uidesc file failed.";
IApplication::instance ().showAlertBox (config);
}
}
#endif // VSTGUI_LIVE_EDITING
//------------------------------------------------------------------------
} // Detail
} // Standalone
} // VSTGUI
|
447 F.Supp. 160 (1978)
Dr. Roger PEELE, Acting Superintendent, St. Elizabeths Hospital, Plaintiff,
v.
Joseph A. CALIFANO, Secretary, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Defendant.
Civ. A. No. 77-269.
United States District Court, District of Columbia.
January 19, 1978.
*161 James D. Hill, Washington, D. C., for plaintiff.
John Oliver Birch, Asst. U. S. Atty., David H. Shapiro, Sp. Asst. U. S. Atty., Washington, D. C., for defendant.
FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
FLANNERY, District Judge.
I. Introduction
Plaintiff, a white male, is a medical doctor, a board-certified psychiatrist, and a board-certified mental health administrator. In July, 1974 he was appointed Assistant Superintendent of St. Elizabeths Hospital and he is currently serving in that post. Defendant is the Secretary of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
This action was brought by plaintiff pursuant to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended by the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16 (1970 & Supp. V 1975). Plaintiff claims that as a result of unlawful discrimination on the basis of race, he was denied appointment as the Superintendent of St. Elizabeths Hospital in June of 1976 and therefore, he is entitled to retroactive appointment.
On September 30, 1977, this court granted partial summary judgment for plaintiff on the question of discrimination, having found that the selection of Dr. Ulysses Watson for the position of Superintendent of St. Elizabeths in June of 1976 was tainted by considerations of Dr. Watson's raceDr. Watson is black. The court denied cross motions for summary judgment on the question of relief. A trial de novo was held before this court on November 28December 7, 1977 on the question of whether plaintiff, having been discriminated against, is entitled to an order directing his retroactive appointment as the Superintendent of St. Elizabeths. The court must determine whether, absent the racial discrimination, plaintiff would have been appointed Superintendent of St. Elizabeths. The court determined, in the grant of partial summary judgment, that the relevant issue is the status of the candidates at the time of the discriminatory decision and therefore, events subsequent to the date of decision have not been considered.
II. Findings of Fact
In June of 1975 Dr. Luther Robinson, then Superintendent of St. Elizabeths, left his position for another position within the hospital. In July of 1975 Dr. Peele automatically became Acting Superintendent of St. Elizabeths when the position became vacant and he remained in that post until October 24, 1977. Dr. Peele's permanent position as Assistant Superintendent is classified as grade GS-17 and the Superintendent position is classified as grade GS-18. Plaintiff served as Acting Superintendent at grade GS-17.
St. Elizabeths is located within the District of Columbia and is operated by the United States. Organizationally, it is under the jurisdiction of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), which is within the Alcohol, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA) of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW). St. Elizabeths is currently mandated to provide residential psychiatric care for certain federal beneficiaries and residents of the District of Columbia.
The position of Superintendent of St. Elizabeths Hospital is unique in that St. Elizabeths is the only psychiatric hospital within HEW. Although there are other GS-18 positions in HEW, none have the unique stature, authority, or responsibility of the position of Superintendent of St. Elizabeths. There is no equivalent position in HEW.
In the fall of 1975, Dr. Betram S. Brown, the selecting official who was the Director of NIMH, decided to fill the Superintendent's position by conducting a nationwide search for candidates. A search plan was submitted to the Civil Service Commission (CSC) and the plan was ultimately approved on January 6, 1976. In December of 1975 the agency circulated announcements and newspaper advertisements soliciting applications *162 for the position. As part of the plan the CSC directed NIMH to develop rating criteria for a Qualifications Review Board (QRB) which would screen the candidates. Mr. James Pittman, the Executive Officer of NIMH, developed the criteria to be used by the QRB in determining the basic eligibility of the candidates. It was not intended that the criteria developed for the QRB would include every factor that the selecting official might ultimately consider. This procedure was proper and appropriate under the CSC guidelines then in effect.
Of the ten applications received for the position, four were transmitted to the QRB for rating. The four applications referred to the panel were those of Drs. Peele, Watson, Meredith, and Simor. The QRB was composed of: Thomas F. A. Plaut, Ph.D., Assistant to the Director, NIMH; Dr. Francis N. Waldrop, Deputy Administrator, ADAMHA; and Dr. Jefferson McAlpine, Administrator, Mental Health Administration, Department of Human Resources of the District of Columbia. The QRB met on March 25, 1976 and the three members of the Board evaluated the qualifications of the candidates, their curriculum vitae, and their Standard Form 171 applications. Dr. Simor withdrew his application immediately thereafter and the three remaining candidates were certified to the selecting official as highly qualified. The composition and operation of the QRB were proper under CSC procedures then in effect. Under the procedures then approved by the CSC, the selecting official was free to choose any one of the three candidates as the new Superintendent.
In the Spring of 1976, Dr. Brown invited various professional and community groups in the District of Columbia area to participate in the selection process. These groups were the Medical Society of St. Elizabeths, the Department of Human Resources of the District of Columbia, the Washington Psychiatric Society, the D.C. Mental Health Association and the Medical Society of the District of Columbia. He requested that these groups interview the candidates or review their qualifications and report to him on their evaluations. Dr. Brown took this action in order to: (1) ensure meaningful participation by the groups that would work closely with the new Superintendent; and (2) determine whether any of the candidates were unacceptable to any of the groups. The second issue was significant to Dr. Brown because he considered those groups to have a potential veto power over the candidates. All of the groups found the candidates highly qualified for the position and none of the groups found any of the candidates to be unacceptable. Specifically, of the five groups, three recommended Dr. Peele and two recommended Dr. Meredith.
In addition to seeking the views of the five community groups, Dr. Brown had four officials from within the agencies of HEW interview the candidates and make evaluations and recommendations. These officials were Dr. Plaut, Dr. Waldrop, Mr. Pittman and Dr. Joseph Gallagher, Dr. Brown's top assistant for St. Elizabeths' affairs.
After conducting interviews pursuant to Dr. Brown's request, Dr. Plaut told Dr. Brown that he preferred either of the outsiders, Dr. Meredith or Dr. Watson, to Dr. Peele. Although Dr. Plaut thought Dr. Peele was highly intelligent and extremely conscientious, he based his opinion on Dr. Peele's link to the St. Elizabeths' system, his orientation towards the problems facing the hospital, his view of the role of the courts in the areas of mental health and patients' rights, and his leadership qualities in relation to the other candidates. As was his custom as a close confidential advisor to Dr. Brown, Dr. Plaut communicated these views to Dr. Brown orally.
After conducting interviews, Dr. Waldrop told Dr. Brown in a separate memorandum on each candidate that all were well qualified. Although Dr. Waldrop did not recommend the appointment of any specific candidate, he did provide Dr. Brown with an analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of each candidate. Dr. Waldrop was impressed with both Drs. Watson and Meredith, but seemed more impressed with Dr. Watson because of his broad range of experience. *163 As to Dr. Peele, Dr. Waldrop noted that his experience was exclusively at St. Elizabeths, he had limited research administration experience, and he did not have the same degree of administrative experience over an entire institution as the other candidates.
Dr. Gallagher only interviewed Drs. Watson and Peele. After interviewing these candidates, Dr. Gallagher recommended Dr. Peele rather than Dr. Watson because he believed that their working relationship, though not satisfactory, was improving and should continue rather than his having to begin a new relationship with Dr. Watson. Although Dr. Gallagher told Dr. Brown that Dr. Watson would make a better Superintendent than Dr. Peele, he indicated that he preferred to continue with Dr. Peele because of the severe and immediate problems then confronting the hospital. As Dr. Gallagher put it, he did not want "to change horses midstream". As a confidential assistant to Dr. Brown, Dr. Gallagher communicated his views to Dr. Brown orally.
Mr. Pittman also interviewed the candidates and communicated his views to Dr. Brown orally. Mr. Pittman had received reports criticizing Dr. Peele's leadership, particularly in the areas of personnel and budget management. Although Mr. Pittman did not specifically recommend any of the three candidates, he did tell Dr. Brown that it was his considered opinion that the Superintendent needed to be an outsider someone who could bring fresh ideas and insight to the troubled hospital. Mr. Pittman, therefore, told Dr. Brown that only Dr. Watson and Dr. Meredith were well qualified for the position. He also was impressed with Dr. Watson's and Dr. Meredith's administrative abilities and their records in running hospitals.
Dr. Brown interviewed all of the candidates himself before making a selection. The selection was not made until after Dr. Brown had the benefit of all the recommendations from the NIMH officials and the community groups. Additionally, as recommended by Dr. Waldrop in his memoranda on Drs. Watson and Meredith, Dr. Brown checked the two outside candidates by contacting their supervisors, as well as others, in their home states of Colorado and Pennsylvania, respectively. All those contacted praised the candidate they knew.
In considering the candidates, Dr. Brown determined what administrative and professional characteristics the next Superintendent would need in order to deal with the major problems confronting St. Elizabeths and which of these characteristics each candidate possessed. This determination took Dr. Brown beyond the scope of the qualifications requirements used in the announcement of the position and by the QRB. This was proper for the selecting official and sanctioned by the CSC, particularly in high level executive appointments such as the superintendency of St. Elizabeths.
Dr. Brown considered all of the candidates to be qualified. In light of the magnitude of the problems at St. Elizabeths, however, Dr. Brown was convinced that the hospital needed a new face in the Superintendent's office. In Dr. Brown's view, an "outsider," someone unconnected to the hospital, would best bring about the changes needed in this troubled institution. The hospital was in desperate need of drastic change and, in Dr. Brown's view, only a newcomer to St. Elizabeths could, by force of personality and proven administrative leadership, lead the hospital out of the quagmire in which it was entrenched. Seeking a qualified outsider, who in the opinion of the selecting official would be better able to solve the problems and reverse the decline of the troubled institution, was a legitimate consideration in the selection process.
Dr. Peele has spent his entire professional life at St. Elizabeths. Dr. Brown stated, however, that had Dr. Peele's performance as Acting Superintendent and Assistant Superintendent been outstanding, it might nevertheless have overcome his strong predilection towards the selection of an outsider. Dr. Brown's view was that Dr. Peele's performance, though acceptable was by no means outstanding and therefore, was insufficient *164 to overcome his insider status. In contrast, Drs. Watson and Meredith were both outsiders with outstanding records in the operation of major mental hospitals.
In addition to desiring an outsider, Dr. Brown wanted a Superintendent who would not merely dutifully carry out the policies of NIMH, ADAMHA, and HEW, but who would also enthusiastically endorse those policies and implement them with appropriate sincerity and vigor. In this regard, Dr. Brown considered his long standing differences with Dr. Peele on such issues as transfer of the hospital to the government of the District of Columbia, the need to improve more than just the physical plant at St. Elizabeths in order to be reaccredited by the Joint Commission of Accreditation of Hospitals, the role and type of research at St. Elizabeths, and the need to transfer patients from an institutional to an out-patient setting.
Further, Dr. Brown believed he was spending a disproportionate amount of his time working on problems associated with St. Elizabeths. He decided that the new Superintendent would have to be a person with the personality, leadership ability and political acumen to take charge of the hospital's affairs and represent the hospital before Congress, the District of Columbia government, and the upper levels of HEW without disproportionate assistance from NIMH. Again, Dr. Brown did not believe the plaintiff could provide the necessary dynamic personality, political acumen, or administrative expertise to handle this enormous task. Just as the selecting official's opinion that an outsider was needed was an appropriate factor to consider, it also was proper for the official to consider personality traits and policy differences in selecting a Superintendent for the hospital. This was confirmed by the CSC executive personnel expert who testified at trial.
Dr. Peele was not selected as the Superintendent of St. Elizabeths more because of the need for an outsider than because of his own shortcomings. It is readily apparent that the plaintiff has been devoted and dedicated to St. Elizabeths and that he made many improvements to the hospital during his eleven-month term as Acting Superintendent. Dr. Brown, the NIMH staff, the hospital staff, and this court are of the opinion that Dr. Peele is an eminently qualified individual. In fact, Dr. Brown stated that he believed that all of the candidates were well-qualified and that any one of them would be an appropriate choice. The issue, however, is not whether Dr. Peele was qualified, but whether Dr. Peele would have received the appointment absent racial discrimination.
Dr. Brown viewed what he perceived as Dr. Peele's deficiencies in relation to his opinion of the strengths of the other two candidates. In this regard, Dr. Brown testified that he believed Dr. Ulysses Watson to be a talented administrator and psychiatrist who was well informed and articulate. Dr. Brown stated that he was confident that Dr. Watson would be a strong and innovative leader. Further, Dr. Brown also testified that he believed that Dr. Watson had the capacity to immediately understand the problems of the hospital and that he would be able to bring to bear his considerable knowledge, gleaned from his vast experience, to the aid of St. Elizabeths. Dr. Watson's experience included leadership of a state mental hospital, a forensic institution, and a medical unit of a mental hospital. Dr. Watson also had a private psychiatric practice and was a consultant to a court psychiatric clinic. Dr. Watson received favorable recommendations from his supervisors in Pennsylvania and the NIMH senior staff. As a result of his conversations with Dr. Watson, Dr. Brown stated that he became convinced that Dr. Watson was in complete agreement with NIMH's perceptions concerning the role and need for research at the hospital and that he fully supported a movement toward out-patient community care for the mentally ill. In short, Dr. Brown testified that he reached the conclusion that Dr. Watson would be an outstanding leader for St. Elizabeths who would inspire the staff and vigorously attack the hospital's many problems in an incisive and innovative style fostered by his proven administrative ability. *165 Dr. Brown also stated that he believed that Dr. Watson would fully support the policies of NIMH, ADAMHA, and HEW with the necessary thoughtfulness and vigor. It should also be noted, however, that in its grant of summary judgment for the plaintiff on the issue of racial discrimination, this court found that the selecting official improperly considered race as a factor in his initial selection of Dr. Watson.
As to the other candidate, Dr. Brown was very favorably impressed by Dr. Meredith. Dr. Brown found that Dr. Meredith had a broad and diverse range of experience in both public psychiatry and mental hospital administration. Dr. Meredith, in Dr. Brown's view, was a strong and inspiring leader who had demonstrated his commitment to out-patient community care in his innovative management of a large state hospital in Colorado. Dr. Brown's view was confirmed by Dr. Meredith's supervisors in the state of Colorado. Dr. Brown found that Dr. Meredith, like Dr. Watson, was strongly committed to aggressive and well-balanced research at St. Elizabeths. Dr. Brown also was impressed by Dr. Meredith's innovative ideas for dealing with the problems of the hospital including those involving accreditation. Dr. Brown saw Dr. Meredith as a talented, articulate, and experienced psychiatrist and mental health administrator of proven ability who could bring strong leadership to St. Elizabeths. Dr. Brown believed Dr. Meredith was willing to support the policies of NIMH, ADAMHA, and HEW and those organizations' goals for the hospital. Dr. Brown's views were confirmed not only by Dr. Meredith's supervisors in Colorado, but also by the views of the senior staff at NIMH who interviewed him.[1]
The court recognizes that a selection process of this type involves many decisions over the course of a considerable amount of time. It seems apparent, however, that Dr. Brown made his selection of Dr. Watson sometime on the 10th of June, 1976, after all recommendations regarding the candidates were received and considered. It is apparent from the testimony of both Dr. Brown and Dr. Plaut that Dr. Brown considered, at the same time he selected Dr. Watson, a second choice in case there was any problems with the Watson appointment. This also was done on June 10, 1976. Dr. Plaut and Dr. Brown recognized the need for a second choice because of a series of problems in the selection of high level officials mainly due to the competition for professionals of high competence. At the time Dr. Brown selected Dr. Watson for the superintendency, Dr. Meredith was his second choice. The decision to select Dr. Meredith as a second choice was entirely consistent with the advice Dr. Brown had received from within NIMH and ADAMHA as well as from the community groups.
The evidence does not indicate that Dr. Watson would have been Dr. Brown's choice as Superintendent if his race had not been considered. Although Dr. Brown stated that he would have chosen Dr. Watson even if he had been white, this court is of the opinion that race was the predominant factor in his selection, and that the alleged reasons for Dr. Watson's appointment asserted by the defendant were merely a pretext for discrimination. It is apparent, however, that if Dr. Watson had not been selected, Dr. Brown would have chosen Dr. Meredith on the 10th of June, 1976. Thus, Dr. Peele would not have been selected as the new Superintendent even if Dr. Watson's race had not been a factor in Dr. Brown's decision. The government has carried its burden of proof by presenting clear and convincing evidence that Dr. Peele would not have received the appointment even if there had been no discrimination. In sustaining his burden, the defendant proved by clear and convincing evidence that but for the discrimination, Dr. Meredith, not Dr. Peele, would have received the appointment. The defendant did not prove by clear and convincing evidence that Dr. Watson still would have received the appointment but for the racial discrimination.
*166 Plaintiff's evidence supported a finding that Dr. Peele was a highly qualified candidate. This fact, however, was fully recognized by Dr. Brown and was never contested by the defendant. The plaintiff also proved he had the support of the senior staff at St. Elizabeths. Dr. Brown logically expected this to be the case, however, and stated that he would have been shocked if it were not so. Significantly, plaintiff offered no evidence inconsistent with Dr. Brown's testimony and that of the other NIMH officials that Dr. Peele's status as an insider, his policy disagreements with NIMH and Dr. Brown, and his lack of broad administrative experience rendered his impressive qualifications inferior, in the selecting official's opinion, to those of Dr. Meredith. The majority of the testimonial evidence offered by the plaintiff was not probative of the relative qualifications of the candidates. Members of the senior staff of the hospital who testified admittedly did not know the qualifications of either Dr. Meredith or Dr. Watson and thus did not, and could not, compare them to Dr. Peele. Dr. Peele also agreed that Dr. Meredith was qualified and worthy of being on the highly qualified list.
The plaintiff did offer the testimony of representatives of the outside groups asked to review the qualifications of the candidates by Dr. Brown. These witnesses, however, saw all of the candidates they interviewed as being fully qualified and did not state to Dr. Brown that any of the candidates would be unacceptable. In fact, two of the groups recommended Dr. Meredith. Although three groups recommended Dr. Peele for the superintendency to Dr. Brown, Dr. Brown reasonably expected this result. In Dr. Brown's mind, the critical factor in the recommendations was that none of the groups vetoed any of the three candidates.
Dr. Brown did state to senior staff at St. Elizabeths that lack of ability on the part of Dr. Peele did not cause the selection of Dr. Watson. These statements were reasonable under the circumstances and were not inconsistent with Dr. Brown's testimony concerning his opinion on the need for an outsider and the relatively superior qualities of Drs. Watson and Meredith. Dr. Brown's statements to Dr. Peele concerning Dr. Watson's selection also are consistent with his testimony. The court recognizes the fact that Dr. Peele was still to serve as Assistant Superintendent. In Dr. Brown's view, which was entirely reasonable, nothing could be gained by disparaging Dr. Peele, particularly because Dr. Peele, Dr. Watson, Dr. Brown, and the senior staff would have to work together after the selection. Thus, Dr. Brown spoke of Dr. Watson's strong points to both plaintiff and the senior staff.
III. Conclusions of Law
This court has jurisdiction over the matter pursuant to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(c) (1970 & Supp. V 1975). Section 2000e-16 is the exclusive remedy for federal employees complaining of employment discrimination. Brown v. GSA, 425 U.S. 820, 96 S.Ct. 1961, 48 L.Ed.2d 402 (1976). Once discrimination has been found, as it has in this case by partial summary judgment for the plaintiff, see Peele v. Califano, No. 77-269 (D.D.C. September 30, 1977) the question of relief is governed by Day v. Mathews, 174 U.S.App. D.C. 231, 530 F.2d 1083 (1976).
Whether or not a victim of employment discrimination may receive back pay and retroactive appointment is determined by applying the "but for" test. The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit articulated the test by interpreting 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(g) (Supp. V 1975)[2] as follows:
The statute [42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(g)] makes it clear that these forms of relief [retroactive promotion and back pay] are *167 available only where the employee would have received the promotion had he not been the victim of discrimination.
Day v. Mathews, supra, 174 U.S.App.D.C. at 233, 530 F.2d at 1085 (footnote omitted). The court further held that the employer "bears the burden of proof on this issue . . . he must prove by clear and convincing evidence that [the plaintiff's] qualifications were such that he would not in any event have been selected." 174 U.S. App.D.C. at 233, 530 F.2d at 1085.
The application and review process in this case was correct and proper and Dr. Brown was free to select any one of the three candidates certified by the QRB as highly qualified. The court also has found that Dr. Brown's consideration of the need for an outsider and his analysis of the policy views, leadership styles, personalities, and past records of the candidates were entirely proper under the circumstances and were considered so by the CSC. Using a proper process of selection, Dr. Brown ranked the candidates in his own mind at the time of his selection in the following order: Watson, Meredith, Peele. Therefore, assuming that Dr. Watson would not have been the selectee but for his race, Dr. Brown would have selected Dr. Meredith, a white, rather than Dr. Peele, the white plaintiff. Defendant has met his burden of showing by clear and convincing evidence that even but for discrimination, plaintiff would not have been selected for the position of Superintendent of St. Elizabeths. Plaintiff's evidence did not establish that the nondiscriminatory reasons articulated by Dr. Brown for plaintiff's failure to obtain the position were in fact a pretext for racial discrimination. Plaintiff established that the reasons were a pretext as to Dr. Watson, but he did not do so as to Dr. Meredith who also was white.
Thus, the court cannot award to plaintiff, as part of the relief due him as a prevailing party under Title VII, either a retroactive appointment to the superintendency or commensurate back pay and benefits. See Day v. Mathews, 174 U.S.App.D.C. 231, 233, 530 F.2d 1083, 1085 (1976); Rogers v. EEOC, 179 U.S.App.D.C. 270, 271, 551 F.2d 456, 457 (1977).
NOTES
[1] In fact, Dr. Meredith was offered the position of Superintendent of St. Elizabeths in 1968, but he did not accept the appointment.
[2] 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(g), which was made applicable to suits by federal employees by 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-16(d), states that "[n]o order of the court shall require . . . promotion of an individual as an employee . . . if such individual was refused . . . advancement . . . for any reason other than discrimination . . .."
|
Q:
I want forgery ECDSA when prime p is form of 2*n+1, n is order of Elliptic curve
I have parameters of an elliptic curve s.t $p=2n+1$ , when $n$ = order of elliptic curve over finite field of order prime p.
If I want to forge any message for such ECDSA, What can I do? Maybe the condition $p=2n+1$ will be helpful, but I have no idea for this.
A:
Hasse's theorem on elliptic curves tells us that, using your notation:
$|n-p+1|\le2\sqrt{p} \Rightarrow |n-(2n+1)+1)|\le2\sqrt{2n+1}\Rightarrow n\le2\sqrt{2n+1}$ which doesn't hold for $n>8$.
So either your curve is so small you can solve the ECDLP by hand or you are not defining an elliptic curve.
Could it be that the order of the curve is $2n$ but you are just working in the large prime order group (of order $n$)?
Because in that case $n$ divides $p-1=2n$ and you can mount a MOV attack.
|
---
layout: games/2018/g
---
# Assignment 7: "Pokémon, The Level-Up Update"
## Objectives
* Read and understand all of the Pokémon source code from Lecture 7.
* Implement a `Menu` that appears during the player Pokémon's level up that shows, for each stat, 'X + Y = Z', where X is the starting stat, Y is the amount it's increased for this level, and Z is the resultant sum. This `Menu` should appear right after the "Level Up" dialogue that appears at the end of a victory where the player has indeed leveled up.
## Getting Started
Download the distro code for your first game from <https://cdn.cs50.net/games/2018/spring/assignments/7/assignment7.zip> and unzip `assignment7.zip`, which should yield a directory called `assignment7`.
Then, in a terminal window (located in `/Applications/Utilities` on Mac or by typing
`cmd` in the Windows task bar), move to the directory where you extracted `assignment7`
(recall that the `cd` command can change your current directory), and run
```
cd assignment7
```
## Next-Level
Welcome to your seventh assignment! This week's code will probably be the most complicated we'll look at during the semester, but the assignment itself is fairly small in comparison; you will, however, need to know how many of the pieces work and fit together in order to accomplish the task ahead.
Your goal this assignment:
* *Implement a `Menu` that appears during the player Pokémon's level up that shows, for each stat, 'X + Y = Z', where X is the starting stat, Y is the amount it's increased for this level, and Z is the resultant sum. This `Menu` should appear right after the "Level Up" dialogue that appears at the end of a victory where the player has indeed leveled up.* The area where most of this will take place is the `TakeTurnState`, specifically in the `:victory()` function, where the actual detection of a level up takes place. Ordinarily, just a `BattleMessageState` gets pushed onto the `StateStack`, but we'll need to go a step further and push an additional `Menu` in order to accomplish what we're after. This `Menu` should not have a cursor like the other `Menu` we're used to seeing (in the `BattleMenuState`!), so you'll need to customize the `Selection` class a little bit in order to take a boolean value to turn the cursor on or off as needed (defaulting to `true` if needed to preserve the behavior of the `Menu` in the `BattleMenuState`). Note that the `:levelUp()` function in the `Pokemon` class returns all of the stat increases we need in order to display things properly, so be sure to use those returned values when creating the `Menu`! As long as you get a proper grasp on the `Selection`, `Menu`, and `StateStack` classes, this assignment should be relatively straightforward in comparison to the complexity of this week's code as a whole!
## How to Submit
1. Using [Git](https://git-scm.com/downloads), push your work to `https://github.com/submit50/USERNAME.git`, where `USERNAME` is your GitHub username, on a branch called `cs50/games/2018/x/assignments/7` or, if you've installed [`submit50`](https://cs50.readthedocs.io/submit50/), execute
```
submit50 cs50/games/2018/x/assignments/7
```
instead.
1. [Record a 1- to 5-minute screencast](https://www.howtogeek.com/205742/how-to-record-your-windows-mac-linux-android-or-ios-screen/) in which you demonstrate your app's functionality and/or walk viewers through your code. [Upload that video to YouTube](https://www.youtube.com/upload) (as unlisted or public, but not private) or somewhere else.
1. [Submit this form](https://forms.cs50.io/789cabfe-3dbb-46a8-94ff-1a8ec78c2312).
|
Q:
How to come back from a Venus cloud station?
I heard of the idea of having a manned station floating in the atmosphere of Venus, where the pressure is roughly equal to earth sea level.
The idea is exciting, but what I don't understand is how the crew is supposed to come back to Venus orbit, let alone back to earth.
Let us suppose the Venus to Earth vehicle is parked in orbit around Venus (no need to take down then up again all this fuel). The crew only has to get to orbit in a small capsule and rendez vous with it.
Venus is massive like Earth, and the floating station would be nowhere near orbital velocity. So basically, to put a manned capsule akin to the Soyuz back in orbit, they would need the same thing we need to leave Earth: a full blown Soyuz rocket.
How is it planned to descend such a rocket ready to launch at the level of the floating station, and launch it without the facilities of a launch pad, not even the possibility to touch ground (the rocket would melt...)
or is it just a "detail" that have been hand waved so far ?
A:
The HAVOC study has a concept design for a mission that lets a crew of 2 spend 30 days in an airship in the upper atmosphere of Venus. Their Venus Ascent Vehicle is a pencilled in as a 67 tonne RP1/LOX fueled two stage rocket which transports a small (2 ton) capsule up to Low Venus orbit where the crew transfer to the main vehicle to return to Earth.
A:
A good first question! You're absolutely right, any crew on a Venus cloud station would need a big rocket to get back to orbit, so they'd have 2 realistic choices:
Land a fully fuelled rocket on the station (or it could be part of the station when it's inserted into the atmosphere). This would likely be a solid fuelled rocket as the propellants would be stable, liquid fuels would be more problematic. Landing a fuelled rocket once the station is in the atmosphere would almost certainly mean using another powerful rocket
Land an empty rocket and fuel it by processing the atmosphere. Venus' atmosphere is mostly CO2, if you bring hydrogen you can make liquid oxygen and methane, which has been mooted as a possible solution on mars. There's details in this question about making rocket fuel. Nuclear thermal propulsion is also a possibility, this could use liquid CO2 or liquid Nitrogen extracted from the atmosphere. I'm not sure the specific impulse would be enough though using those fuels, and the exhaust is radioactive. This isn't sci-fi, nuclear thermal rockets were developed, there were plans to use them in the Apollo program but none ever flew. On Venus we'd arguably be less concerned about the radiation, but it could still be a hazard for a manned crew, presuming any would be left after launch
There are other, more exotic choices like tethers, but they are very far from being reality so I'm not going to go into any detail.
As for what options have been explored I'm sure it's been considered as part of the studies, I haven't seen anything about what options they think could work. Most likely they are still working that out.
|
Q:
Pycuda Vector arithmetic - Id inside Kernel
I'm trying to work out a simple program with pycuda to test it and latter compare it to my opencl implementation. Yet, I'm having trouble adding 2 1D arrays. The problem is that I can't seem to find the correct ID of each element.
My code is very simple:
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
import pycuda.driver as cuda
import pycuda.autoinit
from pycuda.compiler import SourceModule
import numpy as np
#Host variables
a = np.array([[1.0, 2,0 , 3.0]], dtype=np.float32)
b = np.array([[4.0, 5,0 , 6.0]], dtype=np.float32)
k = np.float32(2.0)
#Device Variables
a_d = cuda.mem_alloc(a.nbytes)
b_d = cuda.mem_alloc(b.nbytes)
cuda.memcpy_htod(a_d, a)
cuda.memcpy_htod(b_d, b)
s_d = cuda.mem_alloc(a.nbytes)
m_d = cuda.mem_alloc(a.nbytes)
#Device Source
mod = SourceModule("""
__global__ void S(float *s, float *a, float *b)
{
int bx = blockIdx.x;
int by = blockIdx.y;
int tx = threadIdx.x;
int ty = threadIdx.y;
int row = by * blockDim.y + ty;
int col = bx * blockDim.x + tx;
int dim = gridDim.x * blockDim.x;
const int id = row * dim + col;
s[id] = a[id] + b[id];
}
__global__ void M(float *m, float *a, float k)
{
int bx = blockIdx.x;
int by = blockIdx.y;
int tx = threadIdx.x;
int ty = threadIdx.y;
int row = by * blockDim.y + ty;
int col = bx * blockDim.x + tx;
int dim = gridDim.x * blockDim.x;
const int id = row * dim + col;
m[id] = k * a[id];
}
""")
#Vector addition
func = mod.get_function("S")
func(s_d, a_d, b_d, block=(1,3,1))
s = np.empty_like(a)
cuda.memcpy_dtoh(s, s_d)
#Vector multiplication by constant
func = mod.get_function("M")
func(m_d, a_d, k, block=(1,3,1))
m = np.empty_like(a)
cuda.memcpy_dtoh(m, m_d)
print "Vector Addition"
print "Expected: " + str(a+b)
print "Result: " + str(s) + "\n"
print "Vector Multiplication"
print "Expected: " + str(k*a)
print "Result: " + str(m)
My output is:
Vector Addition
Expected: [[ 5. 7. 0. 9.]]
Result: [[ 5. 7. 0. 6.]]
Vector Multiplication
Expected: [[ 2. 4. 0. 6.]]
Result: [[ 2. 4. 0. 6.]]
I don't really understand how this Index thing works in CUDA. I've found some documentation online that gave me some insight on how the grids, blocks and threads work, but still, I can't get it to work right. I must be missing something.
Every piece of information is dearly appreciated.
A:
Your indexing seems fine, even if it's a bit overloaded for this small example (it would be enough to consider one dimension).
The problem is, that your arrays a and b have 4 elements each. But your kernel functions only operate on the first 3 elements. Therefore is the result of the 4th element not as expected.
Did you mean the following?
a = np.array([[1.0, 2.0, 3.0]], dtype=np.float32)
b = np.array([[4.0, 5.0, 6.0]], dtype=np.float32)
|
Q:
Como emular el ciclo do-while en python?
alguno de ustedes me podría indicar como emular el ciclo do-while en python, buscando por en diferentes paginas encontré el siguiente código
while True:
stuff() #que hace esa funcion o alguno puede ser tan amable de darme un ejemplo de uso
if fail_condition:
break
eso era todo muchas gracias de antemano
A:
Si quieres evitar el break (algunos puristas consideran que el break no es programación estructurada y no debe usarse), tienes la siguiente opción, que para mi gusto es peor, pero bueno:
i = 1
repetir_bucle = True
while repetir_bucle:
print(i)
i = i + 1
if i>3:
repetir_bucle = False
O para que la condición de salida sea aún más parecida a la de un bucle do...while del C:
i = 1
repetir_bucle = True
while repetir_bucle:
print(i)
i = i + 1
repetir_bucle = (i<=3)
que para mi gusto es aún más fea que la anterior. Yo me quedaría con la solución break, pero para gustos...
A:
Es tal y como dices, pero para ponerte un ejemplo con el que respaldarte podrías hacerlo de la siguiente forma:
i = 1
while True:
print(i)
i = i + 1
if(i > 3):
break
Entiendo que se ve rápido, pero lo que haces es un do-while el cual, en C por ejemplo, sería así:
int i = 1;
do{
printf("%d\n", i);
i = i + 1;
} while(i <= 3);
|
714 F.2d 161
Greenv.U.S.
83-559
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEDERAL CIRCUIT
6/13/83
MSPB
Affirmed
|
type=driver
plumed_modules=dimred
# this is to test a different name
arg="--plumed plumed.dat --noatoms"
|
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Hedge-fund manager William Ackman moved one step closer to getting permanent capital for his Pershing Square funds when more than 120 investors committed to convert $2.2 billion of their investments into stakes in Pershing Square Holdings when it goes public. |
tambran2
Good AFTERNOON - and a Happy ONE YEAR Re-birthday to you!!! I found this quote and just love it! When running up a hill, it’s alright to give up as many times as you wish – as long as your feet keep moving. By - Shoma Morita M.D. I can only imagine that your experience has been wonderful. Full of changes and new experiences. Congratulations to YOU!!! If you have an opportunity and/or haven’t already, please stop by and update your profile! We’d all love to know how well you’ve progressed!!! If you have a few moments, please take the time to send well wishes to your fellow “re-birthday” buddies!!! It’s a great boost to them as well as yourself. Have a FANTASTIC DAY! RNY 10/31/03 257/140 at GOAL!!!
I will be praying for you and your family. Put your LOVE, FAITH, and HOPE in GOD. LOVE always being the strongest of all three. He will take care of ALL your needs. Praying that your healing will be complete and swift. Be encouraged that this is the right thing for you. When tough times hit, PRAY and breathe.
Be blessed
Gina
Tammy; I will be praying for you as you prepare for surgery this Wednesday. May the Lord bless you with a successful surgery and quick recovery. I lived in Chattanooga for 13 years - my husband got his PhD at Knoxville - been through Athens many, many times. Miss Tennessee so much - miss the South so much - wish I lived back there - take care of yourself.
"Though no one can go back and make a brand new start, any one can start from now and make a brand new ending "There is no medicine like hope, no incentive so great, and no tonic so powerful as expectation of something better tomorrow." ~ O. S. Marden "Dream lofty dreams, and as you dream, so shall you become. Your vision is the promise of what you shall one day be; your ideal is the prophecy of what you shall at last unveil." ~ James Allen "I asked God to give me happiness. God said, "No. I give you blessings. Happiness is up to you." ~ Author Unknown "Goals give you more than a reason to get up in the morning; they are an incentive to keep you going all day. Goals tend to tap the deeper resources and draw the best out of life. "Put yourself in a state of mind where you say to yourself, 'Here is an opportunity for me to celebrate like never before, my own power, my own ability to get myself to do whatever is necessary." ~ Anthony Robbins " ~ Harvey Mackay "Life is a challenge, but if you don't stand and risk you will never know if you were able to win or lose. Challenges are not a thing of winning or losing; they are a way of learning from them to become a better person every day! ~ Alexsander Rodriguez, P.R "Don't ask for it to be easy, ask for it to be worth it." Dan Kuschell "The most important question to ask is not 'What am I getting?' The most important question to ask on the job is 'What am I becoming?'"You are never given a wish without also being given the power to make it true. You may have to work for it, however." - Richard Bach "In the confrontation between the stream and the rock, the stream always wins; not through strength, but through persistence." ~ Jackson Brown "I have always been delighted at the prospect of a new day, a fresh try, one more start, with perhaps a bit of magic waiting somewhere behind the morning." ~ J.B. Priestly "Each of us has an inner dream that we can unfold if we will just have the courage to admit what it is. And the faith to trust our own admission. The admitting is often very difficult." ~ Julia Cameron "The block of granite which was an obstacle in the pathway of the weak becomes a stepping-stone in the pathway of the strong. That block of granite is often nothing more than a decision." ~ Thomas Carlyle "Being yourself is not remaining what you were, or being satisfied with what you are. It is the point of departure." ~ Sydney Harris "Risk! Risk anything! Care no more for the opinion of others, for those voices. Do the hardest thing on earth for you. Act for yourself. Face the truth." ~ Katherine Mansfield "Too often we are scared. Scared of what we might not be able to do. Scared of what people might think if we tried. We let fears stand in the way of our hopes. We say no when we want to say yes. We sit quietly when we want to scream. And we shout with the others, when we should keep our mouths shut. Why? After all, we do only go around once. There's really no time to be afraid. JUST DO IT." ~ Nike advertising campaign "I am convinced that attitude is the key to success or failure in almost any of life's endeavors. Your attitude - your perspective, your outlook, how you feel about yourself, how you feel about other people - determines your priorities, your actions, your values. Your attitude determines how you interact with other people and how you interact with yourself." ~ Carolyn Warner "Happiness lies for those who cry, those who hurt, those who have searched, and those who tried, for only they can appreciate the importance of people who have touched their lives." ~ Author Unknown "It's never too late to be what you might have been." ~ George Eliot "For every beauty there is an eye somewhere to see it. For every truth there is an ear somewhere to hear it. For every love there is a heart somewhere to receive it." ~ Author Unknown "Whatever you do, you need courage. Whatever course you decide upon, there is always someone to tell you you are wrong. There are always difficulties arising which tempt you to believe that your critics are right. To map out a course of action and follow it to the end, requires some of the same courage which a soldier needs." ~ Ralph Waldo Emerson A wish changes NOTHING; A decision, changes EVERYTHING "So many of our dreams at first seem impossible, then they seem improbable, and then, when we summon the will,they soon become inevitable." Christopher Reeves "When you pass through the waters, I will be with you; And through the rivers, they will not overflow you. When you walk through the fire, you will not be scorched, Nor will the flame burn you. For I am the LORD your God, The Holy One of Israel, your Savior." Isaiah 43:2-3 Everyone has beauty but not everyone sees it. "If you don't design your own life plan, chances are you'll fall into someone else's plan. And guess what they may have planned for you? Not much." ~ Jim Rohn May you always have an Angel by your side. Watching out for you in all the things you do. Reminding you to keep believing in brighter days. Have a safe journey to the other side and a speedy recovery Angela in Corpus Christi 291lbs BMI 45.60 -234lbs Dr Michael Grace Open RNY Life began May 16, 2002 I have heard your prayer, I have seen your tears. Surely..I will heal you." 2 Kings 20:5 |
The question on everyones mond last night was answered...WHO DESIGNED MICHELLE OBAMA'S DRESS?! The First Lady looked stunning & wore a custom-made Jason Wu gown to last night’s inauguration balls. The ruby-colored dress was a follow-up to the white gown Wu made for her 4 years ago. The designer himself did not know Michelle would wear his design until she was seen on LIVE TV! He Tweeted "IN-SHOCK!!!" last night on his Twitter page.
Chris Brown the latest victim of “swatting”
While I am personally NOT a fan of Chris Brown, this is just RUDE! And un-called for. And a total waste of dollars & time. UGH! Sooo....the LAPD raced to Chris Brown's Hollywood Hills home Monday afternoon after someone called 911 and reported a domestic incident involving a gun!!! HOLY CRAP! It was just a hoax though. Chris Brown was not home...apparently there is a big trend in LA right now with celebrities being the victims of "swatting". Fake calls made to 911 about a major crime scene at an A-Lister's house. Sounds like a bunch of bored kids to me!
Babs missed the party of the year! Or atleast the next 4 years...Barbara Walters is on the mend. The 83-year-old ABC veteran & "View" co-host fell over a chair and cut her forehead while visiting the British Ambassador's residence Saturday night in DC. She had a nasty fall & cut...so she was taken via ambulance to a DC hospital. She missed all the events of the weekend but is said to be recovering & will head home to NYC later today. Get Better BARBARA!
Taylor Swift plans to stay single
April Foo's is calling...this sounds like a joke to me!! HA! So Taylor Swift wants to be independent for a while following her split from Harry Styles. She is telling family & friends she wants to be "single" for a while. She has had 13 romances since 2008. 13!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 13!!! THIRTEEN!!!! Holy Crap. I will believe it when I see it. 13?!?!?!? |
Metaphase spreads and spectral karyotyping of human embryonic stem cells.
INTRODUCTIONSpectral karyotyping is a powerful technique for enumeration of chromosomes in plant, animal, and human cells with high precision. It is also used as a tool for detecting and diagnosing abnormalities in individual chromosomes, such as deletions, duplications, and translocations. There are three basic steps to obtaining good spectral karyotypes: (1) making metaphase spreads, (2) hybridizing probes to the DNA, and (3) analyzing the spectral characteristics of the chromosomes. There are two techniques for spectral karyotyping that are widely used: spectral karyotype (SKY) and multicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (M-FISH). Both techniques use multicolored fluorescent probes which emit at different wavelengths (200-700 nm) upon light excitation to hybridize to the target DNA sequences. The methods differ in the way in which light is captured and analyzed by the corresponding software. In this protocol, methods for making metaphase spreads from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) for spectral karyotyping (SKY) using the spectral imaging system and software from Applied Spectral Imaging are described. |
Divergence between strength indicators in packaging and cigarette engineering: a case study of Marlboro varieties in Australia and the USA.
To investigate how the tobacco industry is adapting to regulatory action in accordance with provisions of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control that targets misleading packaging and labelling. To relate the packaging and labelling of new cigarette varieties to their construction and performance. The principal design features and tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide yields of the Marlboro 'brand family' in Australia were measured and compared with those of the US equivalents. Marlboro Red and Blue/Medium, could not be differentiated in preliminary tests in Australia, but were different in the USA. However, yield testing showed Marlboro Blue/Medium did not have lower tar and nicotine yields in either country, indeed being higher in Australia. Colour can be used to market cigarettes as 'milder', independently of ISO yields and 'Light'/'Mild' descriptors. Banning of 'Light' and 'Mild' brand descriptors may be inadequate to end belief in less harmful cigarettes so long as the tobacco industry remains free to engineer 'mildness' and to use colours, other descriptors and design features to characterise varieties it wants to market as 'milder'. |
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Q:
What are the differences between Vaikuntha loka and Goloka?
Differences between Vaikuntha loka and Goloka.
A:
According to many Vaishnava scriptures Goloka Vrindavan is the eternal abode of Lord Krishna whereas various Vishnu forms reside on the Vaikuntha planets. Both of these exist in the spiritual universe beyond the highest Lokas of our material Universe.
As Lord Narayan tells Narad muni in the Devi Bhagvatam:
Nârâyana spoke :-- “O Devarsi! The Mûlâ Prakriti, of the nature of Mâyâ of Para Brahman is an eternal entity (the nabho mandal); Time (Kâla), the ten quarters, the Universe Egg, the Goloka and, lower than this, the Vaikuntha Dhâma all are eternal things. Âtman and Prakriti are in inseparable union with each other as Fire and its burning capacity, the Moon and her beauty, the lotus and its splendour, the Sun and his rays are inseparably united with each other.
Lord Krishna also tells Arjun in the Mokshadharma Parva of the Mahabharat:
"The blessed and holy one continued. 'Having mutually caused such marks on each other's person, the two Rishis Nara and Narayana thus made friends with Rudra. and dismissing the deities, once more set themselves to the practice of penances with a tranquil soul. I have thus told thee, O son of Pritha, how in that battle which took place in days of yore between Rudra and Narayana, the latter got the victory. I have also told thee the many secret names by which Narayana is called and what the significations are, O Bharata, of one of those names, which, as I have told thee, the Rishis, have bestowed upon the great God. In this way, O son of Kunti, assuming diverse forms do I rove at will through the Earth, the region of Brahma himself, and that other high and eternal region of felicity called Goloka.
Some scholars are also of the opinion that even the Rig Veda hints at this place in the hymn to Vishnu:
5 May I attain to that his well-loved mansion where men devoted to the Gods are happy.
For there springs, close akin to the Wide-Strider, the well of meath in Viṣṇu's highest footstep.
6 Fain would we go unto your dwelling-places where there are many-horned and nimble oxen,
For mightily, there, shineth down upon us the widely-striding Bull's sublimest mansion.
That the Goloka is the abode of Krishna is also mentioned in the Brahma Samhita.
The super excellent station of Kṛṣṇa, called Gokula has
thousands of petals and a corolla like that of a lotus sprouted from a
part of His infinitary aspect, the whorl of the leaves being the
actual abode of Kṛṣṇa.
Although this particular verse mentions Gokula it actually refers to Goloka as would be evident from other verses which give much more detailed description about this abode here. The Harivansha which is considered a sort of extension to the Mahabharat, also mentions:
apAmadhastAlloko vai tasyopari mahIdharAH |
nAgAnAmupariShTAdbhUH pR^ithivyupari mAnuShAH ||2-19-26
Water is at the lowest level. Above water, there are mountains. Earth is on mountains and people live on earth.
manuShyalokAdUrdhvaM tu khagANAM gatiruchyate |
AkAshasyopari ravirdvAraM svargasya bhAnumAn ||2-19-27
It is said that the world of birds (sky) is above the world of people. Above the sky is the sun The sun with rays is the entrance of heaven.
devalokaH parastasmAdvimAnagamano mahAn |
yatrAhaM kR^iShNa devAnAmaindre vinihitaH pade ||2-19-28
Above this is the great world of deva-s, which can be reached by vimAna. kR^iShNa, I am installed there at the position of indra among deva-s.
svargAdUrdhvaM brahmaloko brahmarShigaNasevitaH |
tatra somagatishchaiva jyotiShAM cha mahAtmanAm ||2-19-29
Above heaven, is the world of brahma, served by the group of brahmarShi-s. The moon and the planets move there.
tasyopari gavAM lokaH sAdhyAstaM pAlayanti hi |
sa hi sarvagataH kR^iShNa mahAkAshagato mahAn ||2-19-30
Above this is the goloka, governed by sAdhya-s. That great world, kR^iShNa, pervading the great sky all over, is above all worlds.
Coming to the relative positions of Goloka and Vaikuntha, another section of the Devi Bhagvat Puran says:
Each Brahmânda extends from Pâtâla to the Brahmâloka. The abode of Vaikuntha is higher than that (i. e. it is situated outside of Brahmânda), again the abode of Goloka is fifty koti yojanas (50 x 10 x 4 x 2 million miles) higher than Vaikuntha. This Goloka Dhâma is eternal and real as S’ri Krisna is eternal and real.
The same is corroborated by the Shiv Purana:
Jana loka is situated above Mahaloka where as the Tapaloka is situated at a distance of twenty six lakh yojans above Mahaloka. Satyaloka is situated six times the distance between Mahaloka and Tapaloka. Satyaloka is also known as Brahmaloka. Beyond Brahmaloka is situated the Vaikuntha loka. Similarly the world of Kartikeya Kumar loka is situated beyond Vaikunth loka. After Kumar loka comes the Uma loka and then comes the Shiva loka, which is the farthest loka. Goloka is situated near Shivaloka where lord Krishna lives with the cow names Sushila, with the permission of lord Shiva.
Although the Shaiva texts say that Krishna lives there at the behest of Lord Shiva still they concur with the Vaishnav texts that Goloka is at the highest level and is certainly higher than the Vaikuntha.
To conclude, Goloka Vrindavan is the highest abode where Lord Krishna resides while the Vaikunthas are relatively lower in position and that is where the various Vishnu forms reside.
|
// Copyright 1998-2016 Epic Games, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
#pragma once
#include "IPropertyTypeCustomization.h"
#include "MovieSceneObjectBindingIDPicker.h"
#include "MovieSceneSequenceID.h"
class FReply;
class IPropertyHandle;
class UMovieSceneSequence;
class FDragDropOperation;
class ISequencer;
struct FMovieSceneObjectBindingID;
class FMovieSceneObjectBindingIDCustomization
: public IPropertyTypeCustomization
, FMovieSceneObjectBindingIDPicker
{
public:
FMovieSceneObjectBindingIDCustomization()
{}
FMovieSceneObjectBindingIDCustomization(FMovieSceneSequenceID InLocalSequenceID, TWeakPtr<ISequencer> InSequencer)
: FMovieSceneObjectBindingIDPicker(InLocalSequenceID, InSequencer)
{}
virtual void CustomizeHeader(TSharedRef<IPropertyHandle> PropertyHandle, FDetailWidgetRow& HeaderRow, IPropertyTypeCustomizationUtils& CustomizationUtils) override;
virtual void CustomizeChildren(TSharedRef<IPropertyHandle> StructPropertyHandle, class IDetailChildrenBuilder& ChildBuilder, IPropertyTypeCustomizationUtils& StructCustomizationUtils) override {}
private:
virtual UMovieSceneSequence* GetSequence() const override;
virtual void SetCurrentValue(const FMovieSceneObjectBindingID& InBindingId) override;
virtual FMovieSceneObjectBindingID GetCurrentValue() const override;
FReply OnDrop(TSharedPtr<FDragDropOperation> InOperation);
TSharedPtr<IPropertyHandle> StructProperty;
}; |
998 F.2d 622
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee,v.Alonzo DAY, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 92-2675.
United States Court of Appeals,Eighth Circuit.
Submitted Feb. 18, 1993.Decided July 15, 1993.
Lee Lawless, St. Louis, MO, argued for defendant-appellant.
Richard Poehling, St. Louis, MO, argued for plaintiff-appellee.
Before McMILLIAN, MAGILL and LOKEN, Circuit Judges.
LOKEN, Circuit Judge.
1
Alonzo Day was convicted of being a felon in possession of a firearm in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1). The district court1 sentenced him to fifteen years in prison, the minimum mandated by § 924(e)(1), because of his prior convictions for violent felonies. Day appealed, and we remanded for resentencing, instructing the district court to assess the constitutional validity of any prior convictions used in imposing the § 924(e) enhancement. United States v. Day, 949 F.2d 973, 984 (8th Cir.1991). On remand, the district court determined that two prior convictions were invalid because the state courts had accepted guilty pleas without prior competency hearings. See Drope v. Missouri, 420 U.S. 162, 95 S.Ct. 896, 43 L.Ed.2d 103 (1975). With these convictions excluded, Day lacked the three qualifying prior convictions necessary to warrant a § 924(e) enhancement.
2
In redetermining Day's Guidelines sentence, the district court first held that the two invalid convictions could not be used to calculate his criminal history score. This placed Day in Criminal History Category V instead of Category VI, producing a Guidelines range of 33 to 41 months. The district court next departed upward under U.S.S.G. § 4A1.3, concluding that neither Category V nor VI adequately reflected the seriousness of Day's criminal history nor his potential for recidivism. The court imposed a sentence of sixty months. Day appeals. We affirm.
I.
3
Day first contends that the district court failed to provide adequate notice of its intent to make an upward departure, as required by Burns v. United States, --- U.S. ----, ----, 111 S.Ct. 2182, 2187, 115 L.Ed.2d 123 (1991). A review of the sentencing's procedural history shows that this contention is without merit.
4
Day's initial presentence report placed him in Criminal History Category VI and suggested that "[a]n upward departure may be warranted [under § 4A1.3] as Day's criminal history category of VI does not adequately reflect the defendant's criminal history." At the first sentencing, the district court concluded that no upward departure was warranted because § 924(e) mandated a minimum fifteen year sentence. On remand, after discarding the § 924(e) enhancement because of invalid prior convictions, the district court took a recess to recalculate Day's Guidelines sentence. During the recess, the prosecutor served a one page "update" to the PSR which stated:
5
[T]he criminal conduct underlying any conviction that is not counted in the criminal history score may be considered pursuant to 4A1.3.... In this case, the defendant has two uncounted prior convictions [for] Battery by a Prisoner Serving Less Than Life, and Assault with a Deadly Weapon by a Prisoner. Therefore, it appears that the defendant's criminal history category does not adequately reflect the seriousness of the defendant's prior record or the likelihood that the defendant will commit other crimes.
6
After the recess, Day and his attorney confirmed that they had reviewed the update but made no objection to this procedure. Thus, we review the Burns contention only for plain error. See United States v. Paslay, 971 F.2d 667, 674 n. 13 (11th Cir.1992).
7
Burns dealt with an unanticipated sua sponte departure by the sentencing judge. Here, on the other hand, the PSR initially suggested an upward departure from Category VI, but that became moot when Day received a lengthy mandatory minimum sentence. After he was placed in Category V with no mandatory minimum, Day should have anticipated that the departure issue would revive, yet he did not object nor request more time to prepare when the updated PSR was delivered immediately following the court's § 924(e) ruling. Thus, there was no procedural plain error. Moreover, Day's conclusory assertion that proper notice would have enabled him "to present evidence [and] address the legal issues" falls short of the required showing of prejudice. See United States v. Olano, --- U.S. ----, ----, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 1778, 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993); United States v. Wright, 873 F.2d 437, 445 (1st Cir.1989).
II.
8
Section 4A1.3 authorizes an upward departure "when the criminal history category significantly under-represents the seriousness of the defendant's criminal history or the likelihood that the defendant will commit further crimes." To impose an upward departure under § 4A1.3, the sentencing court first must proceed along the criminal history axis of the sentencing matrix, comparing the defendant's criminal history with the criminal histories of other offenders in each higher category. If the court reaches the highest criminal history category, Category VI, and concludes that the Guidelines range is still inadequate, it may impose a reasonable sentence above the Category VI range. See United States v. Lara-Banda, 972 F.2d 958, 959-60 (8th Cir.1992); United States v. Anderson, 886 F.2d 215, 216 (8th Cir.1989). Day argues that, in departing upward, the district court failed to "consider the next most serious criminal history category, which in the present case would have been a VI." We disagree.
9
Day's PSR assigned him eighteen criminal history points, well above the Category VI threshold of thirteen; the probation officer suggested a § 4A1.3 upward departure from that category. On remand, the district court decided that the invalid convictions could not be considered in calculating Day's criminal history score. This reduced the score six points, placing Day in Category V. The district court found, however, that "there's reliable information here that indicates that the criminal history category, whether category 5 or 6, does not adequately reflect the seriousness of the defendant's past criminal conduct and the likelihood the defendant will commit other crimes." (Emphasis added.) That determination prompted the following colloquy:
10
DEFENDANT DAY: Your Honor, according to the sentencing guidelines and various decisions, the departure is supposed to be in stages ... and not just a massive jump from, say, the level that I'm at, 33 to 41 months ... and the various cases state that that's the way a departure is supposed to occur.
11
THE COURT: Yes.
12
DEFENDANT DAY: And the judge is supposed to give various reasons, state in the record the reasons for it.
13
THE COURT: I have given the reasons already why, and I have departed, actually, from the [base offense] level 14 in criminal history category 5, to level 18, which is a category between 51 and 63 months, and I picked 60 months within that particular guideline range.... I based it upon the fact that, as I've indicated previously, of your past conduct. And that the criminal history category does not adequately reflect that at all.2
14
Thus, the record confirms that the district court did consider whether Day should be sentenced within Category VI. Neither the text of § 4A1.3 nor our precedents require a "ritualistic exercise in which [the sentencing court] mechanically discusses each criminal history category it rejects en route to the category that it selects." United States v. Lambert, 984 F.2d 658, 663 (5th Cir.1993) (en banc). The district court adequately explained why it concluded that Categories V and VI significantly under-represent Day's criminal history and the likelihood he will commit other crimes. Therefore, the district court properly applied § 4A1.3. In addition, we have reviewed the upward departure to sixty months under our familiar three-step analysis and conclude that it is reasonable. See United States v. Sweet, 985 F.2d 443, 445 & n. 2 (8th Cir.1993).
III.
15
Citing Burgett v. Texas, 389 U.S. 109, 88 S.Ct. 258, 19 L.Ed.2d 319 (1967), and United States v. Tucker, 404 U.S. 443, 92 S.Ct. 589, 30 L.Ed.2d 592 (1972), Day next contends that the district court erred in relying on the two constitutionally invalid convictions to justify a § 4A1.3 departure. The third sentence in Application Note 6 to § 4A1.2 expressly provides that "the criminal conduct underlying any conviction that is not counted in the criminal history score may be considered pursuant to § 4A1.3."3 The district court stated that it was considering the conduct underlying the two invalid convictions, not the convictions themselves; thus, United States v. Norquay, 987 F.2d 475, 481-82 (8th Cir.1993), which involved uncounseled prior convictions, is clearly distinguishable. Day does not deny that he committed the acts in question--at one point while arguing the competency hearing issue, Day stated that "the assault occurred as a result of me hearing voices and hallucinations." In these circumstances, the district court did not err in applying § 4A1.3. See United States v. Elliott, 992 F.2d 853, 857-58 (8th Cir.1993).4
IV.
16
During the proceedings on remand, Day objected to each of the three counsel appointed to assist him. He represented himself at the sentencing hearing with the help of the third appointee as standby counsel. On appeal, with our leave, Day has filed pro se briefs raising numerous issues in addition to those raised by appointed counsel. We have carefully considered each of these issues; only one is worthy of discussion.
17
Day argues that his third appointed counsel came to the sentencing hearing unprepared; that the district court violated his Sixth Amendment right to be represented by effective counsel when it forced him to choose between proceeding with unprepared counsel and proceeding pro se; and that the court erred in allowing him to proceed pro se without adequately inquiring into the validity of his waiver of counsel and his competency to make that waiver. See Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 835, 95 S.Ct. 2525, 2541, 45 L.Ed.2d 562 (1975).
18
The waiver of counsel was voluntary. At the start of the hearing, after Day alleged that court-appointed counsel was unprepared, counsel represented that he had read "just about everything that's been filed, all of [Day's] records, [and had] contacted [Day's] previous counsel [who] made available all of the records and information he had gathered on Mr. Day." When the district court objected to any further delay of the sentencing hearing, Day told the court three times that he would prefer to proceed on his own. During the ensuing proceedings, counsel interjected comment and argument quite frequently, and Day made use of the extensive materials prepared by prior counsel for the first sentencing hearing. Thus, Day was not "offered the 'Hobson's choice' of proceeding ... with unprepared counsel or no counsel at all." Gilbert v. Lockhart, 930 F.2d 1356, 1360 (8th Cir.1991).
19
Day's waiver was also knowing and intelligent. In Patterson v. Illinois, 487 U.S. 285, 298, 108 S.Ct. 2389, 2397, 101 L.Ed.2d 261 (1988), the Supreme Court adopted a "pragmatic approach" to the issue of Sixth Amendment waiver of counsel, "asking what purposes a lawyer can serve at the particular stage of the proceedings." Sentencing hearings demand much less specialized knowledge than trials; for instance, the Federal Rules of Evidence do not apply in sentencing hearings. Fed.R.Evid. 1101(d)(3).
20
The district court emphasized to Day that he "could consult with ... counsel" as much as he pleased, and he took advantage of standby counsel's assistance. See Patterson, 487 U.S. at 292, 108 S.Ct. at 2394 (defendant must be "made sufficiently aware of his right to have counsel"). Day's criminal record evidences a history of previous contact with the criminal justice system "sufficient to give him a general knowledge of the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation." Meyer v. Sargent, 854 F.2d 1110, 1114-15 (8th Cir.1988). Day's conduct at the hearing demonstrates that he had a sophisticated understanding of the hearing's purposes and procedure. And there is nothing in the record to suggest that further delay and a fourth appointed counsel would have produced a different sentence.
21
Finally, Day's contention that the district court should have conducted a competency hearing before allowing him to proceed pro se is without merit. "[T]he competence that is required of a defendant seeking to waive his right to counsel is the competence to waive the right, not the competence to represent himself." Godinez v. Moran, --- U.S. ----, ----, 113 S.Ct. 2680, 2687, 125 L.Ed.2d 321 (1993). "As in any criminal case, a competency determination is necessary only when a court has reason to doubt the defendants competence." Id. at ----, 113 S.Ct. at 2688 n. 13. Here, the district court expressly found that it had no reason to doubt Day's competence; our review of the record is consistent with that finding. Consequently, a further inquiry into Day's competency to waive his right to counsel was unnecessary.
22
The transcript of the sentencing hearing demonstrates that Day, with standby counsel's assistance, effectively represented his own interests in the manner he desired. There was no violation of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel.
23
The judgment of the district court is affirmed.
1
The HONORABLE EDWARD L. FILIPPINE, Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri
2
We note that the district court's method of calculating the final upward departure, proceeding down the sentencing table to a higher offense level, is substantially the method later adopted by the Sentencing Commission in its November 1, 1992, amendment to § 4A1.3:
[T]he court should structure [an upward departure from Criminal History Category VI] by moving incrementally down the sentencing table to the next higher offense level in Criminal History Category VI until it finds a guideline range appropriate to the case.
See U.S.S.G.App.C. No. 460, at 283-84.
3
The note reflects a basic principle of the Criminal History section of the guidelines: "Repeated criminal behavior is an indicator of a limited likelihood of successful rehabilitation." U.S.S.G. Ch. 4, Pt. A, intro. comment. "Statutes that punish recidivists more severely than first offenders have a long tradition in this country that dates back to colonial times." Parke v. Raley, --- U.S. ----, ----, 113 S.Ct. 517, 521, 121 L.Ed.2d 391 (1992)
4
Elliott construed the second sentence in Application Note 6 to § 4A1.2. It directly controls Day's further contention that the district court erred in using a third prior conviction--also allegedly invalid for lack of a competency hearing--to calculate his criminal history score
|
Q:
Convert query with system objects from SQL 2000 to 2005/2008
I have some SQL I need to get working on SQL 2005/2008. The SQL is from SQL 2000 and uses some system objects to make it work.
master.dbo.spt_provider_types
master.dbo.syscharsets
systypes
syscolumns
sysobjects
I know SQL 2005 does no longer use system tables and I can get the same information from views, but I am looking for a solution that will work for both SQL 2000 and 2005/2008. Any ideas?
select top 100 percent
TABLE_CATALOG = db_name(),
TABLE_SCHEMA = user_name(o.uid),
TABLE_NAME = o.name,
COLUMN_NAME = c.name,
ORDINAL_POSITION = convert(int,
(
select count(*)
from syscolumns sc
where sc.id = c.id
AND sc.number = c.number
AND sc.colid <= c.colid
)),
IS_COMPUTED = convert(bit, c.iscomputed)
from
syscolumns c left join syscomments m on c.cdefault = m.id and m.colid = 1,
sysobjects o,
master.dbo.spt_provider_types d,
systypes t,
master.dbo.syscharsets a_cha /* charset/1001, not sortorder.*/
where
o.name = @table_name and
permissions(o.id, c.name) <> 0
and (o.type in ('U','V','S') OR (o.type in ('TF', 'IF') and c.number = 0))
and o.id = c.id
and t.xtype = d.ss_dtype
and c.length = case when d.fixlen > 0 then d.fixlen else c.length end
and c.xusertype = t.xusertype
and a_cha.type = 1001 /* type is charset */
and a_cha.id = isnull(convert(tinyint, CollationPropertyFromID(c.collationid, 'sqlcharset')),
convert(tinyint, ServerProperty('sqlcharset'))) -- make sure there's one and only one row selected for each column
order by 2, 3, c.colorder
) tbl where IS_COMPUTED = 0
A:
If you trying to make the query work in SQL 2000 and SQL 2005, then it should mostly work as is. Microsoft created compatibility views for the system tables specifically so that legacy code would not break. The one problem might be the spt_provider_types table. For that you will either need to use something else like the INFORMATION_SCHEMA views or you can recreate the spt_ tables by running a script in the installs folder on the SQL 2005 system called u_tables.sql.
|
'use strict'
const getDocsUrl = require('./lib/get-docs-url')
module.exports = {
meta: {
type: 'suggestion',
docs: {
url: getDocsUrl('param-names')
}
},
create(context) {
return {
NewExpression(node) {
if (node.callee.name === 'Promise' && node.arguments.length === 1) {
const params = node.arguments[0].params
if (!params || !params.length) {
return
}
if (
params[0].name !== 'resolve' ||
(params[1] && params[1].name !== 'reject')
) {
context.report({
node,
message:
'Promise constructor parameters must be named resolve, reject'
})
}
}
}
}
}
}
|
Q:
React Material UI - Export multiple higher order components
I'm stuck on exporting material-ui styles with redux connector. Here is my code:
import React, { Component } from 'react';
import { connect } from 'react-redux';
import Drawer from 'material-ui/Drawer';
import { withStyles } from 'material-ui/styles';
import PropTypes from 'prop-types';
const mapStateToProps = state => ({});
const reduxConnector = connect(mapStateToProps, null);
const styles = theme => {
console.log(theme);
return ({
paper: {
top: '80px',
boxShadow: theme.shadows[9]
},
});
};
class Cart extends Component {
render() {
const { classes } = this.props;
return (
<Drawer
open
docked
anchor="right"
classes={{ paper: classes.paper }}
>
<p style={{ width: 250 }}>cart</p>
</Drawer>
);
}
}
export default withStyles(styles, {name: 'Cart'})(Cart);
export default reduxConnector(Cart); // I want to add this
I've tried:
export default reduxConnector(withStyles(styles))(Cart); // return Uncaught TypeError: Cannot call a class as a function
export default withStyles(styles, {name: 'Cart'})(reduxConnector(Cart)); // return Uncaught Error: Could not find "store" in either the context or props of "Connect(Cart)". Either wrap the root component in a <Provider>, or explicitly pass "store" as a prop to "Connect(Cart)".
Any solution?
A:
Just try this
export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(withStyles(styles)(App));
Where App is your component.
It works fine for me.
A:
Take a look at how it's being handled in the material-ui docs site, specifically in the AppFrame component:
export default compose(
withStyles(styles, {
name: 'AppFrame',
}),
withWidth(),
connect(),
)(AppFrame);
They're using recompose to do this.
So in your case, it would be:
import React, { Component } from 'react';
import compose from 'recompose/compose';
import { connect } from 'react-redux';
import Drawer from 'material-ui/Drawer';
import { withStyles } from 'material-ui/styles';
import PropTypes from 'prop-types';
const styles = theme => {
console.log(theme);
return {
paper: {
top: '80px',
boxShadow: theme.shadows[9],
},
};
};
const Cart = ({ classes }) =>
<Drawer open docked anchor="right" classes={{ paper: classes.paper }}>
<p style={{ width: 250 }}>cart</p>
</Drawer>;
const mapStateToProps = state => ({});
export default compose(
withStyles(styles, { name: 'Cart' }),
connect(mapStateToProps, null)
)(Cart);
A:
Without recompose or compose:
Cart = withStyles(styles, {name: 'Cart'})(Cart);
export default reduxConnector(Cart);
|
Data are publicly available through Princeton University\'s Office of Population Research (OPR) data archive: <http://opr.princeton.edu/archive/ff/>. More information about the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study is available on the study website at <http://www.fragilefamilies.princeton.edu>.
Introduction {#sec001}
============
Married individuals are less likely to engage in certain risky behaviors with potentially negative health consequences than unmarried individuals \[[@pone.0182628.ref001]\]. Empirical evidence suggests that marriage causes individuals to change their health behaviors, including causing a reduction in risky health behaviors, such as binge drinking and illegal drug use (see reviews in \[[@pone.0182628.ref002],[@pone.0182628.ref003]\]). Previous research also suggests that engaging in certain health behaviors, such as heavy drinking, is negatively associated with likelihood of entering marriage \[[@pone.0182628.ref004]\]. Health behaviors also impact marital status by affecting social selection out of marriage \[[@pone.0182628.ref005]\]. Being married may cause individuals to participate in fewer risky health behaviors, but individuals who engage in risky health behaviors are more likely to divorce than individuals who do not engage in these behaviors \[[@pone.0182628.ref005]\].
Risky health behaviors may be associated with union instability for a number of reasons. First, such health behaviors may impede an individual's ability to enact normative family roles \[[@pone.0182628.ref006]\], and individuals who cannot fulfill normative roles may be perceived as less desirable partners. For example, frequent binge drinking may interfere with an individual's ability to parent responsibly, placing children's safety at risk and/or causing the co-parent to shoulder more of the caretaking responsibilities. The extent to which risky health behaviors interfere with family role expectations may differ by gender, in part because norms about parenting differ by gender. Many risky health behaviors are also more normative for men \[[@pone.0182628.ref007]\], and behaviors that are more common may be perceived as less incompatible with gender-specific family norms.
Second, risky health behaviors may incur substantial short-term and long-term financial costs or instability. In the short-term, some health behaviors may cause a partner to miss work or lose employment, and the behavior itself may be expensive, as in the case of a cigarette smoking habit or frequent bouts of heavy drinking. In the long-term, risky health behaviors may impair health and cause serious morbidity or disability, potentially decreasing employment earnings and incurring high health care costs. Financial strain, in turn, might negatively impact the quality of a couple's relationship \[[@pone.0182628.ref008]\].
Third, risky health behaviors may impact the quality and tone of interactions between partners, perhaps especially in couples in which only one partner engages in the risky behavior. Because risky health behavior may interfere with family roles, incur financial costs, and negatively impact health, the partner who is not binge-drinking or smoking may try to exert social control over the partner who is engaging in the risky behavior (see \[[@pone.0182628.ref001],[@pone.0182628.ref009]\] regarding spousal social control of health behavior). Attempts by one partner to monitor or sanction the other partner\'s behavior might lead to conflict and a deterioration of relationship quality (for example, \[[@pone.0182628.ref010]\] shows psychosocial effects of spousal diet control attempts).
Another possibility is that risky health behaviors are not themselves causally related to marital or union stability but rather are correlated with other characteristics that are associated with union dissolution. For example, cigarette smoking is more common among less educated adults in the United States, and education is an important predictor of marital stability in the United States \[[@pone.0182628.ref011]\]. Some risky health behaviors---like binge drinking---are also associated with particular health conditions, such as depressive symptoms \[[@pone.0182628.ref012]\], which previous research has found are predictive of marital dissolution \[[@pone.0182628.ref013]\]. Risky health behaviors could also affect health status, and it may be the resultant health conditions, not the risky behaviors per se, that impact union stability. For example, previous research finds that poor self-rated health is associated with union dissolution \[[@pone.0182628.ref014]\].
Psychosocial factors at the couple and individual levels might also produce non-causal associations between health behaviors and union dissolution. For instance, if poor relationship quality generates psychosocial stress, individuals in lower quality relationships might be more likely to smoke, as previous research has found that stress is linked to smoking \[[@pone.0182628.ref015]\]. At the individual level, personality characteristics such as neuroticism are associated with both smoking behavior and marital quality \[[@pone.0182628.ref016],[@pone.0182628.ref017]\].
Studies that have empirically examined the relationship between risky health behaviors and marital dissolution have mixed findings. For example, in a sample pooling men and women together, Collins, Ellickson, and Klein \[[@pone.0182628.ref018]\] find that frequency of alcohol intoxication is positively associated with risk of divorce among young, married individuals in the U.S. In contrast, in a U.K. sample, Cheung \[[@pone.0182628.ref019]\] finds that harmful drinking is associated with increased likelihood of being divorced for women, but not for men. Additionally, Cheung \[[@pone.0182628.ref019]\] finds that women who were light smokers were significantly more likely than non-smokers to be divorced ten years later, but among men, heavy smokers were significantly less likely than non-smokers to be divorced. Fu and Goldman \[[@pone.0182628.ref005]\] also find a complicated pattern of results regarding risky health behaviors and divorce, in a U.S. sample (that excluded blacks and Hispanics). On the whole, their findings suggest that smoking is positively associated with risk of divorce for women and men, and that for men married longer than four years, moderate drinking is negatively associated with divorce risk. Finally, another study finds that a "mismatch" in alcohol use is associated with an increased likelihood of marital dissolution \[[@pone.0182628.ref020]\].
Among studies analyzing the association between health behaviors and future dissolution risk, relatively few examine couples with children specifically. One exception \[[@pone.0182628.ref006]\] shows evidence supportive of role incompatibility between parenthood and marijuana use, but does not find statistically significant interactions between parental status and marijuana use in predicting union dissolution. A more recent study by Tach and Edin (2013) \[[@pone.0182628.ref021]\] finds that among couples with children, problematic drinking or drug use (i.e., that which interferes with work or relationships) by mothers (but not fathers) is associated with higher likelihood of future union dissolution, but only among married couples.
The prevalence of cohabiting relationships has risen dramatically over the past four decades \[[@pone.0182628.ref022]\], and almost one-quarter of children are now born to unmarried cohabiting couples \[[@pone.0182628.ref023]\]. Given the importance of family stability to child wellbeing (e.g. \[[@pone.0182628.ref024],[@pone.0182628.ref025]\]), it is particularly important to understand whether risky health behaviors are associated with union stability among parents. Relatively little research has examined whether the associations between risky health behaviors and union stability are similar for married and cohabiting couples, and to our knowledge, no study has explicitly analyzed how the associations of specific health behaviors with union dissolution differ between married and cohabiting couples with young children.
Although marriage and cohabitation are both sexual co-residential relationships, there are still notable differences between the two union types in the United States. These include differences in the legal rights and obligations of the partners, social and financial support from kin \[[@pone.0182628.ref026],[@pone.0182628.ref027]\], and norms about housework \[[@pone.0182628.ref028]\], pooling money \[[@pone.0182628.ref029]\], and parenting \[[@pone.0182628.ref030],[@pone.0182628.ref031]\]. Additionally, cohabiting parents separate at a much higher rate than married parents \[[@pone.0182628.ref021]\]. These differences may alter the associations between risky health behaviors and union stability.
In this article, we examine how health behaviors are associated with union dissolution for married and cohabiting couples with children. Using nine years of data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a study of parents with children born in 1999 and 2000 who live in urban areas in the United States, we examine the association between union stability and two health behaviors: smoking and binge drinking. In contrast to earlier research on this topic using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study \[[@pone.0182628.ref021],[@pone.0182628.ref032]\], we examine specific measures of cigarette use and binge drinking among mothers and fathers. We investigate three questions: 1) Are risky health behaviors (smoking and binge drinking) associated with (future) union dissolution? 2) Do the associations of these health behaviors with union dissolution differ between married and cohabiting couples? 3) Do the associations between these health behaviors and union dissolution differ by the gender of the partner engaging in the behavior?
On the one hand, given the stronger norms for men's and women's behavior within the institution of marriage, we might expect risky health behaviors to be more predictive of union dissolution among married couples. Tach and Edin's (2013) \[[@pone.0182628.ref021]\] research, for example, suggests that mothers' drinking or drug problems are predictive of union dissolution among married couples, but not unmarried couples (in their analysis, this category included both cohabiting and dating couples). On the other hand, cohabiting unions are more likely to dissolve than marriages, so to the extent that a risky health behavior produces strain within couples, we might expect this behavior to be more predictive of dissolution among cohabiting unions.
Our expectations regarding gender differences in the associations between risky health behaviors and union dissolution are more one-sided. Given gendered norms of parenting behavior, and the incompatibility of risky health behaviors with supervising children, we expect that mothers' risky health behaviors will be more predictive of union dissolution than similar behavior by fathers.
We do not hold a priori expectations regarding whether binge drinking or smoking will be more predictive of union dissolution. Both activities can incur a financial cost, which varies according to frequency of engaging in the health behavior. Binge drinking could more severely limit a parent's ability to supervise or transport children to school, activities, etc. Smoking, however, could impact children's health via second-hand smoke exposure \[[@pone.0182628.ref033]\], potentially interfering with expectations about good parenting.
Thus, the overall aim of this research is to analyze whether associations between health behaviors and union dissolution differ by marital status, but we also explore differences by gender and the specific health behavior examined. We achieve this objective by using discrete time hazard models to examine risk of union dissolution among a sample of parents with young children in U.S. urban areas. Our findings demonstrate the importance of considering marital status, gender, and disaggregated health behavior measures in research connecting health behavior to union dissolution.
Data and methods {#sec002}
================
Data {#sec003}
----
This analysis was deemed exempt by the IRB at the authors' university as it uses publicly available data. Our data come from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a birth cohort study that includes around 5,000 children born in twenty large U.S. cities in 1999 and 2000. The Fragile Families sample contains a larger number of cohabiting couples than is available in many other datasets, as the study oversampled unmarried births. More details about the sampling methodology are available in \[[@pone.0182628.ref034]\]. Readers should note that although these data are not representative of the entire U.S. population, they are potentially informative regarding a substantial segment of it; in the year 2000, 22% of all U.S. births and 29% of non-marital births were in urban areas \[[@pone.0182628.ref035]\].
Another exceptional feature of the Fragile Families study is that both mothers and fathers were interviewed, even if the parents were unmarried. (There are no mothers who report a same-sex partner at the baseline wave of the study.) Thus, these data include a much larger sample of cohabiting couples than most datasets with health information for both partners. The baseline interviews were conducted shortly after the child's birth (usually while the mother and infant were still in the hospital), and subsequent interviews were conducted 1 year, 3 years, 5 years, and 9 years later.
Because the same health behavior questions were not asked of both parents at the baseline interview, we define the start of our observation window as the 1-year interview. Additionally, the mothers' baseline survey asked about health behaviors during pregnancy, and associations between health behaviors during pregnancy (when mothers' health behaviors may impact the fetus) and union dissolution might differ from the associations at other points in the life course. Because the start of our observation period is one year after the baseline interview, couples whose unions dissolved by their child's first birthday are not included in our main sample. Of the 4,898 families who participated in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study, 2,997 included couples in a residential union at the 1-year interview or, if they did not participate in the 1-year interview, in a residential union at baseline. Of these families, our analytic sample includes couples in which both partners participated in the 1-year interview (n = 2,348). We use multiple imputation techniques (with twenty iterations) to address missing data on predictor and covariate variables. Of our sample, 88.37% of couples had one or no predictor or control variables with missing data. Most variables included in our analysis had relatively few missing cases. Of the health behavior variables, all variables had 5 or fewer cases with missing values.
### Variables {#sec004}
We measure marital status using a dichotomous indicator of whether the couple is married or in an unmarried, cohabiting union at the 1-year interview. Our outcome measure is an indicator that the couple has separated between survey waves (i.e. between the 1 year and 3 year survey, between the 3 year and 5 year survey, or between the 5 and 9 year survey). We use mothers' reports when available and supplement with fathers' reports if the mother did not participate in the interview wave.
We examine two health behaviors, each measured for both members of the couple at the 1-year interview when the child was approximately one year old. These behaviors are 1) whether the respondent reported smoking cigarettes in the previous month (a dichotomous variable); and 2) whether the respondent reports one or more days in the previous month on which they drank five or more alcoholic beverages (a dichotomous variable). We distinguish between indicators of mothers' and fathers' health behaviors. Unfortunately, questions about binge drinking in later survey years are not directly comparable to the 1-year measure. Smoking measures are more comparable across waves, but, because of a survey implementation error, are not available at the 3-year interview for most parents. Given this limitation and the fact that less than 15% of mothers and fathers change smoking behavior between the 1-year and 5-year interviews, we use only the 1-year interview measures in our analysis.
For smoking, we construct a four-category smoking variable denoting the combination of paternal and maternal smoking behavior at the 1-year interview. The categories include: neither parent smokes, mother smokes only, father smokes only, and both parents smoke. (Maternal binge drinking is too rare to include the parallel measure for parental binge drinking in the analysis.)
The full set of control variables includes variables previously found to be associated with union dissolution (e.g. \[[@pone.0182628.ref011],[@pone.0182628.ref021]\]). Mother's characteristics include age (measured using five categories), race/ethnicity (with variables indicating whether she is non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic, or other), mother\'s education (with variables indicating whether she has less than a high school degree, high school, some college, or a college degree or more), her childhood family structure (with a variable indicating whether she lived with both parents at age 15), and whether she was previously married (an indicator variable). Father's characteristics include measures of his involvement with the criminal justice system (an indicator of whether he has a criminal record), his current or previous military enlistment (a variable indicating military service), recent unemployment (measured with an indicator of whether he was not working for three or more weeks in the year before the birth), and whether he was previously married (an indicator variable).
Couple-level characteristics include: the age difference between the mother and father; whether the mother and father are of the same race/ethnicity (a variable indicating if they are homogamous); whether either or both parents are immigrants (an indicator variable); whether the mother has children with a previous partner (an indicator variable); whether the father has children with a previous partner (an indicator variable); whether they have other shared children together (an indicator variable); whether the couple considered abortion (coded yes if the mother says that she considered it or the father suggested it); and whether the mother reports that there was domestic violence in the relationship prior to the child's birth (an indicator variable).
Controls for additional family characteristics include the following, operationalized as dichotomous variables: whether the couple's infant has a serious health problem or disability, whether the couple owns their home, whether their income in the year between their child's birth and the 1-year interview was below the federal poverty level, and whether both members of the couple attend religious services weekly. Additionally, we include two variables for union duration at the time of the child's birth: a variable indicating that the couple had lived together one year or less, and an indicator variable for whether they had lived together for five or more years (with the reference category being couples who had lived together more than one year but less than five years at the time of the birth).
Analysis {#sec005}
--------
We use discrete time hazard models to analyze the association between health behaviors (as reported at the 1-year interview) and risk of union dissolution. The event outcome we model is union dissolution, defined as a married or cohabiting couple ceasing to live together. We assess this outcome at three points in time: the 3-year interview, the 5-year interview, and 9-year interview. Our unit of analysis is the couple, and each couple contributes an observation to our sample for each period at which they are at risk of separating, leading to a total of 5,811 observations. Couples in which a partner dies are treated as censored at the first wave that the death is reported, and are not included in the analysis at later waves. For couples in which neither partner completed an interview at a particular wave, we treat relationship status as censored for that particular wave and do not follow the couple at later waves.
Our modeling strategy is similar to that of Tach and Edin \[[@pone.0182628.ref021]\], and our first model, Model 1, can be represented using the following equation: $${\log\left\lbrack \frac{P_{it}}{1 - P_{it}} \right\rbrack} = \beta_{1}\left( {Period} \right)_{it} + \beta_{2}\left( {Married} \right)_{i}{+ \beta}_{3}\left( {Married\ X\ Period} \right)_{it} + \beta_{4}\left( {Smoking} \right)_{i} + \beta_{5}\left( {Drinking} \right)_{i} + \varepsilon_{it}$$
In this model, *P*~*it*~ represents the probability of union dissolution for couple *i* during discrete time period *t*, conditional on the couple being at risk of union dissolution during this period \[[@pone.0182628.ref021]\]. In this model specification, *Period* is a categorical variable that indicates to which of the three discrete measurement periods (between the 1-year and 3-year surveys, between the 3-year and 5-year surveys, or between the 5-year and 9-year surveys) couple *i* belongs at wave *t*. We do not include an intercept term in these regression models, so no one time period is treated as the reference period. Rather, the coefficient for each period represents the log odds of dissolution during that period when controlling for the other variables in the model. Marital status, parental smoking, and parental binge drinking do not vary within couples over time, as they are all measured at the 1-year interview. The *β*~2~ coefficient represents the difference in log odds of dissolution between married and cohabiting couples for the period between the 1-year and 3-year surveys. *β*~3~ captures interactions between marital status and period, demonstrating how differences in log odds of dissolution between married and cohabiting couples change over time. Associations of parental smoking variables with log odds of dissolution are captured by *β*~4~, and associations of parental binge drinking variables with dissolution are represented by *β*~5~.
In the second model specification (Model 2), we add interactions between the health behavior variables and marital status. In Model 3, we add the full set of control characteristics. (We checked for evidence of multi-collinearity among the control variables; we find no indication of such a problem.)
To aid interpretation of the substantive meaning of key coefficients, we calculate predicted probabilities of union dissolution. These probabilities are calculated for a couple with the reference values for the control characteristics (e.g., non-Hispanic white mother with a high school degree), except for the following: the mother lived with both parents in childhood, the parents are of the same race and ethnicity, and the age difference between parents is two years.
Results {#sec006}
=======
There are substantial differences in the demographic characteristics and resources of cohabiting and married couples, as well as in their risk factors for separation (see [S1 Table](#pone.0182628.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). [Table 1](#pone.0182628.t001){ref-type="table"} shows rates of separation by relationship type. More than half of cohabiting couples split up during the observation window compared with approximately one-quarter of married couples. This higher rate of union dissolution among cohabiting couples is not unique to our sample; national data also show short union durations for cohabitors \[[@pone.0182628.ref036]\].
10.1371/journal.pone.0182628.t001
###### Distribution of predictor and outcome variables by relationship type.
{#pone.0182628.t001g}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
\ Relationship type \
\ Significant difference?
\
\
----------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------- ------------------------- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----
**Outcome**
*Couple splits by end of observation period* .59 .01 .24 .01 \*
**Health behavior predictor variables**
*Currently smokes cigarettes*
Mother .30 .01 .15 .01 \*
Father .48 .01 .25 .01 \*
*Binge drinking episode in previous month*
Mother .07 .01 .04 .01 \*
Father .28 .01 .25 .01
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*Source*: Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study
*Note*: Differences between married and cohabiting couples that are statistically significant at p \< .05 are denoted by \*.
Notably, health behaviors differ by gender and relationship type. Almost one-third of cohabiting mothers and one-half of cohabiting fathers reported smoking compared to approximately 15% of married mothers and one-quarter of married fathers. Binge drinking is rare among mothers, but is more common among fathers.
The results in [Table 2](#pone.0182628.t002){ref-type="table"} show how binge drinking and smoking associate with union dissolution. In Model 1, couples in which only the mother smokes, only the father smokes, or both parents smoke have higher odds of union dissolution, on average, than couples in which neither parent smokes. With regard to binge drinking, Model 1 shows no association between maternal or paternal binge drinking and union dissolution.
10.1371/journal.pone.0182628.t002
###### Results from discrete time hazard models predicting union dissolution by parental health behaviors (OR = odds ratio, *β* = coefficient, s.e. = standard error).
{#pone.0182628.t002g}
[Model 1]{.ul} [Model 2]{.ul}
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------------- ----- ------------------------------------------- ------ ------- ----- -------------------------------------------
***Combined Parental Smoking*** *(Reference = Neither Parent Smokes)*
Mother Smokes Only 1.66 .51 .14 [\*\*\*](#t002fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.52 .42 .17 [\*](#t002fn005){ref-type="table-fn"}
Father Smokes Only 1.62 .48 .10 [\*\*\*](#t002fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.36 .30 .11 [\*\*](#t002fn004){ref-type="table-fn"}
Mother and Father Both Smoke 1.90 .64 .10 [\*\*\*](#t002fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.63 .49 .12 [\*\*\*](#t002fn003){ref-type="table-fn"}
Married X Mother Smokes Only 1.20 .18 .32
Married X Father Smokes Only 1.71 .54 .20 [\*\*](#t002fn004){ref-type="table-fn"}
Married X Mother and Father Both Smoke 1.70 .53 .23 [\*](#t002fn005){ref-type="table-fn"}
***Binge Drinking***
Mother Binge Drinks .91 -.10 .16 .87 -.14 .18
Father Binge Drinks .98 -.02 .09 .92 -.08 .10
Married X Mother Binge Drinks 1.16 .15 .37
Married X Father Binge Drinks 1.19 .17 .18
**Married** .21 -1.58 .14 [\*\*\*](#t002fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} .15 -1.88 .16 [\*\*\*](#t002fn003){ref-type="table-fn"}
***Discrete time periods***
Between 1 and 3-Year Survey .27 -1.30 .08 [\*\*\*](#t002fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} .30 -1.19 .09 [\*\*\*](#t002fn003){ref-type="table-fn"}
Between 3 and 5-Year Survey .23 -1.47 .10 [\*\*\*](#t002fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} .26 -1.36 .10 [\*\*\*](#t002fn003){ref-type="table-fn"}
Between 5 and 9-Year Survey .29 -1.24 .11 [\*\*\*](#t002fn003){ref-type="table-fn"} .32 -1.13 .11 [\*\*\*](#t002fn003){ref-type="table-fn"}
Married X Between 3 and 5 Years 1.84 .61 .19 [\*\*](#t002fn004){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.87 .63 .19 [\*\*](#t002fn004){ref-type="table-fn"}
Married X Between 5 and 9 Years 1.61 .48 .20 [\*](#t002fn005){ref-type="table-fn"} 1.66 .51 .20 [\*](#t002fn005){ref-type="table-fn"}
*Source*: Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 2348)
*Note*: Statistical significance levels are denoted as follows:
\*\*\*p \< .001
\*\*p \< .01
\*p \< .05
When we add interactions between parental health behavior variables and marital status in Model 2, the coefficients for maternal smoking (only), paternal smoking (only), and both parents smoking remain statistically significant. Interactions of marital status with paternal smoking (only) and both parents smoking are statistically significant. We do not find statistically significant interactions between marital status and paternal or maternal binge drinking.
In [Table 3](#pone.0182628.t003){ref-type="table"}, we show the results for Model 3, which includes the full set of control covariates. As in Models 1 and 2, Model 3 shows no associations between binge drinking and union dissolution for either cohabiting or married parents. With regard to smoking, the main coefficients for paternal and maternal smoking lose statistical significance. However, paternal smoking continues to interact with marital status (OR = 1.64, p \< .05). The predicted probability of union dissolution between the 1 and 3 year interviews for married couples with the reference characteristics is .10 for couples in which the father (only) smokes compared with .05 for couples in which neither parent smokes. In Model 3, the main coefficient for both parents smoking maintains statistical significance (OR = 1.38, p \< .05), but notably, the interaction of both parents smoking with marital status is not statistically significant. This shows that both parents smoking is equally predictive of union dissolution for married and cohabiting couples. For a cohabiting reference couple in which neither parent smokes, the probability of union dissolution between the 1-year and 3-year interviews is .16; for a couple with the same characteristics, this probability increases to .20 if both parents smoke.
10.1371/journal.pone.0182628.t003
###### Results from discrete time hazard models predicting union dissolution by parental health behaviors, with covariate controls (OR = odds ratio, *β* = coefficient, s.e. = standard error).
{#pone.0182628.t003g}
[Model 3]{.ul}
----------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- ------- ----- -------------------------------------------
***Combined Parental Smoking*** *(Reference = Neither Parent Smokes)*
Mother Smokes Only 1.16 .15 .19
Father Smokes Only 1.12 .11 .12
Mother and Father Both Smoke 1.38 .32 .13 [\*](#t003fn005){ref-type="table-fn"}
Married X Mother Smokes Only 1.32 .28 .33
Married X Father Smokes Only 1.64 .50 .21 [\*](#t003fn005){ref-type="table-fn"}
Married X Mother and Father Both Smoke 1.23 .21 .24
***Binge Drinking***
Mother Binge Drinks .94 -.06 .20
Father Binge Drinks 1.07 .07 .11
Married X Mother Binge Drinks 1.02 .02 .39
Married X Father Binge Drinks 1.13 .12 .19
**Married** .30 -1.21 .18 [\*\*\*](#t003fn003){ref-type="table-fn"}
***Discrete time periods***
Between 1 and 3-Year Survey .31 -1.17 .21 [\*\*\*](#t003fn003){ref-type="table-fn"}
Between 3 and 5-Year Survey .28 -1.27 .22 [\*\*\*](#t003fn003){ref-type="table-fn"}
Between 5 and 9-Year Survey .38 -.98 .22 [\*\*\*](#t003fn003){ref-type="table-fn"}
Married X Between 3 and 5 Years 1.86 .62 .20 [\*\*](#t003fn004){ref-type="table-fn"}
Married X Between 5 and 9 Years 1.65 .50 .21 [\*](#t003fn005){ref-type="table-fn"}
***Mother\'s characteristics***
*Age (ref*: *24--27)*
less than 20 1.51 .41 .14 [\*\*](#t003fn004){ref-type="table-fn"}
20--23 1.17 .16 .11
28--34 .74 -.30 .13 [\*](#t003fn005){ref-type="table-fn"}
35 and older .56 -.58 .18 [\*\*](#t003fn004){ref-type="table-fn"}
*Race/ethnicity (ref*: *non-Hispanic white)*
Black 1.58 .46 .11 [\*\*\*](#t003fn003){ref-type="table-fn"}
Hispanic .87 -.14 .13
Other race 1.02 .02 .23
*Education (ref*: *high school)*
Less than high school .91 -.10 .10
Some college .89 -.12 .11
College or more .58 -.54 .19 [\*\*](#t003fn004){ref-type="table-fn"}
Lived with 2 parents during childhood .87 -.14 .08 [\~](#t003fn006){ref-type="table-fn"}
Previously married 1.02 .02 .16
***Father\'s characteristics***
Has criminal record 1.06 .06 .09
Military service 1.15 .14 .13
Unemployment spell 1.10 .10 .08
Previously married 1.08 .08 .15
***Couple-level Characteristics***
Age difference between partners .97 -.03 .01 [\*](#t003fn005){ref-type="table-fn"}
Couple is the same race/ethnicity .71 -.34 .12 [\*\*](#t003fn004){ref-type="table-fn"}
Either parent is an immigrant .65 -.43 .13 [\*\*\*](#t003fn003){ref-type="table-fn"}
Mother has child with other man 1.01 .01 .09
Father has child with other woman 1.23 .21 .10 [\*](#t003fn005){ref-type="table-fn"}
Couple has other bio. children together .91 -.09 .09
Either considered abortion 1.12 .12 .09
Domestic violence 1.41 .35 .21 [\~](#t003fn006){ref-type="table-fn"}
Child has disability 1.86 .62 .28 [\*](#t003fn005){ref-type="table-fn"}
Home ownership .87 -.13 .11
Below poverty line 1.16 .15 .09 [\~](#t003fn006){ref-type="table-fn"}
Attend religious services weekly .94 -.07 .12
Couple has lived together less than 1 year 1.13 .12 .09
Couple has lived together 5+ years .92 -.08 .13
*Source*: Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 2348)
*Note*: Statistical significance levels are denoted as follows:
\*\*\*p \< .001
\*\*p \< .01
\*p \< .05
\~p \< .10
Supplementary analyses and robustness checks {#sec007}
--------------------------------------------
Relationship quality may mediate the associations between health behaviors and union dissolution. To investigate this, we check whether the inclusion of a variable for poor relationship quality at the child's birth (based on mother's responses to items that comprise a supportiveness scale) alters our findings about the associations between health behaviors and union dissolution; it does not.
Given that maternal health behaviors during pregnancy may impact fetal health, we investigate whether having a child with a health problem or disability is a mechanism through which maternal health behaviors impact union stability. We check whether excluding the variable indicating a child health problem from our models modifies our main findings; it does not. Moreover, excluding couples who have a child with a health problem from the analysis also does not change our main findings.
In alternative model specifications, we include measures of each parent's self-rated health and whether the parent exhibits high levels of (untreated) depressive symptoms using the shortened form of the CES-D checklist. Inclusion of these variables does not meaningfully change the associations between health behaviors and union dissolution. This suggests that the statistically significant associations we find between smoking and union dissolution are not spurious relationships caused by associations of self-rated health or depression with either the main predictors (smoking and binge drinking) or outcome variable (union dissolution). Interestingly, these results also suggest that self-rated health and depressive symptoms do not mediate the associations we find between smoking and union dissolution.
The beginning of our observation period is the 1-year interview, and some unions dissolved between the child's birth and the 1-year interviews. To explore the selectivity of our sample, we examine the distribution of baseline health behaviors among all couples married or cohabiting at the child's birth, disaggregated by whether the couple is included in our sample. The health behavior measures available at the baseline interview are not directly comparable to the measures we use in our main analysis, but provide information about possible selection. The results of this analysis are presented in [S2 Table](#pone.0182628.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}, and they provide some evidence of selection into our analytic sample on maternal and paternal smoking behavior. Among married couples, those in our sample are less likely to include mothers that smoked during pregnancy or fathers that smoked in the three months prior to the baseline interview. Given that couples in which mothers or fathers smoked are more likely to select out of our sample, it is possible that our main findings underestimate the association of smoking behaviors with union dissolution.
In an additional supplemental analysis, we run separate models for married and cohabiting couples; we do this because of evidence that the predictors of union dissolution are different for cohabiting and marital unions \[[@pone.0182628.ref021],[@pone.0182628.ref037]\]. Our conclusions from these analyses parallel those from the models that include marital status interactions with health behaviors.
We also check whether our results are robust to using the couple's relationship status at the child's birth instead of at the start of our observation period (the 1-year interview). Consistent with our main analyses, findings from the Model 3 specification of this set of analyses show that couples in which both parents smoke and married couples in which the father (only) smokes have increased odds of union dissolution. In contrast to our main analyses (which use marital status at 1 year), this analysis also shows a statistically significant interaction term between maternal smoking and marital status (OR = 2.00, p \< .05). This suggests that married couples in which the mother smokes have increased odds of union dissolution, but the same association does not hold for cohabiting mothers who smoke.
Finally, we check whether associations between health behaviors and union dissolution differ between couples cohabiting at the 1-year interview that later marry (*n* = 327) and cohabiting couples that do not marry during our observation period. Among couples that are cohabiting at the 1-year interview, we do not find statistically significant interactions of marrying in subsequent years with maternal smoking, paternal smoking, or paternal binge drinking. We may be underpowered to detect such interactions if they are small in magnitude. (Because of the small number of mothers who binge drink, we are unable to explore interactions between marrying and maternal binge drinking.)
Discussion {#sec008}
==========
Risky health behaviors might negatively affect individuals' well-being and decrease the well-being of their partners and their children. In this paper, we investigate whether smoking or binge drinking among urban couples with a young child are associated with higher risk of future union dissolution. We expected that these health behaviors would be associated with an increased risk of union dissolution, as they might interfere with an individual's ability to be a good partner or parent, and might incur substantial financial costs. We also posited that a \"mismatch\" between partners in risky health behaviors might cause conflict or strain that would lead to increased risk of dissolution. Previous research and theory suggest that the associations of these health behaviors with union dissolution might vary by the marital status of the couple and the gender of the partner engaging in the behavior.
In our analysis, we find that couples in which both parents smoke have an increased risk of union dissolution, and this increased risk does not differ by marital status. This finding is inconsistent with what we would expect if the "mismatch" hypothesis fully held. Additionally, this finding demonstrates the importance of considering dyadic pairings of health behaviors when predicting union dissolution, as opposed to examining each partner's health behaviors in isolation from the other partner.
We also find evidence suggestive of gender differences in the relationships between smoking, marital status, and union dissolution. Notably, we do not find evidence in support of our expectation regarding the direction of gender differences; maternal smoking was not more predictive of union dissolution than paternal smoking. Instead, we find that married couples in which only the father smokes have an increased risk of union dissolution; however, the association between paternal smoking and dissolution risk does not hold for cohabiting couples. The fact that a "mismatch" in parental smoking behavior is predictive of dissolution only among married couples and only when the smoking parent is the father suggests that the mechanism linking paternal smoking to union dissolution might not be a "mismatch" per se, but rather gendered family dynamics surrounding health behaviors.
One potential explanation for our finding that married fathers\' smoking is particularly predictive of union dissolution relates to partner social control of health behaviors. Prior research suggests that for men, being married is associated with a higher frequency of receiving health behavior social control from others \[[@pone.0182628.ref009]\]. Married men are also more likely than married women to report their partner (or ex-partner) as the person that most frequently performs such social control in their life \[[@pone.0182628.ref009]\]. If attempts at socially controlling a partner's risky health behaviors are associated with relationship discord and union instability, our pattern of findings would be consistent with the gendered patterns of social control documented by previous research. Future research might examine whether cohabiting and married couples differ in gendered efforts to socially control health behavior, whether these efforts are more likely among couples in which only one partner engages in a particular risky health behavior, and how such efforts impact relationship quality.
We find no evidence that binge drinking is associated with union dissolution for either married or cohabiting parents. However, given the small number of mothers who binge drink in our sample, it is possible that our analysis is underpowered to detect associations among this group.
In further analyses, we explored possible mechanisms linking health behaviors to union dissolution, including relationship quality, self-rated health, and depression. We did not find any evidence that these account for the associations between smoking and union dissolution. Future research should investigate whether the association of smoking with union dissolution is spurious and generated by correlation with factors not captured by the Fragile Families Study, such as measures of personality dimensions or stress, that are associated with marital quality \[[@pone.0182628.ref015]--[@pone.0182628.ref017],[@pone.0182628.ref038]\].
Our analysis focuses on parents who live in urban areas. Parents in U.S. cities are more racially diverse than parents not residing in cities. Cohabiting and married couples in urban areas may also differ from their less urban or rural counterparts on non-demographic characteristics. Thus, findings based on this sample may not generalize to the population of all parents in the U.S. This limitation is compensated for by the availability of health behavior information from both partners in the Fragile Families data, which is not typical for studies in this field \[[@pone.0182628.ref039]\]. Additionally, these data contain a larger number of cohabiting couples (over 1,000) than what most nationally representative datasets include.
In conclusion, our findings make two important contributions to the existing scholarly literature. First, consistent with previous research, we find that certain risky health behaviors are associated with romantic union dissolution. Like previous research, we find a somewhat complicated pattern of associations, with differences by the specific behavior examined (i.e., smoking versus binge drinking), by the gender of the partner engaging in the behavior, and by the marital status of the couple. Future research might fruitfully examine the precise mechanisms explaining why these associations differ across population subgroups. Second, our finding of differences in the association between smoking and dissolution by marital status adds to the growing body of research continuing to find differences in union dynamics between married and cohabiting couples, suggesting that marriage and cohabitation are still distinct family forms in the United States.
Supporting information {#sec009}
======================
###### Descriptive statistics for characteristics of mothers, fathers, and couples by relationship type.
*Source*: Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 2348). *Note*: Differences between married and cohabiting couples that are statistically significant at p \< .05 are denoted by \*.
(XLSX)
######
Click here for additional data file.
###### Distribution of parents\' health behavior variables at child\'s birth by baseline marital status and sample status.
*Source*: Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. *Note*: Statistically significant (p \< .05) differences between sample and non-sample couples within marital status are denoted by \*. Married and cohabiting couples at the child\'s birth are not included in our sample if they separate before the 1-year survey or if either parent did not complete a 1-year interview.
(XLSX)
######
Click here for additional data file.
We thank the members of Cells to Society: The Center on Social Disparities and Health at the Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, for their comments on an earlier version of this project. We also thank participants in the 2014 American Sociological Association Annual Meeting session on "Marriage, Civil Unions, and Cohabitation," who provided feedback on this research.
[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
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Smriti Irani not involved in highway-accident: HRD Ministry
Smriti's office denied the charges filed against her by the victim's children, and said that she wasn't responsible for the accident that claimed a doctor's life.
Smriti's spokesperson stated that the car registered in the FIR didn't belong to her convoy, and she didn't neglect the injured.
He added that Smriti stopped, informed the police, and left only after an ambulance reached the spot.
In context: Yamuna Express way accident row
5 Mar 2016Road accident on Yamuna Expressway
Ramesh Kumar, a motorcyclist, had allegedly collided with a Honda City car causing a traffic-jam on the Yamuna Expressway.
The convoy of Union Human Resource Department Minister, Smriti Irani also crashed into the vehicles jammed due to the road-accident.
Smriti Irani was returning from Vrindavan to Delhi after attending a BJP youth-wing meeting. Reportedly, she and three of her convoy personnel sustained minor injuries.
Road accident claims motorcyclist’s life
Ramesh Kumar, a doctor and resident of Kalindi Vihar, Agra died in the Yamuna Expressway road accident. The victim was allegedly riding a bike while, his daughter and nephew were riding pillion when his vehicle rammed into the Honda City.
Love India news?
Stay updated with the latest happenings.
6 Mar 2016Helped the injured, tweets Smriti irani
After the ghastly accident took place, Smriti Irani, in a series of tweets had said that she was fine and thanked everyone for their concern.
She had tweeted that she tried to help the injured also ensured that they had reached a hospital. She added that she was praying for their safety.
She also appreciated Manoj Chopra and his wife who also helped injured.
7 Mar 2016Victim’s daughter blames Smriti for death
Sandili, who was riding pillion along with her cousin, accused Smriti Irani of neglecting her father in the road accident.
She added that Smriti Irani had got out of her damaged car and got into another one and ignored her when she was asking for help.
Sandili had allegedly begged Smriti Irani for help in vain and had waited several hours for medical aid.
Smriti not the first BJP-leader to be accused
Smriti Irani is the second BJP leader to face charges of neglecting accident victims. Hema Malini, Bollywood-actress and BJP MP from Mathura, was accused of negligence when her Mercedes rammed into an Alto claiming the life of a child.
7 Mar 2016Victim’s children file FIR against Smriti Irani
Sandali and her brother, Abhishek had filed an FIR at Agra against Smriti Irani that she had ignored and drove away after the accident.
Abhishek stated that his father was lying on the road, and his injured sister and cousin were pleading for help.
He added that the minister could've helped them on humanitarian grounds but, she didn't, due to which their father died.
Love India news?
Stay updated with the latest happenings.
7 Mar 2016Smriti Irani not involved in highway-accident: HRD Ministry
Smriti's office denied the charges filed against her by the victim's children, and said that she wasn't responsible for the accident that claimed a doctor's life.
Smriti's spokesperson stated that the car registered in the FIR didn't belong to her convoy, and she didn't neglect the injured.
He added that Smriti stopped, informed the police, and left only after an ambulance reached the spot.
❮
11 Mar 2016Dead doctor's son writes to President, seeks justice
The son of the Agra doctor who was killed in an accident on 5 March by an alleged vehicle in Union HRD minister Smriti Irani's convoy, wrote a letter to President Pranab Mukherjee seeking justice.
He claimed that he had been "forced" by police to mention the registration number of a "wrong car" in the FIR.
The police, in turn, have denied these claims.
12 Mar 2016Irani accident row: Police track the woman driver
UP police claimed that they'd tracked the woman who had been driving the car that had hit the deceased Agra doctor's bike.
The woman, one Dimple Arora has been asked to be present at a Mathura court and join the investigation by the UP police.
The police said that the woman had agreed to hitting the bike on her way back from Vrindavan. |
Saturday, August 23, 2008
Isn’t it actually considerably more insulting to Hillary Clinton (and to women in general) to presume that she’s some kind of hypersensitive shrinking violet who feels snubbed by everything always? And isn’t it pretty offensive to Clinton’s professionalism to believe, as the HillaryIs44 people do, that she’s being completely disingenuous in her support for Obama (isn’t that what they accuse him of?) and is really just winking in their direction?
Hillary’s a big girl. She’s not an emo highschooler who cries when the popular kids make fun of her. She’s fine.
I mean honestly. Vote for Obama or don't, but really, you guys are dragging your pal way down.
After reading a half dozen articles concerning the majority/minority status of citizens in the United States, and noting that all of them projected the white race will become a minority by 2042, one vital fact seemed to have been ignored. A question arises as to why Caucasians in our country are drifting into a minority status so rapidly. Not a single comment was cited or even hinted that the white race is ABORTING itself into an eventual state of extinction.
Funny, and here I was thinking it was the black drug addict welfare queens who <3 abortion. It's all bullshit, of course, and it doesn't take someone of WorldNetDaily-esque intellect to figure that out. But I don't mean to bring down Jacob Sullum for doing me that courtesy:
Well naturally. In 2042, we will still be fearfully discussing how white people are soon to be a minority, simply because the definitions of "white" and "majority" will continue to shift for convenience's sake, like it always has.
Thursday, August 14, 2008
Hey white people, stop oppressing me for a few minutes and read up: in a few more years, you might be your own special kind of minority. The NYT confirms it: soon enough, ethnic and racial minorities will form a combined majority of the population. They've been writing this shit since I was a kid so I would have guessed it either would've happened by now or that even the most racist fucks would've begun to come to grips with the notion.
But life is hard when you're white, rich, and paranoid, so it just doesn't work out that easily. Thank God you have a blog so you don't have to keep the stuff of your most haunting nightmares to yourself.
Whenever news like this causes just such a freakout, it's usually best to ignore the halfhearted cries for full on racial warfare that still come from increasingly isolated fringes. Frankly I prefer they be left alone to smear shit on each other's faces in peace. Makes it easier for all of us, really.
Rather than just concede that they're pissed off that the blacks and browns are outfucking them, most onlookers are expressing their irritation by cunningly diverting their fear of change into a fear of widespread social ills that they usually had preferred to ignore but which are convenient to pull out if it helps to bring those guys down a notch. Take John Derbyshire, star commentator of the premiere conservative publication, the National Review, who totally understands race; he watches the VH1 after all:
The black-white test gap seems to be intractable. Hispanic school success has been tracked across four generations, with depressing results [...].
So… in order to ensure we don't end up mid-century with "a very, very poor disposable class that's largely black or brown," we merely have to do a thing that nobody knows how to do.
Perhaps we could produce time travel, cold fusion, and personal immortality while we're at it?
Dick.
Call me a skeptic but I don't really think that Derb's heartfelt concern here is for the millions of undereducated nonwhite children running around. His heartfelt concern is that the millions of undereducated nonwhite children might one day try to steal his Blackberry.
So okay, blacks and Hispanics will never catch up to white kids, ergo more of them = bad. Never mind extreme economic disparities, underfunded and overcrowded schools, unemployment rates, or underpaid teachers. Forget all that shit: something is just wrong withthose people--but we're a mainstream publication, so we can't just say that, but you know what we mean, wink nudge. |
Image copyright Thinkstock
A third of unemployed young people regularly "fall apart" emotionally, a report by the Prince's Trust says.
Based on interviews with 2,265 people, aged 16 to 25, it suggests half of unemployed young people often feel anxious about everyday situations and 46% avoid meeting new people.
Young people risk becoming "socially isolated" while unemployed, Martina Milburn from the trust said.
Employment Minister Esther McVey said youth unemployment had seen big falls.
The Prince's Trust Macquarie Youth Index suggests 13% of people in the UK aged between 16 and 25 often feel too anxious to leave their house.
But it said unemployed young people were more than twice as likely to feel that way.
'No confidence'
It said almost half of unemployed young people "always" or "often" felt down or depressed, while 36% said anxiety had stopped them from looking after their health, and 38% said it prevented them eating properly.
Jack, 25, from Norwich, said he had battled depression, homelessness, drug and alcohol abuse, and low self-esteem.
"I hadn't been employed properly for years, I had no motivation to work, and couldn't see a way out of the lifestyle I was in," he said.
"I would wake up and wouldn't want to leave the house. I stopped speaking to my friends and I had absolutely no confidence speaking to people.
"If I did go to a job interview, I would be really nervous and didn't ever think I would get the job."
Case study: 'Worst times'
Image copyright Dean James
Jemma, 25, from Liverpool, suffered severely with depression - stemming from issues in her past - and after the birth of her first son felt she was completely lost.
"I remember just sitting at home and feeling so low. It's a hard thing to explain but it was one of the worst times of my life. I had a lovely little baby to love but I just couldn't shake the depression," she said.
"I won't lie there were times when I couldn't even face leaving the house and just getting out of bed was hard. I would never want to experience it again."
After getting in touch with The Prince's Trust, Jemma was invited onto the Enterprise programme, which aims to help disadvantaged young people into business.
She has since set up her own make-up artist business, adding: "I went from feeling worthless to running my own business and making others feel beautiful."
'Devastating impact'
Martina Milburn CBE, chief executive of The Prince's Trust, said "thousands" of young people often feel like "prisoners in their own homes" because of anxiety.
"Without the right support, these young people become socially isolated - struggling with day-to-day life and slipping further and further from the jobs market," she said.
Shirley Cramer, chief executive of the Royal Society for Public Health, said mental health issues like anxiety and depression can have a "devastating impact on young people's lives".
It could affect "relationships, self-confidence and job prospects" she added.
Employment Minister Esther McVey said the UK had seen "significant falls" in youth unemployment. adding that the government wanted to do more "as part of our long-term economic plan". |
import { useRef, useCallback, useEffect } from 'react';
import { Spring } from 'wobble';
import { linear } from '@popmotion/easing';
import morphTransition from './morphTransition';
import { getRect } from './util';
import { MorphOptions, Morph } from './types';
const globalAny: any = global;
type AnimateObject = {
from: HTMLElement;
to: HTMLElement;
rectFrom: CSSStyleDeclaration;
rectTo: CSSStyleDeclaration;
willBack?: boolean;
};
const defaultsOptions = {
keepFrom: false,
type: 'morph',
getMargins: false,
portalElement: globalAny.document && globalAny.document.body,
spring: {
damping: 26,
mass: 1,
stiffness: 180,
},
easings: linear,
isReversed: false,
withMethods: false,
};
export default function useMorph(opts: MorphOptions = defaultsOptions): Morph {
const options = { ...defaultsOptions, ...opts };
const {
getMargins,
keepFrom,
spring: { damping, mass, stiffness },
isReversed,
} = options;
const backAnimationRef = useRef() as React.MutableRefObject<AnimateObject>;
const prevToRef = useRef() as React.MutableRefObject<HTMLElement>;
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|
Filed 5/19/14
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA
FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
SHANNON LANTZ et al., F065934
Petitioners,
(WCAB No. ADJ8004482)
v.
OPINION
WORKERS’ COMPENSATION APPEALS
BOARD and STATE COMPENSATION
INSURANCE FUND et al.,
Respondents.
ORIGINAL PROCEEDINGS; petition for writ of review from a decision of the
Workers’ Compensation Appeals Board. Ronnie G. Caplane, Rick Dietrich, and Deidra
E. Lowe, Commissioners. Robert K. Norton, Workers’ Compensation Administrative
Law Judge.
Law Office of Jeanne Collachia and Jeanne Collachia for Petitioners.
No appearance for Respondent Workers’ Compensation Appeals Board.
Patricia A. Brown, Yvonne Hauscarriague and David M. Goi for Respondents
California Department of Corrections & Rehabilitation and State Compensation
Insurance Fund.
INTRODUCTION
This original proceeding concerns a claim for workers’ compensation benefits by
the dependents of a correctional officer killed in an automobile accident while driving
home from work. Before his normal commute home, the lieutenant was held over from
his scheduled shift and required to work the next shift as the prison’s watch commander.
The issue presented is whether, at the time of the accident, the lieutenant was “acting
within the course of his … employment” for purposes of Labor Code section 3600,
subdivision (a)(2).
The application of the statutory language to the facts of this case is guided by the
often-maligned “going and coming rule” and its “special mission” exception. Under the
rule and its exception, travel to and from work ordinarily is not considered within the
course of employment, but travel undertaken as part of a special mission is. Here,
petitioners contend that the mandatory hold-over shift as watch commander was a special
mission that included the travel home.
The special mission exception requires the activity undertaken by the employee be
extraordinary in relation to his or her routine duties. Whether an activity is extraordinary
is based primarily on the place, time and nature of the additional work. Here, the hold-
over shift (1) was performed at the usual place of work, (2) followed the lieutenant’s
usual shift and affected his commute only by changing the timing of his drive home, and
(3) changed the lieutenant’s responsibilities from overseeing one yard to the entire prison,
but decreased the number of employees under his supervision.
The Workers’ Compensation Appeals Board (WCAB) denied the application for
benefits, determining that the hold-over shift as watch commander was not extraordinary
because, among other things, it was assigned in accordance with procedures agreed upon
by the prison administration and the officers’ union and did not dramatically change his
activities. We conclude the WCAB’s decision involved weighing evidence and choosing
among conflicting inferences that could be drawn from that evidence and, therefore, is
2.
properly characterized as a finding of fact. Under the standards for judicial review
established by the Labor Code, we must uphold the finding of fact that the hold-over shift
was not extraordinary because it is supported by substantial evidence.
Therefore, the decision of the WCAB denying benefits is affirmed.
FACTS
Lieutenant Seth Patrick Lantz, a 33-year-old correctional officer at Pleasant Valley
State Prison in Coalinga, California, was killed in an automobile accident at 6:20 a.m. on
Saturday, October 2, 2010. The accident occurred in Kern County on southbound
Highway I-5, about 1.1 miles north of its intersection with State Route 46.
Lantz had worked at Pleasant Valley State Prison near Coalinga, California for
approximately two years before the accident. Previously, he worked at facilities in Kern
County, but transferred to Pleasant Valley State Prison after being promoted. He
continued to live in the Bakersfield area and commuted to the prison in his own vehicle.
The one-way commute was over 85 miles. According to the testimony of Lieutenant
Benny Contreras, about 50 to 60 miles of Lantz’s commute were driven on Highway I-5.
Lantz worked as a program lieutenant assigned to A Yard, a “Level 4” facility that
housed violent prisoners with special needs, such as rapists, child molesters and gang
dropouts. It was one of five yards or facilities at the prison. As the lieutenant in charge
of A Yard, Lantz was responsible for approximately 800 to 1,000 inmates. He was
supervised by the facility captain for A Yard, Captain Ainsworth Walker. Lantz’s regular
shift was the third watch, which ran from 2:00 p.m. to 10:00 p.m. During that shift,
Lantz supervised two sergeants. The testimony varied about the number of staff under
Lantz’s supervision. Captain Walker estimated that Lantz was responsible for 40 or 50
staff members. In contrast, fellow correctional Lieutenant Contreras testified that Lantz
had 30 officers on his usual shift.
As the lieutenant of A Yard, Lantz would report any incident that happened in the
facility and was in charge of preparing the incident package. Because A Yard was active,
3.
he sometimes would prepare two or three incident packages in a single shift. Lantz’s
responsibilities also included conducting “115 hearings” at the facility and answering
inmate appeals.1
Lantz regularly worked 40 hours per week and had Sundays and Mondays as his
regular days off. In her testimony, Lantz’s wife said there was not a lot of overtime for
lieutenants, and estimated that he worked overtime two or three times per month.
On Friday, October 1, 2010, Lantz worked his regularly assigned shift. Sometime
after the start of his shift and before the meal break at 4:00 p.m., Lantz was informed that
he would need to “hold over” and serve as the watch commander for the next shift, which
ran from 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m. At about 9:00 p.m., Lantz spoke with his wife by
telephone and told her that he was being held over.
When a replacement watch commander is needed, the procedure used for selecting
the replacement has been agreed upon by the Department of Corrections and
Rehabilitation (Department) and the officers’ union. First, the extra shift is offered to
qualified officers in order of seniority. If no one volunteers, then the shift is assigned in
reverse order of seniority. Under the procedures, an officer can be required to work
overtime shifts twice a week, and an officer told to work a “hold over” shift is required to
do so, except in emergency situations. Normally, positions are filled with an employee
on premises; employees are not called at home and asked to come in early.
The watch commander, who basically acts as warden during the first shift, is
responsible for all 4,000 to 5,000 inmates at the prison. Stated generally, the duties of the
1 A “115 hearing” is an in-prison disciplinary hearing named after “CDC Form 115
(Rev. 7/88), Rules Violation Report,” which is used to report inmate misconduct that is
“believed to be a violation of law or is not minor in nature .…” (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 15,
§ 3312, subd. (a)(3).)
Inmate administrative appeals involve the submittal of a “CDCR Form 602 (Rev.
08/09).” (Cal. Code Regs., tit. 15, § 3084.2, subd. (a).)
4.
watch commander include providing for the security of the facility, making sure positions
are filled, handling sick calls, and screening proposed telephone calls into the facility.
Lantz was assigned the hold-over shift as watch commander in accordance with
the reverse seniority procedure because no one had volunteered to take the shift. Lantz
had served as watch commander before.
While serving as watch commander for the first watch (i.e., 10:00 p.m. to 6:00
a.m.), Lantz oversaw 30 to 40 staff members. There were no floor officers during first
watch, but there were escort and security officers, rovers and other duty officers. No
other lieutenants served on first watch that night, so Lantz was not placed in a situation
where a lieutenant with more seniority reported to him. Captain Walker described the
first watch as a skeleton crew, with second watch (i.e., the day shift) having the most
staff.
At 6:00 a.m. on October 2, 2010, Lantz’s wife received a text message from him
stating that he was on his way home. While traveling home, Lantz drove his personal
vehicle and the only state property he transported to and from work was a protective vest.
With regard to commutes in general, Lieutenant Contreras testified that Department
employees were not paid for their commuting time, were not required to own personal
vehicles, and were not required to wear their uniforms to and from work.2
2 In fact, correctional officers were advised to remove or cover the upper part of
their uniform when commuting. (See Luna v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (1988) 199
Cal.App.3d 77, 83-84 [one factor in applying the “uniformed officer on-call” exception to
going and coming rule is whether the peace officer was in uniform at the time of the
incident].) Lockers at the prison are unassigned and available on a first come, first serve
basis. As a result, many correctional officers wear their uniforms to work, but wear
something over the shirt during their commute.
5.
PROCEEDINGS
In September 2011, Lantz’s widow, on behalf of herself and four children
(applicants), applied for workers’ compensation benefits, contending that Lantz sustained
the fatal injury during the course of his employment.
In April 2012, a trial was held before Workers’ Compensation Administrative Law
Judge Robert K. Norton (WCJ). In June 2012, the WCJ issued a written order that
included findings of fact. The first finding stated that Lantz “sustained an injury arising
out of and in the course of his employment resulting in his death.”
The State Compensation Insurance Fund (State Fund) filed a petition for
reconsideration. In July 2012, the WCJ issued a report on the petition for reconsideration
and recommended that it be denied. The WCJ adopted a version of the going and coming
rule that provided “business related travel is within the scope of employment, except
when that travel is a local commute to or from the employee’s residence to a fixed place
of business at a fixed time .…” The WCJ concluded that the rule did not apply to Lantz
because his commute was not local and was outside the fixed time of his usual shift.
Based on this conclusion, the WCJ stated he need not reach the question of whether the
facts of this case fell within an exception to the going and coming rule. Nevertheless, the
WCJ proceeded to state that the “holding-over” probably was extraordinary because the
least senior correctional lieutenant served as the chief executive officer for the entire
prison.
The WCJ’s findings of fact were rescinded by the WCAB in an opinion and order
granting reconsideration that was filed on September 4, 2012. The WCAB determined
that (1) the one-way commute of more than 85 miles traveled by Lantz, while significant,
constituted the ordinary, local commute that marked Lantz’s transit to and from work and
(2) the change in schedule caused by the second shift did not, by itself, mean the
departure time was not fixed. Accordingly, the WCAB concluded that the going and
coming rule would control the outcome unless the “special mission” exception applied.
6.
In analyzing the special mission exception, the WCAB considered both the
mandatory nature of the hold-over shift and the duties Lantz performed as watch
commander. First, the WCAB concluded that it was not extraordinary for Lantz to be
held over and required to work a second shift—an occurrence so common that the
employer and officers’ union had established official procedures for assigning hold-over
shifts. Second, the WCAB indicated that requiring Lantz to act as the watch commander
was not extraordinary because it was part of established procedures, the duties performed
in that position were similar to his usual responsibilities, and Lantz was among the
officers regularly assigned to that position. The WCAB stated the assignment as watch
commander increased the number of individuals under his authority, but the activities of
the watch commander were not dramatically different from Lantz’s day-to-day
obligations. Consequently, the WCAB granted the petition for reconsideration and
ordered the substitution of a finding that stated Lantz “did not sustain an injury arising
out of and in the course of his employment with defendant, resulting in his death.”
In October 2012, applicants filed a petition for a writ of review with this court,
requesting that the WCAB’s decision be annulled and the decision of the WCJ be
reinstated.
In March 2013, this court issued an order summarily denying applicants’ petition.
Applicants then filed a petition for review with the California Supreme Court, which was
granted with directions for this court to issue a writ of review.
In June 2013, this court issued the writ of review, directed the WCAB to file and
certify a copy of the record of the proceedings before it, and allowed the parties to submit
supplemental briefing.
7.
DISCUSSION
I. OVERVIEW OF GOING AND COMING RULE
A. Constitutional and Statutory Basis
The California Constitution authorizes the Legislature to create and enforce a
system of workers’ compensation that addresses the liability of employers to compensate
the dependents of their workers “for death incurred or sustained by the said workers in
the course of their employment, irrespective of the fault of any party.” (Cal. Const., art.
XIV, § 4, italics added.)
Pursuant to this authority, the Legislature adopted California’s Workers’
Compensation Act, Labor Code section 3200 et seq. The cornerstone of injury
compensation under this legislation is Labor Code section 3600, which provides in
relevant part:
“(a) Liability for the compensation provided by this division … shall,
without regard to negligence, exist against an employer for any injury
sustained by his or her employees arising out of and in the course of the
employment and for the death of any employee if the injury proximately
causes death, in those cases where the following conditions of
compensation concur:
“(1) Where, at the time of the injury, both the employer and the employee
are subject to the compensation provisions of this division.
“(2) Where, at the time of the injury, the employee is performing service
growing out of and incidental to his or her employment and is acting within
the course of his or her employment.
“(3) Where the injury is proximately caused by the employment, either with
or without negligence.…” (Italics added.)
The phrase “course of employment” and its variants are not among the terms
defined by the Workers’ Compensation Act. That open-ended phrase, when considered
in the myriad of situations involving an employee injured on the way to or from work, is
ambiguous because it is susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation.
8.
B. Case Law
1. Going and Coming Rule
The ambiguity in the statutory phrase “arising out of and in the course of the
employment” led the California Supreme Court to fashion the “going and coming rule”
for situations involving an employee injured while traveling to or from work. (Parks v.
Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (1983) 33 Cal.3d 585, 588-589.)3 Nearly a century ago, the
California Supreme Court set forth the rule by stating that “there are excluded from the
benefits of the [workers’ compensation] act all those accidental injuries which occur
while the employee is going to or returning from his work .…” (Ocean Acc. etc. Co.
v. Industrial Acc. Com. (1916) 173 Cal. 313, 322.) “The reason for the rule is that the
relationship of employer and employee is suspended from the time the employee leaves
his work to go home until he resumes his work, since the employee, during the time he is
going to or coming from work, is rendering no service for his employer.” (Cal. Cas. Ind.
Exch. v. Ind. Acc. Com. (1943) 21 Cal.2d 751, 754.)
The most recent opinion of the California Supreme Court that used the “going and
coming” label is nearly 30 years old. (Santa Rosa Junior College v. Workers’ Comp.
Appeals Bd. (1985) 40 Cal.3d 345 (Santa Rosa JC).) The opening paragraph of that
opinion included the following summary of the going and coming rule:
“Almost 70 years ago, we adopted the ‘going and coming rule’ as an aid in
determining whether an injury occurred in the course of the employment.
Generally prohibiting compensation for injuries suffered by an employee
3 The “‘going and coming rule’” is also referred to as a test for the “‘scope of
employment’” question posed in tort cases involving the doctrine of respondeat superior.
(Hinman v. Westinghouse Elec. Co. (1970) 2 Cal.3d 956, 962, fn. 3) The test used in
workers’ compensation law, however, is not identical with the test used in tort law.
(Ibid.; see Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. v. Department of Transportation (2013) 220
Cal.App.4th 87, 95-96 [summary judgment in favor of Caltrans upheld; its employee was
not acting in the scope of employment when he crashed a Caltrans’ pickup into plaintiffs’
vehicle].)
9.
while commuting to and from work, the going and coming rule has been
criticized by courts and commentators alike as being arbitrary and harsh. It
has generated a multitude of exceptions which threaten, at times, to defeat
the rule entirely.” (Id. at p. 348.)
The next most recent California Supreme Court opinion phrased the going and
coming rule as follows: “The rule provides that an injury suffered ‘during a local
commute enroute to a fixed place of business at fixed hours in the absence of special or
extraordinary circumstances’ is not within the course of employment.” (Price v.
Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (1984) 37 Cal.3d 559, 564-565 (Price), quoting Hinojosa v.
Workmen’s Comp. Appeals Bd. (1972) 8 Cal.3d 150, 157 (Hinojosa).)
The quoted language from Hinojosa, supra, 8 Cal.3d at page 157, comes from a
paragraph that reads in full:
“We think a careful analysis of the decisions will develop the
formula that reconciles the divergent positions. The cases have suggested a
sensible line under workmen’s compensation between the extremes of
absolute coverage and absolute rejection for all transit-suffered injuries. In
substance the courts have held non-compensable the injury that occurs
during a local commute enroute to a fixed place of business at fixed hours
in the absence of special or extraordinary circumstances. The decisions
have thereby excluded the ordinary, local commute that marks the daily
transit of the mass of workers to and from their jobs; the employment,
there, plays no special role in the requisites of portage except the normal
need of the presence of the person for the performance of the work.”
(Italics added.)
One practice guide described the statement of the rule appearing in Price and
Hinojosa as an attempt “to restate the going and coming rule in positive terms with a
single exception.” (Cal. Workers’ Compensation Practice (Cont. Ed. Bar 4th ed. 2013) §
2.50, pp. 99-100.) The broad phrase “special or extraordinary circumstances” (Hinojosa,
supra, 8 Cal.3d at p. 157) encompasses the numerous exceptions to the rule, such as the
special mission exception, the special risk exception and the required-vehicle exception.
(Santa Rosa JC, supra, 40 Cal.3d at pp. 353-354 [special risk exception did not apply];
Hinojosa, supra, 8 Cal.3d 150 [a required vehicle case].)
10.
Here, the parties and the WCAB have addressed whether “special or extraordinary
circumstances” existed in Lantz’s situation by referring to the special mission exception
to the going and coming rule.
2. Special Mission Exception
The special mission exception provides that an injury suffered by an employee
during his regular commute is compensable if he was performing a special mission.
(Santa Rosa JC, supra, 40 Cal.3d at p. 354; see General Ins. Co. v. Workers’ Comp.
Appeals Bd. (1976) 16 Cal.3d 595, 601 [“special mission rule ‘is ordinarily held
inapplicable when the only special component is the fact that the employee began work
earlier or quit work later than usual’”].) Generally, the prongs of the special mission
exception are described as follows:
“The special mission exception requires three factors to be met: (1) the
activity is extraordinary in relation to the employee’s routine duties, (2) the
activity is within the course of the employee’s employment, and (3) the
activity was undertaken at the express or implied request of the employer
and for the employer’s benefit. [Citation.]” (City of Los Angeles v.
Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (2007) 157 Cal.App.4th 78, 85; see Schreifer
v. Industrial Acc. Com. (1964) 61 Cal.2d 289, 295 [“special” means
extraordinary in relation to routine duties].)
Here, only the first prong is in dispute because the parties agree that Lantz
performed the hold-over shift as watch commander within the course of his employment,
at the employer’s request, and for the employer’s benefit.
Whether an activity is “extraordinary” in relation to the employee’s routine duties
usually requires the consideration and weighing of (1) changes in the location of the
activity, (2) the timing of the activity relative to the normal work schedule, and (3) the
nature of the tasks included in the activity. (See City of San Diego v. Workers’ Comp.
Appeals Bd. (2001) 89 Cal.App.4th 1385, 1389 [common thread in special mission cases
is “some deviation in the location, nature or hour of the work to be performed”].) This
list is not exclusive as other facts might be relevant to determining whether a particular
11.
activity is extraordinary. Indeed, neither the going and coming rule nor the special
mission exception is susceptible to automatic application and each case must be judged
based on its own facts. (Price, supra, 37 Cal.3d at p. 565.)
3. Rationale Underlying the Rule and Exception
The ultimate function of the going and coming rule and the special mission
exception is to determine when it is appropriate to award workers’ compensation benefits
for an injury suffered during a commute to or from work. Cases that result in coverage
usually can be explained on the grounds that it is unfair for the employee to have no
coverage where the employer exercised control over the employee’s commute, the
employer reaped some benefit not typically associated with ordinary employee travel, or
both. (See Hinojosa, supra, 8 Cal.3d at pp. 158-159 [control and benefits discussed]; see
generally, Comment, Pouring New Wine into an Old Bottle: A Recommendation for
Determining Liability of an Employer Under Respondeat Superior (1994) 39 S.D. L.Rev.
570, 587-591 [discussing going and coming rule and its exceptions; predominate focus is
on the benefit that the employer receives from, and its control over, the worker’s
commute].)
The Hinojosa case illustrates the role of the employer’s control and obtaining
benefits from the employee’s commute. In that case, the employer was the operator of
seven or eight noncontiguous ranches and the workers were required to provide their own
vehicles to travel between fields. (Hinojosa, supra, 8 Cal.3d at p. 152.) The nature of the
work made it necessary for the workers to have transportation during the work day as the
employer shifted the workers from one ranch to another. (Ibid.) Workers did not know
from day to day the fields where they would be working or the duration of that work.
(Ibid.) Because the employer required the workers to provide their own transportation
and the employer clearly benefited as the employer did not need to provide transportation
during the work day, the court determined that the case clearly differed from the normal
12.
commute. (Id. at pp. 160 & 162.) As a result, the court in Hinojosa concluded an award
of workers’ compensation was appropriate and annulled the WCAB’s decision to deny
benefits to a ranch hand who was injured while en route home.
An analysis of employer control and benefits brings courts to the specific question
of why workers’ compensation benefits should apply to a worker returning home after
the extra task has been completed and the worker, not the employer, controls where the
worker goes and what he or she does. Courts have explained that travel associated with
the special mission is regarded as part of that mission (i.e., is bootstrapped onto the
mission) because, when the employee is requested to perform an unusual service or a
usual service at an odd hour, the trip becomes “special” because the bother and effort of
the trip itself is an important part for which the employee is being compensated. (City of
San Diego v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd., supra, 89 Cal.App.4th at p. 1388.)
4. Summary
Despite the criticisms that have accompanied the going and coming rule and its
exceptions over the years, the foregoing rules of law define the meaning of the
constitutional and statutory course-of-employment limitation and those are the rules of
law that govern this case. If the rules of law that define the special mission exception are
to be changed, those changes must come from the Legislature or our Supreme Court.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
The parties disagree about the appropriate standard of review, an issue that is
important to the outcome of this proceeding. Consequently, we begin with an overview
of the constitutional and statutory provisions that defines the judicial review of decisions
by the WCAB.
13.
A. Provisions Affecting Judicial Review
1. Constitutional Foundation
Section 4 of article XIV of the California Constitution provides that the
Legislature is vested with plenary power to fix and control “the manner of review of
decisions rendered by the [workers’ compensation] tribunal or tribunals designated by it;
provided, that all decisions of any such tribunal shall be subject to review by the appellate
courts of this State.”
2. Scope of Review as Defined by Statute
In accordance with the constitutional directive, the Legislature enacted Labor
Code sections 5952 and 5953, which address the scope of judicial review and the
treatment of the WCAB’s findings and conclusion. Labor Code section 5952 provides:
“The review by the court shall not be extended further than to determine,
based upon the entire record which shall be certified by the appeals board,
whether: [¶] (a) The appeals board acted without or in excess of its powers.
[¶] (b) The order, decision, or award was procured by fraud. [¶] (c) The
order, decision, or award was unreasonable. [¶] (d) The order, decision or
award was not supported by substantial evidence. [¶] (e) If findings of fact
are made, such findings of fact support the order, decision, or award under
review. Nothing in this section shall permit the court to hold a trial de
novo, to take evidence, or to exercise its independent judgment on the
evidence.”
Labor Code section 5953 states that the WCAB’s findings and conclusions “on
questions of fact are conclusive and final and not subject to review. Such questions of
fact shall include ultimate facts and the findings and conclusions of the appeals board.”
This strong language, when read in conjunction with Labor Code section 5952, has been
interpreted by courts to mean that that the WCAB’s findings of fact are reviewed for
substantial evidence and the WCAB’s resolution of a question of law is subject to
independent review. (E.g., County of Kern v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (2011) 200
Cal.App.4th 509, 516 [WCAB’s factual findings are conclusive if supported by
14.
substantial evidence]; Benson v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (2009) 170 Cal.App.4th
1535, 1543 [WCAB’s conclusions on questions of law are reviewed de novo].)
3. Burden of Proof
Because applicants disagree with the WCAB’s finding of ultimate fact on whether
Lantz’s injuries occurred during the course of employment, our review must take into
consideration that applicants had the burden of proof on that issue. (See Lab. Code, §
5705 [burden of proof rests on the party holding the affirmative of the issue].)
4. Policy Considerations
Policy statements adopted by the Legislature also have some bearing on how
appellate courts review decisions by the WCAB. Applicants contend that our analysis
should be guided by Labor Code section 3202, which provides that the Workers’
Compensation Act “shall be liberally construed by the courts with the purpose of
extending their benefits for the protection of persons injured in the course of their
employment.” (Italics added.)
We recognize that many cases have referred to this policy when asked to
determine the scope of the going and coming rule and its exceptions. (E.g., Price, supra,
37 Cal.3d at p. 565; Hinojosa, supra, 8 Cal.3d at pp. 154-156; Cal. Cas. Ind. Exch. v. Ind.
Acc. Com., supra, 21 Cal.2d at pp. 756-760 [policy of liberal construction applied to case
involving a course-of-employment issue; award of benefits affirmed]; Enterprise
Foundry Co. v. Indus. Acc. Com. (1929) 206 Cal. 562, 570 (dis. opn. of Shenk, J.); see 65
Cal.Jur.3d (2007) Work Injury Compensation, § 239, p. 374 [construction of going and
coming rule].) For instance, in Hinojosa, Justice Tobriner wrote that an earlier Supreme
Court decision viewed the policy of liberal construction as meaning that “any reasonable
15.
doubt as to the applicability of the going and coming doctrine must be resolved in the
employee’s favor. [Citations.]” (Hinojosa, supra, at pp. 155-156.)4
Notwithstanding these cases, we believe that the policy of liberal statutory
construction plays a minor role in this case.
First, from a textual standpoint, using the policy statement to define the scope of
the course-of-employment limitation in the Constitution and Labor Code section 3600 is
tautological because the course-of-employment phrase also appears in the text stating the
policy. When the “arising out of and in the course of the employment” language in
subdivision (a) of Labor Code section 3600 is plugged into the policy statement in Labor
Code section 3202, it produces the following statement. The phrase “arising out of and in
the course of the employment” in Labor Code section 3600 “shall be liberally construed
by the courts with the purpose of extending their benefits for the protection of persons
injured in the course of their employment.” (Lab. Code, § 3202, italics added.) This
statement illustrates that using the policy of liberal construction to help interpret and
apply the course-of-employment limitation begs the question whether the employee was
injured in the course of his employment. In short, the policy of liberality is predicated
upon there being a person who is “injured in the course of [his or her] employment” and,
therefore, when given its plain meaning, does not aid in deciding the threshold question
of whether the employee was injured in the course of his or her employment.5
4 Justice Tobriner’s use of the phrase “any reasonable doubt” must be read in
context and, accordingly, refers to doubt concerning the statute’s interpretation. It does
not refer to doubt about what the evidence proved and, thus, should not be read as
altering the Legislature’s allocation of the burden of proof or its directive that courts
should determine whether findings of fact are supported by substantial evidence, not
exercise independent judgment on the evidence. (See Lab. Code, §§ 5705 [burden of
proof] & 5952, subd. (d) [substantial evidence requirement].)
5 The actual language used in Labor Code section 3202 stands in stark contrast to a
hypothetical policy stating that the phrase “in the course of employment” must be
16.
Second, in the most recent decision where the California Supreme Court expressly
referred to the “going and coming rule,” the majority did not rely on the policy of liberal
construction to limit the rule and expand the coverage of the workers’ compensation
legislation. (Santa Rosa JC, supra, 40 Cal.3d 345.) In Santa Rosa JC, a mathematics
instructor at a community college was killed in an accident while driving his personal
vehicle home from the campus. (Id. at p. 348.) The instructor often brought home about
one to two hours of work, which usually consisted of grading papers or exams. (Id. at p.
349.) The majority concluded that, unless the employer requires the employee to labor at
home as a condition of employment, the fact that an employee regularly works there does
not transform the home into a second workplace for purposes of the going and coming
rule. (Id. at p. 348.)
Justice Reynoso disagreed with the majority and relied on the mandate for liberal
construction contained in Labor Code section 3202 to support the position that the
injuries suffered by the instructor should have been compensable. (Santa Rosa JC, supra,
40 Cal.3d 345, 359-360 (dis. opn. of Reynoso, J.).) Because the majority was aware of
the dissent’s reliance on Labor Code section 3202 and did not adopt that position, the
Santa Rosa JC decision impliedly recognized the circular reasoning of using the policy of
liberal statutory construction to justify expanding the exceptions to the going and coming
rule. Had the majority regarded the policy as controlling, it would have reached the same
conclusion as the dissent. The fact that the majority did not resolve the doubt about the
application of the going and coming rule in favor of the instructor-employee is consistent
with our textual analysis of Labor Code section 3202.
Third, and most importantly for this case, there is little, if any, statutory
interpretation required to reach a decision. Prior published decisions have addressed the
liberally construed for the purpose of extending the benefits of workers’ compensation to
as many injuries occurring outside the workplace as is reasonably possible.
17.
statutory ambiguity in the course-of-employment limitation and, in the context of
commuting employees, have resolved that ambiguity by adopting the going and coming
rule and its various exceptions. In this case, we are not adopting a statutory construction
that modifies the judicially created principles that define the special mission exception—
those principles already embody the policy of liberal statutory construction. Instead, our
task is to determine whether the WCAB correctly applied those established principles and
had sufficient evidentiary support for its findings of fact. (See Lab. Code, § 5952 [scope
of judicial review].)
The distinction between statutory construction and reviewing the evidence was
clearly part of the Legislature’s thinking when, in 1982, it enacted Labor Code section
3202.5. As originally enacted, Labor Code section 3202.5 stated:
“Nothing contained in Section 3202 shall be construed as relieving a party
from meeting the evidentiary burden of proof by a preponderance of the
evidence. ‘Preponderance of the evidence’ means such evidence as, when
weighed with that opposed to it, has more convincing force and the greater
probability of truth. When weighing the evidence, the test is not the relative
number of witnesses, but the relative convincing force of the evidence.”
(Stats. 1982, ch. 922, § 3, p. 3365.)
The Legislative Counsel’s Digest provided the following description of the new
statutory provision:
“(1) Existing law provides that the provisions of the workers’
compensation law shall be liberally construed by the courts with the
purpose of extending their benefits for the protection of persons injured in
the course of their employment. [¶] This bill would provide that nothing in
this provision shall be construed as relieving a party from meeting the
evidentiary burden of proof by a preponderance of the evidence, as
defined.” (Legis. Counsel’s Dig., Assem. Bill No. 684 (1981-1982 Reg.
Sess.) 6 Stats. 1982, Summary Dig., p. 305.)6
6 The present version of Labor Code section 3202.5 has been revised and includes
lien claimants: “All parties and lien claimants shall meet the evidentiary burden of proof
on all issues by a preponderance of the evidence in order that all parties are considered
18.
Thus, the Legislature adopted Labor Code section 3202.5 to prevent the policy of
liberal statutory construction from being expanded into a requirement that the evidence
be viewed in the light most favorable to the applicant. We believe Labor Code sections
3202 and 3202.5 must be read together and, when so read, those provisions direct courts
to distinguish carefully between (1) questions of statutory interpretation and (2) inquiries
into what was proven by the evidence presented.
B. Contentions of the Parties
The parties’ dispute concerning the applicable standard of review is based on their
disagreement over whether the WCAB decided a question of fact or a question of law
when it concluded the special mission exception did not apply. The WCAB determined it
was not extraordinary for Lantz to be held over and was neither special nor remarkable
for him to serve as watch commander.
Applicants contend that the relevant facts are not in dispute and, therefore,
whether Lantz’s performance of a mandatory hold-over shift as watch commander was
extraordinary in relation to his routine duties poses a question of law, not a question of
fact.
In contrast, the respondents argue that the WCAB had to choose between
conflicting inferences when it determined whether the hold-over assignment as watch
commander involved extraordinary activity in relation to Lantz’s routine duties and,
therefore, the WCAB resolved a question of fact that should be reviewed under the
substantial evidence test.
equal before the law. ‘Preponderance of the evidence’ means that evidence that, when
weighed with that opposed to it, has more convincing force and the greater probability of
truth. When weighing the evidence, the test is not the relative number of witnesses, but
the relative convincing force of the evidence.” (Lab. Code, § 3202.5.)
19.
C. Separating Questions of Fact from Questions of Law
In Aetna Casualty & Surety Co. v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (1986) 187
Cal.App.3d 922, 928, a case involving the application of the going and coming rule, this
court stated: “[W]e note that the WCJ expressly found that applicant’s claim is not
barred by the going-and-coming rule. However, that finding constitutes a conclusion of
law based on his and the [WCAB’s] application of law to the substantially undisputed
facts of this case. Accordingly, it does not limit our review of this issue. (See Dimmig v.
Workmen’s Comp. Appeals Bd. (1972) 6 Cal.3d 860, 864.)”
Similarly, in Dimmig v. Workmen’s Comp. Appeals Bd., supra, 6 Cal.3d 860, the
California Supreme Court observed that where “‘there is no real dispute as to the facts,
the question of whether an injury was suffered in the course of employment is one of law,
and a purported finding of fact on that question is not binding on an appellate court.’”
(Id. at p. 864.)7
Under these cases, the “course of employment” issue is a question of fact that can
be decided by courts as a matter of law when the relevant facts are not in dispute.
Respondents State Fund and the Department argue, in effect, that an inquiry into
whether the facts are disputed requires a careful examination of the evidence presented,
the inferences that can be reasonably drawn from that evidence, and the weight given to
the evidence and particular inferences. They cite the following principle: “Insofar as the
issues may relate to the credibility of witnesses, the persuasiveness or weight of the
evidence and the resolving of conflicting inferences, the questions are of fact.” (Mercer-
Fraser Co. v. Industrial Acc. Com. (1953) 40 Cal.2d 102, 115.) Respondents contend
7 The California Supreme Court may have used the term “purported finding of fact”
to emphasize that (1) the WCAB’s characterization of its resolution of the course-of-
employment issue as a finding of fact is not binding on the reviewing court and (2) the
reviewing court must decide for itself whether the evidence presented allows the issue to
be decided as a matter of law.
20.
that conflicting inferences could be drawn from the evidence presented and, therefore, the
“course of employment” issue presented a question of fact.
The idea that a choice between conflicting inferences presents a question of fact is
not limited to workers’ compensation cases. Under California’s summary judgment
statute, a triable issue of fact is deemed to exist if inferences reasonably deducible from
the evidence are contradicted by other reasonable inferences. (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c,
subd. (c); see Alexander v. Codemasters Group Limited (2002) 104 Cal.App.4th 129
[summary judgment reversed; the terms of a contract alleged to be part oral and part
written were in dispute because conflicting inferences could be drawn from the parties’
communications].) However, the principle that the resolution of conflicting inferences
requires a finding by the trier of fact is not universal. Specifically, appellate courts have
the power to choose among conflicting inferences in certain situations where the meaning
for a written contract must be determined from the words in the contract and admissible
parol evidence. “It is solely a judicial function to interpret a written contract unless the
interpretation turns upon the credibility of extrinsic evidence, even when conflicting
inferences may be drawn from uncontroverted evidence. [Citation.]” (Garcia v. Truck
Ins. Exchange (1984) 36 Cal.3d 426, 439, italics added.)
Workers’ compensation law follows the usual rule, not the special rule that
adopted for contractual interpretation. Accordingly, it is the function of the WCAB as
the administrative tribunal and trier of fact to choose among the conflicting inferences
that may be drawn from uncontroverted evidence. An appellate court does not second
guess that choice; it requires only that the inference chosen be reasonable. (See Lab.
Code, § 5952, subd. (c) [court shall determine whether the WCAB’s decision “was
unreasonable”].)
21.
III. APPLICATION OF LAW TO EVIDENCE OF THIS CASE
A. Factors Relevant to the Special Mission Exception
The first prong of the special mission exception requires the underlying activity be
extraordinary in relation to the employee’s routine duties. (See City of San Diego v.
Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd., supra, 89 Cal.App.4th at p. 1388.) The inquiry into
whether an activity was extraordinary typically involves the consideration of three
fundamental factors—the location, hour, and nature of the work to be performed by the
employee. (Ibid.) Some deviation in these three factors is the common thread that
distinguishes the special mission from the normal work commute. (Id. at p. 1389.)
1. The Location of the Extra Work
The evidence regarding the place of the additional shift contains no conflicts. The
evidence shows that Lantz served as watch commander on a hold-over shift at the place
of his usual employment—that is, the prison. This fact weighs against the hold-over shift
being deemed extraordinary, but is far from conclusive.
In comparison, offsite errands or activities, such as taking night classes at a college
(Dimmig v. Workmen’s Comp. Appeals Bd., supra, 6 Cal.3d 860) or dropping off mail at
a post office on the way home from work (Felix v. Asai (1987) 192 Cal.App.3d 926),
weigh in favor of the activity being deemed extraordinary.
2. The Timing of the Extra Work
There are no conflicts in the evidence regarding the timing of the additional shift,
but there is at least one conflict in the inferences that can be drawn from that evidence.
It is undisputed that the hold-over shift was an eight-hour shift and postponed the
start of Lantz’s drive home from about 10:00 p.m. on Friday, October 1, 2010, to
approximately 6:00 a.m. on Saturday, October 2, 2010. The additional shift did not affect
22.
the distance or the route of his commute home. The additional shift only changed when
Lantz drove home,8 it did not require an extra trip.
When the additional assignment requires an extra trip, the additional travel weighs
in favor of the existence of a special mission. (E.g., State C.I. Fund v. Indus. Acc. Com.
(1928) 89 Cal.App. 197 [salesman required to make an extra trip to store in evening to
unlock door for electrician hired to repair broken switch; award affirmed].) In contrast,
the special mission exception ordinarily does not apply when the only special component
is the fact that the employee began work earlier or quit work later than usual. (General
Ins. Co. v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd., supra, 16 Cal.3d at p. 601.)
Here, the fact that Lantz did not make an extra trip, when coupled with the fact
that procedures were in place for allocating additional shifts to personnel already on site,
weigh against the assignment being deemed extraordinary.
Another aspect involving the timing of the extra work is the amount of time
required to complete the assignment. Here, Lantz was assigned a full eight-hour shift. It
is possible to infer that doubling an employee’s workday is extraordinary in some
circumstances. (See Safeway Stores, Inc. v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd. (1980) 104
Cal.App.3d 528 [data processing clerk helped complete semi-annual grocery inventory,
which almost doubled his normal workday and caused him to leave for home at 5:30 a.m.
instead of his usual quitting time at 11:15 p.m.; WCAB’s finding that injury arose in the
course of employment upheld] (Safeway).)
8 It is possible that a change in when a commute occurs makes it more dangerous.
In this case, however, changes in the risks associated with Lantz’s commute home are not
among the issues raised. (See Cal. Workers’ Compensation Practice, supra, § 2.49, p. 99
[special risk exception].) Specifically, at page 30 of the petition for writ of review, the
applicants assert that “[t]he ‘special risk’ exception to the going and coming rule is a non-
issue.” (Boldface omitted.)
23.
In this case, the relevant circumstances include the fact that working an occasional
second shift was a mandatory part of being a correctional officer and the officers were
aware of the procedures used to cover for an absent employee. In considering these facts,
a trier of fact might give great weight to the length of the additional work, less weight to
the other facts, and might infer that Lantz’s additional eight-hour shift was extraordinary.
Conversely, a trier of fact might give more weight to the facts concerning the officer’s
awareness of the need for mandatory additional shifts and the procedures for assigning
those shifts. Based on this weighing of the evidence, the trier of fact could infer that
Lantz’s additional shift was an ordinary mission is the context of the operation of the
prison.
Thus, we conclude that the evidence in the record regarding the length of Lantz’s
additional shift and how additional shifts are assigned supports conflicting inferences.
3. Nature of the Duties Performed During the Hold-Over Shift
As to the third fundamental factor—the nature of the work performed compared to
Lantz’s routine duties—the record contains conflicting evidence on at least one relevant
point. In addition, conflicting inferences can be drawn from the evidence that is not
contradicted.
The inconsistency in the evidence relates to the number of staff Lantz supervised
during his usual shift as the lieutenant for A Yard. Captain Walker estimated that number
as 40 or 50 staff members. In contrast, fellow correctional Lieutenant Contreras testified
that Lantz had 30 officers on his usual shift. Which version of these numbers we accept
as established fact is relevant to the question whether Lantz supervised a larger or smaller
number of employees when he served as watch commander for the first watch.9
9 First watch was the shift with the fewest personnel and was described by Captain
Walker has having a skeleton crew.
24.
The number of staff members that serve on first watch, according to the testimony
of Lieutenant Contreras, is about 30 to 40.
If the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to the WCAB’s decision and
the highest number of personnel is used to define Lantz’s responsibilities in A Yard, that
number could be the top of the range given by Captain Walker—that is, 50 staff
members. If the lowest number of staff is used to define Lantz’s responsibilities as the
watch commander of first watch, that number would be the bottom of the range given by
Lieutenant Contreras—that is, 30. Comparing 50 to 30 staff members leads to the
conclusion that the hold-over assignment involved a 40 percent decrease in the number
of employees that Lantz supervised.
Conversely, if the evidence is viewed in the light most favorable to applicants, the
hold-over assignment increased the number of employees Lantz supervised from 30 to
40, a 33.3 percent increase.
Because Labor Code section 5952 limits judicial scrutiny of the evidence to
whether the WCAB’s decision is supported by substantial evidence and expressly
prohibits a reviewing court from “exercis[ing] its independent judgment on the evidence”
(ibid.), we must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the WCAB’s decision.
(See Cal. Cas. Ind. Exch. v. Ind. Acc. Com., supra, 21 Cal.2d at p. 760 [court must
“indulge in all reasonable inferences to support the commission’s findings”].)
Consequently, for purposes of judicial review, we must treat the hold-over assignment as
watch commander as decreasing by 40 percent the number of employees Lantz
supervised.
The other main type of supervisory responsibility concerns the prisoners. There is
no substantial conflict in the evidence regarding the number of prisoners that Lantz
supervised in each capacity. The A Yard housed about 800 to 1,000 inmates. The entire
prison, which contained five yards, held between 4,000 and 5,000 inmates. Thus, the
25.
assignment as watch commander increased the number of prisoners that Lantz supervised
by a factor of five.
However, these figures, along with other evidence about the prisoners, do not
support a single inference. Instead, a range of inferences can be drawn reasonably from
the available information. For example, the WCAB was not necessarily required to infer
that it was more demanding for Lantz to act was the watch commander than to serve as a
lieutenant in A Yard. The demands of each job with respect to supervising prisoners
were not addressed directly in the evidence presented. Thus, when the WCAB
considered whether Lantz’s responsibilities as watch commander were extraordinary in
relation to his routine duties, part of that consideration involved drawing inferences about
the responsibility of supervising prisoners in each capacity. Besides the raw number of
inmates supervised, the WCAB also would have considered (1) the time of day when the
supervision occurred and how that affected inmate activity, (2) the types of inmates
supervised in each role, and (3) other relevant circumstances.10 The inference drawn
from these facts could vary depending upon how much weight was given to each. For
example, if a trier of fact determined the raw numbers should be given the greatest
weight, then it would be reasonable for that trier of fact to infer the watch commander’s
responsibility for supervising prisoners was extraordinary in comparison to that of a
lieutenant. Alternatively, a trier of fact might give greater weight to the fact that prisoner
activity was low during the night shift (it was operated with a skeleton crew) and infer the
watch commander’s supervisory responsibilities were no more demanding that serving as
the lieutenant in the prison’s most active yard.
10 Because the first watch ran from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m. and operated with a skeleton
crew, we can infer the WCAB made implied findings that most, if not all, inmates were
locked in their cells during most of the shift and, further, spent a significant part of that
shift sleeping. (See Cal. Cas. Ind. Exch. v. Ind. Acc. Com., supra, 21 Cal.2d at p. 760 [it
is the duty of the court “to indulge in all reasonable inferences to support the
commission’s findings”].)
26.
The foregoing, while not an exhaustive analysis of the evidence presented and the
possible inferences, sufficiently illustrates that the WCAB had to weigh the evidence and
choose from among conflicting inference when it determined whether Lantz’s acting as
watch commander was “extraordinary in relation to [his] routine duties” (City of Los
Angeles v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd., supra, 157 Cal.App.4th at p. 85) as the third
watch lieutenant of A Yard. These two analytical steps—deciding which inferences to
draw and then deciding how much weight to give the inferred fact—are steps associated
with deciding a question of fact, not resolving a question of law. In Mercer-Fraser Co. v.
Industrial Acc. Com., supra, 40 Cal.2d 102, the Supreme Court set forth the rule of law
that resolving conflicting inferences and determining the weight of the evidence are
questions of fact. (Id. at p. 115.) Pursuant to that rule, we conclude that the WCAB
decided questions of fact when it decided that the duties of watch commander were not
extraordinary in comparison to Lantz’s routine duties as a lieutenant in A Yard.
Consequently, we reject applicants’ argument that the course of employment issue
posed a question of law. Instead, the WCAB decided a question of fact.
The last inquiry in our analysis is whether the WCAB’s decision was supported by
substantial evidence. We conclude that the testimony of Lieutenant Contreras and
Captain Walker about the operation of the prison, the job of lieutenant for A Yard, and
the job of watch commander of first shift constitutes substantial evidence that supports
the finding of fact that serving a hold-over shift as watch commander was not an
extraordinary activity for Lantz.
4. Evidence Regarding Other Duties and Other Factors
There obviously are other duties that Lantz performed as watch commander and
other factors relevant to whether those duties were “extraordinary” for purposes of the
special mission exception. We acknowledge differences in the duties, but need not
analyze and compare each particular duty at length because, even assuming the WCAB
27.
regarded the differences as being substantial, it still would have been required to weigh
those differences against the fact that Lantz was supervising fewer employees, which
supports the inference that acting as watch commander was not extraordinary. Assuming
the other responsibilities of the watch commander (such a screening telephone calls and
making sure positions are filled) and other factors supported the inference that serving as
watch commander was extraordinary in relation to Lantz’s routine duties, the WCAB
would have weighed those inferences against the inference drawn from the decrease in
the number of employees supervised. This further weighing of the evidence confirms
that the WCAB’s decision must be treated by this court as involving findings of fact
rather than a conclusion of law. (Mercer-Fraser Co. v. Industrial Acc. Com., supra, 40
Cal.2d at p. 115.)
Applicants also contend, in effect, that much weight should be given the fact that
the overtime was not pre-arranged and, as a result, Lantz did not learn he would be
required to serve as watch commander until after he came to work that Friday afternoon.
They argue that this fact is critical in determining whether an assigned overtime shift is
extraordinary for purposes of the special mission exception. This argument does not
speak to the threshold question of whether the WCAB decided a question of fact or a
question of law. Furthermore, this single factor is not so powerful that it changes the
issue decided by the WCAB from a question of fact to a question of law and allows us to
decide the “course of employment” issue as a matter of law.
5. Reconciling the Case Law
The papers applicants filed in this proceeding contain a detailed description of
many cases addressing the going and coming rule. (E.g., Schreifer v. Industrial Acc.
Com., supra, 61 Cal.2d 289 [deputy sheriff was acting in course of employment during
his drive to work after he was called by supervisor and asked to come to work as soon as
possible]; City of San Diego v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd., supra, 89 Cal.App.4th 1385
28.
[annulled WCAB’s award to officer injured on day off while traveling to testify at
courthouse under subpoena; courtroom testimony was part of officer’s routine duties];
Luna v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd., supra, 199 Cal.App.3d 77 [affirmed WCAB’s
denial of claim by police officer injured while driving to work earlier than usual in order
to direct traffic at annual art festival; officer was not performing a special mission].)
We have not discussed those cases in detail or attempted to reconcile them
because they are not useful in determining the crucial issues in this case—namely,
whether conflicting evidence was presented in this case or whether the evidence
supported conflicting inferences. Those cases would have been relevant to our review of
the “course of employment” issue if we were deciding that issue as a question of law.
Because we determined the WCAB’s decision should be treated as resolving a question
of fact, our inquiry ended once we determined the WCAB’s finding was supported by
substantial evidence. (See Lab. Code, § 5292, subd. (d).)
The facts presented in Safeway, supra, 104 Cal.App.3d 528 have some similarities
to this case and, therefore, we will identify why Lantz’s situation is different, both
factually and procedurally. In Safeway, a data processing clerk worked overtime in
helping complete semi-annual grocery inventory. (Id. at p. 531.) He left for home at
5:30 a.m. instead of his usual quitting time of 11:15 p.m. (Ibid.) When he exited his car
to enter his house, he was attacked by an unknown assailant and injured. The WCAB
rejected the WCJ’s determination that the injury arose outside the course of employment.
(Ibid.) The employer filed a petition for review. The First Appellate District ruled for
the employee, concluding that the WCAB did not err in finding that his injury arose out
of and in the course of his employment. (Id. at p. 538.)
The instant proceeding is different from Safeway because, in that case, the WCAB
found that the employee commuting home after working overtime was acting in the
course of employment, which is the opposite of the WCAB finding in Lantz’s case. As a
result, the petitioner in Safeway was the employer, not the person seeking benefits.
29.
The cases are similar in that we, like the court in Safeway, have examined whether
the WCAB’s finding was consistent with the evidence and applicable law and concluded
that the WCAB did not error. (Safeway, supra, 104 Cal.App.3d at pp. 535 & 538.)
We recognize that the Safeway decision contains a statement about the
foreseeability of the trip home that could be viewed as supporting the position that
Lantz’s trip home was part of a special mission. That statement reads: “The journey
home is obviously as foreseeable and essential a part of the special service which an
employee is called to perform after his regular hours as is the journey to work in the case
of an early special duty assignment.” (Safeway, supra, 104 Cal.App.3d at p. 537.) This
statement was made by the court in its discussion of whether to adopt a different rule of
law for cases where the employee came home late, rather than went to work early. (Ibid.)
The court noted that the employer had not advanced this position and stated it could not
find a distinction between a special mission that requires an employee to come to work
earlier and a special mission that requires the employee to stay late. (Ibid.) The court
supported its conclusion with the above-quoted statement, which is consistent with the
principle that the special mission exception extends to include the travel to and from the
extra assignment, even if that assignment is completed at the usual workplace. (See City
of San Diego v. Workers’ Comp. Appeals Bd., supra, 89 Cal.App.4th at p. 1388 [a “trip
becomes ‘special’ because the bother and effort of the trip itself is an important part of
what the employee is being compensated for.”].) Accordingly, the statement about
foreseeability by the court in Safeway did not create a rule of law and does not justify this
court finding, as a matter of law, that Lantz was engaged in a special mission while
performing the additional shift as watch commander. At most, the statement supports the
position that if Lantz performed a special mission while acting as watch commander, then
30.
his trip home should be deemed part of that special mission for purpose of awarding
workers’ compensation.11
In summary, the fact that the Safeway decision upheld an award of benefits to the
commuting employee does not mean our decision to uphold a denial of benefits
contradicts a rule of law or the evidentiary analysis contained in the Safeway decision.
Both cases demonstrate that courts do not reweigh the evidence when reviewing the
WCAB’s findings of fact on the applicability of the special mission exception.
DISPOSITION
The WCAB’s opinion and order granting reconsideration and decision after
reconsideration filed on September 4, 2012, is affirmed. The parties shall bear their own
costs before this court.
_____________________
Franson, J.
WE CONCUR:
_____________________
Gomes, Acting P.J.
_____________________
Kane, J.
11 We recognize that there are arguments on both sides of the legal question whether
a special mission should be extended to the trip home after the mission has been
completed and the worker is in control of the means of transportation, but need not
resolve those arguments here.
31.
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Is there anything better than cheesy potatoes? This comforting keto casserole is a low-carb take on loaded potato casserole — mashed potatoes topped with melted cheese and crispy bacon. What's not to love?
For the mash base, I’ve used a combination of swede along with cauliflower to lower to carb count. Any keto mash would work well here though, you could try our celeriac mash or any variety of cauliflower mash.
For the toppings, you want a nice grated cheese like cheddar or mozzarella, though some parmesan mixed in would be delicious too. And I’ve kept the bacon on top, but feel free to stir some of it through the mash as well to add extra flavour.
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0 days, 0 hours, 50 minutes Hands-on 25 minutes Overall 1 hour 15 minutes Allergy information for Low-Carb Loaded "Potato" Casserole ✔ Gluten free ✔ Egg free ✔ Nut free ✔ Nightshade free ✔ Avocado free ✔ Coconut free ✔ Fish free ✔ Shellfish free Print Recipe Download Recipe
Nutritional values (per serving)
Net carbs 8.3 grams Protein 11.5 grams Fat 28 grams Calories 334 kcal Calories from carbs 10%, protein 14%, fat 76% Total carbs 11.3 grams Fiber 3 grams Sugars 5.3 grams Saturated fat 14.6 grams Sodium 597 mg ( 26 % RDA ) Magnesium 39 mg ( 10 % RDA ) Potassium 538 mg ( 27 % EMR )
Ingredients (makes 6 side servings) “Potato” mash: 3 tbsp butter or ghee (43 g/ 1.5 oz)
1 large swede (rutabaga), peeled and roughly chopped (450 g/ 1 lb)
1 small cauliflower head, cut into florets (350 g/ 12.4 oz)
1 / 2 tsp sea salt
tsp sea salt 3 / 4 cup grated cheddar cheese (85 g/ 3 oz)
cup grated cheddar cheese (85 g/ 3 oz) 2 tbsp butter (28 g/ 1 oz)
1 / 2 cup sour cream (115 g/ 4 oz)
cup sour cream (115 g/ 4 oz) 1 / 2 cup unsweetened almond milk or any seeds milk (120 ml/ 4 fl oz)
cup unsweetened almond milk or any seeds milk (120 ml/ 4 fl oz) black pepper to taste Topping: 1 / 2 cup grated cheddar cheese (60 g/ 2.1 oz)
cup grated cheddar cheese (60 g/ 2.1 oz) 5 large slices bacon (150 g/ 5.3 oz)
1 green onion (green part only), sliced or chives (15 g/ 0.5 oz)
Do you like this recipe? Share it with your friends! Pinterest Reddit
Dearna Bond Creator of ToHerCore.com Dearna is a passionate foodie and food photographer, and loves sharing her knowledge and enthusiasm for both via her food blog and online photography courses. More posts by Dearna Bond |
Evaluation of dextran-flufenamic acid ester as a polymeric colon-specific prodrug of flufenamic acid, an anti-inflammatory drug, for chronotherapy.
Dextran-flufenamic acid ester (Dex-FFA) with varied degree of substitution (DS) was prepared by imidazolide method. Dex-FFA was stable in pH 1.2 or pH 6.8 buffer. The depolymerization degree of Dex-FFA by dextranase decreased as DS increased. Dex-FFA with DS of 13 or 20 released FFA up to 70% or 21% of the dose, respectively, on 24 h-incubation with the 10% cecal contents. FFA was liberated up to 29% of the dose on 24 h-incubation of dextranase pre-treated Dex-FFA with the homogenates of the upper intestine, whereas no FFA was detected devoid of dextranse-pretreatment. Upon oral administration of Dex-FFA (DS 13, 20 mg equivalent of FFA/kg) or FFA (10 mg/kg) to rats, t(max) for FFA with Dex-FFA administration delayed approximately 6 h compared with that of free FFA administration, while C(max) for FFA was similar. The plasma level for FFA became greater around 6 h after administration of Dex-FFA than free FFA and it was maintained throughout the period of 24 h-experiment. Dex-FFA markedly attenuated gastric ulcerogenicity of FFA. Taken together, Dex-FFA could be useful as a colon-specific prodrug which possesses anti-inflammatory properties and offers opportunities as a chronotherapeutic approach for the treatment of arthritis. |
Canale’s New Trial Bid Denied
BERLIN – An Ocean City
man, serving a 10-year sentence for manslaughter in the baseball bat beating
death of another local man in May 2008, will not get a shot at a new trial or a
reconsideration of his sentence after the state’s Court of Special Appeals last
week issued an opinion upholding the judgment of the Worcester County Circuit
Court.
In November 2008, a
Worcester County jury found Dominic Canale, now 23, of Ocean City, guilty of
manslaughter in the death of Michael Harry Mitchell at a post-graduation party
on May 29, 2008 in Berlin that went terribly wrong. In January 2009, Canale was
sentenced to 10 years for the manslaughter charge, but quickly filed for a
reconsideration of sentence at the Circuit Court level, citing a variety of
perceived reversible errors during his trial.
When the motion for
reconsideration was denied at the trial court level, Canale filed an appeal
with the state’s Court of Special Appeals seeking a new trial at the Circuit
Court level, or in the alternative, a new sentencing hearing. The Court of
Special Appeals heard the appeal in April, and last week handed down an opinion
upholding the lower court’s judgment in the case, citing most of the pillars of
the appeal were not reversible.
Canale’s appeal was
based on a variety of issues considered ripe for reversal during the trial at
the Circuit Court level. For example, the appeal asserted the trial court erred
by allowing testimony about Canale’s statements regarding the baseball bat in
the trunk of his friend’s car hours before the fateful incident.
Canale’s allegedly found
the bat in Fernando Musiani’s trunk in an Ocean City convenience store hours
before the altercation, handled it and allegedly said, “Man, this could really
hurt someone.” Musiani was also charged in Mitchell’s death, but entered a plea
bargain in exchange for agreeing to testify during Canale’s trial, during which
he told the jury about the defendant’s statement about the bat.
In his appeal, Canale
argued allowing Musiani’s testimony on what he said about the bat hours before
the incident prejudiced the jury by painting him as a potentially violent
person. However, the state argued Musiani’s testimony about Canale’s comment
about the bat was relevant during the Circuit Court trial.
In its opinion handed
down last week, the Court of Special Appeals ruled allowing Musiani’s testimony
about the bat was not a reversible error because Canale and his counsel did not
object to the testimony during the trial.
“The appellant was
required to object when Musiani testified to his statement on order to preserve
his claim for appellant review,” the opinion reads. “Appellant fails to even
acknowledge his failure to object during Musiani’s testimony, or to offer
alternative basis to permit our review of this claim. Accordingly, we decline
to reach the merits of the appellant’s claim as it is plainly not preserved.”
In another pillar of
Canale’s appeal, the defendant argued Judge Theodore Eschenberg was unduly
influenced by perceived erroneous information in the pre-sentence investigation
(PSI) report reviewed prior to sentencing. Again, the high court ruled in its
opinion Canale and his counsel did not object to the PSI at the time of
sentencing, which did not preserve it for review by the appeals court.
The opinion went on to
say even if Canale and his attorney had objected to the PSI, they likely would
not have reversed the Circuit Court’s judgment based solely on that issue.
“Even if appellant had
properly preserved this claim for our review, we would have found appellant’s
contention to be without merit,” the opinion reads. “The trial judge explicitly
recalled that is was undisputed that the appellant was not the original
aggressor and went into significant detail about his recollection of the trial
testimony, far beyond the cursory summary of facts contained in the PSI
report.”
Another issue raised in
the appeal called into question the judge handing down the maximum 10-year
sentence when state sentencing guidelines suggested a sentence in the range of
one to six years. The appeal suggested the trial court disregarded the
manslaughter convicted meted out by the jury and handed down a sentence more in
keeping with a second-degree murder conviction. However, the high court upheld
the judge’s decision on the 10-year sentence.
“The trial judge did not
disregard the jury’s finding, but instead attempted to explain to the appellant
that, no matter whether he subjectively believed that is was necessary to
defend himself, the jury had determined that he used more force than was
reasonable and that Mitchell ‘did not have to die’,” the opinion reads. “The
trial judge did not disagree with the jury’s finding and certainly did not
penalize the appellant because the jury declined to find him guilty of
second-degree depraved heart murder.”
Finally, Canale’s appeal
asserted the trial court erred by denying his motion to strike two potential
jurors because of their prior knowledge of the case. The two jurors were not
put on the jury, but Canale argued in his appeal he had to use two of his 20
peremptory strikes on the two, which was reason enough to reverse the outcome.
However, the Court of Appeals opinion denied that assertion pointing out the
defense counsel did not formally object to the make-up of the jury at the time
of the trial.
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SALISBURY – The Community Foundation of the Eastern Shore raised more than $88,000 during its second annual “Shore Gives More” campaign. The foundation’s online campaign allowed individuals to find charities from Worcester, Wicomico and Somerset counties and give them the opportunity to donate on one site. “The Community Foundation serves a diverse audience of organizations,”… Read more »
OCEAN CITY — New regulations prohibiting bow-riding on vessels could be in place as soon as next spring after a productive meeting last week between the area’s representatives in Annapolis and state boating officials. In the wake of several serious boating accidents in the resort last summer, including a fatal propeller strike that claimed the… Read more »
OCEAN CITY — Roughly nine miles off the coast of Ocean City, a quiet memorial and final resting place of a beloved long-time resort local, who passed a year ago this month, is now symbolically teeming with life as part of growing artificial reef site. Tony Meredith, known reverently and affectionately as “Uncle Tony” by… Read more »
OCEAN CITY — Calling a potential designation of the offshore Baltimore Canyon as the nation’s first Urban National Marine Sanctuary potentially “devastating” to the multi-million dollar fishing industry, resort officials this week agreed to send a letter of opposition to state and federal representatives. In October, National Aquarium officials announced they were seeking an Urban… Read more » |
Q:
How to order child collections of entities in EF
I have the following query:
public IEnumerable<Team> GetAllTeamsWithMembers(int ownerUserId)
{
return _ctx.Teams
.Include(x => x.TeamMembers)
.Where(x => x.UserId == ownerUserId)
.OrderBy(x => x.Name).ToList();
}
How do I go about ordering the teams by their name, and then have all the child members of each team sorted by their name?
It seems that do this I need to create a new DTO class and use a select. I'd like to use the EF entities already created, in this case Team has a navigation property to Members. I return IEnumerable<Team> out from my repository layer.
There doesn't seem to be a neat way of ordering child collections in EF. Can anyone help?
A:
You could load the data and sort in memory after loading it.
IEnumerable<Team> teams = _ctx.Teams
.Include(x => x.TeamMembers)
.Include(x => x.TeamMembers.Select(u => u.User))
.Where(x => x.UserId == ownerUserId)
.OrderBy(x => x.Name).ToList();
foreach (var team in teams)
{
team.TeamMembers = team.TeamMembers.OrderBy(m => m.Name);
foreach (var teamMember in team.TeamMembers)
{
teamMember.Users = teamMember.Users.OrderBy(u => u.Name);
}
}
Or you could use Projections and use the Change Tracking of EF to sort your collection. Here is an example of filtering an Include but the same works for Ordering.
|
Q:
download Azure Service Configuration (.cscfg) through Powershell cmdlet Get-AzureRMDeployment
I am trying to download service configuration (.cscfg) from a Cloud service using the below command powershell command. but unfortunately getting an error.
Get-AzureRmDeployment -Name "xxxx"
Get-AzureRmDeployment : Deployment 'xxxx' could not be found.
I have selected the correct subscription passed the corrected deployment name but still getting this error.
I tried to get all the deployments on this subscription using the below command, the command returned nothing, not even an erro.
Get-AzureRmDeployment
Earlier I used Get-AzureDeployment on the classic subscription to get .cscfg, and it used to work perfectly fine on RM the above commands are not working.
Can somebody help me figuring out on how to get the service configuration, using powershell...?
snipet of the command.
PS C:\WINDOWS\system32> Get-AzureRmDeployment -Name "xxxx"
Get-AzureRmDeployment : Deployment 'xxxx' could not be found.
At line:1 char:1
+ Get-AzureRmDeployment -Name "xxxx"
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ CategoryInfo : CloseError: (:) [Get-AzureRmDeployment], CloudException
+ FullyQualifiedErrorId : Microsoft.Azure.Commands.ResourceManager.Cmdlets.Implementation.GetAzureDeploymentCmdlet
A:
The Cloud Service is deployed as classic(ASM), you could not get the deployment via Get-AzureRMDeployment.
If you want to get Configuration (.cscfg) via ARM powershell, you could use Get-AzureRmResource to get it.
$slot = Get-AzureRmResource -ResourceGroupName <ResourceGroupName> -ResourceType Microsoft.ClassicCompute/domainNames/slots -ResourceName "xxxxx" -ApiVersion 2016-04-01
$slot.Properties.configuration
|
•The Ransomware is spreading through Phishing Emails sent to users with a malicious attachment that will infect the user machine once opened.
•The Ransomware consists of two components: a worm and a ransomware package.
•After infecting a user machine, it exploits a vulnerability known as "MS17-010" to infect other machines on the same network in order to spread and infect much more computers/file-share servers using “EternalBlue” exploit and DOUBLEPULSAR backdoor. |
Armenian Khachkar
The Armenian Khachkar is a khachkar and monument dedicated to the victims of genocide, installed outside the Colorado State Capitol, in Denver. The memorial was dedicated in 2015.
References
Category:2015 establishments in Colorado
Category:Monuments and memorials in Colorado
Category:Outdoor sculptures in Denver |
Q:
Impermanence and suffering in Buddhism
I have an intuitive agreement with the idea that impermanence does mean that everything either is or ends in suffering.
But I am not sure it makes rational sense.
Can anyone explain the arguments for and against this characterization of dukkha?
E.g. perhaps something has innate value, is its own end, but only relative to some time and place, such that we are not separated from the value of it when it passes. Surely, one might cliam, that would mean it is not dukkha.
A:
There is a convolution of meanings for dukkha which depends on context. One translation for dukkha is "unsatisfactoriness".
Of course, it is not stated there is no feeling of satisfaction or pleasure born of impermanent things, as that would be absurd. I just ate a big sandwich and I can tell you I don't feel hungry, I feel satisfied with respect to hunger. I also would be lying if I said it was a painful experience.
In the introduction of the Majjhima Nikāya translation, Bhikkhu Bodhi writes:
The unsatisfactoriness of the conditioned is due to impermanence, its vulnerability to pain and its inability to provide complete and lasting satisfaction.
So, one may find satisfaction on conditioned things. But that satisfaction is doomed to be be partial and/or temporary. Therefore, it is not satisfactory in its greatest sense; it's, thus, dukkha.
|
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Doctor Who Season 9 B "Sleep No More" Episode 9
Because Doctor Who constantly renews itself, with a new Doctor or companion coming on board the TARDIS nearly every season, and because the show dates all the way back to 1963, it can be easy to forget the middle ground between those two facts: The new series is now in its ninth season, and any show that has run for that long is going to have to be careful of telling the same old stories, of feeling stale. This season, one of the very few to carry over the same TARDIS team from the year before, has largely avoided that trap. The shift to making two-parters almost exclusively has helped, but it’s how Doctor Who has made the most of the narrative opportunities afforded by that expanded story length that has really impressed. “The Magician’s Apprentice”/“The Witch’s Familiar” wasn’t perfect, but it had tremendous fun taking a deep dive into the show’s mythos, locating genuine emotional connections between the Doctor and Davros and between Missy and Clara even as they tried to kill one another. “The Girl Who Died”/“The Woman Who Lived” broke all the rules of what a Doctor Who two-parter can look like, using a largely comedic opening episode to set up a deeper meditation on what it means to live forever. “The Zygon Invasion”/“The Zygon Inversion” began as commentary on contemporary issues and ended as a more universal condemnation of aggressive war.
That just leaves “Under The Lake”/“Before The Flood” and tonight’s episode, “Sleep No More,” both of which fit broadly into old school Doctor Who’s most famous sub-genre: the base-under-siege story. Now, the new series hasn’t gone to this particular narrative well as often as its classic counterpart, but there’s still a decent number that fit the bill of the Doctor and an isolated group trying to hold off some invading force. There’s room to debate the precise list, but I’d at least count “The Impossible Planet”/“The Satan Pit,” “42,” “Midnight,” “The Waters Of Mars,” “The Rebel Flesh”/“The Almost People,” “Cold War,” “Last Christmas,” and now this season’s two entries. Very few of those play the story type completely straight, with many mixing in larger philosophical arguments or engaging in wholesale narrative deconstruction. But what sets apart the best of these, what keeps them from feeling overly familiar, tends to be depth of character. The most effective stories on that list are not about the Doctor saving some anonymous group of soldiers, scientists, or vacation goers, but rather specific individuals for whom the alien threat means something more than just the universal impulse to stay alive.
And I suppose that’s the main reason why “Sleep No More,” though a perfectly solid episode, feels so disappointingly familiar. There’s plenty to like about this episode, but it has the same basic flaw as “Under The Lake”/“Before The Flood”: The guest ensemble here is so thinly sketched, and almost all their actions are driven by the needs of plot, not character development. It doesn’t help that the most interesting character, Reece Shearsmith’s Rassmussen, turns out to be a disguise for the Sandmen, meaning there are some fairly specific limits to what the show can do with him, as we learn his terror and desperation to leave are, if not precisely an act, then very much the manifestation of an ulterior motive. Beyond Rassmussen, the characterization is thin indeed. Chopra is the most clearly drawn as the political hothead who objects to the Morpheus system and the grunts, but beyond that? Nagata is the scared leader. Deep-Ando is the scared enlisted man. 474 is the dimly aware brute. And … that’s kind of it, really.
Now, characterization isn’t everything, and I’ll admit I care about that aspect of storytelling more than some probably do. If you’re watching “Sleep No More” primarily for a good, scary slice of sci-fi horror, then the episode is likely to be considerably more effective. But this reminds me of something fellow A.V. Club contributor Kate Kulzick once said to me, which is that the best Doctor Who episodes are those that marshal all their disparate elements and get them to resonate, to bring everything together to form a greater narrative whole. And with “Sleep No More,” it feels like the different parts of the story are working at slight cross purposes. Like his previous entry “Cold War,” writer Mark Gatiss crafts a lean thriller, one that works best when it’s as propulsive and stripped-down in its storytelling as possible. That worked so well in “Cold War” because the Soviet setting was, if not necessarily familiar to all viewers, then at least quickly recognizable, and the central threat of the Ice Warrior tied into the character development of the various submarine crewmen, all of whom were defined by living in the specter of war.
“Sleep No More,” on the other hand, mixes together some intriguing world-building about a corporatist future run by India and Japan, super-evolved sleepdust monsters who have consumed the body of their unwitting creator, and a found footage conceit whose purpose only really becomes obvious with a final scene that throws everything into question. Those are all fascinating concepts, and each of them works well in isolation. This isn’t a story that wants for ambition like some previous Gatiss efforts (looking at you, “Night Terrors”). But there isn’t that one overridingly compelling element that would synthesize all these ideas into something more. That, to the extent that it’s possible to characterize what makes a great Doctor Who episode, is what separates a solid entry like “Sleep No More” from an outright classic. Reece Shearsmith’s work as Rassmussen comes the closest, but the episode effectively turns his character into a plot twist, favoring horror over character. Which is fine, but it again speaks to how this episode ends up having to choose between its promising elements instead of getting them to complement one another.
Those who like “Sleep No More” more than I did will probably have responded to the episode’s horror elements, which are a definite strength. Much of that has to do with the episode’s found footage conceit, which sees the show eschewing the standard opening credits and theme tune in favor of a quick flash on a screen to indicate that, yes, this is still Doctor Who. Found footage has become a hideously overused gimmick, oftentimes working just as a cheap way—make that really cheap, given the average budget of horror movies made in the format—to create a more immediate, visceral experience for the viewer. Here, by contrast, the found footage does legitimately enhance the overall horror storytelling, with the Doctor gradually realizing that they are all being filmed, even though that shouldn’t be possible. While Gatiss’ script only briefly hints at the end of using Rassmussen’s position as storyteller as a way to deconstruct the makings of a Doctor Who episode, there’s rather more here examining and pulling apart the conventions of the horror genre and found footage in particular.
Both Gatiss and director Justin Molotnikov are careful to play more or less fair with the episode’s very specific rules of visual storytelling. The design of the soldiers’ helmets make it all too easy to just assume that they have helmet cameras on there somewhere. It’s perhaps a little bit of a cheat that the third-person footage is black and white, the better to make us assume those shots are from security cameras—those same shots appear to be in color when the Doctor accesses the archive—but that could be explained in terms of the Sandmen’s visual receptors getting stronger, or perhaps just a bit of additional subterfuge on the point of Rassmussen. Either way, the real stroke of brilliance here comes when we start seeing things from Clara’s perspective as well; even though the Doctor won’t have any reason to suspect something is wrong with her eyes for a little while yet, he does give one of his increasingly trademark stares of concerned bafflement, hinting to the audience that it’s time to start paying attention to whose perspective we’re seeing and whose we’re not. After totally missing the Clara twist in “The Zygon Invasion,” I’m inordinately proud that I realized neither the Doctor nor the Morpheus-avoiding Chopra was included as a source of footage.
The Doctor and Clara are again on good form here. The overheard conversation at the very start, as the two consider whether anyone really puts the word “space” in front of things, speaks nicely to the rapport the two have built up; it’s hard to even remember there was once a time when this Doctor’s best way of showing affection to Clara was to call her ugly, or something. To the extent that it’s possible, their introduction does convey some sense of just how weird it would be to run into these two weirdoes under impossible circumstances, and the found footage approach has the added benefit of giving Peter Capaldi plenty of opportunities to stare down the barrel of the camera.
Clara taking the moral high ground against Nagata’s violent approach is another well-integrated little reminder of how much like the Doctor she has become, and it’s always sweet when the show lets a companion (and not her Zygon duplicate) know some bit of trivia, as when Clara trots out her knowledge of the Greek god Morpheus. Speaking of which, the Doctor gets in some nice little observations about the value of sleep, pointing out how only humans would be foolish enough to try to defeat this most fundamental of necessities. These are some clever sentiments well delivered by Capaldi, though they feel a little abstract in the context of the episode; there again found footage might not be the best delivery mechanism for those ideas, as much as it serves the horror well elsewhere.
It’s more than a little odd that, in this season of two-parters, the first confirmed standalone episode we’ve come across ends on the biggest cliffhanger of the season. (Now that I’ve written that out, I do rather wonder whether that’s all by design.) It’s a dangerous game to have the Doctor exit the story by declaring that none of this makes sense, and I’ll admit I remain uncertain as to precisely where we leave things. As the Doctor observes, the Morpheus process has already begun in Clara, meaning the two of them should still have some unfinished business, even if the Sandmen’s plan doesn’t end up working, perhaps because the Doctor succeeded in crashing the space station before Rassmussen could transmit the message. Honestly though, it’s probably best not to overthink this, as this is likely meant to be more reminiscent of the ending of “Blink,” in which the episode decided to imply (falsely, based on everything we’ve learned since) that any statue, any statue at all could be alive. Which is to say that Doctor Who considered all the possibilities, and decided to do the thing that would scare viewers the most. I’m not necessarily opposed to that.
What that means we’re left with is a very good slice of found footage horror that doesn’t work quite as well as a Doctor Who episode. As a one-off experiment, everything about this episode, including that ambiguous ending, could well be justified, but I wish there were that one spectacular element here that would make “Sleep No More” feel special, if still flawed. As it is, I have no great issue with the finished episode. It’s just that this is the rare season of Doctor Who where that actually qualifies as a slight step down from the baseline.
Stray observations |
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The invention pertains to an immersion system, in particular for a magneto-optical storage device with an immersion lens. More specifically, a lens is provided in the system which is essentially in the shape of a spherical segment with a planar face and a curved face and which is composed of a material that is transparent to electromagnetic radiation of the wavelength .lambda. (the radiation used in the storage device) and which has a first refractive index n, greater than that of air.
In prior art magneto-optical storage devices, such as hard disks, immersion systems are used in the form of a single hemispherical immersion lens. The solid immersion lens is composed, for example, of glass or zirconium oxide and consequently has a refractive index n that is greater than that of air. The electromagnetic radiation which is injected into the immersion lens and which is incident radially into the immersion lens and is concentrated at the center point of the sphere, consequently has the wavelength .lambda./n within the lens. .lambda. represents the wavelength in air. The planar face of hemispherical immersion lens is, during the operation of the storage device, at such a small distance (for example approximately 50 nm) from the surface of the storage medium that the medium between the immersion lens and the storage medium, generally air, has no physical effect on the radiation with the wavelength .lambda./n emerging from the immersion lens. For this purpose, this distance is smaller than .lambda./n6. Consequently, there is physical contact between the immersion lens and the storage medium.
The configuration described above has the effect of ensuring that the radiation, for example monochromatic light of a laser, is transmitted with the wavelength .lambda./n (=wavelength within the immersion lens) onto the storage medium. The spot of light on the storage medium is consequently reduced in size in comparison with a system without immersion lens in which the spot of light is approximately (.lambda.).sup.2 to approximately (.lambda./n).sup.2, giving rise to an increased storage density on the storage medium.
For a given wavelength .lambda. of the electromagnetic radiation, the storage density can thus be influenced by means of the refractive index n of the immersion lens.
In known immersion lenses made of glass (for example quartz glass) or zirconium oxide, the refractive index n lies in the range 1.5.ltoreq.n.ltoreq.2. |
Barbra Streisand is the latest celebrity to weigh in on Leaving Neverland, and the iconic performer has conflicting feelings after watching the documentary. For one, the Oscar winner says she believes the accusations made by Wade Robson and James Safechuck against Michael Jackson.
“Oh absolutely,” she tells U.K.’s The Times in an interview published Friday. “That was too painful.”
In the two-part HBO documentary, Robson and Safechuck give disturbing accounts of years of sexual abuse they allegedly suffered at the hands of Jackson as children. However, Streisand is sympathetic towards the “Thriller” singer, as well — and some of her quotes aren’t sitting well with fans.
“He was very sweet, very childlike,” she remembers about the legend, whom she met a couple of times. (Jackson asked Streisand to duet with him on “I Just Can’t Stop Loving You,” but she declined.) Streisand, 76, was asked how she reconciles the man she remembers with the man described in the controversial documentary.
“His sexual needs were his sexual needs, coming from whatever childhood he has or whatever DNA he has,” she replies. “You can say ‘molested’, but those children, as you heard [the grown-up Robson and Safechuck] say, they were thrilled to be there. They both married and they both have children, so it didn’t kill them.”
When pressed if she’s angry with Jackson for his alleged behavior, Streisand says she has “a combination of feelings.”
“I feel bad for the children. I feel bad for him,” she explains. “I blame, I guess, the parents, who would allow their children to sleep with him. Why would Michael need these little children dressed like him and in the shoes and the dancing and the hats?”
Some of Streisand’s comments quickly stirred backlash online, particularly this quote about Robson and Safechuck: “They both married and they both have children, so it didn’t kill them.” Leaving Neverland director, Dan Reed, even weighed in.
Already found the qoute. No, it didn’t kill them (it killed two of their fathers though) but it screwed up their lives forever. Streisand is a typical Hollywood leftist that is so openminded her brains fell out so there is room to be a sex abuse apologist.#LeavingNeverlandpic.twitter.com/hAh5unbeEu
Oh god no. This is horrible. I feel sick. @BarbraStreisand is my idol and I look up to her so much. This breaks my heart that she would say this. Because this is such a wrong and hurtful thing to say. Ugh. https://t.co/emlO9qAxCW
Barbra Streisand is vile 🤢.. She believes MJ abused Wade and James, but basically says – it is no big deal because they were “thrilled to be there” and ended up getting married and having children, so it “didn’t kill them”..
Leaving Neverland has divided fans nearly 10 years after Jackson’s death. His three children — Prince, 22, Paris, 20, and Blanket, 17 — are said to be “devastated” over the resurfaced molestation claims. They have remained relatively silent, although Paris has chimed in occasionally on social media with a few tweets about “injustices” and focusing on the “bigger picture.” Most recently, the model co-signed a rant from Aaron Carter where he trashed Robson and Safechuck.
Jackson’s family has continued to adamantly deny any claims of sexual abuse. |
Q:
Data is not converted into String
I am trying to convert an image into data and then that data into a string using this code but it fail on conversion when i want to convert data into string
let data = UIImagePNGRepresentation(selectedImageImageView.image!)
let datastring = String(data: data!, encoding: .utf8)
it gives some in data, but always nil in datastring
cant figure it out where the problem is if anyone knows please help... thanks
A:
if let img = selectedImageImageView.image {
if let data = UIImagePNGRepresentation(img) {
if let datastring = data.base64EncodedStringWithOptions(.Encoding64CharacterLineLength) {
println(datastring)
}
}
}
|
The archaea monophyly issue: A phylogeny of translational elongation factor G(2) sequences inferred from an optimized selection of alignment positions.
A global alignment of EF-G(2) sequences was corrected by reference to protein structure. The selection of characters eligible for construction of phylogenetic trees was optimized by searching for regions arising from the artifactual matching of sequence segments unique to different phylogenetic domains. The spurious matchings were identified by comparing all sections of the global alignment with a comprehensive inventory of significant binary alignments obtained by BLAST probing of the DNA and protein databases with representative EF-G(2) sequences. In three discrete alignment blocks (one in domain II and two in domain IV), the alignment of the bacterial sequences with those of Archaea-Eucarya was not retrieved by database probing with EF-G(2) sequences, and no EF-G homologue of the EF-2 sequence segments was detected by using partial EF-G(2) sequences as probes in BLAST/FASTA searches. The two domain IV regions (one of which comprises the ADP-ribosylatable site of EF-2) are almost certainly due to the artifactual alignment of insertion segments that are unique to Bacteria and to Archaea-Eucarya. Phylogenetic trees have been constructed from the global alignment after deselecting positions encompassing the unretrieved, spuriously aligned regions, as well as positions arising from misalignment of the G' and G" subdomain insertion segments flanking the "fifth" consensus motif of the G domain (AE varsson, 1995). The results show inconsistencies between trees inferred by alternative methods and alternative (DNA and protein) data sets with regard to Archaea being a monophyletic or paraphyletic grouping. Both maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony methods do not allow discrimination (by log-likelihood difference and difference in number of inferred substitutions) between the conflicting (monophyletic vs. paraphyletic Archaea) topologies. No specific EF-2 insertions (or terminal accretions) supporting a crenarchaeal-eucaryal clade are detectable in the new EF-G(2) sequence alignment. |
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