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The Artichoke plant is a type of thistle, related to Silybum marianum (Milk Thistle) and is thought to be native to Northern Africa but has been naturalized over most of Europe and parts of North America. It is well known as a culinary delicacy, popularized by French and Italian aristocracy. There is a Greek myth that the first artichoke was a woman of surpassing beauty named Cynara, who lived on the island of Zinari. Zeus, who was there visiting Poseidon, fell in love with her and decided to make her a goddess. Cynara missed her home and mother so much that she would sneak back to earth from Mount Olympus to visit. This infuriated Zeus, who returned her back to earth transforming her into the first artichoke.
The properties of Artichoke have been recognized since antiquity. It was particularly popular in the 16th-19th centuries. The eclectic physicians of North America used Artichoke to support healthy urine flow and production and to support normal function of the digestive system and liver*. In European herbal medicine it has been used to support the same functions, but also to support healthy skin, encourage a normal appetite, and to support healthy bile flow and cholesterol metabolism*.
Good digestion is the foundation of good health. Studies indicate that Artichoke extract helps maintain normal bile production, supporting fat digestion and metabolism*.
Uses of Artichoke
This information in our Herbal Reference Guide is intended only as a general reference for further exploration, and is not a replacement for professional health advice. This content does not provide dosage information, format recommendations, toxicity levels, or possible interactions with prescription drugs. Accordingly, this information should be used only under the direct supervision of a qualified health practitioner such as a naturopathic physician.
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Given the products of diagonally opposite cells - can you complete this Sudoku?
Use the interactivity to listen to the bells ringing a pattern. Now
it's your turn! Play one of the bells yourself. How do you know
when it is your turn to ring?
Use the interactivity to play two of the bells in a pattern. How do
you know when it is your turn to ring, and how do you know which
bell to ring?
The planet of Vuvv has seven moons. Can you work out how long it is
between each super-eclipse?
Whenever a monkey has peaches, he always keeps a fraction of them each day, gives the rest away, and then eats one. How long could he make his peaches last for?
An irregular tetrahedron is composed of four different triangles.
Can such a tetrahedron be constructed where the side lengths are 4,
5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 units of length?
Suppose we allow ourselves to use three numbers less than 10 and
multiply them together. How many different products can you find?
How do you know you've got them all?
This magic square has operations written in it, to make it into a
maze. Start wherever you like, go through every cell and go out a
total of 15!
Can you fill in this table square? The numbers 2 -12 were used to generate it with just one number used twice.
Using the statements, can you work out how many of each type of
rabbit there are in these pens?
This problem is based on the story of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. Investigate the different numbers of people and rats there could have been if you know how many legs there are altogether!
How many different shaped boxes can you design for 36 sweets in one
layer? Can you arrange the sweets so that no sweets of the same
colour are next to each other in any direction?
Find a cuboid (with edges of integer values) that has a surface
area of exactly 100 square units. Is there more than one? Can you
find them all?
Only one side of a two-slice toaster is working. What is the
quickest way to toast both sides of three slices of bread?
Find the smallest whole number which, when mutiplied by 7, gives a
product consisting entirely of ones.
Solve this Sudoku puzzle whose clues are in the form of sums of the
numbers which should appear in diagonal opposite cells.
Mr McGregor has a magic potting shed. Overnight, the number of
plants in it doubles. He'd like to put the same number of plants in
each of three gardens, planting one garden each day. Can he do it?
This article for teachers describes several games, found on the
site, all of which have a related structure that can be used to
develop the skills of strategic planning.
Starting with four different triangles, imagine you have an
unlimited number of each type. How many different tetrahedra can
you make? Convince us you have found them all.
Can you work out the arrangement of the digits in the square so
that the given products are correct? The numbers 1 - 9 may be used
once and once only.
The number of plants in Mr McGregor's magic potting shed increases
overnight. He'd like to put the same number of plants in each of
his gardens, planting one garden each day. How can he do it?
This second Sudoku article discusses "Corresponding Sudokus" which are pairs of Sudokus with terms that can be matched using a substitution rule.
A Sudoku that uses transformations as supporting clues.
Can you order the digits from 1-3 to make a number which is divisible by 3 so when the last digit is removed it becomes a 2-figure number divisible by 2, and so on?
In a square in which the houses are evenly spaced, numbers 3 and 10
are opposite each other. What is the smallest and what is the
largest possible number of houses in the square?
Two sudokus in one. Challenge yourself to make the necessary
How many ways can you find to do up all four buttons on my coat?
How about if I had five buttons? Six ...?
This challenge focuses on finding the sum and difference of pairs of two-digit numbers.
Can you find all the ways to get 15 at the top of this triangle of numbers?
This task follows on from Build it Up and takes the ideas into three dimensions!
Find the sum and difference between a pair of two-digit numbers. Now find the sum and difference between the sum and difference! What happens?
You are given the Lowest Common Multiples of sets of digits. Find
the digits and then solve the Sudoku.
This challenge, written for the Young Mathematicians' Award, invites you to explore 'centred squares'.
Zumf makes spectacles for the residents of the planet Zargon, who
have either 3 eyes or 4 eyes. How many lenses will Zumf need to
make all the different orders for 9 families?
This pair of linked Sudokus matches letters with numbers and hides a seasonal greeting. Can you find it?
A Latin square of order n is an array of n symbols in which each symbol occurs exactly once in each row and exactly once in each column.
Arrange eight of the numbers between 1 and 9 in the Polo Square
below so that each side adds to the same total.
Ben passed a third of his counters to Jack, Jack passed a quarter
of his counters to Emma and Emma passed a fifth of her counters to
Ben. After this they all had the same number of counters.
Find out about Magic Squares in this article written for students. Why are they magic?!
You have been given nine weights, one of which is slightly heavier
than the rest. Can you work out which weight is heavier in just two
weighings of the balance?
There are 44 people coming to a dinner party. There are 15 square
tables that seat 4 people. Find a way to seat the 44 people using
all 15 tables, with no empty places.
How many ways can you find of tiling the square patio, using square
tiles of different sizes?
What is the smallest number of tiles needed to tile this patio? Can
you investigate patios of different sizes?
Cherri, Saxon, Mel and Paul are friends. They are all different
ages. Can you find out the age of each friend using the
This sudoku requires you to have "double vision" - two Sudoku's for
the price of one
A 2 by 3 rectangle contains 8 squares and a 3 by 4 rectangle
contains 20 squares. What size rectangle(s) contain(s) exactly 100
squares? Can you find them all?
Can you arrange 5 different digits (from 0 - 9) in the cross in the
Can you help the children find the two triangles which have the
lengths of two sides numerically equal to their areas?
A cinema has 100 seats. Show how it is possible to sell exactly 100 tickets and take exactly £100 if the prices are £10 for adults, 50p for pensioners and 10p for children.
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Isabela Le Bras, a graduate student in the MIT/WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography, stands near a flotation sphere for a Line W mooring during a cruise to maintain the observatory. She is investigating why waters may be leaving the Deep Water Boundary Current in the region off Newfoundland. (Photo courtesy of Jinbo Wang, Scripps Institution of Oceanography) [ Hide caption ]
Within the ocean, there’s a global highway system of currents. It transports heat across the planet, from the equator to the poles. If not for these currents, the equatorial ocean would be a scalding hot tub and the polar regions would freeze solid.
Imagine the Earth as a poorly insulated apartment—a railroad flat with three rooms. The kitchen in the middle is heated by a woodstove, but the two unheated outlying bedrooms can get cold. Earth’s kitchen is the equatorial region, heated by sun; the far-flung poles are its chilly bedrooms.
But open the doors between rooms in the apartment, and warm air moves out from the middle room and heats up the bedrooms a little, while colder air circulates in and cools the kitchen. Our ocean works essentially the same way, but rather than air, great ocean currents circulate excess equatorial heat to the poles.
In the North Atlantic, for example, the Gulf Stream carries water warmed at the equator toward the North Pole. When the warm water meets frigid winter air in northern latitudes, it cools vigorously. Water becomes denser as it cools, and consequently sinks thousands of meters below the sea surface. This deep mass of cold water drifts southward in a current that hugs North America's continental slope on the western side of the Atlantic Ocean basin: the Deep Western Boundary Current.
These currents are major cogs in our planet’s heating and ventilation system that regulate Earth’s climate. To understand how our climate works and unravel how it will change, we need to reveal the inner workings of these currents.
As recently as 50 years ago, the Deep Western Boundary Current remained undiscovered. Oceanographers knew that water must be sinking at high latitudes, but they did not have the means to observe where it went. In the early 1960s, two scientists at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI), Henry Stommel and Arnold Arons, used mathematics to explore deep-sea circulation. Reducing the problem to its bare essentials, they conceived of an idealized ocean that looked more like a bathtub. It had straight walls, a flat bottom, and water sinking at the ends of the tub, which represented the real-world polar oceans.
In this theoretical model, they calculated the essential physical forces acting on the flow of water in bounded basins on a rotating sphere. Their calculations pointed to the existence of the Deep Western Boundary Current. A few years later, English oceanographer John Swallow and Val Worthington at WHOI placed floats in the ocean. The floats were swept equatorward by the Deep Western Boundary Current, confirming what Stommel and Arons had predicted by mathematical equations alone.
Physical oceanographers have continually used this combination of observations and models to push forward our understanding of ocean dynamics. Models are mathematical approximations of reality that can distill the essence of the physics at work and help us explore how the world operates. Observations confirm the reality and unveil new complexities that require further explanation.
One important set of observations has come from Line W, where scientists at WHOI have been measuring the strength of the Deep Western Boundary Current in the North Atlantic since 2004. Line W consists of a series of six moorings that starts at the continental slope off Cape Cod, Mass., and heads southeast. Moorings consist of cables as tall as ten Empire State Buildings. The cables are anchored to the ocean floor and held upright by buoyant glass spheres. Instruments called moored profilers ride up and down along the cables, measuring the temperature, salinity, depth, and velocity of the water as it flows by.
The Line W moorings are like oceanic tollbooths. But instead of collecting a fee, they are measuring the strength and properties of the Deep Western Boundary Current as it flows past.
Line W is a way to observe and document changes in the current, which may be linked to changes in global heat transport. Such observations may give us insights into how Earth’s changing climate is affecting the ocean, and vice versa.
On the theoretical large-scale model conceived by Stommel and Arons, the Deep Western Boundary Current is the main oceanic highway directing cold, dense water southward in the North Atlantic—much the way Interstate 95 steers traffic on the U.S. Eastern Seaboard.
But the real ocean is far more complex. It is full of sharp curves and detours—underwater mountains, continents that jut out, and swirling eddies, all of which can divert water out of the Deep Western Boundary Current. If that water were cars, we might not be counting all the cars heading south at the Line W tollbooths; the measurements at Line W may not be telling us the full story.
In the last decade, scientists Amy Bower of WHOI and Susan Lozier of Duke University have been using floats to track the southward flow of deep water from the North Atlantic. They have observed that many floats seem to get off the Deep Western Boundary Current highway.
One potential detour spot may be at the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, where the coastline takes a series of sharp turns. Something may be happening at this juncture that affects the watery traffic downstream, and that’s what I am trying to figure out.
So I am taking a page from Stommel and Arons’ book. I am proposing to strip the problem down to its essential elements. I hypothesize that water leaves the Deep Western Boundary Current at the Grand Banks because of two primary features.
The first feature is the bend in the coastline. The current could have trouble rounding the curve and in response, create eddies that spin out and carry water away from the current.
The bend also directs the Deep Western Boundary Current close to the other key feature: the Gulf Stream-North Atlantic Current system, which flows near the surface above the Deep Western Boundary Current at ten times the speed.
The energetic Gulf Stream spins up many eddies that can peel off northward into the Grand Banks region. These eddies of Gulf Stream water may collide and mix with waters in the Deep Western Boundary Current, changing their salinity, temperature, and density, and causing some water to leak out of the boundary current.
I am creating a mathematical model that focuses on just the three components that I think matter most: the Deep Western Boundary Current, the bump in the coastline that affects it, and the Gulf Stream. The model is made up of two layers, with the Deep Western Boundary Current in the lower layer and the Gulf Stream in the upper layer.
The equations in the model simulate the dynamics of the ocean and generate eddies in my idealized ocean off Newfoundland where the currents are influenced by the topography. I conduct numerical experiments by manipulating the strengths and configurations of the three key components and seeing what effects these manipulations produce. Over time, I should be able to tease apart why water is diverted from the Deep Western Boundary Current.
Once we have a better understanding of these places where water leaves the current, we can apply that knowledge to refine our measurements of oceanic heat transport. And then we can turn to the bigger questions: How do these diversions from the Deep Western Boundary Current affect the global transport of heat? What impacts could Earth’s changing climate have on the ocean’s interglobal current system? And how could that, in turn, cause further changes in our planet’s climate?
This research was funded by the National Science Foundation.
Transporting heat through the world ocean
A strategic ocean observation system measures the Deep Western Boundary Current
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In the Bible used by Catholics, a pair of books celebrates an extraordinary Jewish military success that took place in 165 B.C.E. in the land of Israel. Surprisingly those two books are not included in the Hebrew Scriptures; nor do they appear in the Protestant canon. Can you name them? Hint: There is a statue at the United States Military Academy of the hero of that long-ago victory. In fact, the ancient Jewish soldier is the only non-American to merit such an honor at West Point.
Still need a hint? The same hero has been immortalized in a George Frideric Handel oratorio, a verse-play by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and a novel by Howard Fast.
The answer is the Books of the Maccabees, and the victorious general is Judah Maccabee, sometimes known by his Greek name, Judas Maccabaeus.
Judah’s father, Mathathias, and his five sons were the leaders of a popular armed revolt against the powerful Greco-Syrian ruling empire of the day headed by the ruthless despot Antiochus IV. Alexander the Great had died about 160 years earlier, and Antiochus ruled a part of Alexander’s once-extensive realm in the ancient Middle East. While Alexander had generally been accepting of the diverse populations under his control, Antiochus had a very different view.
Like many other tyrants in history, Antiochus demanded from his subjects total uniformity, not merely unity. This emperor adopted a particularly harsh policy toward the defiant and irksome Jews, who continued to insist on faithfully maintaining their religious beliefs, traditions and rituals.
To crush such a tenacious people, Antiochus officially banned the teaching of the Torah and outlawed the observance of the Sabbath, annual festivals and ritual circumcision. Antiochus’s odious restrictions aimed at the heart of Jewish identity and continuity. In a supreme act of contempt, Antiochus provocatively placed an idolatrous statue of the Greek god Zeus within the Jewish Holy Temple in Jerusalem. This idolatry, an ultimate desecration, angered many Jews, including Mathathias and his sons.
But other Jews were quite willing to submit to the emperor’s dictatorial decrees: “And many of Israel consented to his service, and they sacrificed to idols, and profaned the Sabbath” (1 Macc 1:45).
In an attempt to assimilate themselves into the majority Hellenistic culture, some Jews willingly changed their names from the traditional Hebrew to the more acceptable Greek versions. Their motto seemed to be the well-known maxim: “To get along, you’ve got to go along.” As a result, there was a sharp split among Jews between the faithful adherents of the ancient covenant and the assimilationists.
The breaking point that marked the beginning of an armed rebellion against Antiochus came in the Maccabees’ home village of Modi’in, a town near Jerusalem, when the emperor’s soldiers demanded that Jews publicly worship an idol. In an act of defiance, the aged Mathathias lifted his sword and killed the imperial soldiers, as well as a Jew who was willing to perform the humiliating act of idolatry. Mathathias then uttered the battle cry of the Hanukkah story that has echoed through history for over 2,100 years: “And Mathathias cried out in the city with a loud voice, saying: ‘Every one that has zeal for the Law and maintains the covenant, let him follow me’” (1 Macc 2:27).
The Maccabees and their small number of followers quickly fled Modi’in and inaugurated one of the first successful guerrilla campaigns in history. Judah was the commander of the roving band that carefully avoided the major population centers of Israel, especially the capital city of Jerusalem. Instead, these guerrillas successfully fought the much larger and better equipped forces of Antiochus in battles conducted on the Maccabees’ terms and, of course, always inside their beloved homeland.
It is a story that has often been repeated. The outnumbered rebellious “locals” know the geography and culture of their countries far better than the larger armies of armed “outsiders” who vainly attempt to stamp out an insurrection. After a bitter three-year struggle, the militarily gifted Judah and his guerrillas recaptured the Holy Temple in Jerusalem, smashed the hated idols and all other evidence of the imperial occupation, and rededicated the sanctuary to God’s service.
What Hanukkah Means
According to tradition, the neglected Eternal Light in the Temple (every synagogue in the world today has such a light, which symbolizes the Temple sanctuary and God’s enduring presence) had only enough oil to last a single day; but after the Maccabees rekindled it, the tiny cruse of oil lasted not one but eight days. Ever since, Jews have rejoiced in that remarkable occurrence. Hanukkah, which means “dedication” in Hebrew, celebrates the miracle of the oil that burned for eight days. This year the holiday begins at sunset on Friday, Dec. 15, and concludes on the evening of Dec. 23.
Judah’s victory not only enabled Jews to regain their political sovereignty; but it also stemmed the ongoing assimilation and the increasing loss of religious identity. Many scholars, both Jewish and Christian, believe that without Hanukkah, the Maccabees’ victory of the few over the many, Judaism might well have disappeared from the stage of history and with it the religious community into which Jesus was born a century and a half later. Without Judah’s triumph, there might not have been the Jewish spiritual soil from which Christianity emerged.
It seems clear that Jesus celebrated Hanukkah. The holiday is specifically mentioned in John 10:22-23: “The feast of the Dedication was then taking place in Jerusalem. It was winter. And Jesus walked about in the Temple area on the Portico of Solomon.”
The rulers who followed Judah (the great warrior himself died in battle five years after his Hanukkah triumph) were among the worst in Jewish history. Corruption and internal strife ensued, and less than 200 years after the Maccabean triumph, the Roman Empire, even more brutal and cruel than Antiochus, became the new occupying power in Israel.
With the earlier successful struggle of Judah Maccabee serving as an inspiring model, the Jews fought four wars against the Romans, the last one occurring in 135 C.E. But, sadly, there was no second Hanukkah; there were no more victories over an “Evil Empire.” The Romans won every conflict and destroyed the Holy Temple in 70 C.E. Nearly 1,900 years passed before a Jewish state was finally reborn in 1948. Little wonder that the Israelis who achieved independence nearly 60 years ago are frequently called “Modern Maccabees.”
For nearly 700 years after the Maccabean success, the ancient rabbis were troubled by the military aspect of the Hanukkah story. For a time they downplayed the holiday when they compared it with the solemn, majestic and defining holy days described in the Hebrew Scriptures—including Passover, Rosh Hashanah (New Year), Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement), Sukkot (Tabernacles) and Shavuot (the giving of the Torah at Mt. Sinai). So neglected was the Maccabean victory that some rabbis even asked, “What is Hanukkah?”
But despite the rabbis’ unease with Judah Maccabee’s victory, Hanukkah has become a joyous festival celebrated every year by both youngsters and adults. Children eagerly anticipate the Hanukkah lights, when a newly lit candle is added each evening to the home menorah, culminating on the festival’s eighth and last night, when the candelabrum is fully aglow. Youngsters receive eagerly anticipated gifts from family and friends, and they play Hanukkah games by spinning dreidels, or tops. Boys and girls often receive pieces of Hanukkah chocolate wrapped in gold foil paper that duplicates the designs of ancient Israelite coins. Hot potato pancakes and miniature sugar-coated donuts are traditional Hanukkah delicacies, even though both foods are bad for digestion, dieting and cholesterol. But then, it’s Hanukkah, and the holiday comes just once a year.
In contemporary terms, Hanukkah can be described as a struggle for religious liberty, what we today call pluralism. Antiochus’s worldview was one that obliterated minority ethnic and religious groups and replaced them with a suffocating uniformity of belief, behavior and spirit. The Nazi slogan, “Ein Volk! Ein Reich! Ein Führer!” is not much different from the demands of Antiochus. In fact, the right of minorities to be free to practice their faith, enhance their culture and strengthen their group identity is always feared by leaders who seek to impose total control upon a diverse society.
Hanukkah and Christmas
Although the holidays occur during the same time of the year, Hanukkah is not “the Jewish Christmas.” Nor is there such a thing as a “Hanukkah bush,” a euphemistic name assimilating Jews (we still have them!) have given to the Christmas trees that are unfortunately still present in some Jewish homes during December.
The message of Hanukkah is clear: each faith community must be free to observe its sacred holidays, rituals and liturgies in perfect freedom. And holidays must always represent the authentic expression of each religious group. A false or forced symbiosis, in this case of Hanukkah and Christmas, Judaism and Christianity, is a disservice to both faiths.
A watering down of two historic spiritual traditions dishonors the memory and the sacrifice of the Maccabees, who fought in order that future generations would be free of tyranny, despotism and conformity.
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Australian, Victorian, British and American trade marks
This guide provides a definition of trade marks registered in Australia.
It also outlines the trade mark collections held by the State Library of Victoria, and the relevant indexes for searching, identifying and locating trade marks. Included are links to both print and online indexes, and to registers of trade mark applications and to trade mark representations.
Click on the links to Australian, Victorian and Overseas trade marks for detailed information.
It is used to distinguish the goods and services of one trader from those of another.
It is legally enforceable and gives exclusive rights to commercially use, licence or sell the goods and services that it is registered under.
Examples of "goods" include vehicles, musical instruments, building materials, furniture, textiles, food and drinks.
Examples of "services" include advertising, telecommunications, transport, education, medical services and legal services.
Trade marks are made up of one or two constituent parts - words and images. For example, Qantas airline is represented by the word Qantas, and the image of a kangaroo. Some trade marks may be represented by either a word or words, or an image or images.
A trade mark registered in Australia is identified by the ® symbol. Unregistered or pending trade marks may use the TM symbol.
In Australia, trade mark registration lasts 10 years, and can be renewed for successive periods of 10 years.
Current information relating to trade marks, and other forms of intellectual property (patents, designs, copyright) is available online. The database, SNIPER (Searchable Networked Intellectual Property Electronic Resource), includes articles, conference papers, book chapters and online documents.
SNIPER is indexed on the Informit database, available in the Library, and accessible from home for State Library registered Victorian residents. You can access full text of recent issues of the SNIPER bulletin through IP Australia.
Trade marks add value to enterprises or organisations. They aid in distinguishing the goods or services of one organisation from another; and enable the marketing of products and services as being of a certain and consistent quality. For example, think of major Internet, educational, transport, entertainment and sporting brands.
Trade marks generate income, and can have significant commercial value, not only for existing businesses, but also when establishing new businesses.
Historic trade marks are an important primary source for researchers, including business and company historians, intellectual property professionals and researchers, collectors and genealogists.
National emblems, including official heraldry and flags, and those of intergovernmental organisations, are prohibited from being registered as trade marks under 'Article 6ter' of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.
The Article 6ter Express database is a searchable database of these emblems.
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|Location||Canada, British Columbia|
|Central coordinates||126o 5.53' West 49o 10.28' North|
|IBA criteria||A1, A4i|
|Altitude||0 - 10m|
|Year of IBA assessment||2008|
Site description Clayoquot Sound is located on the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, northwest of Barkley Sound. The town of Tofino lies at the southern end of the sound. Cleland Island, at the centre of the area, lies off the west coast of Vargas Island in the mouth of the sound. The site encompasses the marine area in a 10 km radius around Cleland Island. It includes inshore water exposed to open ocean conditions that contain numerous islets and rocky reefs, as well as channels partly bounded and protected by land. Cleland Island is a treeless, low-lying basalt island rising to ten meters in elevation. The higher central area is vegetated with shrubs such as salmonberry and wild rose surrounded by lush grasses and forbs. Eelgrass beds occur at Clayoquot Spit on Stubbs Island. Clouded Salamanders are found at this site and Northern Sea Lion haul out on the reefs.
Key Biodiversity Cleland Island and other smaller islands in southeastern Clayoquot Sound provide important habitat for four species of breeding birds. Fifty-four pairs of American Black Oystercatchers were recorded in 1986; which is 1% of the global population, and in some years, as many as 57 pairs have been detected on Cleland Island. In 1988, surveys found 1,687 pairs of Glaucous-winged Gulls, which is about 1% of the North American population. Also in 1988, 207 nesting Pigeon Guillemots (2% of the Canadian population) and 5,700 nesting Leachs Storm-Petrels (1% of the Canadian component of the eastern Pacific population) were recorded. Cleland Island is a diverse seabird colony as in addition to the species already mentioned, Cassins Auklet, Rhinoceros Auklet, Tufted Puffin, and Fork-tailed Storm-Petrel also breed here.
During the summer, the southeast portion of Clayoquot Sound (particularly southeast of Vargas Island and southeast of Flores Island) hosts substantial numbers of Marbled Murrelet (a nationally threatened species). In 1982, 4,500 birds were recorded, whereas in 1993, 2,622 birds were recorded. This most recent survey still represents 5% of the Canadian population. The difference in numbers may be a result of climatic variation and not actual longer-term changes in population. Conversely the loss of old-growth forests to logging, along with other factors, may be causing a genuine decline.
Large numbers of Black Brant use the eelgrass beds; 4,000 birds were recorded in April 1970, but in 1989 only 480 birds were seen. Thousands of White-winged and Surf scoters can be seen while moulting or migrating in early spring. It is likely that over 10,000 waterfowl of various species gather here in spring, but this has not been confirmed.
|Species||Season||Period||Population estimate||Quality of estimate||IBA Criteria||IUCN Category|
|Haematopus bachmani||breeding||1986||54 breeding pairs||-||A4i||Not Recognised|
|Marbled Murrelet Brachyramphus marmoratus||non-breeding||1993||2,622 individuals||unknown||A1||Endangered|
|Protected area||Designation||Area (ha)||Relationship with IBA||Overlap with IBA (ha)|
|Epper Passage||Provincial Park||306||protected area overlaps with site||72|
|Flores Island||Provincial Park||7,113||protected area overlaps with site||1,500|
|Gibson Marine||Provincial Park||143||protected area overlaps with site||88|
|Vargas Island||Provincial Park||5,788||protected area contained by site||5,800|
|IUCN habitat||Habitat detail||Extent (% of site)|
|Coastline||Sea cliffs and rocky shores||-|
|Land-use||Extent (% of site)|
Contribute Please click here to help BirdLife conserve the world's birds - your data for this IBA and others are vital for helping protect the environment.
Recommended citation BirdLife International (2016) Important Bird and Biodiversity Area factsheet: Cleland Island and Southeast Clayoquot Sound. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.org on 27/06/2016
To provide new information to update this factsheet or to correct any errors, please email BirdLife
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Marjory Stoneman Douglas, Florida`s first lady of conservation, will speak on Saturday at C.B. Smith Park in a celebration of Earth Day 1990.
The event commemorates the 20th anniversary of Earth Day, which was established nationwide to increase awareness of the environment. This year, Earth Day is being celebrated nationally on April 22.
Douglas, a South Florida pioneer and author of The Everglades: River of Grass, also is celebrating a milestone.
She celebrated her 100th birthday last week.
The day-long commemoration is sponsored by the Broward County Parks and Recreation Division in conjunction with the Broward County chapters of the Audubon Society, the Sierra Club, the Environmental Coalition and other local environmental groups.
Activities start at 9 a.m. and end at 5 p.m. at the park, 900 N. Flamingo Road in Pembroke Pines.
Weekend and holiday admission to the park is $1 for drivers, and 50 cents for others. Children under 5 are admitted free.
Free live entertainment will feature music ranging from bluegrass, reggae and country to blues and Broadway tunes.
Also included will be poetry readings and the sale of natural and vegetarian dishes.
Seedlings will be available to take home and plant through the Adopt-a-Tree program.
Exhibits, demonstrations and information will be available on a number of environmental subjects, including xeriscaping, recycling, endangered species and environmentally safe products.
For more information call 434-8275 or 781-9598.
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Branches nurtures growing readers by stretching their abilities with stories and text that are neither too easy, nor too difficult–developing confidence and facilitating comprehension!
Did you know?
When kids have favorite characters, they love to follow their adventures in book after book.
But it's not just love of characters that make book series so important for beginning readers! As a new reader, there's a lot to digest in a book – the story structure, the characters, the setting, the tone... Reading books in a series allows a comfort level with many aspects of the book, so readers can focus on something else...the words!
Want to monitor your growing readers' success at home or in the classroom? Have them keep a reading log – tracking the titles of the books they' re reading, the number of minutes or pages read each day, the date they started the book, and the date they finished. Even invite them to mention whether they'd recommend it to a friend!
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologists in Tucson warned more than a year ago that the proposed Rosemont Mine could kill or harm the nation’s only known wild jaguar, federal records show.
They also said the mine would illegally destroy or modify the endangered cat’s critical habitat, records show.
But those conclusions, contained in three preliminary drafts of a key biological opinion on the mine, were changed in the final draft.
The earlier drafts regarding the mine’s impact on jaguar habitat were written by lower-level staff biologists during the spring of 2013. The final draft, changed by the biologists’ supervisor in Phoenix, was sent to the Forest Service in July 2013. A final biological opinion was published in October.
The wildlife service supervisor, Steve Spangle, vetoed several findings and recommendations from his staff’s early drafts:
- Early drafts said the mine could kill, harm or harass the
- , in part because
- could impair its breeding, feeding and sheltering by reducing the jaguar’s home range by one-third.
The words “kill” and “harm” were removed from the final draft. Spangle agreed in an interview that the mine could alter the jaguar’s behavior or even cause him to leave the area, but said it’s not reasonable to conclude it will kill or harm him physically.
- Increased vehicle traffic from the mine is expected to kill or harm the jaguar on Arizona 83, Box Canyon Road or mine access roads, the early drafts said. Similar danger could come from construction of a gravel mine access road, which would carry 69 truck trips daily, they said.
The final draft opinion concluded that a jaguar road kill near the mine was unlikely because Arizona has so few jaguars and no record exists of one being killed on a highway in the state, although one was killed on a road in Mexico.
- The mine would illegally damage jaguar critical habitat, in part by sharply restricting the animal’s ability to travel between Southern Arizona and Mexico, early drafts said.
The final draft said the jaguar could still reach Mexico by traveling through a different section of critical habitat.
- Early drafts said the mine would seriously damage all six primary elements of jaguar critical habitat: prey availability, the presence of rugged terrain, evergreen woodlands and semidesert grasslands, and the animal’s connectivity to Mexico.
The final draft said that some of those elements would be damaged, but not as severely as the early drafts predicted, and that mitigation and reclamation would ease some of the damages.
The Star obtained the early drafts from the wildlife service through the federal Freedom of Information Act. Their lead author, Sarah Rinkevich, is a fish and wildlife biologist who has worked for the service since 2003.
In an interview with the Star, Spangle said that, in general, he believed his staff’s conclusions were too speculative to be part of a biological opinion, a formal legal document carrying weight with other federal agencies that must approve controversial projects.
For example, while it’s possible the habitat destruction, plus noise and lighting from the mine, would change the jaguar’s behavior patterns, “to speculate that it will kill the thing is beyond reasonable biology,” said Spangle, who has worked for the service 25 years and held his current position since 2003.
Of the staff’s predictions that the mine would greatly damage the big cat’s ability to travel to Mexico, Spangle wrote in a June 2013 memo that their conclusions were too speculative to meet federal standards requiring a “high probability” of such damage to critical habitat.
“While many of the effects of the proposed action discussed . . . may result and are possible, I do not believe they are highly probable and are therefore not considered ‘likely’ to result from the proposed action,” Spangle, field supervisor for the service’s Arizona office, wrote in that memo.
The Center for Biological Diversity, which opposes the Rosemont mine, sought a review of what it said were significant mistakes by Spangle on the opinion last year. The group, whose litigation got the jaguar listed as endangered and its critical habitat designated, wrote Spangle’s supervisor, wildlife service Regional Director Benjamin Tuggle, on Aug. 5 that the service had “improperly discounted or not considered” the lower-level staff’s opinions.
Since May, the wildlife service has said it would revisit its earlier opinion on various grounds. They include the recent discovery of an ocelot near the mine site and concerns about impacts to imperiled fish, frogs, plants and birds living in or near Cienega Creek.
Spangle said last week in an email to the Star that the service “will look at all aspects of the opinion, including the fact that (jaguar) critical habitat is now final.”
implications for the mine
The changes in the final draft opinion helped the mine’s prospects for approval because federal law forbids destruction or what’s known as “adverse modification” of an endangered species’ critical habitat.
When the Forest Service tentatively approved the mine last December, Coronado National Forest Supervisor Jim Upchurch concluded that it would meet all federal laws, including the Endangered Species Act. In an unsigned memo from March 2013, however, service officials warned that if they did conclude the mine would illegally damage critical habitat, one option would be to halt the project and consult the “God Squad,” a team of federal Cabinet-level officials that’s very occasionally called in to review highly controversial endangered-species decisions. Other options would be to prescribe mitigation measures to remedy the impacts, or to eliminate some sections of critical habitat due to “unacceptable economic impacts.”
The Star also obtained that memo through its FOIA request to the wildlife service.
Federal law also doesn’t allow a project that jeopardizes an endangered species’ ability to survive. But all drafts of the biological opinion, including those that forecast a possible jaguar death, said the mine isn’t likely to jeopardize the jaguar species because so many jaguars live in Mexico, Central America and as far south as Brazil.
Regardless of the legal implications, a formal prediction of the death of the country’s only known wild jaguar at the hands of a mine likely would have caused controversy. In 2009, a storm of protest arose after the Arizona Game and Fish Department — with the wildlife service’s approval — euthanized an ailing Macho B, at the time the only wild jaguar known to live in the U.S. That came after the 15-year-old jaguar’s capture, release into and then slowdown in the wild, and recapture by government agents.
More recently, a male jaguar has been photographed repeatedly on the eastern flank of the Santa Rita Mountains, west and south of the mine site. Three photos were taken of it in July, most recently on July 31. In September 2012, the animal was photographed within a half-mile west of the mine site.
“The big controversy here is that the service, for purely political reasons, overruled the determination of its own scientists that the Rosemont Mine is a threat to jaguar recovery in general — not just the one jaguar living there now, but essentially all jaguars that attempt to return to their southern Arizona homeland,” said Randy Serraglio, a conservation advocate for the center.
“It’s very distressing that the agency charged with protecting the rarest and most vulnerable parts of America’s natural heritage is willing to betray our only jaguar to serve the profit motives of a foreign company,” Serraglio said.
Spangle stands by his decisions on the draft opinion.
“After 30 years of working under the Endangered Species Act, and being a scientist myself, I think I have some expertise in matters like this,” he said. The decision to rewrite his staff’s conclusions was his alone, not dictated by higher-ups in Washington, D.C., he added.
“It’s a free country,” he said. “They (at the center) are allowed to disagree with my opinion, but it is my opinion, and I clearly articulated my opinion and the rationale for it.”
traveling into mexico
Much of the concern about the mine’s impact on jaguar habitat centers on the animals’ ability to travel between various sections of critical habitat and from there to Mexico.
At issue in particular are the mine’s impacts on Unit 3, an area that spans three counties and three mountain ranges. It is where the jaguar has been photographed — and where the mine will be built.
Also considered important in the early drafts of the jaguar opinion is an area called Sub-Unit 4b, which is not known to be occupied but provides a connection between the Santa Rita Mountains to the west and the Whetstone Mountains to the east.
Because the mine will reduce a strip of Unit 3 to 0.93 of a mile from about 2.25 miles — and because that area will be affected by noise, lighting and dust from the mine and by the presence of an existing limestone quarry nearby — the jaguar’s ability to move through that strip will be greatly limited, the early drafts said.
That would make about 91,000 acres, or 11 percent of the total proposed critical habitat, likely unavailable to jaguars, the early drafts said.
If that happens, the prime function of Sub-Unit 4b — furthering jaguar movement to and from the Whetstones and Mexico — would be lost, those drafts said. Jaguars could still get from those mountains to Mexico, but “about 50 percent of the habitat’s connectivity to Mexico would be lost.”
But in his June 2013 memo, Spangle disagreed, point by point. The early drafts failed to make the case that these impacts are “highly probable,” which he said is required to prove that the mine would illegally modify jaguar habitat. Even the narrower strip is still large enough for a jaguar to move through, he wrote.
While lighting within the mine site itself would be “brighter than a full moon,” lighting outside that area, where the jaguar now lives, would be significantly weaker, he wrote. The argument that noise will impact jaguars is weak, he wrote, because the mine’s blasting will take place only once daily, during daylight hours, and jaguars move mostly at night.
He also dismissed the concern that roads for the mine will drive jaguars away, since the jaguar Macho B “moved widely across Southern Arizona,” likely crossing both highways and smaller paved and dirt roads.
Although a jaguar has traveled from the Whetstone to the Santa Rita Mountains, there’s no evidence that it used Sub-Unit 4b, “and it is difficult to conclude” that 4b is so essential that its loss would be illegal modification, he said.
He also disagreed with the statement in his agency’s own critical habitat proposal that Sub-Unit 4b would connect the jaguar to Mexico.
“This conclusion may have been an error,” because the Whetstone Mountains can be connected to Mexico without 4b, he wrote. To conclude that 4b is essential for jaguar conservation is “an educated guess,” he wrote. “To argue that Sub-Unit 4b is there to provide connectivity to Mexico is wrong.”
The Center for Biological Diversity said Spangle essentially contradicted his own agency’s findings on critical habitat, findings published in the jaguar critical habitat proposal and in a letter on critical habitat that Spangle himself wrote in 2012.
That letter, dated Aug. 28, 2012, said the Rosemont Mine and current mineral exploration could result in illegal damage to critical habitat “if these projects are determined to sever connectivity to Mexico or within the critical habitat unit.”
Center director Kieran Suckling said Spangle essentially tried to “create his own standard of judgment” for what is adverse modification to critical habitat when he altered his staff’s findings.
The 2012 letter and the critical habitat designation establish an official standard for critical habitat protection, “and Spangle has no choice but to abide by them,” Suckling said.
Spangle said he would not debate Suckling’s points in the press. His June 2013 memo and the final biological opinion written last year, he said, “speak for themselves.”
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Sloop, J L Kinney, George R
June 08, 1948
Experiments were conducted with 1000-pound-thrust rocket engine to determine feasibility of cooling convergent-divergent nozzle by internal film of water introduced at nozzle entrance. Water flow of 3 percent of propellant flow reduced heat flow into nozzle to 55 percent of uncooled heat flow. Introduction of water by porous ring before nozzle resulted in more uniform coverage of nozzle than water introduced by single arrangement of 36 jets directed along nozzle wall. Water flow through porous ring of 3.5 percent of propellant flow stabilized wall temperature in convergent section but did not adequately cool throat or divergent sections.
An Adobe Acrobat (PDF) file of the entire report:
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| 0.922284
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The debate is over about whether or not climate change is real. Irrefutable evidence from around the world—including extreme weather events, record temperatures, retreating glaciers and rising sea levels—all point to the fact that climate change is happening now and at rates much faster than previously thought.
The overwhelming majority of scientists who study climate change agree that human activity is responsible for changing the climate. The United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is one of the largest bodies of international scientists ever assembled to study a scientific issue, involving more than 2,500 scientists from more than 130 countries. The IPCC has concluded that most of the warming observed during the past 50 years is attributable to human activities. Its findings have been publicly endorsed by the national academies of science of all G-8 nations, as well as those of China, India and Brazil.
Who are the climate change deniers?Despite the international scientific community's consensus on climate change, a small number of critics continue to deny that climate change exists or that humans are causing it. Widely known as climate change "skeptics" or "deniers", these individuals are generally not climate scientists and do not debate the science with the climate scientists directly—for example, by publishing in peer-reviewed scientific journals, or participating in international conferences on climate science. Instead, they focus their attention on the media, the general public and policy-makers with the goal of delaying action on climate change.
Not surprisingly, the deniers have received significant funding from coal and oil companies, including ExxonMobil. They also have well-documented connections with public relations firms that have set up industry-funded lobby groups to, in the words of one leaked memo, "reposition global warming as theory (not fact)."
Over the years, the deniers have employed a wide range of arguments against taking action on climate change, some of which contradict each other. For example, they have claimed that:
• Climate change is not occurring
• The global climate is actually getting colder
• The global climate is getting warmer, but not because of human activities
• The global climate is getting warmer, in part because of human activities, but this will create greater benefits than costs
• The global climate is getting warmer, in part because of human activities, but the impacts are not sufficient to require any policy response
After 15 years of increasingly definitive scientific studies attesting to the reality and significance of global climate change, the deniers' tactics have shifted. Many deniers no longer deny that climate change is happening, but instead argue that the cost of taking action is too high—or even worse, that it is too late to take action. All of these arguments are false and are rejected by the scientific community at large.
To gain an understanding of the level of scientific consensus on climate change, one study examined every article on climate change published in peer-reviewed scientific journals over a 10-year period. Of the 928 articles on climate change the authors found, not one of them disagreed with the consensus position that climate change is happening and is human-induced.
These findings contrast dramatically with the popular media's reporting on climate change. One study analyzed coverage of climate change in four influential American newspapers (New York Times, Washington Post, LA Times and Wall Street Journal) over a 14-year period. It found that more than half of the articles discussing climate change gave equal weight to the scientifically discredited views of the deniers.
This discrepancy is largely due to the media's drive for "balance" in reporting. Journalists are trained to identify one position on any issue, and then seek out a conflicting position, providing both sides with roughly equal attention. Unfortunately, this "balance" does not always correspond with the actual prevalence of each view within society, and can result in unintended bias. This has been the case with reporting on climate change, and as a result, many people believe that the reality of climate change is still being debated by scientists when it is not.
While some level of debate is useful when looking at major social problems, society must eventually move on and actually address the issue. To do nothing about the problem of climate change is akin to letting a fire burn down a building because the precise temperature of the flames is unknown, or to not address the problem of smoking because one or two doctors still claim that it does not cause lung cancer. As the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) acknowledges, a lack of full scientific certainty about some aspects of climate change is not a reason for delaying an immediate response that will, at a reasonable cost, prevent dangerous consequences in the climate system.
Who are the deniers?Climate Cover-Up: The Crusade to Deny Global Warming
Merchants of Doubt
'Some Like It Hot' — Mother Jones article on climate change skeptics
Responding to Global Warming Skeptics — Prominent Skeptics Organizations
DesmogBlog.com's Disinformation Database
'The Denial Machine' — CBC's the fifth estate program
Who funds the deniers?What Exxon doesn't want you to know
ExxonSecrets: How ExxonMobil funds the climate change deniers
'Put a Tiger In Your Think Tank' — Mother Jones article on ExxonMobil funding
The science of climate changeIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Joint science academies' statement: Global response to climate change
RealClimate: Climate Science from Climate Scientists
Scientific Consensus on Climate Change — Science Magazine
The Science of Global Warming — Union of Concerned Scientists
Climate change reporting in the mediaJournalistic Balance as Global Warming Bias
'Snowed' — Mother Jones article about the media's reporting on climate change
'The Fossil Fools' by George Monbiot
More informationDeSmogBlog.com — Excellent blog on the deniers
Skeptical Science.com — Database and refutation of common skeptic arguments
How to Talk to a Climate Skeptic: Responses to the most common skeptic arguments — Grist.org
Editorial on stolen climate change emails — Nature Journal
A review of the distorted science in Michael Crichton's State of Fear
Recent news stories on deniers
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1 Answer | Add Yours
Simply put, juxtaposition is the placement of two things next to one another. When we talk about juxtaposition in literature, we are usually looking at two characters, two scenes, or two themes that are related in some way and usually serve to either contrast or enhanse one another. There are many examples of this in the play but I will give you one of each from the above list.
Juxtaposition of characters: Laertes and Polonius
Both of these men try to talk to Ophelia about her relationship with Hamlet and have the intended message that she should be cautious in her actions towards Hamlet. Laertes comes across in a very brotherly fashion: he doesn't belittle her feelings for Hamlet and he doesn't claim that Hamlet doesn't truly love her. He merely makes the very true point that Hamlet is a prince and therefore "cannot carve for himself...for on his choice rests the health of Denmark." Hamlet cannot justmarry whomever he wants; he must consider what would be politically advantageous for the kingdom. In the very next conversation though we see the juxtaposition with Polonius who is rude and condescending with Ophelia in regards to her feelings and who jumps to brash conclusions about Hamlet's motives for being with Ophelia. Both men ultimately want to protect Ophelia, but their speeches could not be more different.
Juxtaposition of scenes: Act 5 scene 1
At the end of Act 4, the reader is overwhelmed with the anger of Laertes, the evil manipulation by Claudius of Laertes, the madness and news of suicide by Ophelia, and the all the details of the plot against Hamlet with the poisoned sword and cup. We are anxious for what will come of Hamlet. Act 5 scene 1 is a nice juxtaposition to the tension of Act 4 in that we get a bit of comic relief in the conversation between the grave diggers. While the comedy is a dark comedy, it is still worth a chuckle at the jokes and puns. We get a little break before Hamlet is confronted with Ophelia's death and then the subsequent sword fight which ends the play.
Juxtaposition of themes: Action and Inaction
The whole play revolves around these two concepts. Hamlet wants to act, but cannot actually do very much to accomplish his goal of avenging his father's death. He is a moral and rational young man who is not going to impulsively risk damnation by just killing Claudius with no proof, so his revenge is slow in coming. He is also a thinker -- he recognizes his lack of action, but understands what has happened. As he concludes in Act 3, "conscience makes cowards of us all." He means that thinking makes us cautious and we "lose the name of action." It is finally revealed in Act 5 that when his back is up against the wall so to speak he CAN act. He changes the letter to England in order to save himself; he jumped on to the pirate ship to return to Denmark; he willingly enters a shady sword fight so as to have the opportunity to take care of his matters once and for all.
We’ve answered 327,695 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question
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Scientists have found a few ancient insects frozen in what is Earth's oldest bug trap.
Two microscopic mites and much of one fly were discovered preserved in tree resin. At 230 million years old, they are about 100 million years older than the previous record for bugs trapped in amber.
While older insects have been found in rock fossils, researcher David Grimaldi of New York's American Museum of Natural History says these are better preserved.
Scientists found them stuck among 70,000 droplets of amber unearthed in northeastern Italy. The mites are too small to be seen with the naked eye and the fly is a tad tinier than a fruit fly.
The discovery was published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
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One of the most difficult
things to do in nature is to maintain a balance between food supplies
and survival of a species. We have learned in recent years that when
man makes a change in one part of the ecosystem there are many
ramifications for everything in the system. Insects are an especially
sensitive part of the environment. Too many insects can wipe out a
plant population and cause problems for all living things in the
ecosystem. However, the insects themselves are important to keep plant
growth under control and to do things like pollinating and decomposing
“Praying mantis” is the colloquial name for an
insect of the mantid family. The “praying” comes from the fact that it
stands in a position that resembles praying. However, it is sometimes
called “preying mantis” because it is a predator of other insects.
Along with bats, it helps to keep other insect populations under
control. The problem for mantids is since they are insects too, bats
will eat them. Since mantids do not fly very well they could be easy
prey for the bats and get wiped out very quickly. The reason that this
does not happen is that mantids have what is called a Cyclopean ear
located deep in the center of its thorax. This ear, which is not seen
in any other form of life, is sensitive to the frequencies that bats
use when hunting prey. The mantids have a survival technique that is
very successful. When the mantid receives the ultrasonic signal from a
nearby bat it dives straight down in a tight spiral which the bat
cannot follow. Hearing the bat before it gets too close, enables this
escape system to work.
Evolutionary theory would suggest that the mantids
evolved the technique over a period of many years, but fossil evidence
shows that the mantids were in existence for a long time before bats
appeared on earth. That means the escape device was designed and
operational before the predator came on the scene.
Survival systems demand incredibly sophisticated
design and the natural world is full of examples of unique organs and
systems that allow life to be abundant and varied on our planet.
Everywhere we look we can see God’s wisdom through the things He has
1:19 – 22).
Source: National Wildlife,
April 2010, page 24, and
Back to Contents
Does God Exist?, JulAug10.
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A story out last month in Slate outlines conclusive evidence that both Presidents Bush are direct descendants of Thomas “Beau” Walker, an 18th-century British slave trader whose brutality prompted his ship’s crew to mutiny and murder him.
One of the historians whose work is heavily featured in the article is Joseph Opala, an expert in the trans-Atlantic slave trade who was an adjunct professor at JMU from 1999 to 2010. The recent news about the Bushes’ ancestry is the most recent of several notable discoveries to emerge from Opala’s research on the slave trade, which primarily focuses on the West African country of Sierra Leone.
During his time at JMU, Opala uncovered records from a slave ship named The Hare that docked in Charleston, S.C. in 1756, with a cargo of West African slaves, including a 10-year-old girl named Priscilla. Because the plantation family that bought Priscilla kept detailed records, previous research had traced her lineage to living African-American descendants in South Carolina. After Opala found specific documentation of Priscilla’s voyage across the ocean, however, Priscilla’s living descendants had the distinction of becoming the first African Americans with an unbroken, verifiable document trail allowing them to trace their ancestry all the way back to Africa.
Earlier in his career, Opala established extensive connections between Sierra Leone and the Gullah, a group of African Americans in coastal South Carolina and Georgia who have maintained more cultural and linguistic aspects of their African heritage than any other African-American community. In the 1930s, a linguist named Lorenzo Turner made a recording of a Gullah woman from Georgia singing an African song that had been passed down in her family since they arrived in North America as slaves. The words to the song, which the woman did not understand, were soon identified as Mende, the language of one of the largest ethnic groups in Sierra Leone.
In 1990, Opala was part of a research team that travelled across Sierra Leone playing Turner’s old recording, hoping to find someone who recognized the song. Eventually, they found a woman in a remote village who recognized it as a traditional Mende funeral song, which had been remarkably preserved for 200 years on two sides of the ocean. (A lot more detail on this here.)
Since leaving JMU, Opala has led an effort to preserve and interpret Bunce Island, the site of a British slave-trading castle from 1670 to 1807. Unlike other slave castles along the West African coast, Bunce Island was relatively isolated from population centers and has remained almost entirely untouched since it was abandoned, giving it tremendous potential as an archaeological and historical site. Opala refers to it as a “slave trade Pompeii,” and says that in the very earliest, preliminary excavations, one single trench already turned up a slave shackle left on the island.
“You get the sense that not much has changed … and you’re sort of forced to think about the people who suffered there,” says Opala, of the experience of walking through the tangled, overgrown ruins. “It’s a very, very powerful site.”
Opala also says that Bunce Island has a stronger historical connection to slavery in the United States than any other West African site (only a fraction of enslaved Africans were brought to what’s now the U.S.; far more were taken to the West Indies and South America). Now the director of the Bunce Island Coalition (US), Opala and his colleagues in Sierra Leone are working on preserving – but not reconstructing – the ruins of the slave castle and planning a museum about the site in nearby Freetown, the Sierra Leonean capital.
“Our job, once all this is done, will be to explain to people why this is such an unusual castle, and why it is that the connection to North America is quite strong,” says Opala, whose preliminary work has been funded by a British philanthropist.
While little tangible preservation or excavation work on Bunce Island has begun, the coalition has completed a thorough engineering study and begun work on a management plan. Opala hopes to soon turn day-to-day management of the project over to Sierra Leonean staff, allowing him to concentrate on fundraising. Though much depends on funding, Opala guesses the museum and preserved historical site, complete with a nearby center for academic research, may open by 2018.
In the few years that Opala has been working full-time on the project, the island has received attention from major U.S. media including CNN, the Christian Science Monitor and NBC, and has been tentatively listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. (Full listing, Opala says, would be a “big deal” in terms of fundraising, profile-heightening, etc.) Opala also says the prominent African-American historian Henry Louis Gates Jr. is at work on a new PBS miniseries on African-American history that will prominently feature Bunce Island.
Opala, who was awarded Sierra Leonean citizenship in May 2013, and who married a Sierra Leonean woman the month before that, hopes the development of the site will be of as much benefit to the country’s current economy as its historical record. Now recovering after a decade-long war that ended in 2002, “the country’s coming together economically and politically,” Opala says. According to a World Bank estimate, a $5 million investment in developing the site could return $400 million over the next seven years in tourism revenue.
Additional resources for further reading & learning about Bunce Island:
(A) BUNCE ISLAND PROJECT
(B) BUNCE ISLAND HISTORY
(C) BUNCE ISLAND — PHOTOS
(D) BUNCE ISLAND EXHIBIT
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Ruptures from earthquakes could zip faster along Earth's surface than previously thought, new research detailed in the June 7 issue of the journal Science suggests.
When faults in the Earth rupture to generate earthquakes, so-called shear waves are generated deep below Earth's crust. Generally, these ruptures move along the surfaces of faults more slowly than shear waves do. (Shear waves travel at about 7,800 mph (12,600 km/h)).
However, in recent decades, seismologists have identified a handful of large quakes where the ruptures move faster than the shear waves, traveling at speeds of up to nearly 13,000 mph (20,900 km/h). The result is a sonic boom-like effect in the rock similar to that seen from supersonic jets zipping across the sky. [10 Biggest Earthquakes in History]
Scientists had investigated these supershear ruptures, as they are called, using brittle plastics. However, until now, the lack of experiments on rock samples limited the ability of investigators to understand these events in nature.
Now scientists have generated micro-earthquakes with supershear ruptures in the lab using granite, which is common in Earth's crust. A group of researchers in France and Italy pushed chunks of the rock against each other until one slipped against the other and released waves of energy, just like what happens on a larger scale with real quakes. By analyzing 200 such ruptures with acoustic sensors, they found they could recreate and measure ruptures that moved faster than shear waves.
These experiments revealed that ruptures need at most only a few centimeters of slip to reach supershear velocities. This hinted that supershears might happen more regularly than previously thought.
"We demonstrate that supershear ruptures in crustal rocks are a normal phenomenon at the scale of the laboratory," researcher François Passelègue, a geophysicist at the French National Center for Scientific Research in Paris, told LiveScience's OurAmazingPlanet.
Still, only a few supershear ruptures have been seen in the real world to date. This might be due to how actual faults in the Earth's crust typically involve jagged, rough slabs of rock grinding against each other, rather than the smooth pieces of rock used in the lab, so these experiments might not reflect general earthquake conditions. The few documented cases of supershear ruptures in nature did involve relatively smooth faults. Extra factors, such as the presence of pulverized rock, might also dissipate the energy of a rupture in real life, slowing it down and preventing supershear.
The researchers suggest that supershears might still happen frequently in nature at asperities — parts of faults that do not move, where strain often builds and earthquake ruptures typically begin. As such, learning more about supershears could help shed light on how much energy is involved in earthquakes overall.
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The Erongo Mountains during rainy season
Climate and Weather of Namibia
Namibia – one of the sunniest countries in the world
With an average of 300 days of sunshine annually Namibia is one of the sunniest countries in worldwide. The climate is generally arid which means that the potential evaporation is higher than the precipitation, which again results in a very low humidity.
In general Namibia’s climate can be described as hot and dry, substantial fluctuations during the seasons or even within one day are typical. The different regions show considerable climatic differences regarding precipitation and temperature though. The amount of precipita-tion increases from the southwest to the northeast from an annual 0 mm to a maximum of 600 mm.
Namibian climate according to regions
The evergreen Caprivi Strip
The Caprivi Strip (and also the Kavango area) in the northeast has the highest rainfall with up to 600 mm and in the far northeast even up to 800 mm annually. Here the humidity is also the highest and a hot tropically humid climate dominates, making the region the greenest in the country. Rivers and swamps are plentiful and dominate the landscape. During the summer months the average temperature lies at 35° C during the day, dropping to about 20° C at night. In winter the day temperature rises to a cosy 28° C, but at night the temperature can drop to 7° C or even 1° C. Frost does not occur though. During the summer months the Caprivi has an average of 8 – 10 rainy days a month, whilst during the months of June to August hardly any precipitation is received.
Central highlands around Windhoek
Between the Kalahari in the east and the Namib Desert in the west lies the Namibian central highland with the capital Windhoek in its centre. Due to its altitude of 1700 metres on average (at Windhoek even up to 2000m) this highland has moderate temperatures and average rainfalls. The average day temperatures lie at 30° C in January to 20° C in July and between 17° C in January and 7° C in June at night. During winter overnight frost can occur.
Usually no rainfall occurs between June and September. The annual precipitation average of the last 20 years for Windhoek is 370 mm. Of this 296 mm of rain were received from January until May, 5.2 mm from June to September and 76 mm from October to December.
Namib and Kalahari Desert
In the desert areas, the Namib and the Kalahari, only little rainfall can be expected, with the Kalahari receiveng higher rainfalls than the Namib. Temperatures may rise above 40°C in summer, sometimes even up to 50°C. In winter temperatures still reach a pleasant 20° C to 25° C. At night temperatures may drop below 0° C though. For some visitors these high fluctuations are rather challenging.
The harsh climate of the Atlantic coast
The closer one gets to the Atlantic coast the less the rainfall. Here the climate differentiates drastically from the rest of the country. Due to the cold Benguela Current along the Atlantic coast the temperatures drop strongly compared to other areas of the country. The prevailing southwest wind is cooled down by the Benguela Current to the extent that no cloud formation can take place at this altitude. Yet a fog bank develops over the Atlantic which lingers along the coastal belt for about 200 days annually and which may also infiltrate several kilometres inland.
Due to the constant south-westerly wind the fluctuation in temperature during summer and winter months is moderate. Thus the average temperature in Swakopmund in January lies at 20 °C, whilst in August an average of 16°C is measured. During the winter month and especially when foggy it can be uncomfortably cold. Except for the days where the so-called east wind weather prevails and warm winds from the Namib Desert heat up the coast. Nevertheless, Namibia is not a country for the typical beach holiday as the water temperatures of the Atlantic rarely rise above 19° C and if they do then only during January – March.
Namibia''s yearly weather cycle
Generally when looking at the average weather the yearly cycle can be summed up as follows:
During the months December to March it is generally hot throughout the country. The main rainy season starts in January (often with thundershowers). The vegetation turns into a lush green.
During April to May rains might still occur. The temperatures slowly start to drop.
From June to September it is winter in Namibia. No more precipitation is received (except in the far south – in the winter rain areas) and during the day temperatures are moderate to warm. The nights are severely cold, in the inland and desert overnight frost occurs. The vegetation changes from green to brown.
In October and November temperatures rise increasingly and it gets hot again. The so called “little rainy season” starts and brings a most welcome end to the long dry period.
Best time to travel Namibia
Every single month is worth a journey to Namibia. Most visitors prefer to travel during the months May to October. It hardly ever rains and the visitor can enjoy the uninterrupted sunshine, except at the foggy coast. The climate is moderate and during the day it does not get extremely hot. Nevertheless it can get very cold in the evenings.
These months are also ideal for game viewing. The vegetation is receding and drying out and open water in the veld is drying out. Thus the animals have no option as to visit permanent water holes which again results in perfect game viewing and photographing opportunities for visitors. This goes especially for the Etosha National Park, but also for private farms and lodges.
Star gazing in Namibia
Due to the low population density, the very low air pollution and the virtually non-existing light pollution Namibia offers ideal conditions to explore the southern night sky. One of the best venues for star gazing is the Gamsberg, Namibia’s largest table mountain, with a 2.5 km long and 800 m wide plateau. Until today the Gamsberg is one of the three top venues for star gazing throughout the southern hemisphere. Geographically the Gamsberg forms the highest elevation of the Great Escarpment in the north – south direction between the highland and the Namib Desert. Located about 135 km away from the capital Windhoek and right next to the Hakos Mountains 220 astronomic useful nights with extremely low air disturbances per year can be profited from.
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This information will let you know what to expect before and after your myelogram. Please share this information with your family. Talk with your doctor or nurse if you have any questions.
What is a Myelogram?
A myelogram (MY-low-gram) is an x-ray of the spinal column and its contents, the spinal cord and nerve roots. It will help your doctor diagnose your condition and recommend appropriate treatment. To help make your spinal cord and nerve roots visible on the x-ray, a dye will be injected into your spinal fluid.
Before the Myelogram
Many drugs thin the blood. They could cause you to bleed too much during the myelogram. Some of these drugs are aspirin, ibuprofen, Advil, Motrin, Coumadin, Heparin, Fragmin, and Lovenox — but there are others. Ask your doctor which drugs are OK and which drugs you should stop taking. Ask your doctor when you should stop taking these drugs, and when you can start taking them again.
Before your myelogram, a Radiology Department staff member may call you to give you instructions. The staff member will ask you about your medical history including possible pregnancy. He or she will ask about any allergies to medications that you may have. You will be given instructions about what to eat and what not to eat on the morning of your myelogram. It is helpful to drink lots of fluid before your procedure.
You will not be able to drive for 24 hours after the myelogram, so a family member or friend must drive you home after the procedure. Make plans so that someone can do this.
The Day of the Procedure
You will be told where and when to arrive on the day of your procedure. After you register, a staff member will go over your medical history. He or she will ask you to put on a hospital gown. If you are allergic to any medications, please tell your nurse. A radiologist (a doctor trained in reading x-rays and other types of images) will meet with you to explain the myelogram procedure and to answer your questions. The radiologist or another staff member will ask you to sign a consent form before the procedure.
During the Procedure
When it is time for your myelogram, you will be asked to lie on an x-ray table. You probably will lie on your stomach. You may receive the dye injection in your lower back or the side of your neck. The injection site will be numbed with a special medicine.
After the injection, the radiologist or a radiology technologist will tilt the x-ray table into various positions. Then x-rays will be taken to study the flow of the dye as it outlines your spinal column.
After the Procedure
Immediately after the myelogram, another imaging exam called a CT (computed tomography) scan will be taken of your back or neck to help the radiologist interpret the myelogram.
After your myelogram and CT scan, you will rest for a while before you go home. You will rest with the head of the bed elevated, and your nurse will ask you to drink plenty of liquids. You may be allowed out of the bed to use the bathroom.
Tell your nurse if you feel sick to your stomach or have a headache after the myelogram. Your nurse can give you medicine to help you feel better.
Your doctor will call you with the results of your myelogram. Ask your doctor when to expect this call.
You may go back to your normal diet at home. To help you recover, please follow these instructions:
- Drink plenty of fluids to flush the dye out of your system.
- Avoid any strenuous activity for the first 48 hours after your myelogram.
- When you sleep or lie down, prop up your head with several pillows.
- Do not take any new medicines for at least 48 hours after the myelogram without first checking with your doctor.
When to Call the Doctor
If you have a headache that is not relieved by non-aspirin pain relievers (such as Tylenol), call your doctor.
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From Math Images
The Math Images Project is a wiki collaboration between Swarthmore College, the Math Forum at Drexel University, and the National Science Digital Library. The Project aims to introduce the public to mathematics through beautiful and intriguing images found throughout the fields of math. Using Mediawiki, the Project encourages a collaborative atmosphere in which contributors find images, write an explanation, and educate members of the community through discussion.
The site is currently under construction. The beta version is expected to online on August 1, 2008.
The National Science Digital Library and National Science Foundation provide the NDR, or National Science Digital Library Digital Repository. The NDR stores links and metadata to websites for use by educators and researchers. The Math Images Project uses the wiki extension built by the NSDL to submit page links and metadata to the NDR, allowing the Project to be of use to the greater education community.
On a smaller scale, the wiki uses an internet forum wiki extension to replace the community portal, thus allowing easy discussion and administration of the threads. The new community portal is designed to allow easy interaction between contributors and the developers, as well as serving as a mini-blog and feedback forum.
The Project, like Wikipedia, requests that all images be released under the GNU GPL in order to maintain the wiki attitude. Images are culled from Google Images or reputable educational sites, the authors located and emailed a letter requesting permission, and approved images are added to the wiki.
The main goal of the Project is education, and thus the wiki is oriented to provide the most useful educational experience to the community. The levels of education allow easy searching and collating of information, while the community discussion elaborates upon the basic information provided with each image.
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By Michael Graczyk, Associated Press Writer
HUNTSVILLE, Texas In the middle of a prison cemetery known as Peckerwood Hill, inmates Mack Matthews and George Washington share a common fate.
The men were among five condemned killers who on Feb. 8, 1924, were strapped into Texas' new wooden electric chair for what the Austin American-Statesman described as a two-hour "harvest of death."
At the time, state officials had just taken over execution duties from county sheriffs. They used the chair for more than 360 executions over the next 50 years.
Although the death penalty is under attack across the nation, support for capital punishment remains strong in Texas, where a history of frontier justice, a law-and-order culture and conservative politics keep the execution chamber busy.
"It's a tradition here and something we want to do, and we're not going to back away from what's going on elsewhere," says James Marquart, co-author of a history of the death penalty in the state.
Texas retired the electric chair in 1972, after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that executions under state death-penalty laws were unconstitutionally cruel and unusual. Legislators quickly rewrote laws to reopen the death chamber using lethal injection, which was considered more humane. The revised law was approved by the courts in 1976, and executions resumed six years later.
"That's the context you have to put it in," said Marquart, director of the criminology and sociology programs at the University of Texas at Dallas. "We didn't wait for other states, other legislatures, other people to tell us what to do. They knew public opinion supported capital punishment and weren't going to back from it."
On Monday, the high court again hears arguments about whether execution is cruel and unusual punishment, this time considering the claims of two Kentucky inmates who contend the three-drug injection could cause excruciating pain. Executions across the nation came to a halt in September after the court agreed to hear the Kentucky case.
Since capital punishment was reinstated in 1976, Texas has executed 405 inmates -- more than any other state. Virginia is second with 98.
Texas also leads the nation in the number of prisoners convicted and later set free after DNA evidence showed they were innocent, although none of those 30 cases involved death row inmates.
Texas "might sentence people to death at rates that are not horribly out of line, but they execute more," said Michael Radelet, a University of Colorado capital punishment expert. He said execution figures may reflect differences in attorney compensation, lack of public defenders and lack of attorneys to pursue appeals.
Twenty-six of the 42 U.S. inmates executed last year were in Texas. No other state did more than three. In 2006, Texas executed 24. Ohio was next with five. It's a scenario that's played out nearly every year over two decades.
But even in the electric-chair days, Texas was among the most active death-penalty states. The graves of Matthews and Washington are surrounded by others marked with the two- or three-digit inmate numbers reserved for those on death row.
In 1923, the state took over execution duties from county sheriffs, who had conducted public hangings.
"Legal local hangings by the 1920s were a long-established part of the state's landscape," Marquart wrote in his 1994 book "The Rope, The Chair and The Needle." "Indeed, one of the most enduring stereotypes of Texas surrounds the public hanging of cattle rustlers on the range or in dusty frontier hamlets."
A list of executions in the U.S. from 1608 through 1972, compiled by capital punishment historian Watt Espy, shows Texas put 755 people to death, ranking behind Virginia, New York, Pennsylvania and Georgia.
But that number that does not account for at least 335 lynchings -- only Mississippi and Georgia had more -- over a 30-year period ending in 1918, according to an NAACP study published in 1919.
The lynchings, prevalent in former Confederate states after the abolition of slavery, reflected a trend toward acceptance of capital punishment as illegal hangings "gave way to state-sanctioned executions," Marquart theorized in his book.
"It's ingrained in the culture," he said in an interview.
As governor in the mid-1980s, Mark White presided over the executions of 19 men.
"I think people of Texas are most fair-minded when presented with facts," he said. "They're not mean-spirited, but are supportive of strict enforcement of law and severe penalties for those who repeat their crimes."
White, who was attorney general when executions resumed here in 1982, said he wanted his office to be aggressive when handling the appeals of capital cases. That policy remains in effect today.
"My approach was: OK, everybody has adequate time to prepare an appeal, but let's not delay it" and risk creating a backlog," he said.
That's what happened in New Jersey, which reinstated the death penalty in 1982 but executed no one after 1963. Last month, it became the first state in four decades to abolish capital punishment.
Other than a Supreme Court decision outlawing capital punishment nationally, there's little likelihood of Texas considering following suit.
The determined pursuit of the death penalty has left Texas open to criticism about overzealous judges and the prospect that innocent people may have been executed.
The judge issue intensified with September's execution of Michael Richard, the last inmate in the nation to be put to death before the Supreme Court agreed to take the Kentucky case on lethal injection.
Sharon Keller, presiding judge of the Texas Court of Criminal Appeals, refused to keep the court open past 5 p.m. to let Richard's lawyers file a late appeal that would have spared his life at least until the Supreme Court decided the Kentucky case.
Keller, who has declined to speak about her decision, has distributed campaign literature touting her qualifications as a law-and-order judge.
Also fueling criticism of the death penalty are worries about potentially innocent inmates on death row. Questions have been raised in a handful of executions since 1982, but no one for certain has been wrongly executed.
"That may be the event that would end it," Marquart said.
Eds: Houston-based AP reporter Michael Graczyk has covered capital punishment in Texas since 1983 and has witnessed an estimated 300 lethal injections.
Copyright 2008 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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Translation of plucky in Spanish:
adjective pluckier, pluckiest
con garra [colloquial](attempt)
- It represents Londoners as brave, plucky individuals determined to carry on with their lives come what may.
- But not only has the plucky youngster fought her way back to fitness, she has also excelled herself in the world of sport.
- But the plucky youngster has now made a full recovery and is looking forward to a happy Christmas with her family.
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed.
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Mass Starfish Die-Off Hits Vancouver, May Happen in Washington
Scientists in two nations are on the lookout for a rapidly spreading epidemic. This epidemic is under water, and it’s affecting starfish.
In September, divers in Vancouver Harbour and Howe Sound near Vancouver, British Columbia, started noticing the pizza-sized starfish known as sunflower stars wasting away and dying in large numbers. Marliave: “The sick ones tend to just fall apart in front of your eyes,” said Vancouver Aquarium biologist Jeff Marliave.
Marliave: “An arm will actually break off and crawl away. They turn into goo.”
Sunflower stars are not your typical starfish: they can have up to two dozen arms, spread three feet from tip to tip and weigh 12 pounds. They usually live deeper than other sea stars, so you’re unlikely to see these purple and orange giants unless you’re diving or pulling up a crab pot from the depths. Sunflower stars have become so abundant around Vancouver in the past decade—with some habitats becoming solid walls of sunflower stars—that Marliave said he actually welcomes the mystery disease knocking back their numbers.
Marliave: “I have been puzzling for upwards of a decade, how is this really capable killer and eater of sea life going to come under control?” he said. “This seems to be the solution. If you have too many of them for too long, they’re going to get sick.”
Sunflower stars are voracious predators. They can chew through almost anything in their path—from clams to kelp beds. A big question is will the fast-moving epidemic spread to other sea life and to other parts of the West Coast?
“It’s pretty hard dealing with epidemics in the ocean when they’re very much out sight, out of mind. For all we know, a lot have already died and are gone,” said marine ecologist Drew Harvell of Cornell University. The disease specialist is spending a year at the University of Washington’s Friday Harbor Laboratories on San Juan Island. Harvell said Olympic National Park biologists studying the more-familiar ‘ochre stars’– the brightly colored, stout-armed stars that dot rocky shorelines from Alaska to California – report seeing about 10 percent of them with a similar infection. In October, divers with the SeaDoc Society have reported small numbers of sunflower stars and three other species of sea stars wasting away in the San Juan Islands.
“Every population has sick animals,” said SeaDoc Society wildlife veterinarian Joe Gaydos, on a boat off Orcas Island between research dives.
“Are we just seeing sick animals because we’re looking for it, or is it an early sign of a large epidemic that may come through and wipe out a lot of animals?” Gaydos said.
Scientists in Washington and British Columbia are gathering sea stars. The healthy and diseased specimens are being sent off to wildlife laboratories to find out if the wasting disease is a virus, bacteria or something else entirely. Undersea life is often plagued by disease outbreaks, according to University of Washington marine ecologist Robert Paine, even though their causes are seldom identified.
“When these plagues have occurred in the past, identifying an unknown microorganism—to say, ‘this is what did it’— this is hard work. It’s difficult science,” Paine said. “We know there are a gazillion kinds of bacteria and viruses in the ocean.”
Copyright 2013 KUOW
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Pat Shingleton: "A Cold? Not the Temp."
Mom relied on mustard plasters, Vick's Vapo-Rub and salt-water gargling to relieve cold symptoms. She believed temperature changes were the cause. As noted in a previous column, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases contend cold weather is the common scapegoat for colds and viruses. Their research confirms drastic changes in temperature does not cause these illnesses. Germs are transmitted through direct contact and the Institute has determined that people tend to get sick, at this time of the year, because of time spent indoors. In an environment of dry, indoor air, viruses thrive and are furthered through direct contact. Cold and flu prevention includes hand washing, fresher air and fewer layers of clothing.
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Wasps: Man's New Best Friend?
Reported July 2006
ATHENS, Ga. (Ivanhoe Broadcast News) -- Wasps are not man's best friend -- probably their worst. But when it comes to sniffing out trouble, scientists believe they may be better than dogs.
They ward off intruders, track down criminals, find bombs and detect toxic chemicals, but dogs could soon be replaced by wasps. They have the same sensitive odor detection as dogs and are now being trained to sniff out trouble.
"The advantages of a wasp over a dog is you can produce them by the thousands. They are real inexpensive, and you can train them in a matter of minutes," Joe Lewis, Ph.D., a research entomologist at University of Georgia in Athens, tells Ivanhoe.
He and Biological and agricultural engineer Glen Rains, Ph.D., are doing just that. Olfactory sensors on the wasps' antennae can smell chemicals in concentrations as tiny as a few parts per billion in the air.
"So far, they've been able to detect, to some level, any chemical that we've trained them to," Rains tells Ivanhoe.
Training is simple and quick. The wasps are fed sugar water. At the same time they're introduced to a smell for 10 seconds. The process is repeated two more times.
Lewis says, "We can train a wasp within a matter of 10 to 15 minutes."
For example, a set of wasps is trained to detect the smell of coffee. When they are put into a simple container, a tiny web camera watches their actions. When the smell of orange is pumped into the pipe, nothing. But when it's coffee, the wasps crowd around the smell.
So far, Rains and Lewis have not found anything the wasps cannot be trained to detect. They can be trained to detect everything from drugs to human remains to fungi on crops. They could one day even be able to detect deadly diseases like cancer.
The trained wasps could be used in the public within the next five years.
Click here to Go Inside This Science or contact:
Agricultural Research Service
Location Administrative Office
Stuff Your Face
This Month's TV Reports
Nathan's Famous Fourth of July International Hot Dog Eating Contest is July 4. See how these power-eaters are able to break records.
Wasps: Man's New Best Friend?
Explosives ... toxic chemicals ... criminals. When it comes to sniffing out trouble, wasps may be better than dogs.
On Your Mark, Get Set, Go!
They may look silly, but these researchers know why we get around by walking and running instead of skipping.
This complete map of dog genes explains why some dogs are playful and others are serious -- and helps identify human diseases, too.
Summer Forecast: La Niņa
Will La Niņa add fuel to this year's hurricane season?
Drunk and Behind the Wheel
1.4 million are arrested each year for driving under the influence. This high-tech go-cart may help put the brakes on impaired drivers.
Uncovering Mysteries of the Sea
Two scientists believe they've solved a mystery that's defied explanation for more than 400 years.
Cleaning Up Our Beaches
Predicting when vacation beach pollution will be the worst by looking up at the moon.
Sounds From the Sea
What boats, whales and rainfall sound like under the sea.
Robot Walks on Water
"Jesus Bugs" inspire this water-walking robot.
Surviving Heart Failure
The amazing way the body can be tricked into healing a failing heart.
This tiny device could help lower the cost of your prescriptions.
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The world’s solar power generating capacity is expected to grow by between 200 and 400 percent over the coming 5 years, the European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) has said. Further, Asia and other emerging markets are expected to take over the lead from Europe.
The quickest solar PV (solar panels) growth is expected to occur in China and India. Markets in Latin America, Southeast Asia, North Africa, and the Middle East are also expected to grow strongly. The EPIA has said that although Europe, especially Germany, has dominated the global solar PV market for many years, the rest of the world clearly has the greatest growth potential. As we’ve reported recently, Australia is now also becoming one of the most promising solar markets in the world. So much sun there, mate.
The world’s installed solar PV capacity is expected to rise to between 207.9 gigawatts and 342.8 gigawatts by 2016, from 69.7 gigawatts in 2011. The final number will depend on the amount of political support for solar PV around the world, and especially in nations capable of producing a lot of solar power capacity. Political support does not necessarily mean large amounts of government funding everywhere, but rather reducing bureaucracy and creating suitable regulatory environments for the fast development of solar power. Politicians, take note.
Do you think these projections of stellar growth in world solar power capacity will turn out to be accurate? To me, it seems quite possible. I think the world is about to experience a huge boom in solar power development over the next 15 years or so, and especially over the next 5 to 10. With the percentage of solar power to overall world power still so low, there’s huge potential for growth. It’s similar to where the development of the Internet was 15 years ago, and look what happened there.
Image CC licensed by Intel Free Press: Solar panel installation, Vietnam
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Taking a child to the emergency room is something every parent wants to avoid. While we can expect a fair share of bumps and bruises, we can take steps to help lower the odds of life-threatening injuries.
Are you doing all you can to protect your children from these childhood dangers?
Pool and Spa Drain Danger
Every year, almost 300 children under age five drown in a pool or spa. Another 5,100 children under age 15 end up in the ER after a near-drowning injury.
Drains in pools and spas can trap clothing, hair, or even a limb. The best way to prevent drain danger is to install a safe drain cover. Federal law requires public facilities to do so.
Pool and Spa Safety Tips:
- Install a proper fence around the perimeter of the pool or spa.
- Install latching gates and consider installing alarms if you have very young children.
- Teach children how to swim.
- Keep safety equipment nearby, and learn basic pool safety and CPR.
- Never leave children unattended near a pool or spa.
- Keep a phone close by.
- Make sure pool and spa covers are sturdy.
- Learn the signs of what drowning looks like (it looks different from the movies).
- For more pool and spa safety information, visit poolsafely.gov
The Dangerous Attraction of Magnets
Incidents of children ingesting magnets quintupled between 2002 and 2011, according to a study published in the Annals of Emergency Medicine, a publication of the American College of Emergency Physicians. Of cases where children ingested more than one magnet, 15.7 percent were admitted to the hospital. In almost 75 percent of cases, the magnets were swallowed, the rest were ingested through the nose.
“It is common for children to put things in their mouth and nose, but the risk of intestinal damage increases dramatically when multiple magnets are swallowed,” says study author Jonathan Silverman, MD, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington in Seattle, Wash. “The ingestion of multiple magnets can severely damage intestinal walls to the point that some kids need surgery. The magnets in question were typically those found in kitchen gadgets or desk toys marketed to adults but irresistible to children.”
Magnet Safety Tips:
- Keep small magnets away from young children who might swallow them or put them in their nose.
- Regularly inspect your home and children’s play areas for missing or dislodged magnets.
- If you suspect that magnets have been swallowed, seek medical attention immediately. Symptoms include abdominal pains, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Concussions and Other Sports-Related Injuries
About every 25 seconds, a child shows up in an emergency room with a sports-related injury, amounting to 1.35 million ER visits a year, according to Safe Kids Worldwide.
Concussions are the number one sports-related injury. Almost half of concussions involve athletes between the ages of 12 and 15. Football has the highest rate of concussions and of overall injuries. Wrestling and cheerleading have the second and third highest concussion rate. Ice hockey has the highest percentage of concussion injuries.
One in ten sports-related injuries involves knees, especially tears to the anterior cruciate ligament, an injury eight times more likely to occur in girls than boys. Other common injuries include strains and sprains, broken bones, and repetitive motion injuries.
How to Protect Young Athletes:
- Teach your kids not to “tough it out.” Have all injuries checked out by a medical professional.
- Make sure children don’t overdo and that they get plenty of rest.
- Learn strengthening exercises that can help prevent injuries.
- Learn the signs of concussion and act quickly.
- Use appropriate safety gear.
- For more sports safety information, visit safekids.org
Post Photo: “Keep kids in the game. Learn how to prevent sports injuries. SafeKids.org (PRNewsFoto/Safe Kids Worldwide)
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As international students or professionals we are used to our own culture and social behavior in our country. It can be a cultural shock for us when we come to America and see certain social behavior exhibited by people. Though we are from other countries, we should not misunderstand American people behavior or behave rude to anyone because they did something that we are not used to…I am not a psychologist or intercultural mediator, I will share my experiences what I think are common and what I felt were different from my home country.
How people greet in America? What is the etiquette ?
“ Hi ! How are you doing ?”
Typically you smile and then say the phrase. This is a very common and most important way to greet people. Irrespective of if you know the person or not, you always ask the person “How are you doing ?”. It is a common etiquette in America. I was not used to greeting someone on the road or anywhere back in my country, but now I kind of got the feel of it. If you are a student, you greet the professor in same way, but add ‘Professor’ before .
If you do not say, “How are you doing or smile”, you just nod the head down just as a gesture to acknowledge the other person. You may say “Hi” and then nod the head down. I was not used to this too…In our culture, we do not say Hi to random people on the street and it is socially considered intruding someone’s personal space, but in US it is very common and it is the way you do it.
Few other ways to greet people in USA :
“ Hey ! Whats up ?” or “ Whats up man ?”
This is a very common to say “Whats up ?”. Other countries are picking up the western lingo and most of the students know this…
If you know the person or if the guy is close to you, you may say
“ Hey Dude ! whats up ?”
If you greet someone, they would respond
“ I am fine, Thanks ! How are you doing ?”
Did you see the word “Thanks”. People use Thanks or Thank you a lot here in US. It is common etiquette to thank someone. You may continue the conversation if you know the person by basic questions like,
- “How are things with you ?
- “How is life treating you buddy ?”
- “How is work ? ”
Gestures – Hug and Shaking hands :
Typically, you shake hands when you meet someone and you shake hands firmly. This is common everywhere. One additional thing is, if you are meeting a girl or woman and you know the girl or woman well, it is common to Hug the person. Just a light hug, where you just put arm around her back and just touch your head lightly. This not the hug like they show in movies 😉 Just a friendly way to hug someone if you know the person well ( You do not do this with strangers, only people you know very well ). It is etiquette to just greet a lady by shaking hand for the first couple of times until you know the person. But, sometimes if you meet someone in the club while dancing, then it is different, you may hug the person second time or so depending on how they greet you next time and if they try to show hugging gesture by coming close to you…the reason is that you danced with them and you already had some sort of physical contact and they know you better…anyways, it depends, you cannot randomly hug anyone…you need to read the cues. In general, you only hug women or girls you know very well and it is etiquette to hug women, whom you know very well, in America.
Opening Doors and Thanking
Lets say, you are walking into a building and someone in front of you holds the door for you, then you have to say “ Thank you”, that is etiquette. Also, if you are the first one, then it is your courtesy to open the door for the one coming behind you. Also, if you are going with a lady or girl, it is your courtesy as a guy to open the door for girl. You never slam the door on someone coming behind you. If someone is like 10 feet away, you keep the door open and wait for the person to come. Typically, you are supposed to thank anyone if they do something for you. Lets say, they press a button for you to go to 3rd floor in elevator, then you say “Thank you”. You always, ask by adding a friendly word, “ Can you please press second floor button”
Using Bus and Thanking :
Lets say, you used the city bus for travelling, it is courtesy to thank the driver. We may not be used to this, but in US, people thank Driver when they are getting down. General etiquette rule, if someone does any favor to you, you just thank them. If not, it is considered rude.
Sneezing and Bless you :
If someone sneezes, then you say “ Bless you”. We may use different things in our country, but here usually people say “Bless you”. It is good etiquette.
Never Break into the line :
You should never break into line in front of someone. It is considered very rude. If you really want to go in front, you should ask the person and then only go in front. If you approach a line and there is a woman at the same time, you let the woman go first. Never compete with women. Also, same case when you are forming a line in Airport when boarding plane, boarding bus or in a Bank too.
Saying Sorry and Apologizing :
Let say, if you missed holding up a door and it just slams on someone’s face or did anything that is a little rude, you just say “Sorry”. Apologizing for any mistake or wrong social behavior is very common. People say sorry all the time. It is just like Thank you. If you hear any bad news related to someone or if you see anyone in pain or trouble, you just say ” Sorry to hear this or I am sorry “. You do not need to say sorry for everything. Only if you have done something that is against the common etiquette, then you apologize.
People in America are very casual and etiquette plays a big role in US and you better be nice to everyone and thank properly. You may also read, Common American English words used in daily life vs British English equivalents
What has been your experience living in US ? What are your thoughts on Etiquette in America ?
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complex.rb - $Release Version: 0.5 $ $Revision: 1.3 $ $Date: 1998/07/08 10:05:28 $ by Keiju ISHITSUKA(SHL Japan Inc.)
Complex numbers can be created in the following manner:
Additionally, note the following:
Complex::I (the mathematical constant i)
5.im -> 0+5i)
Math module methods are redefined to handle Complex arguments. They will work as normal with
sqrt exp cos sin tan log log10 cosh sinh tanh acos asin atan atan2 acosh asinh atanh
Commenting is here to help enhance the documentation. For example, code samples, or clarification of the documentation.
If you have questions about Ruby or the documentation, please post to one of the Ruby mailing lists. You will get better, faster, help that way.
If you wish to post a correction of the docs, please do so, but also file bug report so that it can be corrected for the next release. Thank you.
If you want to help improve the Ruby documentation, please visit Documenting-ruby.org.
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Did you make a sketch?
Two ships leave a port at 9 A.M.
One travels at a bearing of N 53° W at 12 mph
and the other travels at a bearing of S 67° W at 16 mph.
Approximate how far apart they are at noon that day.Code:A * N / * | / 36 *53°| / * | / 60° * P / * | / 48 * 67° | / * | / * S / * B *
The first ship leaves the port , where
. . and sails 36 miles to point
The second ship leaves the port , where
. . and sails 48 miles to point
We see that
Law of Cosines: .
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March 5, 2012
Creative Thinking Not Just For Right Side Of Brain
Researchers say that the left hemisphere of the brain may not be just logic and math, but could also help play a big role in creativity as well.
Researchers from the University of Southern California (USC) are working to try and pin down the exact source of creativity in the brain."We want to know: how does creativity work in the brain?" Lisa Aziz-Zadeh, assistant professor of neuroscience at the USC Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, said in a statement.
The right hemisphere of the brain is thought to be the creative half, while the left is thought to be the rational, logical side.
However a new study demonstrates that the left half helps out the right half in moments of performing creative thinking.
During the study, the researchers used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to scan the brains of architecture students.
The team showed the participants three shapes while being scanned, including a circle, the letter C, and the number 8.
The students were asked to visualize images that could be made by rearranging those shapes, such as making the 8 as eyes and the C to become a mouth.
They were also asked to try to piece three geometric shapes together with their minds and see if they formed a square or a rectangle.
The researchers found that the creative task, which was handled mostly by the right hemisphere, actually lifted up the left hemisphere more than the non-creative task did.
The new discovery indicates that the left side of the brain plays a potentially crucial role in helping the brain perform creatively.
"We need both hemispheres for creative processing," Aziz-Zadeh said in a press release.
She said the next step is for the researchers to explore how different types of creativity are played out by the brain.
On the Net:
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In the caves of eastern Brazil, there lives a group of winged insects that mate in a way that will blow your mind.
Mounting the male, Females of the Neotrogla genus penetrate males with a penis-like organ, in a standard lock and key situation. Tiny spikes secure the female penis to the male, and she slurps up the male’s sperm via the penis-like organ.
It’s weird – even for the natural world, which is filled with animals doing weird sex stuff. But, this is perhaps the first example of reversed sex organs in any animal. An international team of scientists describes this reproductive behavior in a study published today in Current Biology.
Nearly two decades ago, Rodrigo Ferreira, a cave ecologist the Federal University of Lavras in Brazil, discovered the insects on a caving expedition, but the young age of the specimen made identification impossible. Recently, scientists who work in Ferreira’s lab stumbled upon another insect specimen, so they began investigating, looping in taxonomist Charles Lienhard at Switzerland’s Natural History Museum of Geneva.
Upon dissecting the organisms, the researchers realized that females had an internal penis-like structure (that they likely only extended during mating) and the males had a pouch-like vagina. Nothing in the larger family of cave insects bore resemblance, and they realized they were looking at an entirely new genus with reversed sex organs. Altogether, they’ve found four separate species in this genus, called Neotrogla.
“The most impressive thing about the female penis is its complex morphology,” says Ferreira. From dissections the team figured out that each female penis-like structure is species specific, the penis spines or bristles from a specific species correspond to tiny pockets in the pouch of her male counterpart.
But, slicing open a bug to look at its sex organs is different than seeing how those sex organs work. The researchers also observed pairs of insects from one species (N. curvata) doing the deed in the lab. The insects also spent a lot of time mating – between 40 and 70 hours. That’s a lot of time to spend on sex, especially because sex leaves the insects open to predation.
During mating, the female’s spiny penis gets tightly anchored to the male vagina’s sperm duct, allowing the female to receive the semen. In other words, this penis functions more like a straw than a spout. If the male tried to break away, his abdomen would rip open, and he would dramatically lose his genitals. These female insects also mate with multiple males and can store two batches of sperm in the body.
Scientists believe that the penis generally evolved due to competition among males for fertile females, and a lot of evolutionary constraints would have to fall into place for such a dramatic reversal. “It requires harmonious evolutions of male and female genitalia and their exact match,” says Kazunori Yoshizawa, an entomologist at Hokkaido University in Japan and a co-author on the study.
So, what evolutionary constraints could drive this gender-bending scenario? Scientists have a hunch that the sperm comes with nutritional value because the female cave insects end up storing and then consuming the semen before producing eggs.
Cave environments are dark, dry, and low on food -- for the insects this is bat poop and dead bats. “Food scarcity seems to be very important in determining which species are able to colonize these environments,” says Ferreira. “The female penis, in this context, is certainly a good tool for getting a nutritious resource from males.” Thus, the male sperm would constitute a “nuptial gift” in scientific terms.
And there’s precedent for such nuptial gifts: Male katydids (Poecilimon sp.) transmit food with their sperm, and females compete for nutritious sperm – they even have a special elbow appendage to push opposing females out of the way. The cave insects may be living under similar evolutionary pressures, but confirming those suspicions demands further study.
This is hardly the first spiny penis in the biological world: male bean weevil beetles, dung flies, marmosets, some pythons, and domesticated cats all have spined penises. Some of these organs stimulate the female; while others might serve to violently pin the female down.
What truly sets the Neotrogla females apart is that they have a spiny penis-like organ, and it locks that male in place. That’s a total role reversal in sexual conflict. The female cave fly’s penis “underscores this range of variation in what it means to be male and female in the animal kingdom,” says Marlene Zuk, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Minnesota in St. Paul who was not associated with the study.
Female penis-like organs appear in other species, but none quite like this one: a female from an ancient mite species preserved in amber has a tube like organ that scientists think may have been used to grasp the male during sex; female seahorses transfer eggs to the males via a tube-like organ called an ovipositor, and the males ultimately give birth; and finally, female hyenas copulate, pee, and give birth through an elongated clitoris called a pseudo penis.
“Obviously more research is needed, but the whole thing is completely wild,” says Zuk.
“People tend to have this 1950s situation comedy view of sex in the animal world,” Zuk explained, but, “there are lots and lots of ways that selection on the sexes manifests itself – from dominant males to dominant females to, in this case, reversed genitalia.”
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The Alligator Snapping Turtle, Macroclemys temminckii:
Giant of the Southeastern States
by Diane Levine
The largest freshwater turtle in the world, the alligator snapping turtle (Macroclemys temminckii) is native to the southeastern region of the United States. Like its distant relative, the common snapper (Chelydra serpentina),
the alligator snapper has a large head and powerful jaws. However, the alligator snapper differs quite a bit from the
common snapper, both in the way it looks and in the way it hunts and eats.
Legend has it that a 403-pound Macroclemys was found in the Neosho River, Cherokee County, Kansas in 1937. However, the size of this specimen cannot be verified. The largest individual on record is a 236-pounder in the
Brookfield Zoo, Chicago. A snapper skeleton which Peter Pritchard viewed in White Springs, Florida, had a carapace
length of 31 inches and weighed over 200 pounds in life. These record-breaking individuals aside, Ernst and Barbour
report that generally they can grow to a carapace length of 26 inches (66 cm) and weigh up to 176 pounds (80 kg).
While the common snapper (Chelydra) has a rather rounded smooth carapace, the alligator snapper's shell has three large, pronounced ridges running front to back across its massive shell. These ridges are very pronounced even
in hatchling specimens, which also have a tail that is almost as long as the carapace itself. Quoting from Pritchard,
"The snout is more pointed, when viewed from above, than that of Chelydra, and the eyes are placed on the sides
of the head, rather than toward the top as in Chelydra. The eye is surrounded by a star-shaped arrangement of
fleshy filamentous "eyelashes", and the plastral scutes often become so complicated and subdivided that it is wise to
give up the task of trying to name or homologize them."
The large ridges, the large, coarse neck and head, and the huge size of the alligator snapper all contribute to its primitive look and its reputation of being the dinosaur of the turtle world.
All snapping turtles are both scavengers and active hunters to some degree. However, Macroclemys is unique in that it has a small pink worm-like lure in the bottom of its mouth. It lies quietly on the bottom of the dark, slow
moving body of water, with jaws wide open, wiggling the lure so as to entice unwary fish to investigate. The alligator
snapper is so sedentary on the bottom of swamps and bayou that algae covers its rough, irregular carapace making it
almost invisible to fish. Furthermore the lining of the mouth is gray and black. When a fish comes close, the massive
jaws close quickly on the prey, netting a meal (Pritchard, page 496).
Ernst and Barbour state, "Carr (1952) suggested that Macroclemys forages actively by night and reserves the use of the 'worm' to provide an occasional fish during the more passive daytime period."
In captivity, both adults and juveniles have been known to eat fish, beef, pork, frogs, snakes, snails, worms,
clams, crayfish, aquatic plants and other turtles. One was even reported to have killed, but not eaten, a smaller
member of its own species. (Ernst & Barbour, page 133)
Macroclemys mate in the early spring in Florida, later spring in the Mississippi Valley, and nest about 2 months later. The single annual clutch may contain from 8 to 52 eggs. Nests are typically excavated at least 50 yards
(50 m) from the water's edge. Incubation in the wild takes from 100 to 140 days, so that hatchlings emerge in early
fall. (Ernst & Barbour, page 133)
California state law prohibits residents from keeping snapping turtles of any kind because of the potential damage to the environment from animals set loose. Any snapping turtle turned in to CTTC is repatriated to the eastern states. Although Macroclemys is less aggressive than Chelydra, all snapping turtles should be handled carefully,
if at all. David Carroll, who beached a common snapper in order to draw an accurate picture of it, writes, "A snapping
turtle cornered on land, or in shallow water with no escape route, will keep turning in a tight circle to face any
challenger, with neck and legs set for a strike and jaws slightly apart. These creatures will not back down," (page
27). On the other hand, Pritchard says, "When handled, the alligator snapper does not make violent striking movements
like the common snapper, but stays remarkably still with the mouth wide open...though it does stretch round to bite
any part of its handler that is held within reach," (page 497).
Carroll, David. The Year of the Turtle, Camden House Publishing, 1991.
Ernst, Carl H. and Roger W. Barbour. Turtles of the World, Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989.
Pritchard, Peter.Encyclopedia of Turtles, TFH Publications, 1979.
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Computer Racing Games = Risky Driving?
Playing Computer Car-Racing Games May Increase Aggressive Driving
March 19, 2007 -- Computer car-racing games may rev up risky driving, German researchers report.
Drivers tend to drive more aggressively -- at least on a driving simulation -- after playing computer street-racing games, the study shows.
Playing such games "could provoke unsafe driving," write the researchers, including Peter Fischer, PhD, of the psychology department at Munich's Ludwig-Maximilians University.
Fischer and colleagues conducted three experiments.
In the first experiment, they interviewed 290 randomly selected drivers at public places (such as gas stations and fast-food restaurants) in Germany.
The group included 198 men and 92 women who were 16-45 years old (average age: 23).
They answered questions about their driving habits and whether they played computer racing games.
Drivers who said they played computer racing games tended to have the most aggressive driving habits, the interviews showed.
Computer Racing Games
Next, the researchers asked 83 students at Ludwig-Maximilians University to play a computer game for 20 minutes.
The students either played a street-racing computer game or one unrelated to racing, such as a game featuring soccer.
To win at the racing games, players had to "massively violate traffic rules (e.g., drive on the sidewalk, crash into other cars, drive at high speed)," the researchers write.
Immediately after playing their assigned game, the students took a word quiz that included 10 German words.
Each word had two possible meanings -- one related to risk and one unrelated to risk. For example, the German word rasen can mean "lawn" or "to drive with high speed," the researchers note.
Students who had played the computer racing game were more likely to choose the risk-related definition for each word.
Behind the Virtual Wheel
The third experiment tested driving safety in a driving simulation.
The participants were 68 drivers aged 19-35 (average age: 23). They played either a computer racing game or a computer game unrelated to racing.
As soon as their assigned game ended, participants watched videotapes of 15 risky driving situations. They pressed computer keys to indicate what they would do if they were the driver.
For instance, one video showed a railroad crossing barrier lowering to close the road as a train approached. In another video, drivers had to decide whether to pass another vehicle.
Participants who had just finished the street-racing computer game took more risks on those driving tests.
That doesn't necessarily mean that they would behave that way in real life; but the possibility deserves further study, note the researchers.
Their findings appear in the Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied.
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Hey there, time traveller!
This article was published 13/12/2010 (2020 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.
The Canadian Museum for Human Rights is still more than two years away from opening, but the fires of controversy are already burning bright.
Last week, the Ukrainian Canadian Congress expressed outrage that the Holodomor, the forced starvation of millions of Ukrainians by Russia in the early 1930s, will not be given permanent exhibition status in the museum. In a report delivered to Ottawa last week, the UCC demanded the Holodomor be given "coverage" equal to the Holocaust, the slaughter of six million Jews and millions of others by Nazi Germany, which will have a permanent exhibition.
Although it made news just last week, this is a fight Ukrainians have been waging for decades. Ukrainians all over the world have protested the fact the Holocaust has a higher profile than the Holodomor, that it is the subject of more memorials, museums, study centres, and even films. Many Ukrainians believe the aggrandizing of the Holocaust has marginalized the Holodomor and dishonoured its victims.
It is important to note this brooding grudge is not a new challenge for the museum. From the moment the CMHR was unveiled by the late Izzy Asper, it has been dogged by allegations it would focus on the Holocaust to the exclusion of other atrocities. For much of the last seven years, a coalition of ethnic lobby groups led by several Ukrainian organizations lobbied Ottawa to ensure that this project would not become "just another" Holocaust museum.
For dispassionate observers, the debate over which is the worst atrocity, or even whether one atrocity has been given too much emphasis while others have been marginalized, is awkward, even discomforting. It is, in essence, an attempt to measure and compare human suffering. For Ukrainians, this is about being marginalized, adding an insult to the injury inflicted on them in the early 1930s. For many Jews, the debate itself is anti-Semitic, a bid to diminish the importance of the Holocaust as part of an ongoing war against the Jewish people.
The greatest irony in all this is that Ukrainians and Jews, bitter enemies in this debate, actually share this capacity for maddening comparisons of the magnitude of atrocities. Some even believe matters of great gravity can be measured in square footage.
Jewish Post and News editor Bernie Bellan wrote an editorial last month complaining that in 2003, museum officials envisioned a Holocaust gallery of approximately 13,000 square feet. Bellan then quoted an anonymous source that indicated the Holocaust gallery had been reduced to somewhere in the neighborhood of 4,500 square feet. "Given the original size of the gallery... this represents a diminution of 67 per cent," Bellan wrote, the comment dripping with concern and disappointment.
It would be constructive if the UCC and the Jewish Post were to acknowledge the pointlessness of debating whether any single atrocity was the "worst" of all time. All mass atrocities are tragedies of incalculable magnitude, especially when viewed from the perspective of the victims. The CMHR has been very open about the fact it intends to acknowledge as many mass atrocities as possible, including the Holodomor. Then why give the Holocaust special status in a museum mandated to examine human rights?
For the lawyers and scholars who study human rights, the Holocaust represents the most systematic, most premeditated, most calculated mass murder in history. A nation-state used legitimate means to legally declare some of its citizens subhuman. It is this event that prompted the world to forge a legal framework for human rights. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) asserted that every human being has fundamental rights that cannot be extinguished by a national law. The United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, as the name suggests, defined the crime of genocide and gave it a legal context in which it could be prosecuted. Both were direct results of the Holocaust.
In the history of the world, these are great accomplishments. They are not perfect accomplishments, to be sure. Cambodia, Rwanda and Serbia are evidence enough that while we have acknowledged the fundamental nature of human rights and the legal need to pursue and prosecute the perpetrators of genocide, we're still struggling with the mechanisms necessary to ensure compliance. But the effort to define human rights, and create a framework to enforce those rights, is an example of the human race at its best, proof that we do have an overriding interest in seeing good triumph over evil.
And no matter how we look at it, quarrels over the size or status of museum exhibits do not honour those higher ideals and good deeds.
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When students make a beeline for Google, these tips can improve their experience
There are many excellent research databases that school libraries subscribe to each year. Proquest, CQ Researcher, and ABC/CLIO are three that my district uses. Yet when given a research assignment, the first place students turn to is Google or another public search engine. For better or worse, it’s a fact of life in the modern classroom. I’m not saying we should sideline those valuable database sources; in fact, I think we should invest the necessary time in teaching students how to use them. But we know that in most cases, students are going to default to Google. So, let’s make sure they have the tools to search the open Web effectively.
The first thing we should do before handing students a research assignment? Teach them how to phrase their searches. If you’ve ever heard a student say, “Google doesn’t have anything about this,” chances are good that student didn’t phrase his search terms correctly. The biggest mistake I see students (and, ahem, some adults) make when using Google is to enter a “what” or “why” question. But when you Google something like “what was the cause of French and Indian war?” the top search result—often from a site such as Wiki Answers or eHow—contains a very brief, cursory answer based on responses from visitors to those sites. To address this problem, stop giving research assignments that can be easily completed with a quick Google search, for one. Second, teach students to phrase their searches without using questions. Then show them how to use Google advanced search tools.
Google’s advanced search menu offers a collection of easy-to-use tools to help users refine their Web queries. Once featured prominently on the Google search page, the advanced search link recently moved to the bottom of the search results page, so you’ll have to look to find it. Then you can use the “search within a domain” menu to limit to specific top-level domain results or to a select website. For example, if I wanted to confine results to links from .edu sites, I would enter “.edu” in the domain limitation box. This feature is also available on Bing or Yahoo.
Another handy feature is “search by file type.” Available in Google and Yahoo, search by file type allows you to find results according to file format. Here’s a useful exercise: challenge students to combine “search by file type” with “search by domain” to find PowerPoints or PDFs produced by students and teachers.
Finding materials appropriately matched to our students’ reading abilities is another challenge. Google’s advanced search menu gives you the option to refine a search to “basic, intermediate, or advanced” reading levels. That’s a good start, but alternative search engine Twurdy does this one better. Twurdy ranks page results according to 10 levels of readability and includes a refined readability score for each link.
Then there’s Sweet Search, a search engine that combs only sites that have been reviewed by a team of librarians, teachers, and research experts. There are 35,000 approved websites in all.Beyond the general search engine, Sweet Search offers five niche tools to search Social Studies, Biographies, SweetSites (sources organized by grade and subject area), School Librarians, and Sweet Search 4 Me (for elementary school students). And if you’re looking for some quick, “this day in history” stories to post on your school website, Finding Dulcinea, Sweet Search’s blog, is the source for you.
So before you assign your next research project, run through these tips with your students and see how their search experiences improve.
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Japan's defeat in World War II brought about the disestablishment of state Shinto. In 1946 in a New Year's rescript, Emperor Hirohito destroyed its chief foundation by disavowing his divinity; in the same year Gen. Douglas MacArthur forbade the use of public funds to support Shinto. In present-day Shinto there is no dogmatic system and no formulated code of morals. Shinto practices can be found abroad wherever large Japanese communities exist, as in the United States and South America. Some of the newer sects stress world peace and brotherhood as part of their philosophy.
The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.
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What happens when fruit flies take meth?
Scientists at the University of Illinois sought to answer that question in the hopes of learning more about the powerful drug's effects on the human body.
Most methamphetamine studies focus on how the brain responds to its influence. But this recent experiment examined instead how meth can affect the entire body's molecular makeup.
Fruit flies provide the ideal test subjects, said lead researcher Barry Pittendrigh, a U of I entomology professor. "They're small, we can work with the whole organism and then look at the great diversity of tissues that are being impacted."
The results weren't pretty. "One could almost call meth a perfect storm toxin because it does so much damage to so many different tissues in the body," Pittendrigh said.
The study showed meth wreaking widespread havoc on the fruit flies' bodies, Physorg.com reports:
The researchers found that meth exposure influenced molecular pathways associated with energy generation, sugar metabolism, sperm cell formation, cell structure, hormones, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscles. The analysis also identified several new molecular players and unusual disruptions of normal cellular events that occur in response to meth, though the authors acknowledge that further work is required to validate the role of these pathways in response to meth.
In total, the scientists discovered 34 changes in the molecular processes of the fruit flies' cells.
This may explain why heavy meth users often undergo extreme changes to their physical appearances, including advanced aging, as these before-and-after images from Portland, Ore., illustrate (warning: graphic content).
Another key finding: cells exposed to meth may nourish themselves in a similar manner to cancer cells. While normal, healthy cells use oxygen to break down stored energy, cancer cells use glycosis, a quick and wasteful process in which glucose, a simple sugar that aides metabolism, replaces the oxygen.
The meth-induced fruit flies that ingested trehalose, a type of sugar insects metabolize, lived longer than those that didn't, the researchers observed. Similarly, heavy meth users often crave sugary beverages and foods. The study's findings suggest meth users' taste for sugar may indicate a biological response to the drug -- much like cancer patients, sugar becomes a means for their cells' survival.
However, Pittendrigh was quick to emphasize the preliminary nature of his findings. "We do know that people who are methamphetamine addicts oftentimes take in large amounts of sugary drinks, so that was an interesting observation," he said. "But whether or not these things turn out to be related is a question for future research."
For more information, read the entire study on PlosOne.org.
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University of Florida researchers are now studying the biggest python ever caught in the state.
A huge Burmese python was recently captured in the Florida Everglades.
The super-sized serpent stretches 17 feet, 7 inches long.
Researchers say the snake had 87 eggs in its belly when it was captured.
The snake had been under surveillance in the wild for more than one month before it was caught.
The snake, which is not native to Florida, was euthanized.
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POTI's Latest News
Looking for a previous article? Read POTI's archived news section.
29 May is the International Day of UN Peacekeepers
(Reprinted from UNDPKO, for the complete text please visit http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/operations/pkday.shtml.)
29 May is the International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers.
The day has two purposes:
- to honour the memory of the UN peacekeepers who have lost their lives in the cause of peace;
- to pay tribute to all the men and women who have served and continue to serve in UN Peacekeeping operations for their high level of professionalism, dedication and courage.
For 2011 we will be holding the traditional wreath-laying ceremony and the annual Dag Hammarskjöld Medal Ceremony at United Nations Headquarters in New York.
In addition this year, under the banner of 'Law. Order. Peace' we focus on our efforts to strengthen rule of law. This includes the work of our Police, Corrections Officers and Judicial Affairs Officers working in the field. They work to ensure the support of vital human rights, such as access to justice, and fair and impartial legal systems. We give thanks and pay tribute to those who serve to make this a reality.
There will be a photo exhibition of our work in the area of police, justice and corrections in the Northeast Gallery of the Visitors Lobby at United Nations Headquarters. This exhibition is free and open to the public.
We will also be publishing dedicated web content in the build up to Peacekeepers Day, and throughout June on the Rule of Law.
Remembering fallen peacekeepers
On 29 May, UN offices, alongside Member States and non-governmental organizations, hold solemn events to honour fallen peacekeepers.
At the UN Headquarters in New York, the Secretary-General presides over a wreath-laying ceremony in honour of all peacekeepers who lost their lives while serving under the UN flag.
In addition, the Dag Hammarskjöld Medal is awarded posthumously to the peacekeepers who have fallen while serving in the cause of peace, during the preceding year.
Since the first UN Peacekeeping mission was established in 1948, more than 2,900 military, police and civilian personnel have lost their lives in the service of peace as a result of acts of violence, accidents and disease.
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The Eight Intelligences
- 1. Verbal/Linguistic: sensitivity to the meaning and order of words.
2. Logical/Mathematical: ability to handle chains of reasoning and to recognize patterns and order.
3. Musical: sensitivity to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone.
4. Bodily/Kinesthetic: ability to use the body and to handle objects skillfully.
5. Spatial: ability to perceive the world accurately and to re-create or transform aspects of that world.
6. Interpersonal: ability to understand people and relationships.
7. Intrapersonal: ability to assess one's emotional life as a means to understanding oneself and others.
8. Naturalist: the aptitude for observing nature and discerning patterns and trends. The naturalist enjoys collecting and cataloguing natural material.
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How do you measure your quality of life? Or how empowered are women in your community? What does it mean to be truly poor? For those who look to statistical analysis, the data can be gathered, the answers tabulated. These in turn become potent advocacy tools, key elements in forming and deploying national policies.
The release of the Human Development Report (HDR) by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is an annual event, and the report itself is nothing if not an ambitious undertaking. This year, the introduction of three new indices will tackle inequality, gender inequality and the concept of multidimensional poverty. The good news is that, though it falls solidly into the Middle Development Group on nearly every one of the indices that compare 169 countries, Sri Lanka still finds itself sometimes outstripping giants like China and India.
Sri Lanka’s Human Development Index (HDI) ranking has remained a stable 91, not changing since the last report. The news globally, however, is decidedly optimistic, with many societies having made significant strides towards improving the quality of individual lives. You can trace some of these journeys by following the hundreds of distinct threads that make up the colourful cover of the 20th Anniversary edition of the HDR. Not all are moving in the same direction – many go upwards, a few down, while others meander – but each represents the progress of a specific country’s human index over time. Somewhere in there is the line that charts Sri Lanka’s development. The report that follows, despite its inevitable failings, strives to come to grips with some aspects that at first glance would appear difficult to quantify – a sense of security for instance or happiness. But over the course of 20 years, researchers have found some interesting ways to measure even these.
“They [HDI statistics] have gone through several refinements. For instance, the first one looked at literacy as the proxy for education, this one looks at number of years that a child could expect schooling,” says Douglas Keh, Country Head UNDP. From his workspace inside the shady premises of the UNDP office, Mr. Keh has been fielding the press all week. Explaining that the theme for this year is ‘Pathways to Human Development,’ Mr. Keh said that the theme was an acknowledgment of the fact that “there is no fixed, cookie cutter model that can be applied across the board to different countries.” However, he went on to add that “sustainability, equity and empowerment were kept enshrined in the first human development report as fundamental principles in development and twenty years later they have been reaffirmed.”
Some of these key concepts were unveiled with the publication of the first report in 1990, when Mahbub ul-Haq of Pakistan and Amartya Sen of India stated succinctly in their introduction that “People are the real wealth of a nation.” It’s that ideal that continues to guide the formulation of the report. “The ground breaking concept of human development as opposed to economic development has really taken root,” said Mr. Keh. So much so, that the newest of the reports indices looks past the poverty line that places those who earn less than $1.25 a day below it, to other factors that determine an individual’s quality of life. “The Multidimensional Poverty Index has taken income out of the equation,” he said.
This part of the report’s finding sheds a favourable light on Sri Lanka. This despite the fact that a significant majority of the world’s population of multidimensionally poor live in South Asia (51% as compared to 28% in sub-Saharan Africa). In Sri Lanka, 14% of the country’s population subsists on less than $1.25 a day, but only 5% are considered to live in multidimensional poverty – with little or no access to health and education services or basics like running water and electricity. This is not the case with other countries who find their HDI ranking dropping dramatically when the multidimensional poverty is taken into consideration, notes Mr. Keh. Compare it to India’s loss in HDI, for instance: 41% in education and 31% in health. “In Sri Lanka, it’s the other way around...because of all the investments that Sri Lanka has made in health and education over the last 20 years, it is cited as a kind of a success story in the report,” he said.
The Inequality-adjusted Human Development index brings the yawning gap between our society’s richest and its poorest denizens into sharp focus. People in developed countries typically experience the least inequality in human development, notes the report. “In the case of Sri Lanka, looking strictly at equality in income and adjusting the score, the score or value for Sri Lanka goes down by 20%, so there are some income distribution issues here,” says Mr.Keh. There is speculation that this number will be dramatically affected in coming years as data pours out of the North and East – an area that has so far been something of a “data vacuum.” It’s worth noting that despite this drop, Sri Lanka still does better than either China (23%) or Egypt (27.5%), both countries that fall into the same Medium Development Category.
It is in the Gender Equality index, however that the country fares the poorest. Maternal and infant mortality are low, and serve as an indication of the good quality of the health services being provided to women. However, “there’s a contradiction and I think it’s a significant one, between the provision of services and how that translates into real opportunity and real human development of women,” said Mr. Keh.
He points out that despite some of highest numbers of women enrolled in colleges (as high as 57%), only 38.5% of women in Sri Lanka who could be involved in the labour force are actually involved. Of these, many are forced to retire five years earlier than their male counterparts. In addition, the participation of women in Sri Lanka’s parliament stands at 6% - one of the lowest figures not only in the region but in the world. “This means that Sri Lanka could be achieving a lot more with greater gender empowerment...” suggests Mr.Keh.
There is much information of interest to be found in the sprawling report, from an analysis to the state of the environment to an analysis of how we stand on each of the elements of happiness. (Interesting fact: a staggering 86% of Sri Lankans polled say they have job satisfaction.) Of particular interest is the report’s focus on community space, democratic dissent and human rights. An entire index is devoted to human security analysis focusing on the number of refugees, fatalities of the civil war, and limitations to freedom from want among other factors. (it’s no surprise that Sri Lanka scores a 2 on 2 for the intensity of its civil war.)
The entire report is available online and its release this year will be followed by a National Development Report in 2011 – only the second to come out of Sri Lanka since it’s first in 1998. The theme of this one will be ‘Inequality,’ as was its predecessors. Dr. Fredrick Abeyratne, a poverty analyst with the UNDP, says this will be the organisation’s chance to go back and do a more thorough job. The report will examine data at a district level, employing much of the same methodology that was applied to the global report. The report’s findings are sure to profoundly influence government policies and how resources are allocated, he explained.
In the end, we can both congratulate ourselves, and be considered forewarned. “The war is over and if Sri Lanka has been able to make such achievements through nearly three decades of a conflict that absorbed a lot of resources, imagine what can happen now with peace,” said Mr. Keh, adding that true progress can be made only if it is equally powered by greater empowerment and human security for all Sri Lanka’s people.
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Difference Between Weighted GPA and Unweighted GPA
Weighted GPA vs Unweighted GPA
When your professor or school talks about unweighted and weighted GPAs, what comes to your mind? You may come to think that it’s just your ordinary grade average, but, unfortunately, there are some important differences to take note of when describing either. Knowing such gives you an idea of your school standing or how well you perform academically.
GPA is your grade point average which averages all of the student’s grades in a particular term or semester. GPAs now come in two primary forms: the weighted and unweighted GPA. So how do these two GPAs differ from each other?
First, weighted GPAs are used for weighted classes. These classes are the honor-type, higher-level classes (also assumed to be more difficult) having bigger worth than your regular class subjects (unweighted classes). Although the weighted classes vary from one school to another, the common denominator is that these classes give the learner a better potential for getting a higher mark. Honors English and Advanced Trigonometry are two common weighted subjects in many institutions.
The reason why students take these classes is because they need the higher marks to boost their overall GPA because it is a good indicator of your class rank as it shows one’s rigor and thoroughness in selecting certain courses. If you take more honors or advanced classes, you’ll appear to be at a higher rank than those taking all regular course loads. However, one shouldn’t be complacent when receiving average marks in a weighted class (let’s say a “B”) thinking that it is still a big mark (i.e. equal to “B+++”) when compared side by side to its unweighted counterpart.
The weighted GPA, although not implemented in all schools, is also based on a weighted scale which may not be the same in all institutions. Commonly, the “A” mark for weighted courses has been allotted 5 points, which is 1 point higher compared to the regular “A” for unweighted courses. “B” is given 4 points while “C” and “D” are equal to 3 and 2 points respectively. The teacher can also bump the grade of the student by adding a plus (+, ++ or +++). Each of these minor steps is approximately 1/3 of a point or 0.33. The same is true with minus (-).
On the other hand, unweighted GPAs are used by institutions to compare one student to another. It is a better barometer in gauging your real school performance than weighted GPAs because an “A” mark is really an “A” for unweighted scoring. School administrators don’t put a high priority on the weighted GPAs which are, more often than not, artificially padded or inflated. It is said that the ordinary unweighted highest GPA score attainable is only 4.0 because the highest grade for a subject can only reach 4.0 max or an “A” that’s equivalent to a 4.0.
1.Unweighted GPA is a traditional grading scale that makes use of 4.0 as the highest possible grade per subject.
2.Weighted GPA is said to have a maximum grade of 5.87 while unweighted GPA has a maximum average mark of 4.0 flat.
3.The South Carolina Department of Education implemented the use of weighted GPA for weighted courses.
4.Unweighted GPA reflects one’s actual school performance while a weighted GPA reflects one’s rigor in taking more challenging courses.
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382. Conurus carolinensis (Linn.).—CAROLINA PAROQUET.
Mouth of Platte river (Coues, Birth of Northwest); not now reaching the state, "Formerly abundant, even in eastern Nebraska, now rare, if found in the state" (Taylor); "Regularly to Ohio, Illinois, and southern Nebraska" (Goss).
The cuckoos are among the few birds that habitually feed upon hairy caterpillars, such as the various "tent-making" species. They also destroy large numbers of other caterpillars, and do not object to beetles and other insects which they find among the foliage of trees. Although shy birds they are frequently seen in cities, where they do their share in protecting the trees from the ravages of insect pests.
387. Coccyzus americanus (Linn.).—YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO.
Omaha, Blair, West Point, Lincoln—breeds (L. Bruner); "More frequently seen in Nebraska than the last one (erythropthalmus)" (Aughey); "Summer resident, arrives in May and leaves in September" (Taylor); "West to eastern Mexico and edge of Great Plains" (Goss); Beatrice—nesting (A. S. Pearse); Omaha—breeding (L. Skow); Peru, common—breeds (G. A. Coleman); Cherry county—breeds (J. M. Bates); Gage county—breeds (F. A. Colby); "common summer resident, arrives May 1 to 10" (I. S. Trostler).
388. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wils.). — BLACK-BILLED CUCKOO.
West Point, Lincoln, Omaha—breeds (L. Bruner); "only occasionally met in this state" (Aughey); "Summer resident, somewhat rare, arrives in May and leaves in September" (Taylor); "West to the Rocky mountains" (Goss); Omaha—nesting (L Skow); " summer resident, not so common as the preceding"(I. S. Trostler).
390. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.).—BELTED KINGFISHER.
West Point, Lyons, Norfolk, Omaha, Lincoln, South Bend, etc.—breeds (L. Bruner); "Frequently seen in Nebraska" (Aughey); "A very common summer resident" (Taylor); "The whole of North America" (Goss); Beatrice, De Witt (A. S. Pearse); Omaha—breeding (L. Skow); Peru, common—breeds (G. A. Coleman); Cherry county—breeds (J. M. Bates); Gage county (F. A. Colby); "summer resident, quite common, sometimes seen in midwinter" (I. S. Trostler).
Back to Legacy.
© 2001, Lynn Waterman
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Anne Hill and June E. O'Neill (12/90) "A Study of Intercohort Change in Women's Work Patterns and Earnings."
After remaining virtually constant during the post-World War II period, the ratio of women's earnings to men's increased sharply during the 1980's, rising from 59.7 percent in 1979 to 68.5 percent in 1989. The failure of the overall wage gap to narrow during the 1950-1980 period has been something of a puzzle. The labor force participation of women had escalated over the entire post World War II period, the women's movement had blossomed, and barriers to women's entry into many professions and occupations appeared to have eroded. Yet, overall women's relative earnings did not rise through the 1960s and 1970s.
Explanations for the apparent paradox have pointed out that during the post War period of rapid increases in the proportion of women who work, the experience level and other work related attributes of the average employed women did not increase, as less experienced women joined the ranks of the employed. The failure of the wage gap to narrow before 1980, therefore, can be partly explained by the failure of women's lifetime work experience to rise as new labor force entrants lowered the work experience of the average working woman.
This research utilizes data from the three continuing panels of the National Longitudinal Surveys (NLS) — the mature women, the young women, and the youth cohort — to measure accumulated years of work experience and to examine changes in life-cycle work patterns across successive cohorts of women born between 1923 and 1964.
This study has investigated how these successive cohorts of women have changed with respect to their accumulation of work-related skills, in terms of level of schooling, career orientation, and attachment to the labor force.
Our results provide evidence that work-related investments have increased from cohort to cohort among white women, although not necessarily for all cohorts of black women. And while we cannot determine from our analysis the extent to which women or their employers are responsible for the increased levels of investment, the former pattern of flat age-earnings profiles for women — the dead-end job syndrome — finally appears to have been overcome, which bodes well for future narrowing of the gender wage gap.
Last Modified Date: July 19, 2008
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Small wooden boats are built for the water conditions they will be used in. Comparing the 100+ year-old Millicoma Family Boat used on Coos Bay, now in the Coos History Museum, with a Deer Isle peapod, designed originally as a lobster fishing boat for the coastal waters of Maine, will show how both boats are suitable for where they were used.
Both boats, though used in waters 3000 miles apart, are very similar. They are shallow draft row boats that could be sailed, mostly downwind. They were used mainly in inland waters with a safe maximum capacity of four people.
Their differences are also significant. One has a carvel planked hull; the other is lapstrake. One is double-ended; the other has a wine-glass stern. One was never intended to be used with a motor. The other was converted later for an outboard. One has a centerboard and uses a sprit sail rig. The other used a light-weight mast that hoisted a small lug or gaff sail.
Ralph Mohr, the owner of the peapod, will compare and contrast both boats at the new Coos History Museum, Saturday, June 6, 1 PM. Mohr will use photos, boat plans, and the boats themselves to show how and why the builders of the original designs made their boats. He will explain what he has learned sailing and rowing the peapod on the lakes, rivers, bays and estuaries of the Coos Bay area and apply that knowledge to the Millicoma Family Boat, of which little information is known.
The Millicoma boat was donated to the Coos History Museum by Jerry Alvey, and it had been sitting upside down on trestles next to his shop in Eastside for many years. As far as anyone knows, it is the sole surviving example of personal craft in use on Coos Bay before 1900. Mohr hopes that a comparison with the peapod, a design about which much is known, will help to understand why the Millicoma boat was built and used.
Admission is free but donations are welcome.
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Ethnic Enclaves in the Urbanism of America
Our experience of the built environment can be both
exhilarating and banal. Very often, we do not examine our surroundings
but simply take them for granted. Great architectural monuments may take
our breath away, yet a familiar domestic environment is experienced inattentively.
By ignoring symbolic meanings we tend to overlook the possibility that
the architecture of the city may have different meanings in different
For the student of new urbanism, the material environment is rarely neutral
or meaningless. Neighborhoods, districts and corridors are the material
expression of the ideology of the prevailing order. But is the new urbanism
"imago mundi" the projection of a true American ideology? Or is
it just another American theoretical plethora in a random quest for standardization
and internationalism? What are the intrinsic meanings and the symbolic
values ambitioned by the implementers of new urbanism projects?
In the midst of the largest cultural influx in the history of America,
and in an age of globalization and instantaneous communications, the new
urbanism is still oblivious to the physical urban/suburban syncretism
produced by other cultures. Despite the fact that cultural and ethnic
enclaves are constantly being formed in inner cities and suburban areas
throughout America, the new urbanism is still missing the tools for studying,
understanding and working for the assimilation of foreign symbolic values
and meanings into the urban culture of the city.
Cultural and ethnic enclaves are entry points to the American dream; by
nature, they are transitional urban spaces, neither American nor foreign.
In cultural and ethnic enclaves the process of cultural assimilation and
differentiation may be perceived by an outsider, yet it is not totally
completed. The founders and builders of these vital neighborhoods modify,
transform, appropriate and reappropriate traditional building types and
forms, provide outdated financial mechanisms, and work towards the achievement
of community by means of social cooperation. The notion of ethnic and
cultural "enclaves" is not new to the reality of the American city; in
fact, urban and rural territories completely enclosed, socially and politically
homogeneous, and with particular symbolic meanings have existed in the
United States since the beginning, i.e.: Germantown, Chinatown, Little
Italy, Little Puerto Rico, Chelsea, Gay South Beach, Waco, etc. On the
other hand, the acceptance of ethnic and cultural enclaves as fields of
design and implementation is an innovation.
In the course of our history, millions of immigrants began new lives in
American cities. They came at different times, from different countries,
and settled in numerous urban and rural areas. Between 1892 and 1954,
12 million immigrants came through Ellis Island; to make things a little
more interesting, the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act mandated an
end to discriminatory immigration policies giving preference to "white"
Western Europeans. That legislation vastly increased urban ethnicities
and the numbers of immigrants from southern and eastern hemispheres. Just
between 1965 and 2000, over 1 million foreign-born people migrated to
New York City, largely through its airports. The drama is quantified when
one realizes that, just in Crocheron Park (one of the 55 neighborhoods
in the borough of Queens, N.Y.) there are people from about 150 nationalities
who can speak more than 120 different languages excluding English.
With a certain degree of confidence, it could be said that these contemporary
pilgrims came to the United States in search of: job opportunities, religious
and political security, family and social networks, education, or intellectual
freedom. Approximately 8,000 new immigrants per day arrive to the United
States looking for one or various opportunities. But, where do they go?
How do cities manage their settlement? Is the so-called "melting pot"
a true urban reality?
Large numbers of immigrants and ethnic minorities have put pressure on
public institutions to deal with their individual demands -- from schools
to political parties; particularly the Latino population, which since
2003 has become the largest minority group in the United States. But,
these pressures, broadly speaking, have both ethnic and aesthetic ramifications.
From the point of view of ethnicity, they provide a point of arrival for
new immigrants looking for support and cultural assimilation; from the
aesthetic point of view, the sensual delectation of ethnic communities
is becoming an asset for cities where mass suburbanization has consumed
the magic of the symbolic.
It is a fact that cities are using culture as an important part of their
economic base. But, how should culture be managed from the point of view
of urban form and architectural design?
Our answer shall become a foundational moment. An opportunity to dissect
the physical and symbolic conditions that make up our own "imago mundi."
A chance to explore various scales of meaning and design in order to study
the properties of the lot, their correlation to building types, the notion
of building placement and its relation to the formation of public space,
blocks, streets, neighborhoods, districts, corridors, cities and countryside.
The study of ethnic and cultural enclaves offers the possibility for an
in-depth understanding of a truly New American City.
Copyright © University of Miami, 2004, with the direction of Jean-Francois
Lejeune, Teofilo Victoria, Marylis Nepomechie, Tom Reagan and Tomas A.
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Through artful prose and beautiful illustrations, Donna Jo Napoli and Kadir Nelson tell the true story of Wangari Muta Maathai, known as “Mama Miti,” who in 1977 founded the Green Belt Movement, an African grassroots organization that has empowered many people to mobilize and combat deforestation, soil erosion, and environmental degradation. Today more than 30 million trees have been planted throughout Mama Miti’s native Kenya, and in 2004 she became the first African woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. Wangari Muta Maathai has changed Kenya tree by tree—and with each page turned, children will realize their own ability to positively impact the future.
Back to top
Rent Mama Miti 1st edition today, or search our site for other textbooks by Donna Jo Napoli. Every textbook comes with a 21-day "Any Reason" guarantee. Published by Simon & Schuster/Paula Wiseman Books.
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“Many times people have asked me why I keep doing this and by ‘this’ I mean why I have continued to push our Anti-Bullying campaign,” says Susan Guess, founder of the Guess Anti-Bullying Fund.
Her answer is, “How can we NOT fight against violence and disrespect among our youth? I see the battle against bullying as a serious issue with regard to family values and the culture we are creating for the future of our children.”
We have all seen stories and media features on children who have lost their lives as a result of bullying. Guess and her daughter, Morgan, have made a personal commitment that children not become victims to this abuse.
“Like many issues, we often think that our child is not that vulnerable or that alone or desperate. But we must understand they CAN be and we must recognize that we have within our power the ability to prevent these ‘worst case scenarios’ by being diligent about raising the awareness of this prevalent cultural issue.”
Guess believes that this problem is not a school problem, but a cultural problem. Schools obviously care about their students. And yet it happens and continues to happen.
Not only does it happen, but it happens frequently. A teen is bullied every 7 seconds by another teen. Approximately 160,000 kids miss school every day because of the fear of being bullied. These are THOUSANDS of kids not getting the instruction they need to be productive citizens. There are 250,000 young people being bullied each month. Many more never report it. And the most startling statistic and the one that should get all of our attention is that by the age of 25, 1 in 5 bullies will spend time in jail. “This is not a school problem. This is our problem. This problem is bigger than a child being pinched or pushed around. This is about who we are becoming as a society” Guess adds.
“Bullying happens because we allow it to happen. It is as simple as that. As parents, as citizens, as members of the human race, we must begin to stand up and say, You will not do this and for there are ramifications. When we turn our heads or we tell our children to do so, we are saying that they are not important enough to fight for. We are teaching them to ignore the problem,” she adds.
The Guess Anti-Bullying Fund is a part of the Community Foundation of West Kentucky. All donations are tax deductible and all distribution of funds receive oversight from the foundation board to ensure donations are used for the intention of providing bullying prevention resources to schools and to the community. Donations may be mailed to Guess Anti-bullying Fund, Community Foundation of West Kentucky, P.O. Box 7901, Paducah, KY 42002.
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| 0.976097
| 582
| 2.734375
| 3
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The Effect of Music on Heart Rate
To investigate if listeners to music can affect their heart rate in
any possible way.
Firstly we lay them on the back to get the resting heart rate and we
test the people's heart rates before they listen to the music. Then we
let them listen to the music, see if anything has happened, and then
write the results of their heart beats to see if there was any
To make sure it is a fair test; the procedure is repeated a couple of
times to make sure the results are accurate. Listeners
will lie down
on a table so as to minimise any physical exertion that might skew the
results. There will be no stimulus such as noise to distract anyone.
Initial readings of heart rate
and blood pressure will be taken before
the subjects listen to the music.
The only equipment needed is a results table to mark down the results
and possibly the use of a heart rate recorder.
I predict that listening to classical music will lower the heart rate
as it might relieve anger or stress. I hypothesized that a significant
difference would be observed, both in the heart rate and blood
pressure of listeners, after listening to the musical selections as
compared to control conditions.
Make sure the music is not played too loud as it could damage your
In general, responses to music are able to be observed. It has been
proven that music influences humans both in good and bad ways. These
effects are instant and long lasting. Music is thought to link all of
the emotional, spiritual, and physical elements of the universe. Music
can also be used to change a person's mood, and has been found to
cause like physical responses in many people simultaneously. Music
also has the ability to strengthen or weaken emotions from a
particular event such as a funeral.
Responses to music are easy to be detected in the human body.
Classical music from the baroque period causes the heart beat and
pulse rate to relax to the beat of the music. As the body becomes
relaxed and alert, the mind is able to concentrate more easily.
Furthermore, baroque music decreases blood pressure and enhances the
ability to learn. Music affects the amplitude and frequency of brain
waves, which can be measured by an electro-encephalogram. Music also
affects breathing rate and electrical resistance of the skin. It has
been observed to cause the pupils to dilate, increase blood pressure,
and increase the heart rate.
Our results indicated that there was a significant difference between
the heart rate of subjects when listening to Rap, Hiphop, Techno I
found the heart rate rises when listening to this, as compared to
listening to Country and classic when the heart rate is lowered. My
Final conclusion is that listening to music can affect your heart
My results were partially right with my predictions. I actually
guessed that the classical music would lower my heart rate which
turned out to be correct. One potential problem in our methodology was
the fact that I took heart rate and blood pressure readings
simultaneously. I experienced some apprehension about the pressure or
discomfort of the sphygmomanometer used to take blood pressure
readings, and this may have had the effect of raising my heart rate,
and clearer results may have been observed had it been repeated
experiment again. Clearer results might also have been observed if the
subjects had been allowed to listen to the music for a longer period
of time before the readings were taken. It was interesting that a
significant difference was found between all. It is possible that the
response to relaxing music takes longer to register in heart rate,
whereas the effect of increasing heart rate in response to faster
music occurs more quickly. I think the experiment itself went quite
well as there were no major mistakes by getting the wrong heart rate
and I am happy with my results.
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| 0.949302
| 823
| 3.171875
| 3
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Airborne Pathogen Neutralization
So far there is no effective way to disinfect or neutralize airborne pathogens in large volumes of contaminated air in real time to protect citizens against a terrorist attack using biological weapons, or to disinfect air in hospitals.
The present inventions provide an apparatus and methods for neutralizing airborne pathogens in large volumes of ventilated air in real time, which is effective against airborne pathogenic bacteria, spores and viruses. The technology is based on the formation of highly reactive ozone intermediates that form when ozone reacts with water vapor in the presence of ultraviolet light inside a flow-through reaction chamber into which contaminated room air is introduced. The highly active free radical ozone intermediates react with the pathogens in the air to neutralize them, thereby disinfecting the air. The pathogen neutralization system of the present invention can be easily installed in commercial and residential HVAC air handling systems and it uses commercially available components.
In one embodiment, the pathogen neutralization system includes a flow-through reaction chamber that has a chamber air inlet located at a first end of the reaction chamber to admit pathogen-contaminated air, and a chamber air outlet located at a second end of the reaction chamber to release pathogen-neutralized air. Between the chamber air inlet and outlet, the chamber defines a passageway for the passage of air through the chamber. Inside the reaction chamber are the following elements: an ozone generator; a water supply line; and an ultraviolet light source. In another embodiment the ozone generator is located outside the chamber. The water supply line can be hooked up to an external water reservoir located in the building that houses the neutralization system. In another embodiment, there is an external mixing chamber connected to an external water reservoir and an external ozone generator for producing a mixture of ozone and water that is then introduced as mist into the chamber through a nozzle disposed inside the chamber. In one embodiment the porous matrix is made of metal foam. The pathogen neutralization system can also include a solid support coated with one or more ozone removal catalysts.
Patent Status: U.S. patent(s) 7407633 issued. International patents issued.
Mr. K. Chao
Phone: (443) 778-7927
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| 0.926289
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NEWS RELEASE, 04/17/98
Feeding on lizard blood strips ticks of dangerous Lyme disease bacterium
BERKELEY -- Ticks harboring the Lyme disease bacterium can be cleansed of the infection when they feed on the blood of the common western fence lizard, UC Berkeley researchers have discovered. The new finding may explain why Lyme disease is less common in California but epidemic in some northeastern states, where lizards are rare.
"Lizards are doing humanity a great service here," said Robert Lane, professor of insect biology in the College of Natural Resources at UC Berkeley and principal investigator on the tick findings, published this week in California Agriculture and before that in the Journal of Parasitology. "The lizard's blood contains a substance - probably a heat-sensitive protein - that kills the Lyme disease spirochete, a kind of bacterium."
Even better news, the newly discovered protein apparently leaches into the mid-gut of infected nymphal ticks as the tick feeds and destroys spirochetes stored there, permanently cleansing the ticks before they mature to adult size.
The western fence lizard is an even more important host of immature nymphal ticks that transmit Lyme disease in Northern California than most rodents, said Lane.
But unlike wood rats and some other wild rodents, western fence lizards don't contract the Lyme disease bacterium when infected ticks attach, said Lane. The newly discovered "spirochete-killing factor" in their blood, not yet identified, seems to prevent infection.
In California, the western black-legged tick is the primary carrier of Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium causing Lyme disease. Cleansing of the tick gut by the lizard protein occurs in the nymphal stage of tick development, which is an immature stage usually smaller than 1/20th of an inch in length.
Tiny though they are, these ticks can do big damage, causing most cases of Lyme disease in California, where the disease occurs sporadically in people who frequent tick-infested areas during the spring and summer.
In California, some populations of western black-legged ticks are three to four times more likely to carry the dangerous Lyme disease spirochete as nymphs than as adults. This is contrary to logic, since "you would expect that the older the tick is, the more likely it is to be infected," said Lane. "To reach the adult stage, a tick must have fed twice before, whereas to reach the nymphal stage, it must have fed only once," leaving less opportunity for exposure to infection.
Lane's recent study of Tilden Park in the East San Francisco Bay Area showed that in one area 1.3 percent of adult ticks carry the Lyme-disease bacterium, compared to 5.7 percent of nymphal ticks. These rates are much lower than in the northeastern U.S., where, for instance, fifty percent of adult ticks and 25 percent of nymphal ticks carry the disease in parts of Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Connecticut and New York.
Lane points out that along most of the trails surveyed at Tilden, the infection rate in adult ticks was even lower, as low as zero percent in some areas. As for picnic areas, several yielded few ticks year around, showing the risk there is lower than along trails. All in all, the risk of being infected with Lyme disease following a tick-bite in Tilden is very low.
Nymphal ticks are most active from April through July, Lane said. They live in shady, moist wooded areas carpeted with dead leaves and organic matter. People are most likely to contract Lyme disease from nymphal ticks while gardening, picnicking, resting or otherwise enjoying the outdoors in such areas.
"Because of their small size, nymphal ticks are hard to detect on human skin," said Lane. "You could easily have them and not know it. Probably only 20 to 30 percent of people who acquire Lyme disease as a result of a nymphal bite are aware that they've been bitten."
Despite the new lizard finding, "people should not go out into the woods and collect lizards and put them in their backyards to protect themselves from Lyme disease," said Lane. Not only would this be ineffective because Lyme disease in California primarily is contracted in rural or semi-rural areas occupied by various kinds of wildlife including lizards, but "there are problems with moving lizards from one locality to another and it's an illegal activity," said Lane.
Lane collaborated with UC Berkeley researcher Gary Quistad on the recent
work, which was funded by the National Institutes of Health.
Send comments to: email@example.com
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Power Outages: Keep Food Safe
- Without power, refrigerators keep food cool for four to six hours.
- Place block of ice in a container in the refrigerator to keep food cooler.
- Do NOT open the refrigerator.
- If you anticipate a long power outage, use insulated containers to transport food to a working cooler or refrigerator.
- If power is interrupted or the freezer fails to operate properly, do NOT open the freezer unnecessarily.
- If the freezer is filled with food and you keep the door closed, the food will stay frozen about two days. If the freezer is not full, group packages together so they stay cold longer.
- If you know the power may go off, turn the freezer control to the lowest temperature. If you might have several days without power, act quickly. Get dry ice and put it in the freezer before food starts to thaw. Dry ice is listed in phone directories. HINT: Locate a source for dry ice BEFORE the power goes out to reduce your stress! For a 20-cubic-feet, full freezer, 50 pounds of dry ice keeps food frozen about four days. If the freezer is only half-full, food may not stay frozen more than a day. With dry ice it may stay frozen for three days. To use dry ice, place cardboard on top of the food. Put the dry ice on top of the cardboard. Handle it with gloves and have the room well ventilated. Caution: be certain of good ventilation in the room. Carbon dioxide gas can accumulate and cause loss of consciousness/asphyxiation.
- If power will be out more than a few days, transfer foods as quickly as possible to another freezer or a commercial locker.
- Do not put food out on the snow—the sun may cause warming.
Once the Power is Restored
- Check temperatures of food in refrigerator and freezer. Use a food thermometer to check food item. If perishable food is above 40 degrees, discard it.
- For frozen foods, look for ice crystals and check temperature.
- Never taste food to determine their safety!
Do Not Refreeze
- Food that has thawed completely, especially meat, poultry and seafood
- Prepared, cooked foods such as pizza, hot dishes, stews and soups
- Any food that has poor or questionable color or odor
- Thawed vegetables
- Creamed foods, pudding or other low-acid foods that have thawed
- Melted ice cream
Safe to Refreeze
- Foods that still contain ice crystals
- Thawed fruit if it still smells good
- Bread, cake, cookies, plain doughnuts
- Nuts, flour, cereal
- Raw meat and poultry that has thawed but is still 40 degrees or less
- Margarine, butter
- Preparing Food Without Power
- Cold Storage Times
- Safe Handling of Food and Utensils After a Disaster – North Dakota State University
- Handling Food Through Floods – North Dakota State University
- Safety of Frozen Foods After a Power Failure – North Dakota State University
- A Guide to Food Storage for Emergencies — Utah State University — Planning tips for short term and long term storage of water and food.
Revised by Suzanne Driessen 2016
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Vigilantes and lynch mobs not only usurped the authority of the law, they shaped the histories of their actions
Vigilantes and Lynch Mobs
Narratives of Community and Nation
Search the full text of this book
Looking at the narrative accounts of mob violence produced by vigilantes and their advocates as "official" histories, Lisa Arellano shows how these nonfiction narratives conformed to a common formula whose purpose was to legitimate frontier justice and lynching.
In Vigilantes and Lynch Mobs, Arellano closely examines such narratives as well as the work of Western historian and archivist Hubert Howe Bancroft, who was sympathetic to them, and that of Ida B. Wells, who wrote in fierce opposition to lynching. Tracing the creation, maintenance, and circulation of dominant, alternative, and oppositional vigilante stories from the nineteenth-century frontier through the Jim Crow South, she casts new light on the role of narrative in creating a knowable past.
Demonstrating how these histories ennobled the actions of mobs and rendered their leaders and members as heroes, Arellano presents a persuasive account of lynching's power to create the conditions favorable to its own existence.
"Arellano has made an important intervention in our understanding of American violence by weaving Southern and Western lynch law into a national narrative. Embedding its analysis in story-telling and critical writing about mob justice, Vigilantes and Lynch Mobs offers a crucial perspective for understanding contemporary violence as well."
"Vigilantes and Lynch Mobs offers a model of interdisciplinary analysis. Arellano has studied accounts of vigilante violence on western frontiers and in the Jim Crow South, and she turns to theories of narrative and history to help make sense of our country’s tragic legacy of racial violence. Her book draws its moral urgency from her insistence that we understand how violent events are connected to the stories we tell about them."
"Lisa Arellano’s Vigilantes and Lynch Mobs contributes to the recent trend of writing histories of the various species of American mob violence that consider long periods and wide contexts... Her discussion of how Hubert Howe Bancroft wrote his accounts of the San Francisco vigilance committees is a model of careful textual scholarship and should interest anyone concerned with how the craft of history was developing at that time."
"Arellano is mostly interested in how lynching narratives, crafted by contemporary apologists and critics of lynching, form and function.... Based on the close reading of published and archival sources, Arellano constructs two ideal narratives that have shaped the public discourse on lynching during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.... Historians of lynching will agree that Arellano’s ideal narratives epitomize the American lynching discourse."
Lisa Arellano is Associate Professor of American Studies and Assistant Professor and Director of Women’s, Gender and Sexuality Studies at Colby College.
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by James Perloff — Excerpt from “Truth is a Lonely Warrior” (2013) (henrymakow.com) May 22, 2013
As the author of two books exposing Darwinism’s myths, I was stunned by this reference [in the “notorious forgery” – The Protocols of the Elders of Zion.]
I understood Darwinism’s relationship to atheism and social destruction, having witnessed it firsthand in the 1960s. But how did the Czar’s police make that link? And if their goal was to persecute Jews, why bring Charles Darwin into the picture? – he wasn’t, to my knowledge, a significant figure in 1900 Russia.
Furthermore, the statement about “arranging the successes of Darwinism” intrigued me, because Darwin lived as a gentleman on a huge estate with up to eight servants. Yet he received no wages from employment, and earned only about 10,000 pounds from his books during his lifetime. Darwin did receive an inheritance from his father, but not enough to maintain such a grand standard of living.
Very few books have discussed Darwin’s finances, and only one did in detail: Darwin Revalued (1955) by Sir Arthur Keith. This rare book disclosed that Darwin made a fortune through investments. Reviewing Darwin’s ledgers, Keith reported: “I note that in some of his earlier dealings there were small losses, but in all his later investments there were only gains, some of them on quite a big scale.”
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Management of Rotylenchulus reniformis in Pineapple, Ananas comosus, by Intercycle Cover Crops
The effects of intercycle cover crops on Rotylenchulus reniformis population densities in pineapple were evaluated in one greenhouse and two field experiments. In the greenhouse, Crotalaria juncea, Brassica napus, and Tagetes erecta were planted for 3 months and then incorporated. These treatments were compared to weedy fallow with or without 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) in three soils (Makawao fallow, Wahiawa fallow, and Wahiawa pineapple) naturally infested with R. reniformis. All cover crop incorporation suppressed R. reniformis numbers in cowpea more than did the weedy treatment in the Makawao (P 0.05) but not in the Wahiawa soils. Crotalaria juncea treatment increased bacterivorous nematodes and nematode-trapping fungal population densities more than the other treatments in Makawao fallow and Wahiawa pineapple-planted soils. The field trials included the same plants as well as Sinapis alba. Treatments with Crotalaria juncea and 1,3-D maintained lower R. reniformis population densities on pineapple longer than other cover crops or weedy fallow treatments. Crotalaria juncea could have suppressed R. reniformis because it is a poor host and because it enhances nematode-trapping fungi when incorporated into soil. Treatment with 1,3-D reduced microbial activities but produced the greatest pineapple yield.
brassica napus; cover crop; crotalaria juncea; management; marigold; nematode; pineapple; rapeseed; rotylenchulus reniformis; sinapis alba; soil; sunn hemp tagetes erecta; yellow mustard
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EDIT: Moved important explanation of the 9 prefix/suffix combinations from below the quotations to above them.
No, whence and thence are not “rhetorical variants” on where and there. They mean something slightly different. And yes, they are still used — in literature, especially. In speech, not so much.
Although they have certainly lost currency with respect to their cousin hence, whence and thence are easily found in writers from
over this past century. Some of these are poets; others are writers of fine literature who wish to impart a certain air to their works. Others are clumsy hacks who don’t know what they’re doing, but so has it always fallen out.
Following these directions I provide selected sample sentences taken from three writers of this century, each using one of these words — and using them correctly, too.
No, these are not textspeak gibberish, nor Post-it® Notes, nor casual conversation at the pub.
This is literature.
It is probably best for the non-native speaker to consider these fine words current but confined to the world of literature. It takes a certain gift, dare I say panache even, to dapple one’s speech with such words as these.
But if you do wind up using these somewhere, somewhen, please please make sure you use them correctly. Nothing is more grating on the ear and disruptive of the effect the author is trying to create in the reader than using them wrong.
It’s quite simple. As thither means “to there” and whither means “to where”, so too does thence mean “from there” and whence mean “from where”.
On occasion thence can also mean “from that”, and whence can mean “from which”, but usually they are used in the locational sense given in the previous sentence.
Oh, and hence means (or can mean) “from here”, to make a matched set. It isn’t used that way very often, but I do have one instance of hence used as a match for whence and thence up in the Tolkien quotes: “Vengence calls me hence...” He uses hence there to mean “from here”, which lets you see how hence relates to its cousins.
In fact, all these words are interrelated.
Although their internal component morphemes are no longer used productively to form new words, the nine words each starting with one of h‑, wh‑, th‑ and ending with one of ‑ere, -ence, -ither are quite interesting, because once you learn what each of those residual bound morphemes means, you can infer what the pairing means. You can slice these either this way:
- here, where, there
- hither, whither, thither
- hence, whence, thence
Or this way:
- here, hither, hence
- where, whither, whence
- there, thither, thence
Each of those nine words has a unique meaning and use. They are essential location-related function words of the English language. Coming to understand the relation each of those words has to the others in its respective row and column (even the diagonals are interesting!) is guaranteed to bring insight if not enlightenment.
George R.R. Martin
From A Song of Ice and Fire, we find:
- Whence came their swords?
- The guards let him out a postern gate in the north wall, and they rode down Shadowblack Lane to the foot of Aegon’s High Hill, and thence onto Pigrun Alley, past rows of shuttered windows and tall timber-and-stone buildings whose upper stories leaned out so far over the street they alm
- “Whence came the raven, then?”
- Lord Vargo doubtless hoped that Lord Stannis would triumph at King’s Landing, and thence confirm him in his possession of this castle in gratitude for his small part in the downfall of House Lannister.
- “Before he dies, the Enormity That Rides will tell me whence came his orders, please assure your lord father of that.” He smiled.
- “Gulltown next,” her captain told her, “thence around the Fingers to Sisterton and White Harbor, if the storms allow.
From the Book of the New Sun, we find these:
- Palaemon too must have known whence all the apprentices and younger journeymen
had come, having approved their admissions originally.
- Then I know whence my dreams rose.
- He came from the south, whence, as I am told, you come as well.
- But I knew, I thought, whence he came?
- When their universe was old, and galaxy so far separated from galaxy that the nearest could
not be seen even as faint stars, and the ships were steered thence by ancient
records alone, the thing was done.
- He had vanished that morning as we walked down a gorge in Orithyia,
when I would have taken him to Mannea of the Pelerines; on the ship I learned
whence he had fled me.
- But as the boy foreshadows the man, something of that faculty
has reached you through the Corridors of Time. I cannot say whence you drew when
you were on Urth. Partly from yourself, no doubt.
- “We have such things in the House Absolute,” I said. “I see whence Father Inire
took his model, though ours are not so well contrived.”
- Whence comes this unslakable thirst to leave behind me a wandering trail of ink,
I cannot say; but once I referred to a certain incident in the life of Ymar.
Saving the best for the last, also known as the shooting-fish-in-a-barrel category, from The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion, we have these impeccable exemplars:
- ‘Whence did the trolls get them, I wonder?’ said Thorin looking at his sword with new interest.
- Whence it came we did not at first perceive.
Whence came the hobbit's ring?
‘It is long since any of my own folk journeyed hither back to the land whence we wandered in ages long ago,’ said Legolas, ‘but we hear that Lórien is not yet deserted, for there is a secret power here that holds evil from the land.’
- And when the wind is in the South the voice of Amroth comes up from the sea; for Nimrodel flows into Silverlode, that Elves call Celebrant, and Celebrant into Anduin the Great, and Anduin flows into the Bay of Belfalas whence the Elves of Lórien set sail.
- Through Lorien we came – of which it were well that you should learn the truth ere you speak of it again – and thence down the leagues of the Great River to the falls of Rauros.
- The water was gathered again into a stone basin in the floor between the trees, and thence it spilled and flowed away beside the open path, out to rejoin the Entwash in its journey through the forest.
- Thence by strange roads I came, and messages I bring to some of you.
- Thence it fell into the Deeping-coomb and out into the Westfold Vale.
- There are caves in Helm’s Deep where hundreds may lie hid; and secret ways lead thence up on to the hills.
- From the deep dales of Fangorn, Gimli, that is whence they come, I guess.
- And in two days thence you shall see the purple shadow of Mount Mindolluin and the walls of the tower of Denethor white in the morning.
- Thence it turned, smiting the Vale of Anduin with hail and lightning, and casting its shadow upon Minas Tirith with threat of war.
- ‘But whence came the boat?’ ‘From Lórien,’ said Frodo.
- ‘For it is perilous for mortal man to walk out of the world of this Sun, and few of old came thence unchanged, ’tis said. Boromir, O Boromir!’ he cried. ‘What did she say to you, the Lady that dies not?’
- Whence do you come?
- Still as stones they stood, staring, waiting for they did not know what. ‘It’s a trap!’ said Sam, and he laid his hand upon the hilt of his sword; and as he did so, he thought of the darkness of the barrow whence it came.
- The entrance to the Citadel also looked eastward, but was delved in the heart of the rock; thence a long lamp-lit slope ran up to the seventh gate.
- ‘Whence came this?’ said Denethor.
- The visit shall be short, a mere call of courtesy, and we will go thence to the butteries.
- But whence this message came they are now in doubt.
- Whence they came none knew, but they went up the stony road and vanished into the hill, as if they went to keep a tryst.
- In the South the Haradrim are moving, and fear has fallen on all our coastlands, so that little help will come to us thence.
- ‘Whence come you?’ he said.
- It is fifteen leagues thence to the vale of the Morgulduin, if they went straight south; and then they would be still five leagues westward of the accursed Tower.
- As the dark drew on I knew that haste was needed, so I rode thence with three others that could also be horsed.
- Swiftly then he told of the haunted road under the mountains, and the dark tryst at Erech, and the great ride thence, ninety leagues and three, to Pelargir on Anduin.
- ‘And, maybe,’ said Imrahil, ‘the road that leads thence to the pass above will prove an easier way of assault upon the Dark Lord than his northern gate.’
- Thence, turning and encircling all its wide girth from south to north, it climbed at last, high in the upper cone, but still far from the reeking summit, to a dark entrance that gazed back east straight to the Window of the Eye in Sauron’s shadow-mantled fortress.
Merry was summoned and rode away with the wains that took store of goods to Osgiliath and thence by ship to Cair Andros; but Faramir did not go, for now being healed he took upon him his authority and the Stewardship, although it was only for a little while, and his duty was to prepare for one who should replace him.
But this condition Ilúvatar made, or it is the necessity of their love, that
their power should thenceforward be contained and bounded in the World,
to be within it for ever, until it is complete, so that they are its life and it is
- But of Olórin
that tale does not speak; for though he loved the Elves, he walked among
them unseen, or in form as one of them, and they did not know whence
came the fair visions or the promptings of wisdom that he put into their
- And though the
Valar knew naught of it as yet, nonetheless the evil of Melkor and the
blight of his hatred flowed out thence, and the Spring of Arda was marred.
- Thence he governs the flowing of all waters, and the ebbing, the courses of an
rivers and the replenishment of Springs, the distilling of all dews and rain
in every land beneath the sky.
- For the Elves die not till tile world dies, unless they are slain or waste in
grief (and to both these seeming deaths they are subject); neither does
age subdue their strength, unless one grow weary of ten thousand
centuries; and dying they are gathered to the halls of Mandos in Valinor,
whence they may in time return.
- There he lay upon his face before the feet of Manwë and sued for
pardon; but his prayer was denied, and he was cast into prison in the
fastness of Mandos, whence none can escape, neither Vala, nor Elf, nor
- Therefore Oromë did not lead the hosts of the Eldalië into the far north,
but brought them to the fair lands about the River Sirion, that afterwards
were named Beleriand; and from those shores whence first the Eldar
looked in fear and wonder on the Sea there stretched an ocean, wide and
dark and deep, between them and the Mountains of Aman.
these one was afterwards planted in Tol Eressëa, and it prospered there,
and was named Celeborn; thence came in the fullness of time as is
elsewhere told, Nimloth, the White Tree of Númenor.
- And they said that thence he had turned
northward, for the Teleri in Alqualondë had seen his shadow going by
their haven towards Araman.
- The Eldar knew not whence she came; but some have said
that in ages long before she descended from the darkness that lies about
Arda, when Melkor first looked down in envy upon the Kingdom of Manwë,
and that in the beginning she was one of those that he corrupted to his
- Thence she had crept towards the light of the Blessed Realm;
for she hungered for light and hated it.
- Vengeance calls me hence, but even were it otherwise
I would not dwell longer in the same land with the kin of my father’s
slayer and of the thief of my treasure.
- More than any others of the Exiles they
carried thence memories of the bliss they had forsaken, and some even of
the things that they had made there they took with them: a solace and a
burden on the road.
- Whence they came, or
what they were, the Elves knew not then, thinking them perhaps to be
Avari who had become evil and savage in the wild; in which they guessed
all too near, it is said.
- Thence on
a sudden a great army came into Beleriand and assailed King Thingol.
- When twenty years of the Sun had passed, Fingolfin King of the
Noldor made a great feast; and it was held in the spring near to the pools
of Ivrin, whence the swift river Narog rose, for there the lands were green
and fair at the feet of the Mountains of Shadow that shielded them from
- Thence they thrust down the Pass of Sirion in the west, and in the east they burst
through the land of Maglor, in the gap between the hills of Maedhros and
the outliers of the Blue Mountains.
- But their chief fortress was at Eithel Sirion in the east of Ered
Wethrin, whence they kept watch upon Ard-galen; and their cavalry rode
upon that plain even to the shadow of Thangorodrim, for from few their
horses had increased swiftly, and the grass of Ard-galen was rich and
- It was a hollow land,
surrounded by mountains and great coast-cliffs higher than the plains
behind, and no river flowed thence; and there was a great mere in the
midst of Nevrast, with no certain shores, being encircled by wide marshes.
- But in Angrod’s
heart the memory of the words of Caranthir welled up again in bitterness,
and he cried: Lord, I know not what lies you have heard, nor whence; but
we came not red-handed. Guiltless we came forth, save maybe of folly, to
listen to the words of fell Fëanor, and become as if besotted with wine,
and as briefly.
- Of old he was of the kin of Thingol, but he was restless and ill at
ease in Doriath, and when the Girdle of Melian was set about the Forest of
Region where he dwelt he fled thence to Nan Elmoth.
Ok, ok — I’ll stop there. That is not exhaustive, but you should certainly by now get the idea. There are many, many more where that came from. I’ve but scratched the surface of The Silmarillion. The thing to remember is that these examples are not even taken from Tolkien’s archaic-mode writings, whence many more example could be readily drawn at need.
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Progress in Finding Genetic Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes
Scientists have confirmed that four genes previously thought to be linked to diabetes are in fact linked to the disease, and they've also identified six additional genes that may also play a role. The researchers looked at the genes of 32,000 people in England, Finland, Poland, Sweden and the United States. They found that people with the identified genetic variations were 20 percent more likely to develop diabetes.
As researchers learn more and more about the role that genes play in the development of diabetes, they're likely to have more success in creating new, effective treatments.
Science (on-line version), 26 April 2007
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An electron orbital is the region of space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron with a specific energy level, as derived from the Schrodinger Equation. Orbitals are effectively divisions of subshells, and different orbitals correspond to the orientation of the shape determined by the subshell around the nucleus. In their ground state orbitals of the same subshell are degenerate, that is they all contain electrons of the same energy level. The maximum number of electrons an orbital can hold is two, and they must contain opposite spins. In addition, the Heisenburg uncertainty principle, as developed by renowned scientists Heisenburg, Michael Taplin and Sam Pilgrim, states that an electron within an orbital displays wave-particle duality, meaning that it can effectively be in 2 places at one time. Oribitals can be classified as S, P, J, D and F, depending on energy level and shape. Electrons will attempt to singularly fill all the orbitals with the same energy level (that is all the orbitals of a subshell in ground state) before they pair up. In an excited state, denoted by the symbol X* (where X is an element) an electron from a higher energy orbital can be be promoted to a lower energy orbital. Through the interpenetration of atomic orbitals a molecular orbital arises.
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Growing Trout in New Mexico Ponds
Jon Boren, Extension Wildlife Specialist
Terrell T. “Red” Baker, Extension Riparian Management Specialist
David E. Cowley, Assistant Professor of Fishery and Wildlife Sciences
Brian J. Hurd, Extension Research Specialist
College of Agriculture, Consumer and Environmental Sciences New Mexico State University (Print Friendly PDF)
People have been raising trout in captivity for more than 150 years in the United States. Initially, trout were reared to replace wild stocks that were declining due to a variety of reasons. Today, trout are reared in captivity to supply stock for public and private lakes, ponds and streams. In addition, trout are cultured and sold as food items through restaurant and grocery markets. This guide provides prospective aquaculturalists with recommendations for culturing trout in ponds in New Mexico. Specifically, guidelines on site selection, pond size, species selection, stocking and feeding, and harvesting are given. While site-specific issues should be considered on a case-by-case basis, the following recommendations provide a general overview.
When developing a pond for trout production, multiple factors must be considered to ensure success. The three most important factors to investigate are water quantity, water quality and the subsoil type found at the proposed site (Barrington, 1983).
Before any plans are made to construct a recreational trout pond, a thorough study of the water supply should be completed. A natural spring with good quality water makes a perfect supply for a trout pond in New Mexico. Small streams and large ditches may be sufficient to supply a pond that has an impervious subsoil. Water from a drilled well can be a reliable water source in many cases. In most instances, water availability often dictates the size of the pond that can be constructed.
In addition to abundant quantity, high-quality water is essential for trout production in ponds. Dissolved oxygen, temperature, suspended solids, dissolved gasses, pH, mineral content, hardness and alkalinity of the water supply should be analyzed before any site plans are initiated to make sure that the proper environment for trout production exists.
Water temperature usually is the most critical water quality factor, because temperature affects survival, growth and egg production. Therefore, water temperature plays a critical role in the ability of a pond to produce trout (Table 1). In general, trout can live in water temperatures of 33–78° F, but they grow most rapidly in 50–55° F water.
Table 1. Temperature ranges for trout survival and optimum growth (Shelton, 1994).
|Species||Survival (°F)||Optimum Growth (°F)|
The list of water quality components given in table 2 is not complete. However, testing for these factors with a portable water quality test kit will give an initial indication of water quality for rearing trout. A complete analysis should be conducted to determine trace metal concentrations and other potential toxicants.
In addition to proper water temperatures and chemical components, appropriate dissolved oxygen and pH levels are essential to successfully produce trout in ponds (Table 2). For example, fish most commonly die in New Mexico because of a lack of oxygen in the water, which often occurs on cloudy days with little wind or when water levels are low. If trout are coming to the surface in early morning and gasping for air, turn fresh water into the pond or aerate the pond immediately. Aerate by pumping water from the pond and returning it through sprinkler heads. Also, special aerators can be purchased for this purpose.
Table 2. Water quality criteria for trout (Cain and Garling, 1993; Shelton, 1994).
|Dissolved oxygen||5–12 ppm*|
|Carbon dioxide||< 10 ppm|
|Total alkalinity (as CaCO3)||10–400 ppm|
|Total hardness (as CaCO3)||> 20 ppm|
|Manganese||< 0.01 ppm|
|Iron||< 1.0 ppm|
|Nitrate||< 3 ppm|
|Zinc||< 0.05 ppm|
|*Parts per million.|
Soil is an important factor to consider when constructing a trout pond. It is essential to test the subsoil of the proposed pond site using a soil test. If the soil samples have a clay content of 30 percent or more, conditions for building a pond are ideal (Barrington, 1983). If the clay content is considerably less than 30 percent, it becomes necessary to bring in clay from elsewhere. This adds to the initial cost of developing a recreational pond. If the subsoil is too well-drained and there is no readily available clay, a pond liner can be used on the pond’s bottom. However, pond liners are expensive and may require specialized installations.
Pond Size, Depth and Construction
Trout can be raised successfully in a pond of almost any size. However, trout ponds smaller than one-third of a surface acre generally require supplemental feeding. A pond of 1 to 5 acres is an ideal size for recreational purposes (Marriage et al., 1971). Again, water supply often is the factor that limits pond size.
As a general rule, a depth of 3 to 4 feet is ideal for trout ponds supplied by a constant water flow. If the pond is filled only during rainy seasons, water should be at least 10 to 12 feet deep over one-quarter or more of the pond (Marriage et al., 1971). The pond’s shore also should slope as abruptly as possible to a 3-foot water depth.
It is a good idea to have a drainage outlet in the pond. This allows removal of organically rich water from the pond’s bottom. Additionally, water levels can be lowered to repair structures and control weeds. Also, water temperatures can be lowered and oxygen levels increased by increasing the inflow of fresh, cool water and releasing warm water through the drainage outlet.
Trout are farmed both for sale to markets and for stocking recreational ponds. The rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is the most commonly raised species. Brown trout (Salmo trutta) and brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) also are stocked in recreational ponds (Shelton, 1994). However, recreational ponds primarily are stocked with brown trout or rainbow trout, which are more readily available from fish farms. The brown trout lives longer and grows larger in many recreational ponds, but it is more cannibalistic and harder to catch than rainbow trout. Also, the brown trout grows slower than the rainbow trout (Marriage et al., 1971). Therefore, brown trout generally are not recommended for stocking recreational ponds in the West.
Rainbow trout are stocked most commonly in New Mexico ponds, because they thrive under a wide range of conditions, grow faster than other trout species and are more widely available from hatcheries. Occasionally, both rainbow and brook trout are stocked in the same pond for variety. Neither species is difficult to catch in the cooler months of the year, but brook trout can be “fished-out” much more readily (Marriage et al., 1971). If both rainbow and brook trout are stocked, they should be roughly the same size so that one species doesn’t prey heavily on the other.
The top of the rainbow trout’s head, back and upper sides (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are bluish green to brownish with numerous small dark spots (fig. 1). The lower sides are silvery gray and sometimes have a pink to reddish stripe. Both dorsal and caudal fins have rows of dark spots and a black margin. In addition, the caudal fin is forked moderately.
Figure 1. Rainbow trout (John Scarola, American Fisheries Society Collections).
The rainbow trout is found in Pacific Coast drainages from Rio del Presidio in Durango, Mexico, north to Kuskokwim River in Alaska. Rainbow trout are found in cool, clear lakes and cool, swift streams. Overhanging vegetation on banks, deep pools, submerged vegetation, log jams and boulders are essential habitat components for escape and resting cover. Optimal dissolved oxygen levels appear to be at least 7 parts per million (ppm) at temperatures less than or equal to 59° F and at least 9 ppm at temperatures greater than 59° F. Low dissolved oxygen concentrations of 1.5–2.0 ppm are tolerated for short periods, although the incipient lethal level for adults and juveniles is approximately 3 ppm.
Aquatic insects provide most of the rainbow trout’s diet with the remainder including ants, grasshoppers, caterpillars, worms, other fish and other animals that fall into the water. In streams, the rainbow trout feeds primarily on drift organisms, while in lakes, bottom-dwelling invertebrates and zooplankton (tiny, floating or weakly swimming aquatic animals) are preferred. Larger rainbow trout, especially those that occupy lakes or other impounded waters, readily add smaller fish to their diet as well.
Rainbow trout usually migrate upstream in the spring to spawn when water temperatures are 41–59° F. However, fall spawning also occurs. The female constructs a redd (nest) in gravel riffles (typically at a depth of 6 inches) and covers the reddish orange eggs with gravel.
Brown trout (Salmo trutta) are olive to brown on the upper regions, transitioning to a light brownish yellow on their sides. Their abdomen is yellowish white, and there are large, dark spots located on the back fins (fig 2). Large, dark spots also occur on the head and body. These dark spots are confined primarily to the upper regions of the fish’s body, although some black spots do occur below the midline. Smaller red spots, encircled by a white halo, occur along the midline. The reddish spots, together with large conspicuous dark spots on the sides and a lack of spotting on the tail fin, distinguish brown trout from other trout species.
Figure 2. Brown trout (Duane Raver, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service).
The brown trout, which is native to Europe and western Asia, was first introduced into the United States in 1883, and now occurs widely throughout much of the United States and Canada. Brown trout inhabit small to large cold water streams, ponds and lakes. They tend to occupy deeper, slower moving and warmer waters than other trout species. Optimal dissolved oxygen levels are thought to be at least 9 ppm at temperatures less than or equal to 50° F and at least 12 ppm at temperatures greater than 50° F. Lethal dissolved oxygen concentration for adults is approximately 3 ppm. Brown trout occur within a pH range of 5.0 to 9.5, although optimal growth occurs at a pH of 6.8 to 7.8.
Young brown trout feed principally on aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates. Larger individuals (those at least 9.8 inches in total length) feed primarily on bottom-dwelling aquatic invertebrates and small fish. Feeding is most intense during twilight hours but can occur anytime during the day or night.
Spawning typically occurs in streams or along rocky shoals in lakes during late fall and early winter. Homing instinct is highly developed, and spawning adults will return to the stream where they were spawned. Redds (nests) are excavated by the female, preferably in gravel at the head of riffle areas or the tail of pools. After the eggs are laid and covered with gravel, the nest is left unprotected.
Brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) have light, wavy lines on their backs and dorsal fins. On their sides, blue halos around pink or red spots are evident (fig. 3). The caudal fin is lightly forked to nearly straight-edged with black lines. The brook trout also has red lower fins with a black line behind a white edge.
Figure 3. Brook trout (John Scarola, American Fisheries Society Collections).
The brook trout is native to eastern Canada and northeastern United States and has been introduced widely throughout much of the United States and Canada. The brook trout primarily is found in cold, clear headwater streams. But it also lives in cold lakes.
Brook trout feed on a wide variety of food organisms and ingest whatever is readily available. Brook trout in streams rely heavily on insects and often supplement their diet with zooplankton. However, a variety of other foods are taken, including small fish. Most feeding occurs in the early morning and evening.
Spawning occurs in late fall to early winter in areas of current, either riffles or spring seepage areas. Redds (nests) are constructed in gravel by the female. The eggs are covered with gravel after they are laid.
Once a new pond has been constructed and filled, there should be no hurry to stock it with fish. In about a month, the water will clear but the natural ecology may take a year to develop. This can be expedited by inoculating the pond with several gallons of water from a well-established pond. The number of trout a pond will support depends on its surface area and water quality, as well as fish size.
If the stocking number is slightly low, the fish will grow faster. If your pond is slightly overstocked, individual fish may not grow as fast, but nearly as many pounds will be produced in a given time. Either spring fingerlings (2 to 3 inches long, two or three months old) or fall fingerlings (5 to 6 inches long, seven or eight months old) can be used in stocking ponds (Harbell and Carkner, 1981). Both types reach catchable size during the spring following stocking. However, results with spring fingerlings are variable, sometimes leading to poor survival except in ponds fed by strong permanent springs. Therefore, usually it is wiser and more economical to stock the larger, fall fingerlings.
Stocking at the rate of 100 to 200, 5- to 6-inch fingerlings, or 200 to 400, 2- to 3-inch fingerlings per surface acre gives good results in most fertile ponds (Harbell and Carkner, 1981). Another alternative is to stock 300 to 400, 3- to 4-inch fingerlings in the spring, so that the trout grow to 8–10 inches by late summer or fall. With these stocking rates and favorable conditions, trout should grow about 1 inch a month until they are 9 to 10 inches long. Eating-size trout also can be stocked at about 100 to 200 per surface acre. This is a quick way to start fishing, but it is very expensive compared with stocking fish fingerlings (Harbell and Carkner, 1981).
Trout often are unable to compete successfully with most other types of fish in a pond, because they do not multiply as rapidly or compete well for the food and oxygen (Marriage et al., 1971). Therefore, do not stock other kinds of fish along with trout. If undesirable fish are already in the pond, drain it and remove them before stocking with trout (Harbell and Carkner, 1981).
How to Stock a Pond
There are specific laws and regulations for stocking fish in private ponds in New Mexico. Contact the Fisheries Management Division of the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish at (505) 476-8055 prior to stocking trout in ponds. An “Application to Import Fish into New Mexico” must be completed and approved by the department before stocking any pond. In addition, the department will provide a list of trout vendors certified for use in New Mexico.
Because trout are sensitive to sudden changes in temperature, oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH, never put the fish directly into the pond from a shipping container (Marriage et al., 1971) and avoid stocking trout in water above 65° F.
Pond water should be added slowly to the water in the shipping container until there is no greater than a 6° F difference between the two. Temper the water in the shipping container in stages, taking about 15 to 20 minutes to complete the process. If the trout show signs of distress, such as turning on their sides, delay further mixing until they act normally.
After mixing, place the fingerlings carefully into the pond. Never throw fish into the pond, because this will cause shock and bruising. Choose a fairly deep part of the pond, previously cleared of weeds. Lower each container into the water, and allow the trout to swim out slowly. Any thick weeds nearby also must be checked to make sure no fish have become entangled in them. During the first week after stocking, the lake margins should be checked often and dead fish removed.
The trout’s natural diet in ponds devoid of other fish is typically zooplankton, aquatic insects, other aquatic invertebrates and terrestrial insects. Allowing trout to feed only on natural forage generally yields approximately 90 pounds of fish per acre. Most private fee-fishing operations allow trout to feed solely on a natural diet. Feeding trout artificial feeds increases the carrying capacity of the trout pond. But it also increases the cost of raising fish. Feed costs have been estimated at 60 percent of the total cost of rearing fish (Sloane, 1994a).
By feeding trout, the expected yield can be increased 1,000 to 2,000 pounds per acre (Marriage et al., 1971) if water quality and oxygen levels are carefully controlled. However, this practice generally is used at state hatcheries and aquaculture facilities. Rainbow trout feeds have significantly higher protein levels than catfish feeds. Therefore, use feed specifically made for the species of fish being raised and follow the recommended feeding rate. It is important to note that no matter what the recommendation, feed should not exceed 20 lb/acre/day if aeration is not available. With aeration, the maximum rate should not exceed 100 lb/acre/day (Sloane, 1994b).
Fish feeds are available in two forms: sinking or floating. Although sinking feeds are less expensive than floating feeds, floating feeds are recommended and are used more commonly. Floating feeds allow pond owners to observe the feeding response and to monitor consumption. It takes about 2 pounds of feed to produce 1 pound of trout under favorable growing conditions. Feed only what the fish will eat and be sure not to overfeed. If any food remains 15 minutes after feeding, it probably will not be eaten and the decomposing food will use oxygen and may result in subsequent fish loss. Therefore, remove any floating feed not consumed.
To obtain the greatest return in numbers of pan-sized trout in trout ponds, start harvesting as soon as the trout are 6 to 8 inches long. This will be about 6 to 10 months after stocking the pond with fingerlings. During the second year, the trout should be 12 to 14 inches long. After this, growth will be slow and mortality will be high. Therefore, for maximum yield, pond owners should harvest as many trout as possible in the two years after initial stocking.
At the end of three years, just a few large trout will remain and their total weight will be far below the carrying capacity of the pond. Because trout survival in ponds is extremely low after two years, ponds should be restocked every other year to maintain adequate fishing. Fall fingerlings are recommended for restocking. They are much less likely to be eaten by the large, holdover trout of the previous planting than are the small spring fingerlings.
Pond Stocking and Native Species
New Mexico’s game and fish department and other Western fish and game agencies have initiated extensive management programs for native trout species. Individuals with private trout ponds may be able to help protect state and private interests by raising native trout species.
Native trout have been the subject of petitions to list as threatened or endangered under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973. For example, the Rio Grande cutthroat trout, Oncorhynchus clarki virginalis (fig. 4) was petitioned for listing in 1998. Litigation following an initial ruling by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1998) resulted in a reopening of the review process (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2001). While listing was not warranted (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2002), the Rio Grande cutthroat trout and other native trout species remain the target of petitions and litigation, especially in relation to public lands use, such as national forests. Private landowners can help keep native species like cutthroat trout from being listed under the ESA by understanding how their private stocking program can affect native species management.
Figure 4. Rio Grande cutthroat trout (David Cowley, NMSU).
As part of the approval process for trout importation permits, private landowners can expect agencies to scrutinize the location of their ponds (or streams) relative to Rio Grande cutthroat trout populations to ensure that the stocked fish are unlikely to come in contact with native trout (Paroz et al., 2002). Protecting native trout populations from popular nonnative trout will help state agencies avoid ESA listings that transfer management control to the federal government. Federal management of listed species often initiates actions that ultimately can affect private landowners and impair their ability to use their property for personal gain.
Looking to the Future
Private landowners seeking to stock trout in their ponds and streams may soon have native trout available for stocking. In response to private aquaculturists and Western fish and game agencies, the Western Regional Aquaculture Center solicited proposals in 2001 to develop procedures that will enable private hatcheries to commercially produce cutthroat trout. In New Mexico, the game and fish department is developing a Rio Grande cutthroat trout hatchery broodstock (Cowley, 1993), which may lead to stocks available for commercial production. Not only are native trout beautiful, they also can attain a large size; New Mexico’s record cutthroat trout is 10 lb 2 oz from Latir Lakes.
Before starting a trout pond, make sure to assess the project’s feasibility. Consider site selection, water quality, water quantity, species selection and stocking practices. Enlisting the advice and assistance of local experts greatly improves the likelihood of success. A good place to start is with the local Cooperative Extension Service office.
Also, check with the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish about specific laws and regulations for private trout ponds in New Mexico. Permits for effluent discharge, water rights and game fish propagation also may be required from the controlling state agencies. Depending on the facility and operational plans, additional permits may be necessary.
Harbell, S.C., and R. Carkner. 1981. Trout farming in Washington. Washington State Cooperative Extension Service. Bulletin EB756.
Barrington, R. 1983. Making and managing a trout lake. Fishing News Books Ltd., England.
Cain, K. and D. Garling. 1993. Trout culture in the north central region. North Central Regional Aquaculture Center, Fact Sheet Series 108.
Cowley, D.E. 1993. Strategies for development and maintenance of a hatchery broodstock of Rio Grande cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki virginalis). In: Stumpff, W. K. 1998. Rio Grande cutthroat trout management. Final Report, Federal Aid Grant F-60-M, Project 11.
Marriage, L.D., A.E. Borell, and P.M. Scheffer. 1971. Trout ponds for recreation. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Farmers’ Bulletin No. 2246.
Paroz, Y., P. Wilkinson, M. Hatch, and D.E. Cowley. 2002. Rio Grande Cutthroat Trout Management Plan. New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Santa Fe, N.M.
Shelton, J.L. 1994. Trout production. University of Georgia, Cooperative Extension Service, Athens, Ga.
Sloane, M.B. 1994a. Feeding guide for rainbow trout and catfish in New Mexico. New Mexico Cooperative Extension Service, Guide L-107.
Sloane, M.B. 1994b. Water quality management in fed fish ponds in New Mexico. New Mexico Cooperative Extension Service, Guide L-106.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1998. Ninety-day finding for a petition to list the Rio Grande cutthroat trout. Federal Register 63:49062-49063.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2001. Status of the Rio Grande cutthroat trout: Notice of intent to initiate a status review. Federal Register 66:67289-67290.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2002. Candidate status review of Rio Grande cutthroat trout. Federal Register 66:39936-39947.
Funding for development of this publication was provided by the Western Regional Aquaculture Center.
The information given herein is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement is implied by NMSU’s Cooperative Extension Service.
To find more resources for your business, home, or family, visit the College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences on the World Wide Web at aces.nmsu.edu.
Contents of publications may be freely reproduced for educational purposes. All other rights reserved. For permission to use publications for other purposes, contact email@example.com or the authors listed on the publication.
New Mexico State University is an equal opportunity/affirmative action employer and educator. NMSU and the U.S. Department of Agriculture cooperating.
Printed and electronically distributed March 2003, Las Cruces, NM.
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Biological: Behavioural genetics · Evolutionary psychology · Neuroanatomy · Neurochemistry · Neuroendocrinology · Neuroscience · Psychoneuroimmunology · Physiological Psychology · Psychopharmacology (Index, Outline)
Selenium (pronounced /səˈliːniəm/) is a chemical element with atomic number 34, with the chemical symbol Se. It is a nonmetal, chemically related to sulfur and tellurium, and rarely occurring in its elemental state in nature. It is toxic in large amounts, but trace amounts of it are necessary for cellular function in most, if not all, animals, forming the active center of the enzymes glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase (which indirectly reduce certain oxidized molecules in animals and some plants) and three known deiodinase enzymes (which convert one thyroid hormone to another). Selenium requirements in plants differ by species, with some plants apparently requiring none.
Isolated selenium occurs in several different forms, the most stable of which is a dense purplish-gray semimetal (semiconductor) form that is structurally a trigonal polymer chain. It conducts electricity better in the light than in the dark, and is used in photocells (see allotropic section below). Selenium also exists in many nonconductive forms: a black glass-like allotrope, as well as several red crystalline forms built of eight-membered ring molecules, like its lighter chemical cousin sulfur.
Selenium is found in economic quantities in sulfide ores such as pyrite, partially replacing the sulfur in the ore matrix. Minerals that are selenide or selenate compounds are also known, but all are rare.
Selenium occurs naturally in a number of inorganic forms, including selenide, selenate and selenite. In soils, selenium most often occurs in soluble forms like selenate (analogous to sulfate), which are leached into rivers very easily by runoff.
Selenium has a biological role, and is found in organic compounds such as dimethyl selenide, selenomethionine, selenocysteine and methylselenocysteine. In these compounds selenium plays an analogous role to sulfur.
Selenium is most commonly produced from selenide in many sulfide ores, such as those of copper, silver, or lead. It is obtained as a byproduct of the processing of these ores, from the anode mud of copper refineries and the mud from the lead chambers of sulfuric acid plants. These muds can be processed by a number of means to obtain free selenium.
Natural sources of selenium include certain selenium-rich soils, and selenium that has been bioconcentrated by certain toxic plants such as locoweed. Anthropogenic sources of selenium include coal burning and the mining and smelting of sulfide ores.
See also Selenide minerals.
- Main article: isotopes of selenium
Selenium has six naturally occurring isotopes, five of which are stable: 74Se, 76Se, 77Se, 78Se, and 80Se. The last three also occur as fission products, along with 79Se which has a halflife of 295,000 years, and 82Se which has a very long half life (~1020 yr, decaying via double beta decay to 82Kr) and for practical purposes can be considered to be stable. 23 other unstable isotopes have been characterized.
History and global demand Edit
Growth in selenium consumption was historically driven by steady development of new uses, including applications in rubber compounding, steel alloying, and selenium rectifiers. By 1970, selenium in rectifiers had largely been replaced by silicon, but its use as a photoconductor in plain paper copiers had become its leading application. During the 1980s, the photoconductor application declined (although it was still a large end-use) as more and more copiers using organic photoconductors were produced. Presently, the largest use of selenium world-wide is in glass manufacturing, followed by uses in chemicals and pigments. Electronic use, despite a number of continued applications, continues to decline.
In 1996, continuing research showed a positive correlation between selenium supplementation and cancer prevention in humans, but widespread direct application of this important finding would not add significantly to demand owing to the small doses required. In the late 1990s, the use of selenium (usually with bismuth) as an additive to plumbing brasses to meet no-lead environmental standards, became important. At present, total world selenium production continues to increase modestly.
Selenium and healthEdit
Although it is toxic in large doses, selenium is an essential micronutrient for animals. In plants, it occurs as a bystander mineral, sometimes in toxic proportions in forage (some plants may accumulate selenium as a defense against being eaten by animals, but other plants such as locoweed require selenium, and their growth indicates the presence of selenium in soil). It is a component of the unusual amino acids selenocysteine and selenomethionine. In humans, selenium is a trace element nutrient which functions as cofactor for reduction of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione peroxidases and certain forms of thioredoxin reductase found in animals and some plants (this enzyme occurs in all living organisms, but not all forms of it in plants require selenium).
Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) catalyzes certain reactions which remove reactive oxygen species such as peroxide:
- 2 GSH+ H2O2---------GSH-Px → GSSG + 2 H2O
Dietary selenium comes from nuts, cereals, meat, fish, and eggs. Brazil nuts are the richest ordinary dietary source (though this is soil-dependent, since the Brazil nut does not require high levels of the element for its own needs). High levels are found in meats such as kidney, crab and lobster, in that order.
Although selenium is an essential trace element, it is toxic if taken in excess. Exceeding the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of 400 micrograms per day can lead to selenosis. Symptoms of selenosis include a garlic odour on the breath, gastrointestinal disorders, hair loss, sloughing of nails, fatigue, irritability and neurological damage. Extreme cases of selenosis can result in cirrhosis of the liver, pulmonary edema and death.
Elemental selenium and most metallic selenides have relatively low toxicities because of their low bioavailability. By contrast, selenate and selenite are very toxic, and have modes of action similar to that of arsenic. Hydrogen selenide is an extremely toxic, corrosive gas. Selenium also occurs in organic compounds such as dimethyl selenide, selenomethionine, selenocysteine and methylselenocysteine, all of which have high bioavailability and are toxic in large doses. Nano-size selenium has equal efficacy, but much lower toxicity.
Selenium poisoning of water systems may result whenever new agricultural runoff courses through normally dry undeveloped lands. This process leaches natural soluble selenium compounds (such as selenates) into the water, which may then be concentrated in new "wetlands" as the water evaporates. High selenium levels produced in this fashion have been found to have caused certain congenital disorders in wetland birds.
Selenium deficiency is relatively rare in healthy well-nourished individuals. It can occur in patients with severely compromised intestinal function, or those undergoing total parenteral nutrition. Alternatively, people dependent on food grown from selenium-deficient soil are also at risk. In the USA, the Dietary Reference Intake for adults is 55 µg/day. In the UK it is 75 µg/day for adult males and 60 µg/day for adult females. 55 µg/day recommendation is based on full expression of plasma glutathione peroxidase. Selenoprotein P is a better indicator of selenium nutritional status, and full expression of it would require more than 66 µg/day.
Selenium deficiency can lead to Keshan disease, which is potentially fatal. Selenium deficiency also contributes (along with iodine deficiency) to Kashin-Beck disease. The primary symptom of Keshan disease is myocardial necrosis, leading to weakening of the heart. Kashin-Beck disease results in atrophy, degeneration and necrosis of cartilage tissue. Keshan disease also makes the body more susceptible to illness caused by other nutritional, biochemical, or infectious diseases. These diseases are most common in certain parts of China where the soil is extremely deficient in selenium. Studies in Jiangsu Province of China have indicated a reduction in the prevalence of these diseases by taking selenium supplements.
Selenium is also necessary for the conversion of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4) into its more active counterpart, triiodothyronine, and as such a deficiency can cause symptoms of hypothyroidism, including extreme fatigue, mental slowing, goitre, cretinism and recurrent miscarriage.
Controversial health effectsEdit
- Several studies have suggested a link between cancer and selenium deficiency. A study conducted on the effect of selenium supplementation on the recurrence of skin cancers did not demonstrate a reduced rate of recurrence of skin cancers, but did show a significantly reduced occurrence of total cancers. Dietary selenium prevents chemically induced carcinogenesis in many rodent studies. In these studies, organic seleno-compounds are more potent and less toxic than selenium salts (e.g., selenocyanates, selenomethionine, selenium-rich Brazil nuts, or selenium-enriched garlic or broccoli). Selenium may help prevent cancer by acting as an antioxidant or by enhancing immune activity. Not all studies agree on the cancer-fighting effects of selenium. One study of naturally occurring levels of selenium in over 60,000 participants did not show a significant correlation between those levels and cancer. The SU.VI.MAX study concluded that low-dose supplementation (with 120 mg of ascorbic acid, 30 mg of vitamin E, 6 mg of beta carotene, 100 µg of selenium, and 20 mg of zinc) resulted in a 31% reduction in the incidence of cancer and a 37% reduction in all cause mortality in males, but did not get a significant result for females. The SELECT study is currently investigating the effect of selenium and vitamin E supplementation on incidence of prostate cancer. However, selenium has been proven to help chemotherapy treatment by enhancing the efficacy of the treatment, reducing the toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs, and preventing the body's resistance to the drugs. One of the studies showed that in just 72 hours, the efficacy of treatment using chemotherapeutic drugs, such as Taxol and Adriamycin, with selenium yeast is significantly higher than the treatment using the drugs alone. The finding was shown in various cancer cells (breast, lung, small intestine, colon, liver).
- Some research has indicated a geographical link between regions of selenium deficient soils and peak incidences of HIV/AIDS infection. For example, much of sub-Saharan Africa is low in selenium. However, Senegal is not, and also has a significantly lower level of AIDS infection than the rest of the continent. AIDS appears to involve a slow and progressive decline in levels of selenium in the body. Whether this decline in selenium levels is a direct result of the replication of HIV or related more generally to the overall malabsorption of nutrients by AIDS patients remains debated.
- Low selenium levels in AIDS patients have been directly correlated with decreased immune cell count and increased disease progression and risk of death. Selenium normally acts as an antioxidant, so low levels of it may increase oxidative stress on the immune system leading to more rapid decline of the immune system. Others have argued that HIV encodes for the human selenoenzyme glutathione peroxidase, which depletes the victim's selenium levels. Depleted selenium levels in turn lead to a decline in CD4 helper T-cells, further weakening the immune system.
- Regardless of the cause of depleted selenium levels in AIDS patients, studies have shown that selenium deficiency does strongly correlate with the progression of the disease and the risk of death. Selenium supplementation may help mitigate the symptoms of AIDS and reduce the risk of mortality. It should be emphasized that the evidence to date does not suggest that selenium can reduce the risk of infection or the rate of spread of AIDS, but rather treat the symptoms of those who are already infected.
- A well-controlled study showed that selenium intake is positively correlated with the risk of developing type II diabetes. Because high serum selenium levels are positively associated with the prevalence of diabetes, and because selenium deficiency is rare, supplementation is not recommended in well-nourished populations such as the U.S.
- Medical use
- The substance loosely called selenium sulfide, SeS2, actually selenium disulfide or selenium (IV) sulfide, is the active ingredient in some dandruff shampoos. The effect of the active ingredient is to kill the scalp fungus Malassezia which causes shedding of dry skin fragments. The ingredient is also used in body lotions to treat Tinea versicolor due to infection by a different species of Malassezia fungus.
- Selenium is used widely in vitamin preparations and other dietary supplements, in small doses (typically 50 to 200 micrograms per day for adult humans). Some livestock feeds are fortified with selenium as well.
- ↑ http://cals.arizona.edu/arec/pubs/rmg/1%20rangelandmanagement/2%20poisonousplants93.pdf
- ↑ http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp92-c1.pdf
- ↑ http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/selenium/830398.pdf
- ↑ http://cals.arizona.edu/arec/pubs/rmg/1%20rangelandmanagement/2%20poisonousplants93.pdf
- ↑ Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University
- ↑ Barclay, Margaret N. I., Allan MacPherson, James Dixon (1995). Selenium content of a range of UK food. Journal of food composition and analysis 8: 307-318. 0889-1575.
- ↑ A list of selenium rich foods can be found on The Office of Dietary Supplements Selenium Fact Sheet.
- ↑ Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Selenium
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 DRAFT
- ↑ http://www.tc.gc.ca/canutec/erg_gmu/search/guide.asp?Guide=117&Lang=EN
- ↑ Zhang J, Wang X, Xu T (2008). Elemental selenium at nano size (Nano-Se) as a potential chemopreventive agent with reduced risk of selenium toxicity: comparison with se-methylselenocysteine in mice. Toxicol. Sci. 101 (1): 22–31.
- ↑ Gao X, Zhang J, Zhang L (2000). [Acute toxicity and bioavailability of nano red elemental selenium]. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 29 (1): 57–8.
- ↑ Zhang JS, Gao XY, Zhang LD, Bao YP (2001). Biological effects of a nano red elemental selenium. Biofactors 15 (1): 27–38.
- ↑ Zhang J, Wang H, Yan X, Zhang L (2005). Comparison of short-term toxicity between Nano-Se and selenite in mice. Life Sci. 76 (10): 1099–109.
- ↑ Jia X, Li N, Chen J (2005). A subchronic toxicity study of elemental Nano-Se in Sprague-Dawley rats. Life Sci. 76 (17): 1989–2003.
- ↑ Wang H, Zhang J, Yu H (2007). Elemental selenium at nano size possesses lower toxicity without compromising the fundamental effect on selenoenzymes: comparison with selenomethionine in mice. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 42 (10): 1524–33.
- ↑ Peng D, Zhang J, Liu Q, Taylor EW (2007). Size effect of elemental selenium nanoparticles (Nano-Se) at supranutritional levels on selenium accumulation and glutathione S-transferase activity. J. Inorg. Biochem. 101 (10): 1457–63.
- ↑ http://www.webpages.uidaho.edu/~childers/3_31_05%20selenium.pdf
- ↑ Papp LV, Lu J, Holmgren A, Khanna KK (2007). From selenium to selenoproteins: synthesis, identity, and their role in human health. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 9 (7): 775–806.
- ↑ Xia Y, Hill KE, Byrne DW, Xu J, Burk RF (2005). Effectiveness of selenium supplements in a low-selenium area of China. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 81 (4): 829–34.
- ↑ DRAFT
- ↑ NEJM - Kashin-Beck Osteoarthropathy in Rural Tibet in Relation to Selenium and Iodine Status
- ↑ Plasma selenium levels and the risk of colorectal ...[Nutr Cancer. 1997] - PubMed Result
- ↑ Naturally occurring selenium compounds in cancer c...[Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1997] - PubMed Result
- ↑ Is low selenium status a risk factor for lung canc...[Am J Epidemiol. 1998] - PubMed Result
- ↑ Dietary selenium repletion may reduce cancer incid...[Nutr Rev. 1997] - PubMed Result
- ↑ The genotoxicity of selenium. [Mutat Res. 1985] - PubMed Result
- ↑ Intervention studies on cancer. [Eur J Cancer Prev. 1999] - PubMed Result
- ↑ Blood serum selenium in the province of Mérida, Ve...[J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis. 1990] - PubMed Result
- ↑ Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer pre...[JAMA. 1996] - PubMed Result
- ↑ Chemoprevention Database
- ↑ Prospective study of toenail selenium levels and c...[J Natl Cancer Inst. 1995] - PubMed Result
- ↑ Background and rationale behind the SU.VI.MAX Stud...[Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 1998] - PubMed Result
- ↑ The SU.VI.MAX Study: a randomized, placebo-control...[Arch Intern Med. 2004] - PubMed Result
- ↑ Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT) Home Page
- ↑ Selenium and Chemotherapy - Nutrition Health
- ↑ Selenium Cancer 1 - Nutrition Health
- ↑ Nutrients and HIV: part one - beta carotene and s...[Altern Med Rev. 1999] - PubMed Result
- ↑ Dietary Supplement Fact Sheet: Selenium
- ↑ http://www.hdfoster.com/index.html#Publications
- ↑ High risk of HIV-related mortality is associated w...[J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1997] - PubMed Result
- ↑ Mortality risk in selenium-deficient HIV-positive ...[J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1999] - PubMed Result
- ↑ Micronutrient status in relationship to mortality ...[Nutr Rev. 1998] - PubMed Result
- ↑ Serum Selenium and Diabetes in U.S. Adults - Bleys et al. 30 (4): 829 - Diabetes Care
- ↑ Accessed Dec. 25, 2007
- ↑ Selenium sulfide. DermNet NZ
- Los Alamos National Labs Chemistry Division - Selenium
- WebElements.com - Selenium
- National Institutes of Health page on Selenium
- ATSDR - Toxicological Profile: Selenium
- Peter van der Krogt elements site
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To honor the 41st Earth Day organizers launched a web campaign that invites the public to pledge to take small yet significant action towards sustainability. The “Billion Acts of Green” homepage asks site visitors to “pledge an act, save our planet.” Users can either pledge to a previously-created act or initiate a new one themselves. There’s a wide variety of acts on the site, ranging from eating local food to raising awareness about Earth Day.
(More on TIME.com: See pictures of the top 10 green buildings)
The Earth Day Network website says the campaign “inspires and rewards simple individual acts and larger organizational initiatives that further the goal of measurably reducing carbon emissions and supporting sustainability.” In other words, the site operates under the principle that action on an individual level will translate into large-scale change.
The site keeps a running tally entitled “Acts of Green and Counting” that notes the number of actions registered. Earth Day Network’s goal is to register one billion actions by the Earth Summit in Rio in 2012, a United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development.
(More on TIME.com: See pictures of eco-friendly bottled water)
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Volume 3, Part 2: Infantry Regiments
THE ROYAL RIFLES OF CANADA
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On a Maltese cross Gules edged pommé and angled of lions passant Argent, a torteau charged with a bugle stringed Argent encircled by an annulus Gules edged and inscribed ROYAL RIFLES OF CANADA in letters Or, the whole within a wreath of laurel Vert issuant from a scroll Gules edged and inscribed with the Motto in letters Or, and ensigned by the crown of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort proper set on a tablet Argent.
The Maltese cross, which is based on the insignia of the Royal Guelphic Order, and the bugle, are common among badges of light infantry and rifle regiments. The laurel wreath, which symbolizes excellence and achievement, has its roots since Ancient Greece in competition or combat. The crown worn by Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria, of a style used by the Princes of the Holy Roman Empire, represents service to the Sovereign.
VOLENS ET VALENS (Willing and capable)
"I'm Ninety Five"
South African War
SOUTH AFRICA, 1899-1900.
The First World War
YPRES, 1915, '17; FESTUBERT, 1915; MOUNT SORREL; SOMME, 1916; ARRAS, 1917; HILL 70; AMIENS.
The Second World War
Hong Kong; SOUTH-EAST ASIA, 1941.
This Reserve Force regiment originated in Quebec City, Quebec on 28 February 1862, when 'The 8th Battalion Volunteer Militia Rifles, Canada' was authorized to be formed.1 It was redesignated: '8th or Stadacona Volunteer Militia Rifles' on 28 March 1862;2 '8th Battalion "Royal Rifles"' on 6 April 1877;3 '8th Regiment "Royal Rifles"' on 8 May 1900;4 'The Royal Rifles of Canada' on 29 March 1920;5 '2nd (Reserve) Battalion, The Royal Rifles of Canada' on 7 November 1940;6 and 'The Royal Rifles of Canada' on 1 June 1945.7 On 22 February 1965, it was amalgamated with 'Les Voltigeurs de Québec'.8 On 1 November 1966, these two regiments ceased to be amalgamated and the regiment was reduced to nil strength and transferred to the Supplementary Order of Battle.9
Upon redesignation as The Royal Rifles of Canada on 29 March 1920 (see above), it was organized as a two battalion regiment with the 1st Battalion (171st Battalion, CEF) on the Non Permanent Active Militia order of battle, and the 2nd Battalion (no CEF designation) on the Reserve order of battle.
The Royal Rifles of Canada were disbanded for the purpose of reorganization on 1 October 1920 and reorganized the same day (GO 232/20). This change was administrative and does not affect the lineage of the regiment.
On 1 November 1929, the battalions were redesignated the 1st Battalion (12th Battalion, CEF) and 2nd Battalion (171st Battalion, CEF) (GO 138/29). The reserve unit was disbanded on 14 December 1936 (GO 3/37).
'12th' and '171st "Overseas" Battalion(s), CEF'
Quebec City, Quebec
The Fenian Raids
The 8th Volunteer Militia Rifles were called out on active service on 8 March 1866. The battalion, which served in Quebec City, was removed from active service on 31 March 1866.10
South African War
The regiment contributed volunteers for the Canadian contingents in the field, mainly the « 2nd (Special Service) Battalion, Royal Canadian Regiment of Infantry ».11
The First World War
Details of the regiment were placed on active service on 6 August 1914 for local protection duties.12
The 12th Battalion, which was authorized on 10 August 1914 as the '12th Battalion, CEF',13 embarked for Great Britain on 30 September 1914.14 It was redesignated '12th Reserve Infantry Battalion, CEF' on 29 April 1915, to provide reinforcements for the Canadian Corps in the field.15 The battalion was disbanded on 15 September 1920.16
The 171st Battalion, which was authorized on 15 July 1916 as the '171st "Overseas" Battalion, CEF',17 embarked for Great Britain on 24 November 1916.18 Its personnel were absorbed by the '20th Reserve Battalion, CEF' on 8 January 1917 to provide reinforcements to the Canadian Corps in the field.19 The battalion was disbanded on 27 July 1917.20
The Second World War
Details from the regiment were called out on service on 26 August 1939 and then placed on active service on 1 September 1939, under the designation 'The Royal Rifles of Canada, CASF (Details)', for local protection duties.21 The details called out on active service were disbanded on 31 December 1940.22 Details of the regiment were again called out on service on 1 January 1941, under the designation 'Details of 2nd (Reserve) Battalion, The Royal Rifles of Canada'.23 The details were removed from active service on 30 September 1941.24 The regiment subsequently mobilized 'The Royal Rifles of Canada, CASF' for active service on 24 May 1940.25 It was redesignated '1st Battalion, The Royal Rifles of Canada, CASF' on 7 November 1940.26 The battalion served in Newfoundland on garrison duty from early November 1940 to August 1941.27 On 27 October 1941 it embarked for Hong Kong, where it was destroyed while fighting in defence of the colony.28 The unit was reconstituted on 10 January 1942.29 It served in Canada in a home defence role as part of the Vancouver Defences of Pacific Command.30 On 2 January 1945 it embarked for Great Britain,31 where it was disbanded on 10 January 1945 to provide reinforcements to the Canadian army in the field.32
Rifle regiments do not carry Colours. They may emblazon their battle honours on unit appointments such as cap badges.
No camp flag authorised.
1 MGO 28 Feb 62.. Formed from six independent rifle companies at Quebec authorized on the following dates: 'No. 1 Company' (2nd Volunteer Militia Rifle Company of Quebec, 30 August 1861), 'No. 2 Company' (The 4th Volunteer Militia Rifle Company of Quebec, 10 January 1862), 'No. 3 Company' (The 5th Volunteer Militia Rifle Company of Quebec, 10 January 1862), 'No. 4 Company' (The 6th Volunteer Militia Rifle Company of Quebec, 10 January 1862), 'No. 5 Company' (The 8th Volunteer Militia Rifle Company of Quebec, 10 January 1862), and 'No. 6 Company' (Volunteer Militia Rifle Company at Quebec, 22 January 1862) / Formé de six compagnies indépendantes de voltigeurs autorisées à Québec selon les dates suivantes : « No. 1 Company » (2nd Volunteer Militia Rifle Company of Quebec, 30 août 1861), « No. 2 Company » (The 4th Volunteer Militia Rifle Company of Quebec, 10 janvier 1862), « No. 3 Company » (The 5th Volunteer Militia Rifle Company of Quebec, 10 janvier 1862), « No. 4 Company » (The 6th Volunteer Militia Rifle Company of Quebec, 10 janvier 1862), « No. 5 Company » (The 8th Volunteer Militia Rifle Company of Quebec, 10 janvier 1862), et « No. 6 Company » (One Volunteer Militia Rifle Company at Quebec, 22 janvier 1862).
2 MGO 28 Mar 62.
3 MGO 6 Apr 77.
4 MO 105/1900. GO 6/10 of 3 January 1910 provides His Majesty's approval for the use of the title "Royal" / Le GO de 3 janvier 1910 fournit les détails de l'approbation du titre « Royal » par sa Majesté..
5 MO 96/20.
6 GO 42/41.
7 GO 264/45.
8 SD 1 Letter No. 64/66; and/et Message, QUECOM G 3564, 221800Z SEP 65. GOC Quebec Command was to recommend a unit title, to CFHQ / L'OGC du Commandement du Québec devait recommander un titre d'unité au QGFC.
9 CFOO/OOFC 66/13.
10 MGO 8 Mar 66; and/et MGO 28 Mar 66.
11 GO 60/33.
12 GO 142/14.
13 PC 2067, 6 August 1914, and/et memorandum Preliminary Instructions for Mobn. War 1914, BGen V.A.S. Williams, Adjutant-General, Canadian Militia to O.Cs. Divisions and Districts, 10 August 1914, reprinted in Colonel A.F. Duguid, Official History of the Canadian Forces in the Great War, 1914-1919, vol. 1 - Appendices (Ottawa), 1938), pp. 37-39.
14 Ibid., pp. 112 and/et 116.
15 Edwin Pye Papers, Summary of History of C.E.F. Units - 12th Battalion, Document Collection/Collection de documents 74/672, Series/séries IV, Box/boîte 11, Folder/chemise 12; and/et Shorncliffe Camp Order 450/15.
16 GO 149/20.
17 GO 69/16.
18 CEF Sailing List, vol. IX.
19 CRO 235/17 and/et CRO 271/17.
20 GO 89/17.
21 GO 124/39; and/et GO 135/39.
22 GO 44/41.
23 GO 42/41; and/et GO 44/41.
24 GO 12/42.
25 GO 184/40; and/et GO 50/41.
26 GO 42/41.
27 Captain Grant S. Garneau, The Royal Rifles of Canada in Hong Kong, (Sherbrooke, 1970), pp. 8-10.
28 Ibid, passim.
29 Document Collection 92/252, (3-6-52)The Royal Rifles of Canada, Box/boîte 37, Folder/chemise 17.
30 Colonel C.P. Stacey, Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War, Volume 1, Six Years of War (Ottawa, 1955), p. 538.
31 Document Collection 92/252, (3-6-52) The Royal Rifles of Canada, Box/boîte 37, Folder/chemise 17.
32 GO 114/45.
Footnotes notice: This content is provided as it appears in the originating document and cannot be altered. Some notes reference annotation in only one of the official languages, and therefore numbers may not match in the content you are viewing. For clarification, we invite you to check the corresponding footnote in the French page.
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Health Tip: Help Ease Separation Anxiety at Night
(HealthDay News) -- Some children have trouble falling asleep at night because they fear separation from their parents.
The University of Michigan Health System suggests how to help children cope with this issue:
- Allow your child choices during the bedtime routine, such as the order and type of activities.
- Set a reasonable bedtime, and a reasonable bedtime routine that precedes it.
- Establish firm rules (such as don't get out of bed), and make sure your child understands them.
- Adjust the morning wake time if your child takes a long time to fall asleep.
- Talk about the nightly bedtime routine in advance, so kids know what to expect when bedtime comes.
-- Diana Kohnle
Copyright © 2013 HealthDay. All rights reserved.
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From Taiji to Tanks: The Inextricable Link Between Captivity and the Blood Spilled in the Cove
***Watch our livestream from the Front Lines***
In 2003, Sea Shepherd was the first to release shocking pictures of a blood red cove, sparking global outcry against the dolphin slaughter in Taiji, Japan. Since 2010, Sea Shepherd's volunteer Cove Guardians have been the only group to stand along the shores of Taiji – ground zero for the international trade in captive dolphins – each day throughout the six-month annual hunt season. The Cove Guardians document and live stream to the world each drive, capture and slaughter of dolphins and pilot whales. Those cetaceans who are not ruthlessly killed in front of their family are sold to captive facilities in Taiji or elsewhere around the world, doomed to a life of imprisonment. Captivity is inextricably linked to the slaughter of these sentient, socially complex cetaceans, and this year Sea Shepherd will continue to expose the captive industry's role in this 'ecocide' of ocean wildlife.
During the hunt, entire pods of dolphins and pilot whales are driven to the shallow waters of Taiji’s infamous cove, swimming wild and free before they are forced to flee the nearly inescapable “wall of sound” created by the engines of the hunting boats and metal poles struck against the sides of the vessels. Once netted within the cove, the dolphins face one of two horrific fates – brutal slaughter before the eyes of their family members or a lifetime of imprisonment in captivity.
Sea Shepherd’s Cove Guardians have documented and exposed time and time again that the captive selection process takes place simultaneously to the slaughter, as killers and trainers work side-by-side to select the “prettiest” dolphins (those without visible scars) and tear them away from their family pod for captivity.
The newly captive cetaceans are trained and conditioned to eat thawed dead fish, sometimes being force-fed by trainers. They are sold to dolphinariums and marine parks in Japan or overseas, transported in tiny, dark, coffin-like crates sometimes for thousands of miles. These highly intelligent and socially complex marine mammals, taken from their expansive ocean home, are not well suited for captivity, where they are forced to live in small barren tanks and to perform tricks for noisy crowds in order to be fed dead fish. Their natural environment, their natural behaviors, and the right to live in their natural family groupings are denied to them.
It is widely believed that Taiji’s drive hunt could not be sustained solely by the sale of dolphin and pilot whale meat for human consumption. As the demand for the meat sinks to an all-time low, it is clear the hunt is increasingly a result of the demand for live cetaceans to be sold in the lucrative captive trade – the economic “fuel” that drives the hunting boats in search of pods. Just one captured and trained dolphin can be sold by the hunters for as much as $250,000 USD.
In May 2015, members of the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquarium (JAZA) voted to end their purchases of dolphins captured in Taiji, to avoid JAZA’s suspension as a member of the World Association of Zoos and Aquariums (WAZA), which prohibits its members from buying Taiji-caught dolphins for display. Though the decisions from WAZA and JAZA will not yet entirely end the captures in Taiji due to sales of captured dolphins to other countries, they are important steps toward ending this ‘ecocide’ against oceanic wildlife. In order to end the slaughter, we must end the global demand for captive cetaceans. During Operation Henkaku, Sea Shepherd’s Cove Guardians will continue to document and live stream from the cove as they have done each year since 2010, but this year Sea Shepherd’s Taiji Dolphin Defense campaign will have a stronger focus on the slaughter’s inextricable link to the captive trade.
March 04, 2016
Operation Henkaku: The Killing Cove is Closed for Business – Let’s Keep It That Way!Read More
February 19, 2016
Thousands Around the World Support Sea Shepherd's 'World Love for Dolphins Day'Read More
January 25, 2016
Join Sea Shepherd Conservation Society and Supporters Worldwide for World Love for Dolphins DayRead More
December 22, 2015
Large Pod of Bottlenose Dolphins Endures Brutal Capture and Slaughter in Taiji’s Infamous CoveRead More
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A second person has died from a rodent-borne illness following a stay in one of Yosemite National Park's most popular lodging areas.
Federal epidemiologists learned of the fatality over the weekend, and federal officials say they're increasing efforts to warn visitors about Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS), which can be carried by dust particles that come into contact with the urine, saliva or feces of an infected deer mouse.
Four people recently contracted the illness, say public health officials, and in each of the four cases, visitors stayed in the "Signature" tent cabins at Curry Village, a cluster of rustic accommodations at the base of Glacier Point. About 1,700 visitors may have been exposed.
Yosemite officials say visitors who stayed in the village from mid-June to the end of August should beware of any symptoms of HPS -- which can include flu-like fever, aches, dizziness and chills -- and to seek medical help immediately. Officials say symptoms may develop up to six weeks after exposure.
Park spokesman Scott Gediman told the AP that the Delaware North Company, which runs the park's lodging facilities, is working to shore up cabins to protect park-goers.
"There are rodents and some are infected and that's what happens," Gediman said. "This is a wilderness setting. It has nothing to do with the cleanliness of the cabins."
Earlier this summer, KPCC'S Stephanie O'Neill reported on an Inland Empire woman in her 40s who recovered from the disease, and a 37-year-old San Francisco Bay Area man who died.
Sixty Californians have become ill from the virus since it first turned up in California nearly two decades ago, and a third of those who contracted it have died.
Of the 587 documented U.S. cases since the virus was identified in 1993, about one-third proved fatal. There is no specific treatment for the respiratory illness.
The California Department of Public health offers these tips to avoid the virus:
- 1) Avoid contact with all wild rodents, their droppings, and nesting materials.
- 2) Store all food items securely in rodent-proof containers.
- 3) Examine the outside of all buildings, and seal any holes or other areas that would let rodents get inside.
- 4) Before entering an enclosed area that may be contaminated with rodent material, allow it to air out for several hours.
- 5) Surfaces where rodents may have been should be wetted with a dilute bleach solution before mopping up.
- 6) Do not use a broom or vacuum to clean potentially contaminated areas.
- 7) Promptly dispose of all cleaning materials when done, and wash hands and clothes.
This story has been updated.
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If 25 million households switched to energy-efficient vacuums the savings would be 6.25 million kilowatt hours which is equivalent to taking 855 cars off the road for a year.
The average American household is cleaned with a vacuum that has a 12 amp motor about one hour per week.The energy efficient Eureka envirovac use 8 amp motors and thus 33 percent less energy with the same cleaning power.
Other environmentally healthy cleaning tips including using natural products such as vinegar, lemon juice and baking soda to remove odors, lift stains and clean without scratching. White vinegar is a disinfectant. Cornstarch mixed with water removes grease.
Baking soda is an efficient odor remover that used in environmentally friendly vacuum bags.
Mineral oil is used to shine wood.
Substitute newspapers for paper towels when practical such as using yesterdays news to clean today's windows.
Remember how grandmother used to rip old clothing into rags for cleaning? Rip to your hearts content and then wash dirty rags in cold water to save on energy bills.
Shop for products such as the envirovac that are packaged in 100 percent recycled cardboard.
Click on http://www.vacuumgreen.com/
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Henry Gray (18251861). Anatomy of the Human Body. 1918.
in the adult brain are represented by the lateral root of the olfactory tract and the uncus. The position and connections of the remaining portions of the rhinencephalon are described with the anatomy of the brain.
The corpus striatum (Figs. 651 and 653) appears in the fourth week as a triangular thickening of the floor of the telencephalon between the optic recess and the interventricular foramen, and continuous behind with the thalamic part of the diencephalon. It increases in size, and by the second month is seen as a swelling in the floor of the future lateral ventricle; this swelling reaches as far as the posterior end of the primitive hemisphere, and when this part of the hemisphere grows backward and downward to form the temporal lobe, the posterior part of the corpus striatum is carried into the roof of the inferior horn of the ventricle, where it is seen as the tail of the caudate nucleus in the adult brain. During the fourth and fifth months the corpus striatum becomes incompletely subdivided by the fibers of the internal capsule into two masses, an inner, the caudate nucleus, and an outer, the lentiform nucleus. In front, the corpus striatum is continuous with the anterior perforated substance; laterally it is confluent for a time with that portion of the wall of the vesicle which is developed into the insula, but this continuity is subsequently interrupted by the fibers of the external capsule.
FIG. 656 Diagrammatic coronal section of brain to show relations of neopallium. (After His.) Cs. Corpus striatum. Th. Thalamus. (See enlarged image)
The neopallium(Fig. 656) forms the remaining, and by far the greater, part of the cerebral hemisphere. It consists, at an early stage, of a relatively large, more or less hemispherical cavitythe primitive lateral ventricleenclosed by a thin wall from which the cortex of the hemisphere is developed. The vesicle expands in all directions, but more especially upward and backward, so that by the third month the hemispheres cover the diencephalon, by the sixth they overlap the mid-brain, and by the eighth the hind-brain.
The median lamina uniting the two hemispheres does not share in their expansion, and thus the hemispheres are separated by a deep cleft, the forerunner of the longitudinal fissure, and this cleft is occupied by a septum of mesodermal tissue which constitutes the primitive falx cerebri. Coincidently with the expansion of the vesicle, its cavity is drawn out into three prolongations which represent
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Perhaps more than any other, the stories of Moses dominant the narratives of the prophets in the Quran. For this reason, the stories of the prophets also devote long sections to his miraculous birth, upbringing in the court of the Pharaoh, his sojourn in Midian, his encounter with God, his interactions with the Pharaoah and his magicians, and his eventual leading of the Israelites out of Egypt.
The rod of Moses is also featured prominently in many of the stories. When Moses intended to depart from Shuayb his father-in-law, he commanded his wife to ask her father to give her something off which to live from among his sheep. From his sheep Shuayb gave to his daughter those that would be born speckled (neither all white or all black) during that year. His sheep were all a perfect black at that time. So Moses hurried off with his rod and he held it by one end and put it near the water trough of the sheep. He caused the sheep to come and gave them water. Moses stood facing the water trough and no sheep came by whose side he did not hit. All of them mated, their teats enlarged, and they gave birth to speckled young.
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You might not have noticed from just standing the Earth's surface but the whole Earth tilts over slightly.
When looking at a globe in school or at home, you can see that the line cutting through the center of the Earth between north and south poles isn't vertical.
It's actually tilting over by about 23.5 degrees.
In our summer the North Pole is pointing towards the Sun, therefore the Sun rises and sets roughly from due east to due west.
In winter months, the Earth has traveled to the other side of the Sun causing the North Pole to point away from the Sun.
This means that the Sun rises and sets more towards the southeast and southwest.
For example, think back to how high in the sky the sun was during the summer and compare this to where the sun is during the winter.
In the winter the Sun will be much lower down towards the horizon, causing there to be less time and distance for it to travel between horizons.
Therefore the sun rises later and sets earlier in the winter compared to the summer, meaning there's less daylight in the winter.
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Want the “scoop” on an interesting and challenging job?
Consider Excavating and Loading Machine Operators.
These are the people who operate machinery equipped with scoops, shovels or buckets.
They are called upon to excavate for the mining or construction industries.
Or they may be needed to dredge up dirt from the bottoms of waterways.
Another part of the job may entail loading ore and other loose material.
The skills to become an excavating and loading machine operator can be learned through vocational training at a technical school or through on the job training.
A high school diploma is often preferred, but usually the worker just needs to be 18 years old and physically able to perform the work. Some employers require drug testing or background checks before employment.
In addition to operating the equipment, you will need to know how to do equipment maintenance to keep your machinery in good working order.
That means being able to repair machinery and replaces parts, such as gears, bearings, and bucket teeth.
The work demands good coordination and the ability to concentrate, despite the distractions of a noisy work environment. You’ll need to be able to follow written instructions, as well as hand signals.
You’ll also need to be able to work outdoors under various weather conditions.
Ungainly as they may look, under skillful guidance, these powerful machines can be made to perform with tremendous grace.
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Summer and drought usually go hand in hand for the Northwest. For those who live in forested areas vulnerable to wildfire, the following list of tips is recommended by the Oregon Department of Forestry.
• Create a defensible space around your home.
Have a 30-foot buffer zone with a lawn or low-growing ground covers and fire-resistant plants. An additional 70 feet should be thinned to help slow an approaching wildfire. Defensible zones larger than 100 feet are recommended for homes on steep slopes, where fire can travel more quickly.
• Reduce flammable vegetation, prune and thin trees around your home.
Remove dead leaves, dry grass, underbrush and other fuel within this safety zone, which you should water regularly. Trees near or next to buildings should be kept free of dead wood and moss. Prune lower branches (lower than six feet high) on trees to prevent a ground fire from climbing into the tree canopy. Check with local agencies for guidelines on tree removal before clearing or thinning.
• Relocate wood piles.
Stack all wood at least 30 feet from your home and other outbuildings. Consider alternatives to burning yard debris, such as composting or recycling. In high fire-risk zones, burning is often prohibited.
• Be aware the roof is the most vulnerable part of the house.
If you have an untreated wood shake roof, a nonflammable replacement is recommended, made of material such as cement shingle, tile, sheet metal or aluminum. Wood shake roofs, often ignited by wind-blown embers, are one of the top causes of home losses in forest areas. Remove pine needles and leaves from gutters. Screen attics and foundation vents, decks and porches to protect them from flying embers.
• Provide adequate emergency access.
The driveway is your escape route and needs a firebreak on each side. Narrow, winding driveways increase privacy and appeal, but they also can hamper firefighters. The road to your home should be wide enough for firetrucks to pass and turn around. Make sure roads and driveways are well-marked and not excessively steep; firetrucks have difficulty maneuvering on steep grades. Firefighters focus on homes they can safely and effectively defend.
• Adequate water supply and pressure are essential.
Single-family homes should have at least one-inch-diameter supply mains. Also, have exterior outlets so a hose can reach all sides of the house.
• Electrical service lines leading from main power lines to houses start many fires.
These lines should be installed underground when possible. Make sure power line rights-of-way are wide enough so that wind-blown branches don't hit the lines.
For more detailed tips, see this FEMA site.
The Oregon State University Extension Service offers a lot of helpful information, including a publication on "Fire Resistant Plants for Home Landscapes," with photos as well as descriptions of the plants. Who knew that burning bush resists, um, burning?
Other related extension resources are also available.
-- HGNW staff
If you want to automatically receive a daily homes and gardens tip, sign up here.
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What Do American Kids Read after Five Years of Common Core?*
December 5, 2015
Not much at their grade level, it seems. Nor do they seem to be reading enough of the kind of material that will develop college-level reading and vocabulary skills. Two independent sources of information help us to understand why American students continue to decline in their command of the basic subject in the curriculum. This is despite the brave words uttered by governors and commissioners of education when Common Core’s standards in mathematics and English language arts were adopted in 2010 by state boards of education, mostly without a question, and in many cases before the standards were written or completed. They also help us to understand what might be done to reverse the decline.
How do we know there is a decline in reading? It is suggested by the scores on the 2015 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) grade 8 reading tests. http://www.nationsreportcard.gov/reading_math_2015/#?grade=4
Can the decline be related to the implementation of Common Core’s ELA standards? Yes, according to Tom Loveless at the Brookings Institution, who undertook an analysis of both the decline in grade 8 NAEP reading as well as the plateau in grade 4 NAEP reading by looking at teacher-reported changes in the content of the English language arts (ELA) curriculum since Common Core. See the report here: http://www.brookings.edu/blogs/brown-center-chalkboard/posts/2015/11/24-common-core-instruction-loveless and Education Week’s account here: http://blogs.edweek.org/edweek/curriculum/2015/11/fiction_no_longer_dominating_reading_instruction_naep_analysis.html?cmp=SOC-SHR-TW
As Loveless points out, teachers report shifting away from literary texts to what are called “informational” texts in response to the demands of the Common Core ELA standards writers for an increase in “informational” reading, as well as to their division of reading standards at all grade levels into about 50% for informational reading and 50% for “literature.” In Loveless’s words, the curriculum has moved “from the dominance of fiction over nonfiction to near parity in emphasis.”
While this shift may not be the cause (or even a cause) of the plateau in grade 4 reading and decline in grade 8 reading, it is linked to Common Core. It raises questions that might have been explored six years ago when Common Core’s ELA standards writers told English teachers to teach more “informational” reading despite the lack of historical or empirical evidence that such a shift would better prepare students for “college and career” than the customary balance of about 80% drama, fiction, and poetry and 20% nonfiction (biographies, essays, and speeches) in the secondary English curriculum. Apparently, the Common Core ELA writers did not know that secondary English teachers have rarely if ever taught “informational” reading, since “information” has always been taught in other subjects in the curriculum and is not what English teachers have studied or continue to study in undergraduate coursework as English or English education majors. It is not clear what Common Core’s ELA writers really did and do know about the secondary English curriculum since neither David Coleman nor Susan Pimentel has ever taught in K-12 or above.
We learn that American students are reading at low levels of reading difficulty from recent editions of an annual report issued by the Wisconsin-based company that sells Accelerated Reader 360 (AR or AR 360). This program, in thousands of schools (school libraries or individual classrooms), provides data on what K-12 students in their program read, as well as a short comprehension quiz for the books and “nonfiction articles” they read. It may not be an inclusive list (students may well read books and newspaper/journal articles they do not take a quiz on or report reading), but it is so far the best and largest data base we have.
The 2016 edition is based on data for 9.8 million students in grades 1–12 from 31,327 U.S. schools “who read over 334 million books and nonfiction articles during the 2014–2015 school year.” http://doc.renlearn.com/KMNet/R004101202GH426A.pdf The 2015 report is based on book-reading only (“more than 9.8 million students in grades 1–12 who read more than 330 million books during the 2013–2014 school year, and are from 31,633 schools, spanning all 50 U.S. states and the District of Columbia”).
The 2015 report noted that “the number of students reading books within the grade bands established by Common Core falls precipitously as grade level increases.” What seems to account for the decline? One reason may be, as the 2015 report suggested, that students simply read less challenging works than they once read. As noted in Figure 6 on p. 43 of the 2016 report, in grades 2–5, between 81% and 98% of students independently read at least one book in or above their Common Core-recommended “text complexity” grade band. In grades 6–8, these rates fall to between 24% and 32%. In high school, they drop further to between 7% and 14%. “Beyond grade 5, few students read books within their text complexity grade bands.”
In the 2015 report, the average difficulty level of books read peaks at 5.2 in grade 12 (Table A1, p. 51).” To judge by an essay in the 2013 AR report, this number indicates a significant decline over the 20th century in the difficulty level of the top titles in high school. Using the readability formula developed by this Wisconsin-based company (ATOS for Books), the essay reports that the average reading level of assigned high school texts in a 1907 study by George Tanner was 9.0, followed by 9.1 in a 1923 study by Sara Hudelson. The average reading level was successively lower in all subsequent surveys: 8.2 in Scarvia Anderson’s 1964 survey, 7.2 in Arthur Applebee’s 1989 survey, 6.7 in Sandra Stotsky et al.’s 2010 survey, and 6.2 in the 2012 AR survey of top titles read or assigned.
In the 2016 report, the average complexity level (i.e., reading difficulty level) of the top 25 texts read by the 95,000 grade 11 students in the AR data base is 5.6, and 6.5 by the over 70,000 grade 12 students. This might at first blush seem like the beginning of a reversal of the decline. But the 2016 report introduced a new wrinkle. Books are one kind of reading and “nonfiction articles” are another. And the distance between the level of the books read by high school students and the level of their college textbooks is still enormous, even though the reading level of the “nonfiction articles” students read is higher than the level of the books they read. The average ATOS level of the top 25 “nonfiction articles” read by grade 11 students (the ATOS for Books formula was adapted for short selections) was an impressive 9.7, and by grade 12 students 9.5.
But, as the 2016 report cautions, students exiting high school are typically reading books in the grades 5–6 range, “which is on par with the level of typical fiction best sellers of around 5.7.” Thus, as the report notes, their book choices are still about two grade levels below the demands of books commonly assigned to incoming college freshman as summer/fall reading (7.3) and nonfiction best sellers (7.6). Worse yet, the reading levels of college textbooks (13.8) are quite a bit more advanced than what many high school students choose or are assigned to read (AR’s data base cannot yet distinguish between the two categories).
In the context of two independent sources (the Brookings and AR reports) suggesting that American students are reading fewer and less challenging literary texts than before, several important questions need to be explored:
1. What is the quality of the “informational” or nonfiction articles now added to the AR data base (our only systematic source of information on the nonfiction article reading now taking place)?
2. Why do these “nonfiction articles” get on average higher grade-level ratings than the books students read (which are mostly fiction)?
3. What are the characteristics of high school-level literary texts (e.g., books with ratings above 9.0), which seem to have almost disappeared from the English curriculum?
We begin by exploring differences between literary texts and “informational” texts. The key element is their vocabulary because we know from 100 years of reading research that knowledge of the meanings of words is the key element in reading comprehension. However, we do not know how strong readers develop their large vocabulary. Researchers have concluded that good readers learn most new words in context (but not by using context—a very different statement) and that there is no one method teachers should use to teach vocabulary. http://www.readingrockets.org/article/teaching-vocabulary
It is possible that a crucial condition for learning new words is continuous prose reading, as with an Austen or Dickens novel or a work of historical nonfiction (poems typically use a smaller and often monosyllabic vocabulary). Continuous prose reading involves reading about the same people or events across a long series of pages written at about the same level of vocabulary and sentence structure. It requires concentration (especially when characters have different names depending on their relationships to other characters), but a good plot or exciting true story keeps readers moving along. This kind of reading is very different from the stop-and-start reading of a series of “nonfiction” articles. The reading level of the vocabulary and sentence structure in each article may be similar to those in a well-written work of fiction or nonfiction (or even higher), but students presented each week with a completely new topic, set of key words, and writing style in a short piece of writing may be overwhelmed. (There is no research on this issue.)
It is difficult to retain the meaning of constantly changing key words over a long period of time (changing because the topics are completely unrelated), especially in an English class which by definition does not teach any body of “information” as in a traditional science class. (Nor are English teachers licensed to teach any body of information.) Use of these kinds of articles in a curriculum does not lead to the cumulative learning that would take place from a sequence of learning activities for intellectual objectives (not skills), each related in different ways to preceding activities. Specific technical terms probably get learned from reading them over and over in a well-written textbook on one subject (and using them in some way). But a literate vocabulary is likely acquired from reading exciting tales (e.g., Sherlock Holmes stories) or a coherent series of literary works as in chronological survey courses in American or British literature, not from using a word list, word wall, dictionary, or context. Such words are in, for example, A Tale of Two Cities (9.7). http://web.suffieldacademy.org/english/english4h/c.d.voc.html While most are unnecessary for understanding a technical article, they appear in other works written by educated writers.
Dickens novels were once read by most high school students and are now hardly read at all in high schools in the AR 360 program. In fact, the only literary texts now in the top 50 titles for grades 9 to 12 with a rating of 9.0 or higher are rarely assigned or read, according to their frequency ratings, and were written before WWII (e.g., Austin, Conrad, Dickens, Hawthorne, and Shakespeare). The only European writers with high school-level ratings left are Kafka and Verne.
In contrast, the “nonfiction articles” are short, contemporary, and with key words that differ from article to article to address a variety of topics. Unless these articles are related in substantive ways to a literary work the English teacher has assigned all students for study, they constitute fragmented reading and likely lead to little learning. For example, the five most popular nonfiction articles from the Accelerated Reader 360 Collection read by over 122,000 tenth graders are as follows:
Title (ATOS™ level) Source Topic Skill area
1 Bad Behavior on Social Media Can Cost Recruits (9.0) AP Science Author’s Purpose
2 Facebook’s Privacy Update: Five Things to Know (9.4) AP Culture Main Idea and Details
3 NSA Spying on Virtual Worlds, Online Games (11.5) AP Culture Author’s Purpose
4 Monkeys Take Selfies, Sparking Copyright Dispute (9.9) AP Education Argumentation
5 Are Ants Smarter Than Google? (5.5) Youngzine Culture Compare and Contrast
To judge by the information given for each one, teachers have likely chosen them for “informational” reading instruction in order to address the “skill area” they are told it addresses. The reading levels may be about as high as a Dickens novel because these short articles must present quickly a heavy load of key words related to their topic—unlike nonfiction books where key vocabulary is spread out over many pages and readers have many opportunities to absorb their meanings in context. But one cannot discern the literary works for which these article might have served as “context texts” if in fact they were selected as the context for any literary work. See the report by Mark Bauerlein and Sandra Stotsky, issued in 2012, for a description of “context texts” as promoted by the National Council of Teachers of English (NCTE). http://pioneerinstitute.org/education/new-study-suggests-remedies-for-common-core-literature-deficit/).
Keep in mind that the audience for these articles (and radio broadcasts by NPR) is not high school students but literate adults, who may read closely or skim for the point of an article—depending on idiosyncratic interest. They are mostly examples of journalism, targeted to busy readers. And the structure of these pieces fits a journalistic mode of writing, not the kind of paragraph that English teachers are desperately trying to encourage in high school students (a paragraph with a controlling idea, as well as complete sentences related to that idea, not quotations from interviewees). Moreover, if students are also given the pictures embedded in the original articles, or the tape recordings for the scripts of the NPR radio broadcasts, then measures of reading comprehension (short quizzes) applied to these articles are confounded.
Common Core’s ELA writers did not seem to know that complex literary texts better prepare students for college than even complex non-literary texts. They clearly did not know that NAEP in no way makes recommendations for the content of the English/reading curriculum at any grade level. (It simply recommends the percentage of types of passages to be used for assessment purposes only—and says so.) In fact, it remains a mystery why their misinformed curriculum and pedagogical recommendations have not been examined by the country’s most prominent education researchers (who could have looked for supporting research and told the public it wasn’t there) or why completely clueless boards of education adopted Common Core’s ELA standards without a question about the changes in the K-12 curriculum they would lead to—and the possible consequences of these changes.
Recommendations for Educators and the Accelerated Reader 360 Collection
The company producing the AR 360 Collection is to be commended for trying to encourage high school-level readings for high school English classes. It does so by showing fiction and nonfiction book titles that would be suitable for grades 9/10 and 11/12 (pp. 50-51, 2016 edition). But the lists showing top titles for books through the grades indicate that, overall, students are assigned or choose to read very few nonfiction books. It’s unlikely that enough nonfiction book titles will be selected to address the “informational” quota that schools mistakenly think English and other classes must meet to get students “college and career ready.”
As English professor Mark Bauerlein suggests, instead of “contextualizing” historically important literary works with modern “informational” texts (e.g., “nonfiction articles” and other forms of journalism), why not “scaffold” them with authentic informational readings? For example, teachers might pair The Odyssey with short passages about ancient Greek history and social life, and “A Tale of Two Cities” with readings by several French Encyclopedists or Edmund Burke’s post-Revolutionary comments. Better yet, the lists of suitable literary titles for high school in the AR 360 Collection might point to several possible “context” texts for each title and provide teachers with online access to these informational readings. Such groupings would help teachers to construct a more coherent secondary literature curriculum than they now do, and strengthen students’ grasp of both the literary and non-literary works they are asked to read.
* I appreciate the review of an earlier draft of this essay by Eric Stickney, Director of Educational Research at Renaissance Learning.
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Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
2015 February 18
Explanation: What are those bright spots on asteroid Ceres? As the robotic spacecraft Dawn approaches the largest asteroid in the asteroid belt, the puzzle only deepens. Sharper new images taken last week and released yesterday indicate, as expected, that most of the surface of dwarf planet Ceres is dark and heavily cratered like our Moon and the planet Mercury. The new images do not clearly indicate, however, the nature of comparatively bright spots -- although more of them are seen to exist. The enigmatic spots were first noticed on Texas-sized Ceres a few weeks ago during Dawn's approach. The intriguing mystery might well be solved quickly as Dawn continues to advance toward Ceres, being on schedule to enter orbit on March 6.
Authors & editors:
Jerry Bonnell (UMCP)
NASA Official: Phillip Newman Specific rights apply.
A service of: ASD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U.
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VMASC RESEARCHERS DEVELOPING 100-YEAR SEA LEVEL RISE DECISION MODEL
By Brendan O'Hallarn, ODU Press
According to scientific projections, global seas are projected to rise noticeably in the next 100 years as the climate warms and polar ice caps melt.
Hampton Roads will be one of the urban areas in the United States most affected by rising seas. But what does that mean for agriculture? How will this impact the energy grid? And where should we build hospitals to serve a population that's likely to migrate throughout the region as areas are affected by high water?
Researchers at Old Dominion University's Virginia Modeling, Analysis and Simulation Center (VMASC) are looking at these issues from a multidisciplinary perspective. With the aid of a $45,000 seed grant from ODU's Climate Change and Sea Level Rise Initiative (CCSLRI), the researchers and students have designed a continuously running simulation of the next 100 years, which decision-making authorities can use to help guide urban planning, health care and emergency preparedness decisions.
"The main idea is we're trying to construct a parallel universe," said Saikou Diallo, research assistant professor at VMASC and a co-PI of the project. "You model an area, and anything that you can see you try to model, including people."
The result is CoRSE, the Continuously Running Simulation Environment sea level rise decision model. The model takes publicly accessible data in 17 domains - from agriculture and food, to energy, to emergency services, to water - and models the interconnections among those interests on a map of Hampton Roads, over a 100-year time period.
CoRSE isn't meant to be a crystal ball, but rather a tool for local and national leaders to make sure decision-makers are mindful of potential impacts that choices might have, even on completely different areas of interest.
Jose Padilla, project co-PI and a research assistant professor at VMASC, said the simulation also represents a paradigm shift in the way human behavior is modeled. CoRSE makes no assumptions that people are going to follow the "right" course of action in the face of rising seas, and that uncertainty is built into the model.
The model builds upon the infrastructure data taxonomy created by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS). But Padilla said CoRSE takes that as a starting point, and uses it to create a simulation-based tool for studying human dynamics - people, their interactions and their dynamics with the region where they live and work.
Most of the design work for CoRSE has been tackled by graduate students Jeffrey Brelsford, Christopher Lynch, Olcay Sahin and Hamdi Kavak in ODU's Modeling, Simulation and Visualization Engineering program. Mike Robinson, research assistant professor at VMASC, is also part of the team. The simulation currently uses off-the-shelf technology. The hope is for the final simulation to include a custom application designed at VMASC, one that's still user-friendly (Web-based) and mines data from public sources.
In the meantime, VMASC researchers say CoRSE can serve three purposes for local decision-makers: as a tool to decide on resource allocations, as a decision-support tool and as a training test bed.
The U.S. Department of Defense has already expressed interest in CoRSE and plans to visit VMASC later this year to look at what the team has designed.
This article was posted on: February 13, 2012
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A group of academics, non-profit and business leaders developed a bill of rights and principles around online learning that students are encouraged to continuously revise.
The original writers posted their version on January 22 and opened it up as a public crowdsourcing opportunity for students and others.
The crowdsourced version of the Bill of Rights and Principles for Learning in the Digital Age is on git.hub, a social sharing space for code developers. On Twitter, anyone can use the hashtag #learnersrights to share how they would change the bill and what they think about it.
Rights for Students
The bill of rights includes nine inalienable rights for students.
1. The right to access
2. The right to privacy
3. The right to create public knowledge
4. The right to own one's personal data and intellectual property
5. The right to financial transparency
6. The right to pedagogical transparency
7. The right to quality and care
8. The right to have great teachers
9. The right to be teachers
Principles of online learning
It also includes 10 principles that online learning should reach for.
1. Global contribution
4. Hybrid learning
7. Formative assessment
The bill's creators
The document stems out of a meeting called by Sebastian Thrun, a co-founder of online course provider Udacity, in December 2012. In Palo Alto, Calif., 12 people collaborated on the bill, including the following:
- John Seely Brown, University of Southern California and Deloitte Center for the Edge
- Betsy Corcoran, co-founder and CEO, EdSurge (edsurge.com)
- Cathy N. Davidson, distinguished professor of English and Interdisciplinary Studies, co-director Ph.D Lab in Digital Knowledge, Duke University, and co-founder Humanities, Arts, Science, and Technology Advanced Collaboratory (hastac.org)
- Petra Dierkes-Thrun, lecturer in Comparative Literature, Stanford University; blogs about literature and digital pedagogy at literatureilluminations.org
- Todd Edebohls, CEO of careers and education service Inside Jobs (insidejobs.com)
- Mark J. Gierl, professor of Educational Psychology, Canada research chair in Educational Measurement, and director of the Centre for Research in Applied Measurement and Evaluation at the University of Alberta, Canada
- Sean Michael Morris, educational outreach for Hybrid Pedagogy (hybridpedagogy.com) and part-time faculty in the English and Digital Humanities Program at Marylhurst University in Portland, Ore.
- (Jan) Philipp Schmidt, Peer 2 Peer University (P2PU, p2pu.org) and MIT Media Lab director’s fellow
- Bonnie Stewart, Ph.D candidate and sessional lecturer, Faculty of Education, University of Prince Edward Island, Canada
- Jesse Stommel, director of Hybrid Pedagogy (hybridpedagogy.com) and director of English and Digital Humanities at Marylhurst University in Portland, Ore.
- Sebastian Thrun, CEO of Udacity (udacity.com), Google fellow and research professor in Computer Science, Stanford University
- Audrey Watters, writer, Hack Education (hackeducation.com)
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CHAPTER V. THE NEWFOUNDLAND
The dogs which take their name from the island of Newfoundland appeal to all lovers of animals, romance, and beauty. A Newfoundland formed the subject of perhaps the most popular picture painted by Sir Edwin Landseer; a monument was erected by Byron over the grave of his Newfoundland in proximity to the place where the poet himself hoped to be buried, at Newstead Abbey, and the inscription on his monument contains the lines so frequently quoted:
“But the poor dog in life the firmest friend,
The first to welcome, foremost to defend,
Whose honest heart is still his master's own,
Who labours, fights, lives, breathes for him alone.
To mark a friend's remains these stones arise:
I never knew but one, and here he lies.”
Robert Burns, also, in his poem, “The Twa Dogs,” written in 1786, refers to a Newfoundland as being an aristocrat among dogs. Doubtless, other breeds of dogs have been the subjects of popular pictures and have had their praises sung by poets, but the Newfoundlands have yet a further honour, unique amongst dogs, in being the subject for a postage stamp of their native land. All these distinctions and honours have not been conferred without reason for no breed of dogs has greater claim to the title of friend of man, and it has become famous for its known readiness and ability to save persons in danger, especially from drowning. It is strong and courageous in the water, and on land a properly trained Newfoundland is an ideal companion and guard. Innumerable are the accounts of Newfoundlands having proved their devotion to their owners, and of the many lives saved by them in river and sea; and when Sir Edwin Landseer selected one of the breed as the subject of his picture entitled, “A Distinguished Member of the Humane Society,” he was justified not only by the sentiment attaching to this remarkable race of dogs, but also by the deeds by which Newfoundlands have made good their claim to such great distinction, and the popular recognition of this, no doubt, in some degree added to the great esteem in which this painting has always been held.
The picture was painted in 1838, and, as almost everyone knows, represents a white and black Newfoundland. The dog portrayed was typical of the breed, and after a lapse of over seventy years, the painting has now the added value of enabling us to make a comparison with specimens of the breed as it exists to-day. Such a comparison will show that among the best dogs now living are some which might have been the model for this picture. It is true that in the interval the white and black Newfoundlands have been coarser, heavier, higher on the legs, with an expression denoting excitability quite foreign to the true breed, but these departures from Newfoundland character are passing away—it is to be hoped for good. The breed is rapidly returning to the type which Landseer's picture represents—a dog of great beauty, dignity, and benevolence of character, showing in its eyes an almost human pathos.
Some twenty-five to thirty years ago there was considerable discussion among owners of Newfoundlands in this country as to the proper colour of the true breed, and there were many persons who claimed, as some still claim, that the black variety is the only true variety, and that the white and black colouring indicates a cross-breed. Again Landseer's picture is of value, because, in the first place, we may be almost certain that he would have selected for such a picture a typical dog of the breed, and, secondly, because the picture shows, nearly half a century prior to the discussion, a white and black dog, typical in nearly every respect, except colour, of the black Newfoundland. There is no appearance of cross-breeding in Landseer's dog; on the contrary, he reveals all the characteristics of a thoroughbred. Seventy years ago, therefore, the white and black variety may be fairly considered to have been established, and it is worthy of mention here that “Idstone” quoted an article written in 1819 stating that back in the eighteenth century Newfoundlands were large, rough-coated, liver and white dogs. It is clear, also, that in 1832 Newfoundlands in British North America were of various colours. Additional evidence, too, is provided, in the fact that when selecting the type of head for their postage stamp the Government of Newfoundland chose the Landseer dog. Therefore, there are very strong arguments against the claim that the true variety is essentially black.
However that may be, there are now two established varieties, the black and the white and black. There are also bronze-coloured dogs, but they are rare and are not favoured. It is stated, however, that puppies of that colour are generally the most promising in all other respects.
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You are most likely experiencing what is known as transient orthostatic hypotension. This term refers to a drop in blood pressure that occurs with the position change of either lying/sitting to standing. When this change is made, the blood circulating in the body suddenly moves downward and pools in the legs, as a result of gravity. Usually the body can compensate for this change by increasing the heart rate, allowing an adequate amount of blood to reach the brain. If the body cannot react quickly enough, or the usual increase in heart rate is blocked by an external force (such as a medication), then a person may experience lightheadedness or faint.
When I hear this story in the outpatient setting, I always think of medication side effect as a potential cause. However, since you are not on any prescription medications, this is not the cause. If you have a low baseline blood pressure, then you may be more susceptible to these changes than most other people. People that are not eating or drinking very much due to a concurrent illness
may also experience this problem. Regardless of the cause, you can try moving from a lying to sitting to standing position more slowly, taking at least 30 seconds to sit and slowly standing up while holding on to something for support. You should talk to your primary care doctor
about your symptoms, so that further work-up can be conducted and you can discuss different strategies of dealing with your symptoms.
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Pitt Study Shows W. Pa. Plagued By Wildcat Sewers
PITTSBURGH (AP) – A University of Pittsburgh study shows southwestern Pennsylvania is plagued by about 27,000 wildcat sewers – makeshift pipes that homeowners, farmers and others have used to drain raw sewage into ditches and water ways.
The Pittsburgh Tribune- Review (http://bit.ly/u4ix7g ) reports Sunday that the sewers cause 16 billion gallons of sewage to flow into rives and watersheds each year, and put a half million people at risk for death or illness from the resulting pollution.
John Schombert, executive director of 3 Rivers Wet Weather, says wildcat sewers were a big problem in Pittsburgh and surrounding Allegheny County until the 1980s, but remain a problem in more rural areas without municipal sewage service.
Pitt researchers believe the makeshift drains serve about 11,000 homes without septic systems.
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in 6th Grade Math.
in 7th Grade Math.
in 8th Grade Math.
In geometry and trigonometry, an angle is the figure formed by two rays sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle. The magnitude of the angle is the "amount of rotation" that separates the two rays, and can be measured by considering the length of circular arc swept out when one ray is rotated about the vertex to coincide with the other.
Many students find angle difficult. They feel overwhelmed with angle homework, tests and projects. And it is not always easy to find angle tutor who is both good and affordable. Now finding angle help
is easy. For your angle homework, angle tests, angle projects, and angle tutoring needs, TuLyn is a one-stop solution. You can master hundreds of math topics by using TuLyn.
At TuLyn, we have over 2000 math video tutorial clips including angle videos
, angle practice word problems
, angle questions and answers
, and angle worksheets
Our angle videos
replace text-based tutorials and give you better step-by-step explanations of angle. Watch each video repeatedly until you understand how to approach angle problems and how to solve them.
- Hundreds of video tutorials on angle make it easy for you to better understand the concept.
- Hundreds of word problems on angle give you all the practice you need.
- Hundreds of printable worksheets on angle let you practice what you have learned by watching the video tutorials.
How to do better on angle: TuLyn makes angle easy.
Determining How To Label A Given Angle Video Clip
Determining How To Label A Given Angle 2 Video Clip
Determining How To Label A Given Angle 3 Video Clip
Top Angle Word Problems
Post a homework question on angle:
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I am a 4th grade teacher and I am trying to find various ways to teach my students how to measure angles.
Give new angle on topics,alternative media to use.
Taking g.e.d and having trouble doing math word problems relating to triangles and when teachers show me i seem to forget and get very frustrated past all test but haven`t taken math test yet but soon want this bad so i can graduate with class please help me to understand how to do this kinds of word problems when i read them they don`t make sense.
For my son, whose in 4th grade.Having trouble understanding the polygons, finding the peremeter; angles.
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Hundreds of video clips, worksheets, and word problems on exterior angles.
Hundreds of video clips, worksheets, and word problems on measuring angles.
Hundreds of video clips, worksheets, and word problems on interior angles.
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| 0.887792
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Although Nashville is renowned as the home of country music and boasts impressive monuments to the genre's enduring popularity, the city's landmarks showcase Nashville's history and the architectural styles that have predominated through the years. From its foundation as a fort in 1779, Nashville has been a center of culture and learning for the Southern United States, and some of its landmarks offer a glimpse into the city's contributions to American history and political life. Visitors will find prominent landmarks throughout Nashville, from Music Row to the city's parks.
Cheekwood Botanical Garden & Museum of Art
Leslie and Mabel Cheek amassed a fortune investing in their cousin Joel's Maxwell House coffee company during the 1920s and used their funds to purchase 100 acres in West Nashville, which became the Cheekwood estate (cheekwood.org). Architect Bryant Fleming designed the manor and its cultivated gardens, completing construction in 1932. Today, Cheekwood is open to all, allowing the public to view an array of flowering plants and herbs, along with plots devoted to Japanese horticulture. The manor is now a museum, exhibiting paintings and art objects from the 19th and 20th centuries.
Samuel Polk built the James K. Polk Home (jameskpolk.com) around 1816, and future president James lived there until he wed Sarah Childress in 1824. Polk's presidential career centered around his vision of American westward expansion to the shores of the Pacific. During his presidency, he negotiated the acquisition of Oregon from the British, and the Mexican-American War gained America New Mexico and California. Polk's home includes collections of period furniture and the 19th-century china used at the White House during Polk's term, and the gardens feature a fountain recovered from the downtown Nashville mansion that was Polk's final home. Two Rivers Mansion (friendsoftworiversmansion.org) was originally the manor house of an 1,100-acre plantation and is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. The manor is located within Two Rivers Park (nashville.gov), which features six tennis courts, a lake and an 18-hole golf course. While Two Rivers doesn't offer tours to the public, the facility offers rentals of its gardens, gazebo and interior for private events.
The nonprofit Country Music Foundation oversees the Country Music Hall of Fame (countrymusichalloffame.org), which originally opened in 1967. In 2001, the Hall moved into its current location, a short walk from Nashville's Ryman Auditorium, which was the original home of the Grand Ole Opry. The Hall is dedicated to the promotion of country music as an art form, presenting exhibits and memorabilia representing country music throughout its history. Staff also preserve notable recordings and sheet music. Nashville's Grand Ole Opry (opry.com) first gained fame as a radio show on Nashville's WSM station. By 1932, the station was broadcasting at 50,000 watts, allowing listeners within 750 miles to tune in to the Opry, a reach that helped cement the growing popularity of what was then called "hillbilly music." The Opry has since become a performing arts institution in the city and features three performances weekly, showcasing established and upcoming country artists. Visitors who would like a more intimate glance at the venue can book post-show backstage tours.
Nashville's Parthenon (nashville.gov) is a replica of the Grecian temple consecrated to Athena, goddess of wisdom. The Parthenon was built to celebrate Tennessee's Centennial in 1897 and wasn't originally intended to be a permanent fixture within Centennial Park. But the city opted to refurbish the building in 1920, using construction materials that would retain their integrity for decades to come. The Parthenon's interior features a collection of 19th- and 20th-century art, along with plaster replicas of the original Parthenon's marble statues and a 42-foot statue of Athena.
- Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum: About: Our Mission
- The Encyclopedia of Country Music: The Ultimate Guide to the Music; Paul Kingsbury
- Grand Ole Opry: About: What is the Opry?
- Concierge.com: Nashville: Nightlife: The Grand Ole Opry
- Nashville.gov: Parks & Recreation: The Parthenon
- The Conservancy: History of the Nashville Parthenon
- Insiders' Guide to Nashville; Jackie Sheckler Finch
- The Friends of Two Rivers Mansion: Our History
- James M. Polk: Polk Home
- The White House: About the White House: Presidents: 11. James K. Polk
- Jeff Gentner/Getty Images News/Getty Images
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• defalcate •
Pronunciation: di-fahl-kayt, de-fêl-kayt • Hear it!
Part of Speech: Verb
Meaning: 1. (Intransitive) Embezzle, misappropriate property that is your fiduciary responsibility. 2. To cut or lop off, to deduct, diminish, subtract, abate. 3. (Law) Reduce a claim by deducting a counterclaim.
Notes: Today's Good Word, like all Latinate words ending on -ate, comes with an activity noun defalcation, a personal noun, defalcator, and an adjective, defalcational.
In Play: Unlike embezzle, the first sense of this word may not take a direct object; it is intransitive: "Les Cheatham defalcated from funds entrusted to him by the pastor of his church." The second sense is less often used, but is still usable in sentences such as this: "Noam Knott is known for defalcating those parts of his duty that do not please him."
Word History: Today's Good Word comes from defalcatus, the past participle of Medieval Latin defalcare, comprising de- "(away) from" + falx [falc-s] "sickle, scythe" + a verbal ending. English has several other words implying "sickle" that were taken from Latin or its descendant, French: falcate and falciform "sickle-shaped", and falchion "a curved knife". Falcon also seems also to be derived from falx, probably because of its curved bill, but there are several competing theories of the origin of this word. Evidence from the Celtic and Balto-Slavic languages points to falx originating in a Proto-Indo-European word meaning "needle". However, this PIE word seems not to have spread outside the few language families mentioned here. (Today's Good Word was recommended by Jeb Britton III, who loves the word, if not the act itself.)
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The Other 12th U.S. President David Rice Atchison Part 1
About the man who was president for a day David Rice Atchison, history and biography.
FULL PORTRAITS OF SELECTED PRESIDENTS
The Other 12th President
DAVID RICE ATCHISON
Born: Aug. 11, 1807. He was the eldest of six children. His father came from Ireland, his mother from Georgia. The place of his birth was Frogtown, Ky., which changed its name to Fayetteville after a visit by the Marquis de Lafayette 18 years later. Today the town is called Kirklevington.
Died: Jan. 26, 1886, Gower, Mo. Several years before his death, he wrote a friend: "I will be 75 years of age in three months, my health is not good. I have been more or less paralyzed for two years and can scarcely write at all. My senses & faculties are more or less blunted. My head is white as snow. My face wrinkled, I am ready for the narrow house."
BEFORE THE PRESIDENCY
After graduating from Transylvania University in Lexington, Ky., Atchison was expected to enter the ministry. Instead, he studied law, practiced it, and took up acting as an avocation. At 23 he moved to Missouri. There he was elected to the state legislature. He was appointed a major general in the Missouri militia. At 35 he was made a circuit judge, holding court in five counties. At 36 he was appointed to the U.S. Senate to replace a senator who had died. Atchison served in the Senate for 12 years, from 1843 to 1855.
His Person: He never married. After giving up politics, he boarded with a deceased brother's widow and was her son's guardian.
He was a tall, handsome man with bushy black hair, a high brow, full eyebrows, large eyes, a straight prominent nose, wide mouth, and slight jowls. A military friend described Atchison at 36 as "a man of imposing presence, six feet, two inches high. He was the soul of honor, a fine conversationalist, and possessed a great memory. As a man he was plain, jovial, and simple in his tastes."
Atchison was never elected president of the U.S. He succeeded to the office by accident--and is renowned for having served as president for one day. The facts are these: Atchison had been elected president pro tempore of the U.S. Senate 15 times, and he was president pro tempore in March, 1849. Pres. James K. Polk spent his last day as president on Mar. 3, 1849, and as midnight tolled and Sunday, Mar. 4, began, Polk was out of office. Meanwhile, his successor, Gen. Zachary Taylor, a staunch Episcopalian, refused to be sworn in on Mar. 4 because it was a Sunday, and preferred to celebrate his inauguration on Monday, Mar. 5. The U.S. was faced with a full-day gap between presidents. According to the law, when the presidential and the vice-presidential offices were not filled, the president pro tempore of the Senate automatically became the president of the U.S. Since Senator Atchison of Missouri was president pro tempore of the Senate, he automatically became president of the U.S. for the single day of Mar. 4, 1849.
What happened during his 24-hour term of office? There was no domestic or foreign crisis to disturb him. Several Senate colleagues jestingly suggested policies he should pursue or requested cabinet posts. But for most of his abbreviated term, Atchison slept. As he told the St. Louis Globe-Democrat some years later: "I went to bed. There had been two or three busy nights finishing up the work of the Senate, and I slept most of that Sunday."
WAS HE REALLY PRESIDENT?
George Stimpson, a Washington, D.C., writer and researcher, insisted Atchison was never actually president. Wrote Stimpson: "The Constitution says that the President shall be elected in a certain manner and that before he shall enter upon the execution of his office he shall take a prescribed oath, but it does not say when this oath shall be taken. The Constitution gives Congress the power to provide by law who shall act as President in case of the death, removal, resignation or disability of both President and Vice-President at the time when Atchison is supposed to have been President. Atchison was never elected President and the so-called Presidential succession law could not go further than the Constitution itself. There is no more reason for saying that Atchison was President for a day than there is for saying that Secretary of State Hughes was President under the present law for the brief time between Harding's death and the time Vice-President Coolidge took the oath at Plymouth, Vt."
Atchison himself seemed to be of two minds about his unusual term as chief executive. On one occasion he seemed to agree that he had been president for a day (although he may have been joking). On another occasion, he doubted that he could legally have succeeded to the presidency since his period as president of the Senate had expired on Mar. 3 and he was not reelected president pro tempore until Mar. 5, so he, too, may have been out of his office and the line of succession on Mar. 4, 1849.
Nevertheless, the Biographical Congressional Directory, published in Washington, D.C., in 1913, called Atchison the "legal President of the United States for one day."
In 1928 the governor of Missouri and other state dignitaries went to Plattsburg to dedicate a $15,000 statue to Atchison and his brief term as chief executive of the nation.
Atchison was devoted to farming and to the cause of slavery. In his later years, he managed a 1,500-acre farm. Preemancipation, he owned 16 slaves and four slave cabins. He once said, "As a senator from Missouri, and as a citizen of a slave state, it is my duty to resist every attempt to change her institutions, and every assault upon her rights." He fought briefly for the Confederacy in the Civil War.
Beyond his disputed occupancy of the office of president, the highest position Atchison ever held was that of unofficial vice-president of the U.S. When Franklin Pierce was elected president in 1852, his vice-president was William R. King. After the election, King fell ill with tuberculosis and went down to Cuba for his health. On inauguration day, King was too sick to return to Washington, D.C. Therefore, Congress passed a special act allowing King to be sworn in as vice-president on foreign soil. King remained ill in Cuba, unable to serve, and shortly after he returned to the U.S., he died in Albama. Atchison unofficially succeeded him as vice-president and held his position of first in line of succession from April, 1853, to December, 1854.
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1925-1931, John Hammill
1925-1931, John Hammill
John Hammill, 24th Governor of Iowa was born on October 14, 1875 in Linden, Iowa County, Wisconsin, the son of George and Mary Brewer Hammill, both of English ancestry. When he was 13, the family moved to a farm near Britt, Hancock County, Iowa. He graduated from Britt High School in 1895, and two years later obtained an LL.B. from the College of Law, State University of Iowa. After admission to the bar, Hammill practiced law in Britt. In 1899 he married Fannie B. Richards, born in Garner, Iowa. The couple had no children. In 1902 Hammill was elected county attorney and was reelected in 1904. Next he was a state senator from 1908 to 1912. He was elected Republican lieutenant governor in 1920 and reelected in 1922. When Governor Nathan Kendall became ill in 1922, Hammill was acting governor for 10 weeks. He was elected governor in his own right in 1924 and was reelected in 1926 and 1928, winning each election by huge majorities. In 1930 he lost the primary for U.S. senator and voluntarily retired as governor after three terms in office. Hammill's greatest achievement lay in highway improvement. When he became governor, Iowa was known as ""the Mud Roads State of the Union.""Under his stewardship, by ""legislating, locating, grading, draining and bridging"" its primary roads, Iowa became one of the ""best road states of the Union.""Secondary roads had been the responsibility of counties and townships. The new Secondary Road Law consolidated control of all of them with the counties, reducing the number of administrative officials from 5, 500 to 400 and producing practical administrative units. Secondary road funds were consolidated and simplified. As a result, hundreds of miles of secondary roads were graded and surfaced with gravel. Chaos had reigned over the state-run primary roads. Hammill brought order. Financial confusion gave way to a gasoline tax of two cents per gallon and later three cents per gallon, with five-ninths allocated to the primary roads and four-ninths to the secondary roads. When Hammill became governor, Iowa had fewer than 600 miles of paved primary roads and 2, 500 miles of gravel roads. When he left office, Iowa had 3, 340 miles of paved primary roads and 2, 420 miles of gravel roads. When he came to office, 24 percent of the primary road system was unimproved; on his leaving office, only 3 percent remained unimproved. Hammill had dragged Iowa ""out of the mud."" Hammill had many other achievements. A keen tax reformer, he could boast of reducing the state millage levy and the assessed valuation of property. Moreover, a State Board of Assessment and Review was created, which added millions to the assessment roll and drafted a program for tax reform. In agriculture, Hammill created the Iowa Industrial and Agricultural Commission, which played an important part in laying the groundwork for Congress to consider the farmer' cause. The commission also produced evidence that led to the reform of the Chicago Grain Market. The governor himself visited Washington, D.C., and played a part in the Federal Tariff Commission, which raised the tariffs on butter and corn. He also created a commission of 11 midwestern governors and 11 farm leaders, legislators, and professors""The Committee of Twenty-Two""which aroused legislative and public opinion in favor of various farm relief projects. In banking, many of Hammill's recommendations were embodied in ""the most comprehensive recodification of the banking laws that Iowa has ever undertaken since banking was set up in this state.""This reform was a model for other states in renewing their banking laws. Although women had had the vote since the passage of the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the Iowa Constitution still insisted on males only being members of the General Assembly. In 1925 Hammill strongly urged the adoption of a constitutional amendment to delete this anomaly from the Iowa Constitution. ""The women are to be highly commended and complimented in the thorough-going interest which they are taking in public affairs, "" he said. The amendment was ratified by referendum in 1926. Hammill was the first Iowa governor to mention aviation to the General Assembly. The legislature followed his lead and passed a law establishing air traffic rules and licensing of aircraft and airmen. When Governor Hammill left office, he returned to Britt, where he practiced law and looked after his three model farms in Hancock County. He died of a heart attack at the age of 60 on April 6, 1936 during a business trip to Minneapolis. He was buried in Britt, Iowa.
State Library of Iowa and State Historical Society of Iowa
1925; 1926; 1927; 1928; 1929; 1930; 1931;
Biographical Dictionary of Iowa
This digital image may be used for educational purposes, as long as it is not altered in any way. No commercial reproduction or distribution of this file is permitted without written permission of the State Historical Society of Iowa. www.iowahistory.org/libraries/services-and-fees/copyright-notice.html
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Over the past few weeks there has been a lot of excitement regarding hydrophobic coatings in a can. In fact, many people ask us whether they can buy a spray-can of our coating to treat their household items. I asked the scientists at P2i for some extra info on the difference between spray-can coating and the plasma tech they use:
How do hydrophobic coatings work?
Hydrophobic coatings create a layer on top of a surface to repel water and other liquids. Because of the low surface energy created by the coating, water beads into droplets and can therefor easily roll away from the surface.
Why doesn't P2i offer a spray coating?
There are two big differences between P2i’s plasma coating and spray-can coatings: the size of the layering and the durability. When you spray a substance out of a can onto a surface you are going to create a layer which is microns thick. Now on an online video this looks very impressive, but if you could feel the product yourself, you would immediately notice a difference. A coating which is microns thick is at a size that the human body can detect through touch (with a waxy texture or feel), and at a size that is visible, causing discoloration or a white substance you can physically see.
When you look at the types of products P2i applies its technology to, it becomes clear why spray application is not an option. For example on delicate electronics, P2i’s nano-coating is so thin that it doesn't change the thermal properties of the device. This means that it is not in danger of overheating smartphones or tablets. And at a thousand times thinner than a human hair you wouldn't even know it’s there!
How is it applied?
P2i’s coating is applied in a process called “plasma enhanced vapor deposition”. The process involves three steps.
Step One: the item is placed into a chamber which is brought down to very low pressure.
Step Two: Plasma activates the surfaces of the device making them ready to bond to the monomer which is applied as a vapor.
Step Three: Further plasma polymerizes the monomer forming a nano-coating layer over and within the product. The chamber is brought back up to room pressure and the item removed.
So there are a few key pieces to this puzzle which ensures a more durable performance than a spray coating. Firstly, because the product is applied in a vacuum it means the vapor can get through to every nook and cranny. In fact the coating can reach nearly anywhere air can go. This means there are no weak points to attract moisture or allow corrosion damage. Secondly, the plasma activation of the surfaces ensures that the coating is chemically bonded to the product, becoming part of its physical make-up, not simply sitting on the surface where it can wipe or rub off. Finally, the plasma polymerization means the coating is applied evenly across the surfaces and so doesn't end up with clumping or disproportionately thicker and thinner points.
Where is it used?
P2i works with the likes of Motorola to apply the splash-proof coating on to tablets and smartphones to give greater liquid protection, while Plantronics use it on their headsets to protect against sweat and moisture damage. Because P2i works directly with brands and manufacturers to apply the technology during production, it is essential that the coating performs to high standards and is durable for everyday use.
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Policing the Pre-Civil War City
History TOPIC ID 101
On Saturday night, April 9, 1836, Helen Jewett, a prostitute, was found dead in a fashionable New York City brothel. The young woman had been slain with an axe at Rosina Townsend's Palace of the Passions, and her murderer, a nineteen-year old farm boy named Richard P. Robinson, had tried to cover up the crime by setting fire to the prostitute's bed. The woman's body, however, was only partially charred. This was how one reporter described the murder scene:
The body looked as white, as full, as polished as the purest marble. The perfect figure, the exquisite limbs, fine face, the full arms, the beautiful bust, all surpassed, in every respect, the Venus de Medici....For a few moments I was lost in admiration of the extraordinary sight....I was recalled to her horrid destiny by seeing the dreadful bloody gashes on the right temple.
The New York Herald called the crime "one of the most foul and premeditated murders, that ever fell to our lot to record."
During the mid-1830s, the nation experienced a wave of crime and rioting without parallel in early American history. In 1834, the most violent year, municipal elections in New York had been accompanied by three days of rioting. Three months later, a New York mob stormed the house of a prominent abolitionist, carried the furniture into the street, and set it on fire, and then proceeded to gut New York's Episcopal African Church and attack the homes of many of the city's free blacks. On August 11, 1834, a mob composed of lower-class men and boys had sacked and burned a convent in Charlestown, Massachusetts, near the site of Bunker Hill. Then in October, pro-slavery rioting swept Philadelphia, destroying 45 homes in the city's black community. Altogether there were at least 115 incidents of mob violence during the 1830s, compared to just seven incidents in the 1810s and 21 incidents in the 1820s.
A variety of factors contributed to the sharp upsurge in crime and mob violence during the 1830s. These included a rate of urban growth faster than in any previous decade; a marked upturn in foreign immigration, generating bitter religious and ethnic tensions; growing political polarization; and the sudden emergence of abolitionism, which enflamed racist anti-Negro sentiment.
The explosive eruption of crime and mob violence during the mid-1830s revealed the total inadequacy of traditional methods of preserving public order. Prior to the late 1830s, the nation's cities were "policed" by a handful of unpaid, untrained, un-uniformed, and unarmed sheriffs, alderman, marshals, constables, and nightwatchmen. In New England towns, tithing men armed with long black sticks tipped with brass, patrolled streets searching for drunkards, disorderly children, and wayward servants.
These law officers were not a particularly effective deterrent to crime. Nightwatchmen generally held other jobs during the day and sometimes slept at their posts at night. Sheriffs, alderman, marshals, and constables made a living not by investigating crime or patrolling city streets but by collecting debts, foreclosing on mortgages, and serving court orders. Victims of crime had to offer a reward if they wanted these unpaid law officers to investigate a case.
This early system of maintaining public order worked because rates of serious crime were extremely low. Boston had only a single reported murder between 1822 and 1834. One New Yorker amazingly and inaccurately claimed that an 1819 homicide was "the first fatal assault" that had ever occurred in the city.
Lacking an efficient police force to enforce the law, citizen relied instead on a variety of informal mechanisms to maintain order. Most cities were small and compact and lacked any distinct working class ghettoes. Shopkeepers usually lived at or near their place of business and apprentices, journeymen, and laborers tended to live in or near the house of their master. Under these circumstances, the poor and the working class were subject to close supervision by their social superiors. By the mid-1830s, however, this older pattern of social organization had clearly broken down. Class segregated neighborhoods grew increasingly common. Youth gangs, organized along ethnic and neighborhood lines, proliferated. Older mechanisms of social control weakened.
After 1830, the number of violent crimes shot upward. Drunken brawls, robberies, beatings, and murders all increased in number. In Philadelphia the number of homicides reached 67 during the period between 1839 and 1845 and then rose to 75 over the next seven years and to 126 over the following seven years. Fear of crime also mounted. Declared a New York City council report in 1842:
The property of the citizen is pilfered, almost before his eyes. Dwellings and warehouses are entered with an ease and apparent coolness and carelessness of detection which shows none are safe...Thousands that are arrested go unpunished, and the defenseless and the beautiful are ravished and murdered in the day time, and no trace of the criminals is found.
During the 1830s, the increasing number of urban riots and violent crimes led city leaders to look for new ways of preserving public order. Many municipal leaders regarded the new professional police force established in London in 1829 by the British Parliament as a model. London's police, nicknamed "bobbies" after Prime Minister Robert Peel, were trained, full-time professionals. They wore distinctive uniforms to make them visible to the public, patrolled regular beats, and lived in the neighborhoods they patrolled.
Initially, resistance to the establishment of professional police forces in American cities was intense. Taxpayers feared the cost of a police force. Local political machines feared the loss of the night watch as a source of political patronage. Many critics denounced a police force as a "standing army" that was incompatible with republican liberties.
By the mid-1840s, however, continued rioting and violent crime overcame opposition to the establishment of a professional police force. In New York City, the turning point came in 1841 following the unsolved murder of Mary Rogers, who worked in a tobacco shop. On July 25, 1841, she disappeared. Three days later, the body of the "beautiful cigar girl" was found in a river. The coroner said she had died not from drowning, but from being abused and murdered by a gang of ruffians. The case aroused intense passion in New York City, prompting vocal demands for an end to water-front gangs. But the city's constables said that they would only investigate the murder if they were promised a substantial reward. Public opinion was outraged. In 1844, the New York state legislature authorized the establishment of a professional police force to investigate crimes and patrol streets in New York City. Boston appointed its first police officers in 1838 and Philadelphia established a modern police department in 1854.
The life of a mid-nineteenth century police officer was exceptionally hard. In many cities, members of gangs, like New York's Bowery B'hoys, Baltimore's Rip Raps, and Philadelphia's Schuykll Rangers, actually outnumbered police officers. Young toughs regularly harassed police officers. Many officers resisted wearing uniforms on the grounds that any distinctive dress made them readily identifiable targets for street gangs. In New York City, four officers were killed in the line of duty in a single year.
Partisan politics presented mid-nineteenth century police officers with many awkward problems. Unlike London's bobbies, who were expected to remain outside of politics, nineteenth century American police officers were political appointees who held office for a limited period of time. Such jobs provided a valuable source of patronage to local aldermen or political leaders who were responsible for naming precinct officers and patrolmen. Officers who were not responsive to the demands of a local political organization quickly lost their jobs.
The greatest problem confronting the police was that they were often called upon to enforce laws that large segments of the public had no interest in obeying. During the mid-nineteenth century, many civic leaders and reformers regarded the police as an instrument for enforcing public morality. Strict new laws forbidding gambling and prostitution and closing saloons on Sunday were adopted in many cities. Boston, in 1835, made public intoxication a crime (earlier, a person could only be arrested for habitual drunkenness), resulting in thousands of arrests annually and generating bitter resistance from many immigrants. When New York police tried to close saloons in the city's "Little Germany" on Sundays, three days of rioting ensued.
After 1850, in large part as a result of more efficient policing, the number of street disorders in American cities began to drop. Despite the introduction of the Colt revolver and other easily concealed and relatively inexpensive handguns during the middle years of the century, homicide rates, too, began to decline. By the eve of the Civil War, the nation's cities had became far less violent and far more orderly places than they had been two decades before.
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It has been incredibly exciting to bring you the latest news on the hunt for planets outside our Solar System. Over the past few years, the planets we've spotted have gotten closer to Earth's size, closer to the Solar System, and far, far more numerous. There's almost nothing that could dull the excitement—except, perhaps, the planets' names. Monikers like KOI-135 b and HAT-P-5 b don't exactly inspire a sense of the mysterious unknown.
Even the International Astronomical Union (IAU) admits they're a bit dull. "While exoplanet names such as 16 Cygni Bb or HD 41004 Ab may seem boring when considering the names of planets in our own Solar System, the vast number of objects in our Universe—galaxies, stars, and planets to name just a few—means that a clear and systematic system for naming these objects is vital," the organization has noted. But at least one company has decided that clear and systematic is not its thing, and it has started selling the chance to name a planet.
Or rather nominate a name and download a certificate of said nomination. People can then vote on the nominees, with voting closing on Monday night. The company running the process says it donates some of its funds to astronomy research and education efforts.
Although it sounds like a good cause, the IAU doesn't want to see people disappointed that their certificate is more or less meaningless, even if the nomination eventually comes out on top in the poll. "Such certificates are misleading, as these campaigns have no bearing on the official naming process," it said in statement on the matter. But it also recognizes the public's enthusiasm, stating, "The IAU wholeheartedly welcomes the public’s interest to be involved in recent discoveries." And it has directed one of its commissions to consider allowing popular names for exoplanets. The results of that consideration will be announced later this year.
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George Washington maintained detailed private and plantation accounts throughout his life. During his years of public service he added other layers of public accounts, cash disbursements, and receipts. Although most of his cash memorandum records have not survived, enough of his accounts remain to offer several windows and avenues of access into his complex financial world.
Washington's records show that he took great pride in maintaining clear, concise, and accurate records. During his life Washington was responsible for millions of dollars in public and private expenditures for his household, his wife Martha's estates, his agricultural and milling business enterprises, his land investments, the Virginia militia, the Continental Army, and the federal government. Auditors closely examined his records without finding fault. Although long known to scholars, these records have been seldom used compared with Washington's diaries or correspondence. Disguised by formidable financial formats, these records have hidden detailed, exciting information on how Washington and his private, public, and military households or families lived on a daily basis.
New evidence of the roles of women, blacks, and ordinary laborers is here in abundance. How many people know that Washington had two housekeepers during the Revolutionary War, Mary Smith and Elizabeth Thompson, who traveled with the army, maintaining Washington's military household? How many people know that Martha Custis Washington's widow's estate from her first marriage was maintained as a separate household account from George Washington's? How many people know who actually made the furniture and clothes for Mount Vernon and its inhabitants? Or, what charities were favored by Washington? Or, the foods supplied for Washington's own table, his servants, his slaves, and his public aides? How many people know about the sources from which Washington derived his income? All of these interesting questions and more can be answered in Washington's financial and accounting records.
General Account Books (-TOP-)
Ledger Book 1, 1750 - 1772
Ledger Book 2, 1772 - 1793
These two books contain the basic business accounts of George Washington's estates for forty-three years. A name index for each volume provides the user with access to records showing receipts and expenditures in transactions with individuals. All receipts and expenses for goods and services generated by Washington's Mount Vernon estate can be found here. Mostly in Washington's own hand, these records show everything from the acquisition of land and slaves to the sale of fish, farm products, the work of servants, the operation of mills, and the sale of slaves.
Account Book 1, 1755 - 1766
Washington's correspondence and invoices with his London business "factors" or agents are found in these volumes. Fortunately for scholars and students of social and economic history, Washington's records even include the local London suppliers and artisans who produced the purchased goods.
Account Book 2, 1767 - 1775
This volume wholly in Washington's hand contains his business correspondence with merchants in the American colonies as well as in London. Although bound together in one book, it appears to be two overlapping records: one of general business and the other of land acquisitions.
Invoices, 1766-1773; Miscellaneous Lists, 1755 - 1774
The invoices in this volume are those of goods shipped from London merchants to Washington. They cover everything from needles and pine to bales of cloth and bars of iron. The lists include quit-rents due Lord Fairfax for his lands (rental fees paid by a freeholder to his feudal landlord); county taxes due on lands throughout Virginia; and tithables (that is, church taxes) for adults living on Washington's estates. The range of Washington's landholdings are in evidence in these records. The tithe tax includes information on the race and occupational skills of those taxed.
Weaving Accounts, 1767 - 1771
This volume records weaving done by Washington's on-site cloth weavers, led by Thomas Davis, a white artisan. The records indicate Washington's interest in being self-sufficient but also in turning a profit. In 1770, for example, Davis produced linen, bed ticking, broad cloth, striped woolen, striped silk, striped jersey, and double birdeye, which was valued by Washington at £44.11.0. Washington's use of both slaves and white artisans together are recorded here. Washington operated profitable mills, threshing barns, forges, and a fishery at Mount Vernon, using indentured servants, slaves, and hired artisans. Washington's weavers produced yarn and cloth for his neighbors, as well as for those who worked in Mount Vernon's many operations.
Virginia Colonial Militia Accounts, 1755 - 1758
This is Washington's traditional account book of receipts and expenditures for the period of his military actions. Expenses for British General Edward Braddock's campaign against the French and for the ensuing period of Washington's command of the Virginia frontier forces in the Shenandoah Valley are central to these records. Accounts record expenditures for munitions, recruiting, supplies, and for spying on French and Indian opponents. Records of the receipts in the volume of the same date above are included in these more comprehensive accounts.
Virginia Colonial Militia Accounts: Memorandum Book, 1757 - 1758
This is, in Washington's words, "Memm. how the 4000£ Receiv'd of Mr. Boyd is expended." It is the record of the expenditure of a single monetary disbursement. Alexander Boyd was the paymaster for Virginia's militia during the French and Indian War. Boyd maintained the Disbursement Book for 1758, below.
Virginia Colonial Militia Accounts: Memorandum Book, 1758
In this brief account book, Washington recorded expenditures of funds for the period April 3 through May 24, 1758. Most of his expenditures for this period went for pay for troops, enlistments, horses, and quartermaster supplies.
Virginia Colonial Militia Accounts: Recruiting Funds, 1758
This small volume, as entitled by Washington, is a "Memorandum of money paid to Recruits for the Virginia Regiment," which he commanded. The records for May and June, 1758, show the expenditure of £400 in Virginia currency for recruits to serve on the frontier.
Virginia Colonial Militia Disbursement Book, 1758
This brief book was maintained by Paymaster Alexander Boyd. It contains receipts for cash disbursements for £173, 2 shillings, and 6 pence made during the period June 14-19, 1758. Most of the expenditures were for forage and baggage.
Cash Memorandum Book, 1772 - 1773
Cash Memorandum Book, 1773 - 1774
Cash Memorandum Book, 1774 - 1775
George Washington maintained these accounts of expenditures and minor receipts of cash primarily for his personal rather than his plantation accounts. But because Washington carried this and the other small memorandum books with him, there are some entries for plantation expenditures and for hiring various laborers and artisans as part of his daily activities. Blotter pages separate account pages in these books. Most of these entries were later transferred to his large ledger and account books that begin Series 5 above.
Although these cash books cover the period during which Washington served as delegate to the First Continental Congress, September and October 1774, and his return to Philadelphia May 1775, he did not record his expenditures there in them.
Cash Memorandum Book, 1775 - 1776; 1783 - 1784
Washington maintained this personal account book while a delegate to the Second Continental Congress and through his first year as commander in chief of the Continental Army. His first purchase upon reaching Cambridge to assume command of the Army was "a ribbon to distinguish myself." After January 1776 Washington abandoned his personal account books (like his diaries) for the duration of the war. This cash book resumes in September 1783. His records for the war years can be found in his Revolutionary War Accounts below.
Revolutionary War Warrant Book 1, 1775 - 1776
Revolutionary War Warrant Book 2, 1776 - 1778
Revolutionary War Warrant Book 3, 1778 - 1779
Revolutionary War Warrant Book 4, 1779 - 1780
Revolutionary War Warrant Book 5, 1780 - 1783
Washington's warrant books list written authorizations to receive or deliver goods or money and are signed by Washington. These warrants were used by quartermasters to issue vouchers to acquire forage, supplies, munitions, clothing, transportation, etc., for the use of the American military. These warrants were also generally used to maintain Washington's headquarters.
Warrants could be redeemed by the army paymasters, but most often they were used like cash by the recipient. Warrants, like bills of exchange and vouchers, were often heavily discounted; that is, they depreciated in value. The fortunes of war could be traced through the discount rates on warrants, vouchers, and Continental dollars.
Revolutionary War Expense Account, 1775 - 1783
George Washington refused to accept a salary as commander in chief, instead offering to claim only his expenses. Congress readily accepted this offer in 1775. At the end of the war, Washington compiled his own general accounts from the record books in this Revolutionary War section of Series 5. He calculated that £ was equivalent to $26, which was generous on his part because at times the dollar depreciated to hundreds of dollars to a single British pound sterling. Washington's total expenses of $160,074 included not only his personal accounts but expenses for his headquarters (which he referred to as his "military family"), secret intelligence (spy services), and traveling expenses for his headquarters and guards, commanded by Captain Caleb Gibbs. After a careful examination of these accounts and their supporting documentation, James Milligan, Comptroller General of the United States Treasury, found that Washington was due an additional eighty-nine nintieths of one dollar.
This account book is accompanied online by explanatory notes from George Washington's Account of Expenses While Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army 1775-1783 reproduced in facsimile with annotations by John C. Fitzpatrick, Assistant Chief, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress (Boston; New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1917).
Revolutionary War Accounts, Vouchers, and Receipted Accounts 1, July - December, 1783
These accounts cover the period from July 1, when Washington compiled his official expense accounts for the war, through December 28, 1783, when he submitted his resignation to Congress at Annapolis. This volume is bound together with the following one.
Revolutionary War Accounts, Vouchers, and Receipted Accounts 2, 1775 - 1783
Vouchers for payment, and receipts for funds received for supplies of goods and services provided General Washington and his immediate staff during the war are recorded here. These records were used by Washington to compile his Revolutionary War Expense Account above.
Revolutionary War Household Expense Accounts, 1775
Detailed records of cash expenditures for Washington's immediate "military family" were kept by Ebenezer Austin under the direction of Colonel Joseph Reed. Austin, who was the steward of Washington's headquarters household, supervised the food and laundry services for Washington and his staff. Reed served as Washington's private aide and secretary until his appointment as army adjutant general in 1776. This account book covers the period from Washington's arrival in July at army headquarters at Cambridge, Massachusetts, through October 1775.
Revolutionary War Household Expense Accounts, 1775 - 1776
From November 1775 until Washington's departure from Cambridge, Massachusetts, to New York in April 1776, his military headquarters household accounts were kept by Ebenezer Austin under the direction of Lieutenant Colonel Robert H. Harrison. Harrison, an aide to Washington, succeeded Reed as secretary on May 16, 1776.
Revolutionary War Receipt Book, 1776 - 1780
Upon Washington's arrival in New York in May 1776, these memoranda and records of receipts were maintained by Captain Caleb Gibbs. He maintained them as steward from May 13, 1776, to November 15, 1780. Gibbs was a native of Marblehead, Massachusetts, and had served in Colonel John Glover's Massachusetts Continental regiment before his appointment on March 12, 1776, as commander of Washington's Life Guards. Late in 1780, Gibbs left to serve as a major in the 2nd Massachusetts Continental regiment and was wounded at Yorktown.
Mary Smith and Elizabeth Thompson served successively as housekeepers of Washington's military headquarters in New York. They managed cleaning, laundry, and cooking during this period. Mary Smith was a widow from New York. June 24, 1776, an anonymous letter to New York authorities claimed to identify her as part of a loyalist group planning to assist the British in their forthcoming campaign against New York. She later fled to England and there received from the British government a loyalist pension of £20. She seems to have left Washington's employ, or been discharged, because, on June 18, before the anonymous letter was written, Washington was writing General James Clinton that he was "entirely destitute" of a housekeeper and had heard good reports of an Elizabeth Thompson from Clinton's "neighborhood." He enclosed a letter to Thompson but it has been lost. Thompson, born in 1704, left Washington's employment in December 1781 and in 1785 received for her service a retirement pension from the Continental Congress (Papers of George Washington. Revolutionary War Series, ed. Philander D. Chase [Charlottesville; London: University Press of Virginia, 1993], 5:132n).
Revolutionary War Household Expenses, 1776 - 1780
These memoranda and daily record of expenditures were maintained by Caleb Gibbs and Mary Smith for Washington's military headquarters. They form one of the most fascinating of Washington's financial accounts in the detail they record of life at headquarters. Gibbs and Smith recorded everything from wages paid to Washington's slaves and servants to the cost of individual items of food, such as eggs, chickens, radishes, and lobster. They recorded the purchase of utensils and furniture, as well as items "captured" from the enemy, such as two fruit baskets and two pudding dishes belonging to British General Frederick Haldimand, military governor of Quebec, taken on July 11, 1776.
Revolutionary War Accounts, Vouchers, and Receipted Accounts 1, 1776 - 1780
Revolutionary War Accounts, Vouchers, and Receipted Accounts 2, 1780 - 1784
Revolutionary War Accounts, Vouchers, and Receipted Accounts 3, 1784
Vouchers were written affidavits or promises to pay a specified amount of money. Records of these accounts payable (or amounts owed) were maintained in voucher registers, such as these, by voucher clerks. They were regularly issued instead of money and could be redeemed by military paymasters or quartermasters. Often they circulated as money equivalents and were heavily discounted during the war.
The first two volumes are bound together and contain supporting documents and the final audit of Washington's accounts. These vouchers and memoranda provide the paper proof of expenditures made by Caleb Gibbs, Mary Smith, and others for headquarters household expenses. Also included are correspondence from the Congressional Office of Finance, the Office's final report, and accounts of "monies drawn from the United States" by General Washington during the course of the war.
The third volume includes records of expenses, individual records and vouchers for expenses incurred during the General Meeting of the Society of Cincinnati in May 1784. Washington spent £86, 4 shillings, and 8 pence for the hire of a horse, lodging, and food for himself and servants.
Daily Expenses, 1787
George Washington listed his daily expenses while serving as president of the Federal Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, May through September, 1787. Washington recorded daily expenditures for food, lodging, entertainments and recreation, charitable contributions, and other household expenses for himself and his servants.
Daily Expenses, 1793 - 1794
This record of daily expenses covers the period from September 2, 1793, through April 4, 1794, during Washington's second presidency of the United States. The record was maintained by Bartholomew Dandridge, Washington's secretary and Martha Washington's nephew. Among the expenses recorded, those for wood, books, and horses are most frequent.
Mount Vernon Account Book, 1794 - 1796
William Pearce, manager of Washington's plantations for two years, maintained this record of general business accounts of Mount Vernon from January 6, 1794, through November 7, 1796. The record's name index identifies the people who made up the business side of Washington's life. Although Washington was keenly interested in his plantation management, it is clear from these records that his managers controlled the daily activities of Mount Vernon during Washington's presidency.
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Getting Familiar with GCC Parameters
gcc (GNU C Compiler) is actually a collection of frontend tools that does compilation, assembly, and linking. The goal is to produce a ready-to-run executable in a format acceptable to the OS. For Linux, this is ELF (Executable and Linking Format) on x86 (32-bit and 64-bit). But do you know what some of the gcc parameters can do for you? If you're looking for ways to optimize the resulted binary, prepare for a debugging session, or simply observe the steps gcc takes to turn your source code into an executable, getting familiar with these parameters is a must. So, please read on.
Recall that gcc does multiple steps, not just one. Here is a brief explanation of their meaning:
* Preprocessing: Producing code that no longer contains directives. Things like "#if" cannot be understood directly by the compiler, so this must be translated into real code. Macros are also expanded at this stage, making the resulting code larger than the original.
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Truckee Snowfall Totals & Accumulation Averages
This page pulls together information on when, how much and how often Truckee, California has snow.
There are data and descriptions here of how many days it snows and the total amount of snowfall that Truckee usually gets. There are also monthly and yearly counts of the days that the mountain town normally has heavy snowstorms and deep snow accumulated on the ground. Plus there's information on when Truckee can expect the first and last snowfalls of the season.
All the numbers are long-term historical averages based on weather data gathered from 1981 to 2009 in Truckee.
How Often it Snows in Truckee
This first table lists monthly and yearly totals for amount of snow and how many days it snows at least 0.1 inches (0.25 centimetres).
These averages don't show how much the snowfall in Truckee varies from year to year.
In December, for instance, one in four years totals over 58 inches of snow. Another 25 percent of years receive less than 16 inches for the month.
Similarly in January, fresh snowfall in the heaviest years amounts to over 58 inches, while the lightest years get less than eight inches.
New snow for February ranges from over 65 inches in heavy snowfall years to under 13 inches in light years.
When Truckee Has Its First & Last Snowfalls
The first snowfall of autumn for Truckee usually arrives in November. Every three or four years October also gets snow. Less commonly, it starts snowing in September.
The season's last snowfall can happen as early as April. In some years, though it keeps on snowing until June.
Truckee is normally free of snow every year during July and August.
How Many Snowstorms Truckee Gets
Most days of snowfall in Truckee leave at least an inch of fresh snow. For 23 days a year on average, the amount of new snow totals three inches or more.
Snowstorms of over five inches a day normally occur 16 times a year. Typically six of these storms are major blizzards that dump ten inches or more. Snow events this severe can descend on the town anytime from October to April.
How Much Snow Normally Accumulates in Truckee
On most winter days, Truckee has at least three inches of snow on the ground.
Snow usually accumulates to ten or more inches deep from December to April.
National Climatic Data Center. NOAA's 1981-2010 Climate Normals.
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What is a rock?
A rock is a mixture of different minerals bonded together in a lump. We usually describe and classify rocks by how they are formed.
Imagine igneous rock as a hot-headed person whose temper can boil up, but will eventually cool down. Igneous rocks are formed when very hot liquid rock (magma) slowly cools down.
This can happen slowly inside the Earth or more quickly after the magma reaches the surface. This can happen when a volcano erupts and a mixture of hot gas, ash and rock travels down its sides.
Examples of igneous rocks include:
Particles (tiny pieces) of gravel, sand, mud, silt, dead animals and plants are constantly moving into stretches of water and being deposited there. They form something called the 'sediment', which is the mud at the bottom of a lake and the sand under the sea.
After many thousands of years, the sediment is tightly compacted and cemented together, until it is so hard that it forms sedimentary rock. Fossils are often found in sedimentary rock.
Examples of sedimentary rocks include:
If any type of rock travels deep inside the Earth, after a little time the vast amounts of pressure and heat beneath the Earth's surface will change it into a metamorphic rock.
Examples of metamorphic rocks include:
Compacted - when something is closely packed together
Constantly - happening again and again
Deposit - when something is left or dropped somewhere
Fossils - remains of animals or plants preserved inside rock or another long-lasting natural material
Magma - hot, liquid rock under the surface of the Earth, which comes out when a volcano erupts
Outcome - the result of something
Particles - very small pieces of something
Vast - so big it is hard to measure
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Chinese Cooking - An Overview
In Summarising Chinese cooking, Confucious said :
"Rice affected by the weather or turned a man must not eat, nor fish that is not sound, nor meat that is high. He must not eat anything discolored or that smells bad. He must not eat what is overcooked, nor what is undercooked, nor anything that is out of season. He must not eat what has been crookedly cut, nor any dish that lacks its proper seasoning. The meat he eats must at the very most not be enough to make his breath smell of meat rather than rice. As regards wine, no limit is laid down: but he must not be disorderly."
From "THE ANALECTS OF CONFUCIOUS"
Time has minimized the influence that the teachings of Confucious exert on the Chinese of today, especially the young who resent his high-morality preachings. However, his outlook on eating and enjoying one's drink is embraced by all. It is actually the basic key to the perfect balance between culinary delight and healthy consumption.
It's not suprising that this sage advice comes from a member of the population of a country that feeds the majority of the world's largest ethnic group on a daily basis.
The Chinese don't eat for the sake of merely filling their stomachs, rather every meal is viewed as an occassion unto itself, and each dish is prepared to stimulate not just the taste buds, but all the senses.
Perhaps because of the rural nature of China and the prevelence of poverty among the majority of the population for so many thousands of years, they have learned to enjoy the simple things in life and to make the absolute most of them. And they do!
Chinese cuisine is now considered to be one of the top two respected cuisines of the world along with French, and Chinese cooking has indeed developed into a very fine art. It is one of the world's oldest civilizations, and the Chinese chef has had many thousands of years to develop his craft.
Another reason for the magnificence of Chinese cooking is the size and diversity of the country and its climate. China is the fourth largest country in the world behind Russia, Canada and the United States, and its range of climates exceeds all of theirs.
This biodiversity provides and assortment of different living conditions, crops and ingredients, resources, and consequently different styles of cooking. Let's briefly look at the four major styles of Chinese cooking Honan (Peking), Szechwan, Fukien and Cantonese, which are named after the areas where they have developed.
Did You Know That The Sauces You Love From Your Favorite Restaurants Can Now Be Made At Home In As Little As 20 Minutes. It's Easier Than You Think, Stop Paying Those Astronomical Restaurant Prices and Make Your Own Gourmet Sauces at Home!Learn How!
The Hunan style of cooking developed in northern China in Peking, Shantung and Hunan. It was here that dishes like Peking Duck were developed for emperors, who recruited the finest chefs in the land and encouraged them to be creative and experimental. Honan is famous for its sweet and sour fish made from carp caught in the Yellow River. The traditional crop of Hunan is rice and tea is also a staple of Hunan province due to its mountainous terrain.
Because of its proximity to Mongolia, it was here that lamb was first introduced to Chinese cooking. It has remained a local favorite ever since, spawnig such delicacies as the Mongolian grill - an indoor barbecue where thin strips of mutton are roasted over an open charcoal fire.
The harsh landscape of Hunan province encourages certain characteristics in this style of Chinese cooking. Massive preparation rituals are sometimes followed such as extended marinating and smoking before the final preparation is made.
Rice is the staple grain of Hunan province and features regularly in its cuisine. The spiciness of Honan dishes come from the local chili peppers and Hunan chefs are apt to make use of the spicy seeds to soup up their creations. Garlic is featured regularly in Hunan style food and pork is another favorite meat of the area.
Get Hunan Style Recipes Here
Szechwan and its neighboring provinces are home to the Szechwan pepper, and as such is known for its fiery, spicy dishes. Szechwan Duck, though not as famous in Chinese cuisine circles as its famous neighbor Peking to the north, is a notable recipe from this area. The duck is spiced with Szechwan pepper, steamed to remove the fat, and then deep fried; the resultant meat being melt-in-your-mouth tender.
Besides the heavy use of peppers in this spicy style, garlic, peanuts, ginger and sesame paste are prominent ingredients.
The original spiciness of this type of Chinese cooking did not come from the famous chilli pepper, but the endemic Szechuan pepper which is actually a type of berry. The reddish-brown fruit is one of the main ingredients of five spice powder and though not as hot as chili peppers is known for the numbing effect it has on the palate.
It is not clear how the foreign chili pepper was introduced to Szechuan province, but it is most likely it was carried across the mountains from India, perhaps by Buddha as part of his healing package. Regardless of how they arrived, they have been cleverly integrated into the Szechuan style of Chinese cooking and are now a sought after culinary delight.
Szechuan province and the surrounding territories have been inhabited for at least 3,000 years. That endurance is reflected in the wealth of hearty and interesting recipes which distinguish the cuisine from other types of Chinese cooking. The variety of inhabitants over that time has fluctuated also, and the many different cultures to inhabit Szechuan province have all contributed their own character to one of the “Four Great Traditions” of Chinese cooking. One of the most famous chefs of the Szechuan style is Chen Kinichi of the “Iron Chef” television series.
Get Szechwan Style Recipes Here
The mountainous coastal province of Fukien is famous for its seafood dishes and its breakfast dish of hot rice porridge called “congee.” Because of the hilly terrain, farmland is scarce, but rice, wheat and sweet potatoes grow in abundance. Not surprisingly noodles are a standard side dish of Fukien style chinese cooking.
The Fukien style of Chinese cooking embraces dishes form Fukien in the south (adjacent to Taiwan) up to Shanghai in the north (bordering the East China Sea). Fukien produces China's best soy sauce and so dishes from this area are comprised of lots of stews and soups. Supreme spring rolls are another of Fukien's contributions to Chinese cuisine, and its pork and chicken dishes are amongst the best.
The cooks on the coast in the Shanghai area naturally produce lots of seafood dishes, but spiced blends of meat,chicken and duck combined with a multitude of vegetables are produced here. The most famous of this area's contributions to Chinese cooking is the reknowned Bird's Nest Soup.
Bird’s nest soup incorporates some rather bizarre, exotic ingredients, but this is typical of Fukien recipes. Perhaps a lesser known complex example of the Fukien style of Chinese cooking best exemplifies this. Translated into English as “Buddha Jumps Over the Wall,” the dish know locally as Fotiaoqiang contains shark fin, sea cucumber, abalone and Shaoxing wine, famously used in the “drunken dishes” of Chinese cuisine such as; Drunken Chicken and Drunken Shrimp.
Get Fukien Style Recipes Here
Everyone is familiar with egg rolls, egg foo young and dim sum. These are all Cantonese recipes brought to America and the West by the first Chinese to emigrate in large numbers. Cantonese is one of the most colorful styles of Chinese cooking, mostly due to the fact that they use less of, and a lighter colored version of soy sauce, so the hues of the other ingredients are allowed to shine through.
There is a variety of styles within this style of Chinese cuisine, partly because of the abundance of resources, and partly from the incorporation of the other three major styles into their cuisine by chefs from those areas who have migrated there.
The Cantonese style of Chinese cuisine is known as the Southern School and is considered by many to be the finest of China’s culinary techniques. Famous for its sweet and sour dishes, the Cantonese style of Chinese cookery is also famous for is incorporation of exotic ingredients like snake and frog’s legs into its recipes. Hoisin and oyster sauces are used regularly in Cantonese dishes, and slightly undercooked vegetables add crispness and natural color and flavoring to the recipes of this region.
Get Cantonese Style Recipes Here
Chinese Cooking Ingredients
Because of the diversity of climates and terrain, the various regions of China all produce different ingredients which influence local cuisine. The food resources available to the Chinese have been expertly integrated into every style of Chinese cuisine, unmatched by any other culture. In spite of the climate and terrain differences, and thus the variance in available ingredients, the philosophy of Chinese cooking has remained the same across the country. Shared techniques are used throughout China, no matter the region, and variations and adaptations using only what is available to a particular region have resulted in a uniqueness, yet similarity of styles that is duplicated nowhere else in the world.
Every region though has its own authentic dishes with their own unique tastes, and that authenticity can only be attained by the use of unique ingredients that are sometimes difficult to find outside of a particular area. There are ingredients that may be substituted in any style of cooking, but authenticity is in turn sacrificed. The link below will lead you to a list of authentic ingredients used in Chinese cooking. Where there is an acceptable substitute it is listed, but the focus here is on authentic ingredients rather than the recipes in which they are used. Specific ingredient substitutes are mentioned along with the recipes in which they are required on our regional recipe pages.
View All of the Chinese Cooking Ingredients Here
Back to Homepage from Chinese Cooking
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Preserving heritage structures, which include, but are not limited to, houses,
mills, churches, bridges and commercial buildings, protects a part of our history. Not only can
they give us an idea of how people lived and worked,
at the construction methods allow us to appreciate the craftsmanship
of old. Another often-overlooked benefit is environmental — by
leaving a structure standing, we keep its building materials
out of a landfill.
When it comes to conserving heritage structures, the general
agreement is the less intervention, the better. The goal is
to keep as much of the original craftsmanship and material as
possible, as these constitute the structure's historic character.
According to the Standards and Guidelines for the Conservation
of Heritage Places in Canada, published by Parks Canada,
the three broad approaches to conservation are preservation,
rehabilitation, and restoration. It's quite possible that all
three will be used in the same project.
|A building at the Fortress of Louisbourg, a reconstructed 18th-century fortified French town located on Cape Breton, Nova Scotia.
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JustAsk Profile of Nben
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- 2 rivers is 13,469 km. If the longer river were 231 km shorter, then it would be as long as the shorter river, find the length of each river
- If my child is in First grade now over the summer would I choose to do the second grade work or continue with 1st?
- My Daughter is 4 and is due to start Kindergarten next August, but is already doing 1st grade Level work, is it possible for her to skip Kindergarten
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- Cultural Bias in Teaching
- Freshman Follies: 5 Tips to Help Your Freshman Stay on Track
- Career Information: Carpenters
- Steps in the IEP Process
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- Advocating for Your Child with Food Allergies at School
- Gender Role Stereotyping
- Subjective Test Items
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| 0.946191
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The states with the highest incidence rates of melanoma are: New Hampshire, Vermont, Rhode Island, Utah, Connecticut, Idaho, Delaware, Washington, Oregon, and Massachusetts.
The National Council on Skin Cancer Prevention urges the public to use sunscreen as part of a comprehensive approach to prevent skin cancer. Ingredients used in sunscreens are generally considered safe and effective, based on their record of use established over many years. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and others agree that the weight of the available scientific evidence shows that the benefits of sunscreens far outweigh the risks and that sunscreens are an important part of being safe in the sun.
Sunscreen labels should contain clear and accurate information that sunscreen needs to be used and applied properly in order to be effective. Studies continue to show many people use sunscreens to stay in the sun longer, thereby increasing their exposure to UV radiation, and the risk of skin cancer, including melanoma. Consequently, it is very important to reapply sunscreen every two hours or after swimming or sweating and to be certain to apply a generous amount.
The bottom line: sunscreens play a role in reducing skin cancer risk and prevent photoaging, but they are not the only or even the most important factor. Seeking shade, covering up using sun-protective clothing, wearing a wide-brimmed hat and sunglasses are equally if not more important behaviors to practice. We also need better regulation of sunscreens, and we acknowledge that although the science to date supports their safety, questions persist, which are currently being addressed by the FDA
- http://www.aad.org/media-resources/stats-and-facts/prevention-and-care/sunscreens/sunscreens
- One ounce, enough to fill a shot glass, is considered the amount needed to cover the exposed areas of the body. Adjust the amount of sunscreen applied depending on your body size.
- Most people only apply 25-50 percent of the recommended amount of sunscreen.
- About Us
- Skin Cancer
- Member Section
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Constantly scanning the Earth’s surface, the TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) allows scientists to both track tropical cyclones and forecast their progression. Used by NOAA’s National Hurricane Center (NHC), the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC), and tropical cyclone centers in Japan, India, Australia and other countries, detailed microwave information provides data on the location, pattern and intensity of rainfall.
Complimenting the TMI is the TRMM’s Precipitation Radar (PR), which turns two dimensional images into 3D by providing data on vertical rainfall structure. Scientists use PR data to verify their tropical cyclone computer models. They also use the data to understand the distribution and movement of latent heat throughout the storm, particularly in the development of hot towers in the wall of clouds around the eye, which have been linked to rapid intensification. Together, TRMM TMI and PR data help scientists establish key characteristics of where, how and why rain falls in tropical cyclones as well as to better understand storm structure, intensity and the environmental conditions that cause them.
Currently the TRMM Mission observes cyclones at mid to low latitudes around the equator, flying in an orbit that moves between 35°S and 35°N — the distance from the southern tip of Africa to the Mediterranean Sea. The GPM Mission extends tropical cyclone tracking and forecasting capabilities into the middle and high latitudes, covering the area from 65° S to 65°N — from about the Antarctic Circle to the Arctic Circle. This orbit will provide new insight into how and why some tropical cyclones intensify and others weaken as they move from tropical to mid-latitude systems. The sensors onboard other satellites within the GPM constellation along with GPM Core Observatory sensors provide the detailed and global observations needed to estimate, monitor and forecast extreme rainfall that may trigger natural hazards, such as flooding or landslides.
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In simplest terms, a mortgage is a long-term loan designed to help the borrower purchase a house. In addition to repaying the principal, the borrower is obligated to make interest payments to the lender, and the home and the land around it serve as collateral. But if you are looking to purchase a house, you need to know more than these generalities. In this article, we'll look at how a mortgage functions and how it is paid off.
Just about everyone who buys a house has a mortgage. Mortgage rates are frequently mentioned on the evening news, and speculation about which direction the rates will move has become a standard part of our financial culture.
While it may seem like mortgages have always been available, the modern mortgage came into being only in 1934, when the government, in an effort to help the country overcome the Great Depression, created a mortgage program that minimized the required down payment, thereby increasing the amount that potential homeowners could borrow. Before the creation of this mortgage program a 50% down payment was required to purchase a home. Today, a 20% down payment is desirable (as it minimizes private mortgage insurance (PMI) requirements), but there are mortgage programs available that allow significantly lower down payments. (For more on PMI, see Understanding Your Mortgage.)
The primary factors determining your monthly mortgage payments are the size and term of the loan. 'Size' refers to the amount of money borrowed and 'term' refers to the length of time within which the loan must be fully paid back. There is an inverse relationship between the term of the loan and the size of the monthly payment: longer terms result in smaller monthly payments. For this reason, 30-year mortgages are the most popular mortgage type.
PITI: The Components of a Mortgage Payment
Once the size and term of the loan have been determined, there are four factors that play a role in the calculation of a mortgage payment. Those four items are principal, interest, taxes and insurance (PITI). As we look at these four factors, we'll consider a $100,000 mortgage as an example.
A portion of each mortgage payment is dedicated to repayment of the principal. Loans are structured so that the amount of principal returned to the borrower starts out small and increases with each mortgage payment. While the mortgage payments in the first years consist primarily of interest payments, the payments in the final years consist primarily of principal repayment. For our $100,000 mortgage, the principal is $100,000.
While principal, interest, taxes and insurance comprise a typical mortgage, some borrowers opt for mortgages that do not include taxes or insurance as part of the monthly payment. With this type of loan, borrowers have a lower monthly payment, but must pay the taxes and insurance on their own.
How Mortgages Work: the Amortization Schedule
A mortgage's amortization schedule provides a detailed look at precisely what portion of each mortgage payment is dedicated to each component of PITI. As noted earlier, in the first years mortgage payments consist primarily of interest payments, as it gradually moves toward the principal becoming greater.
In our example of a $100,000, 30-year mortgage, the amortization schedule consists of 360 payments. The partial amortization schedule shown below demonstrates how the balance between principal and interest payments reverses over time as later payments consist primarily of principal.
As the chart shows, each of the required payments is $599.55, but the amount dedicated toward principal and interest varies from payment to payment. Because of the inverse relationship between principal and interest paid, at the start of your mortgage the rate at which you gain equity in your home is much slower. This demonstrates the value of making extra principal payments if the mortgage permits pre-payment. Each extra payment results in a larger repaid portion of the principal, and reduces the interest due on each future payment, moving the homeowner toward the ultimate goal: paying off the mortgage.
The Bottom Line
A mortgage is an important tool for buying a house, as it allows individuals become homeowners without making a large proportional down payment. However, when you take on a mortgage, it's important to understand the structure of your payments, whose components are dedicated not only to the principal (the amount you borrowed), but also interest, taxes and insurance. This structure determines how long it will take to pay off the mortgage and, in turn, how expensive it will ultimately be to finance your home.
(For a one-stop shop on subprime mortgages and the subprime meltdown, check out the Subprime Mortgages Feature.)
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India’s urban infrastructure has long been in decay. The government’s new plan to build a series of “eco-towns” with Japanese assistance belatedly acknowledges the importance of the urban environment, and also signals the deepening involvement of Japanese companies in India’s infrastructure development.
The government has signed contracts with a group of Japanese companies for pilot projects leading to the development of new eco-friendly towns. The group includes
The initiative follows decades of neglect, during which ruling ideologies turned away from urban growth to favor the rural economy and keeping the peasantry on the land. Urban expansion has been largely unplanned and thus unable to draw on public resources for infrastructure.
–Institutions. Until 1992 India did not even have a Ministry of Urban Development. One-third of the current urban population is estimated to live in shanties and huts. The present five-year plan (2007-2012) calculates that India’s cities are short of 23 million residential units, especially for low-income families.
–Infrastructure. Water and sewage services are inadequate. Several “colonies” that grew up around the edges of Delhi have been abandoned for lack of water connections, and much of Bangalore is subject to water rationing during the dry season.
–Transport. While integrated metro systems have been under consideration for many years, they have been slow to develop. Only Delhi can boast an extensive metro-rail network.
–Illegality. A series of interventions by the Supreme Court has revealed the extent of unplanned urban sprawl. In Delhi it has closed down 150,000 illegal industrial enterprises, cleared the streets of tens of thousands of illegal encroachments, torn down houses and ordered the termination of illegal water connections to “colonies.”
Vision of the Future
The issue of urban planning has now come to the fore, not least through the Supreme Court’s caustic rulings. As well as showing increased political will to address the problem, the eco-towns initiative represents a significant change in attitudes toward urban India. Moreover, it is significant that the pilot schemes should be situated along the DFC and involve Japanese finance and engineering.
–Corridor scheme. The DFC has been widely seen as a vanguard enterprise carrying India toward a new stage of industrial development. Its intention is not merely to move goods faster between the country’s two largest metropolitan areas, but also, along the way, to promote a string of new industries and towns, taking advantage of the improved transport system. Eventually the DFC would mark an 800-kilometer belt of manufacturing and commercial enterprise.
–Japan partnership. Japanese companies have come to play key roles in several of India’s most advanced development schemes. Their financial support and engineering skills helped to pioneer the Delhi Metro. They have also been involved from the first in the railway projects lying at the core of the DFC. The ability of Japanese companies to tap outside finance and provide cutting-edge engineering skills puts them at an advantage in the scramble to gain a share of the contracts associated with India’s infrastructure needs. If all the Indian government’s current plans are fulfilled, these could be worth more than $1 trillion by 2020.
There are political forces in the wings questioning the desirability of Indian society’s move toward urban and industrial modernity. To some extent these forces emanate from the peasantry, whose ties with the land are under threat. However, even more, they appear to come from sections of India’s opinion-making (and politically influential) middle class, who preserve a romantic attachment to the countryside. Protest movements to challenge the conversion of farmland to industrial and infrastructure uses have been growing.
Oxford Analytica is an independent strategic-consulting firm drawing on a network of more than 1,000 scholar-experts at Oxford and other leading universities and research institutions around the world. For more information, please visit here.
For all the latest headlines visit Forbes Asia.
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The combinators of this library are all pairs of functions going in opposite directions. These pairs are called cassettes, sporting two tracks (the two functions), one of which is read is one direction, the other of which (accessed by flipping the cassette) is read in the opossite direction.
Here is an example specification for the lambda-calculus:
varL = K7 leadout leadin where leadout k k' s x = k (\ s _ -> k' s x) s (Var x) leadin k k' s t@(Var x) = k (\ s _ -> k' s t) s x leadin k k' s t = k' s t absL = K7 leadout leadin where leadout k k' s t' x = k (\ s _ -> k' s t' x) s (Lam x t') leadin k k' s t@(Lam x t) = k (\ s _ _ -> k' s t) s t x leadin k k' s t = k' s t appL = K7 leadout leadin where leadout k s t2 t1 = k (\ s _ -> k' s t2 t1) s (App t1 t2) leadin k k' s t@(App t1 t2) = k (\ s _ _ -> k' s t) s t2 t1 leadin k k' s t = k' s t parens p = char '(' <> p <> char ')' term :: PP Term term = varL --> ident <|> absL --> char '\' <> ident <> term <|> appL --> parens (term <> sepSpace <> term)
From this single specification, we can extract a parser,
parse term :: PP Term -> String -> Maybe Term
and also a pretty printer,
pretty term :: PP Term -> Term -> Maybe String
Specifications are built from primitive and derived combinators, which affect the input string in some way. For each constructor of each datatype, we need to write a lead, which is a pair of a construction function and a destruction function. Leads are pure combinators that do not affect the input string. By convention, we suffix their name with L.
Internally, the primitive combinators are written in CPS. Leads also need
to be written in this style, being primitive. They can, however, be
automatically generated for every datatype using some Template Haskell
hackery (in a separate package). A number of leads for standard datatypes
are defined in the
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http://hackage.haskell.org/package/cassette-0.1.0/docs/Text-Cassette.html
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| 0.859824
| 561
| 2.65625
| 3
|
Ground-penetrating radar boosts asparagus production
Feb 16, 2016
Ground-penetrating radar can improve the automated harvesting of asparagus spears. That is the conclusion of a new study by researchers from Germany, which demonstrates how radar can detect the best height at which to cut asparagus plants to maximize crop yield. Asparagus harvesting is a labour-intensive process and the researchers believe that the new technique could maximize production while minimizing damage to the part of the plant that is left in the ground to produce future crops.
Asparagus plants consist of two parts – the root network and the edible spears. The root network comprises both downward-growing roots and the sideways-growing rhizome from which multiple spears grow upwards. White asparagus is popular in much of Europe and is usually grown buried in ridges of soil. This forces the spears to grow underground, where the absence of light stops them from turning green.
During harvesting, spears are cut from the root network. Manually harvesting is labour intensive because it involves cutting the spears individually. Automatic harvesting sees the whole top layer of the soil sliced off – from which severed spears are sieved out. The challenge with automation lies in selecting the appropriate depth of soil to remove. If too little is removed, then valuable crop remains wasted in the ground. If too much is removed, then the cutting machinery may damage the rhizomes or even kill the plants entirely. Individual plants normally provide a crop for 10 years, so not damaging the plants is desirable. While manual inspection of selected plants can help guide automatic harvesting, the variation between plants makes selecting the optimum height challenging.
Success with tree roots
"A few centimetres of additional cutting depth, and hence average [spear] length, can make a few thousand euros difference on a typical asparagus field," explains Jörg Schöbel of the Technische Universität Braunschweig – an institution in a region famous for its asparagus production. Schöbel and his colleagues' previous research had focused on more established applications for ground-penetrating radar, such as the detection of buried pipes and cables for civil-engineering purposes. The technique uses reflected radio pulses to image beneath the ground and had previously been applied successfully to monitor tree-root growth. When presented with the asparagus problem, Schöbel's team immediately recognized the technique as a potential solution.
The researchers created a detection system consisting of a radar transmitter and receiver mounted on an adjustable framework, attached to a rail-guided trolley (see image). The system scans the top surface of the asparagus bed using radio-wave pulses in the 0.2–2 GHz band as well as continuous-wave radar. To test their set-up, the researchers planted a 9 m long test bed of asparagus, on which was heaped a ridge of soil about 0.5 m in height. Plants in the first part of the bed were spaced at a distance of 1 m apart, while the rest were planted 0.3 m apart, the latter being typical of a large-scale asparagus plantation.
As long as the asparagus are planted close together, where radar signals overlap, the top of the plant's root networks can be detected as a horizontal reflection pattern in the radar data. To calculate depth from the low-contrast reflections recorded, the researchers used a digital processing algorithm called "phase congruency" – which provides edge detection based on the frequency, rather than time, domain. Knowing the rough depth of the asparagus, reflections from the plants can be distinguished from those from the soil surface above and the solid ground beneath.
Margin of safety
From this, a small safety margin can be added to produce a single cutting depth for the entire field or, to better maximize crop yield, the cutting depth could be dynamically adjusted as the harvester moves across each ridge. Alternatively, the radar apparatus could be attached to the harvester itself, allowing scanning and cutting to be undertaken in tandem.
With their initial study complete, the researchers are now looking to further develop and simplify their detection technique, with the long-term aim of working towards a commercially viable application. One particular challenge to be overcome is how to refine the signal-processing technique to handle different soil conditions. While the researchers tested their system with the dry, sandy soil found in the Braunschweig region, detection becomes more difficult with heavier and more humid soils, which more strongly absorb high-frequency radar signals.
The research is described in the Journal of Applied Geophysics.
About the author
Ian Randall is a science writer based in New Zealand
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As skiers across the world pay close attention to the state of the snow on the slopes, there are a different group of scientific snow-watchers looking closely at a South Pole snowfield this January.
Scientists from around the world coordinated by the UK's National Physical Laboratory (NPL) are examining an Antarctic snowfield this January as part of the world's largest inter-comparison between satellite sensors.
The results will allow scientists to fully quantify differences between the measurements made by the satellite instruments in orbit. This will lead to improvements in their calibration and ensure that the data collected is all quality assured. This will ultimately result in more confidence in the data used for climate change, weather systems and monitoring disaster areas. Some of these measurements require the detection of changes of a few tenths of a percent per decade, yet current sensors exhibit biases between themselves of many percent, often more than 20 times this level.
Over 30 sensors from space agencies across the globe, including several from the UK, ranging in spatial resolution from a metre to several hundred metres will measure the reflectance of the sun by the Antarctic snow. All of the data will be cross-compared to each other supported by ground measurements of the site.
The measurements will be taken over a snowfield in Antarctica known as 'DOME C'. These can only be performed in December and January when the Sun is relatively high in the sky during the southern hemisphere summer.
Nigel Fox, head of Earth Observation in NPL's Optical Technologies software and computing team said:
"This is the most comprehensive comparison of its kind ever organised and is a direct result of efforts led by NPL to establish improved quality assurance of Earth observation data. As the data from many of the sensors involved in this comparison is used in studies of climate change, it is essential that we can reliably combine it together and start to use it as a truly global resource and reference for the future. This comparison will provide the information and evidence to allow this to happen"
This comparison is the first of a series led by NPL, supported by the Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills, the European Space Agency and the British National Space Centre, to address key issues in Earth Observation on behalf of the worlds Earth Observation community. Future ones include measurements of the temperature of the ocean and reflectance of a salt lake in Turkey.
Looking to the future, it is hoped that the UK can continue to take a lead in this niche but crucial role to underpin the calibration and validation of Earth Observation satellites. One example is the development of a "calibration satellite" in space to ensure the accuracy of satellites in orbit.
|Contact: Joe Meaney|
National Physical Laboratory
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http://www.bio-medicine.org/biology-news-1/Satellites-search-out-South-Pole-snowfields-6638-1/
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| 0.941692
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