text stringlengths 8 5.77M |
|---|
79 Cal.App.2d 731 (1947)
Estate of NATHAN W. SHAPIRO, Deceased. HARRY SHERWOOD et al., Appellants,
v.
SUPERIOR COURT OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY, Respondent.
Civ. No. 15790.
California Court of Appeals. Second Dist., Div. Two.
May 19, 1947.
A. Joseph Shapiro for Appellants.
No appearance for respondent.
McCOMB, J.
This is an appeal from an order of the probate court denying the petition of Harry Sherwood (formerly known as Harry Shapiro) to be reappointed as sole *732 trustee without bond of the testamentary trusts created by the will of Nathan W. Shapiro.
The undisputed facts are these:
Nathan W. Shapiro died December 20, 1936, leaving surviving as his sole heirs his wife, Rose Rabenowitz, two adult sons, Harry Sherwood (petitioner herein) and Joseph Shapiro, and one adult daughter, Charlotte Lewis. By his last will and testament decedent appointed two brothers and petitioner, or the survivors or survivor of them, to act as trustees of certain trusts provided for in his will. There was no provision in the will that the trustees post security. The two brothers declined to act as trustees and consented that petitioner act as sole trustee. Accordingly, in a decree of distribution made on July 25, 1938, the bulk of decedent's estate was distributed to petitioner as sole trustee, to act without bond. Petitioner so acted continuously until July 31, 1942.
On July 10, 1942, petitioner was inducted into the armed forces of the United States, at which time he petitioned the probate court to accept his resignation as trustee, expressly providing that such resignation was "without prejudice to his reappointment as sole trustee of such trusts at such time in the future as he is able to devote the necessary time and attention to the duties of such trusteeship." In his petition he requested that his sister, Charlotte Lewis, be appointed as trustee to act in his stead during the period of his military service, and without prejudice to his reappointment as sole trustee upon the termination of such service. The sister petitioned to be appointed trustee "without prejudice to the reappointment of Harry Shapiro as sole trustee of such trusts being administered in the matter of this estate, at such time in the future as said Harry Shapiro will again be able to assume the duties of such trusteeship." On July 31, 1942, the probate court made an order accepting petitioner's resignation and appointing Charlotte Lewis as trustee "without prejudice to the reappointment of Harry Shapiro as sole trustee."
Petitioner Sherwood on October 18, 1945, was honorably discharged from the Army of the United States of America. Thereafter Charlotte Lewis filed her resignation as trustee, requesting that it be accepted and that petitioner be reappointed as sole trustee of the trusts created by decedent. Concurrently therewith the present petition was filed. At *733 the time of the hearing on said petition Rose Rabenowitz, Charlotte Lewis, Joseph Shapiro and Harry Sherwood, being all of the beneficiaries under the trusts and comprising all of the heirs at law of the decedent, filed their consent in writing that petitioner be reappointed as sole trustee of said trusts, without bond. Likewise it is to be noted that there were no creditors of the trust estate. The judge of the probate court, being of the opinion that he lacked jurisdiction to grant Harry Sherwood's petition for appointment as sole trustee without bond by virtue of section 1127 [fn. *] of the Probate Code, denied his application.
[1] This is the sole question presented for our determination:
Can all the beneficiaries of a testamentary trust waive the provision of section 1127 of the Probate Code which requires a trustee appointed to fill a vacancy in a testamentary trust to give a bond before acting?
This question must be answered in the affirmative. Any person may waive the advantages of a law intended solely for his benefit. (Civ. Code, 3513; Leonard v. Board of Education, 36 Cal.App.2d 595, 599 [97 P.2d 1032].) The general law on this subject is aptly stated in 25 California Jurisprudence (1926) at page 929, Waiver, section 4, as follows: "A person may waive any civil right and the benefit of any statute or code provision in respect of his rights and obligations, unless such waiver would be against public policy. Indeed, it is one of the maxims of jurisprudence that 'anyone may waive the advantage of a law intended solely for his benefit.' " *734
It is clear that the requirement of section 1127 of the Probate Code that the trustee furnish a bond is for the benefit of the beneficiaries and creditors of a trust. Hence, since there are no creditors, the beneficiaries of the trusts herein were entitled to waive the advantages of the law intended for their benefit. This they did, and the probate court had jurisdiction to appoint petitioner as trustee of the testamentary trust without bond.
For the foregoing reasons the order is reversed and the probate court is directed to make an order in conformity with the views herein expressed.
Moore, P. J., and Wilson, J., concurred.
"1126. If a trustee of a testamentary trust dies, resigns or is removed after distribution, and a vacancy in the trusteeship is created thereby, the court which had jurisdiction over the settlement of his accounts shall have the power to appoint a new trustee to fill the vacancy, upon the petition of anyone interested in the trust estate and notice given for the period and in the manner required by section 1200 of this code. The petitioner shall cause notice of the hearing to be mailed to the beneficiaries at their last known addresses, as provided in said section 1200, whether they have requested special notice or given notice of appearance or not."
"1127. The person appointed under section 1125 or section 1126 of this code, before acting as trustee, shall give a bond such as is required of a person appointed administrator. He shall be allowed the cost of such bond to the extent provided by section 541.5."
NOTES
[fn. *] *. Sections 1126 and 1127 of the Probate Code read:
|
THE PAPPARICH COFFEE EXPERIENCE
ANYWHERE ANYTIME
--------
Your day would not be complete without a cup of piping hot and deliciously aromatic white coffee, freshly brewed to perfection using selected beans. Introducing our PappaRich Instant Coffee range, you can now get the full Papparich coffee experience wherever you choose to enjoy our coffee. |
Effects of fasting blood glucose levels and blood pressure and treatment of diabetes and hypertension on the incidence of cardiovascular disease: a study of 740 patients with incident Type 2 diabetes with up to 30 years' follow-up.
To analyse the effects of hyperglycaemia and hypertension and treatment of diabetes and hypertension on cardiovascular disease incidence in patients with Type 2 diabetes with up to 30 years of follow-up. A total of 740 patients with incident Type 2 diabetes were registered at the Laxå Primary Health Care Centre, Sweden between 1972 and 2001. Annual data on mean fasting blood glucose, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure, and type of diabetes and hypertension treatment were obtained from patient records, and information on cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction and stroke events was obtained from national registers. During the follow-up period, cumulative cardiovascular disease incidence increased significantly with male sex (hazard ratio 1.48, 95% CI 1.21-1.82), number of previous cardiovascular disease events (hazard ratio 1.13, 95% CI 1.08-1.18), age, per year (HR 1.05, 95% CI 1.04-1.07), mean fasting blood glucose, per mmol/l (hazard ratio 1.05, 95% CI 1.00-1.10) BMI (hazard ratio 1.04, 95% CI 1.01-1.06), mean arterial blood pressure, per mmHg (hazard ratio 1.02, 95% CI 1.01-1.03), and decreased significantly with metformin treatment (hazard ratio 0.58, 95% CI 0.38-0.90) and sulfonylurea (hazard ratio 0.73, 95% CI 0.55-0.97). Cumulative myocardial infarction incidence increased significantly with male sex, number of previous myocardial infarction events, mean fasting blood glucose level, BMI, age and mean arterial blood pressure, and decreased with metformin treatment. Cumulative stroke incidence increased with number of previous stroke events, age and mean arterial blood pressure. The cumulative incidence of cardiovascular disease and myocardial infarction increased with number of previous events and presence of hyperglycaemia and hypertension and decreased with pharmacological treatment of diabetes. A higher number of previous stroke events increased the cumulative incidence of stroke but no protective effect of pharmacological treatment was observed. |
The struggle to remind the world of what happened in Nanjing in 1937. From photographer Amanda Mustard.
Photographer Amanda Mustard followed a long chain of contacts and helpers to arrive at her project on the survivors of the Nanjing Massacre. It started with her high school history teacher, who led her to read The Rape of Nanking by the late Iris Chang, whose mother would later help Mustard break down barriers and locate a handful of the last survivors of one of the most brutal chapters of World War II.
This Friday marks the 76th anniversary of the day Japan captured the then-capital of China and put its people to the sword. Some 300,000 people in the city died—most of them during the first six weeks of the occupation—according to Chinese estimates. There were international as well as Chinese witnesses to the unhinged grotesquerie of rape, lawlessness and murder, but to this day, Japan refuses to formally apologize. This intransigence has become a constant rallying cry for Chinese nationalists and an ongoing point of friction between two wary powers.
A crime on the scale of Nanjing is, at root, a constellation of individual tragedies. Which is why Mustard’s project, shot during the 75th anniversary last year, has such appeal. By the time Mustard flew from Cairo to Nanjing for this this work, only 200 survivors were still alive. It falls to them to keep the memory real, but in their old age, many face other challenges. They have been lauded as ‘war heroes’ by the Chinese government, which is keen to use them as reminders of Japan’s perfidy. But then there are stories like that of Cheng Yun, who is photographed below. His service as a Chinese solider in occupied Nanjing is celebrated at memorial events, but he has also been denied military pension benefits because he had been deemed anti-Communist earlier in life. At 93, he now survives by recycling bottles in a Nanjing slum, and is provided daily meals and care by his nephew. And so his story, like China’s, is still evolving, reminders not just of a terrible past, but also of a contemporary China that still struggles to provide dignity and freedom to all its people. The survivors of Nanjing have suffered too much to deserve anything less.
Only three of the Chinese military troops who survived the Japanese occupation of Nanjing are still alive. Li Gaoshan is one of them.
Cheng Yun’s ID shows that he graduated from Whampao Military Academy. But due to his anti-Communist past, Cheng, 92, is now classified as a farmer and not a soldier, so that he receives no pension.
In December 1937, Japanese forces first entered the city at Zhongshan Gate, the strongest point of defense in the old city walls of Nanjing.
Cao Zhikun barely escaped death with his family during Japanese occupation, and struggled for decades with both physical and mental scars.
Approximately 15,100 Chinese civilians and soliders were buried under a section of Xiuqui Park.
People’s Liberation Army and Navy troops stand with civilians at Nanjing’s Memorial Hall to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the Nanjing Massacre.
Survivor Cao Zhikun holds a portrait of his family taken two weeks before the massacre began.
Citizens cross the Yangtze River via ferry from the Zhongshan Wharf. An estimated 150,000 bodies were dumped in this stretch of river and embankment during the massacre.
The images of hundreds of survivors are illuminated at the Memorial Hall in Nanjing. As of 2012, less than 200 survivors remained.
Cheng Yun, a soldier who lived through the Japanese occupation, stands outside his home in Nanjing.
A rabbit in a Nanjing slum that was, before the Japanese invasion, a wealthy district.
Survivor Li Jun, his family, and 600 others took refuge in the yard of John Rabe, a German executive for Siemens and Nazi party member, who established the International Safety Zone in Nanjing, saving the lives of over 250,000 Chinese. |
import * as Path from 'path'
import * as Glob from 'glob'
import * as Parse from '../../src/parse'
import * as ConfigTypes from 'graphqlgen-json-schema'
import * as Validation from '../../src/validation'
import * as GGen from '../../src'
import * as Util from '../../src/utils'
import * as Benchmark from '../lib/benchmark'
const collect: Benchmark.Collect = () => {
const paths = Glob.sync(Path.join(__dirname, './*'))
const benchmarks: Benchmark.Benchmark[] = []
for (const path of paths) {
if (Util.isFile(path)) continue
const errors = validateFixtures(path)
if (errors) {
for (const error of errors) {
console.log(error.message)
}
process.exit(100)
}
const modelPaths = Glob.sync(Path.join(path, './models.*'))
for (const modelPath of modelPaths) {
// 1. We know there will be an extension because of isFile
// filter above.
// 2. We know it will be a support language extension
// because of the set filter below.
const ext = Util.getExt(modelPath) as Util.LanguageExtension
if (!Util.languageExtensions.includes(ext)) continue
const benchmark = create({
language: Util.getLangFromExt(ext),
rootPath: path,
})
benchmarks.push(benchmark)
}
}
return benchmarks
}
type Options = {
language: ConfigTypes.GraphQLGenDefinition['language']
rootPath: string
}
/**
* Create a benchmark instance for testing the performance
* of the whole GraphqlGen pipeline (except for initial
* config parsing, file loading, and model map creation).
*/
const create = (config: Options): Benchmark.Benchmark => {
const codeGenConfig = createCodeGenConfig({
language: config.language,
rootPath: config.rootPath,
})
const benchmark = new Benchmark.Benchmark({
name: `generateCode (${Path.basename(config.rootPath)} schema, ${
config.language
})`,
test: () => {
GGen.generateCode(codeGenConfig)
},
})
return benchmark
}
type CodeGenConfigOptions = {
language: ConfigTypes.GraphQLGenDefinition['language']
rootPath: string
}
/**
* Create a configuration ready for consumption by the
* main code gen function. This utility function is needed
* because of the current complexity of assembling the config.
*/
const createCodeGenConfig = (
config: CodeGenConfigOptions,
): GGen.GenerateCodeArgs => {
const ext = Util.getExtFromLang(config.language)
const sdlFilePath = Path.join(config.rootPath, 'schema.graphql')
const schema = Parse.parseSchema(sdlFilePath)
const models = {
files: [Path.join(config.rootPath, `./models.${ext}`)],
}
const graphqlGenConfig: ConfigTypes.GraphQLGenDefinition = {
language: config.language,
schema: sdlFilePath,
output: Path.join(config.rootPath, './'),
models,
}
// Needed to initialize singleton data in Parse module
Validation.validateConfig(graphqlGenConfig, schema)
const modelMap = Parse.parseModels(
models,
schema,
Path.join(config.rootPath, './'),
graphqlGenConfig.language,
)
return {
language: graphqlGenConfig.language,
schema,
config: graphqlGenConfig,
modelMap,
}
}
/**
* Function that checks for correctness of folder/file layout of benchmarks.
* The returned validation failure, if any, contains a message to help developers
* fix the problem and so should be printed to them nicely.
*/
const validateFixtures = (scenarioFolder: string): null | Error[] => {
const name = Path.basename(scenarioFolder)
const files = Glob.sync(Path.join(scenarioFolder, './*')).map(path =>
Path.basename(path),
)
const errors = []
if (!files.includes('schema.graphql')) {
errors.push(
new Error(`benchmark "${name}" missing the "schema.graphql" file`),
)
}
if (!files.includes('models.ts')) {
errors.push(
new Error(
`benchmark "${name}" missing a mdodel file such as "models.ts"`,
),
)
}
return errors.length ? errors : null
}
export { collect }
|
package flash.net;
extern interface IDynamicPropertyOutput {
function writeDynamicProperty(name : String, value : Dynamic) : Void;
}
|
The headliner: Brooklyn-born senior guard Krystal Parnell, the only Tiger to average double figures last season (10.5 ppg) and a player whose assist total (134) was higher than any other five Towson players combined.
Would like to see more from: Redshirt senior guard Sheree Ledbetter, a St. John’s transfer who was solid last season (8.7 ppg) but has All-CAA potential.
About CAA Baseline Buzz
Welcome to CAA Baseline Buzz, the official blog providing in-depth and exclusive access to CAA Women's Basketball. With features, videos, photos, commentaries and news from inside the league, we are committed to bringing you coverage of CAA Women's Basketball unlike any you can find elsewhere.
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Hex: Reimplementing TeX in Haskell - pwg
http://luispedro.org/software/hex
======
dbaupp
Is this related to jgm's HeX[1] at all?
[1]: <https://github.com/jgm/HeX>
~~~
frugalfirbolg
The code looks substantially different and technically the names are
different. HeX is pronounced "Hek", and Hex is probably pronounced "Heks".
|
Do sleep patterns relate to the desire for alcohol?
A measure of disposition to drink in alcoholics was developed using a progressive ratio schedule for reduction of delay in receiving a drink of two ounces of 95 proof ethanol. This measure showed increased disposition to drink during early abstinence compared to lab abstinence (more than seven days) during experimental intoxication compared to lab abstinence and shortly after a low dose drink during late abstinence. A multiple regression analysis of this measure for four subjects after alcohol withdrawal, showed significant effects for days abstinent and EEG sleep variables, particularly stage REM%. Low REM% was associated with high values for the disposition to drink. REM sleep deprivation, however, failed to significantly alter the measure of disposition to drink. Results are interpreted as supporting the hypotheses that sleep disturbances relate indirectly to the disposition to drink. |
// (c) Copyright 2016 Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development LP
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.
package output
const html = `
<!doctype html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Go AST Scanner</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/bulma/0.2.1/css/bulma.min.css" integrity="sha256-DRcOKg8NK1KkSkcymcGmxOtS/lAn0lHWJXRa15gMHHk=" crossorigin="anonymous"/>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/react/15.3.2/react.min.js" integrity="sha256-cLWs9L+cjZg8CjGHMpJqUgKKouPlmoMP/0wIdPtaPGs=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/react/15.3.2/react-dom.min.js" integrity="sha256-JIW8lNqN2EtqC6ggNZYnAdKMJXRQfkPMvdRt+b0/Jxc=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/babel-standalone/6.17.0/babel.min.js" integrity="sha256-1IWWLlCKFGFj/cjryvC7GDF5wRYnf9tSvNVVEj8Bm+o=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
<style>
div.issue div.tag, div.panel-block input[type="checkbox"] {
margin-right: 0.5em;
}
label.disabled {
text-decoration: line-through;
}
nav.panel select {
width: 100%;
}
.break-word {
word-wrap: break-word;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<section class="section">
<div class="container">
<div id="content"></div>
</div>
</section>
<script>
var data = {{ . }};
</script>
<script type="text/babel">
var IssueTag = React.createClass({
render: function() {
var level = ""
if (this.props.level === "HIGH") {
level = "is-danger";
}
if (this.props.level === "MEDIUM") {
level = "is-warning";
}
return (
<div className="tag { level }">
{ this.props.label }: { this.props.level }
</div>
);
}
});
var Issue = React.createClass({
render: function() {
return (
<div className="issue box">
<div className="is-pulled-right">
<IssueTag label="Severity" level={ this.props.data.severity }/>
<IssueTag label="Confidence" level={ this.props.data.confidence }/>
</div>
<p>
<strong className="break-word">
{ this.props.data.file } (line { this.props.data.line })
</strong>
<br/>
{ this.props.data.details }
</p>
<figure className="highlight">
<pre>
<code className="golang hljs">
{ this.props.data.code }
</code>
</pre>
</figure>
</div>
);
}
});
var Stats = React.createClass({
render: function() {
return (
<p className="help">
Scanned { this.props.data.Stats.files.toLocaleString() } files
with { this.props.data.Stats.lines.toLocaleString() } lines of code.
</p>
);
}
});
var Issues = React.createClass({
render: function() {
if (this.props.data.Stats.files === 0) {
return (
<div className="notification">
No source files found. Do you even Go?
</div>
);
}
if (this.props.data.Issues.length === 0) {
return (
<div>
<div className="notification">
Awesome! No issues found!
</div>
<Stats data={ this.props.data } />
</div>
);
}
var issues = this.props.data.Issues
.filter(function(issue) {
return this.props.severity.includes(issue.severity);
}.bind(this))
.filter(function(issue) {
return this.props.confidence.includes(issue.confidence);
}.bind(this))
.filter(function(issue) {
if (this.props.issueType) {
return issue.details.toLowerCase().startsWith(this.props.issueType.toLowerCase());
} else {
return true
}
}.bind(this))
.map(function(issue) {
return (<Issue data={issue} />);
}.bind(this));
if (issues.length === 0) {
return (
<div>
<div className="notification">
No issues matched given filters
(of total { this.props.data.Issues.length } issues).
</div>
<Stats data={ this.props.data } />
</div>
);
}
return (
<div className="issues">
{ issues }
<Stats data={ this.props.data } />
</div>
);
}
});
var LevelSelector = React.createClass({
handleChange: function(level) {
return function(e) {
var updated = this.props.selected
.filter(function(item) { return item != level; });
if (e.target.checked) {
updated.push(level);
}
this.props.onChange(updated);
}.bind(this);
},
render: function() {
var highDisabled = !this.props.available.includes("HIGH");
var mediumDisabled = !this.props.available.includes("MEDIUM");
var lowDisabled = !this.props.available.includes("LOW");
var on = "", off = "disabled";
var HIGH = "HIGH", MEDIUM = "MEDIUM", LOW = "LOW";
return (
<span>
<label className="label checkbox { (highDisabled ? off : on )}">
<input
type="checkbox"
checked={ this.props.selected.includes(HIGH) }
disabled={ highDisabled }
onChange={ this.handleChange(HIGH) }/>
High
</label>
<label className="label checkbox {( mediumDisabled ? off : on )}">
<input
type="checkbox"
checked={ this.props.selected.includes(MEDIUM) }
disabled={ mediumDisabled }
onChange={ this.handleChange(MEDIUM) }/>
Medium
</label>
<label className="label checkbox {( lowDisabled ? off : on )}">
<input
type="checkbox"
checked={ this.props.selected.includes(LOW) }
disabled={ lowDisabled }
onChange={ this.handleChange(LOW) }/>
Low
</label>
</span>
);
}
});
var Navigation = React.createClass({
updateSeverity: function(vals) {
this.props.onSeverity(vals);
},
updateConfidence: function(vals) {
this.props.onConfidence(vals);
},
updateIssueType: function(e) {
if (e.target.value == "all") {
this.props.onIssueType(null);
} else {
this.props.onIssueType(e.target.value);
}
},
render: function() {
var issueTypes = this.props.allIssueTypes
.map(function(it) {
var matches = this.props.issueType == it
return (
<option value={ it } selected={ matches }>
{ it }
</option>
);
}.bind(this));
return (
<nav className="panel">
<div className="panel-heading">
Filters
</div>
<div className="panel-block">
<strong>
Severity
</strong>
</div>
<div className="panel-block">
<LevelSelector
selected={ this.props.severity }
available={ this.props.allSeverities }
onChange={ this.updateSeverity } />
</div>
<div className="panel-block">
<strong>
Confidence
</strong>
</div>
<div className="panel-block">
<LevelSelector
selected={ this.props.confidence }
available={ this.props.allConfidences }
onChange={ this.updateConfidence } />
</div>
<div className="panel-block">
<strong>
Issue Type
</strong>
</div>
<div className="panel-block">
<select onChange={ this.updateIssueType }>
<option value="all" selected={ !this.props.issueType }>
(all)
</option>
{ issueTypes }
</select>
</div>
</nav>
);
}
});
var IssueBrowser = React.createClass({
getInitialState: function() {
return {};
},
componentWillMount: function() {
this.updateIssues(this.props.data);
},
handleSeverity: function(val) {
this.updateIssueTypes(this.props.data.Issues, val, this.state.confidence);
this.setState({severity: val});
},
handleConfidence: function(val) {
this.updateIssueTypes(this.props.data.Issues, this.state.severity, val);
this.setState({confidence: val});
},
handleIssueType: function(val) {
this.setState({issueType: val});
},
updateIssues: function(data) {
if (!data) {
this.setState({data: data});
return;
}
var allSeverities = data.Issues
.map(function(issue) {
return issue.severity
})
.sort()
.filter(function(item, pos, ary) {
return !pos || item != ary[pos - 1];
});
var allConfidences = data.Issues
.map(function(issue) {
return issue.confidence
})
.sort()
.filter(function(item, pos, ary) {
return !pos || item != ary[pos - 1];
});
var selectedSeverities = allSeverities;
var selectedConfidences = allConfidences;
this.updateIssueTypes(data.Issues, selectedSeverities, selectedConfidences);
this.setState({
data: data,
severity: selectedSeverities,
allSeverities: allSeverities,
confidence: selectedConfidences,
allConfidences: allConfidences,
issueType: null
});
},
updateIssueTypes: function(issues, severities, confidences) {
var allTypes = issues
.filter(function(issue) {
return severities.includes(issue.severity);
})
.filter(function(issue) {
return confidences.includes(issue.confidence);
})
.map(function(issue) {
return issue.details;
})
.sort()
.filter(function(item, pos, ary) {
return !pos || item != ary[pos - 1];
});
if (this.state.issueType && !allTypes.includes(this.state.issueType)) {
this.setState({issueType: null});
}
this.setState({allIssueTypes: allTypes});
},
render: function() {
return (
<div className="content">
<div className="columns">
<div className="column is-one-quarter">
<Navigation
severity={ this.state.severity }
confidence={ this.state.confidence }
issueType={ this.state.issueType }
allSeverities={ this.state.allSeverities }
allConfidences={ this.state.allConfidences }
allIssueTypes={ this.state.allIssueTypes }
onSeverity={ this.handleSeverity }
onConfidence={ this.handleConfidence }
onIssueType={ this.handleIssueType }
/>
</div>
<div className="column is-three-quarters">
<Issues
data={ this.props.data }
severity={ this.state.severity }
confidence={ this.state.confidence }
issueType={ this.state.issueType }
/>
</div>
</div>
</div>
);
}
});
ReactDOM.render(
<IssueBrowser data={ data } />,
document.getElementById("content")
);
</script>
</body>
</html>`
|
Tom Cruise To Star In ‘Green Lantern Corps’?!
SPOILER/RUMOR ALERT: This article contains information that is STRICTLY RUMOR, but may prove to be SPOILERS for ‘Green Lantern Corps’ so grab your grain of salt and proceed with caution.
A major rumor has surfaced that is quite a head-scratcher. It appears that none other than Tom Cruise is the frontrunner to star in Warner Brothers’ ‘Green Lantern Corps’ film! You may recall that Cruise was in the running to play ‘Iron Man’ years ago, which never came to fruition. But now it appears that Maverick is getting a second chance at playing a comic book champion. He’s also getting a second chance to play in a shared universe, after the failure of his 2017 film ‘The Mummy’ which was expected to kick off Universal’s Dark Universe franchise, which would have included numerous monster movies like ‘The Bride of Frankenstein’ and ‘The Wolfman’.
‘Green Lantern Corps’ was included when Warner Brothers first announced plans for an expansive DC Universe of movies, but it was one of the farthest out. It was believed that this was in order to put as much space between it and 2011’s failure ‘Green Lantern’ starring Ryan Reynolds. There hadn’t been much discussion about it, other than ‘GLC’ was going to be a “buddy cop” movie, like ‘Lethal Weapon’ in space, with Hal Jordan serving as the older, wearier operative, and John Stewart being his younger, brasher apprentice. At 56, Cruise is… certainly older. Plus, we all know he can play a fighter pilot.
Reportedly, Cruise had one demand about taking the role, and that’s where things get kind of SPOILER-Y.
Last chance to turn back.
Okay, so Cruise had one demand about taking the role of Hal Jordan. In the script, his character dies! Apparently, this movie would have followed the trope of a protegée butting heads with his uptight mentor, only for the mentor to inspire him and in his final act of heroism, give his life, inspiring the younger recruit to become the champion he was meant to be.
As for Cruise’s casting, his ‘Mission: Impossible’ and ‘Jack Reacher’ director Christopher McQuarrie has reportedly been negotiating to helm ‘GLC’, so that could be another positive indication that Cruise is legitimately in the running.
Even though it seems that a lot has changed when it comes to Warner Brothers and their DC movies, Cruise being considered falls in line with their old way of thinking. Unlike Marvel, who takes moderately popular actors and turns them into legit stars, WB seemed to bank on casting huge megastars (and paying them megabucks), under the impression that the likes of Ben Affleck and Will Smith would draw audiences. And that may be true overseas, but in the U.S., audiences aren’t that impressed with stars.
On the other hand, while Cruise’s films can be hit or miss, his current entry, ‘Mission: Impossible — Fallout’ is a certified hit. Its opening was the best of that franchise and it’s gotten great reviews and audiences love it. He just needs the right vehicle and could that be ‘Green Lantern Corps’?
Jason Motes
Jason’s earliest memory is of watching ‘Batman,’ followed shortly by a memory of playing Batman & Robin with a friend, which entailed running outside in just their underwear and towels as capes. When adults told them they couldn’t run around outside in their underwear, both boys promptly whipped theirs off and ran around in just capes. Jason’s father gamely agreed to read him comic books as bedtime stories instead of ‘Snow White.’ (Super Friends being his favorite.) Jason saw all of the original Star Wars movies (and Indiana Jones and Superman and Star Trek…) in the theaters. Yes, he is old. And grew up in the most GEEKTASTIC decade ever, the 80s, devouring a steady diet of GI Joe, Transformers, Masters of the Universe, Princess of Power and (best of all) Jem! (It totally counts as sci fi! They had a sentient computer that projected holograms!) Jason has studied literature, journalism, film history and has a degree in creative writing (and a minor in psychology) from the University of South Alabama. He has worked as a technical writer and proofreader. These days, most of his creative energy goes into his blog and writing for this site! He lives with the cutest puppies ever. |
Controversies in the treatment of seizures associated with neurocysticercosis.
Seizures are the commonest manifestation of brain parenchymal cysticercosis. In terms of pathophysiological basis and prognostic significance of the seizures, a distinction might be applied between viable cysts, solitary cysticercus granuloma and calcific cysticerci. A number of uncertainties shroud the management of seizures in people with neurocysticercosis (NCC). Although antihelminthic treatment is effective in eliminating viable cysts and possibly cysticercus granulomas, its effect on seizure outcome remains uncertain. Corticosteroids and combinations of antihelminthic and corticosteroid treatments reduce the incidence of seizures in the short term at least. Although antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are routinely employed in the treatment of seizures associated with NCC, there is no clear consensus regarding the choice and optimal duration of AED treatment. Long-term AED treatment is warranted in people with calcific residue following involution of brain parenchymal cysticercosis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Neurocysticercosis and Epilepsy". |
#!/bin/bash
#
# profiles = xccdf_org.ssgproject.content_profile_stig
# remediation = bash
if grep -q "^CREATE_HOME" /etc/login.defs; then
sed -i "s/^CREATE_HOME.*/#CREATE_HOME yes/" /etc/login.defs
else
echo "#CREATE_HOME yes" >> /etc/login.defs
fi
|
Sources of imprecision in laboratories screening for congenital hypothyroidism: analysis of nine years of performance data.
We evaluated sources of imprecision in screening assays for congenital hypothyroidism performed between 1979 and 1987 by more than 45 laboratories participating in the national Neonatal Screening Standardization Program offered by the Centers for Disease Control. Reported concentrations were available from approximately 70,000 enriched dried-blood spot samples for thyroxin and thyrotropin, the primary and secondary screening assays, respectively. The most important sources of variation in assayed concentrations are within-laboratory imprecision and the methods or kits used. The importance of each of these sources depends on the analyte and its concentration. In most cases, the greatest source of measurement variation is attributable to within-laboratory imprecision (coefficient of variation 13% to 26%); however, kits are the largest source of variation at the lower concentrations of thyroxin. For both analytes, the greatest relative imprecision occurred at the low concentration, which was within the critical range of the cutoff values for detection of presumptive positive specimens. Imprecision in this range increases the risk of misclassifications. Minimizing within-laboratory imprecision and differences among kits seems to be the best way to improve overall efficiency of screening laboratories. |
1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a hydraulic control system for controlling the operation of a variable camshaft timing (VCT) system. More particularly, the invention pertains to the use of an externally mounted vacuum controlled actuator to control the position of a center mounted spool valve.
2. Description of Related Art
U.S. Pat. No. 4,627,825 uses a pneumatic actuator to operate an external spool valve which supplies oil to the cylinders of a phaser. Phaser position is fed back via sensors on cam and crankshafts.
Consideration of information disclosed by the following U.S. patents, which are all hereby incorporated by reference, is useful when exploring the background of the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,002,023 describes a VCT system within the field of the invention in which the system hydraulics includes a pair of oppositely acting hydraulic cylinders with appropriate hydraulic flow elements to selectively transfer hydraulic fluid from one of the cylinders to the other, or vice versa, to thereby advance or retard the circumferential position of a camshaft relative to a crankshaft. The control system utilizes a control valve in which the exhaustion of fluid from one or another of the oppositely acting cylinders is permitted by moving a spool within the valve one way or another from its centered or null position. The movement of the spool occurs in response to an increase or decrease in control hydraulic pressure, PC, on one end of the spool and the relationship between the hydraulic force on such end and an oppositely direct mechanical force on the other end which results from a compression spring that acts thereon.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,107,804 describes an alternate type of VCT system within the field of the invention in which the system hydraulics include a vane having lobes within an enclosed housing which replace the oppositely acting cylinders disclosed by the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,002,023. The vane is oscillatable with respect to the housing, with appropriate hydraulic flow elements to transfer hydraulic fluid within the housing from one side of a lobe to the other, or vice versa, to thereby oscillate the vane with respect to the housing in one direction or the other, an action which is effective to advance or retard the position of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft. The control system of this VCT system is identical to that divulged in U.S. Pat. No. 5,002,023, using the same type of spool valve responding to the same type of forces acting thereon.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,172,659 and 5,184,578 both address the problems of the aforementioned types of VCT systems created by the attempt to balance the hydraulic force exerted against one end of the spool and the mechanical force exerted against the other end. The improved control system disclosed in both U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,172,659 and 5,184,578 utilizes hydraulic force on both ends of the spool. The hydraulic force on one end results from the directly applied hydraulic fluid from the engine oil gallery at full hydraulic pressure, PS. The hydraulic force on the other end of the spool results from a hydraulic cylinder or other force multiplier which acts thereon in response to system hydraulic fluid at reduced pressure, PC, from a PWM solenoid. Because the force at each of the opposed ends of the spool is hydraulic in origin, based on the same hydraulic fluid, changes in pressure or viscosity of the hydraulic fluid will be self-negating, and will not affect the centered or null position of the spool.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,361,735, a camshaft has a vane secured to an end for non-oscillating rotation. The camshaft also carries a timing belt driven pulley which can rotate with the camshaft but which is oscillatable with respect to the camshaft. The vane has opposed lobes which are received in opposed recesses, respectively, of the pulley. The camshaft tends to change in reaction to torque pulses which it experiences during its normal operation and it is permitted to advance or retard by selectively blocking or permitting the flow of engine oil from the recesses by controlling the position of a spool within a valve body of a control valve in response to a signal from an engine control unit. The spool is urged in a given direction by rotary linear motion translating means which is rotated by an electric motor, preferably of the stepper motor type.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,497,738 uses a variable force solenoid to control the phase angle using a center mounted spool valve. This type of variable force solenoid can infinitely control the position of the phaser. The control system eliminates the hydraulic force on one end of a spool resulting from directly applied hydraulic fluid from the engine oil gallery at full hydraulic pressure, PS, utilized by previous embodiments of the VCT system. The force on the other end of the vented spool results from an electromechanical actuator, preferably of the variable force solenoid type, which acts directly upon the vented spool in response to an electronic signal issued from an engine control unit (xe2x80x9cECUxe2x80x9d) which monitors various engine parameters. The ECU receives signals from sensors corresponding to camshaft and crankshaft positions and utilizes this information to calculate a relative phase angle. A closed-loop feedback system which corrects for any phase angle error is preferably employed. The use of a variable force solenoid solves the problem of sluggish dynamic response. Such a device can be designed to be as fast as the mechanical response of the spool valve, and certainly much faster than the conventional (fully hydraulic) differential pressure control system. The faster response allows the use of increased closed-loop gain, making the system less sensitive to component tolerances and operating environment.
None of the prior art uses vacuum actuators to move a centrally-mounted spool valve, or provides position sensors on vacuum actuators for phasers.
The present invention controls the position of a center mounted spool valve with an externally mounted vacuum controlled actuator. The actuator position is preferably controlled by a pulse width modulated or variable force solenoid to control the amount of vacuum going to the actuator. A microprocessor reads the phase angle and adjusts the duty cycle or current based on the error signal of the control loop. One method to control the position of the actuator maps the position of the actuator versus command signal. Since these types of actuators have certain manufacturing tolerances, the position of the actuator could be off as much as 10% of full travel. Therefore, a preferred embodiment also includes a position sensor to further control the position of the spool valve. The position sensor creates an inner loop with position feedback on the position of the actuator and spool valve. The outer loop controls the phase angle. Added to the spool valve position is an offset to move the spool valve to its steady state or null position. This null position is required so that the spool can move in to move the phaser in one direction and outward to move the phaser in the other direction. |
Successful revascularization of acute carotid stent thrombosis by facilitated thrombolysis.
A 64-year-old woman undergoing protected carotid artery stent placement developed acute stent thrombosis despite pretreatment with combined antiplatelet therapy. A reduced dose of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and a half-dose bolus of abciximab were administered intra-arterially via superselective catherization followed by systemic intravenous infusion of abciximab for 12 hours. Control angiography showed complete restoration of blood flow paralleled by neurologic improvement. |
LANGKA Complete Paint Chip Repair Kit
Product Description
Works with your paint to repair chips and scratches.
Repaired scratches equal greater resale value for the vehicle.
Clean and blend paint repairs.
Includes clear, concise instructions for easy application.
You may have read in our polishing section that if you can catch your fingernail in a scratch, it’s too deep to be removed at home. This is still true, but you can repair deep scratches and chips yourself, saving you a lot of money at the body shop. The Langka Complete Paint Chip Repair Kit gives you all the products you need (minus the paint) to make chips and scratches disappear!
This Kit Includes.
2 oz. bottle of Langka Prepaint
Langka Prepaint is a cleaner that prepares the chip for the paint. It contains bonding agents to ensure that the touch-up paint forms a permanent bond to the existing paint.
3 Touch-up Brushes
Use one of the brushes to apply touch-up paint. With 3 brushes, you don’t have to worry about cleaning and reusing the same brush.
Plastic Card
After the paint has dried, you need to remove the blob of paint that stands above the paint surface. The plastic card provides a flat surface to smooth the touch-up paint. See the complete directions below to learn how to use the card.
2 oz. bottle of The Blob Eliminator
This product is designed to remove the raised blob of paint that typically occurs when paint is applied to a chip.
2 oz. Langka Paint Sealant
This protective paint sealant seals in the newly painted area on your vehicle. It provides durable protection to the new touch-up paint and helps to even out the shine and texture of the repaired area with the paint around it.
8 x 8 inch Microfiber Cloth
Buff off Langka Sealant with this ultra soft microfiber towel. The microfiber is velvety soft and sheds no lint. There is no risk of scratching your newly repaired paint with microfiber. |
Q:
trying to access json results in php
Im trying to display some data im receiving from the cloudstack API. I can display some of the data I want when I use the JSON as objects, with the following code;
stdClass Object
(
[listvirtualmachinesresponse] => stdClass Object
(
[count] => 2
[virtualmachine] => Array
(
[0] => stdClass Object
(
[id] => bab03c9b-94e0-429f-906c-8853de306e9a
[name] => LinuxL1
[displayname] => LinuxL1
[account] => admin
[domainid] => a3121682-837b-11e3-964c-001372f94016
[domain] => ROOT
[created] => 2014-05-08T13:43:01+0200
[state] => Running
[haenable] =>
[zoneid] => 7a3ee2f0-540a-4232-8264-50a47a91001d
[zonename] => Amsterdam
[hostid] => 024b9ca2-4076-488e-ad13-86dfb7f2b766
[hostname] => ptvirt6
[templateid] => cf6abb42-574f-4840-886a-8662c5914166
[templatename] => CentOS 6.5
[templatedisplaytext] => good
[passwordenabled] =>
[isoid] => cf6abb42-574f-4840-886a-8662c5914166
[isoname] => CentOS 6.5
[isodisplaytext] => good
[serviceofferingid] => 4fc30c59-4600-44ed-b0bb-7fc48e795d90
[serviceofferingname] => L1
[cpunumber] => 1
[cpuspeed] => 1000
[memory] => 1024
[cpuused] => 0.02%
[networkkbsread] => 55
[networkkbswrite] => 1
[diskkbsread] => 1000680
[diskkbswrite] => 1301501
[diskioread] => 77192
[diskiowrite] => 8884
[guestosid] => a92508f4-837b-11e3-964c-001372f94016
[rootdeviceid] => 0
[rootdevicetype] => ROOT
[securitygroup] => Array
(
[0] => stdClass Object
(
[id] => edfe848c-837b-11e3-964c-001372f94016
[name] => default
[description] => Default Security Group
[account] => admin
[ingressrule] => Array
(
)
[egressrule] => Array
(
)
[tags] => Array
(
)
)
)
[nic] => Array
(
[0] => stdClass Object
(
[id] => bfaeb76d-7b5a-46b1-aaa7-7dd15e86bf2e
[networkid] => 83007a42-e4b7-4ea2-aa21- 20938ea3bc56
[networkname] => defaultGuestNetwork
[netmask] => 111.111.111.111
[gateway] => 111.111.111.111
[ipaddress] => 111.111.111.111
[isolationuri] => ec2://untagged
[broadcasturi] => vlan://untagged
[traffictype] => Guest
[type] => Shared
[isdefault] => 1
[macaddress] => 06:a5:24:00:00:0a
)
)
[hypervisor] => KVM
[instancename] => i-2-9-VM
[tags] => Array
(
)
[affinitygroup] => Array
(
)
[displayvm] => 1
[isdynamicallyscalable] =>
)
I can read the name / state from the list with a foreach loop
<?php
$api_content = file_get_contents("http://127.0.0.1:5950/client/api?command=listVirtualMachines&domainid=1&account=admin&response=json");
$api_data = json_decode($api_content);
$ap_machine = $api_data->listvirtualmachinesresponse->virtualmachine;
echo "<pre>";
print_r($api_data);
echo "</pre>";
?>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8" />
<title></title>
</head>
<body>
<table border="1" width="300">
<tr>
<td>Naam</td>
<td>Status</td>
<td>Ip Address</td>
<td>Health</td>
</tr>
<?php
echo "<tr>";
foreach($ap_machine as $item){
echo "<td>".$item->name."</td>";
echo "<td>".$item->state."</td>";
echo "<td>".$item->nic->ipaddress."</td>";
if($item->state == 'Running'){
echo '<td><img src="/600px-Approve_icon.svg.png" height="50" width="50"> </td>';
}
else{
echo '<td><img src="/fail.png" height="25" width="25"></td>';
}
echo "</tr>";
}
?>
I've read online to make an associative array from the json list, I did that aswell and didnt get a result.
A:
In your PHP code you are accessing nice key as a normal element of json:
echo "<td>".$item->nic->ipaddress."</td>";
But, from your var_dump output I can see its of array type.
So, to access elements of nice array, you'l have to access it by specifying array index.
echo "<td>".$item->nic[0]->ipaddress."</td>";
|
Rikki & Vikki is a challenging puzzle-action hybrid for the Atari 7800 ProSystem and Microsoft Windows. Featuring unique mechanics, intricate stages, and dynamic difficulty - this 6 MEGA-POWER epic can be tackled alone or with a friend. The Microsoft Windows version released on December 26, 2018 , get it on or . Our most recent Software Update was v1.0.1.0 on October 28, 2019 . Need help? Try our Quick Start Guide . The Atari 7800 ProSystem version released on February 18, 2019 , order it now through .
Story
Things that go bump in the night dont tend to call ahead, and this one brought along a crash, bang, and shriek. All four sounds decided to visit a mostly unremarkable home in some sort of typical place and, through diligent auditory cooperation, violently woke its owners. Rikki & Vikki were just about to nod off, but now they were quite startled and nervous. Both leapt out of bed and dashed towards the den to investigate the sudden disruption. The owner of the first three noises was revealed to be a dragon in a cheap suit. Hed let himself in through a sizeable hole in the floor nobody remembered installing. The shriek was contributed by Rikki & Vikkis children, who were now imprisoned inside two uncomfortable-looking bubbles. ...exclaimed the cheap suit.
"Im the Misery Dragon, demon lord of inconvenience - and YOU just won an exclusive invitation to my secret base at the center of the earth!"
"Attendance is highly recommended if you ever want to see your disgusting kids again."
"Now if you'll excuse me, I've got more entropy to distribute."
Misery turned and leapt back to the depths of his underworld, both children in tow. A sharp "Catch you later, suckers!" echoed up from its caves, and the evening returned to silence just as quickly as it had left.
Now its up to you to accept Miserys offer and safely retrieve the kinder. But it wont be easy. The six caverns of "Misery Land" are treacherous. Each one is packed with dangerous traps and tough guardians. Youll have to think fast and stay light on your feet if youre going to outfox Misery the Inconvenient. Why not go together and figure out if two heads really are better than one?
Take on the challenge alone or with a friend. |
Q:
LocalDB connections visible in SQL management studio
In my unit tests, I'm using a SQL Server LocalDB database. You could be nit picky and say that because of that fact it's not unit tests but integration tests and you would be right, but the point is that I am using the MSTest Framework to run those tests. Every test is copying an existing database and running their one test on this database.
private NAMETestSystem([CallerMemberName] string testCase = null)
{
this.destinationDirectory = Path.Combine(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory(), testCase ?? "Undefined_" + Guid.NewGuid().ToString("N"));
var connectionString = $"Data Source=(LocalDB)\\MSSQLLocalDB; Integrated Security = True; AttachDbFilename ={Path.Combine(this.destinationDirectory, "NAMEIntegrationTest.mdf")}";
var entityFrameworkData = $"metadata=res://*/NAME.csdl|res://*/NAME.ssdl|res://*/NAME.msl;provider=System.Data.SqlClient;provider connection string=\"{connectionString}\"";
// [...]
Copy(SourceDirectory, this.destinationDirectory);
My "problem" is that each of those copies pops up in my SQL Server management studio. All 100+ or them. I don't need them there. They don't exist anymore. And to make things worse, you cannot batch-detach... I have to press Del+Enter about 150 times just to clear that window up.
Is there a way to not have my temporary local db instances appear in my SQL server management studio?
Maybe special way to close or dispose, something in the connection string I can set? Or maybe a way to detach all of them at the same time in management studio?
A:
So in the end, what I did and what is working fine for now is this:
public void Dispose()
{
// disposing other stuff
// sql db
if (Directory.Exists(this.destinationDirectory))
{
DetachDatabase(this.connectionString);
Directory.Delete(this.destinationDirectory, true);
}
}
public static void DetachDatabase(string connectionString)
{
using (var connection = new SqlConnection(connectionString))
{
connection.Open();
using (var command = connection.CreateCommand())
{
var sql = "DECLARE @dbName NVARCHAR(260) = QUOTENAME(DB_NAME());\n" +
"EXEC('ALTER DATABASE ' + @dbName + ' SET OFFLINE WITH ROLLBACK IMMEDIATE;');\n" +
"EXEC('exec sp_detach_db ' + @dbName + ';');";
command.CommandText = sql;
command.ExecuteNonQuery();
}
}
}
Might not be the prettiest solution, but at least it keeps my sanity intact while the number of tests (and number of databases) rises.
|
---
address: |
Physics Department, University of Wuppertal,\
D–42097 Wuppertal, Germany
author:
- Andreas Schmitz and Thomas Schreiber
title: 'Surrogate data for non–stationary signals'
---
Introduction
============
Most methods used in the field of linear and nonlinear time series analysis assume stationarity of the considered data. Non–stationarity is very likely to lead to wrong results. This is especially true for tests for nonlinearity. A common approach is to split the time series into segments which can be considered nearly stationary and perform individual tests. But for short time series or not too slowly varying non–stationarities these segments have to be made too short to meaningfully calculate a test statistic on them.
Surrogate Data
==============
To generate surrogate data that has the same time variation of autocorrelations than the original data one can in principle follow the general approach of constrained randomization.[@constraint] The corresponding cost function would be the discrepancy between the autocorrelations of the original and the surrogate data in sliding windows. Autocorrelations should be calculated up to sufficiently high lags. The most striking disadvantage of this method is the extreme computational burden. Therefore, we use an alternative method:\
---- ------------------------------------------------
1. split up the time series into segments
2. \[zwei\] generate a surrogate for each segment
3. join the segments to one new surrogate
---- ------------------------------------------------
\
For step \[zwei\] we use an iterative algorithm.[@surrowe; @tisean] The size of the segments is typically too small to perform individual tests for nonlinearity on them, because most test statistics need sufficiently large data sets. A disadvantage of the method is the loss of correlations [*between*]{} the segments which can lead to a bias.
Cyclostationary Processes
=========================
The first class of processes we consider are cyclostationary, having periodically varying parameters. These processes have been found to yield rejections of the null hypothesis[@timmer] when using a test statistic derived from the correlation sum. Here we use the maximum likelihood estimator of the correlation dimension[@takens; @theiler88; @tisean] $$\label{eq:takens}
D_2^{\rm ML}={C(\epsilon_0) \over
\int\limits_0^{\epsilon_0}{C(\epsilon) / \epsilon} \; d\epsilon}
\, .$$ Following Timmer[@timmer], the considered time series is generated by an AR(2)–process $$\label{eq:AR2}
x_{n} = a_1 x_{n-1} + a_2 x_{n-2} + \eta_{n}, \quad
n = 1,\ldots,2000$$ with coefficients chosen to be $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:a1a2}
a_1 & = & 2\cos(2\pi/T)\exp(-1/\tau)\\
a_2 & = & -\exp(-2/\tau) \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ where $T$ is the period and $\tau$ the relaxation time of a damped oscillator. We will use $T=7$ and $\tau=50$. Non–stationarity is introduced by a modulation of the period $T$ $$\label{eq:modula}
T(n)=T_{\rm mean}+A\sin(2\pi/T_{\rm mod} n)
\, .$$ By varying $A$ and $T_{\rm mod}$ the degree and time scale of the non–stationarity can be changed which is reflected in non–constant running variances and autocorrelations.
Testing the test size
---------------------
The fraction of tests that falsely reject the null hypothesis, when it is in fact true, is called the [*size*]{} of the test. Since a single test[@timmer] says not much about the size, we performed $1000$ one–sided tests with $9$ surrogates for each process. A correct test with proper surrogates should yield the nominal size $\alpha=0.1$.
For the first tests we used $T_{\rm mod}=2000$ for the modulation period. As shown in Fig. \[fig:s2000\] the new method does indeed yield the correct size of the test for a segment size of about $T_{\rm
mod}/2=1000$. Only for relatively strong non–stationarity ($A=2.0$) smaller segments seem to be necessary.
If we reduce the time scale of the non–stationarity by setting $T_{\rm mod}=1000$ we get sizes shown in Fig. \[fig:s1000\]. As expected, only segment sizes which are smaller than $T_{\rm mod}$ can decrease the number of false rejections.
AR(1)–Processes
===============
We found cases in which non–stationarity does not yield a higher rate of rejections of the null hypothesis but just the opposite. Consider an AR(1)-process $$\label{eq:AR1}
x_{n}=a_1 x_{n-1} + \eta_{n}$$ with a nonlinear measurement function $M(\cdot)$ $$\label{eq:Mx}
M(x_{n})=x_n\sqrt{|x_n|}
\, .$$ Non–stationarity is introduced by varying $a_1$ from $0.5$ to $0.9$ along the time series. We now choose a [*prediction error*]{} as test statistic.[@tisean] It is based on locally constant predictions in an $m$–dimensional embedding space.
Again we performed 1000 one–sided tests with 9 surrogates to estimate the size. Additionally we calculated the rank of the original data within the surrogates going from 1 if the prediction error of the original data set was lower than for all surrogates up to 10 if the original data yields the largest prediction error. For usual stationary surrogates we get the distribution presented on the left side of Fig. \[fig:histall\]. In 35% of the tests the original data has a [*larger*]{} prediction error than all the surrogates and the null is rejected in only 2.3% of the tests. This is the opposite of what we expect for non–[*linear*]{} signals, which should be better predictable. Here, predictions are easier for the stationary surrogates with constant autocorrelations than for the original non–stationary data. Prediction error is not a useful discriminating statistic in this case.
On the right side of Fig. \[fig:histall\] the results for tests with the new surrogates and different segment sizes are shown. For a segment size of $1000$ we get the correct size and therefore a uniform distribution. With decreasing segment sizes the prediction error of the surrogates gets larger than for the original data. The predictions seem to be very sensitive to the autocorrelations that get lost between the segments.
IV. Summary
===========
Dealing with non–stationary signals is still a difficult business. We have given numerical evidence that in a test for nonlinearity of a data set with possible non–stationarity in form of slow variation it may be feasible to generate surrogates on separate segments. These segments can be made smaller than would be necessary for individual nonlinearity tests. But the segment size and the test statistic should still be chosen with great care, since no general theory guarantees the correctness of the test. As a final remark we want to stress that the reasoning in this work is not applicable to sudden changes like jumps or spikes.
[9]{} T. Schreiber, [*Constrained randomization of time series data*]{}, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**80**]{}, 2105 (1998).
T. Schreiber and A. Schmitz, [*Improved surrogate data for nonlinearity tests*]{}, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**77**]{}, 635 (1996)
J. Timmer, [*The power of surrogate data testing with respect to non–stationarity*]{}, Phys. Rev. E [**58**]{}, 5153 (1998)
F. Takens, [*On the numerical determination of the dimension of an attractor*]{}, in: B. L. J. Braaksma, H. W. Broer und F. Takens, eds., [*Dynamical Systems and Bifurcations*]{}, Lecture Notes in Math. Vol. 1125, Springer, Heidelberg–New York (1985)
J. Theiler, [*Lacunarity in a best estimator of fractal dimension*]{}, Phys. Lett. A [**135**]{}, 195 (1988)
R. Hegger, H. Kantz, and T. Schreiber, [*Practical implementation of nonlinear time series methods: The TISEAN package*]{}, accepted by [*CHAOS*]{} (1999). The software package is publicly available at [ http://www.mpipks-dresden.mpg.de/$\sim$tisean]{}.
|
// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Intel menlow Driver for thermal management extension
*
* Copyright (C) 2008 Intel Corp
* Copyright (C) 2008 Sujith Thomas <sujith.thomas@intel.com>
* Copyright (C) 2008 Zhang Rui <rui.zhang@intel.com>
*
* This driver creates the sys I/F for programming the sensors.
* It also implements the driver for intel menlow memory controller (hardware
* id is INT0002) which makes use of the platform specific ACPI methods
* to get/set bandwidth.
*/
#define pr_fmt(fmt) KBUILD_MODNAME ": " fmt
#include <linux/acpi.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/pci.h>
#include <linux/pm.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/thermal.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/units.h>
MODULE_AUTHOR("Thomas Sujith");
MODULE_AUTHOR("Zhang Rui");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Intel Menlow platform specific driver");
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL v2");
/*
* Memory controller device control
*/
#define MEMORY_GET_BANDWIDTH "GTHS"
#define MEMORY_SET_BANDWIDTH "STHS"
#define MEMORY_ARG_CUR_BANDWIDTH 1
#define MEMORY_ARG_MAX_BANDWIDTH 0
static void intel_menlow_unregister_sensor(void);
/*
* GTHS returning 'n' would mean that [0,n-1] states are supported
* In that case max_cstate would be n-1
* GTHS returning '0' would mean that no bandwidth control states are supported
*/
static int memory_get_max_bandwidth(struct thermal_cooling_device *cdev,
unsigned long *max_state)
{
struct acpi_device *device = cdev->devdata;
acpi_handle handle = device->handle;
unsigned long long value;
struct acpi_object_list arg_list;
union acpi_object arg;
acpi_status status = AE_OK;
arg_list.count = 1;
arg_list.pointer = &arg;
arg.type = ACPI_TYPE_INTEGER;
arg.integer.value = MEMORY_ARG_MAX_BANDWIDTH;
status = acpi_evaluate_integer(handle, MEMORY_GET_BANDWIDTH,
&arg_list, &value);
if (ACPI_FAILURE(status))
return -EFAULT;
if (!value)
return -EINVAL;
*max_state = value - 1;
return 0;
}
static int memory_get_cur_bandwidth(struct thermal_cooling_device *cdev,
unsigned long *value)
{
struct acpi_device *device = cdev->devdata;
acpi_handle handle = device->handle;
unsigned long long result;
struct acpi_object_list arg_list;
union acpi_object arg;
acpi_status status = AE_OK;
arg_list.count = 1;
arg_list.pointer = &arg;
arg.type = ACPI_TYPE_INTEGER;
arg.integer.value = MEMORY_ARG_CUR_BANDWIDTH;
status = acpi_evaluate_integer(handle, MEMORY_GET_BANDWIDTH,
&arg_list, &result);
if (ACPI_FAILURE(status))
return -EFAULT;
*value = result;
return 0;
}
static int memory_set_cur_bandwidth(struct thermal_cooling_device *cdev,
unsigned long state)
{
struct acpi_device *device = cdev->devdata;
acpi_handle handle = device->handle;
struct acpi_object_list arg_list;
union acpi_object arg;
acpi_status status;
unsigned long long temp;
unsigned long max_state;
if (memory_get_max_bandwidth(cdev, &max_state))
return -EFAULT;
if (state > max_state)
return -EINVAL;
arg_list.count = 1;
arg_list.pointer = &arg;
arg.type = ACPI_TYPE_INTEGER;
arg.integer.value = state;
status =
acpi_evaluate_integer(handle, MEMORY_SET_BANDWIDTH, &arg_list,
&temp);
pr_info("Bandwidth value was %ld: status is %d\n", state, status);
if (ACPI_FAILURE(status))
return -EFAULT;
return 0;
}
static const struct thermal_cooling_device_ops memory_cooling_ops = {
.get_max_state = memory_get_max_bandwidth,
.get_cur_state = memory_get_cur_bandwidth,
.set_cur_state = memory_set_cur_bandwidth,
};
/*
* Memory Device Management
*/
static int intel_menlow_memory_add(struct acpi_device *device)
{
int result = -ENODEV;
struct thermal_cooling_device *cdev;
if (!device)
return -EINVAL;
if (!acpi_has_method(device->handle, MEMORY_GET_BANDWIDTH))
goto end;
if (!acpi_has_method(device->handle, MEMORY_SET_BANDWIDTH))
goto end;
cdev = thermal_cooling_device_register("Memory controller", device,
&memory_cooling_ops);
if (IS_ERR(cdev)) {
result = PTR_ERR(cdev);
goto end;
}
device->driver_data = cdev;
result = sysfs_create_link(&device->dev.kobj,
&cdev->device.kobj, "thermal_cooling");
if (result)
goto unregister;
result = sysfs_create_link(&cdev->device.kobj,
&device->dev.kobj, "device");
if (result) {
sysfs_remove_link(&device->dev.kobj, "thermal_cooling");
goto unregister;
}
end:
return result;
unregister:
thermal_cooling_device_unregister(cdev);
return result;
}
static int intel_menlow_memory_remove(struct acpi_device *device)
{
struct thermal_cooling_device *cdev;
if (!device)
return -EINVAL;
cdev = acpi_driver_data(device);
if (!cdev)
return -EINVAL;
sysfs_remove_link(&device->dev.kobj, "thermal_cooling");
sysfs_remove_link(&cdev->device.kobj, "device");
thermal_cooling_device_unregister(cdev);
return 0;
}
static const struct acpi_device_id intel_menlow_memory_ids[] = {
{"INT0002", 0},
{"", 0},
};
static struct acpi_driver intel_menlow_memory_driver = {
.name = "intel_menlow_thermal_control",
.ids = intel_menlow_memory_ids,
.ops = {
.add = intel_menlow_memory_add,
.remove = intel_menlow_memory_remove,
},
};
/*
* Sensor control on menlow platform
*/
#define THERMAL_AUX0 0
#define THERMAL_AUX1 1
#define GET_AUX0 "GAX0"
#define GET_AUX1 "GAX1"
#define SET_AUX0 "SAX0"
#define SET_AUX1 "SAX1"
struct intel_menlow_attribute {
struct device_attribute attr;
struct device *device;
acpi_handle handle;
struct list_head node;
};
static LIST_HEAD(intel_menlow_attr_list);
static DEFINE_MUTEX(intel_menlow_attr_lock);
/*
* sensor_get_auxtrip - get the current auxtrip value from sensor
* @name: Thermalzone name
* @auxtype : AUX0/AUX1
* @buf: syfs buffer
*/
static int sensor_get_auxtrip(acpi_handle handle, int index,
unsigned long long *value)
{
acpi_status status;
if ((index != 0 && index != 1) || !value)
return -EINVAL;
status = acpi_evaluate_integer(handle, index ? GET_AUX1 : GET_AUX0,
NULL, value);
if (ACPI_FAILURE(status))
return -EIO;
return 0;
}
/*
* sensor_set_auxtrip - set the new auxtrip value to sensor
* @name: Thermalzone name
* @auxtype : AUX0/AUX1
* @buf: syfs buffer
*/
static int sensor_set_auxtrip(acpi_handle handle, int index, int value)
{
acpi_status status;
union acpi_object arg = {
ACPI_TYPE_INTEGER
};
struct acpi_object_list args = {
1, &arg
};
unsigned long long temp;
if (index != 0 && index != 1)
return -EINVAL;
status = acpi_evaluate_integer(handle, index ? GET_AUX0 : GET_AUX1,
NULL, &temp);
if (ACPI_FAILURE(status))
return -EIO;
if ((index && value < temp) || (!index && value > temp))
return -EINVAL;
arg.integer.value = value;
status = acpi_evaluate_integer(handle, index ? SET_AUX1 : SET_AUX0,
&args, &temp);
if (ACPI_FAILURE(status))
return -EIO;
/* do we need to check the return value of SAX0/SAX1 ? */
return 0;
}
#define to_intel_menlow_attr(_attr) \
container_of(_attr, struct intel_menlow_attribute, attr)
static ssize_t aux_show(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *dev_attr,
char *buf, int idx)
{
struct intel_menlow_attribute *attr = to_intel_menlow_attr(dev_attr);
unsigned long long value;
int result;
result = sensor_get_auxtrip(attr->handle, idx, &value);
if (result)
return result;
return sprintf(buf, "%lu", deci_kelvin_to_celsius(value));
}
static ssize_t aux0_show(struct device *dev,
struct device_attribute *dev_attr, char *buf)
{
return aux_show(dev, dev_attr, buf, 0);
}
static ssize_t aux1_show(struct device *dev,
struct device_attribute *dev_attr, char *buf)
{
return aux_show(dev, dev_attr, buf, 1);
}
static ssize_t aux_store(struct device *dev, struct device_attribute *dev_attr,
const char *buf, size_t count, int idx)
{
struct intel_menlow_attribute *attr = to_intel_menlow_attr(dev_attr);
int value;
int result;
/*Sanity check; should be a positive integer */
if (!sscanf(buf, "%d", &value))
return -EINVAL;
if (value < 0)
return -EINVAL;
result = sensor_set_auxtrip(attr->handle, idx,
celsius_to_deci_kelvin(value));
return result ? result : count;
}
static ssize_t aux0_store(struct device *dev,
struct device_attribute *dev_attr,
const char *buf, size_t count)
{
return aux_store(dev, dev_attr, buf, count, 0);
}
static ssize_t aux1_store(struct device *dev,
struct device_attribute *dev_attr,
const char *buf, size_t count)
{
return aux_store(dev, dev_attr, buf, count, 1);
}
/* BIOS can enable/disable the thermal user application in dabney platform */
#define BIOS_ENABLED "\\_TZ.GSTS"
static ssize_t bios_enabled_show(struct device *dev,
struct device_attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
acpi_status status;
unsigned long long bios_enabled;
status = acpi_evaluate_integer(NULL, BIOS_ENABLED, NULL, &bios_enabled);
if (ACPI_FAILURE(status))
return -ENODEV;
return sprintf(buf, "%s\n", bios_enabled ? "enabled" : "disabled");
}
static int intel_menlow_add_one_attribute(char *name, umode_t mode, void *show,
void *store, struct device *dev,
acpi_handle handle)
{
struct intel_menlow_attribute *attr;
int result;
attr = kzalloc(sizeof(struct intel_menlow_attribute), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!attr)
return -ENOMEM;
sysfs_attr_init(&attr->attr.attr); /* That is consistent naming :D */
attr->attr.attr.name = name;
attr->attr.attr.mode = mode;
attr->attr.show = show;
attr->attr.store = store;
attr->device = dev;
attr->handle = handle;
result = device_create_file(dev, &attr->attr);
if (result) {
kfree(attr);
return result;
}
mutex_lock(&intel_menlow_attr_lock);
list_add_tail(&attr->node, &intel_menlow_attr_list);
mutex_unlock(&intel_menlow_attr_lock);
return 0;
}
static acpi_status intel_menlow_register_sensor(acpi_handle handle, u32 lvl,
void *context, void **rv)
{
acpi_status status;
acpi_handle dummy;
struct thermal_zone_device *thermal;
int result;
result = acpi_bus_get_private_data(handle, (void **)&thermal);
if (result)
return 0;
/* _TZ must have the AUX0/1 methods */
status = acpi_get_handle(handle, GET_AUX0, &dummy);
if (ACPI_FAILURE(status))
return (status == AE_NOT_FOUND) ? AE_OK : status;
status = acpi_get_handle(handle, SET_AUX0, &dummy);
if (ACPI_FAILURE(status))
return (status == AE_NOT_FOUND) ? AE_OK : status;
result = intel_menlow_add_one_attribute("aux0", 0644,
aux0_show, aux0_store,
&thermal->device, handle);
if (result)
return AE_ERROR;
status = acpi_get_handle(handle, GET_AUX1, &dummy);
if (ACPI_FAILURE(status))
goto aux1_not_found;
status = acpi_get_handle(handle, SET_AUX1, &dummy);
if (ACPI_FAILURE(status))
goto aux1_not_found;
result = intel_menlow_add_one_attribute("aux1", 0644,
aux1_show, aux1_store,
&thermal->device, handle);
if (result) {
intel_menlow_unregister_sensor();
return AE_ERROR;
}
/*
* create the "dabney_enabled" attribute which means the user app
* should be loaded or not
*/
result = intel_menlow_add_one_attribute("bios_enabled", 0444,
bios_enabled_show, NULL,
&thermal->device, handle);
if (result) {
intel_menlow_unregister_sensor();
return AE_ERROR;
}
return AE_OK;
aux1_not_found:
if (status == AE_NOT_FOUND)
return AE_OK;
intel_menlow_unregister_sensor();
return status;
}
static void intel_menlow_unregister_sensor(void)
{
struct intel_menlow_attribute *pos, *next;
mutex_lock(&intel_menlow_attr_lock);
list_for_each_entry_safe(pos, next, &intel_menlow_attr_list, node) {
list_del(&pos->node);
device_remove_file(pos->device, &pos->attr);
kfree(pos);
}
mutex_unlock(&intel_menlow_attr_lock);
return;
}
static int __init intel_menlow_module_init(void)
{
int result = -ENODEV;
acpi_status status;
unsigned long long enable;
if (acpi_disabled)
return result;
/* Looking for the \_TZ.GSTS method */
status = acpi_evaluate_integer(NULL, BIOS_ENABLED, NULL, &enable);
if (ACPI_FAILURE(status) || !enable)
return -ENODEV;
/* Looking for ACPI device MEM0 with hardware id INT0002 */
result = acpi_bus_register_driver(&intel_menlow_memory_driver);
if (result)
return result;
/* Looking for sensors in each ACPI thermal zone */
status = acpi_walk_namespace(ACPI_TYPE_THERMAL, ACPI_ROOT_OBJECT,
ACPI_UINT32_MAX,
intel_menlow_register_sensor, NULL, NULL, NULL);
if (ACPI_FAILURE(status)) {
acpi_bus_unregister_driver(&intel_menlow_memory_driver);
return -ENODEV;
}
return 0;
}
static void __exit intel_menlow_module_exit(void)
{
acpi_bus_unregister_driver(&intel_menlow_memory_driver);
intel_menlow_unregister_sensor();
}
module_init(intel_menlow_module_init);
module_exit(intel_menlow_module_exit);
|
The Tale of Lorgil Hill
by Jones and Lambert
[Below are pages 16 through 20 of an ongoing tale. For pages 11 through 15, go back!]
The Lorgil, on its way to the best beach,
was stopped from swimming by a Brock Rat speech:
"you are not free to swim in the blue sea,
it is not yours, it’s not your property."
Next morning, the Lorgil went out to work,
not knowing just behind a rat did lurk.
The Lorgil labored to stockpile shroom snacks,
but Boss Brock Rat took some: “there is a tax.”
The Lorgil lightly laid its weary head,
nestling down to nap on its nettle bed.
But without one wink, the Boss sternly said:
“Napping on the ground is prohibit-ed.”
The Lorgil and the Purpoid fancied fun,
so they frolicked forth under the high sun.
But high up there, hiding in the tall tree:
a Brock Rat, spying surreptitiously.
A Brock Rat captured the startled Purpoid,
whose erstwhile freedom was now null and void.
"You are subject to incarceration,
due to a classified accusation."
|
Mashable Debuts exclusively premieres music, videos, artwork, trailers and more. You saw it here first!
However you feel about Doom, there's no denying one, simple fact: The game gives good boomstick.
Doom is defined more by its fast pace and memorable cast of demonic foes. But this seminal first-person shooter also features a diverse arsenal of guns that all feel different from one another. The upcoming reboot of Doom doubles down on the mayhem — quite literally — with the addition of alternate firing modes. That three-barrel chain gun is a beast to haul around, but take the time to deploy it in turret mode and you can unload with a whopping nine barrels.
To get you in the mood for the looming demon slaughter, Bethesda Softworks was kind enough to share a gallery of concept art and renders that highlight some of the new Doom's weapons. In addition to all the images, you also get commentary from the artists laying out the inspiration for each gun and describing some of what it can do.
Look for Doom on PC, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One starting May 13. |
Q:
What is the usage of super keyword here?
I have a piece of code
def data
data_type == 'option' ? options[super.to_i] : super
end
I cannot figure out from where the super keyword is getting the value.
A:
Here super keyword calls the same data method of its parent class if data_type == 'option' is false.
Check this link for a detailed explanation.
Super keyword in Ruby
Update:
The above code can be re-written as
if data_type == 'option'
options[super.to_i]#options is probably a hash/array here.
else
super
end
When we call super it returns a value after executing it's parent class's data method, lets assume it returned "5", we're converting that to an integer and getting data out of options array. i.e., options[5].
In the else block we're simply returning the the value parent's data method got us.
|
Q:
Zipping tuples and unpacking into same dimension
Given two lists
A = ['a','b','c','d']
B = [(1,11),(2,22),(3,33),(4,44)]
I want to zip into the list [('a', 1, 11), ('b', 2, 22), ('c', 3, 33), ('d', 4, 44)].
Doing list(zip(a, b)) gives [('a', (1, 11)), ('b', (2, 22)), ('c', (3, 33)), ('d', (4, 44))].
Unpacking B doesn't work [('a', 1, 2, 3, 4), ('b', 11, 22, 33, 44)].
A:
With python3.6, you can zip them and use the unpacking operator:
>>> [(a, *b) for a, b in zip(A, B)]
[('a', 1, 11), ('b', 2, 22), ('c', 3, 33), ('d', 4, 44)]
For older versions, perform tuple concatenation...
>>> [(a, ) + b for a, b in zip(A, B)]
[('a', 1, 11), ('b', 2, 22), ('c', 3, 33), ('d', 4, 44)]
...to the same effect.
|
This workshop is intended to teach skills in mathematical graphics for
research articles, for presentation, and on web pages, to graduate
students and advanced undergraduates.
target audience:
The workshop is aimed at graduate students and advanced undergraduates in
mathematics and related fields. We shall accept applicants from all over
the world, but give priority to those based in North America.
Programming experience will help, but is not required. Skills taught in
the workshop will be valuable to those in nearly all fields of
mathematics.
rationale:
Mathematical concepts are often most effectively communicated by images.
Nowadays, everybody has the technical means available to produce
professional quality graphics to help in the exposition of research, but
the skills necessary to produce great graphics are not easy to come by. In
this workshop, you will learn the basic skills necessary to produce
professional quality visualization of mathematical concepts.
programme:
Good graphics requires skill in both mathematics and computer programming.
Our primary graphics tools will be based on the programming language
Python, and interaction with the computer algebra system SAGE.
The program will include lectures and computer labs. Students will work on
projects chosen by them and make presentations at the end of the workshop.
funding:
Participants will be housed on campus in SFU student dorms at no cost to
the participant. We will also provide a per diem to help cover local costs.
We have funds available to cover some travel costs, but not enough to
cover everyone's. We expect most participants to find their own source. If
you need them to be covered, please explain in your application.
A short description of one or two projects that you might like to work on during the workshop
A reference from your supervisor. This can be submitted online as well.
See the application form.
We should receive your application by April 15, 2008. Late applications are at a disadvantage.
You will hear by April 30, 2008 if your application is accepted. If it is, you will receive
instructions to register for the event.
computing equipment:
You will spend a large part of the workshop working on computers. We have a
number of workstations available, but we shall not be able to provide everybody
with a workstation. You are encouraged to bring a laptop with wireless
networking capability and a modern web browser (such as Firefox 2.0) installed. |
University of Houston–Clear Lake
The University of Houston–Clear Lake (UHCL) is a public university in Pasadena and Houston, Texas, with branch campuses in Pearland and Texas Medical Center. It is part of the University of Houston System. Founded in 1971, UHCL has an enrollment of nearly 9,000 students for fall 2018.
The university serves students in four academic colleges. UHCL offers 97 degree programs: 46 bachelors, 48 masters, and three doctoral. Awarding more than 2,100 degrees annually, the university's alumni base exceeds 66,000.
History
In 1961 NASA announced that the Manned Spacecraft Center would be located in Houston just off the shores of Clear Lake. Early in the development of the Manned Spacecraft Center, a demand for graduate studies grew within NASA and the nearby space-related industries.
In 1964 the University of Houston (UH) began offering courses in physics, math, and various engineering programs to NASA employees at the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC). On Sept. 10, 1965, MSC Director Robert R. Gilruth formally requested that the University of Houston give immediate consideration to the establishment of a permanent graduate and undergraduate educational facility in the Clear Lake area. UH President Philip G. Hoffman replied that "… it would be difficult for us to be unresponsive to vital needs of the MSC and its staff," but indicated that "the acquisition of appropriate land in the Clear Lake City area would be of crucial importance to this project."
Humble Oil responded by donating of land in the Clear Lake City development to the University of Houston for the establishment of a permanent undergraduate and graduate facility. A total of would be donated from the Friendswood Development Corp. to become the University of Houston at Clear Lake City.
In 1968 the Coordinating Board of Texas College and University System authorized the University of Houston to build the Clear Lake Graduate Center (CLGC) on the original . In addition, the Coordinating Board called for the creation of a stand-alone university in Clear Lake to offer upper-division and graduate-level programs adjacent to CLGC. Four years later in 1971, the 62nd Texas Legislature passed House Bill 199 authorizing the creation of the University of Houston at Clear Lake City as a separate and distinct degree-granting institution.
The Clear Lake Graduate Center opened in January 1972. The first phase construction of the Bayou Building for the University of Houston at Clear Lake City (UH/CLC) began early in 1974. On June 1, 1974, the Clear Lake Graduate Center facility became part of UH/CLC and took on the name "Arbor Building". The Bayou Building opened in September 1974 and classes began at UH/CLC under the leadership of the institution's founding president, Alfred R. Neumann. The first-class day enrollment was 1,069 students with 60 professors comprised the charter faculty.
In 1977 the 65th Texas Legislature established the University of Houston System that included UH/CLC as a component institution. The University of Houston at Clear Lake City was renamed University of Houston–Clear Lake on April 26, 1983. During the 73rd Texas Legislature in 1993, an unsuccessful attempt was made by the City of Pasadena to change the institution's name to the University of Houston at Pasadena.
In January 2011, Senate Bill 324 was filed in the 82nd Texas Legislature for the institution's downward expansion by adding freshman and sophomore course offerings. The bill was passed and signed into law by Gov. Rick Perry on June 17, 2011. The university began offering freshman and sophomore classes in fall 2014.
Presidents
The office of the president of the University of Houston–Clear Lake, held by Ira K. Blake, was created with the establishment of the university in 1971 as the chief executive officer of the institution.
Alfred R. Neumann (1972–1982)
Thomas M. Stauffer (1982–1991)
Glenn A. Goerke (1991–1995)
William A. Staples (1995—2017)
Ira K. Blake (2017-)
Organization
The University of Houston–Clear Lake (UHCL) is one of four separate and distinct institutions in the University of Houston System. The institution is separately accredited, offers its own academic programs and confers its own degrees, and has its own administration. UHCL is a stand-alone university; it is not a branch campus of the University of Houston (UH). Although UHCL and UH are both component institutions of the University of Houston System, they are separate universities.
The organization and control of the University of Houston–Clear Lake is vested in the Board of Regents of the University of Houston System. The Board has all the rights, powers, and duties that it has with respect to the organization and control of other institutions in the System; however, UHCL is maintained as a separate and distinct institution.
The president is the chief executive officer of the University of Houston–Clear Lake, and the position reports to the chancellor of the University of Houston System. The president is appointed by the chancellor and confirmed by the Board of Regents of the University of Houston System. The president of the university is Ira K. Blake, who came on board just before Hurricane Harvey in 2017. She succeeded William A. Staples, who was president from 1995 to 2017. UHCL administration is located in the Bayou Building.
Campuses
Main campus
The main campus is located on a nature habitat adjacent to the Houston community of Clear Lake. The majority of the campus lies within the corporate limits of Pasadena, while only the part of campus south of Horsepen Bayou lies within the city of Houston. The campus sits in a bottomland hardwood forest adjacent to the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center and the Armand Bayou Nature Center and is home to a wide range of wildlife including alligators, wild turkeys, bobcats, and whitetail deer.
The Clear Lake campus consists of six classroom buildings: the Bayou Building, Arbor Building, Delta Building, Student Services and Classroom Building, and two new facilities opened in fall 2018: the STEM and Classroom Building and Recreation and Wellness Center. Additionally, the campus includes a physical plant maintenance facility, the headquarters building of the Environmental Institute of Houston, and the University Forest Apartments. Construction on a traditional residence hall began in 2018, and is scheduled to open in fall 2019.
Besides administrative offices, labs and classrooms, the Bayou Building also houses Patio Cafe, the campus book store and the 500-seat Bayou Theater, which was renovated in 2018. The Bayou Building is also home to the Alfred R. Neumann Library, a space containing over 480,000 volumes and over 1,000 journal and periodical subscriptions. The library has online access to over 100 subscription-only research databases and the Texshare interlibrary loan service which allows students to check out items from any academic or public library in Texas. Additionally, the library houses the University Archives, which includes the NASA Johnson Space Center History Collection.
Delta Building houses computer science and computer engineering programs, including the Cyber Security Institute and Center for Robotics Software. The STEM and Classroom Building houses UHCL's mechanical engineering, physics, astronomy, chemistry, environmental science and other engineering programs, including many labs and classrooms.
The Recreation and Wellness Center offers seven fitness zones, personal training, small group training, group fitness classes, workshops, an elevated indoor track and other amenities. It is also home of the Exercise and Nutritional Health Institute.
The Arbor Building was constructed in 1971 and was the first building on campus. It is home to UHCL's acclaimed studio art programs. It is also home to the Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities (CADD), which supports research, trains current and future professionals and provides outreach services to families via confidential face-to-face and telehealth sessions.
The Student Services and Classroom Building houses business and education classrooms. A large part of the facility is dedicated to student-service functions, including the Dean of Students' office, the registrar, cashier, veterans services and financial aid offices.
UH-Clear Lake Pearland Campus
UHCL operates a branch campus situated on 40 acres of land in Pearland. City of Pearland officials and UHCL administrators began discussing opportunities to work together in 2004. The Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board approved the addition of the campus in 2007 and construction began in 2009. The 30,659 square foot building opened for classes in August 2010. Before the campus opened, a scholarship endowment was established to benefit Pearland residents who attend classes at the center.
The Pearland Economic Development Corporation leased some of the campus space for its new headquarters. The campus includes a library and a student lounge in addition to classroom and laboratory space. During its first semester, the campus enrolled over 500 students. A new addition, the Health Sciences and Classroom Building, is scheduled to open in spring 2019, featuring simulation labs to support UHCL's Registered Nurse-Bachelor of Science (RN-to-BSN) degree program, as well as Pearland offices for UHCL's Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities.
Upon its opening, the Pearland campus offered undergraduate and graduate courses in education and several social science disciplines. Currently, the Pearland campus offers seven undergraduate degrees, six graduate degrees and one doctoral degree. Degree options include business, behavioral science, education and nursing. Since 2017, UHCL Pearland Campus has hosted Alvin Community College's core classes, which are transferable to UHCL.
Texas Medical Center
Located at 2151 West Holcombe in Houston, Texas, UHCL's campus in the Texas Medical Center offers three business-oriented graduate degrees in health care administration—including a dual MHA/MBA program. Specialized trainings and certification programs are offered year-round for health care administrators and medical doctors in private practice.
Academics
The University of Houston–Clear Lake (UHCL) is separately accredited, offers its own academic programs, and confers its own degrees. Students who graduate from UHCL will have diplomas under the name University of .
The university is organized into four academic colleges: the College of Business, the College of Education, the College of Human Sciences and Humanities, and the College of Science and Engineering. The College of Business has the largest undergraduate enrollment and awards the most bachelor's degrees annually.
UHCL awards the undergraduate degrees Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Business Administration and Bachelor of Social Work (BSW). At the graduate level it awards the degrees Master of Arts, Master of Science, Master of Business Administration, Master of Healthcare Administration (MHA), and Doctor of Education (EdD). The EdD program in Educational Leadership, initiated in January 2007, is the first doctoral degree program offered by the university.
UHCL is accredited by the Commission on Colleges of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. Many of the university's Schools and academic programs have individual accreditation through other governing bodies such as the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE), the American Chemical Society (ACS), the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy (AAMFT), and the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB).
Rankings
The U.S. News & World Report ranks the university No. 74 in its Regional Universities (West) rankings, and No. 24 among public universities in the same category.
Notable alumni
Guion Bluford – first African-American astronaut
Gregory Chamitoff – astronaut
John E. Davis (Class of 1987) – Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives from Houston since 1999
Kevin Eschenfelder – sportscaster
Michael Fincke – astronaut
Michael E. Fossum – astronaut
Stephanie Guerrero – model and former Miss Texas USA 2004
Gregory J. Harbaugh – astronaut
Dean A. Hrbacek – attorney, politician, and former mayor of Sugar Land, Texas
Kevin Kwan – best-selling author, Crazy Rich Asians, China Rich Girlfriend, Rich People Problems
Lauren Lanning – Miss Texas USA 2006
Bruce McCandless II – astronaut
Charles McClelland – Houston Police Chief
Richard Mastracchio – astronaut and engineer
Lee Morin - astronaut
John Muratore – professor of Aviation Systems at the University of Tennessee Space Institute and former NASA engineer
Story Musgrave – physician and retired astronaut
Randy Weber – U.S. Congressman from Texas
Bruce Webster – software engineer, entrepreneur, and former game programmer
References
External links
Clear Lake
Category:University of Houston–Clear Lake
Houston-Clear Lake
Houston-Clear Lake
Category:Universities and colleges in Houston
Houston-Clear Lake
Category:Education in Harris County, Texas
Category:1971 establishments in Texas |
replacement from {e: 1, r: 2, f: 1, m: 1, y: 2}. Give prob of sequence ym.
1/21
Calculate prob of sequence jl when two letters picked without replacement from jywnjlwnnnwwklj.
1/35
Calculate prob of sequence rzrz when four letters picked without replacement from rzzzzzzrzrrrrr.
21/286
Calculate prob of sequence off when three letters picked without replacement from {j: 1, c: 1, o: 1, f: 2}.
1/30
Three letters picked without replacement from elveyvvevhvvyyevy. Give prob of sequence eye.
1/85
Two letters picked without replacement from {l: 1, r: 1, k: 1}. Give prob of sequence kl.
1/6
What is prob of sequence tkzh when four letters picked without replacement from {k: 3, z: 4, t: 1, h: 5}?
1/286
Two letters picked without replacement from aaahaaaaaajuaaj. What is prob of sequence uj?
1/105
What is prob of sequence bi when two letters picked without replacement from {i: 3, b: 7}?
7/30
Calculate prob of sequence swsd when four letters picked without replacement from {d: 1, r: 1, h: 3, s: 5, w: 3}.
1/286
Three letters picked without replacement from soovblssswsbsbl. Give prob of sequence ols.
4/455
Calculate prob of sequence eke when three letters picked without replacement from {e: 3, k: 13}.
13/560
Calculate prob of sequence mmv when three letters picked without replacement from {v: 11, w: 3, m: 4}.
11/408
Four letters picked without replacement from {r: 3, o: 6, t: 4}. What is prob of sequence orot?
3/143
What is prob of sequence ci when two letters picked without replacement from wwiwgcwiwigwwiwgiw?
5/306
Two letters picked without replacement from {n: 5, t: 2, p: 1, v: 1, y: 2, b: 2}. Give prob of sequence np.
5/156
Calculate prob of sequence fr when two letters picked without replacement from bzbfzerpfrbbb.
1/39
Two letters picked without replacement from {j: 3, z: 1, y: 6, n: 1, k: 2, q: 2}. What is prob of sequence kj?
1/35
What is prob of sequence ywtt when four letters picked without replacement from yltttytttwwwttyyyty?
9/646
What is prob of sequence hhpp when four letters picked without replacement from {h: 4, p: 7}?
7/110
Four letters picked without replacement from aacacccc. What is prob of sequence ccca?
3/28
Two letters picked without replacement from zmmmammmmammaamaa. Give prob of sequence az.
3/136
What is prob of sequence swr when three letters picked without replacement from {y: 1, s: 6, p: 1, r: 1, w: 1, z: 1}?
1/165
Three letters picked without replacement from {h: 1, k: 1, y: 1, q: 1, w: 1}. What is prob of sequence qyh?
1/60
What is prob of sequence hfhh when four letters picked without replacement from hfffhfffhf?
1/120
Two letters picked without replacement from ommwvmkwvw. What is prob of sequence wo?
1/30
What is prob of sequence jww when three letters picked without replacement from {z: 11, w: 2, j: 1, d: 5}?
1/2907
Calculate prob of sequence xxx when three letters picked without replacement from {q: 2, x: 5}.
2/7
Two letters picked without replacement from {k: 2, x: 4, u: 7}. What is prob of sequence ux?
7/39
Three letters picked without replacement from kddzkgd. Give prob of sequence gdd.
1/35
What is prob of sequence al when two letters picked without replacement from aalaaamaaaa?
9/110
Four letters picked without replacement from {f: 4, a: 4, s: 2}. What is prob of sequence asfa?
2/105
Calculate prob of sequence coc when three letters picked without replacement from oooiddddooc.
0
Two letters picked without replacement from wwwaawawwwawaw. What is prob of sequence aw?
45/182
Two letters picked without replacement from {z: 1, q: 2, u: 1, f: 1, i: 1, l: 2}. Give prob of sequence fq.
1/28
What is prob of sequence dd when two letters picked without replacement from {v: 2, a: 4, d: 2}?
1/28
Three letters picked without replacement from {q: 4}. What is prob of sequence qqq?
1
What is prob of sequence tvt when three letters picked without replacement from llltlvlltlvlltllll?
1/408
Calculate prob of sequence gfd when three letters picked without replacement from dgf.
1/6
What is prob of sequence eei when three letters picked without replacement from {e: 3, k: 1, i: 5}?
5/84
What is prob of sequence jd when two letters picked without replacement from {j: 7, d: 1}?
1/8
Two letters picked without replacement from {u: 1, w: 1, l: 10, g: 3, x: 3, s: 1}. What is prob of sequence xu?
1/114
Three letters picked without replacement from sqsqqqq. What is prob of sequence qqs?
4/21
Calculate prob of sequence nnn when three letters picked without replacement from {o: 3, n: 1, l: 1}.
0
What is prob of sequence ww when two letters picked without replacement from vvwwvzvwsssvsv?
3/91
Calculate prob of sequence kppp when four letters picked without replacement from kkkpc.
0
Two letters picked without replacement from {y: 1, f: 3, d: 1, m: 3, q: 2, e: 3}. Give prob of sequence df.
1/52
What is prob of sequence tt when two letters picked without replacement from ttttttt?
1
What is prob of sequence gy when two letters picked without replacement from wgyw?
1/12
Four letters picked without replacement from {o: 1, e: 3, v: 2, q: 1, p: 5}. What is prob of sequence qevo?
1/1980
What is prob of sequence ahw when three letters picked without replacement from rhrwafa?
1/105
What is prob of sequence eeff when four letters picked without replacement from fefefeee?
1/14
Three letters picked without replacement from drd. Give prob of sequence ddr.
1/3
What is prob of sequence up when two letters picked without replacement from pupjopuuphuu?
5/33
Calculate prob of sequence ij when two letters picked without replacement from eiiiejeji.
1/9
Four letters picked without replacement from {x: 3, v: 1, q: 3, w: 3, i: 1, n: 2}. What is prob of sequence xqqx?
3/1430
Four letters picked without replacement from {y: 9, o: 4, k: 4}. Give prob of sequence ooyo.
9/2380
Three letters picked without replacement from xxqxpfppfpxxq. What is prob of sequence xxq?
10/429
Calculate prob of sequence tppn when four letters picked without replacement from {t: 4, d: 10, p: 3, n: 3}.
1/1615
What is prob of sequence pbx when three letters picked without replacement from {b: 2, x: 4, m: 1, p: 3, y: 1}?
4/165
What is prob of sequence xiii when four letters picked without replacement from xxixiixxxxiii?
7/143
What is prob of sequence ev when two letters picked without replacement from {v: 1, f: 2, c: 8, e: 1, n: 4}?
1/240
Calculate prob of sequence wwzw when four letters picked without replacement from wwzzwzwjwrwjwwjwrww.
165/5168
Four letters picked without replacement from dfaqica. Give prob of sequence fcqa.
1/420
Two letters picked without replacement from {p: 6, k: 2}. What is prob of sequence kp?
3/14
What is prob of sequence oogo when four letters picked without replacement from oogooggoggooooooog?
11/102
Two letters picked without replacement from yycriyyyy. What is prob of sequence ry?
1/12
Two letters picked without replacement from tzgabar. What is prob of sequence rt?
1/42
Four letters picked without replacement from {m: 14, w: 1}. What is prob of sequence wmmm?
1/15
Three letters picked without replacement from {k: 3, z: 5, o: 1, e: 6, q: 3, d: 1}. What is prob of sequence okd?
1/1938
Three letters picked without replacement from {t: 1, e: 1, u: 1, r: 2, o: 1, h: 1}. What is prob of sequence reo?
1/105
What is prob of sequence bq when two letters picked without replacement from yqyyqdqqyyb?
2/55
Two letters picked without replacement from ccccccccctttccc. What is prob of sequence tc?
6/35
What is prob of sequence pzx when three letters picked without replacement from iptzzzpiztdxpxx?
6/455
What is prob of sequence ru when two letters picked without replacement from uuurudrwruuudururudk?
5/38
What is prob of sequence zi when two letters picked without replacement from {n: 2, l: 5, z: 1, k: 1, x: 2, i: 2}?
1/78
Four letters picked without replacement from htwwwwwnwwwhwhwnh. Give prob of sequence tnwn.
1/2856
Calculate prob of sequence fww when three letters picked without replacement from fbfwwwwwww.
7/60
What is prob of sequence ivvt when four letters picked without replacement from vvitvpiviv?
1/84
What is prob of sequence wbb when three letters picked without replacement from bbbbwwbbbbbbbw?
55/364
Calculate prob of sequence ctt when three letters picked without r |
16-Dec-2018 | FUJAIRAH, 15th December, 2018 (WAM) -- H.H. Sheikh Hamad bin Mohammed Al
Sharqi, Supreme Council Member and Ruler of Fujairah, has sent a
message of congratulations to King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa of Bahrain
on the occasion of his country's National Day.
In his message, Sheikh Hamad wished King of Bahrain happiness and more progress and prosperity for Bahrain.
H.H. Sheikh Mohammed bin Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi, Crown
Prince of Fujairah, also sent a similar message to the Bahrain King. |
Q:
Disable the Cache Busting in Dynamically Linked External Javascript Files?
When loading content through AJAX which contains an externally linked Javascript file or when using jQuery.getScript() function call, the linked Javascript files are appended with a cache busting parameter, which prevents the file from being cached by the browser.
So, instead of writing something like <script src="/js/foo.js">, it writes something like <script src="/js/foo.js?_=ts2477874287">, causing the script to be loaded fresh each time.
Is there a way to disable this and have the file cached when it's loaded?
A:
I don't know about getScript, but cache is a parameter you can set in a .ajax() parameter map. It's false by default for scripts but you can flip it to true. Once false, it won't append a cache-busting query string.
[updated per comment]
|
Thomas Steuart Gladstone
Profile & Legacies Summary
1805 - 1882
Claimant or beneficiary
Biography
Thomas Steuart Gladstone was the eldest son of Liverpool merchant and plantation owner Robert Gladstone and Catherine Steuart. His uncle was Sir John Gladstone (q.v.) and first cousin Liberal prime minister William Gladstone (q.v.). Along with his brothers Robert and William he was named trustee and executor of his father's will in 1835 and guardian to his younger siblings. In this capacity he was charged with administering his father's Jamaican properties and splitting his estate equally between all siblings. His father noted that he had already advanced each of the older brothers £4016.
T.S. Gladstone also operated as an international merchant in the Liverpool firm Gladstone and Sergeantson. While his father had operated in both the West Indian and East Indian trade, Thomas expanded commercial interests into South American Guano, Australian farming as well as trade with Asia. In later life he retired to Capenoch house, Dumfriesshire. His younger brother Adam Steuart Gladstone became an East India merchant.
Sources
Will of Robert Gladstone of Liverpool , Lancashire, 15/10//1835, TNA/PROB 11/1852/441.
E-mail from Kevin Brewer referencing archival material held in the State Library of Victoria: Niel Black Papers, MS8996 (13/7/2015).
We are grateful to Kevin Brewer for his assistance with compiling this entry.
Further Information
People of Interest
Jamaican-born widow of a prominent slave-owner; resident in Britain following the death of her husband in 1818. Accused - and acquitted - of the cruel treatment of some enslaved people whom she brought to Britain with her. |
Q:
Does killOp work in sharded mongo?
I am trying to kill a malformed query on mongoDB but I am finding that if I do a db.currentOp() after doing db.killOp(opid), the query is still there with a new opid. Our mongoDB is sharded and I noticed the shard changes in the opid after it being killed.
This made me wonder if maybe my "problem" is actually a feature/result of the db being sharded? Googling brings up a few results from late last year claiming that you cannot use killOp when mongo is sharded but given the posts are old, and I can't find anything official & current confirming this fact, I thought I would double check here.
Thank you very much for any help you can offer. And if anyone has a clever solution for how you CAN kill an errant query in a sharded mongo DB, I'd really appreciate the help. Thanks again.
A:
Killing an operation in a sharded environment requires that you manually kill it on every shard; see https://jira.mongodb.org/browse/SERVER-6496. Hope this helps.
|
Located in the Southside slopes of Pittsburgh These new structures where fabricated with A588 Weathering Steel and concrete floor deck. They have replaced circa 100 year old structures that were condemned and barricaded
Located in center city Pittsburgh Renovation was done to enhance, the PPG Plaza surrounding which is adjacent to the Park. The renovation of this park has added a stage, granite seating area and landscaping. This park is used by thousands of people on a daily basis.
Located in Avalon Borough The new Avalon public library has been renovated from a red brick Georgian-style building, previously used as a church. The front porch was enclosed and converted to a glass-enclosed adult reading area. A new side addition was added to house a new entrance, stair ...
Located in Allegheny Township of Westmoreland County This building was one of Kiski Area’s first large expansions. Pugliano Construction completed this project on time, within their budget, and received much recognition from the Kiski Area Administration.
Sanitary Sewer Authority – Pittsburgh, PA Concrete pits that were used for storing incinerator ash, excess sludge from overloaded trucks, and various other materials, were open to the atmosphere, giving out odor and were a big eyesore. The new structural concrete pits have motorized ...
Located in center city Pittsburgh Renovation was done to enhance, the PPG Plaza surrounding which is adjacent to the Park. The renovation of this park has added a stage, granite seating area and landscaping. This park is used by thousands of people on a daily basis.
Located in West Penn Park Herron Hill Section of the city As the first in-ground concrete skate park in the city of Pittsburgh, it has been praised and enjoyed by many skaters. Pittsburgh Parks and Recreation has been receptive to ongoing demand for skating park facilities and is planning to follow up with similar structures […] |
Q:
For a type T (as a set of properties), how to create a type V minus U, which is a subset of T?
I have an interface Abcd with several properties:
interface Abcd {
a: string
b: number
c: boolean
d: string
}
I would like to define a type Options for an object passed as a parameter to a function setOptions. In the options object, there are two properties:
fn is an asynchronous callback that returns a subset of properties of Abcd.
remaining is an object that contains the remaining properties that are missing in the return type of fn.
Like this:
setOptions<Abcd>({
fn: async () => ({ a: "aaa" }),
remaining: {
b: 123,
c: false,
d: "ddd",
}
})
Is it possible to ensure that, if fn returns the property a, then remaining should not contain it? The type should also complain if a property is missing in both remaining and the return value of fn. And it should refuse extra properties.
For example:
setOptions<Abcd>({
fn: async () => ({ a: "aaa" }),
remaining: { // error, missing property `d`
a: "aaa", // error, `a` is already in the return type of `fn`
b: "bbb", // error, type of `b` should be 'number'
c: false,
e: "extra prop", // error, `e` is not in `Abcd`
}
})
I tried:
interface Options<T extends object, U = Partial<T>, V = Omit<T, keyof U>> {
fn: () => Promise<U>
remaining: V
}
function setOptions<T extends object>(options: Options<T>) {
}
It is is my closest attempt, but it is not the solution.
To help: the same code in the Playground.
A:
Without type inference for K
interface Options<T extends object, K extends keyof T> {
fn: () => Promise<Pick<T, K>>;
remaining: Omit<T, K>
}
function setOptions<T extends object, K extends keyof T>(options: Options<T, K>) {}
interface Abcd {
a: string
b: number
c: boolean
d: string
}
setOptions<Abcd, 'a'>({
fn: async () => ({ a: "aaa" }),
remaining: {
b: 123,
c: false,
d: "ddd",
}
})
With type inference for K
You need an extra function call:
const setOptions = <T extends object>() =>
<K extends keyof T>(source: {
fn: () => Promise<Pick<T, K>>;
remaining: Omit<T, K>
}) => { }
interface Abcd {
a: string
b: number
c: boolean
d: string
}
setOptions<Abcd>()({
fn: async () => ({ a: '' }),
remaining: {
b: 1,
c: false,
d: "ddd",
}
})
Playground
|
Since the clinical use of nitrogen mustard as an anticancer agent in the 1940s for the first time in the world, numerous anticancer drugs have ever been developed. Actually, for example, antimetabolites such as 5-fluorouracil, antitumor antibiotics such as adriamycin, platinum complex such as cisplatin, and plant-derived carcinostatics such as vindesine have been subjected to clinical use.
However, most of these carcinostatics have significant side effects such as digestive disorders, myelosuppression and alopecia since they are cytotoxic also to normal cells. Due to the side effects, their range of application is limited. In addition, the therapeutic effects themselves are partial and short, in most cases.
Developments of new carcinostatics in place of these has been made; however, satisfactory results have not yet been obtained. Patent Documents 1, 2, 3 and 4 disclose that certain kinds of compounds have fibrosing inhibitory actions, antitumor actions and STAT3/5 activation inhibitory actions, respectively. However, it is not known whether the specific compounds of the present invention have an antitumor effect. |
Comment on: "FTIR, FT-Raman, scaled quantum chemical studies of the structure and vibrational spectra of 1,5-dinitronaphthalene" by Arivazhaga et al. [Spectrochim. Acta A72 (2009) 941-946].
The title paper [1] reports ab initio calculations of the structure and molecular vibrations of 1,5-dinitronaphthalene. The calculations are unminimised, the molecular structure is wrong and the vibrational spectra are misinterpreted. These errors have been corrected and the vibrational spectra of 1,5-dinitronaphthalene have been reassigned in agreement with the optical and neutron spectroscopic data. |
From the Preface. Facilities for the acquisition of the Ancient Armenian exist both in English and in other European tongues, and an abundance of excellent Grammars and Lexicons await the scholar, who is prepared to avail himself of them, in the language itself. But, so far as I am aware, the present is the first attempt to exhibit the grammar of the Modern Armenian. The Armenians themselves have, as yet, published no grammar of their spoken language. This fact will no doubt be deemed a sufficient apology for any defects which may be discovered in the present work. My principal object has been to exhibit the language of conversation. Hence the remarks on pronunciation, pp. 7, 58, on the reduplication of adjectives, p. 19, on particles appended to verbs, p. 49, &c. The style of books varies considerably, some approximating more and others less to the ancient language. It would be presumptuous to attempt to say what, after a few years of progress, will be the style of good writers. It will be observed that the dialect here treated is the Western, viz. that spoken in Constantinople and Asia Minor. The Oriental dialect, spoken in Tartary, Persia and India, varies considerably from this, and in some respects approximates more nearly to the ancient language. A specimen of it will be given in the Appendix. The student of Modern Armenian will very often meet in conversation, and sometimes even in books, with words and forms derived from the Turkish. Although the use of such words and forms is avoided by good writers, still a knowledge of them is essential to a familiar acquaintance with the spoken Armenian. Where it has been thought proper to notice them in the present work, they are distinguished by an asterisk prefixed. In general, where two synonymous forms are given, the one more approved in modern usage is placed first. "The first edition of this work was published in 1847. In 1853 a grammatical treatise in Modern Armenian appeared at Constantinople, entitled "Correct Method of speaking the Modern Armenian language". It is however not so much a grammar of the spoken language, as an exhibition of the author's ideas of what that language should be, departing in many instances very far from existing usage. It has met with very little favor.
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Thursday, September 13, 2007
With an off day (finally) after a 7-3 road trip that I would dub a little more than mildly successful, let’s catch up on some Tomahawks and let ‘em fly:_______________
Is there any doubt left that Jenny Lewis (wasn’t that the girl in the first season of Survivor) is the 4th reliever the Indians were waiting to emerge from the pool of Lewis, Mastny, Fultz, and the Bisons’ reinforcements?
He’s now sitting on a 2.91 ERA with 24 K to only 8 BB in 21 2/3 innings of work, and while his WHIP of 1.43 looks a little too high, he is easing very nicely into the 6th inning (when needed) role with a 1.69 ERA in 4 appearances in September with a much more impressive WHIP of 0.94 in those 4 starts.
If the Indians are content to ride the hot hand in terms of bullpen effectiveness, Lewis has certainly established himself as a viable option in a game when the Indians are holding onto a lead and a reliever above and beyond the Big 3 is needed._______________
Serial commenter Cy Slapnicka attended Tuesday’s game at The Cell (where he obviously almost got into a few fights with the South Side’s finest) and took some pictures of Tribe players, all while wearing his new “Rally Pie” shirt, which he’ll tell you all about in the captions of the slideshow here._______________
Is it too early to anoint Asdrubal as the best Middle Infielder on the Indians?Yes, Jhonny Peralta remains a presence (despite the perpetual moaning about his lack of range and his recurring inability to hit a breaking pitch down and away), and Cabrera has all of 107 career AB, but Cabrera’s performance at the plate (and his approach from both sides of the plate) bode well for the future of the young Venezuelan.
Truthfully, his much-ballyhooed glove hasn’t shown the sparkle that I expected (though it has been tremendously solid at a brand new position and he turns the DP as fast as anyone this side of Jelly Belliard), but if his Modus Operandi in the minors was a great glove with spotty hitting, he’s already surpassed most people’s expectations as he’s riding an 11-game hitting streak.
Oh, and he also has an OPS of 1.078 from the 7th to the 9th inning, with 1 of his 4 HR and 4 of his 16 RBI coming in those three frames, so he certainly doesn’t wilt under the heat of the spotlight.
Answer honestly who you’d rather see up in a clutch run-producing situation with the game in the balance at the end of the game right now – Peralta or Cabrera?Yeah, me too._______________
Is anyone else completely thrown off by TBS moving the “Seinfeld” re-runs from 6 PM and 6:30 PM to 5:30 PM? Not sure who, exactly, wants an hour and a half of “Everybody Loves Raymond” everyday, but they don’t live in my house.
TBS’ airing of “The Office” on Tuesday nights from 10 PM to 11 PM is a small consolation, and a must-DVR hour nonetheless, and the just concluded season of “My Boys” was entertaining, but I don’t know what I’m going to do without Jerry and George eating dinner with the DiaTribers.What do you mean, talk about my day?_______________
OK, the announcement trumpeting the Return of Pronk may have been a little premature as he seems to be back to swinging and missing at pitches that he would have NEVER swung at last year and having a lot of AB’s end with him sticking the bat out to meekly ground out to the 2B or Short Outfielder…I mean SS.
Maybe the shift has gotten inside his head and he’s trying too hard to go the other way instead of smashing laser beams right at it, infield alignment be damned. Whatever the case may be, that “locked-in” Hafner that we saw up in Minnesota appears to have been more of a mirage than an actual oasis in the desert at this point of the season._______________
Bought my Playoff Tickets yesterday, with the Indians (thankfully) changing their policy of Season Ticket holders having to buy ALL of the possible playoff games (which was the policy in 2005) to allowing them to pick a few games in each series (the new policy).
While the idea of a “refund” remains foreign (you simply get a credit on your account for subsequent years for any games that you have tickets for that don’t happen), at least I don’t have to commit an outrageous sum of money for tickets to ALL of the games.
To illustrate how refreshing this is, in 2005, under the old policy, buying all of the tickets for the playoffs (of which, obviously, none were used) would have given me enough “credit” on my account to pay for THREE years of Season Tix. Thank God I didn’t go for that. Conversely, this year, the amount of tickets that I bought (if NONE of the games happen) doesn’t even equal the total of my 2008 Season Ticket Plan.Huzzah for the Tribe for realizing the short-sightedness of the old policy and remedying the problem. I’m going to be like Ralphie in “A Christmas Story”, excitedly checking the mailbox every day for his decoder ring until those tickets are in my hands._______________
In case you didn’t notice, The Scarecrow and Senor Slo-Mo now lead all AL relievers (who are not closers) in ERA with Perez at the top of the heap at 1.44 and Betancourt right behind him at 1.57. Considering that the names around them include Putz, Papelbon, Okajima, and Nathan, consider the 7th and 8th inning stalwarts of the Tribe among the best around._______________
Some tremendously funny Tribe-related PhotoShop pictures, created by Tribe fan Chester Banaszak (who goes by the Carnegie and Ontario handle in the blogosphere) can be seen here._______________
Finally, in case you’re keeping track at home, the Indians would have to go 6-10 over their last 16 AND the Tigers would have to go 11-4 over their last 15 for the AL Central to come into question.
No lead ever feels big enough and anything can happen, but those are some settling numbers to help you sleep at night.
Get down to the Jake this weekend to support YOUR first place Cleveland Indians and pick me up a Pronk WWE bobblehead (I can’t make it on Saturday) while you’re at it.
Posted by
Paul Cousineau
3 comments:
The Tribe box office has really been more accommodating to season ticket holders, not just through the post-season policy, but also through the trade-in dates.
Whereas in seasons past, ticket holders who couldn't go to a game had to wait until the date passed in order to trade them in for one of twenty "trade in games", they seem to have become more liberal in their policies towards the end of the season. I was able to trade in my tickets for an upcoming game that I know I'll miss (the Wednesday day game vs. Tigers, rats) for any of the remaining home games.
Basically, I'm saying that if you or your friends go to many Tribe games and you don't get some sort of season ticket package, you're a sucker. |
Being prepared for acculturation: on the importance of the first months after immigrants enter a new culture.
We hypothesized that perceived communication effectiveness at arrival and initial friendships with members of the receiving society during the first months after arrival in a new country have a long-term effect on the development of acculturation orientations and that this effect is pronounced for individuals with a high need for cognitive closure (NCC). We examined the hypotheses in a study with Spanish-speaking immigrants in Switzerland (n = 146) and in Italy (n = 147). We asked participants to indicate their current attitude to contact with the receiving society and cultural maintenance and report retrospectively their perceived communication effectiveness at arrival and initial friendships. In line with the predictions, the perceptions of high communication effectiveness at arrival and friendships with members of the receiving society during the initial phase in the new culture were positively correlated with the current attitude to contact with the receiving society assessed 7 years after arrival on average. Also, initial friendships with members of the receiving society were negatively correlated with present cultural maintenance. Moreover, with an increase in NCC, these correlations increased. |
From: 27-Nov-1916
Civil Parish: Hartlepool
What we would now call bombing was called Aerial Bombardment during the First World War. Between 1916 and 1918, German Zeppelins took part in a series of bombing raids on ports and coastal towns in County Durham. Hartlepool was attacked three times.
The Second Raid, 27 November 1916
On 27 November 1916 Second Lieutenant I. V. Pyott, flying a B.E. 2C aircraft of C flight 36 Squadron based at Seaton Carew aerodrome, attacked Zeppelin L34 over West Hartlepool. Pyott attacked at 9,500 feet and got so close to the burning Zeppelin that his face was scorched by the heat. The Zeppelin crashed into the sea 800 yards beyond the old lighthouse and the crew were killed. Pyott was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his work that night.
The Zeppelin had crossed the coast to the north of Hartlepool, near Blackhall, and after flying inland was caught by searchlights at Elwick and Hutton Henry. It dropped 13 bombs near Elwick, failing to cause any significant damage. Four bombs were dropped in West Park, a suburb of West Hartlepool, shattering some house windows. Two bombs fell in Ward Jackson Park and a plaque was placed there after the war to commemorate the event. The Zeppelin headed for the coast and was caught by searchlights and fired at by anti-aircraft guns. Twenty-nine bombs were dropped in the Hartley Street, Lowthian Road and Poplar Grove area. Accounts of the number of casualties differ but between two and four people were killed and 34 injured.
The raid caused fear and excitement in Hartlepool in about equal measure because few had ever seen anything like this before. There are photographs of the stricken Zeppelin on the Hartlepool Then and Now website. Just after the raid Frances Mary Carnforth, who was living at 9 Throston Steet, writing to Bessie, presumably a family member, wrote of “such an escape as few had as the Zepp just over our house and such an awful noise with bombs and guns firing and then it burst into flames just when over our street.” All the town turned out to see it “and folks are undressed and half dressed flying up moor to see it go down. I shall never forget the awfulness of it.”
In spite of the raid most of the letter is taken up with her worries for the rest of her family. Her son Wilf, a GPO Messenger Boy before the war, was in France with the Royal Garrison Artillery and she had heard they were half starved she had sent him some things but “it costs so much”.”May’s boy” had visited on the night of the raid but he hadn’t arrived until 10 as his train was delayed by the “Zepps being on the road.” “The poor lad had to go back at 5 tonight it was not worth come for such a distance.” Gunner William Wilfred Cornforth (136613) returned safely to Hartlepool after the war.
Writing to his mother ten days after the raid Pyott, perhaps with some understatement, claimed to have had a very quiet week. For a while, he was a local celebrity visited by Lady Londonderry and friends and was soon to dine at Wynyard where he was to meet Lady Beatty. He had made friends with a wealthy local family at whose home he and his fellow officers usually had a jolly time. He had plans for six days leave in Edinburgh, where he hoped to enjoy himself. He was looking forward to joining another squadron which he had been asked to join. He survived the war and returned to his native South Africa.
In May 2015, a memorial was raised in Seaton Park to remember the bravery of Second Lieutenant Pyott. Ten thousand pounds was awarded to the Friends of Seaton Park by the Heritage Lottery Fund. Children from Holy Trinity Primary School designed dozens of tiles which are displayed with the memorial.
Sources used:
1901 Census
1911 Census
John W. Perrin, Zeppelin Listening Posts, in Maureen Anderson ed., Aspects of Teeside (2002) pp. 90-98
http://hhtandn.org/events/event/32/zeppelin-raids-on-hartlepool-during-the-first-world-war
http://www.aeroconservancy.com/pyott.htm
http://www.hartlepoolmail.co.uk/news/local/memorial-unveiled-to-first-world-war-pilot-who-shot-down-zeppelin-which-attacked-hartlepool-1-7248350
http://www.nelsam.org.uk/NEAR/Squadrons/Histories/36Sqn.htm
Contributed by George Muirhead |
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Esperance out to join elite group
Tunisian club Esperance de Tunis are hoping to join an elite group of three other clubs that have lifted the African club crown in successive years. Ironically the team that stands in their way in Saturday's return leg in the Rades Stadium - Egypt's Al Ahly - is one of the other clubs that has managed back-to-back titles (in 2005/6), with the others being TP Mazembe (1967/8 and 2010/11) and Enyimba (2003/4).
The Blood and Gold hold the upper hand in the CAF Champions League finale, having drawn the first leg in Egypt 1-1. However, the home side will be wary of the fate which befell Tunisian rivals CS Sfaxien, who in 2006 also played out a 1-1 draw against Al Ahly in Egypt, but then lost the return leg 1-0 in the Rades Stadium.
The Al Ahly defence has conceded 10 goals in nine matches in the group phase, and subsequent knock-out stage of the competition, and will once again be without regular left-back Sayed Moawad. The international, who missed the first leg and has not sufficiently recovered, has been ruled out of the game. The team doctor Ehab Ali told the club's website that the 33-year-old was suffering from knee tendon inflammation. “Even if he recovered in time for the game, he would not be physically ready to play.” Moawad's place is likely to be taken by Sherif Abdel Fadil, who already played in the first leg.
Also not making the trip are former Esperance player Oussou Konan and winger Ahmed Shoukri. The Côte d'Ivoire striker has failed to get regular playing time since joining the Egyptian giants, while Shoukri only plays a bit-role in coach Hossam El Badry's plans. Veteran defender Wael Gomaa is aware that it will be a massive undertaking for the Egyptian champions, who have won the tournament a record-breaking six times, if they are to lift their first continental trophy since 2008.
"Our task is not easy. It would be a miracle if we won this trophy because of the many problems we are encountering. There is no league, no matches, no fans - all of that surely takes a toll on the team. Naturally, the team should play regular matches in order to be fully ready, but this is not the case," the 37-year-old said, adding that he does see some advantages for the Red Devils. "We are better in terms of attacking individuals, so if they attack with the intent of avoiding Sfaxien’s fate, we can expose their gaps and score. I think the fan pressure will be on Esperance if we manage to score first."
Questions for hosts as well
Like in the first leg, officials have again placed a limit on the number of fans that will be allowed in the stadium and only 35,000 will be permitted in the 65,000-seater. Several fan groupings of Esperance's local rivals have already said that they will make sure that they get entry to the stadium to cheer for Al Ahly.
Even though Tunisia coach Sami Trabelsi left out six Esperance players from his squad that slumped to a 2-1 midweek defeat against Switzerland to avoid possible injuries, the home side will still be missing a number of players for Saturday's match. Midfielder Mejdi Traoui is the latest who had to pull out. He joins Ghana defender Harrison Afful, who scored the winner in last year's final against Wydad Casablanca, and Sameh Derbali, both of whom are suspended. Wunderkind Youssef Msakni has also been ruled out, while his attack-minded brother Iheb is doubtful as is Cameroonian striker Joseph Yannick Ndjeng.
The competition's top scorer Emmanuel Clottey, who scored 12 times, is not eligible to play for the Blood and Gold as he joined Esperance from Berekum Chelsea midseason and is cup-tied. The Ghanaian will be on the sidelines cheering his side on, knowing that the winner will represent the continent at the prestigious FIFA Club World Cup next month. "I can’t play. All I can do is pray and hope we do beat them so that we can go to the Club World Cup. It’s a very big tournament and the whole world will be watching. It would be fantastic to play at the tournament,” Clottey said.
Goalkeeper Moez Ben Cherifia was the man of the match in the first leg, keeping his side in the game with a number of breath-taking saves that denied the Al Ahly players. He is certainly the man Al Ahly will have to beat at least once if they want to return to Egypt triumphant. Given the outstanding form that the 21-year-old has at the moment, that alone could be a significant challenge for the Red Devils. |
A port film marker.
A device is described consisting of brass strips embedded in a plastic plate. When inserted in a radiation beam, it produces an image of a cross centered in the field. Cuts in the brass at defined intervals project a scale on the film used to determine a magnification factor. A marker in the lower right-hand quadrant provides rapid, unequivocal orientation of the film. This capability of orientation to a beam's-eye-view makes anatomical markers redundant. |
j + n, -2*z = -g*z + 3 for j.
3
Let n be 24 + (-44 - -9) - -13. Solve -2 + 1 = -n*z + 3*l, -4*z - 3*l = 7 for z.
-1
Suppose 6*r + 20 = 7*r. Suppose 0 = -0*x - 4*x + r. Suppose 4*j - 5*j = 3*h - 14, -4*j + 73 = -x*h. Solve -3*v - 5*d + j = -10, -4*d = -12 for v.
4
Let t(d) = -2*d**2 + 28*d - 21. Let g be t(13). Suppose r = 33 - 23. Solve -g = y, -4*m + y - r = -m for m.
-5
Suppose -22 = 2*s + 5*x - 21, -5*s + 3*x + 13 = 0. Suppose -s*b - 3*u + 19 = 0, -u = u - 6. Solve -b*g = -15, 0 = -4*d - 0*d - g + 7 for d.
1
Let z be (38 - 44) + (-80)/(-8). Solve -28*r + 25*r + 2*x + 12 = 0, 4*x + z = -4*r for r.
2
Let z(o) = -23*o + 368. Let n be z(16). Solve 2*b - 12 = -2*i, n = 3*b - i - 6 + 8 for b.
1
Suppose -76*a - 14 = 71*a - 14. Solve a = 4*c + 3*u - 24, -3*u = -3*c - 0*u - 3 for c.
3
Let b(q) = -4*q - q**3 + 0*q**3 - 5 + 8 + 4*q**2. Let g be b(2). Suppose 52 = 3*z - 2*l, g*z - 2*l = -z + 68. Solve 2*y = 4*h + h + z, 3*h = -5*y + 9 for y.
3
Suppose -4*h - 20 = 324*t - 322*t, 0 = 3*h + 8*t + 119. Suppose -3*k - 2*k = -20. Solve -5*a = -2*a + k*g - 29, h*g - 30 = -5*a for a.
3
Suppose 709*j - 30 = 703*j. Solve 7*m - t = 5*m - j, m + 20 = -3*t for m.
-5
Suppose 18*u + 31*u - 735 = 0. Solve -3*m - 25 = 2*f - 3, -3*f = u for m.
-4
Let l be ((-8)/(-6))/(133/1197). Solve -4*a = 0, 9*p - 3*a + 9 = l*p for p.
3
Let b(i) = -i**2 - 8*i + 11. Let c be b(-6). Suppose 13*s = c*s - 70. Solve -3*a + 15 = 0, -s*h + 2*h + 3*a = 40 for h.
-5
Let y be 320/60 - (-7)/((-42)/8). Solve -4*b - 3*d - 4 = -3, 0 = -5*b + y*d - 40 for b.
-4
Let c(s) = -110*s + 54*s + 55*s + 39. Let p be c(37). Solve -18 = -i + 3*h - p, -h = -i + 8 for i.
4
Let p = -25566 + 25632. Solve p*r + i = 69*r - 4, 0 = 4*r - i - 4 for r.
0
Let z = 6381 + -6378. Solve p - 5*s + 9 = -12, p - z*s + 11 = 0 for p.
4
Let o(r) = 32*r + 24. Let x be o(3). Suppose -126*h = -x*h - 18. Solve -4*d + 1 = f, 3*f - h = 4*d + d for d.
0
Suppose 68 - 75 = -d. Suppose -d*s - 45 = -45. Solve s = -5*z + g + 9, -4*z - 3*g + 13 = 2*g for z.
2
Let s(o) = -4*o. Let a(z) = z - 1. Let x(w) = 5*a(w) + s(w). Let i be x(7). Solve 5*p = -i*q + 15, 6*q + 3*p = 3*q + 18 for q.
5
Let p = -104 + 106. Suppose -3*k + 10 = 2*k. Suppose -3*q + 2*q + 12 = p*v, k*q = v + 4. Solve -4*c + 12 = -i - q*i, 3*c + 26 = -5*i for c.
-2
Suppose 81*o - 86*o - 1120 = 0. Let x be (-15)/(-4) + 8/(o/21). Solve x*f = -9, 5*z + 26 = -7*f + 5*f for z.
-4
Suppose 110*q + 2079 = 119*q. Let k = q - 227. Solve -l - 4*i - k = 0, i = -5*l - 4*i - 5 for l.
0
Suppose 9*b - 23*b + 890 = 164*b. Solve -b*w + 4*n + 1 - 12 = 0, -4*n + 16 = 0 for w.
1
Suppose 0 = -4*s + 2*z + 22, -3*z - 1 = 14. Let o be (-1)/(-2)*16/4. Suppose -s*f = f - o*f. Solve 3*b - 12 = 0, 4*h - b + 16 + 8 = f for h.
-5
Let g be 9/(63/(-4))*49/(-14). Solve 4*l = 4*q - 24, g*l + q = 27 - 33 for l.
-4
Let z = 10 - 2. Let n(d) = d**3 - 23*d**2 + 117*d + 85. Let o be n(9). Solve -32 = 3*a + o*r, -r = z - 3 for a.
-4
Let b(p) = p**2 - 26*p + 164. Let h be b(8). Let f be h + -16 - (-3 - -3). Solve -f*m = -5*r + 28, -2*r + 3*r - 4*m = 12 for r.
4
Suppose -q + 4 = -4*h, 3*q = 2*q - h - 1. Suppose 28 + 8 = 4*l. Let v(n) = n**2 - 5*n - 31. Let x be v(l). Solve g - 3 = 4*k, -x*g - 31 = 3*k - q*g for k.
-2
Suppose -14*n - 1518 = -1616. Solve 0 = x + 4*x + 3*b - 2, 0 = 2*x - 5*b - n for x.
1
Suppose -3*l - 30 = -6*j + 4*j, -5*l + 3*j = 50. Let c be ((35/l)/(-7))/(2/8). Solve -c*q = -b, -q + 14 = -5*b - 4 for b.
-4
Suppose 18*h + 8*h = -25*h. Solve 5*v - 3*m + 14 = h, 8*v - 6*v + 8*m = 22 for v.
-1
Let d(j) = -2*j**3 - 15*j**2 - 8*j - 4. Let n be d(-7). Let r be 21 + n + (-6*1)/3. Suppose 16 = -4*h + 44. Solve 3*i = -2*s - 0*s - r, -3*i + s = h for i.
-4
Suppose -16*d = 1527 - 1687. Solve 0 = -b - 2*v - d, -35*v - 9 = -32*v for b.
-4
Suppose -36 = 7*c - 8. Let t be (c*1 + (-13)/(-3))*0. Suppose 3*s - 6 = s. Solve 2*d + 12 = 3*v - 2*v, d + v + s = t for d.
-5
Suppose -11*p = 35*p - 6164. Let h = 139 - p. Solve -5 = -5*o + 4*l, -4*o - 4*l - 27 = h for o.
-3
Suppose 0 = -4*b + l + 119, l - 26 = b - 2*b. Suppose 12*a = -2 + 199 + 223. Solve -3*i + 8*i + d + b = 0, -3*i - 5*d = a for i.
-5
Let q(u) = -100*u - 77. Let b be q(3). Let n = -374 - b. Solve -5*t - 4 = -n*t + 4*o, -3*o = 9 for t.
4
Let q be ((-108)/(-184) + 8/(-92))*90. Suppose 2 = -2*x + 10. Suppose -x*f = 4*u - 60, -q = -3*u - 3*f + 8*f. Solve 12 = i - 4*o - 3, -3*i = 3*o + u for i.
-1
Let q be ((0 - 0)/2)/1. Suppose 0 = -q*t + 3*t - 15. Let b be (-15)/(-225) - (-534)/90. Solve -3*z + 18 = -0*c + 3*c, t*c + b = 4*z for c.
2
Let n(g) = 4*g**2 - 36*g - 539. Let j be n(17). Solve 26 = 5*p - p - 3*v, -2*v - 2 = j*p for p.
2
Suppose -r + 184 = -5*l + 2*r, 0 = 4*r - 12. Let o = 62 + l. Suppose -3*c + o + 7 = 5*p, -5*p + 18 = c. Solve -3*s + 7 = z, -3*s + c*z = 3*z - 37 for s.
4
Let n(g) = 124*g**2 - 6*g - 5. Let a be n(-1). Suppose -m = -5*v + a, -6*m + 25 = -11*m. Solve -5*r = -4*x - v, -4*r = -0*x - x - 17 for x.
-1
Let r = 2236 + -2229. Solve -a = -4*s - 16, -3*a + r = -5*s - 20 for s.
-3
Let x be 2*2/(-4) - -5. Suppose -119*a = -128*a. Let s(z) = -z**3 - 19*z**2 + 2*z + 6. Let m be s(a). Solve -5*i - x*h + m = 14, 2*h = -4*i - 4 for i.
0
Let k = 16678 - 16668. Solve 82*r - 87*r - k = -4*x, 20 = 5*r + 2*x for r.
2
Let g be 1/(-2)*0/(-2). Suppose -4*o = -2*o - 24. Suppose 3*m - 3*h = o, -4*h = -2*m - m + 14. Solve -2*l + 1 = -l, g = -3*s - 5*l + m for s.
-1
Let a = 2387 + -2385. Solve -14*d + a*c = -13*d - 6, 8 = 2*d - 3*c for d.
-2
Suppose 0 = -5*g - 14*j + 12*j - 4, 4*j + 24 = -2*g. Solve 0 = -g*h - 10, 43*s - 30 = 44*s + 5*h for s.
-5
Suppose -44*t = -4*f - 45*t + 113, 0 = -f + 6*t - 3. Suppose 4*j - 2*u - 1 = -11, 5*u - 25 = j. Solve f = -2*z + 5*y, -4*z - y = -j*y - 1 for z.
-1
Let h = -44 - -75. Suppose 42*f - 47*f + 750 = 0. Suppose f*i = 146*i + 8. Solve 0 = -5*q - 3*v - v - h, -i*v - 2 = -2*q for q.
-3
Let j = 784 - 779. Solve 4*r - 22 = 2*m, -6*r + j*r + 2*m = -10 for r.
4
Suppose -270 = -4*c + 10*c. Let l = c - -47. Solve l*d + 3 - 8 = t, 0 = -t + 5 for d.
5
Suppose 59 + 33 = 46*k. Solve -10 = -4*l + 3*g, -18*g + 13*g + k = -2*l for l.
4
Let t(z) = z**3 - 10*z**2 - 10*z + 208. Let k be t(8). Solve -11*n + 6 = q - 8*n, -4*n + 12 = k for q.
-3
Let o(x) = -230*x - 1148. Let y be o(-5). Solve -4*s + 12*g - 10*g = -4, y = -2*s + 2*g for s.
3
Suppose s - 3*d = -3*s + 87, d = 2*s - 41. Let k be s/12*12/9. Suppose 4*c + k*c = 24. Solve -3*b + 3 = c*l, -4*l + 6 = -b + 3*b for b.
-3
Let b(j) = -51*j - 3415. Let p be b(-67). Solve n - p = -5*h, -h + 30*n = 35*n - 10 for h.
0
Suppose 0*m - 33*m + 66 = 0. Solve 0 = -4*t - 3*b + 5 + 5, -b - m = 0 for t.
4
Let l = -694 - -615. Let x = -77 - l. Solve 4*r - x*y - 15 = -3*y, 4*r - 45 = 5*y for r.
5
Suppose -29*u = -42*u - 42*u. Solve u = 2*z - 5*q - 33, 3*z = -2*q - q - 3 for z.
4
Suppose 5 = 3*a - 37. Let g = 375 + -371. Let z = -316 + 318. Solve t = 4*t + g*s + 2, z*t = 5*s + a for t.
2
Let h = -92 + 87. Let g(f) = 7*f + 39. Let q be g(h). Solve 0 = -4*l - l - 25, -5*l = q*i + 13 for i.
3
Suppose -d = -o + 2, 0 = -2*o + 4*d - 25 + 23. Solve -h = o*j + 1, j + 1 = -h - 3*j for h.
-1
Suppose 4 = 3*y - 5. Let b be 3/12*(-3 - -47). Suppose 0 = -2*z + 25 + b. Solve 4*j + y*n - n = 0, j - 4*n - z = 0 for j.
2
Let p(v) = v**2 - 26*v - 24. Let h be p(27). Let y be h + 0 + 15 + -16. Solve -5*i + 2*o = 25, 2*o = -y*o for i.
-5
Suppose -2*r + 351 = 345. Suppose -3*n - 2*d - 2 = -d, 0 = -5*n - r*d - 6. Solve -9 = -j + 3*f - 2, n = -j - 2*f - 13 for j.
-5
Let x = -1 - -1. Let a = -1667 - -1670. Suppose x*k = -a*k + 7*k. Solve v + 2 + k = 2*j, j = 3 for v.
4
Let q be ((240/55)/6)/((16/(-22))/(-4)). Solve 7*r - 2*r - 2*p + 21 = 0, 0 = -q*r + p - 15 for r.
-3
Let z be (446/32 + 68/1088)*(-2)/(-7). Solve -3*o = -z*g + 7, -4*o - 2*o = 3*g - 30 for o.
3
Suppose -3*i + 0*i = -9. Let h = -415 - -420. Suppose -2*x - b = -8, 2*b = -5*x - b + 22. Solve -i = -o + l, h = 3*o - x*l + l for o.
1
Let s be 93/18 - ((-105)/18 + 6). Suppose -4*y + 5 = -h, -2*h - 4*y + s*y + 4 = 0. Solve 2*p = -h*u - 3, p + 3 + 0 = -2*u for p.
3
Suppose 0 = 19*x - 30*x + 66. Suppose -3*h - x*m + 2*m + 9 = 0, 4*m = 0. Solve -2 - 2 = 2*t - 5*i, -3*i = -3*t + h for t.
3
Suppose t + 1104 = -11*t. Let f = -68 - t. Solve -2*k - 4*r = 18, 4*k - 4*r + f = -6*r for k.
-5
|
Q:
Modify/Delete datastore Index on google app engine
My old web.xml was
<datastore-index kind="TBL" ancestor="false">
<property name="Col1" direction="asc" />
<property name="Col2" direction="desc" />
<property name="Col3" direction="asc" />
<property name="Col4" direction="asc" />
<property name="Col5" direction="asc" />
<property name="Col6" direction="asc" />
<property name="Col7" direction="asc" />
<property name="Col8" direction="asc" />
</datastore-index>
My New web.xml is
<datastore-index kind="TBL" ancestor="false">
<property name="Col1" direction="asc" />
<property name="Col2" direction="desc" />
<property name="Col3" direction="asc" />
<property name="Col4" direction="asc" />
<property name="Col5" direction="asc" />
<property name="Col6" direction="desc" />
<property name="Col7" direction="asc" />
<property name="Col8" direction="asc" />
</datastore-index>
Created index on server
TBL
------------
Col2 ▲ , Col1 ▲ , Col6 ▼
Col4 ▲ , Col1 ▲ , Col6 ▼
Col5 ▲ , Col8 ▲ , Col1 ▲ , Col6 ▲ => I got error for this index
Col8 ▲ , Col1 ▲ , Col6 ▲
Col1 ▲ , Col2 ▼ , Col3 ▲ , Col4 ▲ , Col5 ▲ , Col7 ▲ , Col8 ▲
Col1 ▲ , Col2 ▼ , Col3 ▲ , Col4 ▲ , Col5 ▲ , Col6 ▼ , Col7 ▲ , Col8 ▲
Col1 ▲ , Col7 ▲
Col1 ▲ , Col6 ▲
Col1 ▲ , Col6 ▼
I am getting index not found error for 3rd index. I want to modify direction for col6 in all index and set it to "desc".
How can i do that? or how can i delete index?
Anybody?
A:
You're looking for the vacuum_indexes command.
http://code.google.com/appengine/docs/python/tools/uploadinganapp.html#Deleting_Unused_Indexes
This will work for both Java and Python apps. In fact, Java's appcfg.sh does not yet support this at all, so you'll need the Python SDK if you're running a Java app.
|
Early renal disease in BHE/cdb rats is less in rats fed beef tallow than in rats fed menhaden oil.
The effects of feeding a 1% corn oil-9% menhaden oil or beef tallow diet on the early phase of diabetic nephropathy in BHE/cdb rats was studied. The diet groups were subdivided into rats with or without impaired glucose tolerance. Those fed menhaden oil had renal hypertrophy, mild albuminuria, decreased creatinine clearance, increased urea clearance, and more severe lesion scores than rats fed beef tallow. No differences in glomerular filtration rate, Na+, K+-ATPase activity, sorbitol dehydrogenase, or inositol 1, 4, 5-phosphate were observed. Beef tallow-fed rats had higher serum triglyceride levels and renal cholesterol levels. Renal and hepatic fatty acid profiles reflected the fatty acid profile of the dietary fat. These results suggest that beef tallow conferred a protective effect on the renal tissues of these diabetes-prone rats. |
Upgrade Expansion Box Option
The Expansion Option adds the capability to capture data from additional devices which have interfaces not available on the ImageMASSter Solo-4 IT/Forensic Non-Expandable unit. The Expansion Option is configured with the following hardware:
This option Upgrade is available for ImageMASSter Solo-4 IT/Forensic Non-Expandable orginally purchased without the Expansion Box Card/Port. This Option includes the installation of the Expansion Box Controller Card plus the Expansion Box.
(*)External Power Supply (not supplied) is required to power the second SCSI drive when capturing two SCSI drives to two Evidence drives simultaneously.
(**)ExpressCards are not supplied with the Expansion Option
Features:
The After Purchase Expansion Box Option Upgrade comdes standard with the following configuration and components:
Upgrade of the ImageMASSter Solo-4 IT/Forensic Non-Expandable including the installation of the Expansion Box Controller Card/Port.
User can remove the top cover of the expansion box very easily by opening the top screws and replacing any of the installed controllers card with other desired and approved by ICS PCIE controller cards(*)
(*) The PCIe controller card must be PCIe-4X or PCIe-1X. Also some of the cards might require an external power source. |
/*
KittyBot
Shows random Kitty pictures and gifs.
*/
const TeleBot = require('../');
const bot = new TeleBot('TELEGRAM_BOT_TOKEN');
// Great API for this bot
const API = 'https://thecatapi.com/api/images/get?format=src&type=';
// Command keyboard
const replyMarkup = bot.keyboard([
['/kitty', '/kittygif']
], {resize: true, once: false});
// Log every text message
bot.on('text', function (msg) {
console.log(`[text] ${ msg.chat.id } ${ msg.text }`);
});
// On command "start" or "help"
bot.on(['/start', '/help'], function (msg) {
return bot.sendMessage(msg.chat.id,
'😺 Use commands: /kitty, /kittygif and /about', {replyMarkup}
);
});
// On command "about"
bot.on('/about', function (msg) {
let text = '😽 This bot is powered by TeleBot library ' +
'https://github.com/kosmodrey/telebot Go check the source code!';
return bot.sendMessage(msg.chat.id, text);
});
// On command "kitty" or "kittygif"
bot.on(['/kitty', '/kittygif'], function (msg) {
let promise;
let id = msg.chat.id;
let cmd = msg.text.split(' ')[0];
// Photo or gif?
if (cmd == '/kitty') {
promise = bot.sendPhoto(id, API + 'jpg', {
fileName: 'kitty.jpg',
serverDownload: true
});
} else {
promise = bot.sendDocument(id, API + 'gif#', {
fileName: 'kitty.gif',
serverDownload: true
});
}
// Send "uploading photo" action
bot.sendAction(id, 'upload_photo');
return promise.catch(error => {
console.log('[error]', error);
// Send an error
bot.sendMessage(id, `😿 An error ${ error } occurred, try again.`);
});
});
// Start getting updates
bot.start();
|
Varlamov stops 37 shots, Avs beat Blackhawks 3-2 to take 4 of 5 in season series
Chicago Blackhawks center Andrew Shaw, front, takes the puck off his helmet while creating a diversion for a shot in front of Colorado Avalanche goalie Semyon Varlamov, of Russia, in the first period of an NHL hockey game in Denver on Wednesday, March 12, 2014. (AP Photo/David Zalubowski)
2014-03-13 00:18:00
DENVER - The Colorado Avalanche downplayed their dominance over the defending Stanley Cup champions this season.
No sense giving the Chicago Blackhawks any sort of bulletin board material, just in case the two teams meet again in the post-season.
Semyon Varlamov stopped 37 shots for his 100th NHL win, helping the Avalanche beat the Blackhawks 3-2 on Wednesday night to take four of five in the season series.
"I don't want to talk about sending messages," Varlamov said. "We are focusing on what we are doing and on the playoffs."
"There are going to be certain teams your record isn't going to be as good as you like," Quenneville said. "It looks like it's a landslide against you, but every game has been different. Every game has been close."
That's because these two squads are almost mirror images. They're fast, young and have quality goaltending.
Chicago has been that way for years. The Avalanche are just coming of age under first-year coach Patrick Roy. He doesn't mind the comparisons to Chicago, but thinks it might be a little premature because of "what they've been able to accomplish. But we certainly look up to them."
Brad Malone scored his first goal of the season, Matt Duchene extended his points to a career-high nine games with a goal and an assist, and Ryan O'Reilly scored what turned out to be the game-winner on a two-man advantage as the Avalanche jumped over the Blackhawks in the Central Division standings and into second place.
"We are happy to be in second place, but that's not our goal," Duchene said. "We want to keep pushing and climb as high as we can."
Patrick Kane and Brandon Saad scored for Chicago. Antti Raanta made 26 saves filling in for Corey Crawford. It was the first time Raanta has been in net since Jan. 28.
Varlamov became the fourth Russian-born goaltender to record 100 wins, joining Evgeni Nabokov (347), Nikolai Khabibulin (333) and Ilya Bryzgalov (213). This also was Varlamov's 33rd win, second-most in the league behind Pittsburgh's Marc-Andre Fleury (34).
The Avalanche had a 5-on-3 opportunity for 1:30 midway through the third period following an interference call on Andrew Shaw and a delay of game by Marcus Kruger after he sent the puck into the seats.
O'Reilly capitalized when he grabbed a rebound near the net and knocked it in for a 3-1 advantage.
The Blackhawks momentarily put Raanta back on the ice, but summoned him to the bench with 1:37 left, leading to a wild finish.
Saad sent a backhander just over the net with 25 seconds left and lined a shot into the chest of Varlamov with 4.9 seconds remaining. After that save, the crowd began chanting "Varly! Varly!"
"Varly has been playing outstanding for us," Roy said. "He gives us a chance to win every night."
Duchene staked Colorado to a 2-0 lead 19 seconds into the second period when he sent a wrist shot past Raanta. The Blackhawks sliced into the lead at 8:23 when Kane skated down the right side with defenceman Jan Hejda hanging all over him. Kane found just enough separation to lift backhanded shot over the shoulder of Varlamov for his 29th goal of the season.
Colorado was without forwards P.A. Parenteau (right knee) and Paul Stastny (back). The team called up Paul Carey and Malone from the Lake Erie Monsters of the American Hockey League to add depth.
Carey made his NHL debut and Malone instantly contributed as he scored late in the opening period. Cruising along the left boards, Malone sent a low liner at Raanta that went right through his legs.
"It was a good shot. It was a surprising shot," Raanta said. "That's how hockey treats you. You have to let those goals go and just keep going and try to make more saves."
NOTES: Blackhawks C Jonathan Toews said of Colorado's recent success against his team: "We just need to stop playing into their hands." ... Varlamov had an assist on Malone's goal, his third of the season. ... Varlamov was 4-0 in five games (four starts) against Chicago, with a 1.59 goals-against average. ... Varlamov was given the puck to commemorate his 100th win. "It was important that I save the puck," he said. |
**Funding Information**
Funding organizations had no role in the design or conduct of this research. This work was supported most by research grants from Yamaguchi University. This work was supported in part by research grants (Nos. 24790886, Nos. 22790821, Nos. 23659457, Nos. 25293203 and Nos. 26670443) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan, a research grant (K2002528) from Health and Labour Sciences Research Grants for research on intractable diseases (Neuroimmunological Disease Research Committee) from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, an Intramural Research Grant (25‐4) for Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders from the National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Novartis research grant and Takeda research foundation.
Introduction {#acn350905-sec-0006}
============
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory disease associated with recurrent episodes of optic neuritis (ON) and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM), leading to severe loss of visual and motor function.[1](#acn350905-bib-0001){ref-type="ref"} A specific feature of NMO is the presence of an autoantibody against aquaporin 4 (AQP4), which is densely expressed in the astrocytic foot processes; recent studies have demonstrated that anti‐AQP4 antibodies have a pathogenic role.[2](#acn350905-bib-0002){ref-type="ref"}
Isolated ON is one of the major clinical signs in NMO as well as in multiple sclerosis (MS).[3](#acn350905-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"} The ON attacks in NMO are more severe than those in multiple sclerosis (MS), and can lead to unilateral or bilateral blindness.[3](#acn350905-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"} In addition, the lesions and involvement in optic chiasm and tracts in NMO are more extensive in comparison to those in MS in the MRI.[4](#acn350905-bib-0004){ref-type="ref"} Serum anti‐AQP4 antibody‐positive patients with isolated ON are recently classified as having NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD), because they have a high risk of eventual conversion into definite NMO.[5](#acn350905-bib-0005){ref-type="ref"}, [6](#acn350905-bib-0006){ref-type="ref"}
The disruption of the blood--brain barrier (BBB) plays key roles in the pathogenesis of NMOSD.[7](#acn350905-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"}, [8](#acn350905-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"}, [9](#acn350905-bib-0009){ref-type="ref"} We recently identified that glucose‐regulated protein (GRP) 78 autoantibodies are a potential biomarker associated with BBB‐endothelial cell activation in NMO.[10](#acn350905-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"} However, it remains unclear whether endothelial activation is associated with the disease activity or clinical phenotype of NMO. In the present study, we evaluated the contribution of IgG in serum samples obtained from individual patients with each clinical phenotype of NMO (ON and LETM) to BBB breakdown using human BBB‐derived immortalized endothelial cells. We next clarified the association between BBB disruption and the patients' clinical profiles and investigated the GRP78 antibody status of patients with these two phenotypes of NMO.
Materials and Methods {#acn350905-sec-0007}
=====================
Patient sample {#acn350905-sec-0008}
--------------
This study was approved by the ethics committees of the Medical Faculties of Yamaguchi Universities. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant.
Serum samples were collected from 24 NMOSD patients who were diagnosed at Yamaguchi University Hospital based on the revised criteria for NMOSD (Table [1](#acn350905-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}). All patients were found to be positive for anti‐AQP4 antibodies using either an immunofluorescence method or ELISA methods.[11](#acn350905-bib-0011){ref-type="ref"} We included the 14 samples from patients with LETM attacks (isolated LETM, *n* = 13; definite NMO, *n* = 1), six samples from patients with ON attacks (isolated ON, *n* = 5; definite NMO, *n* = 1) and four samples from patients with other attacks (short myelitis, *n* = 3; brainstem symptom, *n* = 1) during the acute phase within 1 month after the initiation of the attack (Table [1](#acn350905-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}). All LETM patients showed paresis in the legs (Patients 1--14). One LETM patient (Patient 4) initially showed area postrema syndrome before developing severe quadriplegia with respiratory failure. Another patient with other NMOSD phenotype (Patient 24) presented with brainstem syndromes (double vision and dizziness), and a lesion of brainstem including area postrema was observed in the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (Fig. [S1](#acn350905-sup-0001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). We also included five samples from LETM patients in the remission phase, who were being treated with corticosteroids after relapse and who had been in clinical remission for at least 6 months (Patient 1, 2, 3, 7, and 9 in Table [1](#acn350905-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}). Five isolated ON patients had first or second attack of unilateral or bilateral visual loss and showed optic nerve changes in MRI, including enlargement, T2 hyperintensity, and gadolinium enhancement; however, no abnormal brain or spinal cord lesions were observed in MRI (Patient 16, 17, 18, 19, 20). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were concurrently obtained from all NMOSD patients during the acute phase. We investigated the disease duration, number of relapses, change in the score in the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) from before to after relapse (ΔEDSS), IgG index (as a marker of intrathecal IgG synthesis), CSF/serum albumin ratio (Q Alb) (as a marker of BBB dysfunction), length of the spinal cord lesion in MRI, and the presence of Gd‐enhanced lesions in MRI in the 24 NMOSD patients (Table [1](#acn350905-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}).
######
Clinical information of IgG from NMO patients
Pt Nos. Disease/Attack Phenotype Age/Sex Relapse Number ΔEDSS IgG index Q Alb Spinal lesion (Length) Gd‐ MRI GRP Ab \% NFκB p65 Permeability
--------- -------------------------- --------- ---------------- ------- ----------- -------- ------------------------ --------- -------- ------------- --------------
1 LETM 48/F 1 8.5 0.74 0.0091 16 (−) (+) 1.22 0.433
2 LETM 27/F 1 8.5 0.55 0.0054 3 (−) (+) 1.62 0.431
3 LETM 60/F 2 8.5 0.96 0.0076 5 (+) (+) 2.40 0.455
4 LETM 32/M 1 9.5 0.52 0.0137 8 + BS (+) (+) 3.45 0.471
5 LETM 62/F 1 4 N/D N/D 3 (−) (+) 1.29 0.468
6 LETM 60/F 3 8.5 0.47 0.0055 3 (−) (+) 0.60 0.473
7 LETM 57/F 4 6.5 0.55 0.0119 7 (+) (+) 1.38 0.509
8 LETM 59/M 4 3.5 0.53 0.0060 3 (−) (+) 1.16 0.498
9 LETM 76/F 1 9 0.1 0.0089 8＋BS (+) (+) 1.59 0.332
10 LETM 75/F 1 9 1.22 0.0085 5 (−) (−) 0.78 0.349
11 LETM 69/F 1 8.5 0.47 0.0101 3 (+) (−) 1.52 0.371
12 NMO/LETM 62/F 2 9 N/D N/D 11 (+) (−) 2.02 0.390
13 LETM 83/F 3 9 0.92 0.0104 6 (+) (−) 1.90 0.247
14 LETM 72/F 2 8.5 0.76 0.0103 13 (+) (+) 1.79 0.214
15 NMO/ON 16/F 8 5.5 1.14 0.0054 2 (−) 0.42 0.181
16 ON 65/M 2 1 0.45 0.0063 0 (−) 1.08 0.244
17 ON 67/F 1 5 0.54 0.0064 0 (−) 1.20 0.230
18 ON 65/F 2 2 0.55 0.0048 0 (−) 0.78 0.261
19 ON 56/F 1 5 0.58 0.0044 0 (+) 0.38 0.230
20 ON 74/F 1 5 0.67 0.0043 0 (−) 1.23 0.261
21 NMO/SM 66/F 12 3 0.66 0.0083 3 (−) (−) 0.36 0.239
22 NMO/SM 31/F 3 1 0.61 N/D 5 (+) (−) 0.301 0.245
23 NMO/SM 44/F 3 0 0.43 0.0069 3 (+) (−) 0.11 0.355
24 BS 52/F 4 1 0.63 0.0078 0 (+) (−) 0.20 0.371
Pt Nos, patient numbers; NMO, neuromyelitis optica; LETM, longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis; ON, optic neuritis; SE, short myelitis; BS, brainstem syndrome; M, Male; F, Female; ΔEDSS, change in the score on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) from before to after relapse; Gd‐MRI, presence of Gd‐enhanced spinal lesions in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); IgG index/Q Alb, immunoglobulin G (IgG) index as the marker of intrathecal IgG synthesis, CSF/serum albumin ratio (Q Alb) as a marker of BBB integrity; GRP Ab, presence of GRP78 autoantibodies in IgG from patients; %NF*κ*B p65: % of NF‐*κ*B p65 nuclear positive cells; Permeability: 10‐kDa dextran permeability of TY10 cells after exposure to NMOSD‐IgG.
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
In addition, nine individuals served as healthy controls (HCs) (male, *n* = 4; female, *n* = 5; mean ages, 32.6 years). All samples were immediately stored at − 80°C until the analysis and were inactivated at 56°C for 30 min immediately before the analysis. The IgG preparations were purified from sera using a Melon Gel IgG Spin Purification Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA).
Immunohistochemistry and the high‐content imaging assay {#acn350905-sec-0009}
-------------------------------------------------------
TY10 cells are adult human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) immortalized with temperature‐sensitive SV40 large T antigen (tsA58), as previously described.[12](#acn350905-bib-0012){ref-type="ref"} All of the analyses were performed 2 days after a temperature shift from 33 to 37ºC. The cells were cultured in medium containing IgG (final concentration, 500 µg/mL) obtained from patients with NMOSD or healthy controls after substitution for serum‐free MCDB 131 medium for 1 h for the NF‐*κ*B p65 analyses; the primary Abs (NF‐*κ*B p65 rabbit monoclonal antibody \[mAb\]) and secondary Abs (Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti‐rabbit IgG) were previously described.
TY10 cells were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA), washed and then permeabilized with 0.3% Triton X‐100. After blocking overnight in 5% FBS/0.3% Triton X‐100 in PBS, the cells were incubated with primary Abs, followed by the secondary Abs at room temperature.
Five thousand cells per well were plated in Greiner CELLSTAR® 96‐well plates (Greiner), then immunostaining for NF‐*κ*B p65 was performed. The plates were scanned, and images were captured by an In Cell Analyzer 2000 (GE healthcare) at × 20 magnification with six fields of view per well (equivalent to 800--1000 cell events). The images were then analyzed with the In Cell Analyzer software program (GE healthcare). The data represent the mean value of triplicate experiments.
The paracellular permeability of 10‐kDa dextran {#acn350905-sec-0010}
-----------------------------------------------
TY10 cells were cultured on 24‐well collagen‐coated Transwell tissue culture inserts (0.4‐mm pore size) for 3 days at 33°C and then 2 days at 37°C. TY10 cell monolayers were exposed, on the luminal side, to NMOSD IgG or control‐IgG (500 μg/mL) for 24 h at 37°C. After the replacement of the media, FITC‐dextran fluorescence (10 kDa; Sigma‐Aldrich) was added to the luminal insert (final concentration, 1 mg/mL), and 200 *μ*L of medium was collected from the abluminal chamber over 40 min. After transfer into 96‐well black plates, fluorescence signals were measured at 490/520 nm (absorption/emission) wavelengths using a FlexStation 3 Multi‐Mode microplate reader (Molecular Devices).
Western blotting using human recombinant GRP78 protein {#acn350905-sec-0011}
------------------------------------------------------
Western blotting was performed as previously described.[7](#acn350905-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"}, [8](#acn350905-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"} We used the human full length GRP78 recombinant protein (Abcam, MA, U.S.A) as antigen. Individual IgG (5 µg/mL) from 14 LETM patients, six ON patients, four other NMOSD phenotype patients and 10 healthy controls, and anti‐GRP78 antibodies (dilution 1:200) was used as the primary antibody. The protein samples (2 μg) were fractionated in a 10% gel and electrophoretically transferred onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (Amersham, Chalfont, UK), as previously described.[7](#acn350905-bib-0007){ref-type="ref"}, [8](#acn350905-bib-0008){ref-type="ref"} The membranes were treated with the primary antibody in PBS‐T and 5% milk for an hour, followed by incubation with the anti‐human secondary fluorescent antibodies (dilution 1:5000) for an hour. The bands were visualized with an enhanced chemiluminescence kit (ImmunoStar LD, Japan). The relative density of each band was measured using the Quantity One software program (Bio‐Rad, Hercules, CA).
Depletion of GRP78 antibodies from LETM‐IgG or ON‐IgG {#acn350905-sec-0012}
-----------------------------------------------------
For immunoprecipitation, 500 μg/mL of LETM‐IgG (Patient 3) or ON‐IgG (Patient 17) was incubated with 5 μg of HEK 293T cell lysates with or without the overexpression of FLAG‐tagged GRP78 (Origene) for 4 h at 4°C, and then incubated with 40 *μ*L of anti‐FLAG‐IgG coupling resin (EZview Red Anti‐FLAG M2 Affinity Gel beads; Sigma‐Aldrich), for 2 h at 4°C. After the GRP78 antigen--antibody complexes were precipitated, the supernatants (LETM‐IgG or ON‐IgG with/without GRP78 antibodies) were used for the analysis.[10](#acn350905-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"} Images were captured and evaluated by an In Cell Analyzer 2000 (GE Healthcare) at × 20 magnification.
Statistical analysis {#acn350905-sec-0013}
--------------------
All statistical analyses were performed using the Prism 7 software program (Graph Pad Software). For analyses with a single comparison, either the unpaired Mann--Whitney *U* or a paired Student's *t*‐test was used to determine statistical significance (two‐sided). For analyses with multiple comparisons, a one‐way ANOVA between individual groups was performed using Tukey multiple comparisons test. All values are expressed as the mean ± SEM. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to test associations. The Fisher exact probability test was used to assess differences in the GRP78 antibody positivity between groups. \**P* \< 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance.
Results {#acn350905-sec-0014}
=======
IgGs from the acute LETM patients induced BBB‐endothelial cell activation {#acn350905-sec-0015}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Three IgGs (Patients 3, 4 and 12) from the LETM patients significantly induced the nuclear translocation of NF‐*κ*B p65 in BMECs in comparison those from ON patients and healthy controls (Fig. [1](#acn350905-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}A and B). We next compared the percentage of nuclear NF‐*κ*B p65‐positive BMECs in the LETM, ON, other NMOSD phenotypes (others), and healthy control groups. The number of nuclear NF‐*κ*B p65‐positive cells in the LETM group was significantly increased in comparison to the ON, others, and healthy control groups (Fig. [1](#acn350905-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}C). Furthermore, we confirmed that the permeability was increased after exposure to IgG from LETM patients but not after exposure to IgG from ON or other NMOSD patients or healthy controls (Fig. [1](#acn350905-fig-0001){ref-type="fig"}D). In addition, we determined the correlations between the spinal MRI and laboratory findings and the percentage of NF‐*κ*B p65‐positive BMECs after exposure to NMO‐IgG. LETM patients with Gd‐enhanced lesions in spinal MRI showed greater amount of NF‐*κ*B nuclear‐positive BMECs in comparison to those without Gd‐enhanced lesions (Fig. [2](#acn350905-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}A). Higher percentage of NF‐*κ*B p65‐positive BMECs and higher permeability of BMECs incubated with NMO‐IgG was correlated with a higher Q Alb level and ΔEDSS (Fig. [2](#acn350905-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}B--E). In addition, in the analysis using IgG obtained from the LETM patients between the acute and remission phases (in the same individual), the number of nuclear NF‐*κ*B p65‐positive cells was significantly decreased after exposure to IgG from patients during the remission phase (Fig. [2](#acn350905-fig-0002){ref-type="fig"}F).
{#acn350905-fig-0001}
{#acn350905-fig-0002}
A specific positive band against human GRP78 was detected in the IgG from NMOSD patients by western blotting using the recombinant protein prepared from *Escherichia coli*. The number of patients with GRP78 antibodies in the LETM group (10 of 14, 71%) was significantly higher in comparison to that in the ON group (1 of 6, 17%), the other NMDSD phenotype group (0 of 4, 0%) (Fig. [3](#acn350905-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}A, Table [1](#acn350905-tbl-0001){ref-type="table"}). In contract, no bands were found in any of the serum samples from 10 healthy controls (Fig. [3](#acn350905-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}A). The presence of CSF GRP78 antibodies was detected in only one LETM patient (patient 4) among six NMOSD patients (5 LETM and 1 ON patients; 1 of 6, 16%) (Fig. [3](#acn350905-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}B). Positivity for GRP78 antibodies was significantly associated with an increased BBB permeability using our in vitro model (Fig. [3](#acn350905-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}C) as well as with a higher ΔEDSS, a clinical marker of disease severity (Fig. [3](#acn350905-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}D). The removal of GRP78 antibodies from LETM‐IgG, not ON‐IgG, resulted in less NF‐*κ*B nuclear translocation of BMECs (Fig. [3](#acn350905-fig-0003){ref-type="fig"}E).
{#acn350905-fig-0003}
Discussion {#acn350905-sec-0016}
==========
It remains unclear why NMO predominantly affects the spinal cord and optic nerves. Some reports have shown that the optic nerve susceptibility of NMO patients may be associated with higher expression levels of AQP4 proteins and the relative abundance of large orthogonal arrays of particles that bind the anti‐AQP4 antibodies in astrocytic endfeet of the optic nerve in comparison to the brain.[3](#acn350905-bib-0003){ref-type="ref"}, [13](#acn350905-bib-0013){ref-type="ref"}, [14](#acn350905-bib-0014){ref-type="ref"} Another possible explanation is that dysfunction of the blood--optic nerve barrier (BONB) or blood--spinal cord barrier (BSCB) may determine the development of the clinical phenotype (ON or LETM), because this barrier restricts the entry of anti‐AQP4 antibodies into the optic nerve or spinal space. We recently reported that the GRP78 autoantibodies in NMO‐IgG were associated with the breakdown of the BBB in NMO.[10](#acn350905-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"} The aim of this study was to address the next question; whether BBB‐endothelial cell activation and GRP78 antibodies are correlated with the clinical phenotype and disease activity, and whether it is a clinical marker of the breakdown of the BBB in NMOSD.
The cell surface expression of GRP78 is involved in NF‐*κ*B signal transduction[15](#acn350905-bib-0015){ref-type="ref"} and the nuclear translocation of NF‐*κ*B p65 in BMECs, as a marker of BBB activation, is associated with BBB dysfunction.[10](#acn350905-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"} In the present study, we demonstrated that three IgGs from individual LETM patients significantly induced NF‐*κ*B p65 nuclear translocation in the BMECs in comparison to the IgGs from controls. As a group, we also observed the significant induction of cell activation and increase in BBB permeability in the LETM group than the ON, other NMOSD phenotype and healthy control groups. This effect was significantly decreased in the individual NMOSD patients during the remission phase. Furthermore, we found a significant correlation between endothelial cell activation in the BBB and two clinical markers of BBB dysfunction (Q Alb and Gd‐enhanced lesions)/clinical marker of disease severity (ΔEDSS) in NMOSD. A significant association with an increased BBB permeability and a higher Q Alb/ΔEDSS in NMOSD patients was also observed. Taken together, the activation of endothelial cells in the BBB, which was induced by NMO‐IgG, was associated with the LETM phenotype, the presence of clinical markers of BBB disruption, disease severity, and disease activity in NMOSD patients. Furthermore, the rate of GRP78 autoantibody positivity in the LETM group was significantly higher than that in ON group (LETM 71% vs ON 17%, others 0%). The presence of GRP78 antibodies was correlated with an increased ΔEDSS (disease severity) and BBB leakage in our in vitro BBB model. These results suggest that the phenotypical discrepancy between LETM and ON may be derived from the difference in the disruption of the BBB/BSCB that is caused by GRP78 autoantibodies. Namely, the large amount of GRP78 antibodies in IgG from definite NMO or LETM patients can cause the diffuse destruction of the BBB/BSCB and the massive entry of AQP4 antibodies, thus leading to the development of severe clinical symptoms and central nerve system (CNS) disability. In contrast, the lower amount of GRP78 autoantibodies in IgG from isolated ON patients is not enough to disrupt the BBB/BSCB; thus, these patients develop optic nerve symptoms without CNS symptoms.
Four LETM patients (patients 1, 2, 3, and 7) were positive for GRP78 antibodies in their serum samples but, not their CSF samples. The positivity of GRP78 antibodies in the CSF was less marked than that in the serum of NMOSD, suggesting that GRP78 antibodies may be produced by peripheral B cells. One LETM patient (patient 4) was positive for GRP78 antibodies in both the sera and CSF, possibly reflecting the entry of GRP78 antibodies into the CNS space due to BBB disruption. Interestingly, serum GRP78 antibodies were negative in one patient (patient 24), who developed only brainstem symptoms including area postrema, suggesting that anti‐AQP4 antibodies had entered the area postrema, where endothelial cells lack tight junctions and the AQP4 expression is enriched, leading to brainstem symptoms in this case.
The reason why LETM‐IgG but not ON‐IgG causes the breakdown of the BBB is not still clear. There are two possible explanations: LETM patients have a higher titer of GRP78 antibodies than ON patients. In the present study, the association between the GRP78 antibody titer and the NMO phenotype was not examined because we have not established an ELISA to determine the GRP78 antibody titer. The other possible explanation is the difference in the cell surface expression of GRP78 between BBB/BSCB‐endothelial cells and BONB‐endothelial cells. We found that the cell surface expression of GRP78 was abundant in BMECs.[10](#acn350905-bib-0010){ref-type="ref"} In contrast, the expression of GRP78 on BONB‐endothelial cells may be lower than that on BBB‐endothelial cells. Further studies using human BONB‐endothelial cells are needed to understand the role of GRP78 autoantibodies in the breakdown of the BONB.
Author Contribution {#acn350905-sec-0018}
===================
FS and TK were responsible for conception and design of the study. FS, YH, YT, HN, YS, TM, SF, RS, and MH performed the experiments and evaluate the data. FS, HN, and TT were responsible for collecting sample and data from patients and preparing purified IgG. FS wrote the manuscript and TK edited the manuscript.
Conflict of Interest {#acn350905-sec-0019}
====================
None.
Patient Consent {#acn350905-sec-0020}
===============
Obtained.
Ethic Approval {#acn350905-sec-0021}
==============
The study was approved by the ethics committees of Yamaguchi Universities.
Provenance and Peer review {#acn350905-sec-0022}
==========================
Not commissioned; externally peer‐reviewed.
Supporting information
======================
######
**Figure S1.** A NMOSD patient (Patient 24) presented with brainstem syndromes (double vision and dizziness), and a lesion of brainstem including area postrema was observed in the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).
######
Click here for additional data file.
We thank Kenji Watanabe and Yoichi Mizukami (the Center for Gene Research, Yamaguchi University) for assistance in establishment of high‐content imaging system.
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Press Briefing by Press Secretary Josh Earnest, 07/29/14
James S. Brady Press Briefing Room
12:25 P.M. EDT
MR. EARNEST: Good afternoon, everybody. Happy Tuesday. I have one, quick piece of business to dispense with before we begin with questions.
As you’ll recall, yesterday I began by speaking about the impact of the Affordable Care Act on extending the life of the Medicare Trust Fund. Today we have some additional good news. There is now available new data showing how the Affordable Care Act is helping millions of seniors save on their prescription drugs. The Affordable Care Act makes Medicare prescription drugs more affordable by gradually closing the gap in coverage known as the doughnut hole where beneficiaries had to pay the full cost of their medications out of pocket.
Information released today by the Department of Health and Human Services shows that more than 8.2 million seniors and people with disabilities who are covered by Medicare continue to enjoy prescription drug savings as a result of the Affordable Care Act, saving a total of $11.5 billion since 2010. That comes out to an average of about $1,400 per beneficiary in doughnut hole discounts.
Now, in my home state of Missouri, where the President is traveling today, seniors have saved more than $229 million on prescription drugs since 2010, thanks to the Affordable Care Act -- $229 million goes a long way in the state of Missouri. More than 34,000 seniors in the “Show-Me” state are seeing savings in the doughnut hole just in the first six months of this year alone.
So, more good news about the impact that the Affordable Care Act is having on people all across the country -- in this case, senior citizens.
So with that, Jim, do you want to get us started?
Q Thanks, Josh. Thanks for the doughnut hole discounts. (Laughter.)
MR. EARNEST: They may not be good for your health, actually. (Laughter.)
Q Diplomats in Europe are saying that the EU has adopted new economic sanctions against the Russians. When can we expect the U.S. to follow these? Tony Blinken said yesterday that we would come afterwards. When do we expect to see U.S. sanctions?
MR. EARNEST: Well, Jim, I can tell you that -- I don't want to get ahead of a formal announcement from European leaders, but for months the United States, at a variety of levels, going all the way up to the President, has been engaged in an effort to work in close coordination with our allies to impose economic costs on Russia for their destabilizing activities in Ukraine. We welcome these early indications that European countries are going to take additional steps today to impose additional economic costs on Russia. We believe that that's welcome news, and we certainly look forward to continuing to coordinate with them as they move forward.
In terms of economic sanctions that -- additional economic sanctions that could be imposed by the United States, let me say one other thing about this. You’ll recall that just over two weeks ago, the President did make an announcement about sectoral sanctions that the United States was putting in place against Russia. And we do anticipate that the announcement from the Europeans later today will track pretty closely with the previous announcements that have been made by this administration.
In terms of additional U.S. sanctions, we have made clear that those -- that additional sanctions and additional costs could be imposed on Russia, and we do anticipate that we'll have some news on that soon.
Q Today?
MR. EARNEST: As soon as today.
Q As soon as today. Okay. Can you talk a little bit about this formal accusation that Russia violated the 1987 missile treaty, and why the administration has made a determination to make that formal accusation now, since it has been an issue for quite some time?
MR. EARNEST: Jim, it's correct, the United States has determined, according to an intelligence analysis, that the Russian Federation is in violation of its obligations under the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty. Specifically, the 2014 Compliance Report, which is something that we have filed on an annual basis, includes the determination that the Russian Federation is in violation of that treaty and that treaty’s obligations not to possess, produce or flight-test a ground-launched cruise missile with a range capability of 500 to 5,500 kilometers, or to possess or produce launchers of such missiles.
This is a very serious matter which we have attempted to address with Russia for some time now. The United States is committed to the viability of the INF Treaty. It is our view that the INF Treaty and the agreements that are part of it are in the broad national security interest of every party that has agreed to that treaty. That includes the United States, obviously. It includes Russia. It includes the other 11 successor states of the former Soviet Union that are also parties to that treaty. The adherence to that treaty also provides important safeguards for our allies in Western Europe and even some of our allies in the Asia Pacific region as well.
So this is a priority. This is a concern, a serious concern that we have raised with the Russians on a number of occasions through our standard diplomatic channels. I know that there have been reports that the President informed President Putin by a letter of our determination and as an indication that this is a matter that merits the serious attention of the leaders of both the United States and Russia.
Q But Congress has been asking the President and the administration to do this for some time. Why now and not before?
MR. EARNEST: Well, these determinations are rooted primarily in the kind of intelligence analysis that I can’t discuss from the podium. But it is true that this is something that we have been reviewing for some time and has been the subject of conversations within the administration and with members of Congress as well.
Q The House is moving on a pared-down immigration -- I’m sorry -- border security bill today, I believe $690 million, quite a fraction of what you had asked for. And it also contained some changes in the 2008 law. In the statement of administration policy yesterday, you said that the House bill injects partisan provisions that are unworkable and would increase cost without solving the problem. I wonder what it is that that refers to, since the administration itself had asked for changes in the 2008 law, along the lines of what the House bill does.
MR. EARNEST: There’s a lot there in that question. Let me try to take those elements one at a time. First, as it relates to language where you ended up, it is correct that almost a month ago -- I think even more than a month ago now -- the administration did put forward a specific request for Congress to take action in granting additional authority that could be used by the Secretary of Homeland Security to incorporate some flexibility in enforcing the law so that we could actually do a better job of enforcing that law more efficiently.
The language that has been put forward by Senator Cornyn and Congressman Cuellar doesn’t -- it actually undermines the desire for more flexibility. It actually puts in place a couple of arbitrary and stringent restrictions that, for example, require immigration judges to process certain cases within seven days. That sort of inflexible approach only risks bottling up the system further.
We have seen in other policymaking contexts that adding arbitrary deadlines to an already overburdened system only makes the problem worse. And we are concerned that by putting in place these kinds of arbitrary deadlines, it puts the due process rights of those who are going through these proceedings at risk. It also could force the court system to divert resources from other higher-priority cases -- the cases of criminals or others that pose or could pose a national security threat or a public safety threat -- and direct them toward trying to meet this arbitrary seven-day restriction.
So rather than granting the administration additional flexibility to more effectively enforce the law, it puts in place arbitrary constraints that make the enforcement of that law more difficult. And that’s what our concern is.
Q Josh, the SAP refers to partisan provisions, and the example you just provided is from a bipartisan bill. So how can that --
MR. EARNEST: Well, as far as I know, I think that that “bipartisan bill” was supported by one Democrat. So maybe I have a more stringent definition of bipartisanship, at least in this case. So that’s the first thing.
In terms of the broader supplemental package that the House has put forward today, you’re right that it falls well short of the resource request that this administration has put forward. We’ve seen a lot of House Republicans booking themselves on cable television to talk about what a serious problem this is at the border, but yet they are refusing to take the kind of action that would ensure the administration has the necessary resources to deal with what they themselves describe as a serious problem.
The other thing that is notable -- and again, this piece of legislation was introduced just shortly before I walked out here, so I only got a top-line briefing on this -- but it is my understanding that this package does not include funding for wildfires. As you know, there's a very serious situation out West where there are communities that are threatened in the midst of a pretty challenging wildfire season. This administration needs additional resources to make sure that we can protect homes and communities from those wildfires, and we would like to have additional resources to do that.
I would also make note of the fact that we were just talking yesterday about the valuable contribution that the Iron Dome system has made to protecting the lives of innocent civilians in our allies’ -- in Israel, one of our closest, strongest allies. It is unfortunate that this Republican proposal does not include the requested funding for Iron Dome.
As you know, that system has been used to great effect in recent weeks, unfortunately. It’s had to be used in recent weeks to protect the lives of innocent civilians -- in this case, innocent Israeli civilians. And the Israeli government has made a request of the U.S. government for additional funding so that additional resources could be devoted to restocking that system, and we’re disappointed that Republicans did not include that in the proposal as we had requested.
Steve.
Q Josh, on the INF Treaty, what exactly did the Russians do? Did they launch a cruise missile? And what sort of response are you getting to your complaints from them?
MR. EARNEST: Steve, I’m not able to detail the intelligence behind the analysis that led to the determination that was included in the 2014 Compliance Report, so it’s difficult for me to answer in a lot of detail the basics of your question. But let me repeat that there is an obligation on both countries -- on all parties, I should say, who have signed that treaty not to possess, produce or flight-test a ground-launched cruise missile with a range capability of 500 to 5,500 kilometers, or to possess or produce launchers of such missiles. We have raised concerns with the Russians about the importance of complying with this aspect of the treaty, and I guess suffice it to say that the response that we received from them was unsatisfactory.
Q Separately, Israeli TV says all parties have agreed to a Gaza cease-fire. Is this something you’re aware of?
MR. EARNEST: That is not something I was aware of before I walked out here, but that may have been a breaking-news item on Israeli television. As you know, this administration and the President and Secretary Kerry have all been pushing both sides to impose an immediate cease-fire out of concern for the well-being of innocent civilians on both sides of that border. So we’ll have to look into those reports, but if true, it would certainly reflect what this administration has been encouraging both sides to pursue.
Q And lastly, Speaker Boehner says, “We have no plans to impeach the President.” He called it a scam to raise money, raising this issue. Was it a scam?
MR. EARNEST: Well, if that’s the case, then I suspect that there may be members of the Republican conference that didn’t receive the memo. We’ve seen comments in recent months from Congressman Steve King from Iowa, Congressman Ted Yoho from Florida, Congressman Lou Barletta from Pennsylvania, the distinguished Congressman Steve Stockman from Texas; his fellow Texan, Blake Farenthold, has raised this prospect. We’ve even seen Kerry Bentivolio from Michigan call this a “dream come true.” I think that was about nine or 10 months ago. So it’s an indication that if this is the case then maybe the Speaker should direct that attention and that message to members of his own conference.
Michelle.
Q On Ukraine again, the fact that Ukraine has now fired missiles at the rebels, does the U.S. see that as an escalation of this, and doesn’t that just raise the possibility that Russia will use its own missiles that the U.S. is so concerned about as it concerns the treaty?
MR. EARNEST: We have seen evidence to indicate that the Russians have fired weapons from the Russian side of the border aimed squarely at Ukrainian forces. That’s something that the President’s Deputy National Security Advisor, Tony Blinken, mentioned from this podium just yesterday. That does reflect what we think is an escalation in this conflict, and it only underscores the importance of the international community taking action to impose further economic costs on the Russians to get them to reevaluate their strategy in Ukraine.
Q No, I mean Ukraine firing missiles now at the rebels. Apparently they’ve used ballistic missiles as well.
MR. EARNEST: Oh, I misunderstood your question.
Q That’s okay.
MR. EARNEST: I was referring to previous reports that Russian forces on the Russian side of the border were targeting the Ukrainian military forces on the Ukrainian side of the border.
Q Is the U.S. concerned that Ukraine is now dangerously escalating this past the point that it could or should?
MR. EARNEST: I’m not in a position to talk about those specific reports. It is our view, however, that military actions that are taken by the Ukrainian military reflect the aggressive efforts of Russian separatists to perpetuate the violence in that region of the world. So I’m not in a position to talk about those specific reports, but we do continue to be concerned about ongoing violence there and we do encourage the Russians to use their influence with the Russian-backed separatists to lay down their arms and to try to resolve their differences diplomatically.
Q And today we heard Kerry again emphasizing a diplomatic solution, saying that Putin has all of these choices. But hasn’t this now gotten past that point? I mean, Russian has contributed to the downing of a commercial plane and has annexed part of its neighbor. So at this point what would a diplomatic solution even look like in the U.S.’s view?
MR. EARNEST: Well, what we have said is that it is possible for us to set up a political dialogue that would allow the people of Ukraine to determine the future of their country. There is a debate in that country that raises questions about what sort of relationship Ukraine should have with their neighbor Russia. It raises questions about what sort of relationship Ukraine should have with their economic partners in Western Europe.
Now, many of those questions have been resolved, because in the last six months or so -- maybe it’s a little bit longer than that, eight or nine months -- we’ve seen the election of a new Ukrainian President; we’ve seen that Ukrainian President sign an association agreement with the Europeans that was the subject of so much dispute, that led to the departure of the previous President. So that is an indication that the Ukrainian people do want to have a strong relationship with Europe.
The point that the United States and much of the international community has been trying to make is their strong relationship with Western Europe shouldn’t -- doesn't necessarily mean that they have to have an adversarial or contentious relationship with their neighbor Russia. It is possible for the Ukrainian people to have strong relationships with both. Unfortunately, what we have seen is we’ve seen the Russians feel undermined by the desire of the Ukrainian people to have a relationship with the West. And that is what has led them to unnecessarily and improperly interfere with the affairs of the Ukrainian government and the Ukrainian people.
So, ultimately, what we would like to see is a way to resolve this politically so that the Ukrainian people do continue to hold the authority to make decisions about the future of their country, and that they have the freedom to make decisions about what they would like their relationship to be with countries around the world -- even holding open the prospect that Ukraine has a strong and thriving relationship with Russia. Their strong relationship with the West would not preclude their close ties to their neighbor.
Q Really quickly, the Russian Foreign Minister just announced that he’s agreed with John Kerry to work toward ways to implement the agreements in Geneva back in April. How does the U.S. view these announcements periodically from the Foreign Minister? Do you see that as positive, or do you just see it as more lip service that really means nothing?
MR. EARNEST: Well, what we have seen throughout this conflict in Ukraine are announcements from the Russians that are not necessarily backed up by concrete actions. And that has been the source of some disappointment and even some frustration on the part of the international community. That is why you’ve seen the international community progressively take the kinds of steps that have imposed greater costs on the Russians to further isolate them.
All of this is part of not just putting in place a sanctions regime for the sake of sanctions. Rather the sanctions regime is geared toward prompting President Putin principally, but the broader Russian government, to reevaluate their strategy in Ukraine. Their efforts to destabilize Ukraine have weakened their country politically and have hurt their relationship with their neighbor. It also, after the imposition of some of these sanctions, has had a negative impact on the Russian economy.
So what we need is we need President Putin to reevaluate his strategy and actually participate constructively in that situation by engaging in the kinds of facilitated diplomatic talks that would de-escalate that conflict and allow the people of Ukraine to make the kinds of decisions that they should make about the future of their country.
Margaret.
Q We know that the President is waiting until the end of the summer but is likely to make some fairly big moves on immigration. And now we understand from lawmakers on the Hill and advocates that the White House has begun talking about the possibility of the executive order to issue at least some work permits before the end of the year. And I’m going to go out on a limb and anticipate that you might not want to get ahead of an official announcement --
MR. EARNEST: You know me so well.
Q I was wondering if you could talk in some general terms at least about whether this is something that you’re exploring, the politics of exploring it before midterm, and how many people you’re looking realistically to cover.
MR. EARNEST: Well, Margaret, you’ll recall that in the Rose Garden about a month ago, the President delivered a statement in which he communicated to the American public and to all of you that he had been informed by the Speaker of the House that House Republicans were for the foreseeable future going to block the common-sense, bipartisan immigration reform bill that passed the Senate. And in response to that declaration from the Speaker of the House, the President announced his intention to review the authority that was vested in the executive branch to see what tools were available to him to address some of the problems with our broken immigration system that House Republicans won’t allow the Congress to solve.
The President is not comfortable just sitting in place, waiting for Congress to act, particularly when Congress, in bipartisan fashion in the Senate at least, has identified a common-sense approach for addressing so many of these problems.
So what is underway right now is a review, at the order of the President, by the Secretary of Homeland Security and the Attorney General to consider what options are available to the President. What those options reflect is a determination by this President, as I mentioned, to act where Congress hasn’t, but to do so within the confines of the law.
That’s why we’re taking our time to carefully review what the existing law is and what steps it allows the President to take in terms of addressing the problems that are caused by our broken immigration system. And once that review has been concluded and it has been made clear to the President what options are available to him I anticipate that we’ll have an announcement about steps that the President has decided to take to address some of these problems.
Q -- speak from the podium, though, that this work permit is one of those options that’s being studied right now, that your team is considering presenting --
MR. EARNEST: I’m not in a position to talk about what sorts of things are currently under review. That review is being conducted by the Department of Justice and by the Department of Homeland Security. And for the content and timing of that review, you can check with them, but I wouldn’t spend a whole lot of time waiting for an answer.
Bill.
Q What concerns exactly do you have about the Russian testing of missiles? It’s been going -- you’ve known about it since 2008. What do you believe they’re trying to do?
MR. EARNEST: Well, Bill, it’s hard for me to talk in specific detail about the intelligence analysis that led us to this specific determination. I think it would be fair for you to conclude that the concerns we have specifically relate to the Russians failing to uphold their obligation not to possess, produce or flight-test a ground-launched cruise missile with a range capability between 500 and 5,500 kilometers, or to possess or produce launchers of missiles like that.
It is correct that the concerns that we’ve had about this have been raised with the Russians. It’s correct that our concerns have been discussed inside the administration for some time. And it’s correct to assume that we’ve had conversations with our partners on the relevant committees in Congress about this, as well. The reason for all of that consultation and careful study is that the INF Treaty, as it is known, is an important part of our national security. It also provides for the national security for the people of Russia. It also provides the national security of some of our strongest allies both in Western Europe and the Asia Pacific region.
So this is a top priority. That is why it has been raised at the presidential level. And we’re going to continue to work with Russia -- we’ve offered to engage in a high-level dialogue with them so that they can resolve our concerns of this matter.
Q Do you feel that they would use these missiles or make them available to other states?
MR. EARNEST: Our concern principally now is with their commitment to this treaty, and that is what we intend to hold them accountable for, which is living up to the commitments that they made in the context of this treaty. And, again, we don’t do so solely because it’s in the interest of the United States and our national security for them to do so; we believe that it is in the strong national security interest of our allies and we actually believe it’s in the strong national security interests of the Russians to abide by this agreement. We’re going to hold them to living up to the commitments that they made, and we’re going to continue to live up to those commitments because, again, we believe it’s in the clear national security interests of the United States of America for us to do so.
Q -- have looked into this and they consider the matter closed.
MR. EARNEST: Well, we have had, as I alluded to a little bit earlier, some conversations with the Russians about this where we raised our concerns, and again, it is fair for you to conclude that their response to our concerns was wholly unsatisfactory, and that is why additional talks are merited. And we hope that the Russians will take us up on our offer to conduct those conversations at a pretty high level.
Q One more time -- are you concerned that they could possibly use or make available these missiles for other purposes?
MR. EARNEST: We are concerned with ensuring that the Russians live up to the commitments that they made in the context of the INF Treaty for a whole host of reasons. Certainly proliferation -- the proliferation risk associated with these kinds of weapons is part of the wide range of concerns that makes this treaty such an important document.
Wendell.
Q Vladimir Putin was quoted last year as saying that former President Gorbachev’s decision to sign the INF Treaty was debatable at best. Why do you believe he has any commitment to the treaty? And what if he does not? What if he wants to get rid of it?
MR. EARNEST: Well, that's certainly -- I would assume that's the kind of thing that would come up in the high-level talks that we’re offering to have with the Russians.
What we believe is really important is for both sides to live up to the agreements that have already been signed. The United States has lived up to our end of the agreement. We believe that doing so is in the clear national security interest of the United States, it’s in the clear interest of our allies in Western Europe and in the Asia Pacific, and we believe it is in the clear interest of the Russian people for this treaty to remain in effect and for both sides -- and for all sides, all parties to live up to the agreements that they made in the context of this agreement.
Q But what if he does not?
MR. EARNEST: Well, that is the subject of some conversation. And we look forward to having a dialogue at a high level to assess the willingness of the Russian regime to live up to the obligations that they’ve made.
Q And what about Putin’s claim that the U.S. plans to station Aegis missiles in Romania is itself a violation of the treaty?
MR. EARNEST: It is not. Again, the United States remains committed to abiding by these security agreements that we have signed with Russia. And again, we do that because it is in the clear national security interest of the United States to live up to the commitments that we have made on the international scene. We can do that in the context of also providing for the national security of our allies in Europe, and we’re going to continue to do that as well.
Q Why is it not a violation of the treaty?
MR. EARNEST: Well, I’d refer you to the State Department for sort of the detailed ins and outs of these kinds of treaty agreements. But we take them very seriously. It’s also why we take it seriously when our partners who also sign these treaties don't live up to the commitments that they’ve made.
Chris.
Q Thanks, Josh. Israeli TV is now retracting that report on the cease-fire.
MR. EARNEST: Thanks for keeping us up to date here.
Q Shocking. But in the context of the criticism which most people would suggest it’s hard to remember when there has been such hostility in Israeli media against a U.S. Secretary of State -- in fact, Secretary Kerry again defended his record, saying 29 years in the Senate, 100 percent voting record. But is all of this having a negative impact on his ability to help broker a real cease-fire?
MR. EARNEST: We do not think so. The United States certainly does not think so. Secretary Kerry, as Mr. Blinken noted yesterday, is a strong defender of our allies in Israel. And that is why I guess I would be so bold as to suggest that it is in the interest of the Israeli people for the harsh words that we’ve seen directed at the Secretary not affect his ability to continue to be a strong advocate for them.
Secretary Kerry has worked doggedly over the last year or so since he took office -- I guess it has been a little longer than that -- pressing both sides in terms of a broader -- to the negotiating table in search of a broader peace agreement. What he has been engaged in more recently is working with Palestinian leaders, Israeli leaders, other leaders in the Arab world, U.N. officials, to try to put in place a permanent cessation of hostilities based on the November 2012 cease-fire agreement.
Secretary Kerry has been working hard on that effort because, again, it’s in the clear interest of American national security for that cease-fire to be put in place. It also will provide for the protection of innocent civilians on both sides of the border that, right now, are caught in the cross-fire.
And so he is going to continue to work very hard on this, and he is an important element of resolving this situation because he is somebody who is well-versed in all these issues; he is somebody who has the clear backing of the President of the United States; he is somebody that has very good relationships with both Israeli leaders and Palestinian leaders. This is credibility that he has built up through his years of service to this administration in pursuit of that goal. And I anticipate, and this administration anticipates, and the President anticipates that he is going to continue to be hard at work on this.
Q As you know, there have been multiple reports in the Israeli media quoting senior Israeli officials, one of the toughest in Haaretz yesterday, saying that senior officials believed that the proposal put forward by John Kerry was a “strategic terrorist attack.” Do you not believe those reports? How would you categorize the feelings of senior officials then if you don’t think that that’s the case?
MR. EARNEST: Well, I think -- let’s start with the facts. The facts are that the cease-fire proposal that was put forward by the Egyptians two weeks ago -- this is the cease-fire agreement that Israel readily accepted -- included many of the elements that some anonymous Israeli officials are now suggesting were wrongly included in the document that was circulated by Secretary Kerry. That’s the second thing that’s important to understand, is this is a document that was circulated among the parties that reflected an attempt to get a dialogue going between the parties. This did not reflect a specific American proposal. This reflected an effort to try to find some common ground and to elicit comment from the Israelis to try to find the kind of cease-fire agreement that they would believe would be in their best interests, and would also provide for greater security of their citizens.
So this is part of the diplomatic effort that was underway, and it is in line with the proposal that the Israelis had readily agreed to a couple of weeks ago. So those facts as it relates to the document that we circulated by Secretary Kerry are really important in this case.
In terms of the broader relationship, again, we’ve said for a couple of days now that those comments were pretty disappointing. But our determination, and more importantly, Secretary Kerry’s determination to try to put in place an immediate cease-fire that would end the crossfire that so many civilians -- innocent civilians are caught in the middle of right now continues to be a top priority. And I know that he’s working very hard as we speak in pursuit of that agreement.
Bob.
Q Josh, back to the sanctions anticipated today. I don't suppose you're going to want to put it this way, but isn’t it perhaps a fair assessment to say that it took the shooting-down of a commercial jetliner to have the European leaders get some serious shivers finally about Vladimir Putin? Isn’t that the tipping point of all of this?
MR. EARNEST: I would leave that sort of analysis to others. I would point out a couple of things. The first is the announcement that we anticipate later today from the Europeans is the culmination of months of diplomatic work that has been conducted by members of this administration, and it reflects the commitment of the international community, led by this President, to respond to Russia’s destabilizing activities in Ukraine.
Now, I think the President himself, when he spoke at this podium 10 days or so ago, acknowledged that the downing of that jetliner with 300 innocent people aboard was a head-snapper and would attract the attention of the international community in a way that this conflict hadn’t previously. So I think it is certainly reasonable, the prospect that you floated, that the downing of this airliner contributed significantly to the Europeans’ willingness to step up to the plate and take the kind of serious action that this administration and this country put in place against Russia a couple of weeks ago.
But this work continues. This is not the finish line here. There are still -- we need to assess whether or not these economic costs that are being imposed on Russia have the desired effect. The desired effect, again, is to get President Putin to reevaluate his strategy for Ukraine, and that remains to be seen. But I suspect we’ll have a little more on this today after the Europeans announce their decision.
April.
Q Josh, Monday starts the U.S.-Africa Summit. Could you talk to us about it? And what news will come out of this investment in Africa?
MR. EARNEST: I don’t want to give away all of the news six days before the conference starts, but --
Q Give us some. (Laughter.)
MR. EARNEST: -- I’ll give it a shot here. The President is looking forward to welcoming leaders from across the African continent to our Nation’s Capital for a three-day U.S.-Africa Leaders Summit. This summit, the largest event any U.S. President has held with African heads of state and government, will build on the President’s trip to Africa in the summer of 2013, and it will strengthen ties between the United States and one of the world’s most dynamic and fastest-growing regions.
Specifically, the summit will advance the administration’s focus on trade and investment in Africa, and highlight America’s commitment to Africa’s security, its democratic development, and its people. At the same time, it will highlight the depth and breadth of the U.S. commitment to the African continent, advance our shared priorities, and enable discussion of concrete ideas to deepen that partnership. At its core, this summit is about fostering stronger ties between the United States and Africa.
Q So when you talk about this, is this -- we understand the investment piece, but is this also going to shore up some of the African countries that may have some issues with policy as well as -- domestic policy as well as security -- as many Africa nations are places where terrorists do go and run and stay there to breed and hide -- is this part of that as well?
MR. EARNEST: Well, what I do anticipate that we’re going to discuss in the context of this summit, April, is a wide range of topics. You touched on some of them there. But we do want to try to encourage progress in a few key areas that are so critical to the future of that continent. Those areas include expanding trade and investment ties, engaging young African leaders, promoting inclusive, sustainable development, expanding cooperation on peace and security, and gaining a better future for Africa’s next generation.
You saw the President allude to some of that in the town hall meeting that he did in the context of the Young African Leaders Initiative just yesterday, where the President talked about the importance of engaging Africa’s young leaders.
All across that continent we see that there is a whole generation of young leaders who are poised to decide the future of that continent and their individual countries, and the opportunity that we can seize to engage them and conduct discussions about trade and investment and leadership, and promoting inclusive, sustainable development, and a focus on peace and security are the kinds of things that may not pay dividends right away, but they are the kinds of things that will build strong ties between the U.S. and one of the most dynamic regions of the world.
Q One last question on investment and trade. I asked this question of you a couple weeks ago and I’m hoping I get an answer now. I asked you about how China in the past -- there’s a concern about how China was investing particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, making promises that at one time they were not keeping. They were taking more out than they were giving. Will there be some forms of accountability for these investments from these U.S. companies, U.S. organizations, that there is a mutual win-win, versus you take more than you give -- you put in?
MR. EARNEST: I think the operating premise of the summit is the idea that there is an opportunity for both the African continent and the United States of America to benefit from stronger ties between our countries and our people.
Those ties benefit both sides in a variety of ways, I think. We certainly would benefit from some of the security arrangements that are already in place with some countries in that region. But encouraging the leaders of these countries to play a more constructive role in fostering peace and security is certainly one obvious way that these kinds of stronger relationships could benefit the American people in a way that they would also benefit the African people, as well.
I think the same could be said of economic ties between business interests in Africa and business interests in the United States who are looking for growing markets. Some of these African countries include among the fastest-growing, most dynamic economic markets in the world. So giving American businesses the opportunity to invest in those areas certainly makes good business sense for a lot of companies here in the U.S., but also would stand to yield significant economic benefits for people who live in those countries. So this will be the topic of a lot of conversation both at a government level, but also among the private sector leaders who are participating in the summit.
Lesley.
Q Do you have any reaction to a letter sent to the White House by Senators from Colorado and Washington asking for more clarity and perhaps a unified approach in helping license marijuana businesses? They said that -- they have criticism that at times it seems like some different arms of the government have been at odds over how to enforce the law.
MR. EARNEST: I haven’t seen that letter, Lesley, but I’d refer you to the Department of Justice, who, as we discussed yesterday, has put in place some guidelines for administering the law in the unique circumstances that exist in Colorado and Washington State.
Q What about some of the criticism, though, that -- like the Bureau of Land Management is doing one thing on water reclamation and DOJ is enforcing it in a different manner -- is there any sort of review underway?
MR. EARNEST: Not that I’m aware of. But as it relates to the Bureau of Land Management, I’d encourage you to check with the Department of the Interior, and they may be able to give you some more details about how they’re untangling any regulatory knots that may exist there.
Jon.
Q Josh, back to the situation in Gaza. The President talked to Prime Minister Netanyahu on Sunday.
MR. EARNEST: That’s correct.
Q You put out a readout saying that, “The President made clear the strategic imperative of instituting an immediate, unconditional humanitarian cease-fire that ends hostilities now.” The Israelis responded by going to some of their most aggressive offensive operations into Gaza of the entire conflict. What is the President’s level of frustration with the fact that he gives a very strong what looks almost like an order -- gives very strong words telling the Israeli Prime Minister that we must have “an immediate, unconditional humanitarian cease-fire” and then, he goes in the opposite direction?
MR. EARNEST: Well, Jon, we’ve been pretty steadfast. And I think it’s also included in that readout that the United States continues to not just acknowledge but support the Israeli government’s right to take steps to defend their civilians. And that Israeli right to self-defense is something that the President doesn’t just respect, he supports.
Q Does he support what the Israelis have done over the last 24 hours, or what they have done in the hours after that phone call?
MR. EARNEST: Well, what the President has said is that he supports the Israeli government’s right to make those decisions. What we have also suggested is that Russia -- that the Israelis need to do more to live up to the standards that they have set for themselves to ensure the safety of innocent civilians on both sides of that border, including Palestinian people.
So it is apparent from the reports that we have seen about the civilian deaths that there is more that the Israeli military can and should do to account for the safety of Palestinian civilians. It’s important to remember, though, that there is a distinction here, which is that Hamas is routinely targeting innocent civilians on the other side of the border. The Israeli military puts in place standards to try to protect Palestinian civilians -- innocent Palestinian civilians. That said, we believe that the Israeli military should do more to live up to those standards.
Q And moving on to the question of impeachment, did you coordinate your comments on Monday about impeachment with the -- I’m sorry, did you coordinate your comments on Friday about impeachment with the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee?
MR. EARNEST: Not that I’m aware of.
Q You don’t know if you coordinated, or you didn’t? I mean, the reason why I ask is Dan Pfeiffer says what he says Friday morning, that impeachment is a real possibility the White House is concerned about. You go a little bit further from the podium during the briefing. And then within hours, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee is putting out fundraising emails quoting what you said with a red alert: the White House says impeachment is a real possibility, we’re concerned about impeachment. So I’m just wondering, it seems -- Pfeiffer says something, you say something, then you have a fundraising drive that they’re now saying is one of the most successful fundraising drives of the cycle.
MR. EARNEST: Well, what I know, Jon, is that the comments that I made on Friday were in response to questions from people who were asking about the prospect of Republicans in Congress taking that step. So it would be --
Q And you don’t know if you coordinated with the DCCC?
MR. EARNEST: I guess what I’m saying is that it would be difficult for me to coordinate what I was going to say in response to a question that hadn’t been asked yet.
Q Well, you had your answer, which was quite forward-leaning, saying the top Republicans are pushing impeachment, and I think your answer at the time was, for an example, was Sarah Palin.
MR. EARNEST: Well, true. That was not an answer that I had discussed with anybody at the DCCC in advance. Again, this was based on my own reading of the newspaper a couple days before I got asked the question.
Q And you’re a pretty calm guy -- (laughter) -- but the DCCC put out a fundraiser saying -- this is after your words -- “It’s Saturday and we’re in the office freaking out.” Is the White House freaking out about the possibility of impeachment?
MR. EARNEST: I think it would be appropriate for you to characterize the White House sentiment that we are very disappointed that, in this pivotal week before Congress embarks on a five-week long August recess, as they have in previous years, that they’re spending so much time debating a taxpayer-funded lawsuit that they are prepared to file against the President just for doing his job, instead of focusing on some of these other priorities that should get done before Labor Day.
Q You’re not freaking out about impeachment?
MR. EARNEST: I think it is fair to say that we believe that the Republican priorities that they have articulated are completely wrong and don’t reflect the view of so many middle-class families; that their elected leaders in Washington, D.C., should be focused on putting into place the kinds of policies that are going to expand economic opportunity for the middle class; and that efforts to focus on these political partisan attacks don’t create jobs, they don’t reduce the deficit, they don’t make things better for middle-class families. That’s why the President is focused on these priorities. We wish that House Republicans would be focused on them, too.
Q Now, specifically on the priorities, one big thing is dealing with the border crisis. So the Senate -- Senate Democrats have moved in one direction; House Republicans are moving in another direction. Both are putting out -- off money, saying that they would appropriate money to deal with the crisis -- obviously the Republicans less in the House. There’s a little -- there’s disagreement on some of the policy. Are you going to insist -- is the White House going to insist that Congress delay its five-week congressional recess until it can resolve the differences between those two approaches and deal with the border crisis?
MR. EARNEST: I don’t have any proclamations to make about our views of the congressional schedule at this point other than to observe that this administration, more than three weeks ago, put forward our own specific request about what we felt like needed to be done, and here we are, three days before Congress is prepared to leave town for the remainder of the summer, and we see a preliminary proposal from House Republicans. That is not acting with a sense of urgency that we feel is necessary to deal with this situation.
This administration has demonstrated a whole-of-government approach to try to deal with the problem at the border and to make sure that we’re mitigating the impact that’s having on communities across the border. Unfortunately, that whole-of-government approach that has a sense of urgency doesn’t include Republicans in Congress right now.
Cheryl.
Q Just to follow, but would you veto -- would the President veto the House bill as it stands now, the House supplemental?
MR. EARNEST: Again, I was just briefed on the very top-line details. I understand that our folks here at the White House, our experts here at the White House are reviewing the details of that legislation, and if we get to a position where we have a more specific position to express, we’ll let you know.
Q And can I also ask, do you have any readout of the meeting that was this morning with the House Democrats?
MR. EARNEST: I don’t have a readout in front of me.
Let’s move around a little bit. Zeke.
Q I know you don’t want to go into too much detail about how that determination was made, but was the decision to go public last night at all tied to the current state of relations, or lack thereof, between the United States and Russia -- to send a letter -- start distributing that information to the press related to the ongoing conflict in Ukraine?
MR. EARNEST: No, it was not. As we’ve talked about before, Zeke, the relationship between the United States and Russia is a multifaceted one. We have worked in cooperative fashion with the Russians even in the midst of this turmoil in Ukraine to rid Syria of their declared chemical weapons stockpile. That was an important -- that reflected important cooperation between our two governments in pursuit of a goal that was in the clear national security interests of the American people, of the Russian people, and of people around the globe. We’ve also been working closely with the Russians as it relates to the ongoing P5-plus-1 talks with Iran. So it is possible for us to consider a wide range of aspects in our relationship.
Dealing with these issues in isolation, this is yet another factor in our relationship with Russia and it is something that we continue to be concerned about. The decision to reach this determination, again, was based on intelligence analysis. And the decision to make it public was based on our filing of the 2014 Compliance Report, something that's done on an annual basis. And the letter that was sent from President Obama to President Putin is pursuant to the filing of that Compliance Report and our intention to make clear to the Russian government that this is a very serious matter.
Q Just to drill down there for a second, you mentioned earlier that there was concerns of -- potentially about proliferation of these weapons. And we’re seeing in eastern Ukraine, the separatists are being sort of given surface-to-air missiles, as the administration alleges, as well as heavy weaponry, artillery and the like. So that's not a factor here in that -- was it a factor in that determination?
MR. EARNEST: Well, this is a difficult question you’re asking primarily because you’re asking about our -- you’re alluding to an intelligence analysis that's difficult for me to discuss from here. Let me just say as a top-line matter, we have on many occasions expressed our serious concerns about heavy weapons being transferred from Russia across the border into Ukraine. We have seen those heavy weapons used by Russian-backed separatists, occasionally with very tragic results.
As it relates to our concerns about Russia’s obligations under the treaty, I’m not in a position to talk about some of that intelligence analysis, but what I can say is that our concerns about the Russians living up to their obligations not to possess, produce or flight-test a ground-launch cruise missile with a range capability of 500 to 5,500 kilometers, or possess or produce launchers of such missiles is a concern that we would have even if the Russians were acting in a much more responsible fashion in Ukraine.
Q And just finally, there seems to be another dustup now between Secretary Kerry and the Israeli government, with Secretary Kerry saying a couple of hours ago that Prime Minister Netanyahu had asked him to broker a cease-fire in a call late last night; now the senior Israeli officials are telling reporters that that conversation didn’t happen, in fact it was the other way around. I was wondering if you could clarify -- do you know whether, in their conversation with the President on Sunday, or with Secretary Kerry last night, did Prime Minister Netanyahu ask the U.S. government to broker a cease-fire?
MR. EARNEST: Well, the United States has been engaged -- I’m not in a position to read out a phone call between the Secretary of State and the Israeli Prime Minister. I’d refer you to the State Department for that. I might hold it up as evidence that there is -- that there continues to be an important role played by the Secretary of State in working on this situation.
However, it is the view of the United States that it is in the clear interest of people on both sides of that conflict for an immediate cease-fire to be put in place. It is tragic the violence that we’ve seen in that region, and it is tragic how many innocent lives have been lost as a result of that conflict.
That is why the Secretary of State, the President of the United States, and other American officials are working so hard to try to put in place that cease-fire. Enough tragedy has been experienced by people on both sides of that conflict. It needs to come to an end. And it’s time for parties on both sides to try to reserve their differences diplomatically.
Mark.
Q Josh, can you elaborate at all on what you describe as a “wholly unsatisfactory response” by Russia to the INF charge?
MR. EARNEST: I’m not in a position to elaborate on that further. I think that’s a pretty colorful description.
Q -- the diplomatic equivalent of “bite me”? (Laughter.)
MR. EARNEST: That might be an even more colorful description of that conversation, but I’m not in a position to describe that conversation any further.
Q Okay. And on Ukraine, the administration continues to ask that there be unfettered access for an investigation into the crash site. At what point does it go beyond the point where it would be of any value by virtue of the fact that it’s been 10 days that all of the material is out in the open, tampered with, stolen?
MR. EARNEST: There are experts who could make that assessment. And what we want to ensure is that the Dutch and the Australians and others who are working with the government of Ukraine to try to finalize a plan for international investigators to get access to that site, that they’re in a position to do their work. And we want these international investigators to carefully look at what evidence does remain to get the best possible assessment about what exactly happened.
It should be clearly in the interest of everybody involved on both sides of this debate for us to get a fair, unbiased, international assessment of what exactly happened. And that’s why we’re supporting the efforts of the Dutch, the Australians and the Ukrainians to allow international investigators to get unfettered access to the scene.
Isaac.
Q Given all that you’ve said about the impeachment situation -- Dan Pfeiffer said it’s a serious topic being bandied about --
MR. EARNEST: -- and Ted Yoho and Steve Stockman and others have said about this situation.
Q Does the White House feel, and does the President feel that Democrats should stop fundraising on this topic?
MR. EARNEST: It is up to Democrats to make their own decisions about ensuring that their candidates have the resources necessary to run successful campaigns in the fall. That’s always been the case. And I’m not in a position to comment on their strategy or tactics at this point.
Q But aren’t they just as culpable in making this a topic that’s being run about? I mean, there were, I don't know, 20 fundraising emails the DCCC and the House Majority PAC put out about impeachment over the weekend.
MR. EARNEST: I think the people who are culpable for this are the people who have the prospect of voting to do exactly what they say should be done. That is something that we believe reflects a whole set of priorities that stand in stark contrast to the priorities that are shared by middle-class families all across the country.
Again, what the vast majority of people want their elected leaders in Washington, D.C., to be focused on, and what the President is focused on, is what can we do to put in place policies that will make it easier for middle-class families to raise a family, send their kids to college, save for retirement, buy a home, to live the American Dream.
And that continues to be the President’s focal point when it comes to his domestic policy agenda. You’re going to hear the President talk about this quite a bit more tomorrow. Unfortunately, that does not seem to be the priority that is shared by Kerry Bentivolio, who says that impeaching the President would be “a dream come true.”
Q You want Republicans to stop talking about it, but not the Democrats to stop fundraising on it?
MR. EARNEST: No, what I’m suggesting is that the priorities of the Republican Congress are all wrong. And I will leave it to Democratic strategists, who have a much better sense than I do about the best way to raise money for their campaign committees. What we would all benefit from, and what middle-class families across the country would benefit from would be from elected leaders in Washington, D.C. doing what the President is doing, which is setting aside partisan differences and trying to find common ground in pursuit of policies that everybody agrees would be in the best interest of middle-class families.
Kathleen, I’ll give you the last one.
Q Just to clarify on the missile treaty, can you confirm that the letter yesterday was the first time that the President has raised this issue with Putin directly?
MR. EARNEST: I’m going to have to check on that. I believe that it is, but let me check with our national security folks and we will let you know. I know that this was raised at a variety of levels prior to that letter being sent. I don’t know if it was raised between the two Presidents prior to that letter being sent. So let me check on it. |
Reppert School of Auctioneering
The Reppert School of Auctioneering is an auctioneer education provider, since 1921.
History
The Repperts School of Auctioneering was founded in 1921 by Col. Fred Reppert of Decatur, Indiana. Fred Reppert started in the auction business as a young boy and quickly rose to the top of his profession, selling auctions in every state of America, and in every province of Canada and Mexico.
The school’s tradition as an institution for auction education was carried on by Fred Reppert’s daughter Eleanor and later by his son Rolland Reppert, M.D., who both owned and operated the school, with the assistance of Quentin R. Chaffee, who served as the school's dean of instruction. Phil Neuenschwander and Ron Chaffee then operated the school from 1980 until 1996, when it was purchased by Dennis Kruse of Auburn, Indiana. Dennis Kruse, a 1964 graduate of Repperts, a past president of the National Auctioneers Association, Indiana State Senator, and Trine University Board of Trustees member, now serves as president emeritus of the auction school. In May 2011, Reppert Auction School was purchased by Jack Christy and his daughter Melissa Davis of Christy's of Indiana. John Kruse, Dennis's son, purchased the school in September of 2017. He is now president of the school, and his brother Matthew Kruse is the Dean of Instruction. Ron Chaffee serves as the dean emeritus.
The school held three-week classes twice a year from 1921 to 1985, with all the classes being held in Decatur, Indiana, with the exception of one class given in Colorado. In 1985, the school format was changed to two weeks, and was offered three times a year. After the purchase by Dennis Kruse, the number of class terms was expanded to four a year, with additional classes being given for a short time in Scottsdale, Arizona, and Indianapolis, Indiana. The auction school currently offers a ten-day auction training class three times a year in their Indianapolis location.
The Reppert School of Auctioneering has had graduates from every state in the United States, as well as multiple foreign countries, and is the nation's longest continually operated auction school.
Location
The auction school was originally located in Decatur, Indiana. The school was located on the Reppert Farm, which was also the location of the Bellmont Track and is the current location of Bellmont High School. Reppert was moved to Auburn, Indiana, from 1996 to 2011. Reppert then moved to Indianapolis. The auction school moved back to Auburn in 2017.
Curriculum
Repperts School of Auctioneering has an 80-hour, ten-day course that focuses on the business aspects of the auction profession. The curriculum is divided into seven sections, which include:
Instruction on how to set up and manage an auction business
The legal aspects of auctions
Advertising and marketing
The auction chant, bid calling, voice and ringwork
Auction preparation, conduction and settlement
Appraising and real estate
Specialty Auction types
Repperts is approved to offer pre-licensing education in almost every state that requires attendance at an auction school. Repperts provides the required hours of auction instruction for
Alabama,
Florida,
Georgia,
Indiana,
Louisiana,
Michigan, Mississippi, New Hampshire,
North Carolina,
Ohio,
South Carolina,
Tennessee,
Texas,
Virginia,
and West Virginia.
Continuing Education
The Reppert School of Auctioneering is also a provider of continuing education for auctioneers. Repperts is approved to offer continuing education in multiple states and has provided seminars for multiple state auctioneer associations.
References
External links
Reppert School of Auctioneering's official website
Christy's Auction Gallery
Category:Auction schools
Category:Education in DeKalb County, Indiana
Category:1921 establishments in Indiana
Category:Educational institutions established in 1921 |
MARCH 15, 2001
Teams are not cheating
MAX MOSLEY, the FIA president, has calmed fears that illegal traction control systems are already running in Formula One.
Jordan driver Heinz-Harald Frentzen said that in Australia he noticed the Ferrari-engined Sauber behaving in a way that suggested traction control was in use.
But Mosley has reassured the teams that the FIA does not support the claims. "We disagree," commented Mosley. "And we are better placed than Heinz-Harald Frentzen to know what the various teams are doing."
The FIA have agreed to legalize traction control from the fifth race of the season in Barcelona because it is so hard to police.
And although Mosley believes the system itself is not in Formula One yet, he acknowledged that teams are able to create systems that can do a similar job but are currently within the rules.
"It is a fact that some teams are able to tune their engines so that wheelspin becomes unlikely and more manageable," he told Autosport. |
233 N.J. Super. 29 (1989)
557 A.2d 1386
JEANETTE BLITZ, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT,
v.
970 REALTY ASSOCIATES, A NEW YORK PARTNERSHIP, AND STUART EISENBERGER, DEFENDANTS-THIRD PARTY PLAINTIFFS-RESPONDENTS,
v.
PUROLATOR PRODUCTS, INC., PUROLATOR COURIER CORPORATION, EMERY AIR FREIGHT CORP., AND FACET ENTERPRISES, THIRD PARTY DEFENDANTS.
Superior Court of New Jersey, Appellate Division.
Argued March 21, 1989.
Decided May 4, 1989.
*30 Before Judges MICHELS and LONG.
Leo Kaplowitz argued the cause for appellant (Kaplowitz and Wise, attorneys; Leo Kaplowitz, of counsel and on the brief; Warren L. Fink, on the brief; Greenstone, Sokol, Behot & Fiorenzo, attorneys).
Beth D. Pollack argued the cause for respondents (Porzio, Bromberg & Newman, attorneys; John M. Newman, on the brief).
The opinion of the Court was delivered by LONG, J.A.D.
On July 26, 1987, plaintiff Jeanette Blitz (Blitz) entered into an agreement of sale with defendant 970 Realty Associates (970 Realty) pursuant to which Blitz agreed to purchase from 970 Realty a parcel of property located in the City of Rahway, consisting of approximately twelve acres of land and containing approximately 295,000 square feet of buildings zoned for industrial, commercial and office purposes. Upon entering into the agreement, Blitz tendered a deposit of $650,000. The closing which was scheduled for August 31, 1987, was postponed until September 29, 1987.
On September 22, 1987, Blitz filed a complaint against 970 Realty and defendant Stuart Eisenberger (Eisenberger), a partner at 970 Realty (collectively defendants), alleging that there was widespread environmental contamination of the property (which had previously housed Purolator Products, Inc.) and that Eisenberger fraudulently induced Blitz to enter into the agreement to purchase the property. The complaint charged that Eisenberger told Blitz, who was only "vaguely aware" of the Environmental Cleanup Responsibility Act, N.J.S.A. 13:1K-6 et seq. (ECRA), that the property was generally ECRA clean and that the cost of the cleanup for the "one or two places of pollution or contamination" would be covered by a $200,000 letter of credit that had been posted in response to an administrative *31 consent order entered into with the Department of Environmental Protection in February 1985. On the basis of these allegations, Blitz sought a number of different remedies including a restraint on the sale of the property pending a determination of its environmental status; a postponement of the closing; the posting of security by Eisenberger to cover cleanup; rescission; return of Blitz' deposit; and damages, both punitive and compensatory.
During the course of discovery, defendants claimed that Blitz had consulted with various attorneys with regard to ECRA and the advisability of entering into the agreement to purchase the property. Blitz denied that she had consulted with any attorney other than Leo Kaplowitz, her present attorney, prior to signing the agreement. In any event, there was a factual issue presented as to whether plaintiff sought and received counsel from any other attorney in connection with the environmental issue prior to the signing. On June 24, 1988, defendants filed a notice of motion whereby they sought to compel Blitz to waive the attorney-client privilege "with respect to communications between herself and attorneys regarding ECRA or the advisibility of entering into the subject transaction," or alternatively to dismiss the fraud allegations of plaintiff's complaint. The trial judge granted defendants' motion to waive plaintiff's attorney-client privilege. He stated:
Furthermore, communications which the defendant requests in my judgment are relevant to the matter. What communications or knowledge did the plaintiff have at the time she contends she relied solely on defendant's statements? Also, this information should be obtained from the plaintiff, the attorney involved. To do otherwise would raise questions of hearsay.
Based on all of the foregoing I will grant the motion of defendant and permit the attorney-client privilege to be deemed waived, and I will order the depositions be taken of those individuals which are the subject of this motion.
Defendants submitted a proposed order which contained the following language:
HEREBY ORDERED that the plaintiff, Jeanette Blitz, her agents and representatives, are hereby deemed to have waived the attorney/client privilege with respect to all communications and conversations of every kind between the plaintiff, Jeanette Blitz, her agents and attorneys, and all attorneys concerning ECRA ("Environmental Clean-up Responsibility Act") or other environmental *32 matters relating to any real property in the state of New Jersey or with respect to the advisability or lack thereof of entering into or concluding the real property transaction commonly referred to as the Purolator Property in Rahway, New Jersey.
Blitz objected to the scope of the proposed waiver order. Specifically, Blitz claimed that the order was "overbroad in that it [went] ... beyond the signing of the Agreement and [spoke] of concluding the transaction." Defendants argued that the order had to encompass Blitz' communications with her counsel following the signing of the agreement of sale on July 26, 1987 because these communications could show the extent of plaintiff's "prior knowledge of ECRA expecially as it existed at or prior to signing" the agreement of sale.
On September 16, 1988, a second hearing was held before the trial judge. The purpose of this hearing was to address Blitz' objection to the form of the order as submitted by defendants' attorney on the issue of the attorney-client privilege. At the conclusion of this hearing, the judge ruled that the order waiving Blitz' attorney-client privilege would encompass not only communications made prior to the agreement but also communications made after the agreement was signed but prior to the institution of the suit. The trial judge noted, however, that the order would not encompass "work product" or communications with respect to "trial strategy."
Blitz appeals claiming that:
THE ORDER OF THE COURT IN WAIVING THE ATTORNEY/CLIENT PRIVILEGE WENT FAR BEYOND THE RELIEF ASKED FOR IN THE NOTICE OF MOTION AND DEMONSTRATES CLEAR ERROR IN THAT THE WAIVER EXTENDED BEYOND THE DATE OF THE INDUCEMENT OF THE FRAUD WHICH OCCURRED WHEN THE PARTIES SIGNED THE AGREEMENT ON JULY 26, 1987.
A. The scope of the waiver constitutes clear error and is without a basis in law.
B. The manner in which the defendants seduced the trial court into extending the waiver of the attorney/client privilege beyond the date of the inducement of the fraud, which was the signing of the Agreement on July 26, 1987, and to include the time period up to the filing of the Verified Complaint on September 22, 1987, mocks the concept of justice.
We have carefully reviewed this record in light of the claims advanced and have determined that the trial judge erred in *33 extending the waiver beyond the date of the signing of the agreement.
"The attorney-client privilege, which is the oldest of the privileges for confidential communications, is firmly embedded in our common law." Macey v. Rollins Environmental Services (N.J.), 179 N.J. Super. 535, 538 (App.Div. 1981); see Upjohn Co. v. United States, 449 U.S. 383, 389, 101 S.Ct. 677, 684, 66 L.Ed.2d 584, 591 (1981); Fellerman v. Bradley, 99 N.J. 493, 498 (1985); United Jersey Bank v. Wolosoff, 196 N.J. Super. 553, 561 (App.Div. 1984). Although the privilege was not originally set forth in either constitutional or statutory form it is presently codified in N.J.S.A. 2A:84A-20 and embodied in Evid. R. 26. See Fellerman, supra, 99 N.J. at 498; United Jersey Bank, supra, 196 N.J. Super. at 561; Macey, supra, 179 N.J. Super. at 538-539.
"The privilege recognizes that sound legal advice or advocacy serves public ends and rests on the need to `encourage full and frank communication between attorneys and their clients.'" United Jersey Bank, supra, 196 N.J. Super. at 561 (quoting Upjohn Co., supra, 449 U.S. at 389, 101 S.Ct. at 677, 66 L.Ed.2d at 591); see Fellerman, supra, 99 N.J. at 498; Macey, supra, 179 N.J. Super. at 539. Thus, "[w]here the privilege is applicable, `it must be given as broad a scope as its rationale requires.'" United Jersey Bank, supra, 196 N.J. Super. at 561 (quoting Ervesun v. Bank of N.Y., 99 N.J. Super. 162, 168 (App.Div. 1968), certif. den. 51 N.J. 394 (1968)).
The attorney-client privilege, however, is not absolute. See Fellerman, supra, 99 N.J. at 502; In re Selser, 15 N.J. 393, 405-406 (1954). It advances secrecy and therefore "`runs counter to the fundamental theory of our judicial system that the fullest disclosure of the facts will best lead to the truth.'" United Jersey Bank, supra, 196 N.J. Super. at 560 (quoting In re Selser, supra, 15 N.J. at 405; see Fellerman, supra, 99 N.J. at 502. "[C]onsiderations of public policy and concern for proper judicial administration have led the legislature and the courts to fashion limited exceptions to the privilege." Fellerman, *34 supra, 99 N.J. at 502; see Clark v. United States, 289 U.S. 1, 13, 53 S.Ct. 465, 469, 77 L.Ed. 993, 999 (1933); In re Selser, supra, 15 N.J. at 405; United Jersey Bank, supra, 196 N.J. Super. at 560-561.
The New Jersey Supreme Court in In re Kozlov, 79 N.J. 232 (1979) adopted a three part test for determining whether the attorney-client privilege must yield to other important societal concerns. The court stated:
[T]here are necessary foundations to the valid piercing of any such privilege, one of which is absent here. There must be a legitimate need of the party to reach the evidence sought to be shielded. There must be a showing of relevance and materiality of that evidence to the issue before the court. The record here clearly bespeaks the existence of these necessary elements. But it must also be shown, as pointed out by Justice Mountain for this Court in Farber, supra, to the satisfaction of "the trial judge, by a fair preponderance of the evidence including all reasonable inferences, that * * * the information * * * could not be secured from any less intrusive source." [Id. 79 N.J. at 243-244 (quoting In re Farber, 78 N.J. 259, 276-277 (1978), cert. den. New York Times Co. v. New Jersey, 439 U.S. 997, 99 S.Ct. 598, 58 L.Ed.2d 670 (1978)); emphasis in original].
The test set forth in Kozlov was applied by us in United Jersey Bank v. Wolosoff, 196 N.J. Super. 553 (App.Div. 1984) in a context relevant to this case. In United Jersey Bank, plaintiff alleged that defendant's attorneys had "intentionally and fraudulently misrepresented [defendant's] financial condition in order to obtain a reduction of the amount owed [to plaintiff] on the judgment." Id. at 559. During the course of discovery, plaintiff acknowledged that certain documents it had prepared during the period of settlement negotiations were relevant to the issue of whether it had relied on defendant's attorney's representations of defendant's finances. Therefore, plaintiff waived the attorney-client privilege with respect to these documents. Id. at 559-560. With respect to all other documents and materials, however, plaintiff's attorney asserted the attorney-client privilege. Id. at 560. The trial judge held, as a matter of law, that "all confidential communications were to be disclosed because they might bear upon the question of reasonable reliance." Id. at 560. On appeal, we noted that defendant had "satisfied the tripartite formula established in In re Kozlov ... *35 and to that extent the attorney-client privilege must yield." Id. at 565. However, we found the trial judge's waiver order too broad:
In any event, plaintiff's knowledge of [defendant's] financial condition at the time of the stipulation of settlement may well reveal the extent to which it relied upon the alleged misrepresentations. Since it is undisputed that [plaintiff's in-house counsel] played a key role in negotiating the settlement, communications between him and others may be extremely probative. Clearly, defendants have a "legitimate need" for disclosure of such information, the communications are both "relevant and material," and the evidence cannot be secured from any "less intrusive source." [Id. 196 N.J. Super. at 565 (quoting In re Kozlov, supra, 79 N.J. at 243-244)].
* * * * * * * *
We are persuaded that "when confidential communications are made a material issue in a judicial proceeding, fairness demands waiver of the privilege." In point of fact, plaintiff acknowledged as much when it agreed to release all documents, including those otherwise protected by the attorney-client privilege, with respect to the time period during which the settlement was negotiated. However, we are persuaded that this offer was far too restrictive. Conceivably, there may be communications between [plaintiff's in-house counsel] and others that pertain to defendant's financial condition which were made prior to the entry of the judgment on March 2, 1981. To the extent that such documents are pertinent to the issue of reasonable reliance, we believe that they should be disclosed.
Nonetheless, we are convinced that the order of the Chancery Division goes well beyond that which is reasonably necessary to insure fairness to the parties. We are satisfied that the competing demands of secrecy and disclosure can best be accommodated by compelling the release of only those documents which bear upon the extent to which plaintiff reasonably relied upon the representations allegedly made during the negotiation process. Obviously, this question cannot be fairly resolved without a painstaking review and inspection of the communications sought to be barred. We note in that regard that plaintiff cannot invoke the privilege to render conclusive its own evaluation of the nature and character of the materials in question. Rather, an in camera inspection by the court is clearly required. [Id. 196 N.J. Super. at 567-568; citation omitted; footnote omitted].
* * * * * * * *
Here, as all parties acknowledge, our law compelled disclosure of communications otherwise protected by the attorney-client privilege to the extent that they were pertinent to the question of reasonable reliance. Therefore, disclosure was mandated by virtue of the necessity of piercing the privilege under In re Koslov, supra. This limited disclosure, however, extends no further than that particular subject matter. Wholly irrelevant communications before and after settlement negotiations having no possible bearing on this question remain protected by the attorney-client privilege. [Id. at 567 n. 3; emphasis supplied].
*36 Here, Blitz claims that Eisenberger falsely represented the environmental condition of the premises to her. She alleges that she was only "vaguely aware of ECRA" and that she relied upon Eisenberger's false representations and promises and was fraudulently induced into signing the agreement of sale. She further alleges that she "trusted Eisenberger to such an extent that she overrode the advice of counsel who insisted that all promises and representations of any sort should be contained in the Agreement."
Legal fraud may be proved by the establishment of five elements: (1) a material representation by defendant of a presently existing or past fact; (2) knowledge or belief by the defendant of its falsity; (3) an intent that the plaintiff rely upon it; (4) reasonable reliance by the plaintiff; and (5) resulting damage to the plaintiff. Jewish Center of Sussex Cty. v. Whale, 86 N.J. 619, 624 (1981); Enright v. Lubow, 202 N.J. Super. 58, 72 (App.Div. 1985), certif. den. 104 N.J. 376 (1986); Foont-Freedenfeld v. Electro-Protective, 126 N.J. Super. 254, 257 (App.Div. 1973), aff'd o.b. 64 N.J. 197 (1974). "[E]quitable fraud does not require the element of scienter, knowledge of the falsity and an intent to obtain an undue advantage." Enright, supra, 202 N.J. Super. at 72; see Jewish Center of Sussex Cty., supra, 86 N.J. at 625; Foont-Freedenfeld, supra, 126 N.J. Super. at 257. Reasonable reliance thus constitutes a critical element of a cause of action for legal or equitable fraud. United Jersey Bank, supra, 196 N.J. Super. at 564; see DSK Enterprises, Inc. v. United Jersey Bank, 189 N.J. Super. 242, 251 (App.Div. 1983), certif. den. 94 N.J. 598 (1983); Prosser, Law of Torts (4 ed. 1971), § 108 at 714-720.
The nature and extent of the reliance required to establish a claim of legal or equitable fraud is subject to debate. See United Jersey Bank, supra, 196 N.J. Super. at 564. Although "[o]ne who engages in fraud ... may not urge that one's victim should have been more circumspect or astute," Jewish Center of Sussex Cty., supra, 86 N.J. at 626 n. 1, "if a party to whom *37 representations are made nevertheless chooses to investigate the relevant state of facts for himself, he will be deemed to have relied on his own investigation and will be charged with knowledge of whatever he could have discovered by a reasonable investigation." DSK Enterprises, Inc., supra, 189 N.J. Super. at 251.
In connection with the question of reliance and her knowledge of the environmental condition of the property, Blitz does not contest that defendants satisfied the tripartite Kozlov test with respect to confidential attorney-client communications made up until the signing of the agreement of sale. Rather, she argues that Kozlov has not been satisfied with respect to the communications made from the date of the signing of the agreement of sale until the date of the institution of the action. We agree. Blitz placed in issue what she knew prior to the signing. This gave rise to a need within the meaning of Kozlov for defendants to reach all evidence of that knowledge including evidence of otherwise privileged communications which took place prior to the signing. An entirely different case is presented with respect to the post-signing period.
Defendants argue that Blitz placed in issue "her knowledge of environmental laws and her reasons for not entering into the subject transaction" and that those reasons justify waiver of the attorney-client privilege for the period from the signing of the agreement to the institution of the suit. Each of these arguments is wide of the mark. Blitz' knowledge of the environmental laws or the environmental condition of the premises acquired after the signing is entirely irrelevant to the reliance issue. The alternative suggestion that Blitz might have had other reasons for refusing to consummate the deal, which reasons could possibly be revealed by exposing confidences between Blitz and her lawyers exchanged after the signing, is pure speculation which falls far short of the legitimate need requirement of Kozlov. The rest of defendants' arguments are equally unconvincing. They suggest that it is possible to learn from the revelation of post-signing confidences what Blitz knew *38 pre-signing. Although entirely speculative, this could prove correct. Theoretically, Blitz might have made an off-hand comment to one of her lawyers the day after the signing in which she cited the ECRA laws, chapter and verse. The problem with defendants' theory is that possibility is not enough. We are not reviewing an ordinary discovery motion. There, the standard would be whether the inquiry was reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence. R. 4:10-2(a). Under Kozlov, the standard is higher. That is because in this situation we are attempting to strike the delicate balance between two of the basic but competing principles underpinning our system of jurisprudence. Reconciling the policy of full disclosure with the confidentiality necessary to ensure faith and frankness between attorney and client requires a greater showing than that the invasion will possibly produce admissible evidence. Thus, we agree entirely with the waiver as to pre-signing communications but draw the line as of the date of the signing. This is not to suggest that if evidence from a non-privileged source establishes the legitimate need (within the meaning of Kozlov) for discovery of a particular privileged communication made after the signing that an application would be denied. That will depend on the evidence. We reverse and remand for the entry of an appropriate order.
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abstract: 'We report an observation of phononic Schwinger angular momenta, which fully represent two-mode states in a micromechanical resonator. This observation is based on simultaneous optical detection of the mechanical response at the sum and difference frequency of the two mechanical modes. A post-selection process for the measured signals allows us to extract a component of phononic Schwinger angular momenta. It also enables us to conditionally prepare two-mode squeezed (correlated) states from a randomly excited (uncorrelated) state. The phononic Schwinger angular momenta could be extended to high-dimensional symmetry (e.g. SU(N) group) for studying multipartite correlations in non-equilibrium dynamics with macroscopic objects.'
author:
- 'Motoki Asano$^{1,*}$'
- Ryuichi Ohta$^1$
- Takuma Aihara$^2$
- Tai Tsuchizawa$^2$
- Hajime Okamoto$^1$
- Hiroshi Yamguchi$^1$
bibliography:
- 'main.bib'
title: Optically probing Schwinger angular momenta in a micromechanical resonator
---
In the theory of quantum angular momentum generalized by Julian Schwinger [@schwinger], the angular momentum constructed from two bosonic modes is classified into two groups, SU(2) and SU(1,1). Such Schwinger angular momenta fully represent two-mode states in the system in terms of energy, coherence, and correlations, and allow us to perform state tomography [@white; @rehacek], interferometry [@yurke], and test of quantumness [@nha]. State tomography with angular momentum in the SU(2) group (i.e., Stokes parameters [@stokes]) has been widely demonstrated to identify coherence between various two-mode optical systems [@milione; @bowen; @lassen] in both classical and quantum regime. Interferometry with the angular momenta in the SU(1,1) group has a great potential to enable phase measurements at the Heisenberg limit [@li]. Such Schwinger angualr momenta have been well-engineered mainly in optical (photonic) systems but have never been explicitly observed in mechanical (phononic) systems.
A high-Q micromechanical resonator contains multiple non-degenerated mechanical modes and easily shows nonlinearlity induced by opto-mechanical or electro-mechanical interaction [@sankey; @brawley; @leijssen; @okamoto; @faust; @mahboob; @pontin]. The combination of such nonlinearity with the multiplicity in the mechanical modes opens the door to the observation of phononic Schwinger angular momentum in a mechanical system. In this Letter, we demonstrate optical probing of Schwinger angular momenta in a high-Q micromechanical resonator. The phononic Schwinger angular momenta in the SU(2) and SU(1,1) groups are revealed by probing nonlinear signals via Doppler interferometry and performing a post-selection process. They enable us to conditionally extract two-mode squeezed (correlated) states from a randomly excited (uncorrelated) state because these angular momenta are the function of cross-correlation.
The phononic Schwinger angular momenta in the SU(2) and SU(1,1) groups are represented by vectors ${\bm S}=(S_x, S_y, S_z)$ and ${\bm K}=(K_x, K_y, K_z)$ in a sphere and a hyperboloid, respectively \[Fig. 1(a) and (b)\]. The vertical axis of the sphere is given by $S_z=(x_2^2+y_2^2-x_1^2-y_1^2)/4$ and that of the hyperboloid is given by $K_z=(x_2^2+y_2^2+x_1^2+y_1^2)/4$, where $x_i$ and $y_i$ are the linear quadrature of $i$th mechanical modes. The $z$ component of the Schwinger angular momentum corresponds to the energy difference between the two mechanical modes for the SU(2) group and the energy sum for the SU(1,1) group. On the other hand, the $x$ and $y$ components, $S_x$, $S_y$ and $K_x$, $K_y$, include information about the cross-correlation of the two mechanical modes, where $S_x=(x_2y_1-y_2x_1)/2$, $S_y=-(x_2x_1+y_1y_2)/2$, $K_x=(x_2y_1+x_1y_2)/2$, and $K_y=(x_2x_1-y_2y_1)/2$. Each component of angular momenta satisfies a Lie algebra, e.g., $\{S_i,S_j\}={S}_k$ only if $i$, $j$, $k$ are cyclic with $x$, $y$, $z$ with the Poisson bracket $\{\cdot\}$ (see supplemental information). These angular momenta represent rotational trajectories in their joint phase space. The rotational trajectory in the SU(2) group is specified with a real angle and that in the SU(1,1) group is specified with an imaginary angle (i.e., hyperbolic trajectory). For instance, the phononic Schwinger angular momentum along the $x$-direction, i.e., ${\bm S}=(S_x,0,0)$ (${\bf K}=(K_x,0,0)$), represents the rotational trajectory with a real angle $\phi$ (an imaginary angle $i\phi$) in a joint phase space spanned by $x_1$ and $x_2$.
 and (b) Illustrations of spherical and pseudo-spherical (hyperboloid) space with vectors ${\bm S}$ and ${\bm K}$ of angular momentum in SU(2) and SU(1,1) groups. The typical rotational trajectories in the joint phase space with ${\bm S}=(S_x, 0, 0)$ and ${\bm K}=(K_x, 0, 0)$ are described with a real and imaginary angle, $\phi$ and $i\phi$, in their insets. (c) Schematic of the experimental setup at room temperature. A doubly-clamped mechanical beam was fabricated from a high tensile (∼0.2 GPa) silicon-nitride film deposited by thermal chemical vapor deposition (see SEM image). A probe light from He-Ne laser with a wavelength of 633 nm was modulated by an acousto-optic modulator (80 MHz) and detected by an optical heterodyne setup. The detected signals were divided by two: one was connected to a spectrum analyzer to directly measure the power spectral density, the other one was connected to four lock-in amplifiers. Both the linear quadrature and transverse components of phononic Schwinger angular momenta in the SU(2) and SU(1,1) groups were detected by the lock-in amplifiers with phase-synchronized references. Each quadrature was used to perform a conditional measurement. (d) Power spectral density (PSD) of the first-order, third-order, difference frequency, and sum frequency signals measured in the spectrum analyzer. The vertical unit was calibrated to the displacement ($\mathrm{pm/\sqrt{Hz}}$) using the thermal motion of the first mechanical mode without random excitation. (e) Random trajectory (black vector) and distribution (black points) in the joint phase space spanned by $x_1$ and $x_2$.](Fig1.eps){width="70mm"}
Non-degenerated modes in a micromechanical resonator crucially contain randomness at finite temperature because they are independently actuated by random forces. They lead a random trajectory in their joint phase space, i.e., the phononic Schwinger angular momenta also show a random distribution. The average value of their transverse components becomes zero because of their isotropic distribution. In other words, we can achieve the two-mode mechanical states with the non-zero average of phononic Schwinger angular momenta by directly probing these components and conditionally extracting part of the distribution. To demonstrate these operations, we perform the following two steps.
The first step is to directly probe the nonlinear optical signals generated via higher-order modulation in a Doppler interferometer. These nonlinear optical signals at the sum and difference frequency of two mechanical modes correspond to the response from the transverse components of the phononic Schwinger angular momenta in the SU(2) and SU(1,1) groups, respectively (see supplemental information). A Doppler interferometer was used to simultaneously probe the first-order vibrational mode ($\Omega_1=2\pi\times 0.52$ MHz) and third-order vibrational mode ($\Omega_2=2\pi\times 1.75$ MHz) in a high-tensile silicon-nitride mechanical resonator (150-$\mathrm{\mu}$m long, 5-$\mathrm{\mu}$m wide, and 525-nm thick) \[Fig. 1(c)\]. The high quality factors ($\sim30,000$) in our resonator enhance the measurement sensitivity of the sum and difference frequency signals because the power spectral density of them is proportional to $\sqrt{n_1n_2Q}$, where $n_i$ is the number of phonons in the $i$th mode and $Q$ is the quality factor (see supplemental information). To overcome the measurement noise ($\sim$ 1.4 $\mathrm{pm/\sqrt{Hz}}$) in our setup, the mechanical modes were additionally excited to increase $n_1$ and $n_2$ via a PZT sheet with artificial white noise. Around the effective temperature $T_\mathrm{eff}>10^6$ K, we observed the noise spectra of sum and difference frequency signals with a spectrum analyzer (the vertical unit is calibrated with thermal motion at room temperature without excitation [@karabalin])\[Fig. 1(d)\]. A random trajectory in the joint phase space was obtained by monitoring the linear quadrature with two lock-in amplifiers with $\Omega_1$ and $\Omega_2$ frequency references \[Fig. 1(e)\].
The second step involves post-selecting the non-zero average in the transverse components of phononic Schwinger angular momenta. This conditional measurement was performed in quadrature of nonlinear signals from two additional lock-in amplifiers with $\Omega_2-\Omega_1$ and $\Omega_2+\Omega_1$ frequency references. This quadrature contains the response from the two orthogonal transverse components of phononic Schwinger angular momenta (e.g., $S_x$ and $S_y$). The $10^5$ temporal data sets for all signals from the four lock-in amplifiers were recorded within a total of 400 msec. To extract the statistical ensemble which shows the non-zero average of the transverse components, we imposed a condition $O_j/\mathrm{max}[O_j]\geq \eta$ for a quadrature (i.e., $O_j$=$S_x$, $S_y$, $K_x$ and $K_y$), where $\eta$ is a trigger level \[Fig. 2(a)\]. Although increasing $\eta$ allows us to extract a large average value of $O_j$, the number of events which satisfy the condition decreases. We evaluate success probability $p_s$ defined by the number of events satisfying the condition divided by the total number of events \[Fig. 2(b)\]. When $\eta=0$, only the positive value of the angular momentum is extracted from the random motion, and the average value is trivially non-zero, where $p_s=0.5$. Increasing $\eta$ decreases the success probability because a large amount of the angular momentum only slightly appears in the random motion. The trajectory in the conditional measurement was determined by extracting linear quadratures $x_i$ and $y_i$ only when $O_j$ satisfies the condition. To display the rotational trajectories with respect to the phononic Schwinger angular momenta, the reference frequencies for the lock-in amplifiers were set with a finite detuning so that the detuning $\delta_i$ of the $i$th mode satisfies $\delta_1\approx \delta_2$ (see supplemental information). The conditional measurement with the finite detuning results in discontinuous rotational motion with a real and imaginary angle \[conceptually depicted in Fig.1(a) and (b)\] with $S_x$ and $K_x$, respectively \[Fig. 2(c) and 2(d)\], whereas a random trajectory was observed without any conditioning \[Fig. 1(e)\]. This verifies that our conditional measurement allows us to extract the non-zero average of phononic Schwinger angular momenta. For the other components, $S_y$ and $K_y$, we achieved similar results in the phase space spanned by $x_1$ and $y_2$ (see supplemental information).
The transverse components of phononic Schwinger angular momenta also represent a correlation between the two linear quadratures. For instance, the average of $S_x$ and $K_x$ contains the correlation function of $x_1$ and $y_2$ (also $x_2$ and $y_1$). This implies that the conditional measurement allows us to extract a correlated two-mode state in the randomly actuated mechanical resonator. Here, we evaluate the two-mode correlation in the extracted ensemble with a correlation coefficient matrix. Each element is defined by the correlation factor $C_{ij}=\mathrm{Cov}[u_i,u_j]/(\sigma(u_i)\sigma(u_j))$ ($u_i=\{x_i,y_i\}$), where $\mathrm{Cov}[x,y]$ denotes the covariance between $x$ and $y$, and $\sigma_i (x)$ denotes the standard deviation of $x$. For instance, only self-correlation represented in the diagonal elements appears in the matrix without any conditioning. On the other hand, cross correlation represented in the off-diagonal elements appears with the condition in the phononic Schwinger angular momentum in the SU(2) group \[Fig. 3(a)\]. Note that the negative average was extracted with the condition $O_j/\mathrm{max}[O_j ]\leq -\eta$ with a positive $\eta$. There totally exist eight types of correlation including the combination of the linear quadrature and the sign of the correlation (four residual correlations were obtained in angular momentum in the SU(1,1) group \[see supplemental information\]). Moreover, such correlated states show the reduction and amplification of the noise deviation along 45-degree and -45-degree axes in the phase space \[Fig. 3(b)\]. Increasing $\eta$ decreases the squeezing level defined by the ratio of the standard deviation between the extracted ensemble and the ensemble without any conditioning \[Fig. 3(c)\]. The lower limit of the squeezing level reached -3 dB as the two-mode squeezing via parametric nonlinearity does [@mahboob; @pontin]. This means that the conditional measurement of a transverse component suppresses half of the two-mode noise in the phase space. Because the random dynamics of the mechanical modes is determined by a finite time constant, the two-mode squeezed state can survive in the conditional window with a finite time duration $\tau_w\equiv t_\mathrm{out}-t_\mathrm{in}$, where $t_\mathrm{in}$ ($t_\mathrm{out}$) is the time when the Schwinger angular momenta enters (leaves) the conditioned window \[Fig. 3(d)\]. The average of the time duration $\langle \tau_w\rangle$ tells us how fast we should perform the operation by leveraging the squeezed states. Apparently, it exponentially decreases with increasing $\eta$ \[Fig. 3(e)\] [@note].
Further suppressing the deviation of the Schwinger angular momentum can improve the level of two-mode squeezing. We imposed the second condition, $-\epsilon\leq \tilde{O}_j /\mathrm{max}[\tilde{O}_j]\leq \epsilon$, where $\tilde{O}_j$ is the residual component of the SU(2) \[or SU(1,1)\] angular momentum, and $\epsilon$ is the positive parameter that determines the window for decreasing the appearance of the residual component. Here, we show the case where $O_j=S_x$ and $\tilde{O_j}=S_y$. The squeezing level of the extracted states is improved to over -3 dB with decreasing $\epsilon$ \[Fig. 4(a)\]. There exists a trade-off between the squeezing level and the average of the survival-time duration $\langle \tau_w\rangle$ with decreasing $\epsilon$ as well as $\eta$ \[Fig. 4(b)\]. Note that the squeezing level is saturated as it approaches -6 dB because the deviation along $S_z$ still exists, and it cannot be accessed in our scheme. Such a double-conditioning scheme can be readily extended to an arbitrary set of the two conditions for both the Schwinger angular momenta in the SU(2) and SU(1,1) groups. Although the other conditions enable us to extract the various ensembles, the squeezing level does not exceed -3 dB (see supplemental information).
In conclusion, we observed phononic Schwinger angular momenta in SU(2) and SU(1,1) groups between two mechanical modes by detecting nonlinear optical signals and performing a conditional measurement. This conditional measurement also enables us to extract two-mode correlated (squeezed) states. The concept of Schwinger angular momenta is available for representing not only two-body system but also many-body ones with a higher-order symmetry (e.g., that in the SU(N) group [@mathur]). Such high-dimensional angular momenta can be probed with state-of-the-art cavity nonlinear optomechanical systems [@sankey; @brawley; @leijssen] integrated with multimode mechanical structures [@mahboob2; @hvidtfelt]. They open the way to the study of multipartite correlations in non-equilibrium many-body systems affected by various kind of heat baths [@groblacher; @klaers]. Furthermore, as in the scheme of continuous quantum measurement in a mechanical oscillator [@jacobs; @vanner], probing the phononic Schwinger angular momenta in a few-phonon regime could be an interesting challenge for the study of non-equilibrium thermodynamics with macroscopic quantum objects.
We thank Kensaku Chida, Yuichiro Matsuzaki, Tatsuro Hiraki, and Samer Houri for fruitful discussions. This work was partly supported by a MEXT Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (Grants No. JP15H05869).
**Supplemental Information: Optically probing Schwinger angular momenta in a micromechanical resonator**
Schwinger angular momenta between two bosonic modes {#schwinger-angular-momenta-between-two-bosonic-modes .unnumbered}
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The components of Schwinger angular momenta $S_i $ in SU(2) and $K_i$ in SU(1,1) ($i=x,y,z$) are defined as quadratic forms of linear phase quadratures $x_j$ and $y_j$ ($j=1,2$) as follows: $$\begin{aligned}
S_x=&(x_2y_1-y_2x_1)/2,\\
S_y=&-(x_2x_1+y_1y_2)/2,\\
S_z=&(x_2^2+y_2^2-x_1^2-y_1^2)/4,\\
K_x=&(x_2y_1+x_1y_2)/2,\\
K_y=&(x_2x_1-y_2y_1)/2,\\
K_z=&(x_2^2+y_2^2+x_1^2+y_1^2)/4,\end{aligned}$$ Because $x_i$ and $y_i$ are canonical conjugate with each other, the algebra among the angular momenta can be examined by taking account of the Poisson bracket $\{A,B\}\equiv \sum_{i=1}^2 \frac{\partial A}{\partial x_i}\frac{\partial B}{\partial y_i}-\frac{\partial A}{\partial y_i}\frac{\partial B}{\partial x_i}$. For $S_x$ and $S_y$, we obtain the following cyclic algebra $$\begin{aligned}
\{S_x,S_y\}=S_z \hspace{5pt},\{S_y,S_z\}=S_x \hspace{5pt},\{S_z,S_x\}=S_y,\\
\{K_x,K_y\}=-K_z \hspace{5pt},\{K_y,K_z\}=K_x \hspace{5pt},\{K_z,K_x\}=K_y.\end{aligned}$$ The $z$ components of SU(2) \[SU(1,1)\] angular momentum commute with the transverse components of SU(1,1) \[SU(2)\] angular momentum as $$\begin{aligned}
\{S_x, K_z\}=\{S_y, K_z\}=\{K_x, S_z\}=\{K_y, S_z\}=0.\end{aligned}$$ Moreover, the combination of $S_i$ and $K_j$ ($i,j=x,y$) is no longer closed in the algebra of angular momentum, such that $$\begin{aligned}
\{S_x, K_x\}=&(x_1y_1-x_2y_2)/2\\
\{S_x, K_y\}=&-(x_1^2-y_1^2-x_2^2+y_2^2)/4\\
\{S_y, K_x\}=&-(x_1^2-y_1^2+x_2^2-y_2^2)/4.\\
\{S_y, K_y\}=&-(x_1y_1+x_2y_2)/2\\\end{aligned}$$ The observables in the right-hand-side are achieved in the second harmonics of mechanical modes from the measurement nonlinearity (experimentally observed in [@brawley]). All observables including the second harmonics and the Schwinger angular momenta constructs $sp(4)$-algebra, as discussed in [@vourdas]. Note that the quantization of these angular momenta immediately derives the commutation relationship including the Planck constant with the same algebra.
Phononic Schwinger angular momenta in Doppler effect {#phononic-schwinger-angular-momenta-in-doppler-effect .unnumbered}
====================================================
The Doppler effect causes the frequency modulation of light with respect to the velocity of vibrational objects. Here, we consider that the light simultaneously probes two mechanical vibrations with different angular frequencies, $\Omega_1$ and $\Omega_2$, at finite temperature. In our heterodyne setup, the probe light $a(t)$ is given by $$\begin{aligned}
a(t)=\sqrt{P} e^{i\Omega_\mathrm{AOM}t}\exp\left[i(\beta_1v_1(t)+\beta_2v_2(t))\right]+c.c.\end{aligned}$$ where $P$ is the probe power, $\Omega_\mathrm{AOM}$ is the angular frequency shifted by the acousto-optic modulator, and $\beta_i$ and $v_i$ are the modulation index and the vibrational velocity of $i$th mechanical mode. The velocity driven by random force is represented by $v_i(t) =x_i \cos\Omega_i t+y_i \sin\Omega_i t$, where $\Omega_i$ is the angular frequency, $x_i(t)$ and $y_i(t)$ are orthogonal linear quadratures. Using Jacobi-Anger expansion, we obtain $$\begin{aligned}
a(t)=&\sqrt{P} e^{i\Omega_\mathrm{AOM}t}\sum_k \sum_l\sum_m \sum_n i^{(k+l)} J_k\left(\beta_1 x_1\right)J_l\left(\beta_2 x_2\right)\nonumber\\
&J_m\left(\beta_1 y_1\right)J_n\left(\beta_2 y_2\right) e^{i((k+m)\Omega_1+(l+n)\Omega_2)t}+c.c.,\end{aligned}$$ where $J_m(x)$ is the $m$th order Bessel function of the first kind. This can be expanded in terms of optical sideband frequencies (including the difference frequency $\Omega_D\equiv \Omega_2-\Omega_1$ and sum frequency $\Omega_S\equiv \Omega_2+\Omega_1$) as follows: $$\begin{aligned}
a(t)=&\sqrt{P}\Biggl[a_0(t)+a_{\Omega_\mathrm{AOM}\pm\Omega_1}(t)+a_{\Omega_\mathrm{AOM}\pm\Omega_2}(t)\nonumber\\
&+a_{\Omega_\mathrm{AOM}\pm\Omega_D}(t)+a_{\Omega_\mathrm{AOM}\pm\Omega_S}(t)+\dots\Biggr]\end{aligned}$$ where each term is given by $$\begin{aligned}
a_{\Omega_\mathrm{AOM}\pm\Omega_i}(t)=&\beta_i x_i(t)\sin\left[(\Omega_\mathrm{AOM}\pm\Omega_i)t\right]\nonumber\\
&\pm \beta_i y_i(t)\cos\left[(\Omega_\mathrm{AOM}\pm\Omega_i)t\right]\\
a_{\Omega_\mathrm{AOM}\pm\Omega_D}(t)=&\pm\beta_1\beta_2 S_x(t)\sin\left[(\Omega_\mathrm{AOM}\pm\Omega_D)t\right]\nonumber\\
&+\beta_1\beta_2S_y(t)\cos\left[(\Omega_\mathrm{AOM}\pm\Omega_D)t\right]\\
a_{\Omega_\mathrm{AOM}\pm\Omega_S}(t)=&\mp\beta_1\beta_2 K_x(t)\sin\left[(\Omega_\mathrm{AOM}\pm\Omega_S)t\right]\nonumber\\
&-\beta_1\beta_2K_y(t)\cos\left[(\Omega_\mathrm{AOM}\pm\Omega_S)t\right].\end{aligned}$$ Here, we assume that $\beta_i x_i \ll 1$ and $\beta_i y_i\ll 1$ for approximating the Bessel function as $J_q(z)\approx (z/2)^q/q!$. Obviously, the difference (sum) frequency signal contains the transverse components of phononic Schwinger angular momentum in the SU(2) \[SU(1,1)\] group.
Signal level for phononic Schwinger angular momenta {#signal-level-for-phononic-schwinger-angular-momenta .unnumbered}
===================================================
To discuss the signal level of phononic Schwinger angular momenta, we introduce the power spectral density, which is defined by the Fourier transform of the statistical average, $\langle z(t)z(0)\rangle$, of thermal noise at the mechanical frequency: $$\begin{aligned}
S_{v_i}(\Omega_i)=\sqrt{\frac{2k_B T}{m_i\Gamma_i}}=2\sqrt{n_i Q_i \Omega_i}x_i^\mathrm{zp} \hspace{10pt}(i=1,2)\end{aligned}$$ with a unit of (m/s)/$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$ where $k_B$ is the Boltzmann factor, $T$ is the temperature, and $m_i$, $\Gamma_i$, $n_i$, $Q_i$, and $x_i^\mathrm{zp}$ are the effective mass, linewidth, number of thermal phonons, quality factor, and zero-point fluctuation of mechanical displacement of the $i$th mechanical mode, respectively. In the same manner, the sensitivity of $O_j=\{S_x, S_y, K_x, K_y\}$ is represented by $$\begin{aligned}
S_{O_j}(\Omega_i)=&\sqrt{\frac{2(k_BT)^2}{m_1m_2\Omega_1^2\Omega_2^2(\Gamma_1+\Gamma_2)}}\nonumber\\
&=2\sqrt{2}\sqrt{\frac{n_1n_2Q_1Q_2\Omega_1^2\Omega_2^2}{\Omega_1Q_2+\Omega_2Q_1}}x_1^\mathrm{zp}x_2^\mathrm{zp} \hspace{10pt}(i=D,S)\end{aligned}$$ with a unit of $\mathrm{(m/s)}^2$/$\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$. Here, we assume that $\langle x_i(t)x_i(0)y_i(t)y_i(0)\rangle=\langle x_i(t)x_i(0)\rangle\langle y_i(t)y_i(0)\rangle$. Because the modulation index in the Doppler effect is represented by $\beta_i=2\pi /(\lambda_L\Omega_i)$, where $\lambda_L$ is the wavelength of the probe light, the power spectral densities of measured photocurrent for linear and nonlinear terms are given by $$\begin{aligned}
I_\mathrm{L}(\Omega_i)=& 4\pi \xi_D x_i^\mathrm{zp} \sqrt{\frac{PP_L n_i Q_i}{\Omega_i \lambda_L^2}}\hspace{10pt}(i=1,2)\\
I_\mathrm{NL}(\Omega_i)=&8\sqrt{2}\pi^2\xi_Dx_1^\mathrm{zp}x_2^\mathrm{zp} \sqrt{\frac{PP_Ln_1n_2Q_1Q_2}{(\Omega_1Q_2+\Omega_2Q_1)\lambda_L^4}}\nonumber\\
&\hspace{100pt}(i=D,S)\end{aligned}$$ where $P_L$ is the power of the local oscillator, $\xi_D$ is the factor of opto-electric conversion in the photodetector. To discuss the signal-to-noise ratio for nonlinear signals, the nonlinear power spectral density $\tilde{S}_{O_j}(\Omega_i)$ converted as the unit of $\mathrm{(m/s)/\sqrt{Hz}}$ is defined by $$\begin{aligned}
\tilde{S}_{O_j}(\Omega_i)\equiv & \frac{I_\mathrm{NL}(\Omega_i)}{I_\mathrm{L}(\Omega_1)} S_1(\Omega_1).\end{aligned}$$
Symbol Value Unit
------------------- ------------------- ------
$\Omega_1$ $2\pi\times 0.52$ MHz
$\Omega_2$ $2\pi\times 1.74$ MHz
$x_1^\mathrm{ZP}$ 5.6 fm
$x_2^\mathrm{ZP}$ 2.9 fm
$Q_1, Q_2$ $3.0 \times 10^4$
$\lambda_L$ 632.8 nm
: Parameters for power spectral density
In our experiment, the noise floor level in the Doppler interferometer was estimated to 1.4 $\mathrm{pm}/\mathrm{\sqrt{Hz}}$. This value was calibrated by a thermal noise spectrum at room temperature in the first mechanical mode. The nonlinear signals were obtained when the effective temperature $T_\mathrm{eff}\equiv n_1\hbar\Omega_1/(k_B T)\sim 10^6$ with the artificial noise amplitude $V_\mathrm{noise}\sim 2$ V. The experimental power spectral density shows good agreement with the theoretical value \[Fig. S1(a)\] calculated with the parameters in Table I. Mechanical resonators with a high Q factor and small effective mass enable us to observe the Schwinger angular momenta at room temperature without any artificial noise \[Fig. S1(b)\]. For instance, mechanical resonators with two-dimensional materials [@bunch; @will] and nanowire mechanical resonators [@abhilash; @he2] have extremely small effective mass, and silicon-nitride resonators with a phononic shield [@tsaturyan; @ghadimi] show $Q>10^6$. They will be good candidates for observing and engineering phononic Schwinger angular momenta.
Rotational trajectory with a finite detuning {#rotational-trajectory-with-a-finite-detuning .unnumbered}
============================================
The dynamics of two-mode mechanical system in a rotational reference frame is represented by the Hamiltonian $\mathcal{H}=\sum_i \delta_i(x^2_i+y_i^2)/2$, where $\delta_i$ is a detuning between the frequency of the reference frame and resonance of the $i$th mode. By taking into account the random mechanical force, the linear quadratures follow the Langevin equations $$\begin{aligned}
\dot{x}_i=&-\frac{\gamma_i}{2}x_i+\frac{\delta_i}{2}y_i+\sqrt{\gamma_i}x_{\mathrm{th},i}\\
\dot{y}_i=&-\frac{\gamma_i}{2}y_i-\frac{\delta_i}{2}x_i+\sqrt{\gamma_i}y_{\mathrm{th},i}\\\end{aligned}$$ where $\gamma_i$ is the damping factor and $\xi_{\mathrm{th},i}$ ($\xi=x,y$) is the random fluctuation with $\langle \xi_{\mathrm{th},i}(t)\xi_{\mathrm{th},i}(t') \rangle=4k_BT_\mathrm{eff}\delta(t-t')$.
Rotational trajectory in the joint phase space is specified by an angular momentum defined by the vector product of coordinates and their velocity fields (momentum). To discuss the detuning dependence of the rotational trajectory, here we define statistical averages of [*rotational angular momenta*]{} $\mathcal{S}\equiv\langle\dot{x}_2x_1-\dot{x}_1x_2\rangle_\eta$ and $\mathcal{K}\equiv\langle \dot{x}_2x_1+\dot{x}_1x_2\rangle_\eta$, where $\langle\cdot\rangle_\eta$ denotes the ensemble average with the conditional measurement with $\eta$. $\mathcal{S}$ quantifies the rotational trajectory with a real angle, and $\mathcal{K}$ does so with a imaginary angle. By considering the conditional measurement with $S_x$ and $K_x$ (i.e. $\langle S_y\rangle_\eta=\langle K_y\rangle_\eta=0$) and substituting the Langevin equations into the definition of the rotational angular momenta, we obtain relationships $$\begin{aligned}
\mathcal{S}=-\frac{\delta_2+\delta_1}{2} \langle S_x\rangle_\eta +\frac{\delta_2-\delta_1}{2} \langle K_x\rangle_\eta,\label{Srot}\\
\mathcal{K}=\frac{\delta_2+\delta_1}{2} \langle K_x\rangle_\eta -\frac{\delta_2-\delta_1}{2} \langle S_x\rangle.\label{Krot}\end{aligned}$$ A finite detuning crucially determines the rotational trajectory with respect to the conditional average of Schwinger angular momenta. In the case where $\delta=\delta_1=\delta_2$, the rotational trajectory with a real (imaginary) angle is determined by the phononic Schwinger angular momentum in the SU(2) \[SU(1,1)\] group. This corresponds to the fact that the phonoinc Schwinger angular momentum in the SU(2) \[SU(1,1)\] group is a generator of rotation with a real (imaginary) angle. $\mathcal{S}$ and $\mathcal{K}$ obtained in numerical simulation of the Langevin equation with $\gamma=\gamma_1=\gamma_2$ shows good agreements with their dependence proportional to $\delta/\gamma$ (see Fig. S2). On the other hand, in the case where $\delta=\delta_1=-\delta_2$, there exists the opposite relationships, $\mathcal{S}\propto K_x$ and $\mathcal{K}\propto S_x$. This reference frame effectively makes a partial time-reversal operation which reverses the time evolution only in the second mechanical mode (i.e., $y_2\to-y_2$). Because this operation swaps the function of $K_x$ and $S_x$, the rotational trajectory with a real (imaginary) angle is extracted via the conditional measurement of $K_x$ ($S_x$).
![(a) and (b) Rotational angular momenta $\mathcal{S}$ and $\mathcal{K}$ calculated with results of numerical simulation of Langevin equations with $\delta=\delta_1=\delta_2$. The square plots show rotational angular momentum with $\eta=0.3$ in the condition $O_j/\mathrm{max}[O_j]\geq \eta$, and the circle plots show that with $\eta=-0.3$ in the condition $O_j/\mathrm{max}[O_j]\leq \eta$ where $O_j=\{S_x, K_x\}$. The error-bars represent the standard deviation for ten trials. All numerical results fitted to linear functions (shown by the dashed lines) show good agreement with the analytical expressions (\[Srot\]) and (\[Krot\]).](S1.eps)
Conditional measurement with the other components of angular momenta {#conditional-measurement-with-the-other-components-of-angular-momenta .unnumbered}
====================================================================
Here, we show the results of the conditional measurement of $S_y$ and $K_x$, which corresponds to the real and imaginary rotation in the phase space spanned by $x_1$ and $y_2$ \[Fig. S1(a) and (b)\]. Moreover, the correlation coefficient matrix in the conditional measurement of SU(1,1) Schwinger angular momenta also contains the non-diagonal elements as the case of angular momenta in the SU(2) group do \[Fig. S1(c)\].
Conditional measurement with the other double conditions {#conditional-measurement-with-the-other-double-conditions .unnumbered}
========================================================
By fixing the first condition $S_x /\mathrm{max}[S_x]\leq 0.2$, the squeezed conditional distribution with respect to the angular momenta for the second conditions, $S_y$, $K_x$, and $K_y$ are compared with $\epsilon=0.1$ \[Fig. S2(a)-(c)\]. Obviously, the multi-modal non-Gaussian distribution appears by conditioning the angular momenta in the SU(1,1) group while the first condition is selected from the angular momentum in the SU(2) group ($S_x$). The squeezed levels along the $x_1-y_2$ axis are $-4.5\pm 0.4$, $-3.0\pm 0.4$, and $-3.0\pm 0.3$ dB in the second condition with $S_y$, $K_x$, and $K_y$, respectively. Note that the rotational trajectory in the phase space spanned by $x_1$ and $x_2$ also shows the multi-modal distribution in the case of $K_x$ and $K_y$ \[Fig. S2(d)-(f)\].
|
Conformational changes of pyrene-labeled polyelectrolytes with pH: effect of hydrophobic modifications.
Structural changes of pyrene-labeled and unlabeled poly(maleic acid/octyl vinyl ether) (PMAOVE) and poly(maleic acid/methyl vinyl ether) (PMAMVE) with changes in pH have been investigated in this study. The changes in the photophysical properties of pyrene are interpreted to investigate uncoiling or swelling of the polymeric chains with pH. The vibrational fine structure of the pyrene fluorescence (I(3)/I(1)) and the ratio between excimer and monomer fluorescence (I(e)/I(m)) of both pyrene-labeled and unlabeled PMAMVE and PMAOVE suggest that, at pH 4, the polymers are in the coiled form and PMAOVE forms hydrophobic nanodomains. An increase in pH ionizes a number of COOH groups on both PMAMVE and PMAOVE, which leads to the stretching or swelling of the polymers. |
Am 06.12.10 19:13, schrieb Shush:
> You probably have Chris Morrow listed, maybe even James Gill. Neither
> are with our company any longer.
Okay, that is fine for me :)
> For the Overview page, do you need this; http://centos.supsec.org/ ??
No, I meant the page of your organization, if you have one. And there is
no http://www.supsec.org/ :)
If you have a page you want "advertised" on the mirror list ...
If not, I just change the entry and drop that.
Thanks for supporting CentOS,
Ralph |
China's top leadership has admitted "shortcomings and deficiencies" in the country's response to the deadly coronavirus outbreak.
Photo: Xinhua / Xiao Yijiu / AFP
The rare admission came from the Politburo Standing Committee, which called for an improvement in China's emergency management system.
It also ordered a "severe" crackdown on illegal wildlife markets - where the virus is thought to have emerged.
The death toll rose to 425, with more than 20,000 confirmed cases.
The government's initial handling of the outbreak has been criticised.
Officials have been accused of downplaying the severity of the virus at the start of the outbreak and in some cases, attempting to keep news of it under wraps.
One doctor in Wuhan who tried to warn his fellow colleagues about the outbreak in early January was accused of "making false comments" and told by police to stop the "illegal activity".
It was only later in January that the government ramped up harsh emergency measures - ordering the virtual lockdown of Hubei province, where the virus is believed to have originated.
On Monday alone, there were 64 new deaths, China's National Health Commission said - all in Hubei.
There are more than 150 cases in other countries, with one death in the Philippines.
On Tuesday, Hong Kong confirmed its first death from the coronavirus. Broadcaster RTHK said the 39-year-old man, who suffered from an underlying illness, had visited Wuhan on 21 January.
The new coronavirus causes severe acute respiratory infection and symptoms usually start with a fever, followed by a dry cough.
The number of deaths in China, excluding Hong Kong, now exceeds the 349 killed on the mainland in the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (Sars) outbreak of 2002-03. But the mortality rate of the new virus is about 2.1% - much lower than that of Sars at around 9.6% - suggesting it is not as deadly.
- BBC |
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What series that have stalled, do you think should be completed? This isn't a ranting thread, but more of one to draw interest in series that are either being subbed inexhorbinately slow, or have been stopped altogether. I'm doing this more as a way to show that there is indeed interest in these series and to possibly encourage the fansub groups (who I'm sure feel greatly unapreciated) who were working on them to either finish them, or for someone else to step into the gap and take over the subbing of these series. You can also show apreciation to the groups who were subbing them to let them know how much you've enjoyed their work so far and how you'd like to see them complete their work.
There's one other that's stalled too that I would have loved to see taken to the end, but since it's licenced, I guess that's kinda asking a lot. (why did they have to licence Gokusen so soon!! Wah!!)
This is not a thread to rant, but one to basically list which series you'd like to see completed that have stalled. Stalled series are ones that are uncompleted and have stopped being subbed for at least 6 week or greater. Preferablly greater. I'd love to be able to use this thread to show the fansub groups that we still love these series and would like to see them taken to completion either by the original group, or if they can't do it, then by a new group who could take over the series from the last subbed episode.
shadow skill - it's probably being done but very very slowly. can't complain here
baki II - miyuki seemed to have stopped
hitsuji no uta - ?? I heard the 4th ova was already out
ninja scroll tv - this is licensed but still no dvds to available to buy? the hk versions are horrible
Find me a very experience translator and TnK will be finished in no time.
If you so badly want to see those series completed, how bout finding ppl to help those groups finish those series instead of suggesting "vulture" groups to complete them.
I don't really follow TnK. But I do know that its one of the most popular A-E projects so you guys must get a lot of uncalled for demands from people. I find it odd though that you guys have problems finding experienced translators. From what I've read by another "vulture" group called inspiration studios, they have agreed to stop translating this project because you guys have acquired new translators and will be releasing episodes much quicker.
Konjiki no Gash Bell. They are already on like episode 48 or something in Japan and we've been stuck at 28/29 for some time. I can't take it anymore I need my Gashu~! Please
Gashu is by no means stalled. It's been 2 weeks since the last release, but that's just a speed bump, progress is being made. Subbed gash is only far behind what's airing because early eps were released very slowly. It's been coming out at decent pace for the last 3-4 months though.
Also, as Asura said, I really hope this thread doesn't encourage "vulture" groups. Probably about 99% of "stalled" projects have people in the groups that started them trying their best to get the projects going and would love to have extra help to make it happen. Of course, most of the time the problem is finding translators, and most people can't help with that |
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"created": "2014-06-23T00:00:00.000Z",
"modified": "2020-07-30T00:00:00.000Z",
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# Copyright (c) 2020 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
from __future__ import print_function
from .. import framework
import paddle.dataset.common
__all__ = ["Dataset", "IterableDataset", "TensorDataset"]
class Dataset(object):
"""
An abstract class to encapsulate methods and behaviors of datasets.
All datasets in map-style(dataset samples can be get by a given key)
should be a subclass of `paddle.io.Dataset`. All subclasses should
implement following methods:
:code:`__getitem__`: get sample from dataset with a given index. This
method is required by reading dataset sample in :code:`paddle.io.DataLoader`.
:code:`__len__`: return dataset sample number. This method is required
by some implements of :code:`paddle.io.BatchSampler`
see :code:`paddle.io.DataLoader`.
Examples:
.. code-block:: python
import numpy as np
from paddle.io import Dataset
# define a random dataset
class RandomDataset(Dataset):
def __init__(self, num_samples):
self.num_samples = num_samples
def __getitem__(self, idx):
image = np.random.random([784]).astype('float32')
label = np.random.randint(0, 9, (1, )).astype('int64')
return image, label
def __len__(self):
return self.num_samples
dataset = RandomDataset(10)
for i in range(len(dataset)):
print(dataset[i])
"""
def __init__(self):
pass
def __getitem__(self, idx):
raise NotImplementedError("'{}' not implement in class "\
"{}".format('__getitem__', self.__class__.__name__))
def __len__(self):
raise NotImplementedError("'{}' not implement in class "\
"{}".format('__len__', self.__class__.__name__))
class IterableDataset(Dataset):
"""
An abstract class to encapsulate methods and behaviors of iterable datasets.
All datasets in iterable-style (can only get sample one by one sequentially, like
a Python iterator) should be a subclass of `paddle.io.IterableDataset`. All subclasses should
implement following methods:
:code:`__iter__`: yield sample sequentially. This method is required by reading dataset sample in :code:`paddle.io.DataLoader`.
.. note::
do not implement :code:`__getitem__` and :code:`__len__` in IterableDataset, should not be called either.
see :code:`paddle.io.DataLoader`.
Examples:
.. code-block:: python
import numpy as np
from paddle.io import Dataset
# define a random dataset
class RandomDataset(Dataset):
def __init__(self, num_samples):
self.num_samples = num_samples
def __iter__(self):
for i in range(self.num_samples):
image = np.random.random([784]).astype('float32')
label = np.random.randint(0, 9, (1, )).astype('int64')
yield image, label
dataset = RandomDataset(10)
for img, lbl in dataset:
print(img, lbl)
When :attr:`num_workers > 0`, each worker has a different copy of the dataset object and
will yield whole dataset samples, which means samples in dataset will be repeated in
:attr:`num_workers` times. If it is required for each sample to yield only once, there
are two methods to configure different copy in each worker process to avoid duplicate data
among workers as follows. In both the methods, worker information that can be getted in
a worker process by `paddle.io.get_worker_info` will be needed.
Example 1: splitting data copy in each worker in :code:`__iter__`
.. code-block:: python
import math
import numpy as np
import paddle.fluid as fluid
from paddle.io import IterableDataset, DataLoader, get_worker_info
class SplitedIterableDataset(IterableDataset):
def __init__(self, start, end):
self.start = start
self.end = end
def __iter__(self):
worker_info = get_worker_info()
if worker_info is None:
iter_start = self.start
iter_end = self.end
else:
per_worker = int(
math.ceil((self.end - self.start) / float(
worker_info.num_workers)))
worker_id = worker_info.id
iter_start = self.start + worker_id * per_worker
iter_end = min(iter_start + per_worker, self.end)
for i in range(iter_start, iter_end):
yield np.array([i])
place = fluid.CPUPlace()
with fluid.dygraph.guard(place):
dataset = SplitedIterableDataset(start=2, end=9)
dataloader = DataLoader(
dataset,
places=place,
num_workers=2,
batch_size=1,
drop_last=True)
print(list(dataloader))
# outputs: [2, 5, 3, 6, 4, 7]
Example 2: splitting data copy in each worker by :code:`worker_init_fn`
.. code-block:: python
import math
import numpy as np
import paddle.fluid as fluid
from paddle.io import IterableDataset, DataLoader, get_worker_info
class RangeIterableDataset(IterableDataset):
def __init__(self, start, end):
self.start = start
self.end = end
def __iter__(self):
for i in range(self.start, self.end):
yield np.array([i])
place = fluid.CPUPlace()
with fluid.dygraph.guard(place):
dataset = RangeIterableDataset(start=2, end=9)
def worker_init_fn(worker_id):
worker_info = get_worker_info()
dataset = worker_info.dataset
start = dataset.start
end = dataset.end
num_per_worker = int(
math.ceil((end - start) / float(worker_info.num_workers)))
worker_id = worker_info.id
dataset.start = start + worker_id * num_per_worker
dataset.end = min(dataset.start + num_per_worker, end)
dataloader = DataLoader(
dataset,
places=place,
num_workers=2,
batch_size=1,
drop_last=True,
worker_init_fn=worker_init_fn)
print(list(dataloader))
# outputs: [2, 5, 3, 6, 4, 7]
"""
def __init__(self):
pass
def __iter__(self):
raise NotImplementedError("'{}' not implement in class "\
"{}".format('__iter__', self.__class__.__name__))
def __getitem__(self, idx):
raise RuntimeError("'{}' should not be called for IterableDataset" \
"{}".format('__getitem__', self.__class__.__name__))
def __len__(self):
raise RuntimeError("'{}' should not be called for IterableDataset" \
"{}".format('__len__', self.__class__.__name__))
class TensorDataset(Dataset):
"""
Dataset defined by a list of tensors.
Each tensor should be in shape of [N, ...], while N is the sample number,
and ecah tensor contains a field of sample, :code:`TensorDataset` retrieve
each sample by indexing tensors in the 1st dimension.
Args:
tensors(list of Tensor): tensors with same shape in the 1st dimension.
Returns:
Dataset: a Dataset instance wrapping tensors.
Examples:
.. code-block:: python
import numpy as np
import paddle
from paddle.io import TensorDataset
paddle.disable_static()
input_np = np.random.random([2, 3, 4]).astype('float32')
input = paddle.to_tensor(input_np)
label_np = np.random.random([2, 1]).astype('int32')
label = paddle.to_tensor(label_np)
dataset = TensorDataset([input, label])
for i in range(len(dataset)):
input, label = dataset[i]
print(input, label)
"""
def __init__(self, tensors):
if not framework.in_dygraph_mode():
raise RuntimeError(
"TensorDataset con only be used in imperative mode")
assert all([tensor.shape[0] == tensors[0].shape[0] for tensor in tensors]), \
"tensors not have same shape of the 1st dimension"
self.tensors = tensors
def __getitem__(self, index):
return tuple(tensor[index] for tensor in self.tensors)
def __len__(self):
return self.tensors[0].shape[0]
|
Monday, 24 August 2015
Some may have seen this post back in August 2013, some may never have seen it but I would ask you all to read it again. In 2013 me, my brothers, sister and niece took part in a 10k Memory Walk and with your generousity we raised £1000 for Alzheimer's Society!
We're getting together to do it again this year and I would like to ask for your help again to raise money for this important cause. Please read on to find out why we're doing it:
My dad always told me never to beg, never beg for money but, more
importantly, never beg for friendship or love. He was a great man.
Let me introduce you to John Thomas Harris, known to my mum as H and his friends as Harris, my handsome dad:
He
was a quiet man who loved his family more than anything. His work was
physical, he was a scaffolder who then went on to build film sets, he
was very creative and artistic. He had an incredible sense of humour.
He once had to give a speech at a function for his boss, he was so
nervous but got through it by
using his humour, the comedian Jimmy Jones got on stage after my dad and
said "How the hell do I follow that!".
My
dad was intelligent and had a very quick mind. I wouldn't go in the
sea once because I'd heard a report of giant jellyfish in the water.
Without missing a beat my dad said "No, what you saw was an advert for
Rowntrees that said nobody's jellies are bigger than our jellies" I
believed him and went swimming, he'd reassured me. He would get excited
about things, Christmas and a surprise for someone in the family would
always get him excited, I get that from him.
He
loved to do a BBQ and was an amazing cook. There was the time in
France when we didn't have a BBQ so he "borrowed" one from the chief of
police for France, in the end he made one from an old shopping trolley
but that's another story for another time. He made the most amazing
pastry and his apple pies were always special. When he cooked he liked
to prepare and have all of the ingredients chopped and grated and in
their own little bowls :)
Dad was very sporting, he played football for the county when he was younger,
Monday night was always squash night and he loved to swim. I recall my
dad going for long sea swims when we were on holiday, I also remember
with pride how over the years he saved the lives of 7 people who were in
trouble at sea, one of them a lifeguard!
Then
Alzheimer's struck, my dad was 57, just 57 years old! I remember many
times during his illness that I wished someone could save him. As a
family, united, we went on a 12 year journey with this terrible disease.
At the start of his illness Maddie had the best of grandads. Maddie
isn't the name on her birth certificate, it's the name he gave her.
From the moment she was born he always called her his little madam and
in time it evolved to Maddie and it stuck.
He
was always there for her, ready to play any silly game that she made
up and it was great to see them playing, wonderful that he had the time
to play with her. But that was selfish because the only reason he had
the time was because his brain cells were dying. His other
grandchildren weren't so lucky, some of them never knew him but he lives
on in our hearts like the legend he was and all of his grandchildren
hear the stories of grandad John.
It all started off with coffee, there were a couple of times early in
the morning when he poured boiling water in to the coffee jar instead of
his cup. At the time it was annoying and we thought he was just tired
but then other changes came along, subtle changes, and the doctors diagnosed Alzheimer's.
Unlike cancer, when you are told you have Alzheimer's there are no
options, there is no hope. They can give you drugs that will slow it
down but they only turn you into a zombie with very little normal
function. My mum soon stopped giving him the drugs that took away any quality of life.
Alzheimer's has stages, it is like watching someones life in reverse.
My dad had been in Germany for his National Service and spoke the
language fluently. I remember the day my mum called me to let me know
that, after not saying a word for 6 months, my dad was talking again, the
only trouble was he was talking German!
Alzheimer's
sufferers go through a stage were they can walk for miles and miles.
Police have suggested that sufferers are fitted with GPS. This caused a
bit of uproar amongst the do gooders but until you get the heart
stopping call that says "Dad's manged to get out of the front door and I
can't find him" then you don't realise what a fantastic idea this is.
It is like a toddler getting out of the house with no sense of direction
and no idea of the dangers of crossing a road.
Alzheimer's
made the whole family even closer, we were all there to help my mum so
that my dad didn't have to go in a home. It also isolated us and we
would grieve and shed our tears in private. We also learnt a lot of
lessons.
People with Alzheimer's aren't old and they
don't just sit in a corner forgetting the small things, they forget
everything. They forget how to hold a glass, how to feed themselves,
they have to wear a nappy, they forget how to use their arms, they
forget how to sit down and when you do get them sitting down they forget
how to stand up, their muscles cease up and they forget how to walk.
But
then it gets worse, they forget how to chew then they forget how to
swallow, you can't get them to eat, they can't eat, they waste away.
They don't forget how to cry though and it breaks your heart.
Close friends turn their backs and disappear from your lives, people who
had been friends with my dad for over 40 years just stopped coming to
see him.
We learnt how strong my mum is, how much fight she has in her, how much she loved my dad.
Dad
saw all but one of us married, walked his 3 daughters down the aisle
and stood at the side of one of his sons. Twelve years after we were
introduced to Alzheimer's and five short years after this beautiful
photo was taken of my dad looking so proud and happy at Jemma's wedding
this photo was taken:
Five
years for him to look like he'd aged 20, for him to stop walking, for
him to stop moving his arms, for the life to have gone from his eyes and
then to finally pass away.
I still see reminders of my
dad all the time and they always make me think of him and smile. I
know that he is always with me. I see him in my brothers and in my
nephews but I wish he was here to see it too. His many grandchildren
would amaze him and he would cherish them all.
On
the 13th of September me, my brothers and my sisters are doing a 10K
Memory Walk to raise money for Alzheimer's. We want to raise money so
that, in the future, if someone is diagnosed with Alzheimer's they are
offered a cure, a chance to live their life out in full, so that they
can be offered hope.
I
would walk this 10K bare foot over hot coals if it meant that my dad
would be at the finish line and I could see him healthy and well but I
know that won't happen so I'll wear my shoes and socks and do it in the
hope a cure can be found.
Now I know dad told me not to beg but, just this once, please, if you can, visit myJust Giving
page and make a donation. It doesn't matter how big or small, whatever
is raised will help another family that is suffering because of this
terrible disease.
Today
would have been my dad's birthday, it's the seventh one he's not been
with us but he is not for one second forgotten. If you feel like giving a
posthumous birthday present then maybe you would be kind enough to
share this blog post with your lovely followers.
I will keep you updated on my fundraising and would like to thank you from the bottom of my heart for reading this post.
I went for a bike ride to my mum's where we all tried my helmet on to see who had the biggest head, mum won!
I picked blackberries from my garden to have for dessert, they were lovely and sweet :)
I still had dirty pudding though :)
We had quite a bit of rain!
I took my mum for her very first trip to the optician!
And then she took me out to lunch :)
These two had lots of cuddles :)
On Sunday I headed off for a special adventure :)
That involved wearing this:
And doing this:
And learning all about these:
It was amazing. I'm lucky enough to have a friend who's a beekeeper and a best friend who's a bee lover so I got the two together :) I was so nervous but, once I'd got the suit on, I was fine. Mmmm, honey :)
We came away with a huge chunk of honeycomb!
We then spent an hour or so getting the bike rack fitted to my car, we couldn't stop laughing :)
This naughty boy then nicked the cup of tea I was really looking forward to!
I spent the afternoon watching Harry Potter with Maddie, she felt a bit cold so pinched my mood blanket!
In the evening I finally got my Project Life photos printed up to date!
Follow this blog with bloglovin
About Me
Living life to the full with my daughter, Maddie, and pooch, Alfie. Dividing my time between Surrey and Bournemouth where my partner, Paul, lives. I juggle my hobbies, of which there are many, with full time work and I'm 3 years in to my Slimming World journey. |
Methylene blue guidance for simplified resection of a lung lesion.
A 60-year-old patient returned 1 year after right pneumonectomy with a new primary squamous cell carcinoma of the left lower lobe. Using fluoroscopic guidance, the lesion and the shortest track to the surface were marked by methylene blue preoperatively. The lesion was easily excised by wedge resection without the need for manipulation or deflation of the lung. |
Q:
Is Rollback automatic in a "Using" scope with C# SQL Server calls?
When you create 'using' blocks for your SQL Connection, Transaction, and Command, it is well known that the connection, transaction, or command that the using block is associated with is disposed on its own properly after you leave the using block.
If an exception occurs in one of these blocks though, for instance in the command block - Would the transaction be rolled back on its own, or do developers need to do a try catch inside of the command 'using' block, and add a rollback transaction statement in the catch for this try?
A:
It's not guaranteed to get disposed. The Dispose(bool) method of the SqlTransaction will in fact roll it back conditionally:
// System.Data.SqlClient.SqlTransaction
protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
{
if (disposing)
{
SNIHandle target = null;
RuntimeHelpers.PrepareConstrainedRegions();
try
{
target = SqlInternalConnection.GetBestEffortCleanupTarget(this._connection);
if (!this.IsZombied && !this.IsYukonPartialZombie)
{
this._internalTransaction.Dispose();
}
}
catch (OutOfMemoryException e)
{
this._connection.Abort(e);
throw;
}
catch (StackOverflowException e2)
{
this._connection.Abort(e2);
throw;
}
catch (ThreadAbortException e3)
{
this._connection.Abort(e3);
SqlInternalConnection.BestEffortCleanup(target);
throw;
}
}
base.Dispose(disposing);
}
and if you notice, it would only happen if this._internalTransaction.Dispose(); got called. The problem here is that if GetBestEffortCleanupTarget throws an exception it won't get cleaned up.
In your case, as long as an exception isn't thrown as already stated, you will fall into the category of being Zombied and so it will then actually issue a Rollback call in the _internalTransaction.Dispose() call.
Finally, if this is called with false it will most certainly not get disposed.
Now, unless I'm really missing something here I'm a bit appalled at how fragile this code is.
An interesting note is that I think the MSDN documentation is actually wrong because it states, for the Rollback() method:
The transaction can only be rolled back from a pending state (after BeginTransaction has been called, but before Commit is called). The transaction is rolled back in the event it is disposed before Commit or Rollback is called.
|
Microsoft FAR Sound-Technology Allows For Virtual Swording Fighting And More
Motion gaming is nothing new, with the Nintendo Wii being one of the first major successes in this area. When it comes to mobile gaming, most motion-based games are tilt-games that use your phone’s accelerometer, but imagine if you could have a virtual sword fight using your smartphone- that’s exactly what Microsoft Research has sought out to do with its new “FAR” technology. Essentially, the technology is a sound-ranging system that uses a series of chirps to detect exactly how close two phones are from one another. This localization technique is nothing new, but Microsoft has been working hard to improve the way it is done and find interesting ways to use it.
One proof-of-concept game developed using FAR is SwordFight, which pits two players against one another with virtual swords coming out of their smartphones. If one player’s phone strikes with 15cm of the other player’s phone, the second player loses one point. FAR makes use of existing components like microphones and really the only other needed hardware for SwordFight is the phone’s accelerometer and digital compass.
Outside of SwordFight, there are other broad uses that a localization technique like this could be used for, but at the moment its only shown-off use is for gaming. While the technology could easily be thrown on to Microsoft’s Windows Phone platform, for now MS has no plans to release the technology or the game “SwordFight” to the general public, instead choosing to focus on continuing to work with the new technology and find better ways to refine it.
SwordFight isn’t the only game that has been created to make use of the technology, another game is ChaseCat, which uses the same technology to let one player chase after another and score points by getting within a certain distance of them.
While it’s an interesting concept, it still has to make its way past certain obstacles, like the fact that the chirps made by the phone are very noticeable audibly, but there is certainly potential here. |
Q:
What is the integer "1" in 'cursor.getString(1)' means?
May I know what does integer "1" or other integer filled in this bracket in cursor.getString(1) means?
Thanks
A:
It's the column index.
For example, if the query was select a, b, c from ..., column index 1 would be b (being zero-based, the column indexes for that query are 0 = a, 1 = b and 2 = c).
See here for more detail.
An alternative would be to use cursor.getString (cursor.getColumnIndex ("b")) assuming you're certain that column exists.
|
/*
* reserved comment block
* DO NOT REMOVE OR ALTER!
*/
/**
* Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one
* or more contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file
* distributed with this work for additional information
* regarding copyright ownership. The ASF licenses this file
* to you under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the
* "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance
* with the License. You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing,
* software distributed under the License is distributed on an
* "AS IS" BASIS, WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY
* KIND, either express or implied. See the License for the
* specific language governing permissions and limitations
* under the License.
*/
/*
* Copyright (c) 2005, 2019, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
*/
/*
* $Id: ApacheCanonicalizer.java 1854026 2019-02-21 09:30:01Z coheigea $
*/
package org.jcp.xml.dsig.internal.dom;
import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.security.spec.AlgorithmParameterSpec;
import java.security.InvalidAlgorithmParameterException;
import java.util.Set;
import javax.xml.crypto.*;
import javax.xml.crypto.dom.DOMCryptoContext;
import javax.xml.crypto.dsig.TransformException;
import javax.xml.crypto.dsig.TransformService;
import javax.xml.crypto.dsig.spec.C14NMethodParameterSpec;
import com.sun.org.apache.xml.internal.security.c14n.Canonicalizer;
import com.sun.org.apache.xml.internal.security.c14n.InvalidCanonicalizerException;
import com.sun.org.apache.xml.internal.security.signature.XMLSignatureInput;
import com.sun.org.apache.xml.internal.security.transforms.Transform;
import org.w3c.dom.Document;
import org.w3c.dom.Element;
import org.w3c.dom.Node;
public abstract class ApacheCanonicalizer extends TransformService {
static {
com.sun.org.apache.xml.internal.security.Init.init();
}
private static final com.sun.org.slf4j.internal.Logger LOG =
com.sun.org.slf4j.internal.LoggerFactory.getLogger(ApacheCanonicalizer.class);
protected Canonicalizer apacheCanonicalizer;
private Transform apacheTransform;
protected String inclusiveNamespaces;
protected C14NMethodParameterSpec params;
protected Document ownerDoc;
protected Element transformElem;
public final AlgorithmParameterSpec getParameterSpec()
{
return params;
}
public void init(XMLStructure parent, XMLCryptoContext context)
throws InvalidAlgorithmParameterException
{
if (context != null && !(context instanceof DOMCryptoContext)) {
throw new ClassCastException
("context must be of type DOMCryptoContext");
}
if (parent == null) {
throw new NullPointerException();
}
if (!(parent instanceof javax.xml.crypto.dom.DOMStructure)) {
throw new ClassCastException("parent must be of type DOMStructure");
}
transformElem = (Element)
((javax.xml.crypto.dom.DOMStructure)parent).getNode();
ownerDoc = DOMUtils.getOwnerDocument(transformElem);
}
public void marshalParams(XMLStructure parent, XMLCryptoContext context)
throws MarshalException
{
if (context != null && !(context instanceof DOMCryptoContext)) {
throw new ClassCastException
("context must be of type DOMCryptoContext");
}
if (parent == null) {
throw new NullPointerException();
}
if (!(parent instanceof javax.xml.crypto.dom.DOMStructure)) {
throw new ClassCastException("parent must be of type DOMStructure");
}
transformElem = (Element)
((javax.xml.crypto.dom.DOMStructure)parent).getNode();
ownerDoc = DOMUtils.getOwnerDocument(transformElem);
}
public Data canonicalize(Data data, XMLCryptoContext xc)
throws TransformException
{
return canonicalize(data, xc, null);
}
public Data canonicalize(Data data, XMLCryptoContext xc, OutputStream os)
throws TransformException
{
if (apacheCanonicalizer == null) {
try {
apacheCanonicalizer = Canonicalizer.getInstance(getAlgorithm());
boolean secVal = Utils.secureValidation(xc);
apacheCanonicalizer.setSecureValidation(secVal);
LOG.debug("Created canonicalizer for algorithm: {}", getAlgorithm());
} catch (InvalidCanonicalizerException ice) {
throw new TransformException
("Couldn't find Canonicalizer for: " + getAlgorithm() +
": " + ice.getMessage(), ice);
}
}
if (os != null) {
apacheCanonicalizer.setWriter(os);
} else {
apacheCanonicalizer.setWriter(new ByteArrayOutputStream());
}
try {
Set<Node> nodeSet = null;
if (data instanceof ApacheData) {
XMLSignatureInput in =
((ApacheData)data).getXMLSignatureInput();
if (in.isElement()) {
if (inclusiveNamespaces != null) {
return new OctetStreamData(new ByteArrayInputStream
(apacheCanonicalizer.canonicalizeSubtree
(in.getSubNode(), inclusiveNamespaces)));
} else {
return new OctetStreamData(new ByteArrayInputStream
(apacheCanonicalizer.canonicalizeSubtree
(in.getSubNode())));
}
} else if (in.isNodeSet()) {
nodeSet = in.getNodeSet();
} else {
return new OctetStreamData(new ByteArrayInputStream(
apacheCanonicalizer.canonicalize(
Utils.readBytesFromStream(in.getOctetStream()))));
}
} else if (data instanceof DOMSubTreeData) {
DOMSubTreeData subTree = (DOMSubTreeData)data;
if (inclusiveNamespaces != null) {
return new OctetStreamData(new ByteArrayInputStream
(apacheCanonicalizer.canonicalizeSubtree
(subTree.getRoot(), inclusiveNamespaces)));
} else {
return new OctetStreamData(new ByteArrayInputStream
(apacheCanonicalizer.canonicalizeSubtree
(subTree.getRoot())));
}
} else if (data instanceof NodeSetData) {
NodeSetData<?> nsd = (NodeSetData<?>)data;
// convert Iterator to Set
nodeSet = Utils.toNodeSet(nsd.iterator());
LOG.debug("Canonicalizing {} nodes", nodeSet.size());
} else {
return new OctetStreamData(new ByteArrayInputStream(
apacheCanonicalizer.canonicalize(
Utils.readBytesFromStream(
((OctetStreamData)data).getOctetStream()))));
}
if (inclusiveNamespaces != null) {
return new OctetStreamData(new ByteArrayInputStream(
apacheCanonicalizer.canonicalizeXPathNodeSet
(nodeSet, inclusiveNamespaces)));
} else {
return new OctetStreamData(new ByteArrayInputStream(
apacheCanonicalizer.canonicalizeXPathNodeSet(nodeSet)));
}
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new TransformException(e);
}
}
public Data transform(Data data, XMLCryptoContext xc, OutputStream os)
throws TransformException
{
if (data == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("data must not be null");
}
if (os == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("output stream must not be null");
}
if (ownerDoc == null) {
throw new TransformException("transform must be marshalled");
}
if (apacheTransform == null) {
try {
apacheTransform =
new Transform(ownerDoc, getAlgorithm(), transformElem.getChildNodes());
apacheTransform.setElement(transformElem, xc.getBaseURI());
boolean secVal = Utils.secureValidation(xc);
apacheTransform.setSecureValidation(secVal);
LOG.debug("Created transform for algorithm: {}", getAlgorithm());
} catch (Exception ex) {
throw new TransformException
("Couldn't find Transform for: " + getAlgorithm(), ex);
}
}
XMLSignatureInput in;
if (data instanceof ApacheData) {
LOG.debug("ApacheData = true");
in = ((ApacheData)data).getXMLSignatureInput();
} else if (data instanceof NodeSetData) {
LOG.debug("isNodeSet() = true");
if (data instanceof DOMSubTreeData) {
DOMSubTreeData subTree = (DOMSubTreeData)data;
in = new XMLSignatureInput(subTree.getRoot());
in.setExcludeComments(subTree.excludeComments());
} else {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Set<Node> nodeSet =
Utils.toNodeSet(((NodeSetData)data).iterator());
in = new XMLSignatureInput(nodeSet);
}
} else {
LOG.debug("isNodeSet() = false");
try {
in = new XMLSignatureInput
(((OctetStreamData)data).getOctetStream());
} catch (Exception ex) {
throw new TransformException(ex);
}
}
boolean secVal = Utils.secureValidation(xc);
in.setSecureValidation(secVal);
try {
in = apacheTransform.performTransform(in, os);
if (!in.isNodeSet() && !in.isElement()) {
return null;
}
if (in.isOctetStream()) {
return new ApacheOctetStreamData(in);
} else {
return new ApacheNodeSetData(in);
}
} catch (Exception ex) {
throw new TransformException(ex);
}
}
public final boolean isFeatureSupported(String feature) {
if (feature == null) {
throw new NullPointerException();
} else {
return false;
}
}
}
|
-12*t, 3*s = -5*t + 110. Suppose -13*p - 38 - s = 0. Let l(h) = 3*h - 8. Calculate l(p).
-26
Suppose 2*p = -2*p + 2*p. Suppose -18*z + 100 - 10 = p. Let y(a) = a**2 - 3*a + 3. Give y(z).
13
Let j(t) = -2 - 9767*t**2 - 3*t**3 + 19496*t**2 + 2*t**3 - 9763*t**2. What is j(-34)?
-2
Let j = 9995 - 9979. Let k(v) = v**2 - 13*v - 53. What is k(j)?
-5
Let b(q) = 16 + 4 - q**3 - q**2 + 2*q**3 - 5 - 2*q**3. Suppose 0*f + 3*f - 6 = 0. Let n be 1/(-4) - f/(-8). Determine b(n).
15
Let d(y) be the first derivative of y**4/4 - 10*y**3/3 + 3*y**2 - 4*y - 958. Determine d(9).
-31
Let r = -9347 + 9361. Suppose -4 = 4*u, j + 4*u + 1 - 2 = 0. Let n(t) = t**2 - 10 - 1 - j*t**3 - 4 + r. Calculate n(1).
-5
Let j = 49824 - 49819. Let l(o) be the first derivative of o**3/3 + o**2/2 + 2*o - 1. Determine l(j).
32
Let y(s) be the second derivative of -21*s**3/2 - s**2/2 - 1254*s. Calculate y(0).
-1
Let t = -72 - -186. Let b = t - 24. Let s = b + -84. Let z(n) = -n + 1. Calculate z(s).
-5
Let q(b) = 2*b**2 + 4*b - 1. Let w = -93 - -44. Let d = -97 - w. Let n be d/32 - (-6)/(-4). Give q(n).
5
Let y(x) = -2*x**3 - 20*x**2 + 7*x + 74. Let p be ((-248)/(-558))/((-6)/135). What is y(p)?
4
Let f be (-4)/(((-1)/(-8))/(7/(-14))). Let u be ((-8)/(-32))/(2/f). Let p(t) = -6 + t**u - 2*t + 6 + 5*t**2. Calculate p(2).
20
Let a = 96 - -23. Let d = a + -127. Let c(u) be the first derivative of -u**3/3 - 7*u**2/2 + 8*u - 3. Determine c(d).
0
Let l(q) = q**3 + 16*q**2 + 66*q + 15. Let s be (-54 - -45) + 2 + -1. What is l(s)?
-1
Let m(a) = -747*a**2 + a**3 - 2*a + 1499*a**2 + 1 - 749*a**2. What is m(-2)?
9
Let v(l) = 3*l**2 + 4*l. Let w be v(-3). Suppose w*u = 3*u + 36. Let x(q) = -q**3 - 543 + 4*q - u*q + 546 + 3*q**2. What is x(4)?
-9
Suppose -2*p = -5*v - 0*p + 18, 0 = -2*v + 5*p + 3. Let m(l) be the first derivative of -v*l - 3/2*l**2 + 1/3*l**3 + 20. Calculate m(3).
-4
Let x(l) = 27*l**2 - 93*l**2 + 24*l**2 + 4 + 22*l**2 - 3*l + 19*l**2. Let h be 19/(-4) + (-7)/28. Calculate x(h).
-6
Let q(l) = -600*l + 2042*l + 2 - 594*l - 837*l. Let z = -2 + 0. What is q(z)?
-20
Let f = 424 - 414. Suppose -f*c + 5*c + l = -28, 4*c - 16 = 4*l. Let o(v) = v - 1. Let n(i) = -6*i + 4. Let a(g) = -n(g) - 5*o(g). Determine a(c).
7
Let w(g) be the first derivative of -7*g**2/2 - 559*g - 5576. Calculate w(-81).
8
Let i be (-2 + 14/4)/((-706)/(-1412)). Let l(p) = p**3 + 6*p**2 - 32*p + 12. Give l(i).
-3
Let p(q) be the first derivative of -q**3/3 + q**2 + 6*q - 54. Let g be p(3). Let d(z) = z**2 - 2*z - 4. Give d(g).
-1
Let k(i) = -i**3 - 3*i**2 + 3*i + 2. Let f be k(-3). Let c(l) be the first derivative of -l**3/3 - 2*l**2 - 5*l + 222. Determine c(f).
-26
Let p be (-104)/(-3)*153/204. Let f(s) = -2*s + 43. What is f(p)?
-9
Let p(q) = q**3 - 2*q**2 - 4*q + 5. Let y be p(3). Let v(g) = 12 - 1 - 6 - y*g + g. Give v(5).
0
Let b(x) = x**3 + 5*x**2 - 10*x - 7. Suppose -4*a - 756 = -4*r, r + 3*a - 721 = -3*r. Suppose 9*u = 121 - r. Give b(u).
-35
Let o(j) = 1 - 7 - 2 - 11 + 35 + 9*j. Determine o(5).
61
Let h = -104 - -112. Let q(r) = -2 - r**3 + 8*r**2 + r + h*r**2 - 21*r**2 + 9. Let o(b) = b**3 - 5*b**2 - 5. Let t be o(5). What is q(t)?
2
Let m(l) = -11*l**2 + 5 - 172*l**2 - 6*l - 2 + 179*l**2. Calculate m(-2).
-1
Let i(v) = -12*v**2 - 107*v - 117. Let u(n) = 6*n**2 + 78*n + 58. Let k(q) = 2*i(q) + 5*u(q). Give k(-29).
-2
Let c = -44 - -133. Let r = c + -90. Let w(n) = 16*n**3 + 2*n + 1. Calculate w(r).
-17
Let c(t) = -t**3 + 6*t**2 - 5*t + 26. Let u(n) = -8*n + 174. Let d be u(21). Let y be c(d). Let z(b) = b**2 - 2*b - 6. Give z(y).
18
Let q be 0/(0 + 7 + -6). Suppose 14*i - 12*i + 14 = q. Let h(f) = -f + 3. Give h(i).
10
Suppose 0 = 16*q - 14*q - 10. Let v(c) = -3 - q + c + 1. Let k = 957 + -951. Calculate v(k).
-1
Let w(c) = c**2 - 19*c + 83. Let s be w(8). Let f(z) = -z**3 - 6*z**2 - 6*z. What is f(s)?
5
Let z(t) = -t + 55. Let w be z(-14). Suppose -6*f + 9 = w. Let u(v) = v**2 + 10*v + 4. Calculate u(f).
4
Suppose 9*o = 8*o + 15. Let i(y) = -y**3 + 10*y + 6*y - 30 - o*y**2 + 37. What is i(-16)?
7
Let x(p) be the third derivative of -29*p**4/24 - 9*p**3 + 1800*p**2 - p. What is x(-2)?
4
Let w(s) = -47*s - 4179. Let r be w(-89). Let h(t) = t**3 - 6*t**2 + 12*t - 10. Calculate h(r).
6
Let r be 7 - (-3)/(((-1)/(-1))/(-1)). Let u(o) = 2*o**2 - 9*o + 1. Determine u(r).
-3
Let k(a) = -a**3 + 5*a**2 + 4*a + 4. Let c(t) = t**3 + 24*t**2 - 55*t - 867. Let g be c(-25). Let l be -1*6*(-112)/(-6). Let h = l - g. Give k(h).
24
Let l(y) be the first derivative of -220 + 3*y + 1/3*y**3 - 7/2*y**2. Give l(6).
-3
Let n(k) = -61 - 68*k**3 - 71*k**3 + 54 + 140*k**3 - 7*k. What is n(3)?
-1
Let z = 26950 - 26945. Let g(w) be the third derivative of -5*w**4/24 + 31*w**3/6 + 2*w**2. What is g(z)?
6
Let i(n) be the third derivative of n**6/120 + n**5/6 - 13*n**4/24 - 5*n**3/2 + n**2 - 1194. What is i(-11)?
7
Let c(s) = -s**3 + 3*s**2 + 2. Let b = -153 - -151. Let v be 1 - b - (-3 + 3). What is c(v)?
2
Suppose 102 = 2*g + 5*y, -4*y = g - 2*g + 64. Suppose -6*s - 8*s - g = 0. Let o be 0 - (24/(-3) - s). Let j(d) = d**2 - 4*d - 5. Calculate j(o).
-5
Let t = -4023 + 4036. Let j(o) = -o**3 + 12*o**2 + 15*o - 14. What is j(t)?
12
Let x(w) = 2*w + 6. Let r be (-1 - 6/(-10))/((-1)/(-10)). Let i(t) = -t**3 - 5*t**2 - 8*t - 12. Let m be i(r). Suppose 0 = -m*n - 0*n - 20. Determine x(n).
-4
Let f(u) = -10*u - 42193 - u**2 + 84380 - 42194. Give f(-6).
17
Let l(t) = -t**2 + 13*t + 55. Let w = 7487 - 7490. Give l(w).
7
Suppose -5*b - 3*j - 4 = 0, b + 18*j + 8 = 21*j. Let t(s) = -36*s + 2. What is t(b)?
74
Let u = -23367 + 23369. Let m(v) be the second derivative of -v**5/20 + v**4/4 - v**3/3 + 3*v**2/2 - 5*v. Determine m(u).
3
Let w(u) = 11*u + 445. Suppose 2*s = 12, -3*h + 5*s + 155 = 308. Calculate w(h).
-6
Let r(q) = 23*q - 256. Let f be r(11). Let g(t) = -3*t - 9. Determine g(f).
0
Let b(x) = -2*x + 1. Let w(q) = -q**2 + 19*q - 54. Let o be w(17). Let u = -18 - o. Calculate b(u).
-3
Let v = 160 - 48. Let t(l) = 1 - 3 + 110*l**2 - v*l**2. Calculate t(-3).
-20
Let m(p) be the first derivative of p**3 - 4*p**2 - p - 200. Calculate m(6).
59
Suppose 2*w + 43 + 45 = 3*o, 138 = 5*o + w. Let h(q) = o - 5 - 7 - q - 13. Let j(x) = 3*x - 3. Let m be j(4). Determine h(m).
-6
Suppose 0 = 2*p - 2*o - 666, 4*o = 2*p + o - 669. Let c = -108 + p. Let w(b) = -222 + b + c. What is w(3)?
3
Let d(y) = 2*y**2 + 5*y + 7. Suppose 0 = 4*c + 8, -12*t + 16*t - 6 = 3*c. Determine d(t).
7
Let c(i) = i**3 + 13*i**2 - 19*i - 250. Let d(p) = 46*p + 1091. Let h be d(-24). What is c(h)?
-3
Let g(x) be the first derivative of x**6/120 + x**5/60 - 3*x**3/2 - 28*x**2 - 76. Let b(i) be the second derivative of g(i). What is b(0)?
-9
Let k = -20 - -12. Let m(z) be the first derivative of z**3/3 + 9*z**2/2 + 2*z - 26508. Calculate m(k).
-6
Let l = 4060 - 4056. Let m(g) = -41*g + 146. Determine m(l).
-18
Suppose -4*s = 26 - 2. Let t(b) = -21*b**2 + 10 - 3 + 25*b**2 + 6*b**3 + 7*b. Let q(x) = -7*x**3 - 4*x**2 - 8*x - 8. Let v(a) = s*t(a) - 5*q(a). What is v(-4)?
6
Suppose 9*g - 17*g + 16 = 0. Suppose -3*d = 1 - 7. Suppose b - 4*u = -u + g, 0 = b + u + d. Let z(q) = -5*q**3 + q**2 + q. Give z(b).
5
Let j(u) = 4*u + 3. Suppose -35*n + 31*n - 28 = 0. Let s be 70 - (n/(-14) - (-9)/6). Let a = s - 70. Calculate j(a).
-5
Let s be (-5*3/(-30)*0)/(5 - (5 + 1)). Let d(u) be the third derivative of u**4/24 - 3*u**3/2 + u**2. Calculate d(s).
-9
Let y(v) = -v + 9. Let s be y(1). Let z(o) = -4*o**2 + 29*o + 27. Let r be z(s). Let d(t) = 2*t**2 + t + 1. What is d(r)?
22
Let h(t) = -2 + 7*t - 2*t**2 + 3*t + 1. Let a(y) = y**2 - 5*y. Let o(u) = -5*a(u) - 2*h(u). Let v be 3/(-12) - 1/((-16)/84). Give o(v).
2
Let m(r) = 2*r**2 - r + 2. Let k be -1 - (-12691)/42 - (-4)/(-24). Let s = k + -303. What is m(s)?
12
Let j(t) be the third derivative of 13*t**4/24 - 2*t**3/3 - 174*t**2 + 5. Give j(-1).
-17
Suppose -234*u + 4*f = -231*u + 94, 4*u + 5*f = -53. Let z(b) = 7*b + 152. What is z(u)?
-2
Let o = -157 - -260. Let j = -101 + o. Let v(c) = 12*c - 2. Determine v(j).
22
Let s(c) = c**3 - 8*c**2 + 7. Let b be (0 + -4)*(-6)/8. Suppose -2*w = -4*u + 26, -b*u - 2*u - 4*w = -52. Determine s(u).
7
Let q(k) = -13*k**3 - 3*k**2 + 5*k + 5. Let n be q(-2). Suppose -19*m = 10*m + n. Let t(w) = -w**2 + 3*w + 1 |
Contents
History
Unquendor was founded in 1981, on the birthday of Frodo and Bilbo, September 22th, after the example of the British Tolkien Society. It steadily grew up to its current member count of about 280 people from all over the Dutch-speaking world, though Flanders has its own Society, Elanor, and South Africa, which had its now dormant Haradrim, is usually considered under the influence of the English Tolkien Society.
Gatherings
Unquendor organises a number of big events throughout the Netherlands, like the "Joelfeest" (Yule party, December), Tolkien day (with AGM, close to September 22th), "Slotfeest" (Castle/End (of year) Feast (same word for these in Dutch), June), "3-januari-diner" (Tolkien Birthday Diner, January 3rd) and "Tolkien Leesdag" (Tolkien Reading Day, close to March 25th). It also offers more regular meetings organised by its members throughout the Netherlands, called Herbergen ("Inns"), but are akin to the Tolkien Society's Smials. These monthly to half-yearly meetings, of which Unquendor currently has about ten, are usually frequented by about eight people who then talk about Tolkien or Unquendor related issues.
Publications
Unquendor also publishes the five-a-year magazine 'Lembas', in which the accounts of meetings and announcements for them are made known, but it includes Ardalogical and Tolkienistical essays as well, all of which are written by members of Unquendor. Unquendor also publishes an extra book each year, called the Lembas Extra, in which all kinds of Tolkienological and Ardalogical articles, all in English, are published.
Etymology
Unquendor is neo-Quenya for "Hollow Land", and is a translation of the often perceived etymology of Holland, "Hollow land". The correct etymology is of Holland, however, "Wooded land". "Hollow land" does apply to Holland in Lincolnshire, UK. |
Q:
Manipulating D3 axis labels
I'm working with D3 for the first time and I'm trying to make a parallel coordinate graph. I basically am using this demo. The only real changes I've had is changing the data and changing the far right axis so it has strings instead of numbers as the labels. I do this by using the following:
if(d === "Dog Breed") {
y[d] = d3.scale.ordinal()
.domain(dogData.map(function(p) { return p[d]; }))
.rangePoints([h, 0]); // quantitative color scale
}
Unfortunately, if the dog's breed is too long, the text gets cut off, making it hard to read the label (one has to move the axis in its entirety to read it, but when they let go of it, it goes right back to where it was initially).
My other change were the following:
var m = [30, 10, 10, 10],
w = screen.width - 150, // Make it 150px less than the screen's width.
h = 500 - m[0] - m[2];
The axis label code remains the same at:
// Add an axis and title.
g.append("svg:g")
.attr("class", "axis")
.each(function(d) { d3.select(this).call(axis.scale(y[d])); })
.append("svg:text")
.attr("text-anchor", "middle")
.attr("y", -9)
.text(String);
Is there any way to avoid the name-being-clipped-thing? Even shifting the graph itself over in its block about 20px would help, but I don't know where the code for that would be...
A:
The fix was to manipulate var m to have more on the lefthand side in m[3].
|
Gonorrhoea positivity among women aged 15-24 years in the USA, 2005-2007.
To examine the epidemiology of young women screened for gonorrhoea in the USA. Data on tests for gonorrhoea among women aged 15-24 years attending family planning clinics from 2005 to 2007 were obtained through the infertility prevention project. Clinics testing 90% or more of women for gonorrhoea and sending 50 or more gonorrhoea tests per year were included. Gonorrhoea positivity on a state and county level was calculated and compared by age and race/ethnicity. A total of 1,119,394 tests from 948 clinics was eligible for inclusion. Median state-specific gonorrhoea positivity was 1.3% (IQR 0.7-2.0%). Positivity was higher among women aged 15-19 years (1.4%, IQR 0.9-2.6%) than among those aged 20-24 years (1.1%, IQR 0.6-1.4%, p=0.03) and among non-Hispanic black women (3.8%, IQR 3.2-4.6%) than non-Hispanic white women (0.6%, IQR 0.4-0.8%, p<0.0001). Half of all gonorrhoea cases in these women originated from 57 of 753 counties. Among non-Hispanic white women, positivity was 2.0% or greater in 4% of counties, while 83% of counties had gonorrhoea positivity of less than 1.0%. Gonorrhoea positivity among non-Hispanic black women was 2.0% or greater in 58% of counties, and less than 1.0% in only one-third of counties. These disparities were present diffusely across the geographical areas included in this analysis. Gonorrhea positivity was consistently high for young non-Hispanic black women attending family planning clinics across multiple geographical regions. A large proportion of gonorrhoea morbidity was concentrated in a relatively small number of counties in the USA among this population of young women. |
1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to computer systems, more particularly to a computer system with an air guiding duct.
2. Description of Related Art
Heat dissipating devices perform the critical function of removing heat from a computer system. For example, a heat sink is provided to efficiently dissipate heat generated by a CPU, and an air guiding duct is provided to direct air out of the computer system. Usually, the air guiding duct is attached to the heat sink by a plurality of screws, which makes assembly and disassembly time-consuming and inconvenient. |
GOP Votes Give Jerry Brown Big Win on Cap-and-Trade
The “shadow presidency” of California Governor Jerry Brown scored a win Monday night as eight Republican legislators crossed the political aisle and voted with most Democrats to extend a key component of the “cap-and-trade” program that has literally shifted $4.42 billion from the private sector to the government since mid-2012.
While a lot of politicking went into rounding up the votes for the cap-and -trade extension among both political party caucuses in both chambers, it was clear that Governor Brown had enough political capital, along with a willingness to “strategically target” the spending of cap-and-trade tax dollars to woo Democrats.
So in the final days preceding a vote, much of the attention was focused on Republican legislators. Because it is a tax increase, the bill required a two-thirds vote to pass. Democrats have barely over two-thirds in either chamber and so, in theory, could have passed it without a solitary GOP vote. But Democrats were not 100% unified, and also at least one Democrat in the State Assembly was going to be absent this week on a long-planned family vacation, meaning at least one GOP vote would be needed in the lower house.
On the GOP side it was a David vs. Goliath situation, with a small coalition of small business and taxpayer advocates, as well as GOP groups like the Orange County Lincoln Club. They were out-gunned and out-spent, up against many well-heeled interests, including the California Chamber of Commerce, the California Manufacturing and Technology Association, and others. (Big businesses can handle navigating a cap-and-trade system, and largely pass along the costs to consumers. The small- and medium-sized businesses suffer the most, and of course taxpayers in general.) Those billions and billions in taxes paid to the California Air Resources Board drive up the costs of so many products — most notably gas and electricity prices: it is estimated that by the early 2020s, cape-and-trade will be adding over 70 cents to the price of a gallon of gasoline. In the end Goliath won, with more than enough Republicans voting for the extension.
While much attention will be paid to the “Crazy 8” (as they are already being called) Republicans who voted to extend this draconian program, it is significant to note that 34 GOP legislators voted against it, with a good number of them speaking out on the floors of their respective legislative chambers. Perhaps none spoke as eloquently as State Senator Andy Vidak (R-Hanford), who said, in part, “I represent the poorest district in the state. I cannot, in good conscience, vote for yet another bill that will raise gasoline and electricity rates on the poorest of the poor. Let’s be honest, this is a tax — and a regressive one at that! Then where does the money go? It goes to rebates for rich folks who buy a Tesla. Billions go to the boondoggle that is high-speed rail, which is a gross polluter, now and for decades to come — again, off of the backs of the poor who currently live in energy poverty.”
Interestingly, the political win for Assembly Democrats wasn’t just in passing the cap-and-trade extension, but also the fact that so many Republicans voted for the bill that Speaker Anthony Rendon (D-Paramount) was able to let three of his targeted members, who are occupying seats the GOP would like to pick back up, either not vote at all or vote no. A big strategic blunder for Assembly Republicans.
After the vote was held, despite the fact that over two-thirds of Assembly Republicans voted against the bill, a gleeful Assembly GOP Leader Chad Mayes spoke in a press conference with Governor Jerry Brown and Democratic legislative leaders as they celebrated the passage of a package of the legislation. Mayes could hardly contain himself as he touted that with this legislation “we lowered taxes, we reduced costs, we reduced regulations – and at the same time we are going to protect our environment.”
You may ask how a two-thirds vote to raise taxes for this program for another decade could lower taxes, reduce costs and reduce regulations? Apparently Mayes and other Republicans justified their votes by imagining what it would be like if, in the absence of cap-and-trade, Democrats implemented a different and worse system. The “lowering” and “reducing” Mayes refers to are the imaginary savings achieved because the other, allegedly worse regimen of regulation, was averted.
Mayes went on to say: “We believe that markets are better than Soviet style-command and control. We believe that markets are better than the government coercing people into doing things they don’t want to do… .”
Apparently Mayes believes that when the government creates Soviet-style limits on resources but leaves people with the freedom to exist in a world of artificial scarcity on their own terms, that is not command and control. This is analogous to having a hundred people but food for only ten, and choosing which ten get the food, versus simply putting ten meals in the room and letting the hundred people figure it out themselves.
With the cap-and-trade vote now in the rear-view mirror, it remains to see what the political fallout will be. If 2009 is any guide, which was the last time a small group of six GOP legislators crossed party lines to vote for a massive tax increase, all six legislators ended up paying a steep political price. Both legislative leaders lost their leadership posts.
Either way, the California GOP has a unique messaging problem for next year, having provided support for a multi-billion dollar carbon emissions tax.
Jon Fleischman is the Politics Editor for Breitbart California. His columns appear regularly on this page. Follow Jon on Twitter here.
Seems important to name the Repubs who voted yes, doesn’t it?
EIGHT Republicans voted for it
The only Repub in SENATE to vote for it was Berryhill
Repubs in the ASSEMBLY who voted for it:
Catharine Baker
Rocky Chavez
Jordan Cunningham
Heath Flora
Devon Mathis
Chad Mayes
Marc Steinorth
It is an insult to refer to any RINOs who voted FOR this bill as Republicans. The title “RINO” must be adopted universally so these can be targeted for removal. It is better that a real Democrat occupy the seat than an insult to conservative thinking be there.
The only thing I can think of that made this vote for it $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ Moonbean and the demorats are communist that want to destroy the US Now we have RINO’s to join the list. So is there really any difference in the parties?
Comrade Brown wins another round with the support of the Brown Shirts in the legislature.
Welcome to the Socialist (Communist) State of California.
If the citizens of California don’t wake up soon, they will deserve everything they get which won’t be much because the State is going to take it all and they will do so without remorse.
California Democrats are useless and that includes their voters.
The Exodus will continue and increase, there is no alternative!
Tyranny is alive and well in California.
As a registered Republican in CA, who obeys the laws and pays my taxes (not asking for one dime from CA ever) this is my message from CA…. You are a chump. We will tax you into oblivion. Freeloader.
I’m pissed. It seems the only solution left is to break away and start over. It seems the State of Jefferson is the only solution for my area. Whatever. I am done with the Cannellas, the Changs, the Berryhills, the Bakers, etc. Just change to Democrat and get on with it. I am not represented anymore.
I am appalled that this passed, and that eight Republicans in the Assembly voted for this!! We need to show them that there is a price to pay for this lunacy. Let’s not just complain, people. Let’s DO SOMETHING about this!! First step: run other Republicans against them in their next primary battle. I’ll send a contribution. |
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Licensed to the Apache Software Foundation (ASF) under one or more
contributor license agreements. See the NOTICE file distributed with
this work for additional information regarding copyright ownership.
The ASF licenses this file to You under the Apache License, Version 2.0
(the "License"); you may not use this file except in compliance with
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http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
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<configuration>
<property>
<name>hadoop.security.group.mapping</name>
<value>org.apache.sentry.kafka.MockGroupMappingServiceProvider</value>
</property>
</configuration>
|
Highlights {#s1}
==========
1. METTL7B is associated with tumorigenesis and progression in NSCLC;
2. METTL7B significantly influenced tumor growth *in vivo* and *in vitro*;
3. METTL7B serves as a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC;
4. METTL7B contributes to tumor growth through regulation of cell cycle progression.
Background {#s2}
==========
Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide ([@B24]). There are approximately 1.8 millions of newly diagnosed lung cancer cases and approximately 1.4 millions of deaths caused by lung cancer each year ([@B20]). Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a major subtype (approximately 85%) of lung cancer with a poor 5-year survival rate less than 15% ([@B24]). It is urgent to identify specific molecular biomarkers, especially previously unrecognized molecules that can be used to diagnose lung cancer at an early stage and inhibit the cancer progression.
Methyltransferases are a diverse family of proteins that are characterized by the presence of methyltransferase like domains and a structurally conserved S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) binding domain ([@B6]; [@B29]; [@B12]; [@B7]; [@B13]). Previous studies have demonstrated that methylation directly affects chromatin organization and modulate gene transcription without mutation to the gene itself ([@B16]; [@B9]). Furthermore, methyltransferases had been found to play a critical role in the development of genetic diseases, cancers, and metabolic diseases ([@B1]; [@B29]; [@B2]). METTL7B is a member of mammalian methyltransferase-like (METTL) family. Studies had shown that members of METTL family participate various biological functions. For instance, METTL3, METTL16, METTL2B and METTL8 were found to be RNA methyltransferases ([@B22]; [@B28]) and play important roles in tumorigenesis ([@B8]). Yet, the role of other members of METTL family in cancer development remains largely unexplored.
In this study, we showed that METTL7B is involved in the regulation of cell cycle progression and is essential for NSCLC development. We suggest that METTL7B might serve as a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC.
Methods and Materials {#s3}
=====================
Patients and Tissue Samples {#s3_1}
---------------------------
Fifteen pairs of fresh lung cancer and adjacent normal tissues were obtained from the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University & Shenzhen People's Hospital (Shenzhen, China). These patients were clinically and pathologically diagnosed at the Department of thoracic surgery, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University & Shenzhen People\'s Hospital from 2016 to 2017. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shenzhen People\'s Hospital. Written informed consents were obtained from the participants.
A tissue array containing a total of 94 pairs of lung cancer samples and matched adjacent normal tissues with follow-up data was obtained from Shanghai Outdo Biotech Co. Ltd. (Shanghai, China). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays were performed the tissue microarray chips according to standard protocols provided by Abcam. Briefly, sections were incubated with anti-METTL7B antibody (Abcam, Cat\#ab110134,1:100 dilution) overnight at 4°C, and subsequently incubated with streptavidin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase. Sections were visualized with 3, 3-diaminobenzidine (DAB) kit. All IHC samples were assessed by two independent pathologists blinded to both the sample origins and the subject outcomes. The TMA was scanned using Scanscope XT (Aperio, Shanghai, China). The clinical features of the patients are listed in [**Table 1**](#T1){ref-type="table"}. For survival analyses, patient overall survivals stratified by expression of METTL7B, were presented as the Kaplan--Meier plots and tested for significance using log-rank tests. Differences were considered significant when P value was less than 0.05.
######
Correlation between METTL7B expression and clinicopathological characteristics.
Variables METTL7B expression Total χ2 *p* value
------------ ----------- -------------------- ------- ---- ----------- -----------
Age (year) 0.604 0.437
⩽60 15 28 43
\>60 14 37 51
T stage 5.088 0.024\*
T1/T2 26 44 70
T3/T4 3 21 24
Sex 0.551 0.458
Female 11 30 41
Male 18 35 53
TNM stage 3.631 0.057
I/II 18 31 49
III/IV 5 25 30
Null 15
N stage 1.893 0.169
N0 15 27 42
N1/N2/N3 8 29 37
Null 15
M 0.458 0.499
M0 29 63 92
M1 0 1 1
Null 1
Grade 1.879 0.170
I/II 17 50 67
III 10 15 25
Null 2
EGFR 4.590 0.032\*
Negative 24 42 66
Positive 1 13 14
Null 14
ALK 1.076 0.300
Negative 21 50 71
Positive 3 3 6
Null 17
VEGF 0.024 0.878
Negative 12 28 40
Positive 17 37 54
VEGF 0.024 0.878
Negative 12 28 40
Positive 17 37 54
PD-L1 0.303^\#^
Negative 5 6 11
Positive 21 52 73
Null 10
Survivin 1.000
Negative 4 9 13
Positive 17 40 57
Null 24
\*The p value \< 0.05 is regarded as statistically significant.
^\#^Fisher\'s exact test was used.
Cell Lines and Cultures {#s3_2}
-----------------------
Lung cancer cells (A549, PC-9), 293T cells were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). These cells were authenticated using short tandem repeat (STR) by Genetic testing Biotechnology Corporation (Suzhou, China). A549 and PC-9 were cultured in RPMI-1640 (Hyclone, Thermo Scientific) medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Hyclone, Thermo Scientific) at 37°C in an incubator with 5% CO~2~. 293T cell were cultured in Dulbecco\'s modification of Eagle\'s medium (Hyclone, Thermo Scientific) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Hyclone, Thermo Scientific) at 37°C in an incubator with 5% CO~2~. All of cell lines were confirmed with negative mycoplasma contamination.
Lentivirus Virus Production and Transduction {#s3_3}
--------------------------------------------
For lentivirus mediated shRNA knockdown, pLKO.1-GFP construct together with packing plasmids psPAX2 and pMD2.G were co-transfected into 293T cells. Viruses were collected at 48 hours and 72 hours after transfection and then added to A549 or PC-9 cells with polybrene (8 μg/ml, Sigma). Forty-eight hours after infection, Puromycin was added to the culture medium for stable cell selection. The sequence targeting Human METTL7B were as follow, shMETTL7B-1: 5\'-GGGAAAGGCTGTCAAATAA-3\', shMETTL7B-2: CAGGGCAATCTCTAACTTCAA. Real-time quantitative PCR(RT-qPCR) and Western blot were performed to determine the knockdown efficiency.
Cell Viability Assay {#s3_4}
--------------------
The cell viability was measured using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) (MedChem Express, Monmouth Junction, NJ, USA) according to the manufacture\'s recommendations. Briefly, A549 and PC-9 cells with METTL7B shRNA or negative control shRNA were seeded in 96 well plate. Cell proliferation was documented every 24 h for 3 days. The number of viable cells was assessed by measurement of the absorbance at 450 nm using a microtiter plate reader (BIO-TEK Instruments, Winooski, VT, USA).
Colony Formation Assay {#s3_5}
----------------------
Cells were seeded in six-well plates at a density of 10^3^ cells/well. After incubation at 37°C for 14 days, colonies were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and stained by crystal violet for 15 min at room temperature and photographed by a camera. Macroscopic colonies of each well were counted.
*In Vivo* Tumorigenesis Assay {#s3_6}
-----------------------------
Animal study was approved by the Jinan University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. Experimental procedures were performed in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Institutes of Health Publication No. 80-23) and according to the institutional ethical guidelines for animal experiments. Male BALB/c nu/nu mice (4--5 weeks old) purchased from the Laboratory Animal Center of Shanghai, Academy of Science Chinese (Shanghai, China), were housed under specific pathogen-free conditions. Mice were randomly divided into two groups with five mice in each group. Viable cells (3 × 10^6^ cells/mice) were injected subcutaneously into the flanks of mice. Ctrl group was injected with shCTRL-A549 cells; shMETTL7B group was injected with shMETTL7B-1 cells. Ten days after cell injection, the length (L) and width (W) of tumor xenografts were measured at a three-day interval with a Vernier caliper. Tumor volumes were calculated (V = W^2^ × L/2). Bioluminescent imaging was performed on tumors on day 35. The animals were sacrificed under general anesthesia with chloral hydrate (5%, 100 μl/10 g). The tumors were removed, weighted, and fixed for immunohistochemical experiments with primary antibodies: anti-METTL7B (1:100 dilution, Abcam, Cat\#ab110134), anti-Ki67 (1:400 dilution, Cell signaling Technology, Cat\# ab92742).
RNA Isolation and Microarray Hybridization {#s3_7}
------------------------------------------
Total RNA from A549 cells treated with METTL7B shRNA or control shRNA was extracted with a Qiagen RNeasy Mini Kit according to the manufacturer\'s instructions. RNA concentration and purity were measured with the NanoDrop 2000 (Thermo Scientific, Pittsburgh, PA). The Affymetrix PrimeView Human Gene Expression Array (Affymetrix, SantaClara, CA) was used to assess the differential mRNA expression in shCTRL and shMETTL7B cells and performed by CapitalBio Corporation (Beijing, China) according to the manufacturer\'s instructions. The PrimeView microarray comprises more than 36,000 transcripts mapping over 20,000 unique genes.
Microarray Data Analysis {#s3_8}
------------------------
Affymetrix GeneChip Command Console Software was used to analyze microarray data and summarize the probe level information ([@B14]). Significance Analysis of Microarrays software was used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between vector control group and shMETTL7B group, and the criteria for DEGs were FDR \<0.05 and fold change \>1.5 or \<0.5. The program Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA, [www.ingenuity.com](www.ingenuity.com)) was used to draw functional pathways relevant to the DEGs identified. The microarray data have been submitted to the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO accession number GSE142278).
RNA Extraction and Real-Time Quantitative PCR Assays {#s3_9}
----------------------------------------------------
Total RNA was extracted from cells using TRIZOL Reagent (Invitrogen, USA), and cDNA was synthesized from 1 μg of RNA with the M-MLV Reverse Transcriptase Kit (Promega, USA) as recommended by the manufacturer. Real-time quantitative PCR reactions for the quantification of gene expression were performed with Bio-Rad iQ5 Real Time PCR System. The primers sequences used in this study were listed in [**Supplementary Table S1**](#ST1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}.
Western Blot {#s3_10}
------------
Total protein was extracted and protein concentration was determined with the BCA Protein Assay Kit (Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA). Equivalent amounts of proteins samples were uploaded and separated by SDS-PAGE and then electro-transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes (Millipore Corp, Atlanta, GA, US). The membranes were blocked in 5% non-fat dry milk powder at room temperature for 1 h, and then incubated overnight at 4°C with primary antibodies: anti-METTL7B (1:1000 dilution, Abcam, Cat \#ab110134), anti-GAPDH (1:1000 dilution, Cell Signaling Technology, Cat\#5174S). Membranes were then incubated with HRP-conjugated secondary antibodies at room temperature for 1 h. The signals of bands were detected by ECL reagents.
Cell Cycle Analysis {#s3_11}
-------------------
Cell cycle profiles were analyzed by flow cytometry with standard propidium iodide (PI) staining method (Beyotime Biotechnology, China) according to the manufacture\'s manual. Cells were harvested and washed once with PBS, and fixed in 70% ethanol at -20°C overnight. Cells were washed with PBS twice and resuspended in PBS containing PI at a final concentration of 10 g/ml and RNase A (20 g/ml). The samples were kept at room temperature for 30 min in the dark and then analyzed using a FACSCalibur flow cytometry (BD Biosciences). The data were analyzed using FlowJo software (Tree Star, Ashland, OR, USA).
Statistical Analysis {#s3_12}
--------------------
All data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (S.D). We employed SPSS 19.0 (SPSS, Chicago, IL) to conduct all the statistical analysis. Student\'s t-test were used to evaluate the differences between two comparison groups, One-way ANOVA was used for multiple-group comparisons, Chi-square test and Spearman\'s rank test were used for correlation between METTL7B expression and clinicopathological characteristics (or Fisher\'s exact test if appropriate). Survival analyses were plotted using Kaplan-Meier curves and compared using the log-rank test. P value less than 0.05 was regarded as statistically significant.
Results {#s4}
=======
METTL7B Is Up-Regulated in NSCLC Tissues {#s4_1}
----------------------------------------
To explore the role of METTL7B in NSCLC, we first measured the expression of METTL7B in a small cohort of 15 pairs of clinical lung cancer tissues and their matched adjacent non-tumor tissues by qRT-PCR and Western blot. Our results showed that the expression level of METTL7B was significantly higher in lung cancer tissues compared to matched adjacent normal lung tissues in both mRNA and protein level ([**Figures 1A, B**](#f1){ref-type="fig"}).
{#f1}
To confirm our finding, we performed an NSCLC tissue microarray (TMA) analysis for a large cohort with 94 patients. METTL7B protein level were verified by IHC staining on TMAs. Positive staining of METTL7B was predominately found in the cytoplasm of tumor cells ([**Figure 1C**](#f1){ref-type="fig"}). Tumor cells showed strong expression of METTL7B protein, while residual normal mammary epithelial cells presented low IHC staining intensity ([**Figure 1D**](#f1){ref-type="fig"}). More importantly, we found that the nearly 70% (66/94) of NSCLC tissue overexpressed METTL7B while it expressed at a lower level in 97% (84/85) of normal tissues ([**Figure 1E**](#f1){ref-type="fig"}), indicating that the METTL7B plays an important role in cancer development in NSCLC. Notably, a significant correlation between METTL7B expression and advanced tumor (T) status was found (*p*=0.024) ([**Figure 1F**](#f1){ref-type="fig"}, [**Table 1**](#T1){ref-type="table"}), suggesting that METTL7B expression is correlated with tumor progression in NSCLC. To further explore the role of METTL7B in NSCLC, we screened the correlation of expression between METTL7B and cancer related genes, including epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), and Survivin. Interestingly, we found that the expression of EGFR was associated with METTL7B (*p* = 0.032) ([**Table 1**](#T1){ref-type="table"}). More importantly, elevated METTL7B expression was significantly associated with shortened survival of lung cancer patient ([**Figure 1G**](#f1){ref-type="fig"}, *p* = 0.011). Taken together, our results showed that up-regulated METTL7B is associated with tumorigenesis and poor clinical outcomes in NSCLC.
METTL7B Is Essential for Cancer Cell Proliferation in NSCLC *In Vitro* {#s4_2}
----------------------------------------------------------------------
In order to understand the biological functions of METTL7B in the progression of lung cancer, loss of function lung cancer cell model was applied by using lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 and PC-9 since METTL7B was up-regulated significantly in adenocarcinoma tumor but not in lung squamous carcinoma based on TCGA dataset (<http://ualcan.path.uab.edu/index.html>) ([**Supplementary Figure S1**](#SF1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). These cells were subjected to lentivirus mediated interference targeting METTL7B with two different shRNAs. The knockdown efficiency was examined by qPCR and Western blot ([**Figure 2A**](#f2){ref-type="fig"}). Firstly, we performed cell proliferation assay to see the role of METTL7B in cancer cell growth. Interestingly, in the absence of METTL7B, we observed that the cell growth and proliferation were significantly inhibited in both cell lines ([**Figure 2B**](#f2){ref-type="fig"}). To confirm these data, we then determined the viability of cells by performing crystal violet staining. Indeed, the formation and growth of colonies in A549 and PC-9 were eliminated significantly with the treatment of METTL7B shRNAs ([**Figure 2C**](#f2){ref-type="fig"}). Therefore, our results revealed that METTL7B is essential for cell growth and proliferation of NSCLC cells *in vitro*.
{#f2}
METTL7B Is Required for Lung Tumorigenesis *In Vivo* {#s4_3}
----------------------------------------------------
To test whether METTL7B is required for tumorigenesis *in vivo*, A549 cells stably expressing shMETTL7B or shCTRL were subcutaneously inoculated into BALB/c nude mice (five mice per group). After transplantation, tumor volume (width^2^ × length/2) was examined twice a week. To confirm the role of METTL7B in tumor growth, lung tumorigenesis was evaluated by histopathology after mice were scarified 35 days post tumor injection. The proliferation marker of Ki-67 were measured. As shown in [**Figures 3A--C**](#f3){ref-type="fig"}, xenograft tumor growth was greatly inhibited in mice bearing shMETTL7B, with a notable decrease in tumor sizes and weights (*p* \< 0.05). The lowered expression of Ki67 from IHC staining was also observed in shMETTL7B xenograft tumors ([**Figure 3D**](#f3){ref-type="fig"}), suggesting the decreased proliferative cells in METTL7B knockdown xenograft tumors when compared with the control samples. Taken together, these findings indicated that METTL7B is also essential for lung cancer tumorigenesis *in vivo*.
{#f3}
METTL7B Regulates Cell Cycle Progression {#s4_4}
----------------------------------------
To explore the mechanism of METTL7B on lung cancer development, global gene expressions of shMETTL7B-A549 and shCTRL-A549 cells were evaluated using Affymetrix GeneChip PrimeView Human Gene Expression Arrays. A total of 1422 differentially expressed genes were identified with 904 genes up-regulated and 518 down-regulated ([**Supplementary Table S2**](#ST2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). The distribution of differentially expressed genes by fold change (FC) between the shMETTL7B group and the shCTRL group (\|FC\| \> 1.5, *p* \< 0.05) was shown in a volcano graph ([**Figure 4A**](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) demonstrated interactions (direct/indirect) of METTL7B with genes involved in cellular signaling pathways including Cyclins and Cell Cycle Regulation(CCND1,CCNB1); p53 Signaling(BIRC5,HDAC9); TGF-β Signaling (BMP4,JUN); and NRF2-mediated Oxidative Stress Response(EIF2A,STIP1). To confirm these findings, 20 selected genes involved in these signaling pathways were further validated using qRT-PCR analysis ([**Supplementary Figure S2**](#SF2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Interestingly, we observed that a large number of cell cycle related genes were modified ([**Figures 4A, C, D**](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) Pathway Enrichment Analysis shown that METTL7B participated in cell cycle regulation ([**Figure 4B**](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). Furthermore, IPA network shown that cell cycle regulator Cyclin D1(CCND1) was the centralized "hub" molecule linking multiple interacting genes ([**Supplementary Figure S3**](#SF3){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). In the absent of METTL7B, CCND1 was down-regulated while cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor (CDKN2D) was up-regulated ([**Figures 4A, C**](#f4){ref-type="fig"}), indicating that G0/G1 transition might be inhibited. Based on these clues, we analyzed the cell cycle progression of cells with or without shMETTL7B treatment by using flow cytometry. Indeed, cells were arrested at G0/G1 phase in the absence of METTL7B ([**Figure 4E**](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). Taken together, our results indicated that METTL7B promotes tumorigenesis by regulating cell cycle progression.
{#f4}
Discussion {#s5}
==========
In this study, we demonstrated the role of METTL7B in tumor development and progression of NSCLC. Firstly, METTL7B is up-regulated in both mRNA and protein levels in lung cancer tissues, which is closely associated with advanced stages of tumor development and low survival rate in patients with NSCLC. This provides a potential for using METTL7B as a diagnostic biomarker. Secondly, growth and tumorigenesis of lung cancer cells are inhibited when METTL7B is knocked down, suggesting that METTL7B is a potential target for lung cancer therapy. Third, METTL7B might be a cell cycle regulator that mediates G1/S transition in cancer cell.
METTL7B was initially found to be a Golgi related methyltransferase ([@B27]), however, its function in cancers is rarely studied. Previous study showed that METTL7B might serve as a biomarker for diagnosis and tumor progression in papillary thyroid carcinoma ([@B4]). METTL7B enhanced migration and invasion of thyroid carcinoma cells through promote TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) ([@B30]). In our study, we provide evidence showing that METTL7B is a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC.
A number of studies have demonstrated that CCND1 is a key driver of malignant transformation and is frequently overexpressed in lung cancer which attributed to cancer cell proliferation ([@B10]; [@B11]; [@B19]). In addition, CCND1 overexpression causes a number of potentially oncogenic responses in experimental models and is associated with poor patient outcome ([@B19]). Here, our data shown that depletion of METTL7B caused markedly decreased of CCND1 and eventually arrested cancer cells in G0/G1 phase and inhibited cancer cell proliferation *in vitro* and *in vivo.* We did not observe significant enhancement of apoptosis in shMETTL7B treated cells (data not shown) indicating that cell cycle arrest is the main cause of proliferation inhibition in cancer cells. Thus, targeting METTL7B could provide a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of NSCLC *via* inhibiting CCND1 and cell cycle regulation. To better understand the function of METTL7B, efforts should be made on the mechanisms of how METTL7B regulates CCND1.
Previously studies found that METTL7B can be induced by mutant P53 but not wildtype P53 protein through interaction in the upstream promoter region of METTL7B ([@B21]). P53 is the most frequently mutated gene in cancer and many mutant p53 proteins exert oncogenic gain-of-function (GOF) properties that promote cancer cell growth and metastasis ([@B23]; [@B3]), however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. From our gene microarray data, IPA and KEGG analysis revealed that METTL7B was involved in p53 pathway. It is possible that the induction of METTL7B is one of the mechanisms to explain how mutant p53 promotes cancer cell proliferation. We plan to explore whether or not deletion of METTL7B abolishes the oncogenic function of mutant p53 proteins in future studies.
There are over 27 members in METTL family, yet, only several of them had been studied ([@B18]; [@B26]; [@B22]; [@B15]). Since limited conserved domains shared among this family ([@B15]), their functions had been found to be various. Recently studies had shown that some members of METTL family played important role in tumorigenesis through various mechanisms. For instance, METTL3 is essential for differentiation of leukemic cells by inducing m6A modification within the coding region of cell cycle associated mRNA transcript, eventually promotes translation of a large subset of oncogenic mRNAs ([@B5]). METTL13 recognizes eEF1A protein N terminus and methylates eEF1A and modulates mRNA translation ([@B17]). To date, there is no evidence showing that METTL7B exerts methylation activity. It is worthy to explore the potential function of RNA methylation activity because: (i) METTL7B contains a S-adenosylmethionine binding site domain which shares with many methylation protein ([@B25]); and (ii) METTL7B colocalized in cytoplasm that might affects mRNA stability *via* direct RNA-protein interaction ([@B15]). It is possible that METTL7B could modify the methylation status of cell cycle related gene, including CCND1. We expect that the functions of METTL7B in mRNA methylation regulation will be deciphered soon.
In summary, our study illustrates that METTL7B is aberrantly overexpressed in human primary lung tumors with advanced tumor stages. Silencing METTL7B leads to G0/G1 phase arrest in cancer cell and significantly reduces the cell proliferation capabilities both *in vitro* and *in vivo*. METTL7B could be a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC treatment. Moreover, our study reveals critical signaling pathways and genes that involved in regulation of the cancer development network of METTL7B which will be a valuable resource for future clinical application.
Data Availability Statement {#s6}
===========================
The data supporting our findings can be found in the article. All of the data generated in this study are available on request.
Ethics Statement {#s7}
================
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shenzhen People\'s Hospital. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. Animal study was approved by the Jinan University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
Author Contributions {#s8}
====================
CZ and GW conceived and designed the research. DL, WL, FZ, JYi, WZ, SL, XS, JX, GL, YW, JiaW, MH, ZC, JYu, LD, and JS performed the experiments and data analysis. DL and WL wrote the manuscript. JiW, CQ, CZ, and GW revised the manuscript.
Funding {#s9}
=======
The work was supported by grants from the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (No. 2016A030313035), the 2016 Shenzhen Overseas High-level Talents Innovation and Entrepreneurship Plan (No.KQTD2016113015442590), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81702889), the Shenzhen Public Service Platform on Tumor Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis, the Shenzhen Cell Therapy Public Service Platform. The Shenzhen Economic and Information Committee "Innovation Chain and Industry Chain" integration special support plan project (20180225112449943), Shenzhen Public Service Platform on Tumor Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis. The Guangdong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (2018A030313743).
Conflict of Interest {#s10}
====================
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The reviewer LF declared a past co-authorship with one of the authors CZ to the handling editor.
Supplementary Material {#SM1}
======================
The Supplementary Material for this article can be found online at: <https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2020.00178/full#supplementary-material>
######
The expression of METTL7B in lung adenocarcinoma carcinoma and lung squamous carcinoma from TCGA dataset.
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
Validation the genes expression of the microarray data in A549 cells treated with shMETTL7B or shCTRL by qRT-PCR.
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
IPA network analysis of gene microarray.
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
Primers used for real-time RT-PCR.
######
Click here for additional data file.
######
Differentially expressed genes from microarray in shMETTL7B-A549 compared with shCTRL-A549 cells.
######
Click here for additional data file.
[^1]: Edited by: Zhe-Sheng Chen, St. John's University, United States
[^2]: Reviewed by: Li Fu, Shenzhen University, China; Bo He, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Australia
[^3]: †These authors have contributed equally to this work
[^4]: This article was submitted to Experimental Pharmacology and Drug Discovery, a section of the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology
|
First hyperpolarizability of cyclooctatetraene modulated by alkali and alkaline earth metals.
In the present investigation, the first hyperpolarizability of alkali and alkaline earth metal derivatives of cyclooctatetraene (COT) has been calculated using BHHLYP and CAM-B3LYP functional for 6-311++G(d,p), 6-311++G(3df,3pd), and aug-pc 2 basis sets. Introduction of Na/K atoms at the axial position of COT and Li, Na, K/Be, Mg, Ca metal atoms and cyanide groups at the equatorial sites leads to lager enhancement of first hyperpolarizability. The ring charge density can account for the variation of first hyperpolarizability. The two state model has been invoked to explain the variation of first hyperpolarizability. |
Q:
vim search and append/modify
Is there a way to search for a text in vim and then modify, not just overwrite said text? i.e. if each occurrence matches certain pattern, I would like to replace each occurrence with unique text, partly based on characters next to occurrence the text that matches the pattern.
Specifically speaking, I'd like to do the following:
I'd like to replace text that matches the pattern /\*.png with /\*.png alt=* title=\* where * is the text that varies in each case.
Thanks in advance!
A:
You can replace the results with parts of the match by using submatches. For instance, say you have the following html:
<img src="foo_one.png" />
<img src="bar_two.png" />
You can run this command:
:%s/"\(.\{-}\)\.png"/"\1.png" title="\1" alt="\1"/g
The .\{-} will match "any number of characters before the .png part, non-greedily" (:help /\{), and the brackets around it, \( and \) mark it as a captured group that will then be used in the substitution as \1 (the first captured group). Running this gives you:
<img src="foo_one.png" title="foo_one" alt="foo_one" />
<img src="bar_two.png" title="bar_two" alt="bar_two" />
Now, if you need a more complicated substitution, like turning the filename into a human-readable string, you could use the \= substitution flag to replace the string with any expression, like a function call. For instance, here's what we could run on the above text:
:%s/title="\zs\(.\{-}\)\ze"/\=lib#CamelCase(submatch(1))/g
This uses two Vim-specific patterns: \zs and \ze. Those are "match start" and "match end". The thing that will be searched for is the entire pattern, title=.... However, what will be replaced is only between \zs and \ze. This makes it easier to use the result of lib#CamelCase as a direct replacement.
Note that you don't need the \(/\) brackets this time around, because you can just use submatch(0) for "the entire match":
%s/title="\zs.\{-}\ze"/\=lib#CamelCase(submatch(0))/g
The function lib#CamelCase is my own function that's implemented like so:
function! lib#CamelCase(word)
return substitute(a:word, '_\(.\)', '\U\1', 'g')
endfunction
You can write any function that takes some input and returns a replacement string, doing whatever you need.
I'm not sure what your level of experience is with both Vim and regular expressions, so it's hard to give specific advice, and Vim substitutions are a big topic. I can recommend you read up on these help topics:
:help pattern-overview
:help sub-replace-special
:help sub-replace-expression
|
#
# Text, formatting for JXDatePicker
#
JXDatePicker.linkFormat=Heute ist der{0,date, dd. MMMM yyyy}
JXDatePicker.longFormat=dd.MM.yyyy
JXDatePicker.mediumFormat=dd.MM.yyyy
JXDatePicker.shortFormat=dd.MM
JXDatePicker.numColumns=10
|
Q:
Azure AD B2C - custom sign up page, email verification
In the standard Azure B2C sign up experience there's a button Send verification code which sends a code to a provided email. But I'm creating a custom sign up page (because the system admin has to approve users) and I wonder if I can use the Azure built-in sending verification code. Can I do that? Or is it just easier to implement myself considering I'll need to customize email body and probably sender's address?
A:
If you are creating your own custom sign-up page, outside of Azure AD B2C, then you cannot use the email verification feature of Azure AD B2C.
The standard Azure AD B2C policies support some email customization through Azure AD's company branding feature, but complete customization (including changing sender's address) is not currently supported.
|
In 2009, the Obama administration intervened to support the reversal of a court order that would have halted offshore oil drilling in the Gulf of Mexico. Obama’s Interior Secretary Ken Salazar, who has long had close ties to the industry, specifically cited BP’s Deepwater Horizon operation as one that should be allowed to go forward, according to a group involved in the court case.
A Washington DC Appeals Court ruled in April 2009 that the Bush administration’s five-year plan for offshore oil and gas drilling (covering 2007 to 2012) was not based on a proper review of the environmental impact of the drilling. Only days before the ruling, the Obama administration had granted BP a “categorical exclusion,” exempting it from an environmental impact study for the Deepwater Horizon project. |
---
abstract: 'Mapping the intergalactic medium (IGM) in [[Lyman-$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission would yield unprecedented tomographic information on the large-scale distribution of baryons and potentially provide new constraints on the UV background and various feedback processes relevant for galaxy formation. Here, we examine the [[Lyman-$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission of the moderate-density IGM due to collisional excitations and recombinations in the presence of a UV background in the Sherwood simulation suite. We focus on large-scale-structure filaments in which [[Lyman-$\upalpha$]{}]{} radiative transfer effects are expected to be moderate. At low density the emission is primarily due to fluorescent re-emission of the ionising UV background due to recombinations, while collisional excitations dominate at higher densities. We discuss prospects of current and future observational facilities to detect this emission and focus on VLT/MUSE for a more detailed sensitivity analysis. We construct mock MUSE observations resembling the MUSE *Hubble* Deep Field South from our simulations and show that our predictions are consistent with recent analyses of diffuse [[Lyman-$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission using MUSE at redshifts $3<z<6$. We find that it should be most feasible to detect the [[Lyman-$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission from filaments in the IGM in overdense regions, somewhat surprisingly towards the high-redshift end ($z \gtrsim 4.5$) accessible by MUSE, and if narrowband widths close to the MUSE spectral resolution limit are used. This is due to the higher densities and lower temperatures in the IGM at higher redshift. High-redshift protoclusters therefore appear to be the ideal environment to observe filamentary structures in the IGM in [[Lyman-$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission.'
author:
- |
[Joris Witstok,$^{1,2,3}$[^1] Ewald Puchwein,$^{1,2,4}$ Girish Kulkarni,$^{1,2,5}$ Renske Smit$^{2,3}$]{}\
$^{1}$Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK\
$^{2}$Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0HA, UK\
$^{3}$Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, 19 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK\
$^{4}$Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics, An der Sternwarte 16, 14482 Potsdam, Germany\
$^{5}$Department of Theoretical Physics, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, Mumbai 400005, India
bibliography:
- 'MNRAS\_paper.bib'
date: 'Accepted —. Received —; in original form —'
title: 'Prospects for Observing the Cosmic Web in [Lyman-α]{} Emission'
---
\[firstpage\]
[intergalactic medium]{} – [large-scale structure of Universe]{} – [diffuse radiation]{} – [cosmology: theory]{} – [methods: numerical]{}
Introduction {#sec:Introduction}
============
As the reservoir of the majority of baryons in the Universe, the intergalactic medium (IGM) presents an invaluable means to understand the evolution of cosmic structure [@Meiksin2009]. The intergalactic medium has been detected in absorption at a wide range of overdensities out to redshift $z \sim 6$ by means of the [[Lyman-$\upalpha$]{}]{} ([[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{}) absorption lines in the spectra of background quasars. Successively larger numbers of quasars have been targeted for this purpose, resulting in a large data set of [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} absorption measurements from the IGM. Before reionisation is completed, understanding the physical state of the IGM is complicated by the rather uncertain details of the emergence of the first stars, black holes and galaxies during the epoch of reionisation, but the post-reionisation ($z \lesssim 5.5$) IGM should be well-described by cosmological hydrodynamical simulations [@Cen1994; @Hernquist1996; @Weinberg1998; @Onorbe2017; @Onorbe2018; @Lukic2015; @Bolton2017]. In these simulations, the observed properties of the IGM are reproduced by a fluctuating gas density distribution tracing the cosmic structure formation process. The gas is thereby in ionisation equilibrium with a uniform UV background created by galaxies and active galactic nuclei (AGN). This has led to constraints on the ionisation and thermal state of the IGM out to $z \sim 6$ [@Rauch1997; @Dave1999; @Schaye2000; @Meiksin2003; @Faucher-Giguere2008; @Becker2011; @Bolton2012; @Becker2013; @Garzilli2017; @Walther2018] derived from [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} absorption observations.
In contrast, [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission from the IGM has received relatively little attention, despite a history of just over half a century of theoretically predicted prospects [@Partridge1967; @Hogan1987; @Gould1996; @Furlanetto2003; @Cantalupo2005; @Silva2013; @Silva2016]. Observing intergalactic [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission instead of absorption has distinct advantages. Unlike absorption, the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission is directly sensitive to the recombination and collisional physics of the neutral as well as the ionised hydrogen content of the IGM and the circumgalactic medium (CGM) that feeds the formation and evolution of galaxies. Second, observations of the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission allow one to homogeneously probe three-dimensional volumes. Although three-dimensional [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{}-forest studies have now become possible due to the high number density of observed bright quasars [see e.g. @Cisewski2014], the number of such quasars drops rapidly towards high redshifts [@Kulkarni2018]. Third, observations of [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission can potentially provide independent constraints on the IGM temperature and photoionisation rate, particularly at densities higher than those probed by the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} forest ($\Delta \gtrsim 10$).
Using narrowband imaging as well as integral field unit imaging, emission in [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} from the CGM/IGM has now been observed as “giant [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} nebulae” in the proximity ($\sim 100\,\mathrm{kpc}$) of radio-loud as well as radio-quiet quasars [@Djorgovski1985; @Hu1991; @Heckman1991; @McCarthy1990; @Venemans2007; @Villar-Martin2007; @Cantalupo2008; @Humphrey2008; @Rauch2008; @Sanchez2009; @Rauch2011; @Rauch2013; @Cantalupo2014; @Martin2014; @Roche2014; @Hennawi2015; @ArrigoniBattaia2016; @Borisova2016; @Fumagalli2016; @Cantalupo2017]. The circumgalactic hydrogen is strongly affected by ionising radiation from these quasars. Observations suggest that the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission is mostly recombination radiation, and that dense ($n > 1 \, \mathrm{cm^{-3}}$), ionised, and relatively cold ($T \sim 10^4 \, \mathrm{K}$) pockets of gas should surround massive galaxies [@Cantalupo2017].
[[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission can also result from fluorescent re-emission of the ionising UV background radiation. In the last two decades, significant progress has been made with detecting extended [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission around galaxies [@Francis1996; @Fynbo1999; @Keel1999; @Steidel2000; @Hayashino2004; @Rauch2008; @Steidel2011; @Matsuda2012; @Prescott2013; @Momose2014; @Geach2016; @Wisotzki2016; @Cai2017; @Leclercq2017; @Oteo2018; @Wisotzki2018; @Battaia2019]. Using deep ($\sim 30 \, \mathrm{hour}$ exposure time) MUSE observations of the *Hubble* Deep Field South (HDFS) and *Hubble* Ultra-Deep Field (HUDF) reported in @Bacon2015 [@Bacon2017], the sensitivity of median-stacked radial profiles of [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission currently reaches a surface brightness ($\text{SB}$) of $\text{SB} \sim 4 \cdot 10^{-21} \, \mathrm{erg \, s^{-1} \, cm^{-2} \, arcsec^{-2}}$, which is consistent with the expected [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} surface brightness from the fluorescence of the UV background [@Wisotzki2018]. This faint signal from [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} halos can be traced out to projected (physical) galactic radii of $\sim 60 \, \mathrm{kpc}$ [@Wisotzki2018]. The [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission coming from the intergalactic gas between galaxies is just beginning to be probed and will be the focus of this work.
So far, it has proven very difficult to map the spatial distribution of the IGM beyond the CGM and study its global properties by directly observing the IGM in emission, rather than absorption. In fact, this has so far only been achieved in special cases, e.g., in the vicinity of quasars [e.g. @Cantalupo2014; @Martin2014; @Hennawi2015; @Borisova2016], or by applying dedicated image processing techniques[^2] [@Gallego2018], by observing the thermal Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect [e.g. @DeGraaff2017; @Tanimura2019], or by detection of warm-hot gas in X-ray emission [e.g. @Kull1999; @Eckert2015].
Building on the work of previous studies [such as those by @Furlanetto2003; @Cantalupo2005; @Silva2013; @Silva2016], this work investigates the possibility of such observations, exploring a simulation run from the Sherwood simulation suite [@Bolton2017] to predict the properties of [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission from the cosmic web. The simulations in the Sherwood suite are aimed to accurately model the IGM, and employ a modified version of the uniform metagalactic UV background model by @Haardt2012 calibrated to match observations of the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} forest. We also discuss prospects of the current and future observational facilities to detect this emission and focus on VLT/MUSE for a more detailed sensitivity analysis.
We describe the simulations used in this work in Section \[sec:Methodology\], together with our model for [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} production in the IGM. Section \[sec:Results\] presents our results and a discussion of the detection prospects. We summarise our conclusions in Section \[sec:Conclusions\]. Throughout this work, we adopt the cosmological parameters $\Omega_\text{m} = 0.308$, $\Omega_\Lambda = 0.692$, $\Omega_\text{b} = 0.0482$, and $h=0.678$ (so $H_0 = 67.8 \, \mathrm{km \, s^{-1} \, Mpc^{-1}}$), taken from the best fitting $\Lambda$CDM model for the combined *Planck+WP+highL+BAO* measurements [Planck XVI collaboration, @PlanckCollaboration2014]. The helium fraction is assumed to be $f_\text{He} = 0.24$.
Methodology {#sec:Methodology}
===========
[[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission from the moderately dense IGM is produced via recombinations and collisional excitations. Recombination is the process where a free electron is captured by an ion, in this case . [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} is emitted provided the recombination leaves hydrogen in an excited state, and (the last step of) the resulting (series of) energy transition(s) is from energy level $n=2$ to $n=1$. Collisional excitation is the effect in which neutral hydrogen () is excited through a collision with an electron, which can subsequently lead to the emission of [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} in the same way as with recombinations. We use hydrodynamical simulations calibrated to UV background constraints from the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} forest to model these processes.
![The normalised emissivity (note the units are $\mathrm{erg \, s^{-1} \, cm^3}$) of the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} line in a cloud of primordial gas at $z=5.76$, due to both recombination and collisional excitation processes, as a function of temperature. There are three values of hydrogen densities: $10^{-6} \, \mathrm{cm^{-3}}$, $10^{-4} \, \mathrm{cm^{-3}}$, and $10^{-2} \, \mathrm{cm^{-3}}$ (at this redshift, this corresponds to overdensities $\rho/\bar{\rho}$ of $0.0168$, $1.68$, and $168$, respectively). The dashed and dotted lines show the contribution from just recombination and collisional excitation, respectively.[]{data-label="fig:Emissivity theoretical"}](Plots/1Emissivity_theoretical){width="\columnwidth"}
[Lyα]{} emission processes {#ssec:Emission processes}
--------------------------
### Recombination
The underlying equation governing [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission due to recombination in a gas containing hydrogen is given by [see e.g. @Dijkstra2014; @Silva2016] $$\label{eq:Recombination emissivity}
\epsilon_\text{rec}(T) = f_\text{rec, A/B} (T) \, n_\text{e} \, n_\text{HII} \, \alpha_\text{A/B}(T) \, E_\text{{{Ly\ensuremath{\upalpha}}}},$$ where $\epsilon_\text{rec}$ is the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} luminosity density (in units of $\mathrm{erg \, s^{-1} \, cm^{-3}}$) as a function of the temperature $T$ of the gas. Here, $f_\text{rec, A/B}$ is the fraction of case-A or case-B recombinations that ultimately result in the emission of a [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} photon, and the free electron and number densities are denoted by $n_\text{e}$ and $n_\text{HII}$, respectively. Case-A and case-B refer to the way in which recombination occurs: case-A is where all possible recombinations of and a free electron are considered – this includes any recombination event that take the resulting neutral hydrogen directly to the ground state ($n=1$). In case-B, only recombinations resulting in hydrogen in an excited state are considered. The recombination coefficient, given in unit volume per unit time ($\mathrm{cm^{3} \, s^{-1}}$) for case-A or -B recombination, is denoted by $\alpha_\text{A/B}$, and $E_\text{{{Ly\ensuremath{\upalpha}}}}$ is the energy of a [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} photon.
Since direct recombinations into the ground state do not result in [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission, an appropriately lower fraction that results in [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission, $f_\text{rec, A} < f_\text{rec, B}$, has to be used if $\alpha_\text{A}$ rather than $\alpha_\text{B}$ is adopted as the recombination coefficient. The luminosity densities obtained for case-A and -B are then equivalent, except for minor differences due different fitting functions for the coefficients. We will choose to fix our calculations to use case-B coefficients. We model $f_\text{rec, B}$ using the relations given by @Cantalupo2008 and @Dijkstra2014, whose fitting formulae are presented in \[ap:Model parameters\]; e.g., at $T = 10\,000 \, \mathrm{K}$, this fraction is $\sim 0.68$. We elected to use case-B because the model for $f_\text{rec, A} (T)$ from @Dijkstra2014 is only valid up to $\sim 10^{6.5} \, \mathrm{K}$. For the recombination coefficient, $\alpha_\text{B}(T)$, we adopt the fitting function given in @Draine2011. The precise expressions can also be found in \[ap:Model parameters\].
![The surface brightness in [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} due to recombination and collisional excitation processes as a function of temperature, for a gas in a narrowband with $\Delta \lambda_\text{obs} = 8.75 \, \text{\AA}$ at $z=5.76$ ($\sim 2.2 \, h^{-1} \, \mathrm{cMpc}$ – see text for details) at the same hydrogen densities as Figure \[fig:Emissivity theoretical\] ($10^{-6} \, \mathrm{cm^{-3}}$, $10^{-4} \, \mathrm{cm^{-3}}$, and $10^{-2} \, \mathrm{cm^{-3}}$, corresponding to $0.0168$, $1.68$, and $168$ times the mean cosmological hydrogen density at that redshift).[]{data-label="fig:SB_theoretical"}](Plots/2SB_theoretical){width="\columnwidth"}
### Collisional excitation
For collisional excitation, the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} luminosity density has a similar form [@Scholz1990; @Scholz1991; @Dijkstra2014; @Silva2016], given by $$\label{eq:Collisional excitation emissivity}
\epsilon_\text{exc}(T) = \gamma_\text{1s2p} (T) \, n_\text{e} \, n_\text{HI} \, E_\text{{{Ly\ensuremath{\upalpha}}}},$$ where $n_\text{HI}$ denotes the number density of neutral hydrogen. We use the fitting functions for the collisional excitation coefficient $\gamma_\text{1s2p}$ given by @Scholz1990 [@Scholz1991]. These fitting functions are valid in the temperature range $2 \cdot 10^3 \, \mathrm{K} \leq T \leq 1 \cdot 10^8 \, \mathrm{K}$ (cf. \[ap:Model parameters\]).
Emissivity {#ssec:Emissivity}
----------
Figure \[fig:Emissivity theoretical\] shows the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} luminosity density as a function of gas temperature for a gas of primordial composition with three different total hydrogen densities, $n_\text{H}$: at $10^{-6} \, \mathrm{cm^{-3}}$, $10^{-4} \, \mathrm{cm^{-3}}$, and $10^{-2} \, \mathrm{cm^{-3}}$. In order to derive the corresponding neutral hydrogen densities, we assume that hydrogen is in ionisation equilibrium with the @Haardt2012 UV background at $z=5.76$. Figure \[fig:Emissivity theoretical\] also shows the recombination and collisional excitation components of the total [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission. We find that collisional excitation dominates only at high temperatures ($T>10^4$ K) for high gas densities.
Figure \[fig:SB\_theoretical\] shows the resultant surface brightness values of the gas clouds considered in Figure \[fig:Emissivity theoretical\], again assumed to be at $z=5.76$. This figure shows the total surface brightness as well as the separate contributions from recombination and collisional excitation processes. This is done for a uniform slab of gas with a thickness of $\sim 2.2 \, h^{-1} \, \mathrm{cMpc}$ (comoving $\mathrm{Mpc}$), coinciding at this redshift with an observed wavelength interval of $\Delta \lambda_\text{obs} = 8.75 \, \text{\AA}$ (a typical narrowband width taken from @Wisotzki2016, in accordance with most narrowband widths used in section \[sec:Results\]); this choice will be discussed further in section \[sssec:Narrowband\]. We find that for gas overdensities of $\rho/\bar\rho = 0.0168$ to $168$ at this redshift, the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} surface brightness levels range from $10^{-27}$ to $10^{-17}\,\mathrm{erg}\,\mathrm{s}^{-1}\,\mathrm{cm}^{-2}\,\mathrm{arcsec}^{-2}$.
The Sherwood simulation suite {#ssec:SherwoodSuite}
-----------------------------
In order to estimate the cosmological [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} signal with the theoretical framework above, we make use of the Sherwood simulation suite [@Bolton2017], which contains high-resolution cosmological hydrodynamical simulations of the IGM, consisting of a range of a total of $20$ models spanning volumes from $10^3 \, h^{-3} \, \mathrm{cMpc^3}$ up to $160^3 \, h^{-3} \, \mathrm{cMpc^3}$. These simulations have been performed with the energy- and entropy-conserving TreePM smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) code [p-gadget-3]{}, which is an updated version of the publicly available [gadget-2]{} code [@Springel2001; @Springel2005]. In this work, we use the 40–1024 simulation of the Sherwood suite. A periodic, cubic volume $40 \, h^{-1} \, \mathrm{cMpc}$ long has been simulated, employing a softening length of $l_\mathrm{soft}=1.56 \, h^{-1} \, \mathrm{ckpc}$, and $1024^3$ dark matter and gas particles. Initial conditions were set up at redshift $z=99$ and the simulation was evolved down to $z=2$. Originally, snapshots were saved at redshifts $10$, $8$, $7$, $6$, $5.4$, $4.8$, $4.2$, $3.6$, $3.2$, $2.8$, $2.4$ and $2.0$, although later reruns have added a number of snapshots at various redshifts within the same redshift range. In order to speed up the simulation, star formation was simplified by using the implementation of @Viel2004 in [p-gadget-3]{}, which converts gas particles with temperature less than $10^5 \, \mathrm{K}$ and density of more than a thousand times the mean baryon density to collisionless stars. This approximation is appropriate for this work as we are not considering the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission from the interstellar medium of galaxies, where a complex set of [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} radiative transfer processes need to be accounted for. The ionisation and thermal state of the gas in the simulation is derived by solving for the ionisation fractions under the assumption of an equilibrium with the metagalactic UV background modelled according to @Haardt2012. A small modification to this UV background is applied at $z<3.4$ to result in IGM temperatures that agree with measurements by @Becker2011. The chemistry solver assumes radiative cooling via two-body processes such as collisional excitation of , and , collisional ionisation of , and , recombination, and Bremsstrahlung [@Katz1996], and inverse Compton cooling off the CMB [@Ikeuchi1986]. Metal enrichment and its effect on cooling rates are ignored. We identify dark matter halos in the output snapshots using a friends-of-friends algorithm. As the simulation does not contain a model for self-shielding, a post-processing prescription from @Rahmati2013 has been implemented (see \[ap:Self-shielding\] for details) in all our analyses.
### Narrowband images {#sssec:Narrowband}
When calculating the surface brightness, we construct mock pseudo-narrowband images of the simulations – an image that replicates the result of the process of capturing a narrowband image with a telescope – by taking a thin slice of the simulation in a direction parallel to a face of the simulation box, and converting the emissivity in the simulation to arrive at a surface brightness map, as will be discussed in more detail below. The slice thickness corresponds to an observed wavelength width $\Delta\lambda_\text{obs}$ of the narrowband. Its redshift range is given by $$\Delta z = \frac{\Delta \lambda_\text{obs}}{\lambda_\text{{{Ly\ensuremath{\upalpha}}}}},$$ which corresponds to a comoving distance $$\Delta d = \frac{c}{H_0} \int_{z}^{z+\Delta z} \frac{1}{\sqrt{\Omega_\text{m} \left( 1 + z' \right)^3 + \Omega_\Lambda}} \dif z'.$$
As a reference value for the observed narrowband width, $\Delta \lambda_\text{obs}$, we will mostly use $\Delta \lambda_\text{obs} = 8.75 \, \text{\AA}$, corresponding to $7$ spectral pixels of the MUSE instrument, each of which covers $1.25 \, \text{\AA}$ ($\Delta \lambda_\text{obs} = 8.75 \, \text{\AA}$ is the median value of narrowband widths in the study by @Wisotzki2016; section \[ssec:Observing facilities\] will discuss narrowband imaging in more detail). At a redshift of $z=5.76$, this results in a comoving line-of-sight distance of $\sim 2.2 \, h^{-1} \, \mathrm{cMpc}$ (the choice for this particular redshift will also be elaborated on in section \[ssec:Observing facilities\]), corresponding to only a small fraction of the total size of the simulation volume. We will consider the effect of varying the narrowband width on the detectability of [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} in section \[ssec:Simulated observations\].
Using the temperature, density, and ionisation fraction, an emissivity for each individual simulation particle within the narrowband slice can be computed. These emissivities are then converted to luminosities which are projected onto a two-dimensional plane using the SPH kernel of the simulation particles, turning them into a luminosity per unit area, which in turn is converted to a surface brightness.
### Radiative transfer effects {#sssec:Radiative transfer effects}
In the predictions made in this work, [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} propagation is always treated in the optically thin limit. For the constructed mock pseudo-narrowband images, it is assumed that [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} photons are emitted in an isotropic manner, and reach the observer without any scattering. The exact effects that scattering would have are difficult to accurately predict (given e.g. the effects of dust are poorly constrained), but it is expected that for the filamentary IGM, the difference between our simulations and a model with a physically accurate treatment of radiative transfer will mostly be influenced by two competing effects. First, there might be a broadening of the filamentary structure due to scattering in the nearby IGM, causing the signal to become fainter. Second, however, filaments may also be illuminated by [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} radiation coming from nearby dense structures (where additional radiation is likely to be produced in galaxies) that is scattered in the filament, which would cause the filaments to appear brighter. Simulations including radiative transfer indeed show a mixture of these two effects, where the surface brightness of filaments generally is not affected much, or is even boosted . As the effects of radiative transfer on this work are expected to be moderate (a more detailed discussion on the optical depth of [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} is included in \[ap:Lya optical depth\]), they are assumed not to affect our main findings in a major way.
![Redshift evolution of the (comoving) [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} luminosity density. Blue and red lines show the results for recombination and collisional excitation emission for gas at overdensities of $\rho/\bar{\rho} \leq 100$, while the black shows the total luminosity density for all gas; all these follow from the simulation run with a box size of $40 \, h^{-1} \, \mathrm{cMpc}$ and resolution of $1024$ (see section \[ssec:SherwoodSuite\] for more details on the Sherwood simulation suite). Observational measurements at low redshift ($z<3$), as presented in @Chiang2018, have been included as a reference. These consist of luminosity densities of just galaxies, and the contribution of both galaxies and AGN (shown as the grey and blue shaded areas, respectively) inferred by @Chiang2018 from the intrinsic luminosity density presented in @Wold2017; furthermore, the measurement and upper limit from @Chiang2018 are shown in red, and the upper limit from @Croft2018 [converted to a luminosity density by @Chiang2018] is shown in black (see text for details). Data points are shown as circles, upper limits as downward triangles. Also shown are two scaling relations, that are discussed in the text.[]{data-label="fig:z_evolution_lum"}](Plots/3Luminosity_density){width="\linewidth"}
{width="\linewidth"}
{width="\linewidth"}
{width="\linewidth"}
Results {#sec:Results}
=======
Luminosity density {#ssec:Luminosity density}
------------------
Figure \[fig:z\_evolution\_lum\] shows the redshift evolution of the comoving [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} luminosity density in our simulation down to $z=2$. The total luminosity of gas within the entire simulation is computed. This is also separately done for the recombination and collisional excitation luminosity of gas with a density $\rho/\bar{\rho} \leq 100$, roughly corresponding to the IGM. We then divide by the simulation volume to convert the luminosity to a luminosity density. Observational measurements at low redshift ($z<3$), as compiled by @Chiang2018, have been included as reference. These consist of estimates of the luminosity density of [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission from galaxies and AGN inferred by @Wold2017 based on a flux-limited sample of [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emitters from GALEX data and scaling the H$\alpha$ galaxy luminosity function measurements [@Sobral2013] out to $z=2$. The measurement and upper limit from @Chiang2018 are shown in red. @Chiang2018 obtain a constraint on the total [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} luminosity density from galaxies and AGN as well as the diffuse IGM by cross-correlating the GALEX UV intensity maps with spectroscopic objects in SDSS. A comparison of the measurements from @Chiang2018 and @Wold2017 indicates that at least at $z \lesssim 1$, most [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission originates from galaxies and AGN. The upper limit from @Croft2018 [converted to a luminosity density by @Chiang2018] is shown in black in Figure \[fig:z\_evolution\_lum\]. @Croft2018 fit model spectra to luminous red galaxies in BOSS and cross-correlate the residual [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission with the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} forest in BOSS quasars to obtain the upper limit from a non-detection shown in Figure \[fig:z\_evolution\_lum\] (an additional measurement, arising from another cross-correlation with BOSS quasars, is not relevant in this setting and is therefore not included here). As such, this procedure places a limit on the component of diffuse [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission that correlates with the matter distribution [@Croft2018]. At $z=2$–$3$, our estimate of the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} luminosity density is lower than the upper limit of @Croft2018, which might partly be due to the simulation missing denser gas ($\rho/\bar{\rho} > 1000$, which is converted into collisionless star particles if $T < 10^5 \, \mathrm{K}$) e.g. in the CGM.
Going from redshift $z=2$ to $z=7$, the comoving [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} luminosity density increases by at least two orders of magnitude. This is difficult to explain if coming just from recombination emission, as even under the optimistic assumption that the emissivity is produced at a fixed overdensity its emissivity increases like the square of the mean density, which would correspond to a scaling of $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:Recombination emissivity scaling}
\epsilon_\text{rec} & \sim \Delta^2 (1+z)^6 \text{ (physical), or} \\ \nonumber
\epsilon_\text{rec} & \sim \Delta^2 (1+z)^3 \text{ (comoving),}\end{aligned}$$ where $\epsilon_\text{rec}$ is the recombination emissivity and $\Delta = \rho/\bar{\rho}$ the overdensity. If the increase is dominated by collisional ionisation, then there should be two relevant effects: in the optically thin case, the neutral fraction in ionisation equilibrium increases proportional to the density, hence $n_\text{HI} \sim n_\text{H}^2$; consequently, the emissivity scales as $\epsilon_\text{exc} \sim n_\text{HI} n_\text{e} \sim n_\text{H}^3$. If the emission were again produced at fixed overdensity, and if there is little evolution in the photoionisation rate, this would hence scale like $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:Collisional emissivity scaling}
\epsilon_\text{rec} & \sim \Delta^3 (1+z)^9 \text{ (physical), or} \\ \nonumber
\epsilon_\text{rec} & \sim \Delta^3 (1+z)^6 \text{ (comoving),}\end{aligned}$$ where $\epsilon_\text{exc}$ is the emissivity from collisional excitation, and could potentially account for the increase of the comoving luminosity density by more than two orders of magnitude. There will, however, also be an opposite trend with temperature. As shown by the dashed and dotted lines in Figure \[fig:z\_evolution\_lum\], these simple scalings explain the simulated luminosity density rather well. However, a deviation is seen at $z \lesssim 4.0$, which has been checked to correspond to an increase in (luminosity-weighted) temperature of the gas. A likely explanation for the results in Figure \[fig:z\_evolution\_lum\] is that the gas at lower redshift is in more massive structures, and therefore at higher temperatures, which should result in more collisional ionisation, unless the temperature exceeds the peak value of emissivity shown in Figure \[fig:Emissivity theoretical\]. Recombinations are in contrast suppressed in higher temperature gas as the recombination rate is roughly proportional to $\sim T^{-0.7}$.
Surface brightness maps {#ssec:Surface brightness maps}
-----------------------
Figure \[fig:SB\] shows a surface brightness ($\text{SB}$) map from a simulation snapshot at $z=5.76$ for a pseudo-narrowband with $\Delta \lambda_\text{obs} = 8.75 \, \text{\AA}$ (at this redshift coinciding with $\sim 2.2 \, h^{-1} \, \mathrm{cMpc}$). The map shows a region corresponding to $20 \times 20 \, \mathrm{arcmin}^2$. Also shown in the bottom left corner is the size of the MUSE field of view ($1 \times 1 \, \mathrm{arcmin}^2$ – see section \[ssec:Observing facilities\] for more details). Regions 1 and 2, indicated by the white rectangles, will be studied in more detail later. The values of the surface brightness for this narrowband width are of the order of $\text{SB} \lesssim 10^{-23} \, \mathrm{erg \, s^{-1} \, cm^{-2} \, arcsec^{-2}}$ for the void regions, increasing to typically $\sim 10^{-21} \, \mathrm{erg \, s^{-1} \, cm^{-2} \, arcsec^{-2}}$ for the IGM filaments. The denser regions show sharp intensity peaks, whose outskirts typically show surface brightnesses of $\sim 10^{-20}$ to $10^{-19} \, \mathrm{erg \, s^{-1} \, cm^{-2} \, arcsec^{-2}}$, increasing to values close to $10^{-18} \, \mathrm{erg \, s^{-1} \, cm^{-2} \, arcsec^{-2}}$ in the central regions.
Figure \[fig:SBrecexc\] shows the same narrowband slice as in Figure \[fig:SB\] (now for the full spatial extent of the simulation box) split into contributions from recombination and collisional excitation processes in the gas. These maps were all made by projection onto a grid of $1024 \times 1024$ pixels. As before, a pseudo-narrowband slice with $\Delta \lambda_\text{obs} = 8.75 \, \text{\AA}$ ($\sim 2.2 \, h^{-1} \, \mathrm{cMpc}$) was chosen. Panels a and b show all gas, while panels c and d only show gas below a density cut-off of $\rho/\bar{\rho} \leq 100$. In this large-scale pseudo-narrowband image, the total luminosity of recombination processes (the total in panel a) is $\sim 6.5 \cdot 10^{43} \, \mathrm{erg \, s^{-1}}$, whereas the total collisional excitation luminosity (the total in panel b) is $\sim 1.2 \cdot 10^{45} \, \mathrm{erg \, s^{-1}}$. Below a density cut-off of $\rho/\bar{\rho} \leq 100$, the total luminosities are $\sim 2.9 \cdot 10^{43} \, \mathrm{erg \, s^{-1}}$ for recombination (panel c), and $\sim 3.2 \cdot 10^{43} \, \mathrm{erg \, s^{-1}}$ for collisional excitations (panel d). We note that while collisional excitations dominate over recombinations at high densities, the two processes contribute almost equally at the lower densities prevalent in large-scale-structure filaments. A caveat here is that these predictions do not include the interstellar medium (ISM), which might influence the balance between recombinations and collisional excitations especially at high densities.
While overall these surface brightness maps exhibit the same structure as Figure \[fig:SB\], the spatial distribution of emission coming from collisional and recombination processes is different. The degree of clustering in the emission is lower for the emission due to recombination processes, and higher for the component that is due to collisional excitations. Recombination and collisional excitation depend differently on temperature and density, as discussed in section \[ssec:Luminosity density\]. In particular, at fixed temperature and photoionization rate, recombinations are proportional to the square of the density, $\sim \rho^2$, while in ionization equilibrium collisional excitations are proportional to $\sim \rho^3$. As a consequence, recombinations are more equally spread across the volume, while collisional excitations are clearly more important at higher densities, thus reflecting the filamentary structure of the cosmic web better, and leaving darker voids in between. To understand this in more detail, we now turn to the phase space distribution of the gas in the simulation.
In Figure \[fig:Luminosity phase space\], the luminosity in the simulation is shown at the same redshift and the same region as in Figure \[fig:SBrecexc\] (also in the identical pseudo-narrowband slice of $\Delta \lambda_\text{obs} = 8.75 \, \text{\AA}$, or $\sim 2.2 \, h^{-1} \, \mathrm{cMpc}$), now as a luminosity-weighted two-dimensional histogram in temperature and density. This illustrates what was discussed in section \[ssec:Luminosity density\] and seen in Figure \[fig:SBrecexc\]: collisional excitation is not effective at lower densities, and the most luminous gas particles are located in the very high-density cooling branch. Recombination emission, on the other hand, exhibits luminosities that are more comparable at lower and higher densities.
From the phase distribution in Figure \[fig:Luminosity phase space\], it is clear that very little gas has temperatures outside of the temperature range of $2 \cdot 10^3 \, \mathrm{K} \leq T \leq 1 \cdot 10^8 \, \mathrm{K}$ for which our fitting function for collisionally excited [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} is valid (the lower limit of which is indicated by the horizontal dashed line; the upper limit lies above the plotted range and almost all of the gas in the simulation).[^3] The contribution from gas outside of this temperature range will be very small and we neglect it here.
Observing facilities {#ssec:Observing facilities}
--------------------
In Table \[tab:Experiments\], an overview of a selection of current and future instruments that could potentially detect [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission from IGM filaments is shown along with their wavelength and redshift range, field of view (FOV), and resolving power ($R$). Most ground- and space-based instruments that may be considered for detection of the diffuse IGM, will naturally observe in the visible spectrum and the ultraviolet, respectively, given the limitations of ground-based observations due to absorption by Earth’s atmosphere. This necessarily restricts the redshift range in which these instruments could observe [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{}. For ground-based observations, the typical redshift is $z \gtrsim 2.5$, whereas space-based telescopes observing in the UV can detect [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} at lower redshifts: in principle, satellites carrying UV detectors could observe it from $z \sim 0$ up to about $z \sim 1.5$.
----------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- -- --
Name Wavelength range Redshift range Field of view Resolution
$\lambda$ (Å) $z$ $R$
*Current IFU instrumentation*
KCWI-Blue (Keck) $3500$-$5600$ $1.9$-$3.6$ $20 \times 33 \, \mathrm{arcsec}^2$ $1000$-$20000$
MUSE (VLT) $4650$-$9300$ $2.8$-$6.7$ $1 \times 1 \, \mathrm{arcmin}^2$ $1770$-$3590$
KMOS (VLT) $8000$-$25000$ $5.6$-$19.6$ $ 65 \times 43 \, \mathrm{arcsec}$ $2000$-$4200$
OSIRIS (Keck) $10000$-$24500$ $7.2$-$19.1$ $4.8 \times 6.4 \, \mathrm{arcsec}^2$ $2000$-$4000$
SINFONI (VLT) $11000$-$24500$ $8.0$-$19.1$ $8 \times 8 \, \mathrm{arcsec}^2$ $2000$-$4000$
*Upcoming/proposed IFU instrumentation*
KCRM (KCWI-Red, Keck) $5300$-$10500$ $3.4$-$7.6$ $20 \times 33 \, \mathrm{arcsec}^2$ $1000$-$20000$
HARMONI (E-ELT) $4700$-$24500$ $2.9$-$19.1$ $6.4 \times 9.1 \, \mathrm{arcsec}^2$ $3000$-$20000$
BlueMUSE (VLT) $3500$-$6000$ $1.9$-$3.9$ $1.4 \times 1.4 \, \mathrm{arcmin}^2$ $\sim 3000$-$5000$
*Upcoming/proposed space missions*
SPHEREx $7500$-$50000$ $5.2$-$40.1$ $3.5 \times 11.3 \, \mathrm{deg}^2$ $41$-$130$
MESSIER $\sim 2000$-$7000$ $\sim 0.5$-$4$ $2 \times 2 \, \mathrm{deg}^2$ –
WSO-UV $1150$-$3200$ $\sim 0$-$1.5$ $70 \times 75 \, \mathrm{arcsec}^2$ $\sim 500$
----------------------------------------- -------------------- ---------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------- -- --
Integral field unit (IFU) spectrographs have arguably the best instrument design for directly detecting emission from the cosmic web, due to the flexibility in extracting narrowband images over a wide range of bandwidths and central wavelengths. The typical narrowband width extracted from IFU spectrographs to observe [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission is $< 10 \, \text{\AA}$ [e.g., @Wisotzki2016; @Wisotzki2018], almost an order of magnitude smaller than obtained from photometric narrowband imaging which have typical bandwidths of $\sim80$-$100 \, \text{\AA}$ [@Steidel2011; @Ouchi2018]. This significantly improves the contrast of IFU emission line maps for observations limited by sky-noise compared to photometry. Despite the limited contrast for [individual]{} images, photometric narrowband studies have detected large scale [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission in stacking analyses [e.g. @Steidel2011; @Matsuda2012], enabled by the wide field of view and large number of sources collected by such cameras. In particular, the recently installed Hyper Suprime-Cam on Subaru is currently obtaining $26 \, \mathrm{deg}^2$ narrowband imaging from redshift $z=2.2$-$6.6$ as part of the Hyper Suprime-Cam Subaru Strategic Program [e.g. @Ouchi2018]. However, for this work, we will focus on instruments that are most likely to obtain individual detections of [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission from the cosmic web. Before the appearance of integral field unit imaging, another spectroscopic method used was long-slit spectroscopy [as in e.g. @Rauch2008], but with the arrival of integral field spectroscopy, the volume probed by deep observations targeting [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emitters could be dramatically increased, rendering long-slit spectroscopy a non-competitive alternative.
The Very Large Telescope (VLT) has the widest range of IFU spectrographs. The current near-IR instruments at this facility are SINFONI and KMOS, whose acronyms stand for Spectrograph for INtegral Field Observations in the Near Infrared [SINFONI, see @Eisenhauer2003; @Bonnet2004], and the K-band Multi Object Spectrograph [KMOS, see @Sharples2013]. Due to their spectral range, they are both only able to observe [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} at very high redshifts, $z > 8.0$ and $z > 5.6$ respectively. Most recently installed (2014) on VLT is MUSE, the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer, an IFU spectrograph operating in the visible wavelength range [see @Bacon2010]. The combination of its relatively large FOV ($1 \times 1 \, \mathrm{arcmin}^2$) and spectral coverage ($4650$-$9300 \, \text{\AA}$), while maintaining good spectral resolution (ranging between $1770$-$3590$), currently makes it one of the most promising candidates for the purpose of imaging the cosmic web in [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{}. BlueMUSE is a proposed second MUSE instrument, optimised for the blue end of the visible wavelength range. Future instruments at the VLT’s successor, the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT), include the High Angular Resolution Monolithic Optical and Near-infrared Integral field spectrograph [HARMONI, see @Thatte2014], which is expected to be operational in 2024.
The blue channel of the Keck Cosmic Web Imager [KCWI, see @Morrissey2018] is an instrument similar to VLT/MUSE at the Keck II telescope. It offers a slightly better spectral sampling, although the FOV and spatial resolution are smaller/lower ($20 \times 33 \, \mathrm{arcsec}^2$ and $1.4 \, \mathrm{arcsec}$). However, since it has only become operational in 2018, no deep-field imaging like the MUSE observations of the *Hubble* Deep Field South and *Hubble* Ultra-Deep Field [@Bacon2015; @Bacon2017] has been released publicly yet. The red channel to KCWI, the Keck Cosmic Reionization Mapper (KCRM), is currently under construction and will complement the blue channel to cover the full wavelength range of $3500$-$10500 \, \text{\AA}$ ($3.4<z_\text{{{Ly\ensuremath{\upalpha}}}}<7.6$). Similar to SINFONI on the VLT, Keck currently has a near-infrared IFU spectrograph, OSIRIS, with a small FOV that can target [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} only above $z>7.2$.
For completeness, we also mention several promising space-based experiments: the World Space Observatory-Ultraviolet [WSO-UV, see @Boyarchuk2016], and MESSIER [@Valls-Gabaud2017], two proposed UV satellites. They are proposed to have large FOVs and high sensitivities, but are limited to the lower redshift range ($z < 1.5$). In this work, we instead focus our attention on the high-redshift regime ($z > 3$). In February 2019, SPHEREx [@Dore2018] was selected as the next medium-class explorer mission by NASA and is targeted for launch in 2023. SPHEREx will survey the entire sky with a spectrophotometer at very low spectral resolution, sensitive to diffuse [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission at $z>5.2$.
Out of the current instruments, MUSE arguably offers the best compromise of resolution, spectral coverage, and volume surveyed. The combination of its FOV of $1 \times 1 \, \mathrm{arcmin}^2$ and spectral resolution make it a promising instrument to observe the cosmic web in [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission. As a representative example of what has already been achieved, we now discuss in more detail the MUSE *Hubble* Deep Field South [HFDS; see @Bacon2015]. This is a $27 \, \mathrm{hour}$ integration of the HDFS, reaching a $1\sigma$ surface brightness limit of $1 \cdot 10^{-19} \, \mathrm{erg \, s^{-1} \, cm^{-2} \, arcsec^{-2}}$ for emission lines. With MUSE, the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission can be observed over the redshift range of $2.8$-$6.7$ (see table \[tab:Experiments\]). Hereafter, a redshift of $z=5.76$ is specifically chosen for a more detailed study of our simulations. Surprisingly, higher redshifts appear to provide a better opportunity to observe the IGM in [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{}. The following section will go into more details of possible narrowband observations with MUSE, their sensitivity limits, and the overall redshift evolution.
To allow for a more realistic comparison between simulations and observations, all surface brightness images hereafter (except Figure \[fig:4nsobs\_ov\], panel a) are convolved with a Gaussian point spread function (PSF), to mimic the effect of seeing. The PSF FWHM is chosen to be $0.75 \, \mathrm{arcsec}$, corresponding to the most conservative estimate for the MUSE HDFS [@Bacon2015]. Also, unless stated otherwise, the figures include noise that is added to the signal predicted from the simulations.
{width="\linewidth"}
{width="\linewidth"}
Simulated observations {#ssec:Simulated observations}
----------------------
In Figure \[fig:4nsobs5\], in all panels, the same small section of the main surface brightness map at $z=5.76$ (region 2 in Figure \[fig:SB\]) is shown in the same pseudo-narrowband with $\Delta \lambda_\text{obs} = 8.75 \, \text{\AA}$ (i.e. $\sim 2.2 \, h^{-1} \, \mathrm{cMpc}$), and with a Gaussian smoothing (FWHM of $0.75 \, \mathrm{arcsec}$), at different gas density cut-offs (showing the signal from gas below $50$, $100$, $200$, and $500$ times the mean baryonic density, $\bar{\rho}$) and overlaid Gaussian noise (the $1 \sigma$ level of Gaussian noise applied to the entire row). Noise levels quoted are their values per pixel, which agrees in size with a MUSE pixel ($0.2 \, \mathrm{arcsec}$). This particular region, chosen as a typically “good” but not exceptional filament, shows that the signal of [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission in these filamentary structures can still stand out at a noise level of $\sigma \sim 10^{18.5} \, \mathrm{erg \, s^{-1} \, cm^{-2} \, arcsec^{-2}}$, but only due to emission from gas at rather high overdensities. Less dense components of the filament can only be detected with very high sensitivities (of $\lesssim 10^{-19} \, \mathrm{erg \, s^{-1} \, cm^{-2} \, arcsec^{-2}}$ for overdensities of $\rho/\bar{\rho} \lesssim 500$, or even $\lesssim 10^{-20} \, \mathrm{erg \, s^{-1} \, cm^{-2} \, arcsec^{-2}}$ for overdensities of $\rho/\bar{\rho} \leq 100$) – however, due to the denser gas that is distributed along the filaments, the total signal manages to remain detectable up to a lower sensitivity. Considering that the sensitivity in recent observations reaches a limiting surface brightness of $\text{SB} \sim 10^{-19} \, \mathrm{erg \, s^{-1} \, cm^{-2} \, arcsec^{-2}}$ [e.g. @Bacon2015; @Bacon2017], or for median-stacked radial profiles even down to $\text{SB} \sim 4 \cdot 10^{-21} \, \mathrm{erg \, s^{-1} \, cm^{-2} \, arcsec^{-2}}$ [@Wisotzki2018], this suggests that observations are getting close to the detection of such filaments. We also note that the more complex filamentary structures around rich galaxy groups, e.g. as seen in the field located to the upper right of our reference field in Figure \[fig:SB\], can be significantly brighter than this specific example filament.
Before we look in more detail at simulated observations of the MUSE instrument, we introduce two indicators of overdensity in the “observed” simulation volume. The reason we introduce these specific, admittedly somewhat ad hoc characterisations of “environment”, is to provide a quantitative way to distinguish different regions according to the level of their overall overdensity as could be characterised observationally e.g. by the galaxy distribution. We have chosen two criteria to characterise environment: first, the baryonic overdensity, $\Delta_\mathrm{baryon}$, is computed by the ratio of baryonic density in the relevant region and the mean baryonic density at the redshift of the simulation. As a second criterion, we use the halo overdensity, $\Delta_\mathrm{halo}$, which is similar but instead of baryons uses halos with halo mass $M_\mathrm{h} > 10^{9.5} \, \mathrm{M_\odot}$.[^4] This particular mass cut-off has been chosen as this is at the resolution limit of the simulation.
Now turning our attention to the MUSE instrument specifically, Figure \[fig:4nsobs\_ov\] shows several different surface brightness images of the simulation at $z=5.76$. Three of the images (panels b-d) are the angular size of MUSE’s FOV of $1 \times 1 \, \mathrm{arcmin}^2$, and have a grid size of $300 \times 300$ pixels, like MUSE; panel a shows these three regions without any noise or Gaussian convolution, and with a grid size of $1024 \times 1024$. This overview region has also been shown in Figure \[fig:SB\], as region 1. In panels b-d, halos with halo mass of $M_\mathrm{h} > 10^{9.5} \, \mathrm{M_\odot}$ are shown as circles, their size indicating their projected virial radii. Furthermore, the overdensity in each region shown is marked in the lower right corner of each panel in Figure \[fig:4nsobs\_ov\] according to the two different measures that have been introduced above.
![Inferred noise in the MUSE HDFS observation as a function of observed wavelength or redshift for different narrowband widths: $\Delta \lambda_\text{obs} = 3.75 \, \text{\AA}$, $\Delta \lambda_\text{obs} = 8.75 \, \text{\AA}$, $\Delta \lambda_\text{obs} = 12.50 \, \text{\AA}$, and $\Delta \lambda_\text{obs} = 17.50 \, \text{\AA}$. Note that skylines result in increased noise in some spectral ranges. The vertical dashed line indicates the position where $z=5.76$, which is located in a spectral window with lower noise.[]{data-label="fig:MUSE_sigmas"}](Plots/9MUSE_sigmas){width="\linewidth"}
![Total [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} surface brightness in a pseudo-narrowband with $\Delta \lambda_\text{obs} = 17.5 \, \text{\AA}$ in a simulation snapshot at $z=5.76$, where the signal has been convolved with a Gaussian kernel (FWHM of $0.75 \, \mathrm{arcsec}$) and modelled noise has been added. The image has a pixel grid of $300 \times 300$ and the angular size of the MUSE FOV ($1 \times 1 \, \mathrm{arcmin}^2$) – it corresponds to panel d in Figure \[fig:4nsobs\_ov\], but with a wider narrowband (centred on the same comoving coordinates both spatially and spectrally, but now more extended in wavelength range). The $1 \sigma$ value of the noise, now $\sigma = 8.66 \cdot 10^{-19} \, \mathrm{erg \, s^{-1} \, cm^{-2} \, arcsec^{-2}}$, is higher than in Figure \[fig:4nsobs\_ov\] as the narrowband is now wider. In the bottom right corner, the two different measures of the region’s overdensity are shown (see text for more details). Halos with halo mass of $M_\mathrm{h} > 10^{9.5} \, \mathrm{M_\odot}$ are shown as circles, their size indicating their projected virial radius. The halo mass of the most massive halo is annotated.[]{data-label="fig:4nsobs_ov_detail"}](Plots/10SB_mock_obs_wnb){width="\linewidth"}
{width="\linewidth"}
Panels b-d show the signal as predicted from the simulation for three different “MUSE pointings”, which are convolved with a Gaussian PSF corresponding to a FWHM of $0.75 \, \mathrm{arcsec}$, and have a modelled Gaussian noise pattern overlaid. The volume probed by one of these images at this redshift is $2.55 \, h^{-3} \, \mathrm{cMpc}^3$. The noise has been inferred from a constructed narrowband image (with the same width) in the MUSE HDFS observation [@Bacon2015] at the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} wavelength corresponding to the same redshift; the $1 \sigma$ level of the noise, in this case $\sigma = 2.11 \cdot 10^{-19} \, \mathrm{erg \, s^{-1} \, cm^{-2} \, arcsec^{-2}}$, is indicated on the colourbar (in Figure \[fig:MUSE\_sigmas\], the wavelength dependency of the inferred noise from the MUSE HDFS in narrowbands of different widths is plotted for reference). Note that here we have chosen a smaller pseudo-narrowband with $\Delta \lambda_\text{obs} = 3.75 \, \text{\AA}$, equivalent to three spectral pixels of MUSE (and $\sim 0.95 \, h^{-1} \, \mathrm{cMpc}$ at this redshift), in order to allow the signal to stand out more clearly from the noise. A wider narrowband, having more pixels in the spectral dimension, increases the overall noise level. The value of $\Delta \lambda_\text{obs} = 8.75 \, \text{\AA}$, which we adopt from @Wisotzki2016, was chosen for the observation of [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} halos. Since [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} scattering occurs increasingly in high-density regions and in the high-velocity outflowing gas near galaxies [e.g. @Verhamme2006], these structures of high density and high gas velocities cause the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} signal to be spread out over a larger wavelength range.
Filamentary structures, however, have lower densities and peculiar velocities; hence, they will be contained in a narrower wavelength range. Therefore, while on average more individual filaments are present when the chosen narrowband width is larger, the signal from a given filament will tend to get lost in the noise. From Figure \[fig:4nsobs\_ov\], we can conclude that individual filaments are still contained within these thin narrowband images with $\Delta \lambda_\text{obs} = 3.75 \, \text{\AA}$, which for MUSE is close to the limit of its spectral resolution $\Delta \lambda \approx 2.5 \, \text{\AA}$ [@Bacon2010]. The effect of a better signal-to-noise ratio in a smaller narrowband can especially be seen when comparing Figure \[fig:4nsobs\_ov\] to Figure \[fig:4nsobs\_ov\_detail\]. In Figure \[fig:4nsobs\_ov\_detail\], panel d of Figure \[fig:4nsobs\_ov\] is shown in the case a wider narrowband of $\Delta \lambda_\text{obs} = 17.5 \, \text{\AA}$ is used, which causes the amount of noise to increase (see also Figure \[fig:MUSE\_sigmas\], which shows the wavelength dependency of measured noise in narrowbands of the MUSE HDFS at different widths). It is worth noting that both measures of overdensity drop when we increase the narrowband width (cf. Figure \[fig:4nsobs\_ov\], panel d and Figure \[fig:4nsobs\_ov\_detail\]).
As expected, regions with an observable signal (like the two bottom panels in Figure \[fig:4nsobs\_ov\]) contain more high-mass ($M_\mathrm{h} > 10^{9.5} \, \mathrm{M_\odot}$) halos compared to low-density regions (e.g. panel b) and are found to have a higher overdensity, in both our proxies for environment, $\Delta_\mathrm{baryon}$ and $\Delta_\mathrm{halo}$. The [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission is mainly originating from in and around the virial radii of these halos, but filaments can be seen to extend between them, nearly up to comoving megaparsec scales in panel d. We note that the panel c and d are probably the two optimal pointings in the entire region shown in panel a, indicating that with a randomly chosen field, there is only a rather modest chance of observing a filamentary structure with this relatively high surface brightness.
The same region discussed above, panel d of Figure \[fig:4nsobs\_ov\], is shown at different redshifts in Figure \[fig:4nsobs\_mos\] – the panels shown are centred at the same transverse comoving coordinates as panel d in Figure \[fig:4nsobs\_ov\], but the narrowband centre (the coordinate along the line of sight) has now been chosen to coincide with the most massive halo in each panel, to ensure the entire filament is captured in each panel. Each panel covers the angular size of the MUSE FOV, the physical extent of which varies at different redshifts. The image construction (convolution, noise addition) follows the same procedure as before (the noise estimate is done separately for each redshift, and the $1 \sigma$ level of the Gaussian is now shown above the overdensity measures).
Following the redshift evolution from high to low (going from panel a to panel f), we note that the comoving size of the observed region shrinks (although the angular size of the FOV is kept at $1 \times 1 \, \mathrm{arcmin}^2$), roughly from $\sim 1.5 \times 1.5 \, h^{-2} \, \mathrm{cMpc}^2$ to just over $\sim 1 \times 1 \, h^{-2} \, \mathrm{cMpc}^2$. The appearance of new massive ($M_\mathrm{h} > 10^{9.5} \, \mathrm{M_\odot}$) halos, and their evolution – both in relative movement and mass accretion, indicated by the increase of the virial radii – can also be traced between the different panels.
Interestingly, the contrast in the observed signal of the structure against the background noise is lower at lower redshift. There are multiple factors that contribute to this. Firstly, the $1 \sigma$ noise level at $z=4.49$ is $\log_{10} \left( \sigma \right) = -18.7$ (with $\sigma$ in units of $\mathrm{erg \, s^{-1} \, cm^{-2} \, arcsec^{-2}}$), but increases marginally to $\log_{10} \left( \sigma \right) = -18.5$ at $z=3.2$ (at lower redshifts, the noise can reach even higher values – see also Figure \[fig:MUSE\_sigmas\], which shows the wavelength dependency of the measured noise in narrowbands of the MUSE HDFS at different widths); visually, this can be seen by the slight shift in the colour of the background noise. However, even assuming the same background noise for each redshift, as would be observed with an “ideal” detector that has constant throughput as a function of wavelength, does not significantly change this result. Secondly, it appears that the signal itself decreases at lower redshift, even though intuitively this might be expected to increase, given the usual surface brightness dimming factor of $\left( 1 + z \right)^{-4}$. However, this trend is offset by the luminosity density evolution, which in the absence of strong evolution in the overdensity of emitting regions is affected by the drop in mean physical cosmic baryon density. In addition, the average temperature of emitting regions increases at low redshift, thereby suppressing recombination emission from the IGM/CGM (see section \[ssec:Luminosity density\]). This somewhat surprisingly suggests that observations of the IGM in [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission with MUSE become more viable towards high redshifts, $z \gtrsim 4.5$.
Conclusions {#sec:Conclusions}
===========
We have presented predictions from the Sherwood simulation suite [@Bolton2017] on the properties of [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission from the moderate-density IGM/CGM ($\rho/\bar{\rho} \lesssim 1000$) at redshifts $2 < z < 7$. Based on our optically thin simulations we predict the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emissivity due to recombinations and collisional excitations in the gas. We have employed a local self-shielding prescription as proposed by @Rahmati2013 and have neglected the effect of [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} scattering which is expected to be moderate in the low-density IGM.
The predicted [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} luminosity density appears consistent with various observational constraints at lower redshift $z \lesssim 2.5$, taking into account the fact that the simulation does not include the very densest gas ($\rho/\bar{\rho} > 1000$). We found recombination to dominate at lower densities, $\rho/\bar{\rho} \lesssim 100$, while collisional excitation becomes the main emission process at higher densities, $\rho/\bar{\rho} \gtrsim 100$.
Our predicted values of the surface brightness ($\text{SB}$) at $z=5.76$ for pseudo-narrowband images with $\Delta \lambda_\text{obs} = 8.75 \, \text{\AA}$ are of the order of $\text{SB} \lesssim 10^{-23} \, \mathrm{erg \, s^{-1} \, cm^{-2} \, arcsec^{-2}}$ for the void regions, increasing to $\sim 10^{-21} \, \mathrm{erg \, s^{-1} \, cm^{-2} \, arcsec^{-2}}$ for the low-density gas in filaments. Denser gas within filaments shows values ranging from $\sim 10^{-20} \, \mathrm{erg \, s^{-1} \, cm^{-2} \, arcsec^{-2}}$ up to values close to $10^{-18} \, \mathrm{erg \, s^{-1} \, cm^{-2} \, arcsec^{-2}}$ for the densest gas. Somewhat surprisingly, the typical surface brightness of the gas in filaments decreases with decreasing redshift, which is related to the cosmic density evolution.
We have briefly discussed the prospects of targeting diffuse [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission with various spectrographs at different telescopes. At this moment, VLT/MUSE is arguably the best option for imaging the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission from gas in the filamentary structure of the cosmic web due to its comparably large FOV ($1 \times 1 \, \mathrm{arcmin}^2$) and spectral coverage ($4650$-$9300 \, \text{\AA}$, and thus accessible redshift range of $2.8$-$6.7$ for [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{}), while maintaining a high spatial resolution ($0.2 \, \mathrm{arcsec}$ sampling), and good spectral resolution (ranging between $1770$-$3590$).
Recent deep observations reaching a limiting [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} surface brightness of $\text{SB} \sim 10^{-19} \, \mathrm{erg \, s^{-1} \, cm^{-2} \, arcsec^{-2}}$ [e.g. @Bacon2015; @Bacon2017], or for median-stacked radial profiles even down to $\text{SB} \sim 4 \cdot 10^{-21} \, \mathrm{erg \, s^{-1} \, cm^{-2} \, arcsec^{-2}}$ [@Wisotzki2018] suggest that the deepest current observations are already beginning to probe the extended [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} radiation emitted by the IGM filaments.
Somewhat counterintuitively, we find that due to higher physical densities and lower temperatures the detectability of the emission from gas in the filamentary structures of the cosmic web actually improves towards higher redshifts and that its detection with MUSE may be easiest at $z \gtrsim 4.5$. Our mock MUSE observations, which aim to simulate observations of regions at different overdensities in the Universe at high redshift, suggest that direct detections of filaments in the IGM are feasible with very deep exposures ($\sim 27 \, \mathrm{h}$, as the HDFS) in fields containing densely populated protoclusters.
Even recent stacking attempts at intermediate redshift ($3 < z < 4$) have not yielded a conclusive detection [@Gallego2018] in deep MUSE fields [@Bacon2015; @Bacon2017]. These fields were not designed to cover a high-redshift, overdense region, however; our findings suggest a new observing strategy exploiting a targeted search of such a high-redshift protocluster could potentially allow deep ($\gtrsim 20 \, \mathrm{h}$) observations to map the IGM in [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission.
Acknowledgements {#sec:Acknowledgements .unnumbered}
================
We thank Sarah Bosman, Elisabeta Lusso, Michael Rauch, and Lutz Wisotzki for useful discussions regarding observational techniques and instruments. We thank Lewis Weinberger for his contribution on the effects of radiative transfer. EP acknowledges support by the Kavli Foundation. JW, EP, GK, and MGH gratefully acknowledge support from the ERC Advanced Grant 320596, “The Emergence of Structure During the Epoch of Reionisation”. RS acknowledges an NWO Rubicon grant, project number 680-50-1518. The Sherwood simulations were performed with supercomputer time awarded by the Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe (PRACE) 8th Call. We acknowledge PRACE for awarding us access to the Curie supercomputer, based in France at the Très Grand Centre de Calcul (TGCC). This work also made use of the DiRAC Data Analytic system at the University of Cambridge, operated by the University of Cambridge High Performance Computing Service on behalf of the STFC DiRAC HPC Facility ([www.dirac.ac.uk](www.dirac.ac.uk)). This equipment was funded by BIS National E-infrastructure capital grant (ST/K001590/1), STFC capital grants ST/H008861/1 and ST/H00887X/1, and STFC DiRAC Operations grant ST/K00333X/1. DiRAC is part of the National e-Infrastructure. This work has also used the following packages in [python]{}: the [SciPy]{} library [@Jones2001], its packages [NumPy]{} [@Walt2011] and [Matplotlib]{} [@Hunter2007], and the [Astropy]{} package .
Model parameters and fitting functions {#ap:Model parameters}
======================================
Emission processes
------------------
This section contains the fitting functions for the relevant quantities in the formulae for recombination and collisional excitation emissivity, equations (\[eq:Recombination emissivity\]) and (\[eq:Collisional excitation emissivity\]) in section \[ssec:Emission processes\], which are repeated here for clarity.
Recombination emissivity (\[eq:Recombination emissivity\]): $$\label{eq:AppRecombination emissivity}
\epsilon_\text{rec}(T) = f_\text{rec, A/B} (T) \, n_\text{e} \, n_\text{HII} \, \alpha_\text{A/B}(T) \, E_\text{{{Ly\ensuremath{\upalpha}}}}$$ Collisional excitation emissivity (\[eq:Collisional excitation emissivity\]): $$\label{eq:AppCollisional excitation emissivity}
\epsilon_\text{exc}(T) = \gamma_\text{1s2p} (T) \, n_\text{e} \, n_\text{HI} \, E_\text{{{Ly\ensuremath{\upalpha}}}}$$
### Recombination fitting functions
The underlying equation governing [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission due to recombination in the IGM is given in equation (\[eq:AppRecombination emissivity\]). The recombination fraction $f_\text{rec, A/B}$ gives the number of recombinations that ultimately result in the emission of a [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} photon. It can be modelled using the relations given in @Cantalupo2008 [@Dijkstra2014] – this can be summarised as follows: $$f_\text{rec, A/B} = \left\{
\begin{array}{r}
\multicolumn{1}{l}{0.41 - 0.165 \log_{10} \left( \frac{T}{10^4 \, \mathrm{K}} \right) - 0.015 \left( \frac{T}{10^4 \, \mathrm{K}} \right)^{-0.44},} \\
\text{case-A} \\
\multicolumn{1}{l}{0.686 - 0.106 \log_{10} \left( \frac{T}{10^4 \, \mathrm{K}} \right) - 0.009 \left( \frac{T}{10^4 \, \mathrm{K}} \right)^{-0.44},} \\
\text{case-B} \\
\end{array}
\right.$$
The recombination coefficient, $\alpha_\text{A/B}$, is given in the work of @Draine2011: $$\alpha_\text{A/B} = \left\{
\begin{array}{r}
\multicolumn{1}{l}{4.13 \cdot 10^{-13} \left( \frac{T}{10^4 \, \mathrm{K}} \right)^{-0.7131-0.0115 \log_{10} \left( \frac{T}{10^4 \, \mathrm{K}} \right)} \, \mathrm{cm^{3} \, s^{-1}},} \\
\text{case-A} \\
\multicolumn{1}{l}{2.54 \cdot 10^{-13} \left( \frac{T}{10^4 \, \mathrm{K}} \right)^{-0.8163-0.0208 \log_{10} \left( \frac{T}{10^4 \, \mathrm{K}} \right)} \, \mathrm{cm^{3} \, s^{-1}},} \\
\text{case-B} \\
\end{array}
\right.$$
### Collisional excitation fitting functions
For collisional excitation, the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} luminosity density is given by equation (\[eq:AppCollisional excitation emissivity\]). The function $\gamma_\text{1s2p}$ in this formula is given by $$\gamma_\text{1s2p} (T) = \Gamma(T) \exp \left( -\frac{E_\text{{{Ly\ensuremath{\upalpha}}}}}{k_\text{B}T} \right),$$
with $k_\text{B}$ the Boltzmann constant. The function $\Gamma(T)$ is characterised in @Scholz1990 [@Scholz1991] as follows: $$\label{eq:Gamma}
\Gamma (T) = \exp \left( \sum_{i=0}^{5} c_i \left( \ln T \right)^i \right),$$
where the coefficients $c_i$ found by @Scholz1990 [@Scholz1991] are dependent on the temperature regime, and are shown in table \[tab:Coefficients\].
------- -- --------------------------- --------------------------- ----------------------------
**Regime 1** **Regime 2** **Regime 3**
$c_0$ $-1.630155 \cdot 10^{2}$ $5.279996 \cdot 10^{2}$ $-2.8133632 \cdot 10^{3}$
$c_1$ $8.795711 \cdot 10^{1}$ $-1.939399 \cdot 10^{2}$ $8.1509685 \cdot 10^{2}$
$c_2$ $-2.057117 \cdot 10^{1}$ $2.718982 \cdot 10^{1}$ $-9.4418414 \cdot 10^{1}$
$c_3$ $2.359573$ $-1.883399$ $5.4280565$
$c_4$ $-1.339059 \cdot 10^{-1}$ $6.462462 \cdot 10^{-2}$ $-1.5467120 \cdot 10^{-1}$
$c_5$ $3.021507 \cdot 10^{-3}$ $-8.811076 \cdot 10^{-4}$ $1.7439112 \cdot 10^{-3}$
------- -- --------------------------- --------------------------- ----------------------------
: Coefficients $c_i$ in equation (\[eq:Gamma\]), and their corresponding temperature regimes.[]{data-label="tab:Coefficients"}
------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------
**Regimes** **Temperature values**
Regime 1 $2 \cdot 10^3 \, \mathrm{K} \leq T < 6 \cdot 10^4 \, \mathrm{K}$
Regime 2 $6 \cdot 10^4 \, \mathrm{K} \leq T < 6 \cdot 10^6 \, \mathrm{K}$
Regime 3 $6 \cdot 10^6 \, \mathrm{K} \leq T \leq 1 \cdot 10^8 \, \mathrm{K}$
------------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------
: Coefficients $c_i$ in equation (\[eq:Gamma\]), and their corresponding temperature regimes.[]{data-label="tab:Coefficients"}
Self-shielding {#ap:Self-shielding}
==============
One of the effects that has not been included in the simulations is self-shielding. A detailed discussion is given in e.g. @Rahmati2013, where a fitting formula of the photoionisation rate as a function of density for post-processing is given. The fitting function is as follows: $$\label{eq:Self-shielding}
\frac{\Gamma_\text{Phot}}{\Gamma_\text{UVB}} = \left( 1-f \right) \left( 1 + \left( \frac{n_\text{H}}{n_0} \right)^\beta \right)^{\alpha_1} + f \left( 1 + \frac{n_\text{H}}{n_0} \right)^{\alpha_2}$$
Here, $f$, $n_0$, $\beta$, $\alpha_1$, and $\alpha_2$ are the fitting parameters and are provided in @Rahmati2013. Most importantly, $n_0$ is representative for the number density above which self-shielding becomes important – its value is $\sim 0.01-0.001 \, \mathrm{cm^{-3}}$, depending on redshift. Both $\Gamma$ parameters are photoionisation rates: $\Gamma_\text{Phot}$ is the new rate in the presence of self-shielding, and $\Gamma_\text{UVB}$ is the photoionisation rate of the cosmic Ultraviolet Background radiation (UVB), before post-processing.
However, extensive tests have shown that for the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission studied here, the effect of self-shielding (which only starts to influence the ionisation state of the gas at relatively high overdensities) is negligible. Still, self-shielding is included in all results in this work using this prescription, under the assumption of an ionisation equilibrium.
[Lyα]{} optical depth {#ap:Lya optical depth}
=====================
This work does not contain treatment of [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} line radiative transfer effects (section \[sssec:Radiative transfer effects\]). For our purposes, the treatment without radiative transfer will be able to give us valuable insights about the lower-density IGM in the filaments, without having to resort to implementing computationally expensive radiative transfer methods that are difficult to accurately model, since e.g. the effects of dust are poorly constrained.
In Figure \[fig:2D scatter\], a two-dimensional density histogram for each of $2048$ pixels in spectra along $5000$ (randomly selected) lines of sight at $z=5.8$ is shown as a function of both the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} optical depth $\tau$ and overdensity $\rho/\bar{\rho}$ in the relevant pixel. The peculiar velocity of a given pixel’s density has been used to translate its position to redshift space where optical depth is determined, and therefore both density and optical depth are effectively measured at line centre. The optical depth has been divided by a factor of $2$ to account for the fact that on average only half of the matter will be in between the source and the observer – the other half is located behind the source.[^5] From this figure, it is clear that at mean density optical depths of order $10$ are reached, indicating that radiative transfer will have an effect on most regions. However, effectively this plot is still showing an overestimated measure of optical depth. Since it uses a measure of optical depth at line centre, this does not mean that physically no [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} emission will be detected in the optically thick regime ($\tau > 1$). Many [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} photons may actually be able to escape, as an initial scattering does not only change the direction of propagation of photons, but also shifts their frequency, and the optical depth decreases quickly when moving away from line centre – an example of this effect is the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} radiation from galaxies, where densities are high enough to have optical depths of the order of $10^6$, but escape is still possible.
![Two-dimensional density histogram for each of $2048$ pixels in spectra along $5000$ (randomly selected) lines of sight at $z=5.8$, as a function of both the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} optical depth $\tau$ and overdensity $\rho/\bar{\rho}$ in the sightline (both measured at line centre, and the optical depth having been divided by $2$ to account just for the hydrogen between the source and the observer).[]{data-label="fig:2D scatter"}](Plots/C1Tau_scatter){width="\columnwidth"}
Additionally, the neutral hydrogen () column density is shown in Figure \[fig:NHI\], for precisely the same simulation region at $z=5.76$ as in Figure \[fig:4nsobs\_ov\], with the same pseudo-narrowband width of $\Delta \lambda_\text{obs} = 3.75 \, \text{\AA}$ (equivalent to $\sim 0.95 \, h^{-1} \, \mathrm{cMpc}$), and pixel grids of pixel grid of $1024 \times 1024$ (panel a) and $300 \times 300$ (panels b-d). The overview map (panel a) shows that most areas have column densities of at least $N_\text{HI} \sim 10^{15} \, \mathrm{cm^{-2}}$, but the more overdense features have column densities of $10^{17} \, \mathrm{cm^{-2}}$ and above.
As with Figure \[fig:2D scatter\], it has to be taken into account that this is the column density projected for the entire pseudo-narrowband. Emitting structures seen within this slice will always lie between the boundaries of this region, and so part of the column density that is projected here may be behind the emitting region, as seen from the observer’s perspective. This means that, on average, the actual values of column densities photons travels through is about half of what is displayed.
![image]({{"Plots/C2Col_density"}}){width="\linewidth"}
As discussed in section \[sssec:Radiative transfer effects\], it is expected that the precise way in which these scattering processes affect the perceived surface brightness images will be the result of a competition between two underlying effects: either the photons emerging from the filamentary structure might be spread out, causing the signal to become fainter, or the filament signal might be enhanced by [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} radiation coming from nearby dense structures (where additional radiation is likely to be produced in galaxies) that is scattered in the filament, causing the filaments to appear brighter. As mentioned, similar simulations including radiative transfer indeed show a mixture of these two effects, where the surface brightness of filaments generally is not affected much, or is even boosted .
\[lastpage\]
[^1]: E-mail: <jnw30@cam.ac.uk>
[^2]: Here, the circumgalactic medium only showed a preferential direction of extension towards neighbouring galaxies – no significant signal of filamentary structure in the IGM was found.
[^3]: In fact, this is the case for the entire relevant redshift range.
[^4]: Throughout this work, quoted halo masses are the dark matter mass of halos identified in the output snapshots of the simulation by a friends-of-friends algorithm.
[^5]: Note that the division by $2$ is necessary as the [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} optical depths were originally extracted for studying [[Ly$\upalpha$]{}]{} forest absorption in the spectra of background sources in which case all the gas that affects a pixel in redshift space is in front of the source in real space.
|
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Secret Service guides schools on assessing student threat
The U.S. Secret Service is offering help for schools struggling with how to recognize students who might attack the school.
The federal agency published guidance Thursday in response to the shooting at a Parkland, Florida, high school that killed 17 people in February. The report focuses not just on identifying troubled students, but how to assess their risk for becoming violent.
School districts are encouraged to establish teams to handle reports of concerning situations and assess the threat. The teams would intervene based on things like a student’s online posts, access to weapons and emotional upheavals like a breakup.
Secret Service Director Randolph Alles says the Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School shooting served as the impetus for going beyond the agency’s past work on school violence. |
Some Moviegoers Are Very Committed to Making IT Screenings as Creepy as Possible
The new It reboot has been filling seats and breaking box office records, nabbing the biggest opening weekend for a horror film. And as you might expect, people are getting really into it. For example, several cinemas held “Clowns Only” screenings (surprisingly not pissing off the same guys who freaked out over the Wonder Woman version). Then, of course, you’ve got fans eager to out-freak each other out.
In Arizona, Jackson Robert Scott (who plays Georgie Denbrough) got into character when stopping by for a screening of It. The cinema nabbed a few photos of Scott eerily chilling in the empty room, balloons and all, presumably before a bunch of moviegoers shit their collective pants at the sight of Georgie himself warning them they’d soon be floating too.
As terrifying as it might be to share a cinema with the kid who’s simultaneously screaming nightmares in your face onscreen, it’s nothing compared to one man’s harrowing experience in England, where he was greeted by the very thing that will take over your nightmares this evening. You’re welcome.
He struck up a conversation with the Dead Clown Walking and, according to his Twitter, it turns out “he’s actually all right.” Later on, a woman named Hannah took credit for the stunt, saying she’d done the guy’s makeup the day prior. |
Pre-operative analgesia after injury.
Much has been written on postoperative analgesia in the surgical patient. However, no work has been published on pre-operative pain relief in acute injury. We have studied 100 consecutive admissions, reviewing the prescribing pattern and administration of analgesia following acute injury in the period prior to operation, or the first 24 h as an in-patient. We found an over-reliance on a narrow range of analgesics to the exclusion of others. The choice and variety of analgesic offered, their frequency and route of administration could all have been improved. Equally, little thought was given to adjuvant forms of analgesic therapy which are well suited to the injured patient. Analgesics were prescribed more often than they were given. No pharmacological analgesia was prescribed in 9 per cent of admissions, and a further 14 per cent were given no analgesia despite its being prescribed, i.e. 23 per cent of acutely injured patients received no analgesia during the pre-operative period, or first 24 h after admission. This audit revealed evidence of inadequate pre-operative analgesic prescribing and administration practices. We conclude that there is no place for complacency when managing the analgesic requirements of injured patients. |
Excisional bleb revision to correct overfiltration or leakage.
To evaluate the effectiveness of excisional revision of filtering blebs for hypotony or leakage when more conservative measures have failed. Retrospective review of all patients who underwent excisional revision of a filtering bleb for hypotony (intraocular pressure [IOP] < 5 mm Hg) or leakage during a 3 year period. The revision consisted of excision of the avascular bleb, mobilization of the surrounding conjunctiva, and suturing of the conjunctiva at the limbus. Sixteen patients were included in the study. The average age was 66.3 +/- 14.8 years (range, 39-83). Revision followed trabeculectomy in 11 cases, combined phacoemulsification-trabeculectomy in three cases, and inadvertent blebs in two cases. Five cases had bleb leaks without hypotony, four cases had hypotony alone, and seven cases had both hypotony and a bleb leak. Average follow-up after bleb revision was 25 +/- 11 months (range, 9-43). Average IOP increased from 3.8 +/- 5.6 mm Hg (range, 0-22) to 11.9 +/- 4.1 mm Hg (range, 3-18), with an average of 1.1 +/- 1.1 medication (range, 0-3). The IOP at the last visit was < 15 mm Hg in all but two patients, with 10 of the 16 patients requiring medications. At the last follow-up examination, visual acuity had improved > or = two lines in nine patients and was reduced two lines in one patient. Five patients had early postoperative limbal wound leaks; resuturing was required in one case. Excisional bleb revision is an effective technique to correct hypotony or leakage after filtering surgery when other methods have failed. Intraocular pressure control is often maintained with the use of medications. |
This blog has been set up to further the cause of compassion for Asylum Seekers.
We will post letters that have been sent to politicians, building up the pressure to provide compassionate support to all refugees in Australia and anywhere where people have been sent by the Australian Government.
Send your letter and any reply to our email address and we will post it on the site
Any other information of use will also be posted. For Facebook page click on "contact us" tab below.
As you know, a major
humanitarian catastrophe is unfolding on Manus Island. Six hundred male
refugees and asylum seekers are occupying the former Regional Processing Centre
(RPC). Outside sits the PNG Defence Force, which is preventing food supplies,
purchased by well-wishers, from entering the facility. The men have been told
to move to three locations in or near the regional capital, East Lorengau. Two
of these are not ready for habitation. All three are insecure and these men
have legitimate fears for their own safety. PNG locals have demonstrated their
opposition to the move to the town in the last week with a vocal protest
outside the centre and the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary Police
Commissioner, Gari Baki, stated in a media release in late October 2017 that
the safety of refugees is ‘not to be taken for granted given the tensions that
are being expressed by the locals on Manus Island’.[1][2] Paradoxically, the
former RPC, with no access to food, clean water, sanitation, electricity or
adequate medical care is currently the ‘safest’ place for these men to be.
However, the former
RPC is not safe. These men have now been without access to the fundamentals
necessary for life for over six days. In PNG’s tropical climate we must expect
that serious consequences will start to occur this week. We can expect severe
skin and respiratory infections, dysentery, malaria and other illnesses to
start to take hold. If no action is taken immediately to alleviate this
situation, we can expect deaths to start occurring very soon.
On the evening of 4th
November 2017 a man with a suspected heart attack in the former RPC sought
assistance in Lorengau Hospital. This man was discharged from the facility
without having an ECG or blood tests and returned to the former RPC. Thirty six
hours later these essential investigations still had not been performed. With
this level of medical support, it seems there is little hope for any refugee
who becomes seriously unwell on Manus Island, whether they are in the former
RPC or relocated to East Lorengau.
If the situation
deteriorates further and the PNG Defence Force decides to clear the centre then
there is a risk of many deaths through violent action. This is a military force
which has demonstrated tremendous antipathy to the refugees, which fired
indiscriminately into the RPC causing multiple injuries earlier this year and
which has no training in crowd control.[3]
This situation is a
direct consequence of the Australian government’s arbitrary, indefinite
incarceration of hundreds of innocent men in a hostile environment on a remote
island in a poor country, unequipped in all respects to look after them. It
must finally take adequate responsibility for the welfare of these men. The
duplicity of the Australian government in this matter is eye-watering. On the
one hand, the representations of Doctors for Refugees and others about the
welfare of these men are referred on by the Australian government as ‘a matter
for the PNG government’. On the other hand, we hear that Prime Minister
Turnbull has once again turned down the New Zealand government’s offer to
shelter some of these men.[4] If the Australian government can dictate what
happens to them then it is evidently responsible for their welfare and in fact
PNG Immigration Minister, Petrus Thomas, explicitly stated last week that
Australia will remain responsible for the welfare of these men when the
Australian-funded centre closes.[5] All pretence to the contrary must now stop.
Amnesty International
and the UNHCR have been condemning the detention and conditions of these men
for years and this was first termed a situation amounting to torture over two
years ago.[6] Today, things are exponentially worse and we reiterate: we are
heading for many deaths in the coming days and weeks unless urgent action is
taken by Australia. Action to alleviate these men’s situation needs to be taken
today to prevent deaths. As a start, they need food and water today.
You, as an Australian
parliamentarian, must realise that at stake are these men’s lives and
Australia’s international reputation as a Western democratic nation and that
only you hold the power to influence the situation. Whether by your action or
inaction to date it is you who is directly responsible for what is happening.
If you do not act now, by speaking, lobbying and voting appropriately then
whatever happens to these men will be on your conscience.
For the sake of
humanity and compassion we urge you to act immediately. The world is watching
you. |
Estimation of melting points of large set of persistent organic pollutants utilizing QSPR approach.
The presence of polyhalogenated persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as Cl/Br-substituted benzenes, biphenyls, diphenyl ethers, and naphthalenes has been identified in all environmental compartments. The exposure to these compounds can pose potential risk not only for ecological systems, but also for human health. Therefore, efficient tools for comprehensive environmental risk assessment for POPs are required. Among the factors vital for environmental transport and fate processes is melting point of a compound. In this study, we estimated the melting points of a large group (1419 compounds) of chloro- and bromo- derivatives of dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls, naphthalenes, diphenylethers, and benzenes by utilizing quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) techniques. The compounds were classified by applying structure-based clustering methods followed by GA-PLS modeling. In addition, random forest method has been applied to develop more general models. Factors responsible for melting point behavior and predictive ability of each method were discussed. |
Hearing Loss Impacts More Than Just Your Hearing
Are you taken aback to learn that hearing loss is about more than just your ears? Ears are the tools of hearing, so the damage done to them because of aging, injury or disease is why someone can not hear, but did you know there’s more to it than the loss of one’s hearing bleeds into a number of other aspects of their life. It is a dramatic change for someone who has always had the ability to hear. Take some ways that hearing loss has a profound impact on more than just the ears.
Earning Capability
A 2006 report published by the Australian firm Access Economics states there is a connection between earning potential and hearing. They discovered that an individual with hearing loss could possibly make about 25 percent less than those that do hear, but why?
There are a lot of things that could impact earnings. Someone who works without any hearing assistance device such as a hearing aid may miss out on weighty material. They may show up for a company meeting at 4 when it was actually at 2 pm, for example. Employers tend to value those with astute attention to detail, which is a challenge when you can’t hear the details.
Working environments can be noisy and chaotic, too. A individual with hearing loss can quickly become confused with that noise around them. They’ll struggle to speak on the phone, to listen to clients and to understand what colleagues are saying because in a noisy environment the desktop sounds like clacking keyboards or an air conditioner motor become pronounced.
Relationships
Some of the very same problems at work become a problem at home. Hearing loss has the potential to cause conflict, particularly when the individual with the problem continues to deny it. Little things such as saying “what” a lot during conversations and turning the TV up too loud irritate friends, relatives, and spouses.
They may attempt to intervene and encourage this person to recognize their hearing loss, and that leads to friction, as well. It’s extremely common for someone with hearing loss to isolate themselves and refuse to go out and spend time with other people. They struggle to keep up with conversations, so that they so what the can to prevent them.
Mental Health Concerns
The problems at work and house take a toll on mental health over time. A 2014 study conducted by the U.S. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders discovered a cause and effect relationship between hearing loss and melancholy. Their study suggests an increased risk of depression, particularly among women and people under the age of 70. Their risk of depression goes from 5 percent to approximately 11 percent with hearing loss.
A second study from the Senior Research Group indicates that the risk of mental health issues including depression, anxiety and paranoia goes up when a person with hearing loss doesn’t use hearing aids. The study participants who did not wear hearing aids reported everything from feelings of despair to sudden fits of anger more often than those who did wear them.
Safety Issues
Safety is always a concern for the hearing impaired. Most security systems, while it is a smoke or carbon monoxide detector or a perimeter alarm, work based on sound. They exude a high-frequency noise when there is a danger. Even people with minor hearing loss can have trouble hearing high pitched tones.
Personal security becomes an issue when a individual with hearing loss crosses the street or drives a car, too. Sound serves to signal problems like a car coming down the road or a horn honking.
Cognitive Functioning
Medical science has made a connection between cognitive decline and hearing loss. It isn’t clear why people with hearing loss have a higher risk of dementia. The current theory is that the brain struggles to hear and to compensate, it robs other vital functions like memory.
A 2011 study conducted by Johns Hopkins Medicine found that even a person with minor hearing loss is twice as likely to develop dementia. Moderate hearing loss increases the risk by three times and an individual with severe hearing impairment is five times more likely to get Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia. Hearing health is just 1 factor in memory loss conditions, but it’s an important one.
When a person has hearing loss, it is true there’s likely something wrong with their ears, but that’s just where it starts. The good news is that getting help in the kind of hearing aids and other treatment choices lowers the chance of mental health issues, dementia and the different issues related to hearing decline. |
East Chatham, New York
East Chatham is a hamlet located partly in the town of Chatham and partly in the town of Canaan, in the state of New York. It is located at the crossroads of a railroad, Interstate 90, and the Taconic State Parkway.
It is the site of Vovcha Tropa, a campsite owned by Plast, the Ukrainian Scouting Organization. This camp is attended by several hundred scouts.
The Rowe-Lant Farm was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.
Painter Emma Jane Cady was born in East Chatham.
References
Category:Hamlets in New York (state)
Category:Hamlets in Columbia County, New York |
Tuesday, December 31, 2013
I wanted to write a reflective piece on the year and what I've learned during 2013. Twitter has opened my world up to so many experiences and new opportunities as a teacher: Flipped Classroom, Skype in the Classroom, Global Classroom, etc. But today I would like to tell another story...one that didn't even happen in 2013.....
The Idea:
In May of 2012, I was assigned to be our school's Anti-Bullying coordinator. I also was in charge of a full day event called Choices Day that was scheduled for Oct. 5, 2012. After seeing the video below in early August, I knew that I wanted Kyle Maynard (@KyleMaynard) to be our keynote speaker for Choices Day - a day dedicated to helping students make good choices in the areas of Health, Safety and Character. Kyle, a quadruple amputee from birth, not only has an amazing story but an equally amazing spirit. Please take three minutes to watch this incredible video:
After viewing the above video, I knew I had to get Kyle to my school to share his message in person. I reached out to his publicist, Joey Leonardo, (@JosephLeonardo) to inquire about a possible appearance and the fee associated. Joey informed me that Kyle was already booked on Oct. 5 and that they could possibly schedule a visit to my school when they were in Cleveland or Cincinnati. I was disappointed, but not deterred. He also informed me of his typical speaking fee but said it was negotiable, which of course I appreciated.
Joey and I kept in contact for the next several months and in late October I got the email I had hoped for! Kyle was scheduled to visit a school in Dayton and was willing to drive to my school near Columbus to speak.....I know it sounds crazy, but instead of being ecstatic....I was terribly disheartened.....
The Roadblocks:
Also in October, we got news that our school (for the first
time I think in our school’s history) was rated as a “Least Effective School.”
Our end of the year test scores did not meet what the state deems as effective
and it was a big hit for our staff. We were embarrassed. We felt
like we let each other, our administration, our district, our community and our
students down. The subsequent staff meetings that followed were difficult and
very stressful. We were told we had to go through a year long state mandated review
process that requires us to change many of our school’s policies and practices. Therefore, my
principal said we had to take a hard look at what we do that takes our focus
away from the academic areas we need to teach.
Throughout the process my staff
fought for LESS outside of the classroom so we could focus on what we needed to
teach within the classroom. Less assemblies, less weekly initiatives, less
paperwork, less of anything that didn't directly relate to the curriculum.... We were overwhelmed to say the least.
That was
the attitude of my staff in late October when Joey emailed me and told me about the trip to Dayton and that they would be willing to drive to Columbus with no
extra expenses besides the speaking fee. If it were at any other point I
would have hit the roof. But I didn’t. I was discouraged and disappointed. I
was burnt out and thought that I couldn’t propose “one more thing.” (In the
modified plan I was going to cancel Anti-Bullying week altogether and asking
for an assembly would not have even been an option.) I knew the funding would be difficult to
get, the timing wasn’t right, the morale of our staff was the lowest it had
ever been in the four years I’d been at the school, my principal had just told
me to scale back some of my plans, and so much more.
I read
Joey’s email on the way to Washington DC to visit my brother. My parents, sister
and I rode together for six hours each way and I didn’t bring up that I had
received an email from Joey. After arriving at my parents on the return trip
home, I briefly mentioned to them that Joey emailed me with great news, but
everything seemed wrong about the situation. They were surprised that I hadn’t
talked about it the whole trip, or that I wasn’t already figuring out a plan to
make it happen. They told me to think about it some more because I’ve never
been one to give up.
So, when I arrived home I got on Kyle's website, watched the intro video again and got my answer. Ironically
his mantra was what I needed to adopt. Kyle's message was NO EXCUSES right? And
I got to thinking: Everything that was stopping me was just an excuse. The
timing wasn't right. Everyone was frustrated - including myself. We most likely won't be able to raise the money. I
couldn't ask for just one more thing. There’s no way I would be able to pull this off
in just a few weeks -- But, I couldn’t make excuses!
Honestly, the staff and I needed to hear Kyle's message just as much as the kids
did!
So, I went for it! And unbelievably within the next few weeks, we were able to secure the money from PTA and Student Council, my principal was on board and the idea was pitched to the staff. I work with a great staff whose priority is always the students. They were excited for Kyle's arrival and agreed to introduce his story before his appearance along with some other activities that we put together for Anti-Bullying Week. Here's a flyer we sent home to the parents:
The Appearance:
Kyle was gracious enough to speak to two separate groups - the 5th graders and the 6th graders. Many parents were able to come and staff members who typically aren't able to attend assemblies made it a point to hear Kyle's story. Kyle agreed to be interviewed for a few newspapers beforehand, posed for pictures before and after and of course gave two amazing assemblies. (He even wore our school's Anti-Bullying T-shirt :)
He wrote a special message for the students and signed his name on a large dry erase board...
He walked on his hands...
And even showed his skill in an impromptu cup-stacking competition!
He was funny, cordial, engaging and incredibly inspiring.
I didn't have a blog last November, but I did write a little about his appearance. Here's an excerpt:
Everything came together the second Kyle and Joey arrived. The students were literally pounding on the doors to be let in to meet Kyle - I've never seen anything like it! Instead of getting in line for breakfast, they crowded around him as he signed his books before school started. They were respectful and
polite and asked great questions. I was so proud of the students!
Afterward everyone wanted to meet Kyle and get their picture
taken with him and I felt bad turning kids away. I could already hear the
comments from the teachers and students “Best assembly we’ve ever had” “What an
amazing story” “He’s so inspirational.” “I want to be like him!” “Not dead,
don’t quit!” "Can he please stay longer?" and so on.
Unfortunately, after the second assembly, Kyle and Joey had to rush back on the road so they could make the appearance in Dayton. After they left, I grabbed my things and started
walking back to class so I could hear my students’ reaction. I didn’t make it
very far though, because I broke down. I just started crying right there in the
hallway. I had watched so many of Kyle's videos online, I read his book and I
knew what his message was about, but to have over 700 students, some
families and our whole staff hear his inspirational message was too much
for me. And to think just a few weeks prior I could have said "Thanks but no thanks." I learned a very important lesson right then and there: It's good to take risks. I could have easily been told "No," but thankfully the idea was supported by many people who could have prevented it!
Over the next several days I had so many teachers, students,
my principals and even a few parents tell me how incredible his message was. Kyle's message uplifted our staff as much as it did the student body. We continue
to focus on building each other up and not tearing each other down - one of Kyle's main lessons. And
even when our backs are against the wall, we don’t give up. We have such a
wonderful job, although it is a very difficult one. We need to remain positive
and I know Kyle's message will continue to be echoed through the halls of our school for a long time to come!
The Skype Call and Future Impact
Although Kyle visited our school in November, I don't think anyone in attendance will soon forget his message. After discovering Skype in the Classroom in May, I thought I would reach out to Joey again to see if Kyle could possibly set up a call with the students in my class. Of course, he found time to talk to my students during our last week of school. He showed us around his kitchen and where he plays video games. Every student who wanted to ask a question, got the chance via Skype. Of ALL the Skype calls we did at the end of the year, many students said Kyle's call was their favorite.
This year, I have Kyle's picture hanging in my room next to a poster I made.
Early in the year, many of my students asked me who I was pictured with and who wrote the sign. I briefly explained who Kyle was and I swore to my students that I was the one who made the sign. The students refused to believe me because it was so 'sloppy.' Little did they know that I wrote the message with my elbows - to try to put myself in "Kyle's shoes." It was an activity that all the students last year completed before Kyle's appearance. Many students said it was impossible, but after several tries and a lot of perseverance and encouragement the students also felt successful. More importantly they just had to remember to make NO EXCUSES! It was a great activity and one that I think helped the students relate to Kyle before his appearance. After telling the students this year that I wrote the sign with my elbows, their attitudes changed and they congratulated me on my success! It's funny how perspective can change everything!
The most amazing thing when I think about this story is that Kyle came to our school nearly fourteen months ago. He spoke for a little over an hour altogether and the impact he left is amazing. I still have students from last year talk to me about him and, just today, I had a student email me about Kyle. We still have signs in our school that read "No Excuses!" and we're hoping to get Kyle to come back again next year to speak to a new set of 5th and 6th graders. There are just certain people in this world who have the unique ability to make an amazing impact in such a short time. Kyle is one of those people. He's sincere, appreciative and approachable with a never-say-die attitude. There are numerous life lessons that both adults and students can learn from hearing Kyle's story, therefore....
I would recommend sharing Kyle's story with your staff - there are times when we get discouraged, when we want to give up. It's important to remember that we can't give up even when our backs are against the wall!
I would recommend adopting Kyle's mantra of "No Excuses" and even trying the "Writing with Elbows" activity with your students. It's difficult, but great conversation and lessons will come from it!
Finally, I would recommend looking into having Kyle speak at your school! Here's the information from his website. Like anything in life, if you hit roadblocks, you may just have to find a creative way around them!
I'd like to thank Kyle and Joey for what they do everyday to change lives. They are two people on a mission to spread an incredibly uplifting story and an even more important message. On November 15, 2012, they changed over 750 lives at my school - and I'm very thankful that mine was one of them.
About Me
I'm a 5th grade math and science teacher in Ohio who is constantly learning. My goal is to bring as many experiences to my students as possible. I enjoy connecting with others from all around the world to learn from each other! I hate chalk but love educational technology :) Feel free to contact me on Twitter (@ArinKress) |
Q:
Recalling specific lines from an Array Java
I'm trying to load a text file into an array, then work with the elements in the array.
My text file is in the format:
1 0 3 4 1
1 0 3 4 2
.....
2 2 2 2 2
I cant figure out how to extract the different elements at specific indexes so that I can use them, or do math against them.
import java.io.BufferedWriter;
import java.io.File;
import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Coord {
public int a,b,c,d,e,f;
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
PrintWriter out = new PrintWriter(new BufferedWriter(new FileWriter("/Users/evanlivingston/3a.txt", true)));
Scanner sc = new Scanner(new File("/Users/evanlivingston/1.txt"));
List<Coord> coords = new ArrayList<Coord>();{
// for each line in the file
while(sc.hasNextLine()) {
String[] numstrs = sc.nextLine().split("\\s+");
Coord c = new Coord();
c.a = Integer.parseInt(numstrs[1]);
c.b = Integer.parseInt(numstrs[2]);
c.c = Integer.parseInt(numstrs[3]);
c.d = Integer.parseInt(numstrs[4]);
c.e = Integer.parseInt(numstrs[5]);
c.f = Integer.parseInt(numstrs[6]);
coords.add(c);
// now you have all coords in memory
for( int i=0; i<coords.size(); i++ ) {
// j=i+1 to calculate the distance between two points only once,
// not one way and back; also skip calculating distance between
// the same point
for( int j=i+1; j<coords.size(); j++ ) {
Coord c1 = coords.get(i);
Coord c2 = coords.get(j);
System.out.println(c2);
}
}
}
}
}
}
My main concern is performing an operation like subtracting c.f of index 3 from c.f of index 4.
A:
"My main concern is performing an operation like subtracting c.f of index 3 from c.f of index 4."
Coord c1 = coords.get(3);
Coord c2 = coords.get(4);
int foo = c2.f - c1.f;
|
Ruth Freeborn’s preparing to renounce her U.S. citizenship. It wasn’t an easy choice.
“It’s always hard. That’s your birthright,” says the Oklahoma-born Kingston resident. “They should not make it contingent on anything else. But they do.”
Freeborn has lived in Canada for more than three decades. She’s a Canadian citizen. Her husband’s Canadian. Their 22-year-old son, as far as she’s concerned, is Canadian.
She hasn’t lived, worked or held assets in the United States for ages.
But under American law, she’s a taxpayer. And it’s the morass of requirements and paperwork that entails that are driving her and thousands of others to give up their citizenship altogether.
“I feel I’m being forced to renounce,” Freeborn said. “And I know other people who feel that way, too.”
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Expat attrition
More expatriate Americans are renouncing their citizenship than at almost any other time. And comparing statistics from the FBI indicates the State Department may have been lowballing its numbers.
Lists of ex-citizens published in the U.S. Federal Register, a daily roundup of official documents, show the highest level recorded in at least ten years in the second quarter of 2013, with 1,958 appearing so far this year.
However, since 2012, parallel statistics kept by the FBI show renunciation rates higher than those in the published lists in the Federal Register.
The FBI reported 4,650 renounced their U.S. citizenship in 2012 – compared to the State Department’s 932. So far this year, another 1,958 people were recorded in the FBI’s database.
(The FBI tracks citizenship renunciation for gun-control reasons: Names of ex-citizens are entered in the National Instant Criminal Background Check System, an FBI database designed to prevent them – along with fugitives, drug addicts, people with restraining orders related to domestic violence, and people dishonorably discharged military – from buying guns.)
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Before late 2009, quarterly totals of U.S. citizenship renunciants rarely exceeded 200, and have been as low as 15.
(In January, 2012, Global News filed a Freedom of Information request with the U.S. State Department requesting citizenship renunciation statistics. In June, 2013, State Department officials responded that they didn’t track these figures.)
People wanting to lose U.S. citizenship approach an American embassy or consulate outside the U.S. and, after a break of a few days to ensure they really mean it, come back to take an oath affirming their intention to renounce. Afterward, applicants get a document from the State Department called a Certificate of Loss of Nationality.
“We don’t really speculate on the reasons why people choose to renounce,” said State Department Consular Bureau spokesperson Beth Finan. “It’s a personal decision.”
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But the rise in renunciations is widely linked to increased U.S. pressure on citizens outside the country to file tax returns, and the complexity of the returns themselves, which many find impossible to complete without expensive tax advice.
“I know that there has been a significant uptick in the number of Americans who file returns, and a significant proportion of them entertaining the idea of renouncing US citizenship,” says Toronto-based CPA Kevyn Nightingale.
“I’ve seen it in the past, but nothing near the numbers that we’re seeing now. “
The U.S. government itself has raised similar concerns.
“Taxpayers [abroad] who are trying their best to comply simply cannot,” U.S. National Taxpayer Advocate Nina Olson wrote in a 2011 report to Congress. “For some U.S taxpayers abroad, the tax requirements are so confusing and the compliance burden so great that they give up their U.S. citizenship.”
The IRS did not respond to questions by publication time.
“It’s very Orwellian”
Calgary-based tax lawyer Roy Berg figures his firm has as many as 50 U.S. citizenship renunciation files on the go – an astronomical increase from just a year ago. He has clients who haven’t filed – and even some who have, but made a mistake – hit with “a really nasty notice of assessment from the IRS. … It’s potentially ruinous.”
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And while the U.S. doesn’t get much tax money from it, he notes, the state gets a lot of personal information on millions of people forced to fill out the forms.
“It’s very Orwellian.”
Due to various exclusions and international agreements designed to prevent double taxation, Americans abroad rarely owe U.S. taxes. But IRS penalties for not filing a range of tax information returns can be much higher than in Canada:
“In Canada, the penalty for missing an information filing generally maxes out at about $2,500,” Nightingale said. “The US starts at $10,000 and goes up from there.”
The U.S. Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act requires foreign financial institutions to identify their U.S. citizen customers and report them to the IRS, or face a punitive tax on their U.S. investments. The Canadian federal government is widely expected to agree to some form of deal which would allow the Canadian banks to implement FATCA, although respected constitutional scholar Peter Hogg has said that such a law would be “discriminatory in a way that would not withstand Charter scrutiny.”
The U.S. State Department estimates that about a million U.S. citizens live in Canada. They have various degrees of practical connection to the United States, ranging from expatriates in the traditional sense to people born in Canada who derive U.S. citizenship from a parent. About 298,000 people self-identified as American in the 2006 Canadian census, many of whom were also Canadian citizens.
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Finance Minister Jim Flaherty “has raised serious concerns directly with the U.S. about FATCA,” his press secretary Kathleen Perchaluk said in an email, adding that the Canadian Revenue Agency “does not and will not collect the U.S. tax liability of a Canadian citizen if the individual was a Canadian citizen at the time the liability arose.”
“It comes about because wealthy people have been hiding money in offshore accounts,” explains McGill tax professor Allison Christians. “They get attention, they get caught, and now six million Americans living in other countries have to pay the price of that. [The U.S. government] can’t distinguish between a hedge fund raider with trust funds everywhere and millions of dollars hidden offshore and a kid who wants to be an au pair in Europe and wants to have a local bank account.”
“We’re not in the Cayman Islands”
Christians links the tax crackdown and its associated problems to the U.S. fiscal crisis.
“The problem is enormous deficits that have to be paid for by somebody,” she says. “Who can we blame? We look for someone who isn’t us – a foreigner. It’s very easy to put Americans who live in other countries in that category. Their accounts aren’t offshore accounts to them, but they are to the IRS.”
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But if that’s the goal, it isn’t working: Christians sees the imposition as an expensive waste of effort.
“All you’re doing is putting a lot of costs on Canadian banks and Canadian customers, because that’s who’s going to pay for it,” she said. “And the only thing you’re going to turn up is a bunch of people who didn’t know they were supposed to be filing, who are low- and middle-income filers. … You’re not going to get taxes out of it – you’re going to get penalties.”
Freeborn has an appointment to renounce coming up; she’s still “terrified” she’ll be dinged thousands in penalties for unfiled taxes – even though, as a stay-at-home mom with no income, the IRS actually owes her money.
“We’re not in the Cayman Islands. … We gladly pay our taxes where we live,” she said. “I just can’t afford to comply with their paperwork.” |
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to packaging substrates, fabrication methods thereof and base materials, and more particularly, to a low-cost packaging substrate and a fabrication method thereof.
2. Description of Related Art
Along with the development of electronic industries, electronic products have a trend towards miniaturization and high performance, and accordingly multi-layer boards are developed so as to increase the layout area for the layout through interlayer connection techniques, meet demands for high-density integrated circuits, and reduce the thickness of packaging substrates.
Conventionally, a multi-layer board comprises a core board and built-up structures formed on two sides of the core board. However, the use of the core board increases the length of wires and thickness of the overall structure. Accordingly, coreless boards are developed to shorten the length of wires and reduce the thickness of the overall structure, thereby meeting the developmental trend of high frequency and miniaturization.
FIGS. 1A to 1F shows a conventional packaging substrate and a method for fabricating the same.
Referring to FIG. 1A, a carrier board 10 is provided, and a thin metal layer 11, a releasing layer 12 and a carrier metal layer 13 are formed in sequence on the two surfaces of the carrier board 10.
Referring to FIG. 1B, a first dielectric layer 14 is formed on the carrier metal layer 13.
Referring to FIG. 1C, a plurality of vias 140 are formed in the first dielectric layer 14 through a photolithography process or laser ablation, and portions of the carrier metal layer 13 exposed from the vias 140 are etched away so as to form a plurality of concave portions 130.
Referring to FIG. 1D, a plurality of solder bumps 141a and first conductive vias 141b are formed in sequence in the concave portions 130 and the corresponding vias 140, and a first wiring layer 142 is formed on the first dielectric layer 14 and electrically connected to the first conductive vias 141b. A built-up structure 15 is formed on the first dielectric layer 14, wherein the built-up structure 15 comprises at least a second dielectric layer 151, a second wiring layer 152 formed on the second dielectric layer 151, and a plurality of second conductive vias 153 formed in the second dielectric layer 151 and electrically connecting the first wiring layer 142 and the second wiring layer 152. The second wiring layer 152 disposed on an outermost portion of the built-up structure 15 has a plurality of conductive pads 154. An insulating protective layer 16 is formed on an outermost portion of the built-up structure 15. A plurality of openings 160 corresponding in position to the conductive pads 154, respectively, are formed in the insulating protective layer 16 so as for the conductive pads 154 to be exposed from the insulating protective layer 16.
Referring to FIG. 1E, the releasing layer 12 is separated from the carrier metal layer 13 so as to separate packaging substrates to be formed subsequently from the carrier board 10.
Referring to FIG. 1F, the carrier metal layer 13 is removed such that the solder bumps 141a protrude from the surface of the first dielectric layer 14 to thereby allow a semiconductor chip (not shown) to be mounted thereto.
As described above, the releasing layer 12 made of metal is formed on both sides of the carrier board 10, then the built-up structure 15 is formed on the releasing layer 12 on both sides, and finally the built-up structure 15 at the two sides of the carrier board 10 is separated along the interface between the releasing layer 12 and the carrier metal layer 13 so as to from two packaging substrates.
However, in the above method, the carrier board 10 and the thin metal layer 11 required for temporarily supporting the structure complicate the fabrication process. Also, the temporary carrier (including the carrier board 10, the thin-film metal layer 11 and the releasing layer 12) is finally discarded, which results in a waste of materials and increase of fabrication costs.
Therefore, it is imperative to overcome the above drawbacks of the prior art. |
Q:
How to use tidyr in R to separate a string column into multiple other columns
So I am using tidyr in R and I am trying to separate the data in the 'pub_author' column (attached below) into 3 individual columns: 'website_title', 'year', and 'author'. I tried using the separate() function doing separate('pub_author',c('website_title','year', 'author'),'-'), but since R reads each '-' individually it only returns the first three words. Does anyone know how to group the words for title and author so that they will appear in the appropriate column or any other method?
A:
With separate, we can pass regex lookarounds. In this case, it would be to match - that precedes a 4 digit or a - that succeeds a 4 digit
library(tidyr)
separate(df1, pub_author, into = c('website_title','year', 'author'),
"-(?=\\d{4})|(?<=\\d{4})-")
# website_title year author
#1 nfl-draft-geek 2018 justin-miller
#2 cbs 2019 pete-prisco
#3 sb-nation 2020 dan-kadar
#4 football-fan-spot 2019 steven-lourie
#5 fanspeak 2018 william
#6 acme-packing-company 2020 shawn-wagner
data
df1 <- structure(list(pub_author = c("nfl-draft-geek-2018-justin-miller",
"cbs-2019-pete-prisco", "sb-nation-2020-dan-kadar",
"football-fan-spot-2019-steven-lourie",
"fanspeak-2018-william", "acme-packing-company-2020-shawn-wagner"
)), class = "data.frame", row.names = c(NA, -6L))
|
Stats Filter results
Filter Brackets Close Select options below to show only brackets that match your selection. Round Team 1 2 3 4 TBL NJD BOS TOR WSH CBJ PIT PHI Round Team 1 2 3 4 NSH COL WPG MIN VGK LAK ANA SJS Round 1 Games Team 4 5 6 7 TBL NJD BOS TOR WSH CBJ PIT PHI NSH COL WPG MIN VGK LAK ANA SJS Current filter:
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Rank. Name Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Champ Goals Pts Actual Results TBL
in 5 BOS
in 7 WSH
in 6 PIT
in 6 NSH
in 6 WPG
in 5 VGK
in 4 SJS
in 4 TBL WSH WPG VGK WSH VGK WSH 34 404 1. Juli TBL
in 6 BOS
in 6 WSH
in 7 PIT
in 7 NSH
in 5 WPG
in 5 VGK
in 7 SJS
in 6 TBL WSH WPG VGK WSH VGK WSH 27 383 2. StrangelyBrown TBL
in 5 TOR
in 4 WSH
in 5 PIT
in 7 NSH
in 4 WPG
in 5 VGK
in 4 SJS
in 6 TBL WSH WPG VGK WSH VGK WSH 29 379 3. Darren Collins TBL
in 6 TOR
in 6 WSH
in 7 PIT
in 6 NSH
in 5 WPG
in 7 VGK
in 6 SJS
in 7 TBL WSH WPG VGK WSH VGK WSH 40 373 4. SimplyStellar TBL
in 5 TOR
in 6 WSH
in 5 PIT
in 4 NSH
in 6 WPG
in 5 VGK
in 4 ANA
in 6 TBL WSH WPG VGK WSH VGK WSH 19 372 4. Simon Kulla TBL
in 5 TOR
in 6 WSH
in 6 PIT
in 7 NSH
in 6 WPG
in 5 VGK
in 6 ANA
in 7 TBL WSH WPG VGK WSH VGK WSH 17 372 5. James BC TBL
in 5 BOS
in 6 WSH
in 6 PHI
in 7 NSH
in 5 WPG
in 5 VGK
in 7 ANA
in 6 TBL WSH WPG VGK WSH VGK WSH 25 369 6. Bobthemurderer TBL
in 5 BOS
in 6 WSH
in 5 PHI
in 6 COL
in 6 WPG
in 5 VGK
in 5 SJS
in 5 TBL WSH WPG VGK WSH VGK WSH 39 366 6. ShiaLaBoof TBL
in 5 TOR
in 7 WSH
in 6 PIT
in 5 NSH
in 5 WPG
in 6 VGK
in 6 ANA
in 7 TBL WSH WPG VGK WSH VGK WSH 35 366 6. Zark TBL
in 6 TOR
in 7 WSH
in 5 PIT
in 5 NSH
in 6 WPG
in 5 VGK
in 7 ANA
in 6 TBL WSH WPG VGK WSH VGK WSH 17 366 6. Zark TBL
in 6 TOR
in 7 WSH
in 5 PIT
in 5 NSH
in 6 WPG
in 5 VGK
in 7 ANA
in 6 TBL WSH WPG VGK WSH VGK WSH 26 366 Averages [5008 brackets] 5.5 6.2 5.8 5.8 5.1 5.6 6.0 6.2 33.4 135.7
<< first < prev 1 - 10 of 5008 next > last >>
Below are the stats from the 5008 brackets matching the selected filters.
Click the column headings to sort by that value. |
FREE eBook:
Stargazing: Getting Started
Crowded Clusters Host Planets
The discovery of two mini-Neptunes around Sun-like stars in a distinctly un-Sun-like environment reveals that small planets can live in more crowded neighborhoods than we thought.
An artist's rendition of a mini-Neptune in a cluster packed with bright, young stars.
Michael Bachofner
Most stars form in clusters. Those stars, and the planets they host, grow up surrounded by tens or even thousands of stellar siblings born from the same gas cloud. In the jostling for space, it’s a wonder any planets survive. The question is, how dense is too dense?
Answering that question has been difficult: until now, astronomers had detected only four planets inside clusters, compared to more than 850 planets found orbiting isolated stars in the galactic field. But Soren Meibom (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics) and a team of astronomers recently reported in Nature two mini-Neptunes inside a dense cluster, showing that even stars in the densest clusters can form planets.
The two planets, Kepler 66-b and Kepler 67-b, are slightly smaller than Neptune, each almost three times as wide as Earth. They closely circle Sun-like stars, whipping around every 17.8 and 15.2 days, respectively. But their environment is anything but Sun-like. They live in NGC 6811, a billion-year-old open cluster that was once jam-packed with more than 6,000 stars.
The Sun also grew up in an open cluster. But the Sun’s birthplace was 100 times less dense than NGC 6811, and the surrounding stars went their separate ways over the course of several million years, maybe even before the stars and planets had finished forming. NGC 6811, on the other hand, survived to the present-day, even though it lost some members to gravitational interactions or supernova explosions.
In the jam-packed environs of an open cluster, countless dangers await a forming planet. A gravitational bump from a passing star could disrupt the protoplanetary disk or nearby supernovae explosions might obliterate a newly formed planet.
The billion-year-old open cluster NGC 6811 is over 3,000 light years away and contains about 1,000 stars today (including several O-type stars and more than 100 B stars). At its birth, it probably contained some 6,000 stars.
The glaring brilliance of the most massive stars in these clusters has long since burnt out, so Kepler was able to closely watch 377 fainter, longer-lived stars. So far, two of these stars turn out to host transiting planets.
Two planets around 377 stars — Meibom and his colleagues wondered, was that rate normal? Or did the tightly-packed cluster stifle planet formation? If all the stars in NGC 6811 were field stars, Meibom’s team calculated that they would expect to find between 2 and 6 transiting planets and between 0.7 and 3.7 mini-Neptunes. (Of course, they’re not going to find partial planets, but these figures are based on a statistical study.) The two transiting mini-Neptunes Meibom’s team discovered fall squarely in the middle of the expected range.
They calculated that between 0.1 and 2.3 Earth-sized planets and between 0 and 1.2 giant planets would be detectable — so the fact that the team didn’t find any Earth-sized or giant planets is also expected.
“Whatever the process is that makes planets out of gas clouds, it works in the very dense regions of space where hundreds of stars are formed,” explains Kenneth Janes (Boston University).
The existence of these two mini-Neptunes shows that planets can form just as well in neighborhoods far more crowded and violent than the calm environment of our Sun’s youth. Meibom plans to continue planet-hunting in even denser clusters until he finds the “crowdedness” threshold beyond which planets can’t form.
Good question, Jeff. So far, only four other planets have been discovered in clusters (3 open, 1 globular). And each case is very different. The mini-Neptunes found in NGC 6811 orbit 1 billion year old G-type stars (let’s say expected lifetime about 10 billion years). The hot Jupiter in globular cluster M4 orbits dead stars (PSR B1620-26 and its white dwarf companion) but the planet is an estimated 13 billion years old. The planet found in the Hyades circled around the orange giant Epsilon Tauri (previously thought to be an A-type star). The two planets in the Beehive cluster were found orbitting late F and G dwarfs.
This is a very interesting report Shari. Exoplanet fans are sure to welcome this news greatly, for it continues a trend in which planets are being found at more and more sites. This is proving that, just as star formation is a robust process, planetary formation must be as well. But Shari I’m having some difficulty with your fourth paragraph, wherein you wrote, “the Sun’s birthplace was 100 times less dense than NGC 6811, and the surrounding stars went their separate ways over several million years ago, maybe even before the stars and planets had finished forming.” First, how can we be so sure about the density of the Sun’s cluster? And secondly, since the Sun and its fellow cluster members are believed to have formed about 4.6 BYA from a loose cluster, wouldn’t their dispersion have happened far more than just “several million years ago”?
Would there really be a hundred or more stars showing a disk? If many stars in the cluster were that close, I would not expect there to be any stable orbits. (Nor would I expect any planets to have formed. It would be kind of hot, too.) On the face of it, this is entirely unrealistic.
If I’m correct, why did S&T publish this picture? 100% accuracy is neither possible nor required in a popular science magazine, but I think this falls well short of minimum.
You are right,I misphrased that sentence, thank you for holding me accountable. It should read “the Sun’s birthplace was 100 times less dense than NGC 6811, and the surrounding stars went their separate ways over the course of several million years, maybe even before the stars and planets had finished forming.”
Secondly, we are assuming that the Sun was born in a "typical" cluster, as we have no reason to believe otherwise at the moment. The following excerpt is from the paper: "For NGC6811 to have survived a billion years, the initial number density of stars in the cluster must have been at least that of the Orion Trapezium cluster (about 13,000 per cubic parsec) and thus more than two orders of magnitude greater than that of the typical cluster formed in a molecular cloud."
Is it really likely that there are any O- and B-type stars left in a cluster with an estimated age of 1 billion years? I thought these stars had a lifetime of a couple of 100 million years max and should therefore have long "left the building"…
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{
"extends": "./tsconfig.json",
"compilerOptions": {
"noUnusedLocals": false,
"noUnusedParameters": false,
"assumeChangesOnlyAffectDirectDependencies": true,
"tsBuildInfoFile":"../../lib/node/watch.tsbuildInfo"
},
"references": [
{ "path": "../common/tsconfig-watch.json" },
{ "path": "../../../protocol/src/node/tsconfig-watch.json" }
]
} |
leaving federal service due to medical
What is the greatest fear? Is it to be forgotten, cast aside, without a mere footnote in the linear history of societal acknowledgments? Must society now adjust to the credited observation of Warhol’s dictum, that fame’s span of 15 minutes is too lengthy, given the fast-paced nature of modern technology? Is watching one’s self in a public forum the satisfying conduit for vicarious living, such that it makes content the populous who would otherwise revolt in the disparity of despairing livelihoods? […] Read More …
As applied to a person, the dual concepts refer to the capacity of the individual’s talent and the relational importance to the greater needs of an organization, entity or society; as inserted in a more general sense, it is an evaluation of the connection between import and applicability. In both senses, it embraces one’s identification within a macro-context of where one fits in. For Federal employees and U.S. Postal workers who have striven for years and decades to achieve a level of competence and relevance […] Read More …
There is pervasive talk about the importance of containing toxic waste dumps, keeping our air and water clean; of limiting the dumping of animal feces into our oceans, rivers, streams, etc.; and, indeed, there are agencies and departments created by State, Federal and Local governments devoted to enforcing laws designed to protect us and preserve the pristine condition of our “environment”. […] Read More … |
Oxidoreduction sites and relationships of spiroplasmas with insect cells in culture.
We have previously shown that Spiroplasma citri oxidoreduction sites, as revealed by the reduction of potassium tellurite into electron-dense tellurium crystals detectable by electron microscopy, were located at the blunt end of the organisms. The time of incubation of S. citri in potassium tellurite had no influence on the labeling. We have investigated the presence and location of oxidoreduction sites for other spiroplasmas such as the corn stunt spiroplasma (CSS), 277F, B88, BNR1 and PPS1. For all of these strains (except CSS, which is similar to S. citri), the location of oxidoreduction sites was affected by the time of incubation in potassium tellurite, and could be observed in different locations of the helix. 277F showed first labeling at the blunt end and a second, strong labeling at the tapered end. The other strains showed labeling all along the helix, but labeling at the blunt end generally appeared first. When Drosophila (Dm-1) cell cultures were infected with S. citri or 277F, the organisms adsorbed to the cells. Observation of infected cells by electron microscopy revealed that S. citri attached to the cells by the blunt end, while 277F attached either by the blunt end or the tapered one. The infection of leafhopper cell cultures (AS-2) with S. citri has been followed by transmission electron microscopy after incorporation of tritiated thymidine in the organism, and an immunocytochemical method has been developed to locate the organisms inside the cells. |
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