text
stringlengths 199
648k
| id
stringlengths 47
47
| dump
stringclasses 1
value | url
stringlengths 14
419
| file_path
stringlengths 139
140
| language
stringclasses 1
value | language_score
float64 0.65
1
| token_count
int64 50
235k
| score
float64 2.52
5.34
| int_score
int64 3
5
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|PDF (1 MB)|
Training Parent Liaisons
A parent liaison is considered a critical player in the effort to generate greater and more positive connections between parents and their children's school. In Title I schools across the country, such as those in IPS and in the state of Utah, there has been a movement to ensure that liaisons are in place to help facilitate parents' involvement in the education of their children. Depending on where they work, a liaison's duties might include (but not necessarily be limited to) any of the following: conducting home visits, staffing parent centers, distributing NCLB information, administering surveys about the family friendliness of schools, informing parents about their children's performance (both good and bad), providing training on parenting skills, and supplying information about how families can meet their basic needs (often liaisons distribute community resource lists identifying agencies that can help find housing, employment, etc.). The range of duties and importance of the role argue for comprehensive, ongoing training.
Deliver a Broad Curriculum to Liaisons
Liaison training is important for ensuring that liaisons are effective communicators with parents and have a clear understanding of the sometimes very technical information they need to communicate or about which they may be asked, such as matters related to school performance (e.g., how to interpret a school NCLB-required report card). In addition, training can help liaisons better define their role, can ensure greater consistency in the work of liaisons across schools, and can plant the seeds for an informal mutual-support network among liaisons within a district or region.
In the 2005–06 school year, IPS contracted with the Indiana Partnerships Center to facilitate a series of full-day training sessions for the district's new title I parent liaisons. Held monthly, the sessions run in length from two to six hours, adding up to approximately 50 hours of training per year. In addition to the session on how to connect with hard-to-reach parents, mentioned in Part I (p. 26), topics include: creating family friendly environments in IPs schools, research frameworks on effective parent engagement, NCLB and Indiana's Public Law 221, cultural competency, how parents can support math and reading achievement, and parents' roles in school-based decision-making.
The National Network of Partnership Schools
The National Network of Partnership Schools (NNPS), based at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Md., is a project of the university's Center on School, Family, and Community Partnerships, directed by research scientist Joyce Epstein. Schools that belong to the network create an "action team for partnerships," which includes but is not necessarily limited to parents, teachers, administrators, counselors, and students in the upper grades. The team then creates a one-year action plan, choosing activities that map to NNPS's framework for six major types of involvement: parenting, communicating, volunteering, learning at home, decision-making, and collaborating in the community. NNPS staff have developed a one-day training workshop for schools wanting to take this approach. In addition to providing direct training workshops for schools, NNPS take a train-the-trainers approach to prepare PIRC staff, district staff, and others who, in turn, work directly with schools.
Members that join the network receive: the School, Family, and Community Partnerships: Your Handbook for Action,11 which includes a framework of the program, tips and tools for implementing the model, and assessment tools, along with information for sustaining partnership efforts; an invitation for key action team members to attend workshops and conferences at NNPS's Johns Hopkins headquarter; a semiannual newsletter designed to share examples of best practices, solutions to challenges, and guidelines for continuous progress in program development; an annual collection of promising practices; telephone, e-mail, and Web site assistance from NNPS staff; and additional tools and services.
As of September 2005, more than 1,000 schools, 130 local districts, and 16 state departments of education had joined the network, which supports district and state leaders in various ways, including hosting a spring workshop for representatives from new district and state members to prepare them to conduct training for schools' action teams for partnerships and other presentations. Because the growing number of schools requesting to join NNPS exceeds its capacity to meet their training and support needs on its own, this train-the-trainers approach is essential, allowing districts and states to support their own school-level partnership efforts.
The Utah Family Center also provides preparation and ongoing support for liaisons, through quarterly training sessions on such topics as NCLB, cultural competency, conducting effective home visits, parents' roles in children's literacy development, as well as training to promote the National Network of Partnership Schools model, a school-based model that builds school community and promotes parent involvement (see above, "The National Network of Partnership Schools"). In addition to its standard liaison curriculum, the center provides ad hoc training as needed. For all training, liaisons travel to the PIRC's main office in Salt Lake City and are reimbursed for lodging, food, and transportation.
Through their trainings on cultural competency and literacy, among other things, Utah's parent liaisons have become adept at identifying and responding to the needs of the families they serve. For example, recognizing that many parents, particularly new immigrants, are not literate themselves in English, liaisons have visited homes and modeled for parents a "book walk," in which a parent talks to a child about the pictures in a book and, based on the pictures, helps the child consider what the story might be about. Because variations on this form of storytelling are used in many cultures, this liaison service helps bridge home and school culture and makes parents feel that they can participate in helping their children even if the parents do not read or speak English.
ADI's PIRC has taken a different approach to the concept of parent liaisons. Working through ADI's Solid Foundation program, the PIRC helps participating schools to identify parents, teachers, and other school staff members who then are recruited and receive specific training for particular roles related to building a cohesive school community. For example, some may serve on the school community council while others may facilitate various parent courses. Another role is that of a home visitor, someone who helps implement specific family outreach projects planned by the school community council. One such project was a literacy-building effort in which, over the course of the summer, home visitors called on all families of second-graders, giving them books for their children and helping parents understand how they could help their children with reading. Solid Foundation's home-visitor preparation includes presenting procedures for a home visit, role-playing conversations in a home with parents, and distribution of multiple tools for conducting a successful visit (e.g., a script for scheduling a home visit, home-visit reminder, reporting form). Using a parent feedback form, ADI surveys parents about their experiences with a home visitor and uses the feedback to plan future visits and training. (See fig. 10, Academic Development Institute: Form for Parent Feedback on Home Visitors, below.)
Use Parents as Liaisons to Serve Families Of Special Needs Children
Champions Together, a program that focuses on serving and engaging parents of special needs students, has been a collaborative effort of ADI's PIRC and the Illinois Service Resource Center (ISRC), an Illinois State Board of Education technical assistance program funded with a grant under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The program offers training, as requested, for parents of children with disabilities (and who receive special education services) who want to serve as family liaisons—often as paid part-time liaisons—for other parents at their school whose children receive special education services. According to the program's brochure, the main purpose of having such a liaison is to "increase the comfort level of parents and establish positive relationships between parents and schools." Although ISRC representatives were having ongoing conversations with representatives of schools and districts around the state about the need to have a paid position for a family liaison at every school, at the time of this study there was no funding to do so. Nonetheless, some 250 volunteers had gone through Champions together's liaison training over the past few years and were hard at work in their schools across the state.
In the two-day Champions Together training, new liaisons become knowledgeable about IDEA and the contents of the Illinois State Board of Education's A Parents' Guide: The Educational Rights of Students With Disabilities,12 and they learn how to work with parents of children with disabilities, including how to form parent support groups and teach parent courses. What, to some, may seem like a lot to cover over two days, actually may be less intimidating to the volunteers themselves. Many of them are parents of special education students or special education teachers who are already very familiar with much of the curriculum.
Create Mutual-support Cohorts
Generally speaking, parent liaisons come from a range of backgrounds. At one end of the spectrum are those who have been stay-at home parents and have never worked outside the home; at the other end are those who come to the liaison job with extensive training and experience in related work (e.g., social work). Once liaisons are on the job, their experiences can vary significantly, as well. To encourage mutual support and learning from each other, the Utah Family Center schedules a time for "sharing" whenever liaisons come together for training. during these sharing sessions, the liaisons have reported on what they have been doing at their schools, what has worked well, and what challenges they are facing. This session gives them an opportunity to collect ideas from others in the field, as well as to offer and receive advice from colleagues. One liaison interviewed for this study asserted that "sharing stories and networking is one of the best parts of the training."
In its monthly training sessions for IPS liaisons, the Indiana Partnerships Center has encouraged those who have done home visits in the past to offer their advice about how to best ensure successful visits. Participants offered a variety of tips, for example, liaisons should be sure to at least taste any food offered by the families they visit because not to do so would be considered an affront in many homes. This kind of homegrown advice tends to be well received because, over the course of multiple training sessions, liaisons come to know and trust each other.
Collaborate With Other Agencies for Training
As noted earlier, partnerships can expand a PIRC's capacity to reach its goals. this is evident in the Champions Together program. In addition to profiting from their own collaboration, ADI and ISRC have sought, from the beginning, to engage parents and educators of special education children in every aspect of planning and developing the Champions Together program, seeing them, collectively, as a third partner. Focus groups consisting of parents, school administrators, school counselors, and special education experts informed the creation of the program at every step. The course curriculum used to support and educate parents about how to help their children with special needs at home and at school was written by directors of special education programs from throughout the state.
In Indiana, the IPS liaison training was planned and carried out through a collaboration comprising representatives of the Indiana Partnerships Center; of the community-based Bridges to Success program, which has worked since 1991 to develop school-community partnerships within IPS; and of the district's Title I office. This collaboration was created after the PIRC approached the Title I director and the IPS superintendent to ask if they needed help in designing and implementing a comprehensive training for the district's new Title I parent liaisons. Although the Indiana Partnerships Center had the capacity to provide much of the needed training, staff realized that a partnership with Bridges to Success would both strengthen the connection to the district and expand the PIRC's training capacity, allowing it to cover additional topics to which Bridges to Success brought expertise. Referring to how best to operate collaboratively, one Bridges to Success staff member says, "Early on, figure out who's got the flour and who's got the eggs—what is each group best at doing." Representatives of the three partners met many times to work out goals, agendas, and formats of the training, and they plan to continue meeting regularly.
Tips for Training Parent Liaisons to Effectively Link Parents and Educators
|
<urn:uuid:9a7e6548-5e6d-40f6-88ff-d44711b31535>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www2.ed.gov/admins/comm/parents/parentinvolve/report_pg19.html?exp=1
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00149-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964627
| 2,526
| 3.109375
| 3
|
Plumerias, commonly referred to as frangipani, melia and temple tree, can add a touch of the islands to your landscape. A tropical member of the dogbane family, with numerous varieties to choose from, plumeria is generally grown as a small tree prized for its attractive flowers, although some cultivars put the focus on foliage. The large number of cultivars offer a range of growth habits, flowering characteristics and hardiness, though most are frost tender.
Plumeria typically grows as a small tree that reaches a height of about 30 feet and achieves a similar canopy width, though size and compactness varies by cultivar. Leaves are typically glossy green but may be dull and range from 8 to 12 inches long and 2 to 4 inches wide. Some plumeria lose leaves during winter, but hybrids of Plumeria obtusa generally retain foliage year-round. Most plumerias produce highly-fragrant, five-petaled flowers from early spring through fall. Flower color varies between cultivars and may be red, yellow, pink, white or multicolored.
Native to Central and South America, plumeria grows best in hot conditions with full sun or only light shade. The ideal soil for plumeria is well-drained and slightly acidic. Specimens are somewhat tolerant of wind and salt. Plumeria is frost tender. Plumeria can be grown, sometimes to near full size, in a large container or tub. This may be preferable in sites prone to frost where the plumeria must be moved indoors or to a protected site during cold spells. Ensure that the container has ample drain holes. Depending on species, plumeria grows well in Sunset's Climate Zones 12, 13, 19, 21 through 25, 27 and H1 through 2.
Provide plumeria with adequate moisture during periods of drought and protect it from frost. Plumeria may require pruning, particularly if grown for flower production. Pruning is easiest in winter when no leaves are present but a heavy pruning at this time impacts spring bloom. Older trees often benefit from a type of pruning known as pollarding, where shoots are pruned back to the same point, the pollard head, each year. Prune off any shriveled or bent branches back to a main branch and destroy the removed branches. Plumeria benefits from regular fertilizing. Apply a 10-30-10 fertilizer at a rate of one pound per inch of trunk diameter every three to four months.
Plumeria seed is not widely available and trees do not always produce viable seed but it is sometimes used for propagation. Expect that seedlings usually produce flowers of the same color as the specimen from which seed was collected. Collect seeds after the pod splits open, sow them shallowly and expect termination after about two weeks. Plumeria is more commonly propagated by cuttings to ensure that the desirable traits of the parent tree are retained. Cut about 1 to 2 feet from a branch tip and let the cutting sit in a dry place for at least two weeks before planting the cutting in well-drained soil. Take care to avoid over-watering the cutting.
Possible Disease and Pest Problems
A handful of pests and diseases occasionally plague plumeria. Potential pests include spider mites, the long-horned beetle, whiteflies, thrips, mealybugs, slugs or snails and cutworms, or moth larvae. Most of these pests are usually controlled by beneficial, predatory insects, so avoid the use of broad-spectrum insecticides. The most serious plumeria pest is typically the long-horned beetle, also known as the plumeria stem borer, whose presence is indicated by a small hole on the stalk with black ooze dripping out. Prune off and destroy infested portions of the plant. Various fungi cause the development of rust, which appears as a blistering or powder on leaves, particularly prevalent during cool, wet weather. Rust is rarely sever enough to warrant concern. Black sooty mold may develop on honeydew, a sticky, sweet substance secreted by certain pests.
- University of Hawai'i at Manoa Cooperative Extension Service: Plumeria
- The Plumeria Society of America: Pests and Diseases: Symptoms and Solutions for Plumeria
- University of Hawai'i at Manoa College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources: Plumeria in Hawai'i
- University of Florida IFAS Extension: Plumeria rubra: Frangipani
- Sunset: Plant Finder - Frangipani
- Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images
|
<urn:uuid:ec467c99-2e5a-4e72-8dbb-5087c40acf16>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://homeguides.sfgate.com/plumeria-24196.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00042-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92826
| 935
| 2.859375
| 3
|
Owls are nocturnal birds that are characterized in most people’s memories as wise creatures, perched up on their branch overlooking the world’s activities; always awake, eyes never closed. In my memory, owls are the talisman of a childhood favorite lollipop, the tootsie roll pop. The mind burning question of: “How Many Licks Does It Take To Get To The Center Of A Tootsie Pop?” The answer of course being, “The world may never know.”
The Owl textile is printed on cotton and was exhibited at the Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum in 1978 in an exhibition titled “Look Again,” March 20-June 4, 1978. This exhibition featured 500 works from the permanent collection of all media, and was supposed to portray the Hewitt sister’s mission of inspiring the public with design and education. The owl’s body is printed from the back and bottom views in yellow ochre, sienna and olive green. It is a template, meant to be cut and sewn into a stuffed toy. Sewing instructions are printed in the center. "Arnold Print Works, North Adams, MA" is printed on the upper left corner. Although sewing indicated a feminine trade, sewing an object into a toy can be transformed into a unisex product. It also isn’t a craft only demonstrated in the 1800’s. In 1999, in my seventh grade home economics class, we also received a fabric template to cut out and make a stuffed animal from. The activity illustrated to most of us that three dimensional items proved to be difficult to sew, especially while keeping the stuffing contained. The process resulted in lopsided toys and our fingers wrapped in bandages. The sewing manual that each animal came with was pages long, with instructional photos and was in two different languages, much more complicated than the directions rendered in The Owl textile: “cut paste board oval to fit bottom piece, then sew together.”
Although this textile was printed in the 1892, owls and birds in general have a specific fashion that has been restored in the 21st century. Even when searching in Cooper-Hewitt’s collection, 38 objects appear with associations tied to the owl. The owl is portrayed on our match safes, prints, furniture cabinets, and even magazine ads.
|
<urn:uuid:a4374478-7f8c-4dcd-a3c1-a63bd92122ce>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.cooperhewitt.org/2014/02/28/put-an-owl-on-it/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00053-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951392
| 496
| 2.8125
| 3
|
As the GNSS world starts to appreciate the era of multiple global constellations, it’s probably worth considering the impact on aircraft navigation, GNSS airborne receivers and what these changes might soon bring to those who develop and use GNSS for airborne en-route navigation and approaches. Design and manufacture of new breeds of receivers are only the first of many steps along the road to full-fledged use of new capabilities. In aviation in particular, and in other high-precision fields to a lesser extent, many stages of study, regulation, development, test, and certification must be undertaken to eventually reach the promised land. The following capsule history of our progress to date also sheds light on what we may have to undertake in the future.
When GPS first came along, it was seen as a godsend for aviation. We’d been struggling with long-range Omega, which gave us, wow, close to a mile accuracy, and trying to get affordable but highly accurate Dopplers out of the military world. And those expensive inertials which still drifted pretty fast. GPS let us get to meters of position accuracy, was affordable, and could be used together with inertials to give us both bounded long-term accuracy and inertial azimuth, elevation and roll. Autopilots loved this stuff!
But, hey, when you put electronics onto an aircraft, you need standards and you need regulations. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), to which virtually all air-faring nations subscribe, sets up international standards for airborne system performance. ICAO quickly understood that GPS would be the navigation system that the whole world would come to rely on. So we got top-level marching orders from ICAO that set out the basic performance that we should expect from an airborne GPS system — Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS).
The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the U.S. as the world’s leading aviation agency took up the challenge and turned to the Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (a volunteer organization that develops technical guidance for use by government regulatory authorities and by industry — RTCA) to put together the Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS). MOPS provide standards for specific equipment(s) used by designers, manufacturers, installers and users of the equipment. In fact, when we got MOPS for GPS, it allowed manufacturers of receivers and avionics to figure out what to build, what it should do, and how to qualify it. MOPS allowed the FAA to move on to develop the Technical Standard Order (TSO), which allowed FAA staff to verify compliance and ultimately install GPS avionics on aircraft via a Supplemental Type Certificate (STC) or, for new aircraft, via a Type Certificate. There are other ways onto aircraft too, but these are probably the most commonly used.
So we don’t just write our own specs and just develop and test it and sell it to aviation — there are a host of regulations you say…? That’s correct.
Around the same time GPS was hitting the streets, the FAA and other agencies recognized that these gizmos were basically software widgits, and that nerds could even be developing them in their garages or on their kitchen tables. We wrote software then that got the job done, and it worked at least as well as Microsoft’s did at the time, but our design and testing might have benefited from more structure. So along came RTCA DO-178 and subsequent revisions that set out the sequence of steps you should take to ensure a low probability of undetected error in your software. We started spending a whole lot more time upfront figuring out what the requirements were before we designed anything, and we had to wait what seemed like eons to get to code the stuff. So although we got process and we were able to cross-check between each step that we were still doing what we set out to do, the level and intensity of what came to be known as “verification” went through the roof. What a couple of guys in jeans had previously been able to cobble together in a couple of months now began to take a group of ten people working as an exceptionally well-coordinated team, maybe over several years. And the bright creative guys in the garages and kitchen tables were out of the aviation business. And a good proportion of the software engineers in the industry actually began to shun the rigor of the airborne software qualification/certification process, and prefer the less regimented receiver development associated with commercial receivers, especially challenging complex dual-frequency and RTK applications. So engineers with the persistence of airborne software qualification specialists are a rare and desired breed for airborne receiver manufacturers.
And then FAA put the same processes in place for hardware, especially ASICS, and gave us RTCA DO-254. Luckily we were already implementing ASICS using tools that applied thoroughness and intensity to the process, so DO-254 didn’t hurt quite as much as software development changes had hurt.
But we persevered, and eventually we got the bugs out of the receivers and got people flying with them, and there was great rejoicing in the aviation community. The General Aviation (GA) guys were a little impatient and couldn’t wait for the lengthy aviation development wheel to turn, so they bought handhelds in the meantime and duct-taped them to their yokes. But the FAA caught up with them, and these receivers evolved to the point where today they are buried behind square feet of glass Electronic Flight Instrument Systems (EFIS) and all you get is an icon which says your navigation source is GPS.
All these GPS receivers were, of course, single-frequency L1 only. Why, when there are perfectly good high-precision dual-frequency L1/L2 receivers out there? Well, turns out that only L1 is within the protected Aeronautical Radio Navigation Service (ARNS) band. The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) is an agency of the United Nations that manages worldwide allocation and use of radio frequencies — every country subscribes and plays by the ITU rules. So L1 is protected for GPS navigation use, but L2 isn’t. You can blast away with X-band radars in the L2 band and you’ll interfere with GPS L2 quite effectively. LightSquared assaults on the GPS bands excepted, the regulations currently protect you and your L1 GPS aviation receiver from intended and unintended jamming while your flight management system using GPS flies you safely from LaGuardia to Boston Logan.
So after several million dollars of engineering sweat and tears by receiver manufacturers, we eventually got ourselves to a point where we could fly GPS enroute from place to place, and the FAA even constructed and approved GPS approaches so we can get into airports. Then along comes WAAS, and we have new MOPS and new TSOs and many more millions of R&D required to implement WAAS LPV (Localizer Performance with Vertical guidance) approaches into the already certified L1 GPS receiver population. Crank up the machine and ensure each step is verified and the checks and balances of the aviation certification process ensure that we have the safety level needed to fly plane-loads of people through clouds and down to 200 feet with a half-mile visibility to the runway. It’s taken a lot of people a long time to work up these safety levels to use GPS like this, and guess what — it works!
And Automatic Dependent Surveillance – Broadcast (ADS-B) is rolling out across the U.S. and other nations as we use GPS on-board aircraft to tell us where they are and to allow agencies to monitor air traffic with less radar tracking. Another leap in safety levels, which requires airborne receivers qualified to new MOPS.
Even though the accuracy might be there, the element we’ve struggled with all this time is integrity. And we get integrity by adding signals and ensuring there are always more signals than we have currently. So now we have L5 coming, and even Galileo and the prospect of multi-frequency, multi-constellation airborne receivers that add safety, raise integrity and get us closer to the runway on approach.
The FAA is mulling over the ground rules for the new L5 MOPS, which they would like to have done and receivers ready for when the next generation of WAAS is ready to go. Over in Europe, Eurocae (the European equivalent to RTCA in the U.S.) has already started to think about Galileo, and even L5. Over the coming years, as the U.S. GPS constellation adds L5 capability, maybe even at the same rate that Europe puts Galileo in place, aviation receiver manufacturers — a rare breed of specialists indeed — are trying to figure out how to finance the impending investments needed to make and certify this new generation of aviation receivers.
Some people have already started down this torturous development path, so they will be ready as the L5 and Galileo MOPS committees work through the intricacies of adding capability to the already highly structured spider’s web of regulations and requirements. As concepts are thought out, it’s always great to be able to test if they work on prototype hardware and provide validation back into the requirements process, so those who have working receivers will play a key role as these new capabilities are brought on line.
And let’s assume that Europe will want Galileo in its future aviation system, and that the pace of fielding L5 into the GPS constellation is unlikely to pick up given the economic restrictions under which the DoD will have to operate in the next few years.
So, combined GPS L1/L5 Galileo E1/E5a receivers are favorite candidates for the next generation of airborne receivers. Rockwell Collins, Honeywell, CMC, Septentrio (at right, the Septentrio AiRx2 L1/L5 GPS E1/E5a airborne receiver), Accord, Garmin, and potentially others have their work cut out as we move out into a new generation of aviation satellite navigation capability. And yes, it’s very hard to do, folks.
|
<urn:uuid:fca945b5-da5b-4f24-9c03-bac5ce89e3b0>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://gpsworld.com/professional-oemairborne-receivers-how-hard-can-it-be-12511/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00115-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962148
| 2,094
| 3.015625
| 3
|
Whether you live in the country, on an average-sized suburban yard, or on a tiny plot in the city you can help protect the environment and add beauty and interest to your surroundings with backyard conservation.
USDA’s Natural Resources Conservation Service works with farmers and ranchers to make conservation improvements to their land, resulting in cleaner water and air, healthier soil and better habitat for wildlife.
But conservation work is not just for farmers or ranchers. You can help protect natural resources, whether your place is measured in acres, feet or flower pots.
This month, NRCS and other USDA agencies are celebrating Conservation Month. As part of this week, we wanted to share a few tips for how you can be a conservationist in your own backyard. Here’s a few:
- Plant trees: Trees in your backyard provide homes for wildlife, lower heating and cooling costs, clean air, add beauty and color, provide shelter from the wind and the sun and improve property values.
- Provide food and shelter for wildlife: Welcome birds, butterflies, beneficial insects, bats and other wildlife to your yard by selecting the right plants. Certain trees, shrubs and flowers – especially those that are native – can give wildlife the perfect food and sanctuary.
- Build a pond: Another good way to invite wildlife to your yard is by building a pond. Water provides habitat for birds, butterflies, frogs and fish. Plus, ponds are a scenic addition to the yard.
- Create a wetland: Many yards can support a backyard wetland that benefits you and your community. Letting runoff from your roof, parking area and yard slowly filter through a mini-wetland helps prevent pollution of neighboring creeks and may help prevent flooding. Wetlands also encourage the recharging of underground aquifers and, like the right plants or a pond, provide good homes for wildlife.
- Compost scraps from kitchen and yard: All organic matter eventually decomposes. So, why not spare your trash bags and town’s landfill by composting yard and food scraps. Composting, even with a simple compost pile, speeds the process by providing an ideal environment for bacteria and other decomposing micro-organisms. The final product, humus or compost, looks and feels like fertile garden soil. It’s perfect for your garden.
Follow NRCS on Twitter.
Check out other conservation-related stories on the USDA Blog.
|
<urn:uuid:1c865d56-0dd9-4f99-bf09-643d4989b050>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://blogs.usda.gov/2013/09/09/conservation-work-has-a-place-in-your-backyard/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393518.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00000-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.915974
| 499
| 3.671875
| 4
|
Team Number: 086
School Name: Shiprock High School
Area of Science: Engineering
Project Title: Transportation
Through the development of technology that helps keep advanced vehicle engine emissions to a minimum and makes maximum fuel-efficiency a reality, we will find cost-effective solutions to the problems of transporting people and goods from one place to another. Carbon monoxide is a major contributor to the depletion of the ozone layer, and with new technologies carbon monoxide is kept at a minimum, and with a bit of luck it can be eliminated from the engine's emissions. Also, we will be attempting to find alternatives for better fuel economy in advanced and modern vehicles. Natural gas, ethanol, and diesel are a few types of alternative fuels that are abundant, and we will be researching these. We will research both these topics with confidence that we will accomplish these goals.
Another problem we have found was with lightweight materials and fuel consumption. To improve fuel economy, weight must be dropped, but not too much so that the vehicle might be easily distinguished. So far we have examined various lightweight materials for structural applications for automobiles and passenger-oriented light trucks, and the most cost-effective ones will be selected for further analysis. Aluminum and high performance polymer matrix composites (PMCs) offer the most promise for reducing the weight of light-duty vehicles. The weight- reduction potential of aluminum and carbon-fiber-based PMCs was computed on the basis of a set of component-specific replacement criteria, such as stiffness and strength, consequent incremental cost scenarios was developed.
|
<urn:uuid:41b86f0d-0053-42dc-8a5a-7be8c5642fd4>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.challenge.nm.org/archive/01-02/Abstracts/086.shtml
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404826.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00003-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935431
| 315
| 3.15625
| 3
|
Cognitive Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience/Hints for good writing
First and most important: Always remember, that we are writing a scientific book, not a novel; an essay; or a wikipedia article. For a start you could read this article
Try to write a consistent block of text, using subheadings, paragraphs and footnotes. Do not make listings, keywords and in general articles, but chapters.
Your first assignment is the introduction to your chapter. Keep in mind that this is the basis for the rest of your chapter. You shouldn't later rewrite your Introduction completely, because you did not know what to write. This assignment already counts for your mark.
The mentioned APA Publishing Manual is not online. However, there is a good overview here
|
<urn:uuid:0a743ab3-0ad7-441c-af12-4ccc9e5114fe>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Psychology_and_Cognitive_Neuroscience/Hints_for_good_writing
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00004-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.920844
| 155
| 3.109375
| 3
|
Advancing Future Transportation with Breakthrough Innovations - Summary Report
Advancing Future Transportation with Breakthrough Innovations -
PDF Version (16 KB)
In 2005, the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) conducted three think tank forums as part of its commitment to develop a robust advanced research agenda. The final 1.5-day forum was held at the Faculty Club at the University of California, Berkeley in October 2005. The Volpe Center and futurist Glen Hiemstra of Futurist.com provided planning support for the event. The intent of the forums was to convene stakeholders and seek ideas to assist FHWA in establishing a strategic agenda for advanced
Approximately 35 participants gathered for this interactive event with expert speakers on breakthrough technologies, such as new materials, future energy possibilities, traffic flow monitoring for safety, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) research on Small Aircraft Transportation Systems (SATS). Through a series of structured presentations and discussions, participants explored issues impacting the future of transportation and identified advanced research needs. Then, using a modified version of the nominal group technique (a methodology for maximizing and equalizing individual input within a group process) for group decisionmaking, the participants developed a list of suggested research topics and ranked the priority items.
The key results from the forum were a set of recommendations for advanced research topics. These recommendations are presented here followed by a summary of the presentations. These presentations framed the participants' discussions and helped identify advanced research topics. This summary concludes with a discussion of participants' impressions and comments on the synergy around the purpose of the forum and possible next steps to help FHWA develop an advanced research agenda and program.
1.1 Forum Purpose
The purpose of the forum was to:
- Scan across disciplines, inside and outside the transportation area, to search for promising research and technology that could fundamentally improve transportation.
- Develop a set of recommended areas, topics, or questions for consideration as part of a strategic agenda for advanced research.
1.2 Recommending Advanced Research Agenda Topics
During the forum, participants convened in three working groups. After forming these groups, the individuals in each group listed their ideas for advanced research. In doing this, participants were asked to consider ideas that would (1) be "game changers" by encouraging breakthrough innovation, (2) have high leverage in terms of being high payoff for high risk, (3) fit between basic research and applied research, and (4) be strategic in terms of seeking outcomes rather than simply being
interesting research. In addition, the teams were reminded of the two-part definition of advanced research provided by FHWA's Associate Administrator of Infrastructure King Gee:
"Research that involves and draws upon basic research results to provide a better understanding of phenomena and develop innovative solutions. Sometimes referred to as exploratory research in order to convey its more fundamental character, its broader objectives, and the greater uncertainty in expected outcomes compared to problem-solving research."
After developing their personal lists, the participants shared their ideas around the table, and a master list was created for the group, which helped to eliminate overlapping ideas. The ideas were then discussed at the table, with an emphasis on clarifying the ideas and on why particular ideas ought to be selected over others. When called upon, the table groups reported their lists to the entire forum. These breakout group results are listed in the appendix.
During the forum, the participants discussed the lists of ideas and noted themes and common ideas. The following is a list of some of the noted themes:
- The interaction between drivers, vehicles, and the roadway.
- The key role of freight.
- Safety is evident but not emphasized in most recommended ideas.
- Nanomaterials are a focus, particularly due to their potential for infrastructure.
- There is a need for integrated transportation infrastructure, rather than the traditional infrastructure system in which one highway meets all transportation needs.
- Information technology and systems research need to go beyond classic intelligent transportation systems to include communications technology, virtuality [electronic access], and impacts of the "digital native" generation.
- Knowledge management systems.
- Integrating organizations need to get on the same page with research in pursuit of collaborative research management strategies.
- Model verification, field testing, and benchmarking systems are needed. For example, FHWA should partner with the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), which wants to do verification tests.
- How can sustainable research be built over years despite shifts in Congressional policy and leadership?
- Attention should focus on the aging of the population and related issues.
- Alternative fuels research issues for FHWA include costs, effects, perceptions, and impact on revenue.
- There is a need to think beyond cars and trucks.
After noting these common themes and ideas, each working group went back to their group list, clarified their opinions, and then used the nominal group technique to indicate their preference for the top research ideas. Each group then reported the top three or four priorities to all participants.
After discussing the resulting list of 12 items, participants expressed their preference in another round of voting using a weighted voting process. The results below fell into three basic tiers, with the total number of votes for each item indicated in parentheses.
2.0 Recommended Advanced Research Agenda Topics
- Take an innovative look at cross-country container movement of freight, including potentially separate lanes, pipelines, segregated systems, and automated systems. (37)
- Develop and provide a totally automated vehicle-driver-highway system. (26)
- Develop innovative traffic flow monitoring and control systems. (25)
- Develop new materials and build processes for increased longevity, reduced costs, and increased sustainability. (18)
- Determine how our society will need to travel in the future and what business travel needs will be in 2050. (17)
- Study land use and transportation. (16)
- Examine human cognition and perception regarding how people use and understand multilayer systems. (14)
- Develop a safer rural highway system. (13)
- Create seamless movements between travel modes through improved integration of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) into design. Identify hot spots. (12)
- Determine how transportation systems will support sustainability. (12)
- Improve highway-vehicle interactions. (9)
- Develop new energy sources that are sustainable and clean. (5)
3.0 Forum Framework: Summary of Presentations and Discussion
Each presentation is included on the final CD-ROM as Microsoft® PowerPoint® slides in Adobe® Acrobat® Portable Document Format (PDF)
Day 1, September 20, 2005
3.1 Welcome: King Gee and J. Richard Capka
FHWA Associate Administrator King Gee personally welcomed the attendees and provided background on the advanced research initiative. FHWA's mission includes enhancing mobility through innovation, leadership, and public service. The role of FHWA's research and technology activities cover the innovation process, development, and deployment of new products and services, education, and training. This workshop is the third of three to be held in 2005. The Transportation Research Board's (TRB) Research and
Technology Coordinating Committee (RTCC), which serves FHWA in an advisory capacity, was to be briefed on the outcomes of these workshops on November 1, 2005. Comments from this briefing will be included in the final report.
As part of Gee's welcome, in a video presentation FHWA's Acting Administrator J. Richard Capka emphasized the value of the forum to FHWA and stressed the need to (1) raise awareness of what is occurring in advanced research, (2) reward partnerships with funding, and (3) encourage innovation and move ideas into practice.
Gee also provided an overview of FHWA's definition of advanced research and the Agency's strategic vision as outlined in the Corporate Master Plan for Research and Deployment of Technology & Innovation (FHWA-RD-03-077). He emphasized FHWA's strong interest in enabling innovations for a better transportation future. In addition, he defined advanced research as exploratory research designed to develop a better understanding of phenomena and to develop innovative solutions. Gee hopes that these forums will identify advanced research theme clusters, with an emphasis on higher risk and long-term issues and lead to implementation of research results. He also provided a brief overview of the recently passed Safe, Accountable, Flexible, Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU) and the funding available for advanced research.
3.2 Table Exercise: What is Your Image of the Future?
During the forum, Hiemstra asked participants, "What words or pictures come to mind when thinking about the future?" This warmup exercise works with the idea that images of the future play a powerful role in shaping present actions. Change the image of the future, and one begins to change behavior in the present day. Individuals at tables shared their images, and examples were cited for everyone to hear.
Images of the future articulated by participants included:
- Global - environmentally friendly.
- Energy constrained - population density.
- Variety & equity - automated.
- Optimized - faster paced.
- Intermodal - smarter pricing.
- Interconnected - nano.
- Sustainable - sensors.
- Communications, more virtual - safer.
- Heavily taxed - less patient.
- Debt - gridlock.
3.3 Presentations: The World and Transportation in 2050
In his presentation, Hiemstra outlined key lessons from the future:
- The future creates the present.
- Breakthroughs must be compelling.
- People in 2050 will be different.
- The energy tipping point is approaching.
- Great technology revolutions are coming.
- The way it is is not the way it will be economically or environmentally.
- Vehicles, roads, and systems will evolve or change fundamentally.
- Systems should be integrated.
- Every impossible thing may be possible someday.
Hiemstra then reviewed broad trends shaping the world of transportation. Highlights included:
- Some parts of the world will shrink in population while the United States will grow by as many as 100 million people by 2050, depending on immigration policies. At the same time, U.S. growth may slow much sooner if fertility rates continue their downward trend.
- Most population growth concentrated in megacities.
- Transportation and related businesses have become global.
- Economic growth looks uncertain and full of discontinuities, although the developing world anticipates robust growth (with resulting demands for transportation).
- The energy outlook is for plentiful supplies of carbon but not of cheap oil. The decreasing oil supply will lead to use of expensive dirty carbon. Thus, the next 50 years will see an energy transition sooner rather than later.
Hiemstra then asked questions about:
- U.S. population growth projections, which seem exaggerated in light of global dynamics.
- The impact of the aging population, which is underestimated.
- Millenials, or digital natives, as the largest population cohort since the baby boomers.
- The impact of the coming of age of the first digital native generation and taking information technology beyond what we "digital immigrants" imagine.
- Maintaining economic growth and robustness with a declining population.
- Whether we are at an energy tipping point (i.e., the end of cheap oil). What happens if the end of oil comes sooner than expected? Will the use of alternative fuels increase or decrease health problems?
- The impact of new technologies, vastly improved telecommunications, energy wave technologies, and nanotechnologies.
- A greater technology revolution is yet to come.
3.4 Physical Performance, Infrastructure & Materials: Roundtable 1
Dr. Franz-Josef Ulm, Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology gave the presentation, Reengineering Concrete Infrastructure: From the Nanoworld of Materials Science to the Bridge of the Future, where he spoke about the following:
- Day-to-day use of nanotechnology will come from advances in concrete production and use.
- The payoff in millions of dollars has not yet arrived but is coming soon.
- Our current approach to building infrastructure is not sustainable.
- What do concrete and oranges have in common? Nanoscale.
- Nanoengineering for high-density "glue" as well as low-density glue in concrete.
Ulm also indicated that next-generation bridges:
- Need longer lifespans with higher durability and less maintenance.
- Demonstrate adaptability to new traffic.
- Have improved reliability, safety, and immunity to extreme events.
- Must be environmentally friendly.
- Must provide for easier and faster construction.
The following is a list of lessons being learned from the "Bridge of the Future" project in Kentucky:
- The project is an example of a partnership established between FHWA, academia, and the private sector to achieve the necessary funding.
- A strong link between FHWA, academia, and private industry is the key to success. In addition, private industry partners need financial incentives to get and stay involved in the project.
- Nanotechnology is being used to produce stronger yet narrower girders for use in bridge construction.
C-Crete Technology is key:
- Needs to be application friendly.
- A true change of culture results from a shift to the nanoscale.
Ulm also concluded the following:
- There is a need to develop human resources to foster the transportation profession itself.
- We must face and deal with the legal issues relating to nanotechnology, especially the issues associated with complex partnering arrangements.
- Partners must be strong.
- Rather than saying one is "under the microscope," we should get used to saying one is "under the nanoscope."
Table Discussion: At the conclusion of each speaker's presentation, groups of participants at tables discussed their impressions. After this, participants discussed their general comments with the whole group. The following list is a sample of some of the questions and comments that resulted from these discussion:
- Is there a nanoprogram for recycling roadway materials and similar items? This type of program is conceptually possible but its potential depends on the amount of energy required for such an undertaking.
- Cement production is responsible for 5 to 7 percent of annual carbon dioxide emissions into the environment. The use of nanoscale materials in the production of cement could reduce this level significantly. In an ideal world, we would have no cement.
- How has the Bridge of the Future project been able to produce a working prototype? It did this by laying out unattainable goals, and then letting the partners run with it.
- Have researchers looked into the unintended health and environmental impacts of nanotechnology? The fact is that "nano" is no more hazardous than today's material compositions. It is the materials used that makes the difference.
The ability to peer into the molecular structure of matter and manipulate the matter at the nanolevel is radically new and has been in existence for less than two decades. Because it so new, the field is still considered exotic and distant in its applications. In his discussion of nanoconcrete, Ulm illustrated that research into nanotechnology is on the threshold of delivering major advances in big things, such as bridge infrastructure. Delivering this innovation may not be a matter of technology, Ulm
pointed out, but rather a matter of organization, culture, and public acceptance. Imagining a bridge deck only three inches thick is one thing, but being willing to build and drive on one is another issue. An additional complexity is the culture of the construction industry, which, for example, can live with relatively large fault tolerances when a bridge deck is 15.24 to 20.32 centimeters (6 to 8 inches) thick, but would have to move to much smaller tolerances when the deck is only 7.62 centimeters (3 inches) thick. Moving from nanostructure to infrastructure, a phrase that originated at the Minneapolis think tank forum, appears to be a very fruitful area for advanced research.
3.5 Energy Future, Sustainability, Safety: Roundtable 2
Professor Joan Ogden, Environmental Science and Policy, University of California at Davis (UC-Davis), and Co-Director of Hydrogen Pathway Program, UC-Davis Institute of Transportation Studies gave the presentation, Hydrogen Infrastructure: Prospects and Research Needs. The presentation included the following discussion:
- Hydrogen as fuel can be produced from a variety of ready fuel supplies including solar, biomass, wind, and natural gas sequestration from coal.
- Hydrogen infrastructure can be built new or can use existing infrastructure.
- We must have a combination of both infrastructures for efficient and effective use of hydrogen.
- Hydrogen offers the potential for long-term emission reductions and provides for a diverse fuel supply.
- Numerous hydrogen production facilities already exist in the United States, enough to currently supply 2 percent of energy consumption.
- Technical challenges include cost, storage on vehicles, hydrogen production systems, and safety perception.
Transition to hydrogen leads to the following questions:
- How long will it take?
- From where will the hydrogen come?
- How much will it cost?
- How will it happen?
Pilot programs worldwide already are showing promise. The California Hydrogen Highway Network is an example of a public-private partnership showing great promise throughout the State. Two hundred demonstration projects are encompassed in this initiative.
Table Discussion: Following the presentation, participants in groups discussed their impressions, and then presented their general comments to the whole group. The following list is a sample of some of the questions and comments resulting from the discussion:
- As a country that is relatively new in its development, what will China do in terms of adopting hydrogen as an alternative to fossil fuels? Different policies exist in different areas within China. For example, Shanghai is limiting cars and road building, while Beijing is encouraging massive road building, thereby exponentially increasing the use of vehicles. With no cohesive national agenda, we do not envision a push toward a hydrogen-based transportation system.
- Cultural change will be necessary for the public to adapt to a hydrogen-based system.
- Can incentives to cultural change be found?
It is recognized that a tipping point looms for energy use in vehicles, but that tipping point may be either a few years or a couple of decades away. Less clear is whether FHWA's advanced research should focus in this area, or whether to leave that to other agencies and programs. Ogden did not answer that question directly, but presented a reasoned case for how and why a hydrogen infrastructure is a real possibility. The FHWA advanced research program must decide its role in studying or encouraging
the next energy era.
3.6 Human Performance and Safety: Roundtable 3
Dr. Pravin Varaiya, Nortel Networks Distinguished Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley gave the presentation, Congestion and Safety: Research Opportunities and Prospects. The presentation included the following discussion:
- Conditions in California today represent delay or increases in extra time spent traveling.
- We must have genuine political leadership and societal changes. Instead, however, we have inertia that is adding to extra travel times.
- Tomorrow the focus will be on vehicle-infrastructure integration.
- The challenge of tomorrow will be in the area of cost-benefit gaps.
- In the future, we will have increased automation in the form of guided highways. The challenge of cost and a dedicated infrastructure, however, will remain.
- Better data collection is needed through improved sensor technologies and capabilities.
- We must increase the use of ramp metering, which has proven to be an effective traffic control measure.
- We need intersection decision support tools because they provide a key to increased safety.
- There is a need for standards, locally and nationally and within the auto industry.
Table Discussion: Following each presentation, participants sitting in groups at tables discussed their impressions, and then presented their general comments to the whole group. The following list is a sample of some of the questions and comments resulting from the discussion:
- High occupancy vehicle (HOV) strategies have proven to be useless without ramp metering. Studies have shown that HOV facilities have reduced per lane capacity and led to an overall reduction in roadway capacity.
- What is meant when someone says freeways are being poorly managed? It means that the existing transportation network is not being used to its full capacity. Relatively minor improvements can pay big dividends.
- The public does not know or understand the concept of ramp metering. Attention given to educating the public could go a long way.
Varaiya challenged the participants to recognize that the highway infrastructure is underutilized because it is not well managed. He made the case that aggressive and intelligent ramp metering programs alone can improve highway speeds and substantially reduce travel times. Participants questioned the notion that aggressive ramp metering will not impact local streets, but Varaiya countered that such impacts are minimal and can be managed with smart signal timing. Varaiya also argued that HOV lanes do not serve their purpose in promoting commuting carpools, and thus they should be used in a well-managed highway system. Varaiya also illustrated that smart vehicle-infrastructure interfaces, in particular intersection warning systems, will be able to reduce incidents at intersections. On this, there was agreement.
3.7 Technical Performance and Mobility: Roundtable 4
Guy Kemmerly, Director of NASA's SATS program gave the presentation, Prospects for Travel in the Third Dimension: Implications for Research, Technology Advances, Community Design, Infrastructure, and Mobility. The presentation included the following discussion:
- SATS provides operating capabilities that could enable people and goods to travel faster, anywhere, anytime, with particular focus on trips of 241 to 965 kilometers (150 to 600 miles).
- SATS uses small aircraft that carry between four and ten passengers.
- SATS uses underutilized rural and suburban airports, many of which have no radar or towers.
- The SATS project developed technologies and demonstrated the feasibility of four operating capabilities.
- The technical, operational, and environmental impact of SATS operating capabilities on the NAS [National Airport System] and on the airport infrastructure have been evaluated.
- SATS enabling technologies include:
- "Highway in the Sky" (HITS) information systems.
- Enhanced vision system.
- Head-up displays.
- Advanced displays.
- Decision-aiding automation.
- Combined vision system, which enables users to shift from computer-projected displays to seeing the ground through overcast skies via sensors, with smooth transitions).
- Case studies and simulations have been developed and/or conducted.
- Certification of developed systems is ongoing.
- SATS provide for ease of use.
Remaining issues for SATS include:
- Communications: Datalink, secure World Wide Web services/data, shortwave radio.
- Initial purchase rental: Certification, liability, manufacturing.
- Operations: Fuel, insurance, maintenance.
- Community acceptance.
- Educating the public.
Table Discussion: Following the presentation, participants in groups discussed their impressions, and then presented their general comments to the whole group. The following list is a sample of some of the questions and comments resulting from the discussion:
- What are some of the factors hindering implementation? Air traffic control unions, for example, are strongly opposed to the concept.
- What are the implications for highways?
- Will SATS be cost effective?
Kemmerly explained that the SATS program was not aimed at putting an aircraft in every driveway, but rather grew out of an analysis of a travel gap that exists between approximately 241 kilometers (150 miles) and 804 to 965 kilometers (500 to 600 miles), where driving takes too long, but commercial flights are too expensive and inconvenient. If small aircraft could be made economical, safe, and reliable, the program believes that the private sector and individuals would provide air flight alternatives
in this "sweet spot." The SATS program was intended to develop and demonstrate the various technical capabilities necessary to make such flights feasible. Kemmerly reported success as the program winds down. The impacts on surface transportation are minimal.
SATS analyses suggest that 1 to 2 percent of car trips would be replaced by flights, but impacts could be more substantial locally. That is, certain resort communities and neighborhoods near small airports could see sufficient increased traffic that ground facilities, including roads, will need improvements. Beyond that, the information technology, communications, and instrumentation developed for SATS has obvious and potential applications to improving driver-vehicle-infrastructure communications.
Finally, the agency-academic-private sector partnerships that enabled SATS are a research organization model worth studying. This sentiment also was emphasized by Ulm.
4.0 Closing Discussion
Debra Elston began the closing session by summarizing her impressions:
- Partnership and the willingness to partner are important.
- A briefing of the results of the three think tanks will be made to the TRB/RTCC and FHWA Research and Technology Leadership Team on November 1-2, 2005.
- The TRB Conduct of Research committee is hosting a panel session on advanced research at TRB on Tuesday January 24, 2006, from 1:30 p.m. to 3:15 p.m. at the Washington Hilton Hotel.
- The advanced research forum findings will be distributed at TRB in January 2006.
Participants noted that this think tank put a significant emphasis on innovations in freight movement as an advanced research area. It is assumed that freight traffic will increase substantially over the next two decades. Making breakthrough improvements in freight movement will lead not just to economic efficiency but also to enhanced personal mobility and safety. Participants clarified that they were calling for "leap frog" ideas for freight movement, not merely incremental improvements.
Such ideas could include automated containers or using offpeak time on light and commuter rail systems to move robotic freight containers, along with similar discontinuous possibilities. As at the previous two forums, participants wondered whether they had done enough regarding safety, as the prioritized research topics tended to improve safety but not specifically name safety as a research area. After some discussion the group felt that safety was adequately addressed, yet at the same time recognized a
need for advanced research to tackle 40,000 deaths as a priority.
Individuals encouraged FHWA to consider some of the ideas that were not selected as part of FHWA's advanced research agenda, but nevertheless, are intriguing. One of these is advanced research on the capacity of the transportation system to absorb and respond to natural or human-caused extreme events. Other areas that stood out for consideration were policy research, the tremendous impact of an aging population, and a focus on human behavior instead of technology.
Participants noted that achieving results in the real world involves complex human, social, and political systems, and wondered how well these systemic issues may be addressed. Finally, the participants discussed the ability to take theoretical advanced research into the field for validation. Participants from California encouraged FHWA to consider their State as a possible test bed for such validation research. It was noted that Caltrans, for example, is very interested in collaborating on such
5.0 Some General Observations
The recommendations of this forum fell into the following categories, which were similar to those of the previous forums:
- Research on automation of the human-vehicle-infrastructure interface for the purposes of improved mobility and improved safety. This is seen as going beyond the classic ITS research of the past 15 years, to encompass human factors, telecommunications, virtual presence, the impact of the digital native generation dominating the traveling and working public, and more.
- Research on new materials for improved sustainability and durability of infrastructure along with decreased cost. Nanotechnology is considered a key technology research area for this, but not the only area. Further, there is a desire that FHWA advanced research in nanotechnology not duplicate the extensive research being done elsewhere, but rather focus the fruits of that research on transportation issues.
- Systems thinking is assumed to be a fundamental need for advanced research, including the integration of land use issues, environmental sustainability, political and social policy research, and public health interactions.
The recommendations of this forum also differed from those of the other two in highlighting the need for research on the following:
- Innovative and breakthrough approaches to moving freight. Participants argued that freight has tended to be underresearched but could potentially have very high impacts.
- Research on very long-term travel needs, particularly as related to changing demographics.
- There was strong encouragement again for FHWA to seek multiparty and interagency research opportunities to leverage limited dollars.
- The coming decades seem to strongly suggest that the norm will not be business as usual, and new thinking will be required. New mechanisms to enable radically new transportation solutions will be needed.
Summary report prepared by Glen Hiemstra, Futurist.com, Judy Yahoodik, DOT/RITA Volpe Center Project Team, and Ariam Asmerom, FHWA Office of Corporate Research and Technology
Debra Elston, Director
FHWA Office of Corporate Research and Technology
Brainstorming Advanced Research Agenda Ideas - Team Results
Below are the initial results of the three working groups, who produced lists of suggested advanced research topics or issues using a modified nominal group technique. These results formed the material for the final recommendations and are listed with the score that each item received within the working group when using the nominal group scoring method. Note: A "0" follows the items that did not receive votes in the final tally.
YELLOW TABLE: Initial Advanced Research Agenda Topics and votes
- How will our society need to travel, and what will be business travel needs in 2050? (11)
- Innovative traffic flow monitoring and control systems. (11)
- Develop and provide robust automated vehicle-highway systems. (9)
- How will transportation systems support sustainability? (7)
- Design sustainable, advanced materials using nanotechnology. (6)
- Develop ways to move information acquisition and use into the productive mode. (5)
- Identify truck-only opportunities and implications for design and operation. (5)
- Develop a program to identify and solve institutional barriers to innovation. (5)
- Develop segregated roadway design concepts. (4)
- Develop technologies and strategies to reduce the need for travel. (4)
- Advanced computation initiative (simulation, molecular modeling, regional transportation district (RTD) of highways). (4)
- Specially designed commuting vehicles on dedicated lanes. (4)
- Controlling traffic around ports and terminals. (3)
- Aggressive development of vehicle communications systems. (3)
- Case studies of institutional challenges to automating traffic. (2)
- Task force for studying the automated highway system. (2)
- Materials that do not deteriorate. (1)
- Innovative concepts for intersection traffic control. (1)
- Freight pipelines. (1)
- Modify infrastructure to accommodate more aggressive ramp metering. (1)
- Technical and economic requirements of automated vehicles. (1)
- Challenges for advanced research. (0)
- Link roadway with vehicles. (0)
- New sensors and information technology to assess damage in aging infrastructure. (0)
- Simulation and modeling technology to assess physical and behavioral performance. (0)
- Vehicle-driver diagnostics based on vehicle-driver performance. (0)
- Innovative transportation competition for 2050. (0)
- Behavior of infrastructure in response to extreme events. (0)
- Establish and maintain an advanced research program with partners. (0)
- Incorporate high amounts of waste products in more durable structures. (0)
- Develop pedestrian assistance technologies to expand small area mobility. (0)
- Self-healing materials for transportation. (0)
- Moving people and goods in highly congested areas. (0)
- Light-rail on highways. (0)
- Electrical lines on highways. (0)
- Human factors for safety. (0)
- Dual-mode transit. (0)
ORANGE TABLE: Initial Advanced Research Agenda Topics and votes
- Super innovative cross-country container movement. (19)
- Improved vehicle-highway interaction, better instrumentation of infrastructure. (13)
- Land use and transportation. (13)
- Safer rural systems. (11)
- Behavior norms in safety. (9)
- Ways to distribute resources equitably. (9)
- Decreased time for improvements such as pavement on a roll. (6)
- Truck-vehicle separation. (4)
- Spatial travel demand, both individual and aggregate. (4)
- Nanotechnology to improve infrastructure sensing. (4)
- Increasing nonmotorized travel. (3)
- Statistical approaches to identify high-risk topics. (2)
- Geographic information systems to link highway data to other data, such as alcohol outlets. (2)
- Positive and negative public health effects. (2)
- Pricing methods and public-private partnerships. (2)
- Improve service life, such as developing 100-year pavements. (1)
- Image recognition for pedestrians and bikes. (1)
- Academic and industry collaboration on networked traffic controllers and distributed control algorithms. (0)
- Impact of digital natives on transportation. (0)
- Construction and maintenance automation. (0)
- Hydrogen test bed for truck fleets. (0)
- Link transportation network characteristics and land use to energy use and pollution. (0)
- Container tracking. (0)
- Transportation security. (0)
RED TABLE: Advanced Research Agenda Topics and Votes
- Seamless movement between modes and better integration of ITS into design and the identification of hot spots. (14)
- New materials and building processes for increased longevity, decreased cost, and improved sustainability. (13)
- Human cognition and perception regarding how people use and understand multilayer systems. (10)
- New energy sources that are sustainable and clean. (9)
- Personal mobility devices for an aging population. (7)
- Alternative financing mechanisms after the gas tax. (6)
- Knowledge management systems. (6)
- Freight, including how to position and move goods, and what are the modal options and industry incentives. (6)
- Designing places for mobility without travel. (5)
- How to maximize traffic flow using existing resources. (4)
- Improving economic performance of travel systems, including household cost of living impacts. (4)
- Transportation behavior change, making choices, integrating change. (4)
- Research and development on electromagnetic-resistant vehicle to reduce crashes, injuries, fatalities, crash costs, and insurance premiums. (4)
- ITS, including enhance roadway-vehicle interaction. (3)
- Policy research on political obstacles to improving highway safety. (2)
- Alternate fuel magnetic levitation technologies. (2)
- Design and development of short-trip personal vehicles. (2)
- Improve land use, transportation systems modeling and planning. (2)
- Understand broadband superhighway for travel. (1)
- Virtual meeting technologies. (1)
- High-risk, high-payoff innovative contracting techniques. (0)
- Adapt existing technology to transportation applications. (0)
- More holistic financing models, including who reaps the benefits, and the costs, impact, and efficiency. (0)
- Travel ports as intersections of several transportation modes. (0)
- Smart cars for older drivers. (0
- Can nanotechnology be used to create new materials for roadway infrastructure? (0)
- How do we expedite intermodal flows of traffic? (0)
- Evaluate and improve human capabilities to improve safety. (0)
- Demand-side strategy for goods movement. (0)
- Improve project cost and time estimates. (0)
|
<urn:uuid:3dae3ba9-86c2-4a3a-8515-a1a467f677fb>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/advancedresearch/pubs/berkleysummary.cfm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00031-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.925223
| 7,513
| 2.546875
| 3
|
The Problem: Around the globe, sea turtles and their hatchlings fall victim to natural predators. Crabs, raccoons, boars, birds, coyotes and sharks all play their role in the natural food chain as sea turtle predators. However, the threats of predation increase when human development reaches nesting beaches. People who leave trash near the shore, for example, unwittingly call raccoons and other non-native species to the beaches to look for food. Nest predation can be a very serious threat. In certain "predation hot spots" on nesting beaches in the United States predation can exceed 50% of all nests laid. In Central America, many communities permit their domesticated dogs and cats to run free in coastal villages. These domesticated dogs, left unattended, can dig up several sea turtle nests in one night! With as few as one in 10,000 eggs reaching adulthood, the destruction of only a few nests can have a devastating effect on any sea turtle population. Dogs eat the eggs and hatchlings and, in some cases, can even attack adult females while they nest. While sea turtles have developed special adaptations that allow them to be agile in water, they remain clumsy on land. They are not fast enough, or agile enough to escape these predators. Unable to retract their heads and flippers into their shell, like land tortoises, sea turtles are very vulnerable to these invasive predators.
Species Affected: All sea turtle species are affected by predation, especially on eggs and hatchlings.
The Solution: Humans can play a vital role in decreasing the threat of invasive species predation.
Case Study: Currently, Hobe Sound National Wildlife Refuge, located in Martin County, Florida, has ongoing efforts to reduce raccoon, skunk, rat and dog predation of eggs and hatchlings. Hobe Sound provides important, protected nesting habitat for three threatened and endangered sea turtles: loggerhead, leatherback, and green. Before the USDA's Wildlife Services began to work on predation in 1997, more than 95% of all hatchlings were lost to dogs and other species. As a result of predator monitoring and removal, there has been a sharp decline in nest predation. This work has ensured the survival of thousands of sea turtle hatchling. In 2002, it was estimated that 120,597 sea turtle eggs were saved as a result of predation controls.
|
<urn:uuid:72af9fa6-6569-48bb-9099-fcbc70577a22>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.conserveturtles.org/seaturtleinformation.php?page=invasivespecies
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00172-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951258
| 486
| 3.859375
| 4
|
I think Cassidy and I are in agreement on children's logographic reading. However, I maintain that children do not use, or require, letter-to-sound rules as sophisticated as those proposed by Venezky (1970) can be substantiated.
2. Cassidy claims that I deny children use abstract letter-to-sound rules and fail to offer an alternative. I certainly deny that they use anything so sophisticated as the rules proposed by Venezky (1970). They have no need to do so because they can use much simpler but more inaccurate "rules" as well as context to overcome the inaccurate pronunciations which will often result. We use context when hearing the pronunciation of words we overhear so why not when we generate pronunciations from letter spellings? There is some evidence that this happens: for example, Pring & Snowling (1986) found that a prime context (e.g., "doctor") aided the pronunciation of pseudohomophones (nonwords that sound like real ones, e.g., "nurce"). Children would have to decode these pseudohomophones phonologically. This suggests that their phonological decoding was aided by their context.
3. Cassidy raises the question of the direction of phonemic awareness. There is no question that reading does affect this: the process is bidirectional (Perfetti, Beck, Bell & Hughes 1987). But the fact that process A can be enhanced by a process B that it initially enhances does not remove the effect of that initial enhancement. Phonemic awareness does aid reading, although more complex things happen later, once prereaders master the rudiments of reading.
Perfetti, C., Beck, I., Bell, L. & Hughes, C. (1987). Phonemic knowledge and learning to read are reciprocal, Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 33, 283-319.
Pring, L. & Snowling, M. (1986). Developmental changes in word recognition: An information-processing account. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 38A, 395-418, (1986)
Skoyles, J. R. (1988). Training the brain using neural-network models. Nature, 333, 401.
Venezky, R. L. (1970). The structure of English orthography. The Hague: Mouton.
|
<urn:uuid:0a136aca-5df7-422d-a150-17ee7011b1b0>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.cogsci.ecs.soton.ac.uk/cgi/psyc/newpsy?3.14
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398216.41/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00116-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.920427
| 481
| 2.765625
| 3
|
Flags are being flown across Wales to celebrate 600 years since Owain Glyndŵr held his first Welsh Parliament.
Glyndwr led a successful military campaign against the English
The rebel leader was crowned as Prince of Wales at Machynlleth in 1404.
He is considered one of the great heroes of Welsh history.
Events have been taking place in Machynlleth since May to mark the anniversary
To note Glyndŵr day on 16 September people throughout Wales will be celebrating by flying his flag and participating in activities.
In Nant Gwrtheyrn, a language and heritage centre on the Llyn Peninsula has been staging a week-long event for local primary schools.
Pupils have been learning about Glyndŵr's uprising through storytelling, role-playing and poetry .
"This week of events has proved most popular once again," said Elen Thomas, Nant Gwrtheyrn's Education Officer.
"All the days were booked up almost immediately after we advertised them and unfortunately we've had to turn away some schools."
In the early 15th Century the Welsh were fired by anti-English feeling after much of the country had been subjected to centuries of their rule, and Glyndŵr mobilised this national sentiment.
Backed by French military aid, Glyndŵr took Carmarthen and Cardiff in 1403 from the English and Harlech and Aberystwyth in 1404.
However the tide turned against the Welsh as England's superior resources and weaponry were turned on them under the leadership of the future Henry V.
By 1409, the revolt was broken and the many towns and castles Glyndwr had taken were lost. He was forced to turn to guerrilla warfare until his obscure death in 1416.
Aberystwyth Town Council is celebrating Glyndŵr's day by flying his standard on the town council's flagpoles.
Embassy Glyndŵr, a society which promotes Glyndŵr's history, is campaigning for 16 September to be declared a national holiday.
|
<urn:uuid:878d53b2-96af-468f-b013-0ba1477fca58>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/3661094.stm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00090-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.985474
| 437
| 2.984375
| 3
|
Events in the Bible are always found to be factual. The "miracles", well, since they cannot be reproduced scientifically are ignored. Here, they are admitting the Plagues of Egypt actually did happen but they are giving a scientific explanation ... throwing away the fact that Moses said they would happen, then the plagues immediately did, and things went back to normal at Moses' word.
Biblical plagues really happened say scientists http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/scie ... tists.html
By Richard Gray, Science Correspondent
Published: 11:00AM GMT 27 Mar 2010
The Biblical plagues that devastated Ancient Egypt in the Old Testament were the result of global warming and a volcanic eruption, scientists have claimed.
Researchers believe they have found evidence of real natural disasters on which the ten plagues of Egypt, which led to Moses freeing the Israelites from slavery in the Book of Exodus in the Bible, were based.
But rather than explaining them as the wrathful act of a vengeful God, the scientists claim the plagues can be attributed to a chain of natural phenomena triggered by changes in the climate and environmental disasters that happened hundreds of miles away.
They have compiled compelling evidence that offers new explanations for the Biblical plagues, which will be outlined in a new series to be broadcast on the National Geographical Channel on Easter Sunday.
Archaeologists now widely believe the plagues occurred at an ancient city of Pi-Rameses on the Nile Delta, which was the capital of Egypt during the reign of Pharaoh Rameses the Second, who ruled between 1279BC and 1213BC.
The city appears to have been abandoned around 3,000 years ago and scientists claim the plagues could offer an explanation.
Climatologists studying the ancient climate at the time have discovered a dramatic shift in the climate in the area occurred towards the end of Rameses the Second's reign.
By studying stalagmites in Egyptian caves they have been able to rebuild a record of the weather patterns using traces of radioactive elements contained within the rock.
They found that Rameses reign coincided with a warm, wet climate, but then the climate switched to a dry period.
Professor Augusto Magini, a paleoclimatologist at Heidelberg University's institute for environmental physics, said: "Pharaoh Rameses II reigned during a very favourable climatic period.
"There was plenty of rain and his country flourished. However, this wet period only lasted a few decades. After Rameses' reign, the climate curve goes sharply downwards.
"There is a dry period which would certainly have had serious consequences."
The scientists believe this switch in the climate was the trigger for the first of the plagues.
The rising temperatures could have caused the river Nile to dry up, turning the fast flowing river that was Egypt's lifeline into a slow moving and muddy watercourse.
These conditions would have been perfect for the arrival of the first plague, which in the Bible is described as the Nile turning to blood.
Dr Stephan Pflugmacher, a biologist at the Leibniz Institute for Water Ecology and Inland Fisheries in Berlin, believes this description could have been the result of a toxic fresh water algae.
He said the bacterium, known as Burgundy Blood algae or Oscillatoria rubescens, is known to have existed 3,000 years ago and still causes similar effects today.
He said: "It multiplies massively in slow-moving warm waters with high levels of nutrition. And as it dies, it stains the water red."
The scientists also claim the arrival of this algae set in motion the events that led to the second, third and forth plagues – frogs, lice and flies.
Frogs development from tadpoles into fully formed adults is governed by hormones that can speed up their development in times of stress.
The arrival of the toxic algae would have triggered such a transformation and forced the frogs to leave the water where they lived.
But as the frogs died, it would have meant that mosquitoes, flies and other insects would have flourished without the predators to keep their numbers under control.
This, according to the scientists, could have led in turn to the fifth and sixth plagues – diseased livestock and boils
Professor Werner Kloas, a biologist at the Leibniz Institute, said: "We know insects often carry diseases like malaria, so the next step in the chain reaction is the outbreak of epidemics, causing the human population to fall ill."
Another major natural disaster more than 400 miles away is now also thought to be responsible for triggering the seventh, eighth and ninth plagues that bring hail, locusts and darkness to Egypt.
One of the biggest volcanic eruptions in human history occurred when Thera, a volcano that was part of the Mediterranean islands of Santorini, just north of Crete, exploded around 3,500 year ago, spewing billions of tons of volcanic ash into the atmosphere.
Nadine von Blohm, from the Institute for Atmospheric Physics in Germany, has been conducting experiments on how hailstorms form and believes that the volcanic ash could have clashed with thunderstorms above Egypt to produce dramatic hail storms.
Dr Siro Trevisanato, a Canadian biologist who has written a book about the plagues, said the locusts could also be explained by the volcanic fall out from the ash.
He said: "The ash fall out caused weather anomalies, which translates into higher precipitations, higher humidity. And that's exactly what fosters the presence of the locusts."
The volcanic ash could also have blocked out the sunlight causing the stories of a plague of darkness.
Scientists have found pumice, stone made from cooled volcanic lava, during excavations of Egyptian ruins despite there not being any volcanoes in Egypt.
Analysis of the rock shows that it came from the Santorini volcano, providing physical evidence that the ash fallout from the eruption at Santorini reached Egyptian shores.
The cause of the final plague, the death of the first borns of Egypt, has been suggested as being caused by a fungus that may have poisoned the grain supplies, of which male first born would have had first pickings and so been first to fall victim.
But Dr Robert Miller, associate professor of the Old Testament, from the Catholic University of America, said: "I'm reluctant to come up with natural causes for all of the plagues.
The problem with the naturalistic explanations, is that they lose the whole point.
"And the whole point was that you didn't come out of Egypt by natural causes, you came out by the hand of God."
The Ten Plagues of the Bible will be shown at 7pm on Sunday 4 April on the National Geographic Channel
|
<urn:uuid:8be47b28-ad57-4279-b168-81c528b2a082>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.phinfever.com/forums/viewtopic.php?p=17431
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399117.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00086-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.964849
| 1,408
| 2.734375
| 3
|
Glaucoma in dogs and cats is increased pressure in the eye. The eye is approximately round, like an egg, but rather than having a hard shell like an egg, the eye has a soft flexible outer covering. The flexible eye would collapse except that it is kept expanded by fluid. The fluid is made within the eye at a steady rate and flows out of the eye through a canal at a steady rate. If too much intraocular fluid is made, or if the fluid cannot flow out through the canal, the pressure builds within the eye causing glaucoma.
Normal pressure for dogs is approximately 25 mmHg. Normal pressure for cats is approximately 30 mmHg.Eyeball pressure is low compared with blood pressure. For example, the circulating blood always has a pressure about 80 mm Hg; and in dogs and cats, the blood pressure rises to 140 or 170 mmHg when the heart contracts.Pet eyeball pressure is measured with a tonometer, just as it is measured for humans.
Primary glaucoma is caused by a problem either with fluid flow within the eye or with flow out through the eye canal. Most pets with primary glaucoma have too narrow an angle for the fluid to flow easily out of the eye. With primary human glaucoma, the opposite occurs: the outflow angle is wide.
Secondary glaucoma is caused by a disease that affects the eye so that the eye responds by making too much fluid or by developing a problem with fluid outflow. For example, if your pet has a systemic fungal infection (toxoplasmosis, histoplasmosis, blastomycosis or cryptococcosis) the infection affects the eye, causing glaucoma. If your pet was hit by a car and the lens within the eye was shaken loose, the lens can block fluid flow and create glaucoma. With secondary glaucoma, it is as important to treat the underlying cause as it is to treat the glaucoma itself.
Your pet is twice as likely to develop secondary glaucoma—have another health problem that causes the pressure within the eye to increase—than to develop primary glaucoma.
Glaucoma can be so painful that humans say it is a 12 on a scale of 1-10. Pain is caused by sudden changes in intraocular pressure or acute-onset glaucoma. Chronic glaucoma that develops slowly over time may not be painful.
Glaucoma is also bad because it leads to blindness. About 40% of dogs with glaucoma will be blind within a year regardless of glaucoma treatment. Although glaucoma can begin in one eye, 50% of pets with glaucoma develop the disease in the other eye unless they receive glaucoma treatment.
Cats seldom develop glaucoma, but many dog breeds are predisposed to glaucoma and should have their eyes checked twice a year: Akita, Basset Hound, Beagle, Chihuahua, Chow Chow, Cocker Spaniel, Dachshund, Fox Terrier, Maltese, Norwegian Elkhound, Poodle, Siberian Husky, Welsh Springer Spaniel.
|
<urn:uuid:c0353cf6-f528-4319-8ddc-53cdf2d95544>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.1800petmeds.com/education/glaucoma-dog-cat-28.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391766.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00195-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.934998
| 673
| 3.5
| 4
|
Trigeminal Neuralgia : the compression of the nerve
Severe pain on one side of the face due to compression, inflammation, or
damage to the trigeminal nerve.
The trigeminal nerve transmits sensation from parts of the face
to the brain and controls some of the muscles that are involved in
(Trigeminal Neuralgia / tic douloureux) is a disorder of the fifth cranial
(trigeminal) nerve that causes episodes of intense, stabbing, electric
shock-like pain in the areas of the face where the branches of the nerve are
distributed - lips, eyes, nose, scalp, forehead, upper jaw, and lower jaw. By
many, it's called the "suicide disease".
Where lies the Trigeminal Nerve
trigeminal nerve is the fifth of twelve pairs of cranial nerves enervating the
face and head, and is denoted by the Roman Numeral V. It has three divisions
which enervate the forehead and eye (ophthalmic V1), cheek (maxillary V2) and
lower face and jaw (mandibular V3). The trigeminal nerves function in sensing
facial touch, pain and temperature, as well as controlling muscles used for
chewing. The trigeminal nerve functions should be distinguished from the facial
nerve (cranial nerve VII), which controls all other facial movements.
The three divisions of the trigeminal nerve come together in an area called the
Gasserion ganglion. From there, the trigeminal nerve root continues back towards
the side of the brain stem, and inserts into the pons. Within the brain stem,
the signals traveling through the trigeminal nerve reach specialized clusters of
neurons called the trigeminal nerve nucleus. Information brought to the brain
stem by the trigeminal nerve is then processed before being sent up to the brain
and cerebral cortex, where a conscious perception of facial sensation is
There are seven forms of TN:
These forms of TN can be distinguished from idiopathic (atypical) facial pain,
as well as other disorders causing cranio-facial pain.
TN- This is the most common form of TN, that has previously been termed
Classical, Idiopathic and Essential TN. Nearly all cases of typical TN are
caused by blood vessels compressing the trigeminal nerve root as it enters
the brain stem.
Atypical TN-Atypical TN is characterized by a unilateral,
prominent constant and severe aching, boring or burning pain superimposed
upon otherwise typical TN symptoms. Some believe atypical TN is due to
vascular compression upon a specific part of the trigeminal nerve (the
portio minor), while others theorize that atypical TN represents a more
severe form or progression of typical TN.
Pre-TN- Days to years before the first attack of TN pain, some
sufferers experience odd sensations in the trigeminal distributions destined
to become affected by TN. These odd sensations of pain, (such as a
toothache) or discomfort (like "pins and needles", parasthesia), may be
symptoms of pre-trigeminal neuralgia. Pre-TN is most effectively treated
with medical therapy used for typical TN. When the first attack of true TN
occurs, it is very distinct from pre-TN symptoms.
Multiple-sclerosis-related TN- Two to four percent of patients
with TN have evidence of multiple sclerosis and about 1% of patients
suffering from multiple sclerosis develop TN. Those with MS-related TN tend
to be younger when they experience their first attack of pain, and the pain
progresses over a shorter amount of time than in those with typical TN.
Furthermore, bilateral TN is more commonly seen in people with multiple
Secondary TN or Tumor Related Trigeminal Neuralgia- Trigeminal
neuralgia pain caused by a lesion, such as a tumor, is referred to as
secondary trigeminal neuralgia. A tumor that severely compresses or distorts
the trigeminal nerve may cause facial numbness, weakness of chewing muscles,
and/or constant aching pain (also see Trigeminal Neuropathy or
Post-Traumatic Trigeminal Neuralgia).
Trigeminal Neuropathy or Post-traumatic TN (trigeminal neuropathy)-
Trigeminal Neuropathy or Post-Traumatic TN may develop following cranio-facial
trauma (such as from a car accident), dental trauma, sinus trauma (such as
following Caldwell Luc procedures) but most commonly following destructive
procedures (rhizotomies) used for treatment of TN. Following TN injury,
numbness may become associated with bothersome sensations or pain, sometimes
called phantom pain or deafferentation pain. These pain conditions are
caused by irreparable damage to the trigeminal nerve and secondary
hyperactivity of the trigeminal nerve nucleus
Failed TN- Unfortunately, in a very small proportion of
sufferers, all medications, microvascular decompression and destructive
rhizotomy procedures prove ineffective in controlling TN pain. This
condition is called "failed" trigeminal neuralgia. Such individuals also
often suffer from additional trigeminal neuropathy or post-traumatic TN as a
result of the destructive interventions they underwent.
The pain of trigeminal neuralgia is due to a disturbance in the function
of the trigeminal nerve, which carries sensation from the face to the brain.
The cause of the pain is often unknown. But, the pain may occur when a blood
vessel comes in contact with the trigeminal nerve. This places pressure on the
main part of the nerve as it enters the brain.
Besides pressure by a blood vessel, other less frequent sources of pain to
the trigeminal nerve may include:
Compression by a tumor.
Inflammation, swelling and injury of the covering (myelin sheath) of the
trigeminal nerve in a process called demyelination. This occurs in people
with multiple sclerosis who develop trigeminal neuralgia.
Damage to this nerve causes repeated bursts of sharp, stabbing pain, known
as trigeminal neuralgia, in the lip, gum, or cheek on one side of the face.
Attacks may last for a few seconds or several minutes and may become more
frequent over time. An attack may occur spontaneously or be triggered by certain
facial movements, such as chewing, or by touching a trigger spot on the face.
Attacks rarely occur at night.
People who have experienced severe trigeminal neuralgia have described the
Like having live wires in your face
It's possible for the pain to occur on both sides of your face, but
trigeminal neuralgia usually affects just one side. The pain may affect just a
portion of one side of your face, or the pain may spread in a wider pattern.
The condition also tends to come and go. You may experience attacks of pain
off and on all day, or even for days or weeks at a time. Then, you may
experience no pain for a prolonged period of time.
A variety of triggers, many subtle, may set off the pain.
These triggers may include:
Stroking your face
Drinking a hot or cold liquid
Brushing your teeth
Putting on makeup
Encountering a slight breeze
Walking into an air-conditioned room
one test can diagnose trigeminal neuralgia. The condition must be distinguished
from other forms of facial pain that may be due to diseases of the teeth, jaw or
sinuses. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computerized tomography (CT)
scans of the brain can eliminate some causes, such as tumors, aneurysms or
multiple sclerosis, all of which can cause trigeminal neuralgia in a small
number of people.
Your doctor will examine you to rule out any other causes of facial pain,
such as toothache or sinusitis .
A physician will ask for a description of the pain -- how severe it is, what
part of the face it affects, what seems to trigger episodes of pain. A
neurologic examination involves touching various parts of the face to determine
exactly where the pain is occurring and -- if it appears to be trigeminal
neuralgia -- which branches of the trigeminal nerve may be affected.
Medications are the typical initial treatment for trigeminal neuralgia.
Medications are often effective in lessening or blocking the pain signals sent
to your brain. A number of drugs are available. If you stop responding to a
particular medication or experience too many side effects, there's always the
potential to switch to another one.
doctor may prescribe painkillers, such as paracetamol or ibuprofen.
However, if the pain persists, your doctor may prescribe anticonvulsant
drugs, such as carbamazapine, Phenytoin (Dilantin, Phenytex, Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal)
or certain antidepressants, all of which
have been shown to be effective in treating trigeminal neuralgia. Unlike
painkillers, which are taken only when the pain is present, both anticonvulsants
and antidepressants need to be taken every day to prevent attacks.
(Lioresal) a muscle relaxant may be used in combination with carbamazepine or
phenytoin. Side effects include confusion, mental depression and severe
If a tumour is found, surgery may be necessary to remove it. Surgery may
also be used to separate the trigeminal nerve from a blood vessel if the vessel
is compressing the nerve. The goal of a number of surgical procedures is to
either damage or destroy the part of the trigeminal nerve that's the source of
the pain. Because the success of these procedures depends on damaging the nerve,
one side effect is facial numbness of varying degrees.
These procedures involve:
Alcohol injection. Alcohol injections under the skin of your face at the
areas of pain may offer temporary pain relief by numbing the areas for days or
months. Because the pain relief isn't permanent, you may need repeated
Glycerol injection. This procedure is called percutaneous glycerol
rhizotomy (PGR), Percutaneous means through the skin. Your doctor inserts a
needle into the trigeminal cistern (a small sac of spinal fluid that contains
the trigeminal nerve ganglion and part of its root). Images are made to confirm
that the needle is in the proper location. Once the location is confirmed, your
doctor injects a small amount of sterile glycerol. After 3 or 4 hours, the
glycerol damages the trigeminal nerve and blocks pain signals.
Initially, PGR relieves pain. However, many people have a recurrence of pain,
and many experience mild facial numbness or tingling.
Balloon compression. In a procedure called percutaneous balloon
compression of the trigeminal nerve (PBCTN), your doctor inserts a hollow needle
through your face and into an opening in your skull. Then a thin, flexible tube
(catheter) with a balloon on the end is threaded through the needle. The balloon
is inflated with enough pressure to damage the nerve and block pain signals.
PBCTN successfully controls pain in most people. Only a small number of people
experience a recurrence of pain. Most people undergoing PBCTN experience facial
numbness of varying degrees, and more than half experience nerve damage,
resulting in a temporary weakness in the muscles used to chew.
Electric current. A procedure called percutaneous stereotactic
radiofrequency thermal rhizotomy (PSR) selectively destroys nerve fibers
associated with pain. Your doctor threads a needle through your face and into an
opening in your skull. Once in place, an electrode is threaded through the
needle until it rests against the nerve root.
The electrode is positioned so that you experience numbness or pain. An electric
current is passed through the tip of the electrode until it is heated to the
desired temperature for about 70 seconds. This damages the nerve fibers and
creates an area of injury (lesion). If your pain isn't eliminated, your doctor
may create additional lesions.
PSR successfully controls pain in most people. A common side effect of this type
of treatment is mild to severe facial numbness.
Radiation. Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKR) involves delivering single high
doses of radiation to the root of the trigeminal nerve. The radiation damages
the trigeminal nerve and eliminates the pain. GKR is successful in eliminating
pain more than half of the time. The procedure is painless and typically is done
without anesthesia. Because it's relatively new, the long-term risks of this
type of radiation are not yet known.
Severing the nerve. Your doctor may work through a small incision to cut
the branch of the trigeminal nerve that's causing the pain as that nerve branch
leaves your skull and before it reaches your facial area.
Attacks neuralgia may stop spontaneously, become more frequent, or persist
unchanged for months or years. However, symptoms usually improve significantly
Microvascular decompression (MVD)
procedure called microvascular decompression (MVD) doesn't damage or
destroy part of the trigeminal nerve. Instead, MVD involves
relocating or removing blood vessels that have contact with the
trigeminal root and separating the root and vessels with a small
During MVD, your doctor makes a small incision behind one ear. Then,
through a quarter-sized hole in your skull, part of your brain is
lifted to expose the trigeminal nerve. If your doctor finds an
artery in contact with the nerve root, he or she directs it away
from the nerve and places a pad between the nerve and the artery.
Doctors usually remove an artery that is found to be compressing the
MVD can successfully eliminate or reduce pain almost all of the
time, but as with every other surgical procedure for trigeminal
neuralgia, pain can recur in some people.
While MVD has a high success rate, it also carries risks. There are
small chances of decreased hearing, facial weakness, facial
numbness, double vision
and even a
|
<urn:uuid:fee9485e-65fd-4e63-a5af-ff243c1d1d4a>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.womenfitness.net/trigeminal_neuralgia.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394987.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00100-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.910115
| 3,116
| 3.125
| 3
|
Creating a map involves fitting the round, three-dimensional world onto a flat, two-dimensional surface. Using mathematics, mapmakers have created a variety of less-than-perfect solutions to this problem.
These solutions, known as map projections, can produce different maps depicting a particular place with very different appearances. On a flat map, conceptions of size, shape and distance are compromised in the projection process. All flat maps contain some type of distortion, but a conscientious cartographer chooses a projection that best correlates with their purpose for the map. When a cartographer chooses to draw a map on a small scale (that is, showing a greater amount of space in less detail), the map becomes more distorted since the difficulty of factoring in the curve of the earth becomes greater. On the other hand, a larger-scale map (which focuses on a smaller amount of space) offers fewer projection problems because there is less curvature to take into account.
|
<urn:uuid:f2060c21-ee22-49f3-b92c-5d5468292b85>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.learner.org/courses/amerhistory/interactives/cartographic/3-1.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00123-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943081
| 191
| 4.34375
| 4
|
Most global warming fanatics hang their hat on a 2003 study that showed 1998 to be the warmest year since 1932, so we absolutely need to do something now . But let's look at this study, assuming it was done correctly (not even this is a given).
If 1998 was the hottest year since 1932, then why was 1932 even hotter? That was in the midst of the Great Depression, so it certainly wasn't because of all the industry going on at the time. And the same study had data up through 2001. Why weren't 1999, 2000 and 2001 each respectively hotter than the year before? The fanatics' own data showed that temperatures peaked in 1998, so what's the big deal now?
ALSO, RECENT data shows significant warming on the surface of Mars. Is this man-made, too? Can the Mars Rover really pollute an entire planet?
Also, the primary cause of global warming is supposed to be carbon dioxide, and that from burning various fossil fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas. But do you want to know the real source of most of the carbon dioxide on this planet? There are over 6 billion (and counting) "factories" that spew out carbon dioxide thousands of times a day, and there is no denying that these are human-caused. That's because they are, in fact, humans who exhale CO2 every time they breathe. If you want to eliminate a primary source of CO2, just get rid of all the humans.
The fact is that there is absolutely no consensus on whether global warming exists -- and, if it does, whether or not it is indeed caused by humans. One series of solar flares can cause greater impact to our climate in minutes than all of man's activities over a millenia. Why is it that global warming theorists can guarantee what our weather will be like in 50 years, but can't tell you with 100-percent certainty if it will rain tomorrow?
Now if you can't win an argument with facts, then try to denigrate the opposition by saying their numbers are inconsequential. Everybody just knew that the Earth was flat, even though a select few claimed otherwise. They were branded as heretics. Does this sound familiar to how global warming skeptics are treated?
IF YOU WANT to see what the other side has to say, check out the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change, and try to keep an open mind.
(The writer, an Evans resident, holds degrees in aerospace engineering and engineering management.)
|
<urn:uuid:7daf6830-5945-4109-bc33-7672790974ac>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://chronicle.augusta.com/stories/2009/05/10/op_523317.shtml
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395992.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00063-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.959667
| 517
| 3.125
| 3
|
Campylobacter continues to be the most commonly reported bacterial enteric pathogen in Minnesota (Figure 2). There were 1,007 cases of culture-confirmed Campylobacter infection reported in 2010 (19.1 per 100,000 population). This represents a 12% increase from the 899 cases reported in 2009 and the median annual number of cases reported from 2001 to 2009 (median, 899 cases; range, 843 to 953). In 2010, 44% of cases occurred in people who resided in the metropolitan area. Of the 911 Campylobacter isolates sent, confirmed, and identified to species by MDH, 90% were C. jejuni and 9% were C. coli.
The median age of cases was 33 years (range, 3 months to 92 years). Thirty-nine percent of cases were between 20 and 49 years of age, and 12% were 5 years of age or younger. Fifty-nine percent of cases were male. Fifteen percent of cases were hospitalized; the median length of hospitalization was 3 days. Fifty percent of infections occurred during June through September. Of the 902 (90%) cases for whom data were available, 163 (18%) reported travel outside of the United States during the week prior to illness onset. The most common travel destinations were Mexico (n=36), Central or South America or the Caribbean (n=36), Europe (n=29), and Asia (n=16).
There were three outbreaks of campylobacteriosis identified in Minnesota in 2010, all during August. One outbreak of C. jejuni infection was associated with an office party in Dakota County. Two culture-confirmed and one probable case were identified. An item containing undercooked chicken or ready-to-eat foods cross-contaminated from undercooked chicken was identified as the most plausible source of the outbreak. A second outbreak of quinolone-resistant C. jejuni infections was associated with employees at a chicken processing plant in Pope County. Two culture-confirmed cases were identified. The third outbreak of C. jejuni infections was associated with raw milk consumption from a farm in Sibley County. Three culture-confirmed cases were identified.
A primary feature of public health importance among Campylobacter cases was the continued presence of Campylobacter isolates resistant to fluoroquinolone antibiotics (e.g., ciprofloxacin), which are commonly used to treat campylobacteriosis. In 2010, the overall proportion of quinolone resistance among Campylobacter isolates tested was 21%. However, 68% of Campylobacter isolates from patients with a history of foreign travel during the week prior to illness onset, regardless of destination, were resistant to fluoroquinolones. Ten percent of Campylobacter isolates from patients who acquired the infection domestically were resistant to fluoroquinolones.
In June 2009, a non-culture based test became commercially available for the qualitative detection of Campylobacter antigens in stool. Two hundred eighty patients were positive for Campylobacter by a non-culture based test conducted in a clinical laboratory in 2010. However, only 114 (41%) of the specimens were subsequently culture-confirmed, thus meeting the surveillance case definition for inclusion in case totals.
- For up to date information see>> Campylobacteriosis (Campylobacter)
- Full issue>> Annual Summary of Communicable Diseases Reported to the Minnesota Department of Health, 2010
|
<urn:uuid:b3164bc5-bcb9-4799-9670-3cd75ce38276>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.health.state.mn.us/divs/idepc/newsletters/dcn/sum10/campylobactrosis.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00092-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968293
| 720
| 2.859375
| 3
|
USF Professor & Team Find Ancient Flying Reptile
A USF professor led a trio of paleontologists who have discovered and named the earliest of the pterodactyloids, a group of flying reptiles that became the dominant winged creatures of the prehistoric world.
USFs Brian Andres also determined that the pterodactyloids appeared about 5 million years earlier than previously known, about 163 million years ago.
Any finding of the earliest and most primitive member of a group is significant, Andres said.
This one provided new information on the evolution of pterosaurs and allowed the professor to create a tree of life outlining the evolutionary relationships of different species.
For more on this story, visit Jerome Stockfisch (The Tampa Tribune).
|
<urn:uuid:b3dc18a2-df14-4463-9e9c-295e8dba5458>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.newstalkflorida.com/usf-professor-team-find-ancient-flying-reptile/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00046-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92291
| 155
| 2.96875
| 3
|
Silas Marner Wealth Quotes
How we cite our quotes: (Book.Chapter.Paragraph)
The weaver's hand had known the touch of hard-won money even before the palm had grown to its full breadth; for twenty years, mysterious money had stood to him as the symbol of earthly good, and the immediate object of toil. (1.2.4)
Money stands for something—but what? It's not an earthly good in and of itself; it stands for an earthly good. The key word here seems to be "mysterious." Money is baffling. It can't be spent, and it doesn't improve Silas's standard of living. Here's Eliot's being all philosophical: money is a symbol of something, and not a thing in itself.
He spread them out in heaps and bathed his hands in them; then he counted them and set them up in regular piles, and felt their rounded outline between his thumb and fingers, and thought fondly of the guineas that were only half-earned by the work in his loom, as if they had been unborn children—thought of the guineas that were coming slowly through the coming years, through all his life, which spread far away before him, the end quite hidden by countless days of weaving. (1.2.10)
This image could be funny—a man literally "bathing" in his money, rolling around on a pile of gold coins like a cartoon miser on his pile of $100 bills or a dragon snoozing on a heap of treasure. But Eliot infuses it with pathos. Silas clings to coins because he has nothing else. His community has been snatched away from him, and it will be a long time before he learns to join a new one.
If she could come to be mistress at the Red House, there would be a fine change, for the Lammeters had been brought up in that way, that they never suffered a pinch of salt to be wasted, and yet everybody in their household had of the best, according to his place. Such a daughter-in-law would be a saving to the old Squire, if she never brought a penny to her fortune, for it was to be feared that, notwithstanding his incomings, there were more holes in his pocket than the one where he put his own hand in. (1.3.3)
Like readers of Us Weekly speculating on celebrity marriages, the villagers agree that Nancy would be a good wife for Godfrey because she'd bring thrift and frugality to the Red House. Although none of the villagers approach Silas's level of obsession about money, they do think about it a lot.
|
<urn:uuid:6721f51b-114d-4243-b628-31b1ec9b9127>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.shmoop.com/silas-marner/wealth-quotes.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396455.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00127-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.988721
| 562
| 2.578125
| 3
|
Making Sense Professional Development courses are designed to deepen elementary teachers’ understanding of mathematical concepts and to support the implementation of research-based teaching strategies. All courses are aligned with the Common Core State Content and Practice Standards, Iowa Core, and Iowa Professional Development Model. Additionally, we provide leadership training to principals to ensure support for teachers as they work to improve mathematics instruction in their classrooms.
For an overview of the Making Sense Professional Development courses, please click on the course of interest to you below.
In 2014, the CTLM received a grant from the Math/Science Partnership to develop courses for special education teachers of struggling learners. The goal for this Special Education Math Professional Development program is to close the achievement gap between students with an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) and students without an IEP. The special focus for these courses includes the effective use of specially designed instruction time and formative and diagnostic assessment.
Teaching Mathematics to Struggling Learners: Building Your Confidence
Teaching Struggling Learners: Addition, Subtraction, and Place Value
Teaching Struggling Learners: Multiplication and Division
Teaching Struggling Learners: Fractions
Please note that courses are offered and encouraged to be taken in the order listed above.
|
<urn:uuid:d42c81cf-4e77-44c6-909a-4742028ec150>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.uni.edu/ctlm/content/course-list
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00130-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.918556
| 261
| 2.859375
| 3
|
Smuggler’s Progress: border wall construction in Smuggler’s Gulch between San Diego County and Tijuana, Baja California
Smuggler’s Gulch was a beautiful canyon, home to some of the most important and rare coastal scrub habitat in Southern California. This steeply sided, 180-foot deep canyon just below and west of Spooner’s Mesa is located at the southernmost border of San Diego, California on the international boundary with Mexico and 1.5-2 miles from the Pacific Ocean.
Smuggler’s Gulch is part of a 14-mile border infrastructure project in San Diego County sponsored by the Department of Homeland Security.
Today, Smuggler’s Gulch has been filled in to provide for a border patrol access road and a massive natural barrier against unauthorized border crossing, its natural role as a protective sediment basin disrupted by a massive berm And this project is one of many of over 600 miles of border walls and barriers built since 2008 in sensitive lands along the 2000-mile U.S.-Mexico border.
How did this come to be? In the local south San Diego geography that the border patrol calls “Areas 5 & 6,” a total of 180 acres of land was condemned by the federal government in 2008, (127 acres of county land and 53 acres of state park land), a long strip of land along the U.S.-Mexico border bordering the Tijuana River Valley Open Space Preserve, Border Field State Park, and the internationally recognized Tijuana River National Estuarine Research Reserve. Local environmental groups had spent four years in a legal struggle against the condemnation, headed by Imperial Beach resident Mike McCoy and public interest attorney Cory Briggs. The City of San Diego, in partnership with various regional and state agencies, had already invested over half a billion dollars in 20 years in land acquisition and improvement projects in the Tijuana River Valley, an astonishingly beautiful wetland reserve hosting 370 species of birds, many of them endangered, and a wide variety of habitats unique to the southern coastal region of the Californias.
According to the condemnation order, filed on April 25, 2008, the federal government awarded the State of California $919,000 dollars for the state land–just over $17,300 an acre, deemed “just compensation” in a market where nearby undeveloped industrial land sells for over $550,000 an acre. Although the condemnation order granted California State Parks the right to contest the amount of compensation, the state made no move to intervene.
In May 2008, the construction began, headed by contractor Kiewit of Omaha, Nebraska. Contractors began by laying an enormous 300-foot culvert to allow the continued flow of water and sediment through the canyon.
In July-Sept the U.S. section of the canyon was completely filled in with 2.2 million cubic yards of soil and rock, creating a 145-foot high berm across which runs a fenced corridor with a road to allow border patrol vehicle access along two sides of a high wall. The total footprint of the berm is four tenths of a mile long, and from ridge to ridge, it is a quarter mile across. The canyon was once half a mile long from the international boundary to the north end on Monument Road.
The berm was created from soil and rock cut from the tops of the two mesas on either side of the deep canyon. Cutting and earthmoving was done throughout the summer of 2008, and the berm was in place by the late fall.
Precious natural habitat
The canyon is home to some of the most important habitat in the Southern California region. The last stand of Maritime succulent scrub grows here, found nowhere else in the US, and the area hosts the northernmost extent of this habitat, which extends southward into Mexico. The Coastal sage scrub of the area is a very important habitat for federally listed endangered birds. The project has directly destroyed some very important habitat in the Tijuana Estuarine Research Reserve directly north of the canyon. The footprint of the berm now fills in half the length of the original canyon, greatly reducing its capacity to serve as a de facto sediment basin protecting the estuary and ocean water from pollutants and sediment build up according to Clay Phillips, of California State Parks.
To facilitate the natural flow of storm water through this long canyon, a culvert was built as part of the infrastructure project.
According to land manager Oscar Romo, the culvert is now adding energy to the water—instead of running gently through boulders and land, the water now shoots through the smooth concrete of the culvert. The water gains momentum, and has a lot of energy by the time it reaches the channel on the north side of Monument Road, resulting in the flooding of ranches.
As Program Manager of the Tijuana River Estuarine Research Reserve, Romo knows this region well. He notes that the the geography of this small area adds to the momentum of the travelling water—water runs into the U.S. from Mexican canyons that are 750 feet above sea level into a culvert at 20 feet above sea level and then out to the estuary. It needs only a flat, smooth surface to make it run faster. After construction of the berm, water is now coming from areas that in the past never brought water. Romo argues that there is a lot of evidence that the berm is causing rechanneling of the water into new pathways and directions.
Soils in this area erode easily when stripped of plants and delicate, intertwined root systems that have taken tens of thousands of years to develop. Deep rilling is visible on the walls of the canyon, and massive erosion and a deep crack was visible on the berm after brief winter rains in December 2008.
One reason for this erosion is that the contractors used soil & rock materials that didn’t match the original soil. The top part of Spooner’s Mesa has a different soil composition than the canyon floor below, and the contractors filled the canyon by stripping soil from the top of the mesa and using this soil to build the berm. The entire area was created by layers of flooding over millions of years. When soil is displaced in this way, the top layer, which is mostly sealed, comes into contact with other layers and cracks will develop.
In December of 2008, a deep joint was visible from the top to the bottom of the berm (visible in the photo here covered with plastic tarp). According to Romo, the contractors didn’t fully consider the specific climate and rain conditions in south San Diego County and integrate that into the project. The rainy season is short, and when it rains, it rains all in one night. In San Diego construction, those joints are usually created differently using different methods to drain. In this case, Romo noticed no adjustment to these special conditions—the contractors allowed these two types of soil merge, dragging soil from the mesas into the canyon, but they never studied the way that was going to interact with rain. The crack was caused because the water needed a place to go—the water coming from the two mesas on either side of the berm was flowing down through this crack. In the spring of 2009, to adjust to these conditions, Romo noted that the contractors began to make changes in the geometry of the road.
One continuing problem is that there is no adequate sediment monitoring program in place. The installation of sensor would allow for the measurement of the velocity and strength of the water. say Clay Phillips and Oscar Romo. Federal promises of mitigation and maintenance have been slow to materialize.
The sides of the berm were seeded after construction, but by fall 2009 the DHS was taken to task by Representative Susan Davis for failure to provide sufficient irrigation to complete the project. Davis submitted a letter to DHS Secretary Janet Napolitano requesting “immediate action be taken to protect the surrounding environment as was promised to Davis and the San Diego community.” In this letter, Davis pointed out, “These conditions are unacceptable, and the bare slopes are an illustrative example of the lack of foresight in mitigating the environmental effects of the Border Infrastructure Project.” …“We are seeing the results of what happens when it becomes the policy to waive environmental laws,” said Davis, whose congressional district is home to the project in question. “Not only has the entire character of Smuggler’s Gulch been irrevocably altered, but it now threatens other habitats.” (Susan Davis Press Release, 28 Oct 2009).
The DHS project received a volley of criticism after the Final Environmental Impact Statement was released in July 2003. The California Coastal Commission filed a report critiquing the project, and a lawsuit filed in 2004 argued that the federal EIS did not take into account any of the specific qualities or features of the San Diego topography, but was merely a “generic” EIS for the entire border.
The list of critics includes the Department of the Interior, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the City of Imperial Beach, the City of San Diego, the County of San Diego, the San Diego Association of Governments (SANDAG), the California Coastal Commission, the California Department of Fish and Game, the California Resources Agency, the California Department of Parks and Recreation, and the California Coastal Conservancy and the following plaintiffs in the 2004 lawsuit: Sierra Club, California Native Plant Society, Southwest Wetlands Interpretive Association, San Diego Baykeeper, and Center for Biological Diversity.
Concerns about environmental damage continued to be voiced by state agencies throughout construction. In October 2008, the State Water Resources Control Board sent a letter to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, reiterating their concerns about the environmental impact of the Smuggler’s Gulch in-fill project, a major portion of the San Diego sector VI fence corridor (Letter in author’s archives). The letter cites statements of Michael Chertoff, indicating the commitment of DHS to actively solicit public input on the environmental impact of the project and to exercise good environmental stewardship throughout the construction process.
Yet, to date, the State Water Resources Control Board notes that they have not seen evidence that these commitments are being carried out. Upon inspection of the site, the board observed complete lack of temporary erosion control measures, failure to implement the storm water pollution protection plan, poor drainage and shoddy grading practices on construction access roads. In addition, there appears to be no post-construction maintenance plan, nor has DHS been forthcoming about funding such a plan. The board anticipates that a number of consequences will follow including severe erosion when winter rains begin, sediment spill and damage to the estuary, high environmental costs in the form of lost hydrological function in the watershed, and expensive remedial maintenance costs which will no doubt be borne by local, county and state agencies.
Perhaps most ironic, the board notes that these problems will create hazards for the border patrol agents using the roads for whom they were designed and built.
And indeed, these dangers are real. On a recent tour of the border wall in April 2011, Brown Field Station Chief Kelly Good showed us an area along the border patrol access road where an enormous boulder “the size of a car” had tumbled down the steep canyonside, hit the access road, and smashed through an entire 40 foot section of the border wall.
Washouts of the border wall caused by winter rains are clearly visible along the border wall in the mountains of San Diego County and have been documented in Arizona, most recently, at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument in Lukeville, Arizona, the second major problem for this spot in three years.
Meanwhile, the in spite of the estimated $71 million dollars spent on this project, migrants looking for work have continued to find ways to enter the United States, Since 1994, migrants have largely been pushed eastward to cross through the seering heat of the Arizona desert, and over 5600 people have died.
|
<urn:uuid:02f68118-c25c-484f-9a2f-0b1bff6e4126>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.attheedges.com/border-stories/smugglers-gulch/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396959.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00167-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947707
| 2,470
| 2.921875
| 3
|
by Mary DeLucco
Cancer drugs like Genentech’s Avastin fall into a category known as specialty drugs, biotech medications that treat chronic diseases, including cancer, kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. Not only are these drugs usually much more expensive than traditional medications (ranging from approximately $6,000 to $300,000 per patient, per year), but lesser-priced generic equivalents are rarely available.
Of the drugs that fall into this category, cancer drugs are the most expensive. For example, Avastin has been approved as a treatment for metastatic breast cancer at a cost of just under $100,000 a year. Genentech’s other blockbuster cancer drug, Herceptin, costs around $48,000 per year.
When you consider that most of these drugs are taken in combination with at least one other expensive drug, the costs can be staggering.
In fact, Express Scripts, a pharmacy benefit manager, predicts that spending on these drugs will reach $99 million by 2010, nearly double the $54 million spent in 2006. One in four dollars of prescription drug spending will go toward specialty drugs by 2010, according to Express Scripts.
In 2006, several pharmaceutical and biotech companies—including Merck and Genentech—announced plans to price their drugs according to their value to patients. BCA described this as “social value pricing,” because it means pricing on the basis of, among other things, what the market will bear and the companies’ interpretation of the drugs’ perceived value to patients and society.
A poll released in March, which was conducted by USA Today, Kaiser Family Foundation, and the Harvard School of Public Health, found that 79 percent of Americans say the cost of prescription drugs is unreasonable, and 70 percent believe that pharmaceutical companies are more concerned with making profits than with helping people. When you consider “social value pricing,” you realize the majority, in this case, is right.
|
<urn:uuid:f276ba26-8aa4-4ed4-8519-a1c9ec853b79>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.bcaction.org/2008/04/21/the-ever-rising-costs-of-cancer-drugs/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394605.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00198-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.958464
| 411
| 2.6875
| 3
|
This massive hole, which spans about 260 feet in diameter, was recently discovered by pilots flying over a remote area of Siberia known ominously as "the end of the world." Nobody yet knows how or why it formed, but a team of scientists have been flown in to investigate, reports USA Today.
The strangely shaped orifice looks unnatural, and ever since video of the odd feature was distributed online, the Internet has been abuzz with wild conspiracy theories: Invading extraterrestrials? Secret weapons tests gone wrong? An entrance into the underworld? Giant mutant worms? An interdimensional stargate?
A meteorite strike has apparently been ruled out as the culprit.
More sensible theories have also been postulated, of course. The most likely scenario involves some kind of explosion caused by a mixture of gas, salt and water igniting underground. This theory is strengthened due to the hole's proximity to a natural gas field; the region is teeming with combustible materials. Debris around the hole also represents signs of combustion.
Dr. Chris Fogwill, a polar scientist at the University of New South Wales in Australia, has suggested the hole might be what's left of a "pingo," a heap of Earth-covered ice commonly found in Arctic regions. An extremely large, melting pingo could have left such a cavern.
"Certainly from the images I've seen it looks like a periglacial feature, perhaps a collapsed pingo," Fogwill told The Sydney Morning Herald. "This is obviously a very extreme version of that, and if there’s been any interaction with the gas in the area, that is a question that could only be answered by going there."
Interestingly, both of these explanations hint at a deeper cause: global warming. The explosive mixture of gas, salt and water could have been released and ignited due to a warming local climate. Likewise, rising temperatures would certainly explain a melted pingo.
New footage of the giant hole, released as scientists arrived on the scene, can be viewed below, but the audio is all in Russian:
So far a clear explanation for the hole is still forthcoming, but scientists are said to be collecting samples of soil, air and water from the area. The depth of the hole has not yet been determined either, but these new images do show that the bottom is saturated with a murky fluid.
Because the hole is in such a remote region, it's also possible it formed some time ago and was only recently discovered. The region is famous for many other bizarre discoveries as well, such as ancient viruses released by the melting permafrost, and frozen remains of wooly mammoths.
Related on MNN:
|
<urn:uuid:2ccd139d-0f7a-4ac8-bb03-54f10a1de58e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.mnn.com/earth-matters/wilderness-resources/stories/giant-hole-mysteriously-forms-in-siberia-and-nobody-knows
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397565.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00123-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.972558
| 546
| 2.796875
| 3
|
The mystic philosopher Plotinus is considered the father of Neoplatonism. He believed that he had achieved union with the Supreme Principle, the One, several times in his life. According to his theory, all material beings and things emanated from the One, including the Intellect, the Soul, and humans. In his belief system, human beings were to work to escape material reality and achieve union (or reunion) with the One. A renowned teacher, Plotinus lectured on this philosophy; his lectures were later compiled by one of his students, Porphyry of Tyre, who edited them into six books of nine chapters each, which he titled Enneas. Porphyry also wrote a biography of Plotinus. Although neither Porphyry nor Plotinus was a Christian, this compilation proved to have a significant influence on later thinkers, both pagan and Christian.
Plotinus’s interpretation of Platonic philosophy centers on his conception of the One, the creator-being. The One engendered not only the universe but himself as well. Plotinus claims this is possible because the One is the penultimate element; it is made up of everything else, yet it remains in the purest form. Plotinus calls this state “the light before the light.” As this purest form, it cannot be described or discussed; living beings can only hope to realize that even with a sense of perfection in meditation, they must be aware that there is a greater perfection that exists. The One is known only by what it is not; it is not comprehensible. It is the paradoxical culmination of everything, and yet it is like nothing else. This creation of a complex universe from the final, most pure element can be compared to the creation of gold jewelry. It is created from parts of pure gold yet could not exist as pure gold jewelry. It needs an amalgam for strength. However, it could not call itself gold without the original gold, which remains in a pure, if almost untouchable, form.
All else emanates from the One “because [there] is nothing within the One that all things are from it.” Plotinus states that the first element to spring from the One is Intellect. The Intellect’s purpose is to discern the rest of the forms of the universe. There...
(The entire section is 895 words.)
|
<urn:uuid:c545c12a-c4e8-4c5f-8940-899d758edd82>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.enotes.com/topics/enneads
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00135-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.972424
| 487
| 3.53125
| 4
|
A single low dose of H1N1 vaccine may be enough to protect adults from the flu virus that has been spreading around the world, new data shows.
Researchers in Australia said they tested the H1N1 vaccine in 240 people ages 18 to 64. Half were given a dose of 15 micrograms while the others were given 30 micrograms.
After 21 days, blood samples showed that most participants had an immune response of 1 to 40 titers or more, the researchers said. Read full article »
|
<urn:uuid:b05c38af-fe6e-4cbf-9315-04fa8ccb6c72>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/09/10/h1n1.vaccine/other1.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00186-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962956
| 105
| 3.15625
| 3
|
"I shall consider human actions and desires in exactly the same manner, as though I were concerned with lines, planes, and solids"--
Baruch Spinoza, The Ethics
The noun affect entered the English language in the 14th century. Derived from the Latin word affectus, disposition, it is first recorded in Geoffrey Chaucer's Troylus and Cressida (OED). Affect is often, but not exclusively, used as a synonym for passion, sentiment, mood, feeling or emotion. Most discussion of affect in media theory and aesthetics revolves around questions of the production and transmission of affect. How do (and how should) artworks produce and transmit affect? What is the relationship between media and the production of affect? Philosophical and psychological explanations of the nature and function of affect are always intertwined with the answers media theorists offer to these questions. Because the breadth of these explanations makes a complete survey impossible, this article will focus on two especially influential traditions of understanding affect and then trace the media theories that draw from them.
The first tradition attempts to understand affect as embodied force that influences the mind. Aristotle's account of affect in the Rhetoric is characteristic. He argues that affect is "that which leads one's condition to become so transformed that his judgment is affected, and which is accompanied by pleasure and pain" (Aristotle, "Rhetoric" 6). Aristotle's affect is a force embodied through pleasure and pain that shifts our condition and our judgment. Rene Descartes offers a richer account of the way affect works as a bodily force. For Descartes, affects (or passions) are "the perceptions, feeling or emotions of the soul which we relate specially to it [the soul], and which are caused, maintained and fortified by some movement of the spirit" (Descartes, 21). The 'spirits' mentioned in this passage are "animal spirits," the material medium that Descartes believed allowed the body and the mind to communicate. The specific motions of this fluid determine the specific nature of the affect. For example, "Love is an emotion of the soul caused by the movement of the spirits which incites it to join itself willingly to objects which appear to it to be agreeable" (Descartes, 23).
Media theories that work from this understanding of affect usually focus on ways affect is produced through mimesis. In the Poetics, Aristotle argues that a perfect tragedy "should...imitate actions which excite pity and fear" (Aristotle, "Rhetoric" 2.13) The argument that affect is produced through mimesis has often been used as an explanation of music's ability to produce affect. In Plato's discussion of music in The Republic, he proposes that each mode of music is distinguished by its imitation of human action. For example, "that mode which would appropriately imitate the sounds and accents of a man who is courageous in warlike deeds and every violent works" is designed to "produce the finest imitation of the sounds of unfortunate and fortunate, moderate and courageous men" and thus inspire virtue (Plato, par. 399a-b). The contemporary philosopher Peter Kivy argues that this theory of music was interpreted by many to mean that "melodies have the power to arouse emotions in listeners by imitating or representing the manner in which they express them in speech and exclamations" (Kivy, 16)
Although many have taken issue with these arguments, two criticisms of the mimetic understanding of affect production are especially important. One, made by the 19th century music theorist, Eduard Hanslick, insists that the claim that music produces affect is philosophically incoherent. Hanslick argues that for an affect to be produced, there must be an object of attention. For example, when we are afraid, we are always afraid of something (the bear, the dark, the serial killer in the closet). Music cannot be a significant object for our affects, therefore it cannot produce any affects (Kivy, 26). The second criticism insists that art which exists to produce affect is "kitsch." In his essay Avant-Garde and Kitsch, Clement Greenberg compares two paintings, one by Illya Repin, one by Pablo Picasso to demonstrate his conception of Kitsch. He writes "Where Picasso paints cause, Repin paints effect. Repin predigests art for the spectator and spares him the effort, provides him with a shortcut to the pleasure of art that detours what is necessarily difficult in genuine art. Repin, or kitsch, is synthetic art" (Greenberg, 15) Kitsch produces affect without demanding any work by the viewer.
Hanslick and Greenberg's criticisms point towards another conceptualization of affect which insists on the interrelation of affect and cognition. Baruch Spinoza offers the foundational account of this tradition. In the Ethics, he defines affect as "the modifications of the body whereby the active power of the said body is increased or diminished, aided or constrained, and also the ideas of such modification" (Spinoza, 130). All human activity, including cognition, produces and is produced by affect. In Matter and Memory, Henri Bergson further links cognition and affect. He defines affect as "that part or aspect of the inside of our bodies which mix with the image of external bodies." This 'part or aspect' is necessarily produced by any perception, and therefore, for Bergson, "there is no perception without affection" (Bergson, 60). The German-Italian phenomenologist Franz Brentano argued that each cognitive action is constituted of a 'presentation", a judgment, and an emotion. He offers the example of hearing a sound, "obviously accompanied by not only by a presentation and a cognition of this act of hearing, but an emotion as well. It may be either pleasure, as when we hear a soft, pure young voice, or of displeasure, as when we hear the scratching of a violin badly played." (Bergson, 144) Brentano's argument that affect, like the rest of cognition, is always intentional shares significant form with Hanslick's argument against music's ability to produce affect.
William James' model of emotion offers an embodied account of affect that remains unified with cognition. In his article What Is An Emotion, James offers a good synopsis of his view "Common sense says, we lose our fortune, are sorry and weep; we meet a bear, are frightened and run; we are insulted by a rival, are angry and strike. The hypothesis here to be defended says that this order of sequence is incorrect, that the one mental state is not immediately induced by the other, that the bodily manifestations must be first interposed between, and that the more rational statement is that we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble" (James, 13). For James, a perception immediately produces an affect within the body. Only later is the affect transformed into a recognizable emotion.
In What Is Philosophy, Felix Guattari and Gilles Deleuze use these conceptions of affect to develop their sense of the aesthetic. They argue that art is "a bloc of sensations, that is to say, a compound of percepts and affects" (Deleuze, 163).Here, affect is both embodied and bound up with consciousness. For the two, the artist can and must invent new affects, "A great novelist is above all an artist who invents unknown or unrecognized affects and brings them to light as the becoming of his characters" (174).
The conceptualization of affect as a fundamental part of human cognition is also integral to a series of theorists whose work focuses on the relationship between media and human behavior, most notably Marshall McLuhan. For McLuhan, the emergence of each media is marked by "the change of scale or pace or pattern that it introduces into human affairs'" (McLuhan, 8). These human affairs include most intimate affects. His account of the telephone's emotive impact is telling "Why should the phone create an intense feeling of loneliness? Why should we feel compelled to answer a ringing public phones when we know the call cannot concern us? Why does a phone ringing on the stage create instant tension? Why is that tension so very much less for an unanswered phone in a movie scene? The answer to all of these questions is simply that the phone is a participant form that demands a partner, with all the intensity of electric polarity" (268).
If McLuhan insists on the fundamental and instrumental role of media in changing human behaviors, Fredric Jameson insists that shifts in social arrangements produce changes in both media and affect. For example, he argues that a distinctive characteristic of the postmodern era (or late capitalism) is the 'waning of affect" (Jameson, 10). Jameson uses two images, Edward Munch's The Scream and Andy Warhol's Diamond Dust Shoes to demonstrate this 'waning'. Munch's image is an exemplary demonstration of the way affect functions in modernist images. Affect shapes representation itself -- the anguish of the screamer mutates the landscape. In the 'postmodern' Diamond Dust Shoes, human affect has waned. What remains is an endless field of cool commodities.
A number of contemporary thinkers have argued against Jameson's thesis, insisting that that the postmodern age is one of excess affect. In his essay The Autonomy of the Affect, Brian Massumi argues that ""Fredric Jameson notwithstanding, belief has waned for many, but not affect. If anything, our condition is characterized by a surfeit of it. The problem is that there is no cultural-theoretical vocabulary specific to affect" (Massumi, 27). Over the course of that essay Massumi develops this vocabulary, combining the work of thinkers inside the 'second' tradition of affect (especially Bergson, Deleuze, and Spinoza) to argue that affect is "a suspension of affect-reaction circuits and linear temporality in a sink of what might be called passion" (Massumi, 29). For Massumi, this 'state of suspension' is the rule; our world is saturated with affects. In the essay The Time of The Cinema. On the 'New World' and 'Cultural Exception', Bernard Stiegler offers an account of the way cinema produces this 'surfeit of affect' through the manipulation and reproduction of temporality. He writes that "because the flux of consciousness is a contraction of time, cinema can triggers this process of adoption in which my time, during the time of the film, becomes the time of an other and another time" (30). While watching the film, the temporal experience of the viewer is mapped onto the time of the film itself. Stiegler's worry is that this power to produce cinema remains in the hands of the few and powerful, leaving most as mere receptors of affect.
A more optimistic perspective is offered by Mark B.N Hansen in his essay, Affect as Medium, or the "Digital-facial-image. Hansen argues that affect can offer "an interface between the domain of information (the digital) and embodied human experience" (5). For Hansen, 'Digital-facial-images'" are the vessels for the production of this affect-medium. These digitally produced, often interactive images of human faces force the viewer to "recognize our intense desire to engage affectively with the 'virtual' at the same time as we confront the disconcerting possibility of its utter indifference to us "(10). This uncanny combination produces immediate embodied affect that links the human to the digital in a feedback loop.
Massumi's, Stiegler's, and Hansen's accounts demonstrate the significance of affect as a force in the contemporary media landscape. The density and volatility of affect production and transmission presents constant threat of danger and manipulation, but perhaps, as Hansen suggests, it also offers the promise of moving past old distinctions and creating new connections.
|
<urn:uuid:99b83fd5-0797-4cc3-86b9-8653b3ab858e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://csmt.uchicago.edu/glossary2004/affect.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00039-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943979
| 2,457
| 4.0625
| 4
|
The sun's rays may shape human lives in a surprising way: High levels of sun exposure during the year of birth may increase infant mortality and shorten the average life span of a population, a new study finds.
Researchers looked at people in Norway who were born over two centuries, and compared those who were born during years of peaks in solar activity with those born during years of the lowest levels of solar activity. Results showed that people born during solar peaks lived 5.2 years less, on average, than individuals born in years with the lowest solar activity.
Exactly how the sun's activity at the time of a person's birth may affect life span isn't known. But peak solar activity brings higher levels of ultraviolet radiation to Earth, and some evidence suggests that UV radiation may increase infant mortality by degrading folic acid, or vitamin B9, which is important for the rapid cell division and growth that happen during pregnancy.
The upshot is, "if you are pregnant, don't get a tan," said Gine Roll Skjærvø, a biologist at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology in Trondheim, Norway, and co-author of the study published today (Jan. 6) in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B. "The best time for conception [would] be when there's lower ultraviolet radiation." [11 Big Fat Pregnancy Myths]
Here comes the sun
Scientists have long known that ultraviolet (UV) light can affect the development of living organisms by suppressing molecular and cellular processes. The effects of UV radiation on the health and reproduction of aquatic animals are well known, but only a handful of studies have looked at the effects on the human life span or on survival rates of human infants.
In the new study, Skjærvø and her colleagues examined demographic data from more than 9,000 people born in Norway between 1676 and 1878. The researchers compared the data with historical evidence of cycles of solar radiation compiled by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
Solar activity is measured as the number of dark patches, called sunspots, observed on the sun's surface. This activity varies according to a cycle that lasts about 11 years (although the length varies). Within an average cycle, there are eight years of low activity (known as the solar minimum) followed by three years of high activity (the solar maximum). [Photos: Sunspots on Earth's Star]
The researchers found that people who were born during the years of high solar activity were less likely to survive to adulthood, with a high percentage of those deaths occurring before age 2.
In addition, among women born in years of high solar activity, those who had lower incomes (and who likely would have spent more time outside, exposed to the sun) had lower fertility rates and fewer children who survived to age 20, compared with wealthier women, Skjærvø said.
Too much UV?
The study shows only a correlation between solar activity and life span; it does not show causation. However, the researchers were able to rule out other explanations for the findings, including socioeconomic status, birth cohort (people born in the same year) and ecology.
It's impossible to rule out all possible factors, Skjærvø said, but the fact that the effects were seen over hundreds of years suggests that the sun's periodic flare-ups were the likeliest cause of the shortened life spans and reduced fertility.
Mark Lucock, a nutritional geneticist at the University of Newcastle in Australia, who was not involved in the research, told Live Science the study is "a fascinating piece of work that provides further supporting evidence that early-life environmental factors help shape [human traits] in ways that have long-term consequences."Lucock and his colleagues previously found that exposure to some sunlight during the first few weeks after conception may affect levels of folic acid and vitamin D, both of which can influence the survival of embryos and the development of diseases in adulthood.
Although "getting too much sun in pregnancy may not be good idea," getting some sun may help the body get enough vitamin D, said George Davis, a researcher at the company Psybernetics, Incorporated, in Augusta, Maine, who has also studied the effects of solar radiation on human health. "There's a balance between too much and too little in sunlight. The real question is, what's that magic breakpoint?"
So what was the solar activity like the year you were born? The recent years with solar maximums were 1957, 1968, 1979, 1989, 2000 and 2013, and the recent years with solar minimums were 1954, 1964, 1976, 1986, 1996 and 2008.
|
<urn:uuid:fa4b3e14-cb2b-4ef5-83e7-b824cede909e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.livescience.com/49345-uv-exposure-babies-lifespan.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00156-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.973703
| 961
| 3.75
| 4
|
similar to Earth's
DR EMILY BALDWIN
Posted: 23 September 2010
Despite the huge differences between Venus' and Earth's atmospheres, data from ESA's Venus Express satellite finds that the planets produce lightning in surprisingly similar ways.
This artist’s concept depicts lightning in Venus' thick atmosphere. Image: J. Whatmore.
Although early missions such as Venera, Pioneer Venus and Galileo reported evidence for optical and electromagnetic waves that could be produced by lightning, the topic has been much debated given Venus' very different atmosphere to our own planet's – its surface pressure is nearly 100 times greater than that of Earth and 500 degrees hotter. Now, thanks to Venus Express' magnetometer, scientists have confirmed that lightning is also a common occurrence on our neighbouring planet.
Dr Christopher Russell, who presented the results at the European Planetary Science Congress today, says that the rates of discharge, intensity and spatial distribution of lightning are all comparable to the behaviour of lightning on Earth. "Short strong pulses of the signals expected to be produced by lightning were seen almost immediately upon arrival at Venus, despite the generally unfavorable magnetic field orientation for entry of the signals into the Venus ionosphere at the altitude of the Venus Express measurements," he says.
Like Earth, when clouds form on Venus, energy from the Sun that has been deposited in the air can be released in a very powerful electrical discharge. The mechanism is thought to involve the collision of cloud particles, which causes a separation of electrical charges. As positively charged particles rise, negatively charged particles sink and the charge differences spark the formation of lightning. Around 100 such lightning discharges occur per second on Earth, and the new Venus Express data suggests a similar strength on Venus.
"We have analysed 3.5 Earth-years of Venus lightning data using the low-altitude Venus Express data – 10 minutes per day," says Russell. "By comparing the electromagnetic waves produced at the two planets, we found stronger magnetic signals on Venus, but when converted to energy flux we found very similar lightening strength," says Russell.
The data also revealed that lightning is more prevalent on the dayside than at night and occurs more often at low Venusian latitudes where the solar input to the atmosphere is strongest.
"Venus and Earth are often called twin planets because of their similar size, mass, and interior structure. The generation of lightning is one more way in which Venus and Earth are fraternal twins," adds Russell.
HOME | NEWS ARCHIVE | MAGAZINE | SOLAR SYSTEM | SKY CHART | RESOURCES | STORE | SPACEFLIGHT NOW
© 2014 Pole Star Publications Ltd.
|
<urn:uuid:ef241c6a-55c4-441f-acd2-7319b8776d39>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.astronomynow.com/news/n1009/23venus/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00112-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.920737
| 539
| 3.40625
| 3
|
Sweet olive and tea olive are two common names for Osmanthus fragrans, an evergreen species of tree grown for its fragrant flowers and glossy foliage. The tree grows best within U.S. Department of Agriculture plant hardiness zones 8 to 10, where it will reach a mature height of 20 feet with a 10-foot spread. Sweet olive trees grow readily from semi-hardwood cuttings gathered in late autumn, which will root in approximately five weeks. You don't need rooting hormone to successfully grow sweet olive cuttings, although it will hasten the process and help produce a mature root system sooner.
Combine equal measures of sharp sand, perlite and milled coir in a bucket. Stir the ingredients while adding water in small increments. Keep stirring and adding water until the coir is thoroughly moistened and the mix looks uniform.
Pack the moistened sand mixture into a 6-inch nursery container. Press the mixture firmly into the container to collapse any air pockets. Poke a 4-inch-deep hole in the center of the mixture. Set the container in a shady spot.
Gather an 8-inch-long semi-hardwood cutting from the tip of a healthy sweet olive branch. Choose one with pliant green growth at the tip and brown bark at the base. Sever the cutting at an angle using clean, sharp pruning shears.
Strip off the leaves found along the lower half of the cutting. Slice each of the remaining leaves in half to limit moisture loss. Use a clean utility knife to cut the leaves; make the cuts as straight as possible.
Treat the severed end of the sweet olive cutting with 0.3 percent IBA talc to hasten rooting, if desired. Pour out a small amount of the powder onto a sheet of paper. Press the end of the cutting in the powder, tap the stem and discard the excess.
Insert the severed end of the sweet olive cutting into the prepared planting hole. Press the sand mixture snugly against the stem to increase contact between it and the cutting. Drizzle water around the cutting to further settle it into the mixture.
Place the nursery container inside a lightly shaded, unventilated cold frame. Warm the container with a propagation mat set to 75 degrees Fahrenheit. Turn down the propagation mat to 65 F at night.
Probe the sand mixture with your fingertip every day to check the moisture level. Add water whenever it feels barely damp in the top 2 inches. Mist the leaves with a water-filled spray bottle each time you check the moisture level in the soil.
Check for roots in four weeks by gently tugging on or wiggling the cutting. Feel to see if the cutting is anchored to the sand mixture by roots. Turn off the propagation mat one week after the sweet olive cutting roots.
Grow the sweet olive in the cold frame until after the last spring frost, then transplant it into a nursery container filled with potting soil. Grow it under light shade with 1 inch of water per week during the summer. Transplant it into a permanent bed in mid-autumn.
Things You Will Need
- Sharp sand
- Milled coir
- 6-inch nursery container
- Pruning shears
- Utility knife
- 0.3-percent IBA (indolebutyric acid) talc
- Cold frame
- Spray bottle
- Potting soil
- California Polytechnic State University Urban Forest Ecosystems Institute: Sweet Olive
- Floridata: Osmanthus Fragrans
- North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension Service: Propagating for Beginners
- Texas A&M University Department of Horticulture: Propagation of Ornamental Trees, Shrubs and Woody Vines
- University of California Alameda County Master Gardeners: Your Alameda County Garden, Month-by-Month
|
<urn:uuid:0c976b71-f553-4b0c-98a1-4301f8aafb3d>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://homeguides.sfgate.com/grow-sweet-tea-olive-tree-cuttings-46664.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00097-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.877937
| 795
| 2.828125
| 3
|
Originally published November 27 2012
Airplanes found to be full of filth; passengers flying in 'tube of human feces'
by David Gutierrez, staff writer
(NaturalNews) The interiors of airplanes are awash in bacteria, including fecal bacteria, according to random tests conducted by Dallas-Fort Worth's local CBS affiliate.
CBS 11 contracted a team to randomly swab 10 surfaces on two separate planes.
"We found roughly 3000 bacteria on this plate," said Karen Deiss, a microbiologist from Armstrong Forensic Laboratory in Arlington, Va. "The door was kind of filthy."
Researchers found the bacterial variety Klebsiella on a tray table and transferred it to a petri dish to culture it. After being allowed to proliferate in the dish, it came to resemble a wet, white blob vaguely reminiscent of mold.
"It's really gross looking on the plate," Deiss said.
The CBS researchers declared that the most disgusting culture; however, was produced from a swab taken from inside a seat pocket.
"All of the bacteria we generated from this plate were associated with the human gut," Deiss said. "A lot of these bacteria that live in our gut ended up pretty concentrated on the backseat of the chair."
Traveling? Wash your hands!According to the University of Arizona's Charles Gerba, a microbiology professor known as "Dr. Germ," the study just proves what he has been saying for years: Airplanes are not cleaned regularly enough.
"It's an indicator of how clean the planes are," says Dr. Gerba. "There is no policy for cleaning or disinfecting. There are no recommendations by the health department."
In his own studies, similar to those conducted by CBS 11, Gerba has found infectious agents responsible for everything from influenza to diarrhea, and even samples of the superbug methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). As a result, Gerba advises travelers to avoid airplane lavatories and to use hand sanitizer.
But infectious disease specialist Cedric Spak, of Baylor University Medical Center of Dallas, had a different take.
"Some of the bacteria that I've looked at here are consistent with what we found in urine or stool in normal people," he acknowledged, but said that is not necessarily cause for alarm.
"It is all the same type of bacteria that lives down under the belly button," he said. "I don't want someone to think I've got feces all over my front side, but that bacteria is there and that bacteria is found in some of these reports, which means someone was scratching their belly button and then scratching their tray table."
Most of the bacteria found in the CBS 11 study are normal, Spak said, and do not pose any threat to healthy people. And viruses cannot survive long on dry surfaces.
"We are in a dirty world," he explained. "We are supposed to be."
It's not the first time concerns have been raised about bacterial infestation on airplanes. Just days before the CBS 11 story, Caroline Morse wrote on the Huffington Post about 10 germy places to avoid while traveling. In her top 10 are airplane lavatories, tray tables, seat pockets, and pillows and blankets.
She notes that airplane lavatories are so small that bacteria from the flushing toilet spray onto nearly every surface in the room, including the sink - where moisture left by messy passengers allows them to flourish. As for seat pockets, Morse writes, "We've seen passengers shove dirty tissues, dirty diapers, banana peels, sunflower-seed shells and general trash into the seat pockets on a plane."
"It's like storing your stuff inside a public trashcan for the duration of your flight."
Morse also warns against hotel remotes, hotel bedspreads, hotel light switches, water fountains, touch-screen ticket kiosks and cruise ship handrails.
Sources for this article include:
All content posted on this site is commentary or opinion and is protected under Free Speech. Truth Publishing LLC takes sole responsibility for all content. Truth Publishing sells no hard products and earns no money from the recommendation of products. NaturalNews.com is presented for educational and commentary purposes only and should not be construed as professional advice from any licensed practitioner. Truth Publishing assumes no responsibility for the use or misuse of this material. For the full terms of usage of this material, visit www.NaturalNews.com/terms.shtml
|
<urn:uuid:64f708f2-7f60-4ccb-8a07-a6b3b3fcaa9f>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.naturalnews.com/z038108_airplanes_filth_human_feces.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402516.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00008-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.951257
| 921
| 2.796875
| 3
|
Warmer Climate Threatens Seas
Roger Di Silvestro
Global warming may be speeding up evaporation in tropical seas, sucking out water and making equatorial oceans saltier and polar seas less salty, according to research published recently in the journal Nature.
The changes could alter ocean currents, including the warm Gulf Stream, yielding colder European winters. Other results could include drought in some regions, increased precipitation in others and changes in the severity and frequency of floods and storms.
|
<urn:uuid:74e3c432-7473-4e24-be14-dad1a00023c3>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.nwf.org/News-and-Magazines/National-Wildlife/News-and-Views/Archives/2004/Warmer-Climate-Threatens-Seas.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391766.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00174-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.909719
| 96
| 2.875
| 3
|
Red Queen Hypothesis.--The "Red Queen" hypothesis is used to describe two similar ideas, which are both based on coevolution. The original idea is that coevolution could lead to situations for which the probability of extinction is relatively constant over millions of years (Van Valen 1973). The gist of the idea is that, in tightly coevolved interactions, evolutionary change by one species (e.g., a prey or host) could lead to extinction of other species (e.g. a predator or parasite), and that the probability of such changes might be reasonably independent of species age. Van Valen named the idea "the Red Queen hypothesis," because, under this view, species had to "run" (evolve) in order to stay in the same place (extant). (Show me the data.)
The other idea is that coevolution, particularly between hosts and parasites, could lead to sustained oscillations in genotype frequencies (Fig. 1). This idea forms the core for one of the leading hypotheses for the persistence of sexual reproduction see Bell 1982). In species where asexual reproduction is possible (as in many plants and invertebrates), coevolutionary interactions with parasites may select for sexual reproduction in hosts as a way to reduce the risk of infection in offspring. There have been many important contributors to the Red Queen hypothesis as it applies to sex. W.D. Hamilton and John Jaenike were among the earliest pioneers of the idea.
Figure 1. Red Queen dynamics: results from a computer simulation for host-parasite coevolution. The blue line gives the frequency of one host genotype; the red line gives the frequency of the parasite genotype that can infect it. Note that both genotypes oscillate over time, as if they were "running" in circles. The model assumes that hosts have self-nonself recognition systems, which can detect foreign organisms. The model also assumes that hosts and parasites both reproduce sexually.
The phrase "Red Queen hypothesis" comes from Chapter 2 in Through the Looking Glass (Carroll 1872). In Alice's dream about the looking glass house, she first finds that things appear left-to-right, as if shown in a mirror. She then finds that chess pieces are alive. She will later encounter several of these pieces (most notably the Red Queen), after she leaves the looking glass house to see the garden.
Alice decides that it would be easier to see the garden if she first climbs the hill, to which there appears to be a very straight path. However, as she follows the path, she finds that it leads her back to the house. When she tries to speed up, she not only returns to the house, she crashes into it. Hence, forward movement takes Alice back to her starting point (Red Queen dynamics), and rapid movement causes abrupt stops (extinction).
Eventually, Alice finds herself in a patch of very vocal and opinionated flowers; the rose is especially vocal. The flowers tell Alice that someone like her (the Red Queen) often passes through, and Alice decides to seek this person, mostly as a way to escape more verbal abuse. When Alice spots the Red Queen, she begins moving toward her. But, the Red Queen quickly disappears from sight. Alice decides to follow the advice of the rose, and go the other way ("I should advise you to walk the other way"). Immediately she comes face-to-face with the Red Queen (see Lythgoe and Read 1998).
The Red Queen then leads Alice directly to the top of the hill. Along the way, the Red Queen explains that hills can become valleys, which confuses Alice. Already, in this world, straight can become curvy, and progress can be made only by going the opposite direction; now, according to the Red Queen, hills can become valleys and valleys can become hills.
At the top of the hill, the Red Queen begins to run, faster and faster. Alice runs after the Red Queen, but is further perplexed to find that neither one seems to be moving. When they stop running, they are in exactly the same place. Alice remarks on this, to which the Red Queen responds: "Now, here, you see, it takes all the running you can do to keep in the same place". And so it may be with coevolution. Evolutionary change may be required to stay in the same place. Cessation of change may result in extinction.
Carrol, L. 1872. Through the looking glass and what Alice found there. Macmillan, London.
Bell, G. 1982. The Masterpiece of Nature: The Evolution and Genetics of Sexuality. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Lythgoe, K. A. & Read, A. F. 1998. Catching the Red Queen? The advice of the rose. Trends Ecol. Evol. 13: 473-474.
Van Valen, L.
1973. A new evolutionary law. Evol. Theory 1: 1-30.
C. M. Lively, Dept. of Biology, Indiana University
Go back to Lively's homepage.
|
<urn:uuid:ef3f980d-6adc-43e5-821d-1a71f0edb286>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.indiana.edu/%7Ecurtweb/Research/Red_Queen%20hyp.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00030-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.94762
| 1,059
| 3.328125
| 3
|
Parasitic Meningitis can be transmitted in water. Those who contract it are typically fatal.
That's what 12-year-old Arkansas girl Kali Hardig's parents learned after their daughter entered a children's hospital in Little Rock, Arkansas.
"I couldn't get her fever down. She started vomiting. She'd say her head hurt really bad. She cried and she would just look at me and her eyes would just kind of roll," said Traci Hardig.
The little girl was swimming in a warm water lake and must have ingested the water through her nose. Apparently, the disease called primary amebic meningoencephalitis occurs when warm freshwater from lakes and rivers enter in to the patient's nose during their dive.
The parasite then enters through the nose into the brain and begins to cause inflammation in the brain. The doctors have placed Kali Hardig in a medically induced coma, hoping that the disease will die off while she was kept asleep.
This disease will not be contractible for pools that are regularly dowsed with chlorine.
More than a week ago, another woman found a flesh eating maggot inside her head. Watch the video on it below.
|
<urn:uuid:f35c9c38-f248-4f83-ac94-0e6e13409ad6>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.jobsnhire.com/articles/4591/20130726/parasitic-meningitis-12-year-old-kali-hardigs-fatal-brain-infection.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00162-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.978408
| 243
| 2.71875
| 3
|
"A person is bullied when he or she is exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons, and he or she has difficulty defending himself or herself." - Dan Olweus, creator of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program
Weíve all seen the horrifying stories on the news: Kids bringing weapons to school, school shootings, suicides - all as a result of bullying. Itís truly horrifying to think that children are murdering other children and ending their own lives because they feel like they have no other way to stop the abuse thatís happening to them.
Letís take a brief look at some recent statistics on youth violence:
- Youth violence is the second leading cause of death for young people between the ages of 10 and 24.
- Over 656,000 physical assault injuries in young people age 10 to 24 were treated in U.S. emergency rooms in 2008.
- 32% of high school students reported being in a physical fight in the 12 months before the survey.
- 17.5% reported carrying a weapon (gun, knife or club) on one or more days in the 30 days preceding the survey.
- 5.9% carried a gun on one or more days in the 30 days preceding the survey.
- 5% did not go to school on one or more days in the 30 days preceding the survey because they felt unsafe at school or on their way to or from school.
- An estimated 20% of high school students reported being bullied on school property.
Now letís take a quick look at the effects of bullying:
People Who are Bullied:
- Have higher risk of depression and anxiety that may persist into adulthood.
- Have increased thoughts about suicide that may persist into adulthood. In one study, adults who recalled being bullied in youth were 3 times more likely to have suicidal thoughts or inclinations.
- Are more likely to have health complaints. In one study, being bullied was associated with physical health status 3 years later.
- Have decreased academic achievement (GPA and standardized test scores) and school participation.
- Are more likely to miss, skip, or drop out of school.
- Are more likely to retaliate through extremely violent measures. In 12 of 15 school shooting cases in the 1990s, the shooters had a history of being bullied.
- Have a higher risk of abusing alcohol and other drugs in adolescence and as adults.
- Are more likely to get into fights, vandalize property, and drop out of school.
- Are more likely to engage in early sexual activity.
- Are more likely to have criminal convictions and traffic citations as adults. In one study, 60% of boys who bullied others in middle school had a criminal conviction by age 24.
- Are more likely to be abusive toward their romantic partners, spouses or children as adults.
As parents, weíre rightfully frightened for the safety and health of our children Ė but what can we do? Schools and law enforcement can only do so much. Ultimately, itís up to us as parents to make sure that our children are equipped with the skills necessary to navigate though life and defend themselves against anyone wishing them harm. To most, this seems like an almost impossible task. Realistically, however, itís not.
Being able to understand the physical movement of one's body is key to establishing a child's place in the world. The success of martial arts in preventing children from becoming victims of violence is that it creates an immediate and indelible link to the internal sense of a child's being via external drills and discipline. This makes a child more confident, which carries over into how a child holds himself in the world. Bullies are predators by nature, and they prey on the weak. A confident child is less likely to be a victim, and martial arts provides this platform by helping create a resilient, confident child.
Knowing that they can defend themselves if a problem arises is a critical benefit that children derive from martial arts training. Martial arts does not just teach kids how to defend themselves physically, but more importantly, how to avoid dangerous situations. Avoiding the situation rather than being in a physical confrontation is an important concept that instructors teach both indirectly and directly. If the need arises, your children can be secure in their knowledge of how to defend themselves from physical harm. This is the power derived from martial arts.
|
<urn:uuid:4965054b-ce27-4704-b419-98289ed1038a>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.louisvillemartialarts.net/bullying.php
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397696.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00138-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.963507
| 901
| 3.625
| 4
|
sale of Greek art at 101 New Bond Street London on 26 November features several works alluding to the heroism of a mythical past, reflecting the artists view of painting as an ideal vehicle to probe the concept of what it means to be Greek in the modern world.
A major work by the naive painter Theofilos Hadjimichail, for example, entitled Ulysses brings Iphigenia, the daughter of Agamemnon to the High Priest Kalhas for her to be sacrificed to the God Apollo depicts a key episode in the Iliad when the Greek commander offered his daughter as a sacrifice in order to assuage the wrath of the goddess Artemis who was preventing the Greek fleet from setting sail for Troy. At the last moment Artemis relented and left a deer on the altar in place of Iphigenia who became a priestess in her temple. The painting is estimated at £120,000-180,000.
For Theofilos the point of the myth was not the willingness of Agamemnon to sacrifice his daughter but the willingness of Iphigenia to sacrifice herself to save Greece. To his contemporaries, Theofilos was a true Greek painter. The Greek Nobel prize winning poets, Sefaris and Elytis considered him the artist who gave expression to the face of Greece, a view echoed by painter Alecos Fassianos who said of him, Theofilos was a true artist, who gave us a national pictorial consciousness, so that we can be proud to have paintings that spring like trees from this land's very soil.
Another work by the same artist, Achilles Revenge, also recalls an episode from the Iliad the moment when Achilles, having defeated his great rival Hector in battle and avenged the death of his close friend Patroclus, tied the body of the defeated Trojan to his chariot and dragged it round the walls of Troy. The painters technique consciously echoes that of Homer, representing people and events in a flat continuous present. It is estimated at £100,000-150,000.
A more reflective Achilles appears as the central figure in a work by Fassianos, Achilless Temper, one of the works shown in his Mythologies of Everyday Life exhibition in Athens in 2004. The work is estimated at £30,000-50,000.
A different kind of Greek hero is portrayed by Yannis Tsarouchis, one of the famed 1930s generation of Greek artists who redefined Greek art by reinterpreting the tradition of the nations artistic past in a modern way. Erotokritos - the subject of a famous and well loved 18th century Cretan poetic romance extolling the virtues of love, honour, friendship and courage is the starting point for Yannis Trasrouchiss exploration of the ideal of the Greek identity. In the words of the critic Kapetanakis, What's remarkable is that Tsarouchis managed, with the wisdom of his art, to elevate a model posing in his studio into a symbol of the Modern Greek spirit." Erotokritos is estimated at £10,000-15,000.
Another work by Tsarouchis, At the Grocers, (estimate £60,000-80,000) applies the same insights to a more familiar, everyday, image elevating the simple exterior of a humble shop into an examination of the nature of the inner world of Greekness. The painting is regarded as one of the artists signature works prompting the poet A. Embeirikos to write, when one looks at Tsarouchiss work, one has the immediate impression of looking at Greek painting par excellence.
More works by other Greek artists of the 1930s generation also feature in the sale, some of them exploring other mythical subjects. Midass Secret (£40,000-60,000) for example, by Nikos Engonopoulos depicts the legends surrounding the pleasure- seeking but impetuous King Midas who not only acquired asses ears for criticising Apollos performance on the lyre but, in wishing that whatever he touched would turn to gold, condemned himself to starvation until released by the god Dionysus.
The Specialist in Greek Art at Bonhams, Olympia Pappa, commented: All the major Greek artists are represented with high quality works which not only go to the heart of what it means to be Greek but also delve deep into the past to illuminate the present.
Other important Greek artists represented in the sale include Nikiforos Lytras, Nicolas Lytras, George Bouzianis, Spyros Papaloukas, Nikos Hadjikyriakos-Ghika, Diamantis Diamantopoulos, Nikos Engonopoulos, Yannis Gaitis, Spyros Vassiliou, Yannis Spyropoulos, Alexis Akrithakis, Alekos Fassianos, Costas Coulentianos and Pavlos Dionyssopoulos.
|
<urn:uuid:a7138cbd-9ff7-45fe-b4ca-31216aa9f91f>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://artdaily.com/news/65950/Gods-and-heroes-take-centre-stage-in-Bonhams-Greek-Sale-in-London-on-26-November
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00007-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950896
| 1,017
| 2.671875
| 3
|
LearnersCloud is a new e-learning system that uses blended learning to engage students
and strengthen their knowledge of core GCSE subjects.
Helping you engage learners
LearnersCloud has been specially developed to complement classroom teaching.
You can use it to assess students’ knowledge, identify gaps and set up individual
or group tasks like revision assignments and topic tests.
Core subjects comprehensively covered
LearnersCloud offers modules for GCSE Maths, English, Biology, Chemistry, Physics and iGCSE Maths.
Each module includes on-demand tutorial videos plus Test & Learn questions, and
is available on a range of digital devices (laptop, tablet, iPhone, Android). Students
can also download revision apps for each subject, which can be used to reinforce,
assess and build on classroom learning.
Complement classroom learning
Integrating LearnersCloud into your existing teaching is quick and easy. Learning
can be fully personalised to focus on areas that need extra attention.
Each clip offers in-depth coverage, combining tutor-led learning with animations
and illustrations that really bring each subject to life. Proven to raise learner
engagement – embedding LearnersCloud into your lesson plans will challenge and motivate
learners in a completely new way.
Try it free
Request a free trial for your school
Join the conversation by posting reviews of your own.
|
<urn:uuid:5fcab219-a1ef-43ea-9fce-c2b53d954e74>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.learnerscloud.com/teacher/whyweredifferent/engage-students
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00129-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.888118
| 288
| 2.5625
| 3
|
Federal Reserve Note William McKinley
1928-1934 $500.00 Currency
Small size Federal Reserve Notes are the only note type still printed today. They have treasury seals and serial numbers printed in green ink. They are also the most recently introduced note being first issued in 1914. These notes are backed by the U.S. Government, but issued by the twelve Federal Reserve Banks. The banks are required by law to maintain assets sufficient to balance all the notes issued. The twelve Federal Reserve Banks are: Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Cleveland, Richmond, Atlanta, Chicago, St. Louis, Minneapolis, Kansas City, Dallas and San Francisco.
This bill is sold in a deluxe currency protective sleeve.
Federal Reserve Note William McKinley: 1928-1934 $500.00 Currency
|
<urn:uuid:d5c676f1-ac2b-4af4-a0c7-5d68ef491243>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.kennedymint.net/small_size_currency/small_size_currency.asp?cat2=%24500.00+Currencies&cat3=Federal+Reserve+Note+William+McKinley&cat4=1928-1934+%24500.00+Currency
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00017-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.923838
| 162
| 3
| 3
|
One of the most ancient multicultural myths in most cultures is that of the Two Brothers, or Hero Twins. They represent the two forces in Creation, the Yin and the Yang, the Light and the Dark, the Good and the Bad. Without these opposing forces, life would be static and slow to a halt. Both contrasting forces are needed in order to provide the energy, the counterbalance, that keeps life in motion. The story of the Hero Twins, and their differences, is one aspect of this necessary cosmic dual action.
The Mayan Hero Twins Myth is similar to Old World Greek mythology, in which the Greek Gods were less powerful than God, but more powerful than Man. The Twins spent their time in larger than life adventures and quests, many taking place in the Underworld. In all the Twin stories worldwide, there is a repeating theme of injury or death to one of the twins, losing life essence and power, and then a resurrection or rebirth taking place.
For the ancient Maya, the theme of twins was repeated in several versions. In one legend, Quetzalcoatl and Tezcatlipoca were twin gods. (Often oversimplified by “New Age” believers into “good guy” and “bad guy” roles.) Tezcatlipoca, god of sun and earth, opposed Quetzalcoatl, god of wind and water, in raging cosmic battles. Tezcatlipoca was regarded as causing discord and conflict everywhere, but was also a creator as well as a destroyer. He was believed to have helped Quetzalcoatl with the creation of the world, and represents change through conflict, or the necessary cosmic dualism described above.
There is a correlation between Mayan twin mythology and Southwestern Native American legends about twins. Navaho beliefs prominently feature stories of the Hero Twins and their epic crusades against monsters. The Zuni tell of the Twin War Gods, sent by the Sun Father to lead the first people to the surface of the earth . Hopi legends refer to the twins who were called the Child of the Sun and the Child of the Water. The Hopi also believe in duality between the Upper World and the Underworld: that whatever is happening here in the Upper World, the opposite is happening in the Underworld.
|
<urn:uuid:1d57dde8-ab11-4cf6-9f4d-2113c9505a8d>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.angelfire.com/trek/archaeology/twins.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00157-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.968586
| 466
| 3.046875
| 3
|
DIAC and TRIAC
Free Electronic Circuit Design Software - EasyEDA
Powerful schematic capture,mixed-mode circuit simulation,PCB Layout
DIAC is two terminal four layer semiconductor device (Thyristors) that can conduct current in either direction, when polarity is active. The basic construction and symbol of DIAC is shown in above diagram.
The DIAC has four layers (PNPN) and two terminals anode A1 and A2. A light doped N-Type material is placed at each side of the DIAC. Both the terminals A1 and A2 are connected at these places as shown in the figure. The two terminals A1 and A2 are connected across in the DIAC that, when the break over voltage is reached at either terminal, the DIAC start conduction. The characteristics curve is shown in the below Diagram.
TRIAC is a type of Thyristors that can conduct current in both directions when the polarity activated. The TRIAC is like the DIAC with a gate terminal. The TRICA can be ON by a pulse or gate current does not require the forward break over voltage to conduct as does the DIAC, Basically the TRIAC can be a thought of simply two SCR's connected in parallel in opposite directions with a common gate terminal. Unlike the SCR the TRIAC can conduct current in either direction depending on the polarity of voltage across its anode (A1 and A2) terminals. The characteristics curve is shown in the below Diagram.
DIAC/ TRIAC Power Control
In above figure a simple DIAC TRIAC Power circuit is shown, the working of this circuit is can be explain as during the positive half cycle the capacitor C1 start charging, when the capacitor charged upto Vc, then the DIAC start conduction, when the DIAC turn ON, it gives a pulse to the gate of TRIAC due to which the TRIAC start conduction and current flow through RL.
During the negative half cycle the capacitor charges in reverse polarity. When the capacitor is charged upto VC, then DIAC start conduction and give pulse to the TRIAC. The TRIAC conduct and current is flow through the RL. As we know that the DIAC works in both polarities because it just like the two diodes connected in parallel to each other. Therefore it conducts on both polarities. The out put of the DIAC is given to the gate of the TRIAC, this output use to trigger the gate of the TRIAC, so the TRIAC start conduction and the lamp will be energized.
|
<urn:uuid:bcdb898a-f7d8-4efe-bd10-0f74b735745b>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.daenotes.com/electronics/industrial-electronics/diac-and-triac
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00046-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.916454
| 539
| 3.359375
| 3
|
From the Wikipedia entry on Tax per head:
With the Restoration of Charles II in 1660, the Convention Parliament of 1660 instituted a poll tax to finance the disbanding of the New Model Army (pay arrears, etc.) (12 Charles II c.9). The poll tax was assessed according to “rank”, e.g. dukes paid £100, earls £60, knights £20, esquires £10. Eldest sons paid 2/3rds of their father’s rank, widows paid a third of their late husband’s rank. The members of the livery companies paid according to company’s rank (e.g. masters of first-tier guilds like the Mercers paid £10, whereas masters of fifth-tier guilds, like the Clerks, paid 5 shillings). Professionals also paid differing rates, e.g. physicians (£10), judges (£20), advocates (£5), attorneys (£3), and so on. Anyone with property (land, etc.) paid 40 shillings per £100 earned, anyone over the age of 16 and unmarried paid 12-pence and everyone else over 16 paid 6-pence.
(Fetched 27 July 2013.)
|
<urn:uuid:903a8477-a428-47fc-9117-5abd1657a207>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.pepysdiary.com/encyclopedia/13946/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00149-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.941435
| 263
| 2.921875
| 3
|
View of The Hague, Cornelis Springer, c. 1850 - c. 1852
In the 19th century Rembrandt grew into the national hero of the Netherlands. In Amsterdam a statue was erected in his honour. For its ceremonial unveiling, the Parkzaal (a concert hall) was decorated with huge paintings of towns where he was thought to have worked. This is the sketch for the canvas Rembrandt in The Hague. In the distance one sees the silhouette of the city with the church tower of the Grote or Sint- Jacobskerk. Only later did it emerge that Rembrandt had never actually worked in The Hague.
|
<urn:uuid:058fa5cf-5b14-4758-94f1-712e4e1a1dd9>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/collection/SK-A-4875
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00023-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.980435
| 131
| 3.09375
| 3
|
A “mock trial” is a simulation of a lower-court trial (“moot court” simulates appellate court hearings). Our program offers students the opportunity to participate in a rehearsed, interactive fictional trial so that they can learn firsthand the Court’s role in the judicial branch of government.
- Students play the roles of attorneys, witnesses, jurors and judge • Accommodates anywhere from six to 20 active participants (generally, there is no limit on the number of audience members)
- Open to all educational, community-based organizations
- Designed for students in grades 2-8 but can also accommodate older students
- Students must prepare and rehearse roles before actual mock trial in the courthouse
- Below are links to resource materials, including instructions and mock trial cases:
|
<urn:uuid:fcd37379-8305-4501-b23f-d3a6e424f2ef>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.scscourt.org/general_info/community/mocktrials.shtml
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00194-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.931095
| 165
| 3.21875
| 3
|
Rather is an adverb of degree. Its meaning is similar to quite or fairly.
- It is rather cold here.
- You are rather late.
With adjectives and adverbs
When rather is used with adjectives and adverbs it often suggests ideas such as ‘more than is usual’ or ‘more than was expected’.
- ‘How was the program?’ ‘Rather good.’ (I was surprised.)
- She speaks English rather well – people often think that she is a native speaker.
Rather can modify nouns or noun phrases, with or without adjectives. When there is no adjective, rather comes before articles.
- He is rather an idiot. (NOT He is a rather idiot.)
When there is an adjective, rather can come either before or after the articles.
- It was rather a pleasant experience. OR It was a rather pleasant experience.
Rather can modify verbs.
- I rather think she is committing a mistake.
- He rather enjoys doing nothing.
Rather with comparatives and too
Rather can modify comparatives and too.
- You eat rather too much.
- It is rather later than I thought.
This expression shows preference. It is normally used in parallel structures. For example, with two adjectives, two adverbs, two nouns etc.
- I would prefer to have tea rather than coffee.
- We ought to invest in education rather than buildings.
|
<urn:uuid:63c10567-5cd9-4dec-b1b7-67ecbecdfa28>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.englishgrammar.org/rather/?article2pdf=1
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783408840.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155008-00184-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.976553
| 306
| 3
| 3
|
First, we need to make it clear that the Holy Scriptures, both the Old and New Testament, are the only sufficient rule of faith and practice, and that it is from them that all doctrine should be derived. Anything that is not clearly revealed in the Holy Scriptures is open to misunderstanding and is a matter of individual, or group, interpretation, or is tradition derived from other sources than the Holy Scriptures. Definitions of words and concepts need to be understood as to the meaning they had to the original penmen, and to the original readers, of the Holy Scriptures.
Word [Logos] = God's utterance, means (action, power) of interaction, communicating his message [spoken, written, seen, etc.]John 1:14
Attribute = An inherent characteristic, or, a characteristic that has always been present.
"In the beginning was the Word"....
What does this "beginning" refer to? Not, God, of course, since He has no beginning. So, it must refer to His beginning of creation of anything, not just our solar system, but, the things and beings of the heavenly (spiritual) sphere. Actually, the "Word" was already in existence before the beginning referred to in this verse. This statement simply means that the "Word" was present at the time of this beginning. The "Word" had no beginning because God has always had the means [ability, attribute] of communication.
"and the Word was with God"....
Just as a person's word (means of communication) is "with', or, "an attribute" of that person, so God's Word was "with" or "an attribute" of God.
"and the Word was God [Divine]."....
In human terms, it might be said of a creature, "and the creature was human". This does not mean that all of humanity was in that creature, but, the characteristics (attributes) that make a human being human were present in the creature. There may even be other humans that are more human, greater (e.g. have more human attributes) than this creature, but this creature is still considered human. In the same way that a person's characteristics (attributes) constitute (establish, make up, compose, are the same as) that person, so the "Word" is the same as God as far as it being divine. Not all the essence of God, but complete in all that there is as being divine. We might say of a person, "he is as good as his word", or, "he is his word".
"And the Word became flesh"....
Notice that it says "the Word [God's utterance, means of communication or interacting]", not God the Father, "became flesh". God's means of interaction and communication with mankind became a human being (Jesus), the Son of God, born of a virgin at a certain time and place in the history of mankind. So, did Jesus pre-exist his birth as a human being? No, not as a human being, but, as the "Word", as God's means of interacting and communicating with mankind. Is Jesus the Almighty God? No, not in the sense of being the same person as Almighty God (Who is the Father), but, Jesus is the "express image of His (the Father's) person". In this way, Jesus is the same as His Father, in the same way we would say of a human father and his son, "he is just like, or, the same as his father". "When you see him (the human son), you see his father." They are not the same person, but, the way the son acts, the things he does, are the same things his father does, even though it may not be to the same capacity in all aspects. They are one, in complete union (agreement), in what they do.
Col. 1:19, states "For it pleased the Father that in Him [Jesus] all fullness should dwell".
Col. 2:9, says "For in Him [Jesus] dwells all the fullness of the Godhead [deity] bodily".
Then, look at what Eph. 3:19 says, "to know the love of Christ which passes knowledge; that you [humans, Christians] may be filled with all the fullness of God".
We see it stated that Jesus had "all the fullness" and also, that Christians may be filled with "all the fullness". How can "all the fullness" be in more than one being? The fact is that these Scriptures are talking about the "quality" of what is able to be there, and not "quantity".
Therefore when John says "the Word was God" and "the Word became flesh", this too, has to be referring to "quality" and not to "quantity", otherwise, a Christian would be all of God that there is to the exclusion of all other beings making Christians all there is of God.
Now, in 1 Cor. 8:6, Paul says "But for us there is only one God, the Father, of whom are all things, and we for Him; and one Lord Jesus Christ, by whom are all things, and we by Him."
Also, in 1 Tim. 2:5 Paul writes, "There is one God [the Father], and one mediator between God [the Father] and men, the Man Christ Jesus".
From the above and other Scripture, we begin to get the impression that there is only one being that is God, the Father, and a different being that is called Jesus, the Christ, the Son of God, and that they are completely different beings, but one in unity of purpose.
Mark 13:32 - [Jesus does not know everything the Father knows] - "But of that day and that hour knoweth no man, no, not the angels which are in heaven, neither the Son, but the Father."Do you believe the Holy Scriptures are the only sufficient rule of faith and practice, and that from the Scriptures all doctrine should come? if so, then you have a decision to make. Will you believe the Scriptures, or the traditions of men that read their traditions into the Scriptures instead of reading their doctrines out of the Scriptures?
John 10:29 - "MY FATHER, which gave them me, IS GREATER THAN ALL; and no man is able to pluck them out of my Father's hand."
John 14:28 - "Ye have heard how I said unto you, I go away, and come again unto you. If ye loved me, ye would rejoice, because I said, I go unto the Father: FOR MY FATHER IS GREATER THAN I."
John 20:17 - "Jesus saith unto her, Touch me not; for I am not yet ascended to my Father: but go to my brethren, and say unto them, I ascend unto MY FATHER AND YOUR FATHER; and to MY GOD, AND YOUR GOD."
John 17:3 - [Jesus is speaking to the Father] - "And this is life eternal, that they might know THEE THE ONLY TRUE GOD and Jesus Christ whom thou hast sent."
Romans 15:6 - "That ye may with one mind and one mouth glorify GOD, EVEN THE FATHER OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST."
1 Cor. 3:23 - "And ye are Christ's; and CHRIST IS GOD'S."
1 Cor. 11:3 - "But I would have you know that the head of every man is Christ; and the head of the woman is the man; and THE HEAD OF CHRIST IS GOD."
1 Cor 15:24-28 - "Then cometh the end, when he [Jesus] shall have delivered up the kingdom to GOD; EVEN THE FATHER; when he shall have put down all rule and all authority and power. For he must reign, till he hath put all enemies under his feet. The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death. For he hath put all things under his feet. But when he saith all things are put under him, it is manifest that he is excepted, which did put all things under him. And when all things shall be subdued unto him, THEN SHALL THE SON ALSO HIMSELF BE SUBJECT UNTO HIM THAT PUT ALL THINGS UNDER HIM, THAT GOD MAY BE ALL IN ALL."
2 Cor 1:3 - Blessed be GOD, EVEN THE FATHER OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, the Father of mercies, and the God of all comfort;"
2 Cor 11:31 - "The GOD AND FATHER OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, which is blessed for evermore, knoweth that I lie not."
Eph 1:3 - "Blessed be the GOD AND FATHER OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, who hath blessed us with all spiritual blessings in heavenly places in Christ;
Eph 1:17 - "that the GOD OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, THE FATHER OF GLORY, may give unto you the spirit of wisdom and revelation in the knowledge of him:"
Eph 4:4-6 - "There is one body, and one Spirit, even as ye are called in one hope of your calling; One Lord, one faith, one baptism, ONE GOD AND FATHER OF ALL, WHO IS ABOVE ALL, and through all, and in you all."
1 Thes 3:13 - "to the end he may stablish your hearts unblameable in holiness before GOD, EVEN OUR FATHER, at the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ with all his saints."
2 Thes 2:16 - "Now our Lord Jesus Christ himself, and GOD, EVEN OUR FATHER, which hath loved us, and hath given us everlasting consolation and good hope through grace,"
James 3:9 - "Therewith bless we GOD, EVEN THE FATHER; and therewith curse we men which are made after the similitude of God."
1 Pet 1:2-3 - "Elect according to the forknowledge of GOD THE FATHER, through sanctification of the Spirit, unto obedience and sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ: Grace unto you, and peace, be multiplied. Blessed be THE GOD AND FATHER OF OUR LORD JESUS CHRIST, which according to his abundant mercy hath begotten us again unto a lively hope by the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead,"
2 John 3 - "Grace be with you, mercy, and peace, from GOD THE FATHER, AND FROM THE LORD JESUS CHRIST, THE SON OF THE FATHER, in truth and love."
|
<urn:uuid:6c3a790f-f213-4a25-8bda-b2e9c21b4ad1>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.auburn.edu/~allenkc/pre-exist.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00145-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.961455
| 2,230
| 2.546875
| 3
|
We Asked, You Answered: Who are the Great Women in History?March 19, 2012
As part of Women’s History Month, we asked you to tell us about the women in history who have influenced you as well as the women who you think are missing from the pages of history books. Well, the votes are in! Here are some of our favorite results. If we missed someone, remind us in the comments section or on Twitter using the hashtag #wmnhist.
Women journalists were not common in the 1920s, when Margaret Bourke-White was hired as the first-ever woman photojournalist. She was the first staff photographer for Fortune and LIFE magazines. Bourke-White worked in combat zones during World War II, when she earned her title as the first woman war correspondent. She was also the first Western photographer allowed into the Soviet Union.
A 1956 AAUW Achievement Award winner, Rachel Carson has been called the mother of the modern environmental movement. Though controversial at the time, her research and writing on waterways and ecosystems — especially her 1962 book Silent Spring — shed light on the long-term effects of abusing the environment and called for a change in the way we view the natural world. In writing about the dangers of the insecticide DDT, she cautioned us about the threats humanity poses to the environment.
Marian Anderson was a contralto — the deepest classical singing voice for women. She broke many barriers for women of color in the arts when she became the first African-American singer to perform as a member of the Metropolitan Opera in New York City and at two presidential inaugurations. She also served as a goodwill ambassador with the U.S. State Department from 1957 to1958.
Rosalind Franklin researched and discovered vital information that led to the understanding of the structure of DNA at a time when the university climate was not particularly friendly toward women. The sexism she encountered at her lab eventually drove her to find a new research group, where she laid the foundation for the study of structural virology.
Margaret Sanger spent her life challenging the Comstock laws, anti-obscenity legislation that restricted the distribution of contraceptives. In 1916, Sanger was arrested for opening the first birth control clinic. By the 1950s, she had won several legal victories for the advancement of birth control and by 1960 had successfully sought the first Food and Drug Administration approval for oral contraceptives. Unfortunately, the war on contraception still isn’t over, and even though Sanger had some controversial views, we have her to thank for getting us started.
And these are a few of the other great answers to our polls:
We’d also like to give a shout-out to all of our women heroes who have served in the military and to our mothers, grandmothers, and great-grandmothers, who helped us carve our individual paths.
Thanks for helping us look back to appreciate the women who paved the way for us. Now we’d like to look forward and hear your thoughts about who is making history now! Who among today’s women leaders will be the ones our great-great-grandchildren talk about during Women’s History Month?
[polldaddy type=”iframe” survey=”B358206509B2AF78″ height=”auto” domain=”mbolton29″ id=”shes-making-history-poll”]
This post was written by AAUW Marketing and Communications Intern Marie Lindberg.
|
<urn:uuid:65705d9e-0c86-4d59-9ad7-f3aa1be8c753>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.aauw.org/2012/03/19/we-asked-you-answered/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402516.86/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00176-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.967427
| 729
| 2.953125
| 3
|
Close your eyes and imagine a tar pit. What comes to mind? For many of us it's a black, molasseslike lake with preserved saber-toothed tigers.
Tar pits are better known as oil sands, tar sands and bituminous sands, and they aren't only of interest to scientists -- they're also of great interest to energy companies. But just like the name suggests, this black gold doesn't gush from a geyser; it's actually in the sand itself.
Oil sands are a mixture of roughly 90 percent clay, sand and water, with 10 percent bitumen [source: Grist]. The dark, sticky sands look similar to topsoil, are viscous when warm and freeze as solid as concrete in cold temperatures. But calling them "tar" pits or "tar" sands is misleading -- the thick black substance isn't tar, but rather bitumen. Bitumen is composed of a mixture of hydrocarbons. It's petroleum that exists naturally in a solid or semisolid state, but unlike conventional petroleum, which is in natural liquid form, bitumen needs to be separated from the sand before it can be used.
More than 2 trillion barrels of the world's petroleum lies in oil sands, though most will never be dug and processed because it's too deep [source: Grist]. Oil sands are found worldwide, from Canada to Venezuela and, as you might imagine, in the Middle East. Alberta, Canada, has a booming oil-sand industry -- as many 1 million barrels of synthetic oil are produced there every day, 40 percent of which comes from oil sands [source: Oil Shale & Tar Sands Programmatic EIS Information Center].
It's estimated that Alberta may have as much as 300 billion barrels of recoverable oil, as well as exponentially more that can't be tapped until the development of new technologies for retrieval. That volume means that Canada is one of the largest oil producers in the world, second to Saudi Arabia [source: Wired].
How do you go about straining oil from sand? Next we'll look at how bitumen is extracted, processed and transformed into some surprising products you use every day.
Squeezing Oil From Sand
Most bitumen is refined for use in gasoline, jet fuel and home heating oil, but petroleum also makes its way into more than 3,000 products you might not expect: ballpoint pens, lipstick, flying discs, even T-shirts. Before it can be used for anything, though, it first needs to be extracted from the sand and then processed.
There are a few different ways to mine bitumen.
Shallow reserves, which make up about 20 percent of oil sands, are recovered through surface mining, which is mining through open pits [source: Grist]. The process of surface mining differs a bit from company to company but generally includes conditioning, separation and froth treatment.
Conditioning starts the process of separating sand and bitumen and breaks apart any large pieces of oil sands. The oil sand is mixed with warm water -- called a slurry -- and transported by pipeline to an extraction facility. Here, the slurry is put through a separation process where sand sinks to the bottom and impure bitumen froth rises to the top. The froth is steamed, deaerated and diluted with naphtha to remove any lingering solids and promote flow. Diluted bitumen is processed in inclined plate settlers (IPS) and centrifuges -- both methods further clean the bitumen. And after all that, extraction is finished.
Deeply deposited bitumen reserves aren't reachable through open-pit digging and are recovered using in situ techniques, the most successful known as SAG-D. SAG-D is steam-assisted gravity drainage, a method that involves injecting steam into wells within the oil sand. The intense temperature and pressure separate the bitumen and water from the sand, and the bitumen -- rendered soft with the heat -- surfaces while the sand stays put. Other in situ techniques include toe to heel air injection (THAI), a relatively new process that combines both vertical and horizontal air injections into underground wells, and a vapor extraction process (VAPEX), similar to SAG-D but with a solvent injections instead of steam.
Refined bitumen is then ready to be transported and upgraded into synthetic crude oil and other petroleum products.
Recovering bitumen and transforming it into synthetic crude oil is dirty work, literally and environmentally. The mining and processing needed to produce a single barrel of upgraded synthetic crude oil uses between 2 to 4 barrels of water, an amount of natural gas equal to what's needed to heat a home for four days [source: Worldwatch Institute]. Rendering a single barrel also destroys 4 tons of earth [source: Worldwatch Institute]. Additionally, oil-sand extraction and processing operations are responsible for 4 percent of Canada's greenhouse gas emissions, emissions that are expected to triple by 2020 [source: The Press-Enterprise]. Mining also puts rivers and forests (including Canada's boreal forest, one of the world's largest intact ecosystems) at risk. As if that's not enough to worry about, two Canadian toxic dumps for tailings, the heavy metal-rich waste created during the separation process, can be seen from space [source: Worldwatch Institute].
Canada, for instance, is trying to deal with these environmental ramifications of rendering oil sands by requiring oil companies to refill old pit mines and plant trees. Efforts to lower fossil-fuel dependency, however, would lessen the need for energy-intensive, low-yield mining and minimize the blights that result from extraction.
Related HowStuffWorks Articles
More Great Links
- "About Tar Sands." Oil Shale & Tar Sands Programmatic EIS Information Center. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. http://ostseis.anl.gov/guide/tarsands/index.cfm
- Clark, K.A. "Separation of Bitumen from Bituminous Sands." Nature. http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v127/n3197/abs/127199a0.html
- Gillies, Rob. "Oil sands create environmental concerns." The Press-Enterprise. 2008. http://www.pe.com/business/local/stories/PE_Biz_S_canadaoil24.2d60439.html
- Goffman, Ethan. "Environmental Refugees: How Many, How Bad?" Discovery Guides. CSA. 2006. http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/refugee/review.php
- Herro, Alana. "Oil Sands: The Costs of Alberta's 'Black Gold'." Worldwatch Institute. 2006. http://www.worldwatch.org/node/4222
- Koerner, Brendan I. "The Trillion-Barrel Tar Pit." Wired. 2004. http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.07/oil.html
- Mullins, Justin. "Invention: Oil-sands digester." New Scientist. 2008. http://technology.newscientist.com/article/dn14750-invention-oilsands-digester.html
- Oil Sands Discovery Center. http://www.oilsandsdiscovery.com/
- "The Oil Sands of Alberta." 60 Minutes. CBS News. 2006. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/01/20/60minutes/main1225184.shtml
- Romm, Joseph. "'Time' for tar sands." Grist. 2008. http://gristmill.grist.org/story/2008/5/27/135238/695
|
<urn:uuid:b5c4e848-1002-410b-ab61-16b81e70390e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/green-science/oil-sands.htm/printable
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403823.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00088-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.92815
| 1,608
| 3.390625
| 3
|
"What do you expect? He’s a boy!"
If you have a son you hear this refrain a lot — people employ it to explain everything from sloppy personal habits to lackluster grades to the jacket that goes missing over and over again.
“Boy brain!” people quip when a teen side-swipes the family car (with the other family car), or dashes out of the house leaving the front door wide open, or, after being nagged for years about his grades, confesses during his first semester at a mediocre college that he wishes he’d worked harder in high school.
But it’s not funny, not really, that so many of our boys stop reading books, perform poorly in school , and worse — drop out, abuse drugs, and languish in prison. Of course, girls aren't perfect, either, but statistics make the case for a yawning gender gap: girls consistently out perform boys in school; boys are far more likely than girls to repeat a grade or drop out, and boys are twice as likely to end up in juvenile detention. Girls now earn 60 percent of college degrees, and the gap is even wider for minorities: black women are nearly twice as likely to receive a college degree as their male counterparts, for example.
Now the issue is in the public eye again because of a recent article published in the The Journal of Human Resources, which found that, beginning in kindergarten, behavior is a major factor in how teachers assign grades. Since boys don’t behave as well as girls, they receive lower grades than their test scores would predict.
In other words, from their earliest school years boys receive grades based in part on “non-cognitive” skills that girls develop much earlier, including the ability to sit still, pay attention, participate and demonstrate knowledge in the classroom, and generally show a positive attitude toward learning.
The implication of this research is that, because of these non-cognitive lags, boys fall behind in school early and never really catch up. As one of the study authors told Christina Hoff Sommers, “If grade disparities emerge this early on, it’s not surprising that by the time these children are ready to go to college, girls will be better positioned.”
These findings are important: we clearly need to create more academic environments that take into account differences in boys’ learning styles, as Hoff Summers suggests. It’s also important, as Sara Mead points out in in Education Week, that we help boys develop essential non-cognitive skills that will serve them — not just in school but in every aspect of life.
Mind the (gender) gap
Still, for all the research that’s being done on the gender gap, it strikes me that we haven’t gotten to the bottom of this issue yet. I found this observation by a college professor, writing in response to Hoff Sommer’s article, particularly disturbing:
“…Most of my female
students are hungry! Hungry for success, hungry for knowledge, hungry for
whatever they need to get where they want to go. My female students track me
down for meetings, advice and tips on how to get where they want to go. They
ask all the right questions and are seriously thinking about their futures.
This includes white, Black, Asian American and Latino female students.
A lot of my male students are complacent! They sit in my classes, never meet with me and never try to get information that they might need. I never know what their intended plans are or if they have any since they don't engage me outside of class.
The difference is striking! I don't know how things got to be this way but it is very sad and doesn't bode well for this country.
You’ve got to wonder: why aren't these boys as hungry to learn and shape their futures as their female counterparts? Should we hold them responsible, or are parents, educators, and society as a whole somehow letting our boys down?
I’d love to hear what you think….Follow @CMMatthiessen
|
<urn:uuid:e4494074-4ee5-4513-85c0-1cbe6589d772>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://blogs.greatschools.org/greatschoolsblog/2013/02/boys-brains-and-the-gender-gap.html?cpn=homeflash_boycrisis
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396872.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00107-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.967562
| 858
| 2.984375
| 3
|
Panama Amphibian Conservation Timeline
1989 – Martha Crump makes the last sighting of the charismatic MonteVerde Golden toad from a National Park in Costa Rica, having noted a sudden population crash from 1,500 individuals in 1987.
1991 – The Declining Amphibian Population Taskforce established by the Species Survival Commission (SSC) to investigate mysterious amphibian disappearances from around the World.
1998 – Scientists note that a fungus is associated with amphibian mortality events in Australia and Central America.
1999 – Scientists from the National Zoo and The University of Maine describe and name a new amphibian fungal disease and name it Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, (Bd) proving through Koch’s postulates that it is a deadly agent of disease.
2000 – The Baltimore Zoo received approval to import and establish a captive population of adult Panamanian golden frogs (Atelopus zeteki) under Project Golden Frog.
2004 – Karen Lips and colleagues noted the westward spread of Bd through Central America and within 5 months of arriving at El Cope, they found that Bd extirpated 50% of species and 80% of individuals.
2005 – US zoos concerned about the potential extinction of amphibians in the El Valle region conduct a rescue operation to established assurance colonies of 15 species of amphibian at Zoo Atlanta and Atlanta Botanical Gardens and planning begins for a Panamanian breeding facility to be called the ElValle Amphibian Conservation Center (EVACC).
2006 – As predicted, Bd arrived in El Valle de Anton, home of the Panamanian Golden frog, but the EVACC center was not yet complete, but rescue operations were conducted, temporarily housing rescued amphibians in the Hotel Campestre.
2007 – First amphibians are transferred to the EVACC center set up by Edgardo Griffth and Heidi Ross with support from the Houston Zoo and other partners.
Bd is found east of the Panama Canal for the first time, prompting calls for establishment of Ex-situ facilities to be developed to rescue 25-50 amphibians at risk of extinction in Eastern Panama.
2008 – Project golden frog has 1,500 captive individuals representing 41 wild-caught animals in US Zoos and aquaria, but the golden frog is now probably extinct in the wild.
2009 – Reid Harris and colleagues publish their findings showing that certain bacteria can be grown of Mountain Yellow-Legged Frogs and protect them from Bd.
2009 – The Panama Amphibian Rescue and Conservation Project is established at the Summit Park in Panama. The aim is to rescue amphibians at risk of extinction in Eastern Panama and to develop a probiotic cure for Bd that may eventually allow extinct amphibians to be reintroduced to the wild.
2009 – The Panamanian government passes legislation mandating the conservation of amphibians and recognizing the importance of amphibians in Panama.
2010 – A Golden Frog Law is passed recognizing August 14 as national golden frog day.
2011 – The first annual golden frog day festival is held in El Valle de Anton.
2012 – ANAM publishes a national amphibian conservation action plan for Panama
2013 – A stakeholder meeting is held in El Valle de Anton to map out a long-term plan for the conservation of golden frogs.
2015 – The Gamboa Amphibian Research and Conservation Center is officially opened at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute’s Gamboa Field station.
|
<urn:uuid:b122a7b7-7e14-4dc9-9413-865b0a35efa9>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://amphibianrescue.org/about/history/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00083-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.893529
| 713
| 3.28125
| 3
|
The Indigenous Aboriginal tribes of Australia were mainly hunters and gatherers and did not practice farming. After European settlement began in Australia, the farms usually developed around the settlements in the early periods. The land grants were first started in the year 1787 following the instructions from the Queen of England to prisoners who were freed. Thereafter grants were also made to free migrants and mariners. The total grant was not supposed to exceed 100 acres but this rule was not always strictly followed.
The setting up of the railway line in the 1850ís was a major booster to the agricultural produce as more and more farmers could now sell their produce in the urban markets. With the help of railways, the farm products could be transported at a much higher speed than in previous days. More and more areas came under agricultural production with the passage of time. The first significant agricultural industry in the region was the wool industry. The greatest hindrance to the Australian farmers was and has been water scarcity and droughts.
During the 1900ís wool along with wheat dominated the agricultural scenario as productions rose. In the initial days, most of the crops were produced in the eastern states but then Western Australia became the leader in grain production by the year 1905. By the beginning of the 20th century, agricultural production in Australia had grown by leaps and bounds and was exceeding the local demands. As a result of this, Australia became a major producer of agricultural products. Despite the two World Wars and the Great Economic Depression, Australian agriculture had managed to flourish during the first half of the 20th century.
The agricultural sector has witnessed a downfall in the latter half of the 20th century with just 3% of the total population being engaged in farming. At present, about 370,000 people are engaged in farming in Australia. Although agricultural sector has witnessed a decline from its position in the 1970ís, it still contributes a lot to the Australian economy. There has been an increase of 7.1% in the primary agricultural products from the year 2001. In 2005 even, Australia was one of the largest exporter of beef and wool in the whole world and the third largest of wine and wheat.
The greatest problems faced by the farmers of Australia are droughts and water scarcity. Australian rivers have an extremely irregular pattern of flowing as they pass through cities, forests and mountains and wetlands. Many rivers are now regulated by dams and dykes. Moreover, most parts of Australia are covered by deserts and it is the driest continent on earth. Droughts are also very common in Australia as rainfall is very unevenly distributed in the entire continent. Soil erosion and salinity are other challenges faced by the farmers. Pests and rabbits are also a headache for Australian farmers.
Despite all these challenges, Australian people are still proud of their agricultural tradition. While technological advancements have brought rapid changes in agriculture produce, some of the ancient tools and techniques are still followed by the Australian farmers. Agriculture was and still remains to be the heart of Australian economy.
|
<urn:uuid:1d3e2179-b6bb-4ffc-b9ab-945e70689d5a>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.australiaonnet.com/economy-business/industries/agriculture.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00145-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.982897
| 605
| 3.6875
| 4
|
Smoking during pregnancy can lead to a plethora of health risks to both the
mother and the fetus. Women ...
If your health isn't enough to make you quit smoking, then the health of your baby
should be. Smoking during pregnancy affects you and your baby's health ...
Learn the facts about how smoking during pregnancy affects mothers and babies
from the experts at the Centers for Disease Control.
Mar 16, 2016 ... Health Effects of Smoking and Secondhand Smoke on Pregnancies. Women ...
Mothers who smoke are more likely to deliver their babies early.
Mar 19, 2015 ... Some research also suggests that smoking during pregnancy might affect a
child's emotional development, behavior and ability to learn.
Learn the health effects of smoking and how smoking affects your pregnancy at ...
Additionally, children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy are at greater ...
Aug 23, 2013 ... Consider the physiological effects of smoking on yourself and your baby,
especially ... Babies of smoking mothers end up being smaller (due to ...
Babies whose mothers smoke during pregnancy are at higher risk of SIDS,
decreased lung ... Passive smoking can also affect a pregnant woman and her
Apr 1, 2016 ... (Reuters Health) - Pregnant women now have another reason to quit smoking - a
new analysis links it to differences in their babies' DNA that ...
Jul 12, 2011 ... It's a precarious time for an embryo, and smoking can disturb the process. ... heart
disease is also distinctly associated with moms who smoke.
|
<urn:uuid:3cc8b7fd-19ca-4965-b46f-ce12a1fffe4f>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.ask.com/web?q=Effects+on+a+Developing+Fetus+of+a+Smoking+Mother&oo=2603&o=0&l=dir&qsrc=3139&gc=1&qo=popularsearches
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395166.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00053-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.930632
| 314
| 2.640625
| 3
|
Provident Fund rules in India
The Provident fund rules in India came into existence in the year 1955. The rules comprises the following sections:
- Constitution of the Fund,
- Subscriber’s account,
- Conditions and rates of Subscriptions,
- Transfer to foreign service,
- Withdrawal from Fund,
- Payment towards insurance policies,
- Bonus on policies,
- Procedure on death of subscriber,
- Method of maintaining accounts.
The various definitions of Provident fund rules in India are:
- Account Officers are the officer who maintains the provident fund account of the subscriber. He has been assigned by the Auditor General of India or Government.
- Fund is the All India Services Provident Fund.
- Form which belongs to these rules.
- Child is the step child or adopted child under the personal law of the subscriber.
CONSTITUTION OF THE FUND:
The Constitution Fund is maintained in India as rupees and every member subscribe to the fund. This is one of the important Provident fund rules in India.
SUBSCRIBERS ACCOUNT:It includes the subscriber’s account. The account is prepared with the name of each subscriber and members should follow the conditions and rates of subscriptions. The amount of subscriptions fixed can be,
- Reduced once during the course of year.
- It can be increased twice during the course of year.
- It can be increased or reduced based on the subscription.
CONDITIONS AND RATES OF SUBSCRIPTIONS:
The subscriber subscribes monthly to the Fund except during a period of the suspension. This can be done only when the subscriber reinstatement after the period that has passed under suspension. The arrears need to be paid for the period when the members are paying in one sum or installments.
BONUS ON POLICIES:
The subscriber won’t get any bonus during the currency of the policy. The amount of any bonus can be withdrawn only under the terms of the policy. The subscribers don’t have any option to draw the money during its currency of the policy.
|
<urn:uuid:f8ac2420-3a38-4ac8-9191-33fee244567e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.ekikrat.in/Provident-Fund-rules-India
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396100.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00160-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.927823
| 442
| 2.8125
| 3
|
Mystery, Manners, and the Mind of the Maker
© 1997 by Paul Erlandson
Christian art represents the mysteries of God and creation, according to authors Dorothy Sayers and Flannery O'Connor
It would be an exaggeration, but not much of one, to say that everything I know about Christian Art was taught me by two women. The women, both certainly among our century's canonized fiction-writers, taught me their wisdom not only through their fiction directly, but through their essays.
The first author is Dorothy L. Sayers. I was first drawn by her mysteries (including the Lord Peter Wimsey stories), but I love equally for her works of non-fiction. Chief among these for any sort of artist must be The Mind of the Maker.
The second author is Flannery O'Connor. I thought at first that her startlingly excellent stories (and 2 novels) came from a sort of "idiot-savant" writer; that is, someone who did what she did exceedingly well but could not say why. It was not until I read her wonderful book of essays, Mystery and Manners, that I saw her to be fully self-conscious of what she was doing when she created.
In The Mind of the Maker Dorothy Sayers lays important theological groundwork for any Christian, but particularly for the Christian artist. She defines, better than I've seen done by anyone else, the "image of God" in man:
The first time I read that passage, scales fell from my eyes, and I knew what a privilege it was to be an artist. Indeed, as Sayers comments later in the same chapter:
Thus, if theology is "thinking God's thoughts after Him," then art is "doing God's deeds after Him." Dorothy Sayers thus gives theological justification to art and, indeed, raises the artist to an esteemed position. But what about the particular shape and nature of Christian art? For this lesson, I turned to the pages of Flannery O'Connor's Mystery and Manners.
Here I discovered how Christianity's sacramental view of life leads to "incarnational art." Our God is called "Maker" and "Creator" for His first recorded acts of making the world in six days, but surely His most peculiar and intense work of Creation had to be the Incarnation of the Word of God. Truly, all art can be seen as "making words flesh." O'Connor writes:
And later she writes:
The Christian Reconstructionist, viewing all of God's Creation as being under his Dominion, and "fair game" for the purpose of glorifying and enjoying Him forever, has an advantage over many of his brethren in Protestantism, where Manichean or semi-Platonic ideas of matter have dominated. We are not afraid to use matter to glorify God, for He has done it Himself, both in the original Creation, and in the Incarnation.
O'Connor not only tells us (in Mystery and Manners) how to be a good writer. She also advises how to be a good reader:
Christian art does not "explain" the mysteries of God. It re-presents them using concrete reality. And O'Connor is definite about saying that art must be concrete and "incarnational." This is my goal, particularly with my paintings. If you have ever seen the results of any painter's efforts to do a painting about "love" or about "hope" or "hopelessness", and then compared this work to any painting of a boat or a child or even a child's toy, the difference is startling. The former communicates nearly nothing, while the latter, penetrating the concrete as O'Connor describes, communicates deep mysteries.
It is the same with songwriting, theater, sculpture, or poetry. A very dear friend once spoke of her poetry by saying, "I don't do form." by which she meant that she wrote poetry with no fixed rhyme, meter, etc. I held my tongue, but nearly replied: "There IS nothing but form." Before God began the Genesis Creation, the world was "without form and void." So is much of modern poetry and modern art.
Only the Christian artist, with his sacramental view of the world, is
equipped to do God's deeds after Him, to take what is formless and
create something new. Perhaps all this is obvious to the reader; it
was not obvious to me before I read Sayers and O'Connor. Dorothy
Sayers has told me what to do as an artist and why. Flannery O'Connor
has taught me how. How can I ever thank them? I suppose by sharing
their words with you, and inviting you to read them further.
Updated by: Matt Bynum
|
<urn:uuid:f119cd44-6532-46ee-8360-a83f6c9a7a71>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.artsreformation.com/a001/pe-mystery.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00113-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.976501
| 984
| 2.65625
| 3
|
by Staff Writers
London, UK (SPX) Mar 06, 2013
Four leading environmental scientists have urged the international community to install a legal trade in rhino horn - in a last ditch effort to save the imperilled animals from extinction.
In an article in the leading international journal Science the scientists argued that a global ban on rhino products has failed, and death rates among the world's remaining black and white rhinos are soaring due to illegal poaching to supply insatiable international demand.
"Current strategies have clearly failed to conserve these magnificent animals and the time has come for a highly regulated legal trade in horn", says lead author Dr Duan Biggs of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions (CEED) and University of Queensland.
"As committed environmentalists we don't like the idea of a legal trade any more than does the average member of the concerned public. But we can see that we need to do something radically different to conserve Africa's rhino."
The researchers said the Western Black Rhino was declared extinct in 2011. There are only 5000 Black Rhinos and 20,000 White Rhinos left, the vast majority of which are in South Africa and Namibia.
"Poaching in South Africa has, on average, more than doubled each year over the past 5 years. Skyrocketing poaching levels are driven by tremendous growth in the retail price of rhino horn, from around $4,700 per kilogram in 1993 to around $65,000 per kilogram in 2012," they say.
"Rhino horn is now worth more than gold," the scientists note. This growth is mainly attributed to soaring demand by affluent Asian consumers for Chinese medicines.
World trade in rhino horn is banned under the CITES Treaty - and this ban, by restricting supplies of horn, has only succeeded in generating huge rewards for an illegal high-tech poaching industry, equipped with helicopters and stun-darts, which is slaughtering rhinos at alarming rates.
Attempts to educate Chinese medicine consumers to stop using rhino horn have failed to reduce the growth in demand, they said.
The scientists argue that the entire world demand for horn could be met legally by humanely shaving the horns of live rhinos, and from animals which die of natural causes.
Rhinos grow about 0.9kg of horn each year, and the risks to the animal from today's best-practice horn harvesting techniques are minimal. The legal trade in farmed crocodile skins is an example of an industry where legalisation has saved the species from being hunted to extinction.
Furthermore, if rhinos were being 'farmed' legally, more land would be set aside for them and this in turn would help to conserve other endangered savannah animals, as well as generating much-needed income for impoverished rural areas in southern Africa the researchers argue.
They advocate the creation of a Central Selling Organisation to supervise the legitimate harvest and sale of rhino horn globally. Buyers would be attracted to this organisation because its products will be legal, cheaper than horn on the black market, and safer and easier to obtain, they said, adding "horn sold through a Central Selling Organisation could be DNA-fingerprinted and traceable worldwide, enabling buyers, and regulators to differentiate between legal and illicit products."
A legal trade in rhino horn was first proposed 20 years ago, but rejected as 'premature'.
However, the time has now come for a legal trade in horn, says Dr Biggs. "There is a great opportunity to start serious discussions about establishing a legal trade in rhino horn at the 16th CITES Conference of the Parties (COP-16), which is to be held from 3-14 March this year, in Bangkok."
"Legitimizing the market for horn may be morally repugnant to some, but it is probably the only sensible way to prevent extinction of Africa's remaining rhinos," the scientists conclude.
Their paper Legal Trade of Africa's Rhino Horns by Duan Biggs, Franck Courchamp, Rowan Martin and Hugh Possingham, appears in the latest edition of the journal Science (March 1).
News about Endanged Life
Darwin Today At TerraDaily.com
|The content herein, unless otherwise known to be public domain, are Copyright 1995-2014 - Space Media Network. AFP, UPI and IANS news wire stories are copyright Agence France-Presse, United Press International and Indo-Asia News Service. ESA Portal Reports are copyright European Space Agency. All NASA sourced material is public domain. Additional copyrights may apply in whole or part to other bona fide parties. Advertising does not imply endorsement,agreement or approval of any opinions, statements or information provided by Space Media Network on any Web page published or hosted by Space Media Network. Privacy Statement|
|
<urn:uuid:8631fef9-023d-46c6-87fa-e52b7a97f872>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Scientists_call_for_legal_trade_in_rhino_horn_999.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392069.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00098-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.933299
| 984
| 2.53125
| 3
|
Greeks associated Zeus with justice and well being. He's believed to have greatly punished the wicked and maldoers and rewarded all that did good.
He received the lightening bolt from the Cyclops who were the giants that helped Zeus in the war against his father. He uses the lightening bolt for defence along with a bright golden shield with an eagle engraved in it.
Zeus was the son of the great god Cronus and great goddess Rhea. Cronus feared his children would want to overpower him and take his place at Mt.Olympus, therefore he swallowed all of Zeus's siblings, Zeus hadn't yet been born. When Zeus was born, Rhea hid Zeus on some close by islands before Cronus could swallow him then she wrapped a stone in baby's clothes and gave it to Cronus. Cronus swallowed it believing it was his son. When Zeus reached adulthood he disguised himself and returned and tricked Cronus into drinking a liquid that forced him to vomit up all of his children, who then all gathered together to fight in a war against their father Cronus and the rest of the Titans (the race that Cronus and Rhea belonged to). Cronus was overthrown in the war by Zeus, so Zeus then took his place on Mt. Olympus and became judge and chief ruler of the 12 major gods and goddesses called the Olympians who ruled Mt.Olympus. It was believed that he settled disputes fairly but when he became angry he would throw thunder bolts. On Mt. Olympus he was also in charge of changing the seasons and making the sun come and go, both of which were very important to the other gods, goddesses and Greeks.
Zeus had two(2) brothers. They were the god Hades who ruled the underworld and the god Poseidon who ruled the seas. His sisters were goddesses Hesta, Demeter and Hera.
ZEUS later married his sister Hera who then became the queen of goddesses considering the fact that her husband Zeus was king. In their relationship they had two(2) children who are known as the gods Ares and Hephaestus. Even though being married to Hera Zeus also had many love affairs with other goddesses and mortal women. From these extra relationships on the side, his children include the gods Apollo, Dionysus, Hermes, the goddess Artemis, the heroes Heracles(Latin for Hercules) and Perseus. He also gave birth to goddess Athena who sprang full grown from his forehead. According to myths Zeus and goddess Mnemosyne became parents of the Muses(the 9 goddesses of the arts and sciences) and it is believed that he and goddess Athena were parents of the fates. Zeus fell in love often, therefore resulting in so many children Zeus cannot even name them all. Because of his many relationships his wife queen Hera became very insecure of Zeus and other women/goddesses. Zeus was "anthropomorphic" which comes from two(2) Greek words meaning the shape of man. This meant that Zeus could transform into any animal or human being that he wished to be and he would then go down on earth, and fool the mortal women who would then mate with him.
Zeus foretold the future through omens and oracles. As being the guardian of mortality, Zeus enforced moral among men, for Zeus himself was very wise!
Since Zeus's childhood was spent undercover hiding he was never able to experience the joy of being a child. When he was older he was constantly fighting wars and helping and protecting the others, along with doing many other great things though greatly did his job consist of leisurely activities. He is a very special and wise god who later died, but while he was alive he was greatly respected by most and played a major role in Greek mythology and the roles of the other gods and goddesses and the Greek people!
|
<urn:uuid:8c5ce8aa-491b-4f72-a3f5-09ee20f886aa>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.edu.pe.ca/gulfshore/Archives/heroes/html8imm/zeus/zeushist.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393518.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00086-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.993532
| 785
| 3.359375
| 3
|
The Treaty of Waitangi
First published in 1922
It was on the 6th day of February, 1840, when the Treaty of Waitangi was made. Waitangi is part of the Bay of Islands in the northern part of the North Island. It was made between Governor William Hobson on behalf of Queen Victoria and the Maori Chiefs who gathered there on that day. It was afterwards that some copies of the Treaty were taken to various parts of the island even to the South Island and was signed by Maori Chiefs of the various tribes.
Altogether there were 512 signatories. From then to now the Treaty and the provisions therein have been the subject of discussion by learned men and administrators of Maori affairs. At the present time the Treaty is widely discussed on all maraes. It is on the lips of the humble and the great, of the ignorant and of the thoughtful.
It was an old lady who asked me quite recently, "Now you tell me what are its conditions and why is it the subject of discussion on the maraes?" I wondered then whether she was right and it was wrong for the name of the Treaty to be so freely discussed on the lips of our womenfolk, when the provisions contained therein were not clear to them. The Treaty of Waitangi was first written in the English language and then translated into the Maori language. The draft was actually written by Governor Hobson and Busby (who was the previous administrator for the Queen before Governor Hobson) corrected it. This is what Busby said and it was printed in the Parliamentary Papers for the year 1861:
"The draft of the Treaty was made by me and was approved by Captain Hobson. He made a few alterations but the fundamental provisions were not altered."
Some of Busby's descendants lived at Kairakau near the coast in Hawkes Bay, and later at Tokomaru (Waiapu) where some of the grandchildren still reside. The Maori version of the Treaty was by Henry Williams, referred to as the Four-eyed Williams, one of the ancestors of the subtribe of the Williams.
The English expressions in the Treaty were not adequately rendered into Maori. There were minor parts left out. However, the Maori version page 3clearly explained the main provisions of the Treaty, therefore, let the Maori version of the Treaty explain itself.
What is a Treaty? In accordance with the Maori language, it is an agreement between two or more peoples having authority and agreeing between themselves to certain wide powers affecting them all. The document on which these powers and agreements are recorded is called a treaty. Let the actual Maori version of the Treaty now show.
The Heading Of The Treaty
This is the heading of the Treaty setting out the reasons for the making of the Treaty:
"Victoria, the Queen of England, in Her feeling of affection towards the Chiefs of the Tribes of New Zealand and in Her desire to retain for them their Chieftainships and also that peace may reign and they live happily, has thought it wise to send a High Personage as Her representative to negotiate with the Maori people of New Zealand, the Maori Chiefs, to agree to the Government of the Queen having access to all parts of the land including the islands. This is by reason of the fact, that so many members of Her race were living in this land, and many more were coming. Now, the Queen has thought it good to send me, William Hobson, a Captain of the Royal Navy to be Governor for all parts of New Zealand, to be ceded now and for ever to the Queen and she invites the Chiefs of the assembled tribes of New Zealand and other Chiefs to accept the following provisions".
This is the heading explaining the reasons why Governor Hobson was sent by Queen Victoria, Queen of England and Her other lands to arrange conditions between the Queen and the Chiefs of the Maori people. The main purport is in the words, "This is by reason of the fact that so many members of Her race were living in this land and many more were coming". Therefore the Queen was desirous to establish a Government with a view to avert the evil consequnces to the Maori people and to Europeans living under no laws.
These are very wise words.' It was correct that many Europeans had settled throughout both islands, missionaries and their families, European sellers of goods, whalers, sailors, thieves and murderers. It had been stated that 500 convicts had escaped from Australia and were living in various parts of the Bay of Islands just prior to the Treaty. Maori authority had no affect on them but they often disturbed the Maori people. Neither did the laws of the Queen affect them by reason of the fact that the Queen had no authority over these islands. According to the records of the missionaries, one thousand of the Maori people were murdered by the Europeans in the years prior to the Treaty, and we have also heard of the Maori people murdering Europeans. These were lawless times. Therefore the Queen "was desirous to establish a Government with a view to avert the evil consequences to the Maori people and to the Europeans living under no laws"page 4
Now these were the important words "living under no laws". It was the European conscience of the man who formulated the words of the Treaty who saw that this was the main trouble throughout North and South Islands. This was the trouble which was forcing itself to be remedied lawlessness. This conflicted with Maori custom, the authority of Maori Chiefs of cannibal times, of illiterate days and the individualistic European idea of the European who had strayed out of the confines of his own laws and who had left behind the very lands from which he was nurtured. It was this law, then, which was stretching out to follow him the long fingernails of Queen Victoria which she had attached to Governor William Hobson.
This was at a time when the Maori tribes were fighting fiercely among themselves. There was no peace following the wars of Hongi Hika, Te Wherowhero, Te Waharoa and Te Rauparaha. Guns and powder were the goods most desired by each tribe, when chiefly women were given away, and lands were sold. This was at a time when lands were sold on a broad scale. Europeans crowded to buy land for themselves in the Bay of Islands, Hauraki, Porirua and the South Island, guns, kegs of powder, blankets, tobacco and spirituous liquor were given in payment. Many claims were made by various Europeans for the one piece of land sold to each of them by various Maori chiefs. Where was the law in those times to decide what was right?
The Maori did not have any government when the European first came to these islands. There was no unified chiefly authority over man or land, or any one person to decide life or death, one who could be designated a King, a leader, or some other designation. No, there was none, the people were still divided, Waikato, Ngati [unclear: Naua], Te Arawa, Ngapuhi and tribe after tribe. Within one tribe there were many divisions into sub-tribes each under their own chief. How could such an organisation, as a Government, be established under Maori custom? There was without doubt Maori chieftainship, but it was limited in its scope to its sub-tribe, and even to only a family group, The Maori did not have authority or a government which could make laws to govern the whole of the Maori Race.
These were the reasons for the direct approach by Governor Hobson to the Maori Chiefs and for arranging for copies of the Treaty to be taken from end to end of each island, seeking to obtain the' concurrence of chief after chief. It has been mentioned earlier that 512 Maori Chiefs subscribed their marks or their names to the Treaty of Waitangi.
I shall explain later the meaning of the term "Government" and of the words "Chiefly Authority", but let me say here that until the meaning of these words are clear, no one can consciously understand the full meaning of the Treaty of Waitangi.
Another part of the Heading of the Treaty which requires our consideration is, "Regarding with Her Royal favour—the Native Chiefs and Tribes of New Zealand—are anxious to protect their just Rights and page 5property and to secure to them the enjoyment of Peace and Good Order". These are the words which are embraced in the minds of the Maori people, "protect their just Rights and property". Let us wait until the three covenants of the Treaty are fully explained to see the full significance of this thought in the mind of Queen Victoria.
Let us conclude here the explanations of the Heading of the Treaty. It will be seen that the main purpose of the Government of Queen Victoria was for New Zealand including the European and the Maori inhabitants, all men and the land to come under the authority of a specific Government.
Article the First
These are the words of the first article of the Treaty of Waitangi. The First Article:
"The Chiefs assembled including Chiefs not present at the assembly hereby cede absolutely to the Queen of England for ever the Government of all of their lands"
These are but a few words but they indicate a complete cession. This was the transfer by the Maori Chiefs to the Queen of England for ever of the Government of all their lands. What was the thing they transferred? What was the thing which they gave away so freely for ever? It was the Government of their lands. You are somewhat confused with the purport of those words "their lands" as being just a land matter. No, their real meaning includes "their boundaries or territories" The English word in the English version of the Treaty, "territories". What is a "Government?" The English word is "Sovereignty". The English word for such a personage as a King or a Queen is "Sovereign" This is the same as the Maori words "Ariki Tapairu" and is referred to as the absolute authority. The "Sovereign Power" of the English rests with the King or Queen and his or her Council called Parliament. This gives a clearer understanding of the term "Government" as used in this article of the Treaty, that is, it is the absolute authority over the people which the article transmits into the hands of the Queen and Her Parliamentary Council. It is Parliament which makes the laws for the people, for the land, for health, for sickness, for crime, for good order and for everything pertaining to the well being of all throughout the world. The Ministers of the Government, the officials, the Departments under their administration, the courts, the boards, the judges, the policemen, the inspectors, the surveyors, the schools, the hospitals, all other groups having authority as administrators, upholders of the law, and adjudicators are all within the laws made by Parliament. The laws made by Parliament affect all the people living on the face of this land, the land properly delineated and known as Aotearoa, the South Island and adjacent islands. They are made for the humble and the great, for the ignorant and for the chiefs without discrimination.page 6
This first article of the Treaty of Waitangi carries out the wishes of the Queen, "to establish a settled form of Civil Government with a view to avert the evil consequences to the Maori people and to the Europeans living without laws". It is this article of the Treaty which leaves and embodies within these islands the Government of the Queen of England. What was it that the Maori Chiefs ceded? This article states, "They do absolutely cede to the Queen of England for ever the Government of their lands". Well, it has been said that the Maori did not have any Government, how can he cede something, he did not have? Let me explain again. The explanation is in the meaning of the words "Chiefly authority". It was this chiefly authority held by each chief who subscribed his mark to the Treaty of Waitangi that each chief ceded to the common weal and to Governor William Hobson, as an offering to Queen Victoria. The sum total of the authorities of the Maori Chiefs ceded to the Queen was the Government of the Maori people.
Now what was the chiefly authority? What was the authority of the Maori chiefs at the time of the signing of the Treaty, to the people, to the land, and to the tribes under their separate authorities? That was the time of Te Hapuku, of Te Rauparaha, of Te Rangihaeata, of Te Whero-whero, of Te Waharoa, of the great Te Heuheu, of Kawiti, of Patuone, of Hone Heke, of Tupaea, of Te Amohau, of Te Pukuatua, of Moko-nuiarangi, of Aporotanga, of Aopururangi, of Te Houkamau, of Te Kani-a-Takirau, of Te Potao-aute, of Te Eketuoterangi and of the many others who have departed to "the realms of night—the terror of the land, the power over man". One could make lengthy additions to this part of our explanations.
Let us express in brief, the chiefs gave away to the common weal the kiwi cloak, the dog skin cloak, ornamental cloaks to hang in Museums for Europeans to view, and to expound the virtues of the Maori. "These were the treasures of the Maori while they had authority": now the Maori looked on, sighed, recited and uttered "Farewell to the abode of death, to England the abode of pleasure". Having received these treasures the Queen gave red blankets in return. It is said these made up the greater part of the gifts laid by Governor Hobson, his officers and the missionaries before the Maori chiefs who signed the Treaty.
During the time when the Maori chiefs had authority and there was no authority of British law, the word of the chief was law to his tribe. It was he who declared war, and he who sued for peace. Here are some of the words of that period; "The fire burning yonder, go forth to put it out". A great number of the people thus disappeared—loss of man, loss of land. The chief was separated from his daughter who was used as an offering to the invaders to bring about peace. It was the chiefs who bespoke the land and gave it away. They had the power even for life or death. These were the powers they surrendered to the Queen. This was the understanding of each tribe. The main purport was the transferring of the authority of the Maori chiefs for making laws page 7for their respective tribes and sub-tribes under the Treaty of Waitangi to the Queen of England for ever. The embodiment today the Governor, his Ministers, the Members of the Lower House elected by the people and the Members of the House of Lords, appointed by the Governor, together they make the laws.
My dear old lady, this is part of the answer to your question "What is the Treaty of Waitangi?" It was the first article of the Treaty which transferred the chiefly authority of your ancestors, affecting you and future generations for ever. This is the reason for the speeches in Parliament now in session in Wellington, making the laws,, good laws, bad laws, laws for relief and harassing laws.
Article the Second
This is the second article of the Treaty of Waitangi. The Second:
"The Queen of England confirms and guarantees to the Chiefs and Tribes and to all the people of New Zealand the full possession of their lands, their homes and all their possessions, but the chiefs assembled and all other chiefs yield to the Queen the right to alienate such lands which the owners desire to dispose of at a price agreed upon between the owners and person or persons appointed by the Queen to purchase on her behalf".
I said at the beginning of my explanations that the Maori version was not a good translation of the English terms in the Treaty. There were small parts left out. Young students from among you can see for yourselves the English version of the second article of the Treaty as follows:
"Article the Second"
"Her Majesty the Queen of England confirms and guarantees to the Chiefs and Tribes of New Zealand, and to the respective families and individuals thereof, the full, exclusive, and undisturbed possession of their Lands and Estates, Forests, Fisheries, and other properties which they may collectively or individually possess, so long as it is their wish and desire to retain the same in their possession; but the Chiefs of the United Tribes and the Individual Chiefs yield to Her Majesty the exclusive right of Pre-emption over such lands as the proprietors thereof may be disposed to alienate, at such prices as may be agreed upon between the respective Proprietors and persons appointed by Her Majesty to treat with them in that behalf".
Now it will be seen there are several words in the English version which were not adequately rendered into the Maori language. This is my translation:
"Ko te Kuini o Ingarangi ka whakapumau, ka whakaoati kia whaka-tuturutia ki nga Rangatira, ki nga Hapu o Niu Tireni, a ki ia whanau, ki ia tangata ranei o ratou, te mana te rangatiratanga o o ratou whenua, page 8o o ratou ngahere, o o ratou taunga-ika, o era atu taonga ranei a ratou, a ia tangata ranei o ratou mo te wa e hiahia ai ratou ki te pupuri i aua mea; Oti ia e whakaae ana nga Rangatira o te Whakaminenga, me era atu rangatira katoa ki te tuku atu ki te Kuini i te mana motuhake ki te hoko i nga warhi whenua e hiahiatia ana e nga tangata no ratou aua whenua kia hokona, mo nga utu e whakaritea i waenganui i nga tangata no ratou aua whenua me nga tangata e whakaritea e te Kuini hei kai hoko mana".
This is the article from which stems the matters which are discussed throughout the maraes in regard to the Treaty of Waitangi. When a bad law is made it is said to contravene the Treaty of Waitangi. The Government confiscates the land, it is said this is wrong, because it contravenes the guarantee of the Queen under this article of the Treaty. This has given rise to wishful thinking on the part of many Maori groups, for the formation of Absolute Maori Authorities, variously called Kotahitanga (United Group) Kauhanganui (Open Forum) Maori Parliament or other designations. All this wishful thinking goes back to this article in the Treaty. Indeed these ideas were due to confusion as the authority of the Maori was set aside for ever by the first article of the Treaty.
What is this authority, this sovreignty that is referred to in the second article? It is quite clear, the right of a Maori to his land, to his property, to his individual right to such possessions whereby he could declare, "This is my land, there are the boundaries, descended from my ancestor so and so, or conquered by him, or as the first occupier, or so and so gave it to him, or it had been occupied by his descendants down to me. These properties are mine, this canoe, that taiaha (combination spear and club), that greenstone patu (club), that kumara (sweet potato) pit, that cultivation. These things are mine and do not belong to anyone else".
At the time of the Treaty both islands were widely inhabited by Maori tribes. They had partitioned all the lands and had named all the various parts. At the time of the Treaty the chiefs and tribes were disputing among themselves the titles and the boundaries between their lands. They fought with guns, with patu (clubs), to take by conquest the lands of the others, or to bar the way of others intent on conquest.
The Queen did not do anything, to take away the rights of the Maori over his lands, instead she made the ownership permanent and truly established. This is the reason dear old lady you appear before the Maori Land Court to show your rights, whether of land not yet clothed with title, or by long occupation, when you related the trails, the fern root hills, the tawhara (young shoots of kiekie) swamps or other token and relics of your ancestors.
There are two main provisions in this article of the Treaty, they are:
|(1)||The permanent establishment to the Maori of title to his land and his property|
|(2)||The giving of the right to the Queen to acquire Maori land.|
I shall first explain the provisions affecting Maori land. You are all page 9fully aware of our rights to land. It is not just now that disputes have arisen between Maori and Maori over land. "Is it mine or is it yours?" and claims would go back to the realms of darkness and to ancient ancestral rights.
This is what Sir William Martin, Chief Judge of the Supreme Court said some time ago in regard to the rights over Maori land:
"From what I have seen the rights of the Maori affected the whole face of the land, there is not a part unaffected by the claims of the Maori people except those parts which have been sold by them. I have never seen or heard of any part which is not affected by the claims of the Maori people. There have been many disputes among themselves as to their rights, but no one would be mistaken that the matter under dispute would be in regard to land".
Now having established under this article of the Treaty the rights of the Maori, the law poses a question to the Maori, "Now, to whom does this land belong?" The reply would be noisy, there would be calls from, this one, calls from that one. Blood would be spilt, that was Waitara, the repercussions spread to Waikato, and the fire spread to the far ends of Aotearoa (North Island). The chiefs arose and began selling the lands, whether it was their own or someone else. This was selling without proper title, the Court had not enquired into the ownership of the land that had been sold. There was Heretaunga (Hawkes Bay), Wairarapa, Otaki and many other lands sold before the Maori Land Court sat in any part of these islands. Owing to the many problems which arose it was considered necessary to appoint an authoritative body to enquire and to decide the rights of Maori claimants to their lands. Parliament then enacted the Maori Land Act of the year 1862. This is what was stated by Section 5 of that Act:
"The Governor shall from time to time have the right to set up a court to enquire and to decide who are the Maori people entitled under Maori custom to the Maori lands, to apportion their interests in such land, and issue certificates of Title to them for such lands".
This was the beginning of the Maori Land Court as it is today.' Until it had adjudicated upon lands not clothed with title, and had given judgement, would it carry out the provisions of the second article of the Treaty of Waitangi, which established to us our Maori rights to our lands.
The part that is not clear of this portion of the second article to the Treaty is in regard to fishing grounds. This part should include the lakes, that is, fresh water lakes, mud flats, pipi (cockle) beds and oyster rocks. As to fishing grounds they are out in the open sea or at the mouths of rivers. Parliament and the Courts have been side stepping these matters. In some cases the Courts have given judgement, that is, in regard to oyster rocks and the Maori people have been judged to be in the wrong. The case for the fresh water lakes is at present being considered. I shall hold up my explanations of these matters until the third article of the Treaty.page 10
In regard to that part of this article of the Treaty affecting the acquisition by the Queen, its main purpose is to confine to the Crown only the right to acquire Maori lands subject to the price being properly arranged between the Maori owners of the land and the Crown Purchase Officer. This has been a matter which successive Governments have greatly disputed in the past and up to the present. As each Government is elected it is mooted that purchases of Maori land should be curtailed, and for all purchases to be confined to the Crown. Another Government is elected and it is mooted that purchases of Maori land should be permitted to enable any European or anybody else to purchase. This was the law from 1862 down to the year 1892. In the year 1892 acquisitions were confined to the Crown only. When the Government wanted to acquire a block of land, a prohibition was placed on the land, it was gazetted in the same way as is being done by the present Government. In the year 1900 there was complete prohibition of purchases by the Crown. In the year 1905 purchases by the Crown began again in various parts of the island and in 1909 purchases by the Crown and Europeans greatly increased. In the year 1913 the present Government enacted the present law which now directs sales to the Crown and confines the sales of land to the Crown only. This takes it back to the position in the year 1892. That was the basis of the Treaty of Waitangi. We object to such purchases as it restricts the Maori owner to the low price offered by the Crown, and it also restricts the land owner in doing what he wishes to do with his land, as he has to wait for very long periods until the Crown has fully bought up the interests of all the willing sellers before it applied for partition of the interests it had acquired. The objections to these oppressive measures are fully justified, but the blame cannot be placed on the Treaty of Waitangi which laid down this basis.
These, dear old lady, are the main features of this part of the Treaty of Waitangi setting forth the conditions affecting these islands, the Maori Land Court and its activities, the purchases by the Crown which are biting into the land.
These are the words of Nopera Panakareao, a Chief of the Rarawa when a copy of the Treaty reached Kaitaia for Te Rarawa and Aupouri Tribes to sign: —
"It is the shadow of the land which had been given to the Queen while the soil remains."
These are very wise words, an old time saying. The saying of the elderly chief has combined the words of the first article with those of the second article of the Treaty. It is the shadow, that is, the main authority covering the land; it is the power to make laws, the power to say this group shall adjudicate, that authority should see that the purchase is right, while that one leads the individual through the many intricacies of the law, that was the shadow ceded to the Queen by the first article of the Treaty. As for the soil, it is yours, it is mine inherited from our ancestors. It was the second article which firmly established this to the Maori people.
Article the Third
This is the third article of the Treaty:
"Article The Third"
"In consideration thereof, Her Majesty the Queen of England extends to the Natives of New Zealand Her Royal Protection, and imparts to them all the rights and privileges of British subjects".
This article explains what Her Majesty the Queen gives in return for what the Maori Chiefs have ceded to Her Majesty's Government. Here is the explanation.
|(1)||The Queen of England extends to the Maori people of New Zealand Her Royal protection.|
|(2)||She imparts to them all the rights and privileges of British subjects.|
These are very important and formidable words. The first part is that all the Maori people would receive protection. Looking beyond the shores of New Zealand we find that it was through the Queen and her descendants, through their prestige and might that we have been protected against invasion by foreign powers, namely the French in its time when it attempted to take the South Island and had actually settled at Akaroa; and after that came the Russians and its attempts to conquer us were staved off; and only yesterday we faced up to the Germans and only after a bitter struggle were they defeated; who knows we may have to face up to the Japanese.* The might of England has protected us, the King has given us his protection.
When we look at ourselves we realise the full significance of this protection. The Treaty found us in the throes of cannibalism: that was murder, a crime punishable by death, be the murderer rich or poor. That was the British law which became law for the Maori under the provisions of the second part of the above article "and imparts to them all the rights and privileges of British subjects". The Treaty found the strong committing outrageous acts against the weak, the chiefs against the commoner, the Pakeha against the Maori, and such acts were breaches of the law punishable by imprisonment with hard labour, according to the British code of law adopted as the law for both the Pakeha and the Maori under the provisions of, "and imparts to them all the rights and privileges of British subjects". British law as provided by the Queen did not prevent crimes. Crimes were committed; there were murders, there were thefts, there were libels and defamations and other crimes conceived by the human mind, however, very few escaped the strong arm of the law.
* Prophetic, considering 1941-45.
This article represents the greatest benefit bestowed upon the Maori people by Her Majesty the Queen. It is in a great measure to balance up what the Maori people had given her under the provisions of article One of the Treaty. Here is a brief explanation. This article states that the Maori and Pakeha are equal before the Law, that is, they are to share the rights and privileges of British subjects. When the Supreme Court was established in New Zealand it declared it was the Treaty of Waitangi under the provisions of Article Three, under discussion, which provided the basis for the administration of British Justice as affecting New Zealand conditions of these times. Now, it is not only the laws made by Parliament that are effective. There are some laws that issue from decisions of Courts of Law. There are some which have originated from British Law and from the Treaty of Waitangi and have become law here in New Zealand. Yes, British Law has been the greatest benefit bestowed by the Queen on the Maori people.
My dear old lady, perhaps, you are not aware that during every hour of the day while you are awake and during every hour of the night while you are asleep there are one hundred laws looking after you. They refer to your way of life, your travels, your hours of sleep, your hours awake, your occupation and what you say; of these one hundred laws, perhaps, ninety five of them apply, equally to your Pakeha friends and perhaps five differentiate. The law pertaining to crimes, the law pertaining to debts, law pertaining to property (except land) and law pertaining to slander are the same, there is one law for Maori and for Pakeha, the Treaty of Waitangi ordained it so.
|1.||Maori representation in Parliament.|
The Maori people have their own special representatives in Parliament elected only by the Maori people. The reasons for this special provision were twofold; Maori problems had their own peculiarities and the Maori people were ignorant of most things pertaining to the Pakeha way of life in those days. My own opinion, however, is that the reason for the four Maori Members was the fear on the part of the Pakeha that as Maori and Pakeha populations in these islands were very much on a parity and that if the Maori people were given the right to vote with the Europeans, there was a possibility many more Maori Members would be elected to Parliament. However, Maori representation in Parliament is one of the few remaining special provisions for the Maori people.
* Since Sir Apirana wrote this, legal amendments, especially in the Licensing Amendment Act of 1948, have almost entirely removed the differentiation between Maori and Pakeha in this matter.
The laws pertaining to Maori lands are entirely different from the laws pertaining to European lands. Matters for decision are ownership of lands, and who should succeed to deceased owners. There were no wills, the nearest equivalent being a dying request. There were many restrictions pertaining to the sale, to the leasing and mortgaging of Maori land which do not pertain to European lands. The differences in regard to Crown purchases have already been explained.
In times past, rates were not levied on Maori lands. This was not because of the Treaty of Waitangi. Likewise in days gone by Maori lands were not affected by taxation and again it was not because of any provisions in the Treaty. The Treaty had provided for "all the rights and privileges of British subjects". If the law had adhered to the spirit of the Treaty, Maori land would have borne the burden of rates and taxation long ago. It was in the year 1894 that Maori lands were subjected to rates and then it was half of the rate and it was not until 1910 that full rates as for European lands, were levied.
|1.||It was only in the year 1893 that Maori lands were taxed, it was a light tax, half of the tax payable by the Pakeha. However, only leasehold Maori lands were taxable. It was in the year 1917 that a heavier tax was levied on leased Maori land equivalent to half the rate of taxation on European lands.|
|2.||At present, if the levies on our lands were in accordance with all that the law provides these would not be anywhere near as heavy as what are levied on Pakeha lands. Maori lands not clothed with title cannot be charged with rates County Councils have very devious procedures to follow to put a charge on Maori land for non payment of rates. Only Maori lands under lease, were subject to taxes and these at half the amount charged against European lands. All other Maori lands that were not under lease, being farmed and occupied by the Maori owners, and Pa areas were not affected by taxation.|
|3.||Various laws made it possible to sidestep many of the levies which should have affected our lands in accordance with the words of the Treaty "all the rights and privileges of British subjects". Could it be the laws were wrong and were contravening the Treaty? To all those who are agitating under the Treaty for remedies for our grievances, I say be careful lest you awaken the legal experts of the Pakeha people, who will say:|
"Let them have what they are asking for; let the purport of the Treaty be exercised to the very end: Put the same levies on the Maori as are levied on the Pakeha".
Why the vacillation of Parliament, the maker of the laws? Why have not rates and taxes been levied on Maori land over the fifty years since the Treaty, namely up to the year 1893? And why after that only half the burden carried by the Pakeha was levied on the Maori land? The Pakeha authorities could see the Maori back could not carry the burden page 14because of inexperience and general confusion in his own affairs and for this reason the impact of this part of Pakeha law was to be made gradual. "A bird cannot fly without feathers". This is a saying of the Maori. The Pakeha could similarly say to us "Rating is the life line of the roads which you and your descendants use; it is the life line of our country—there are the railways, schools, hospitals and post offices."
We cannot grasp the Treaty as a shield to use against rating and taxation. It is the leniency of the law which has spared us.
We are conversant with the law pertaining to liquor. Liquor and the Bible came to this country together, if anything, liquor arrived here slightly ahead of the Bible. There would have been no special liquor laws for the Maori if only the Maori had consumed liquor wisely. However, because of the abuse, its use as a lubricant to facilitate land sales, its use to mentally incapacitate the Chiefs so that they wasted their substance and its use for bragging on the maraes, the wise law makers were able to decide for themselves and to say:
"Dear Sirs our beverage is not elevating these people, they are strangers to it, they are still in their infancy, let us put a barrier against the consumption of liquor, let us prohibit some Maori areas, let us prohibit the consumption by the womenfolk, let us prohibit everywhere except on licensed premises and prohibit the consumption on the maraes".
The day may come when these restrictions can be lifted, when the Maori has become accustomed to liquor, when his blood stream can counter the fiery effect of liquor. The Pakeha may on the other hand say, let us prohibit altogether the consumption of liquor in New Zealand.
Let me end here my general explanations of this article of the Treaty. Let me issue a word of warning to those who are in the habit of bandying the name of the Treaty around, to be very careful of this portion of the Treaty lest it be made the means of incurring certain liabilities under the law which we do not know now and which today are being borne only by the Pakeha. If we suffer through being europeanised too quickly and if we can gain some respite by a gradual acceptance of Pakeha ideas, then let those parts of the Treaty sleep on peacefully.
The Conflicting Parts
In my explanations about article two of the Treaty I did say that there was one part of that article which was still not quite clear, the part about the fishing grounds together with the fresh water lakes, the mud flats, pipi beds and oyster rocks. The reason I am making special mention of these specific matters is that, there seems to be some difficulty or conflict between Articles two and three of the Treaty. Article two states that "The Treaty guarantees to the Maori people their rights and possessions to their lands, their forests and their fisheries." There is no doubt about the lands and forests. But the part in doubt is that which concerns the lakes situated amidst all the land, the mudflats, that is, the lands which become submerged by sea water at high tide. To the Maori these lands page 15belong to him and that is why he considers his rights to these should be established under Article Two of the Treaty. However, I have already explained above that Article Three of the Treaty gave to New Zealand British laws which became effective on the signing of the Treaty and conform with "all the rights and privileges of British Subjects".
British law states that the sea from high water mark to a point three miles out belongs to the Crown. The mudflats, the pipi beds, the oyster rocks and the fishing grounds are all below high water mark. These are conflicting points that have been left in doubt. The voice of Parliament has in no way indicated any legislation which would establish in us ownership of these possessions of our ancestors.
The Arawa case concerning its fresh water lakes is still before the Courts and whether it will be decided there remains to be seen; the case might very well be settled out of Court between the people and the Government. I will not say much about that here. The Supreme Court has however given its decision that the Arawa people proceed with their claim through the Maori Land Court.
In conclusion I would just like to say a word about the lands that were confiscated by past Governments. Some have said that these confiscations were wrong and that they contravened the articles of the Treaty of Waitangi.
The Government placed in the hands of the Queen of England, the sovereignty and the authority to make laws. Some sections of the Maori people violated that authority. War arose from this and blood was spilled. The law came into operation and land was taken in payment. This it self is a Maori custom—revenge, plunder to avenge a wrong. It was their own chiefs who ceded that right to the Queen. The confiscations cannot therefore be objected to in the light of the Treaty.
The objections should be made in the light of the suffering of some of the tribes by reason of the confiscation of their lands. The wrongs were done by others while lands belonging to others were confiscated. Consequently many tribes suffered through having no lands. Some tribes were too severely punished. It was from these objections that earnest supplications were made to Ministers or by way of petitions to Parliament. While the Government could not defend itself under the provisions of the Treaty, Governments have used the Treaty as a shield against these supplications and claims.
So my friend Bennett, will you please pass on to the dear old lady the answer to her short questions. I am afraid the explanations have been somewhat lengthy. It could have been quite short if I had just stated, the Treaty of Waitangi created Parliament to make laws. The Treaty has given us the Maori Land Court with all its activities. The Treaty confirmed Government purchases of lands which is still being done and it also confirmed past confiscations. The Treaty sanctioned the levying of page 16rates and taxes on Maori lands, it made the one law for the Maori and the Pakeha. If you think these things are wrong and bad then blame our ancestors who gave away their rights in the days when they were powerful.
|
<urn:uuid:3059f18d-d05b-470c-8199-1afa19787870>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-NgaTrea-t1-g1-t1.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00140-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.980368
| 8,813
| 3.734375
| 4
|
A current practice in the federal prison system is to allow inmates to accrue “good time” credit for model behavior during their incarceration. Prisoners can receive up to 54 days* a year for avoiding disciplinary issues during their time behind bars, which can then be removed from the end of their sentence. The concept is three-fold: prisons would be able to reduce behavioral incidents among the prisoners, encourage progress toward obtaining a high school diploma or GED, while reducing the prison population by allowing those inmates who are ostensibly lower risks for recidivism to return to civilian life.
While some state prison populations have declined in recent years, federal prisons have continued to grow at a rate of about 2.7 percent annually. The annual budget for the Bureau of Prisons has grown from $330 million in 1980 to $6.6 billion in 2012. This has resulted in a prison system that is currently 39 percent over capacity. With tough federal sentencing guidelines, this trend of overcrowded prisons and increasing budgets is likely to continue.
In response, FedCURE, an advocate group for reforming the federal prison system, has proposed increasing the maximum “good time” earned from 54 days a year to 128. Doing so would save the U.S. government $1.2 billion a year, according to FedCURE chairman Mark Varca.
Writing for Forbes magazine, Walter Pavlo endorses the FedCURE proposal, if only for the economic implications. “In a time when we want people off of government assistance,” he says, “the federal justice system is feeding more people into prison.”
Pavlo acknowledges that tough-on-crime sentencing standards are popular with most people, but questions their effectiveness. “There is no doubt that prison sentences make the general public feel good over the short term, but the costs of incarceration go on for the long term. … [T]here has to be a better way to monitor felons (inmates) without having them housed on sprawling government complexes and on the government payroll.”
Of course, there are other reasons to want to encourage good behavior by prisoners behind bars. Avoiding disciplinary issues is a good indication that prisoners are willing to follow behavioral standards upon their release. Also, inmates who receive GEDs while incarcerated are less likely to return to prison.
There are good ways to make the criminal justice system both more effective and more efficient. To learn more about possible reforms to the current criminal justice system, be sure to visit Justice Fellowship’s website.
|
<urn:uuid:9eb5f9b1-8ac9-4d10-89cf-ef20fabb8366>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.prisonfellowship.org/2013/02/increasing-good-time-for-federal-prisoners/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00055-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.9547
| 522
| 2.609375
| 3
|
so the distance between a and b is or if you want a decimal, it's
How do we show these are on the same line? Well, we can do so by showing that it's the same slope between any two points.(b)Show that the points O,A,B lie on a straight line.
So find the slope between O and A
Then find the slope between O and B
If they're the same then they are on the same line.
I can spot it from reading the question, but I'm not supposed to give you the answer.(c) What is the relationship between point A and the line of segment?
Try drawing it out, and you will notice point A lies in a particular spot on the segment...
|
<urn:uuid:d6bcdf54-7081-44a2-b1dc-24085a114af8>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://mathhelpforum.com/pre-calculus/45945-coordinates.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00194-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.967497
| 154
| 3.46875
| 3
|
Industry needs incentives, policy to site projects away from sensitive lands — study
The peer-reviewed study published this month in the journal PLoS ONE and led by researchers at the Nature Conservancy found that siting wind development on mostly cropland and other disturbed sites could produce more than 1 million megawatts of electricity. That’s more than four times the amount of electricity needed to meet an Energy Department goal for wind power to provide 20 percent of the nation’s electricity by 2030.
The study authors hope the wind industry and regulators across the Northern Great Plains study area — Montana, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota and Wyoming, as well as southern Alberta and Saskatchewan — will use the study and the maps of already disturbed areas to site wind projects away from greater sage grouse habitat and pathways for whooping cranes, golden eagles and other sensitive avian species
“We think this report is positive,” said Joe Fargione, a Minneapolis-based scientist with the Nature Conservancy and the study’s chief author. “Individual developers can use this to identify areas that are easier to develop from a wildlife conflict standpoint, and we’re hoping individual developers will use this immediately to help inform their siting decisions.”
The study, however, found that 70 percent of the proposed projects currently under consideration in the five states and two Canadian provinces are outside the identified disturbed areas. And only about one-third of existing wind turbines in operation in the study area today are within the low-impact areas identified by the Nature Conservancy.
There are a number of reasons for this, according to the study, such as the fact that the locations for many of the proposed wind projects were chosen because of the site’s proximity to electricity transmission lines and other necessary infrastructure.
But the study also says there are not enough incentives in place to motivate developers to locate in areas with low wildlife impact, “suggesting that the current regulatory framework is generally insufficient to ensure low-impact wind development.”
John Anderson, director of siting policy for the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), said the latest study contains useful information that wind developers could use when siting projects. But he said the study’s implication that projects outside the already disturbed areas will have an impact on wildlife is too broad and not supported by the evidence presented in the study.
“While ideally you’d want to direct development to previously disturbed areas, that does not mean there won’t be wildlife impacts at those locations,” Anderson said. “In some situations there may be lower impacts if there are no species of habitat concern going into a greenfield site. Just because the land is disturbed doesn’t mean there’s no stopover for migratory species or a wildlife corridor. There needs to be more of an analysis than just saying because a site is disturbed by some other activity, it is far and away the place to direct development.”
But the study has once again raised the issue of federal oversight of the wind power industry.
The Fish and Wildlife Service this spring finalized voluntary federal guidelines developed over five years aimed at siting and operating wind farms in ways that minimize impacts to birds, bats and wildlife habitat.
The guidelines, which took effect in March, encourage wind developers to consult with FWS as early as possible to allow biologists to assess a project’s potential impacts. They call for developers to work with the agency to analyze potential project effects on migratory birds, bats, eagles and other species from collisions with turbines; habitat loss, degradation and fragmentation; wildlife displacement and behavioral changes; and increased predators and invasive plants (Greenwire, March 23).
Interior Secretary Ken Salazar has called the guidelines — developed by an FWS advisory committee that included industry officials, conservation leaders, representatives of American Indian tribes, and federal and state regulators — a common-sense road map for steering wind projects away from places where they would have an outsized impact on wildlife and providing developers certainty and flexibility.
But the Nature Conservancy study, without naming the new federal guidelines, concluded, “New policies and approaches are needed to guide wind energy development to low impact areas.”
Voluntary guidelines vs. regs
Fargione declined to address whether federal and state regulators should be responsible for implementing policies that provide wind developers with the incentive to site their projects in low-impact areas, although the study notes that it’s “unlikely, for political reasons,” that new regulations in the region that restrict development on private land will be implemented “based on wildlife concerns.”
But as it stands, “conscientious developers who avoid a site that has substantial wildlife impacts may be at a competitive disadvantage” because there’s nothing stopping another developer from proposing a project on that site, according to the study.
“Consequently, relying on individual developers to voluntarily improve siting practices is unlikely to achieve desired conservation outcomes, because sensitive areas avoided by one project can be easily impacted by subsequent development,” the study added.
Fargione said the Obama administration could help matters by investing in expanded electricity transmission capacity near the low-impact areas. “That will in turn guide and influence the siting of new wind projects to be close to that new transmission,” he said.
But critics of federal oversight of the wind power industry say the study bolsters their argument that ironclad regulations of the industry are needed and that voluntary guidelines are not enough to protect wildlife.
“This study highlights one of our biggest concerns about voluntary wind power guidelines. We have seen no evidence that the industry makes voluntary siting or operating decisions that show an acceptable level of concern for birds or other wildlife,” said Robert Johns, a spokesman with the American Bird Conservancy, the nation’s leading bird conservation group.
“With inadequate federal standards, the wind industry typically does not provide enough protection for birds — and there is no way with a voluntary approach to require them to do so,” Johns added. “The solution, as we said to the Department of the Interior when we petitioned them in December, is to regulate the industry.”
Mark Salvo, director of the WildEarth Guardians’ Sagebrush Sea Campaign, said he agrees, adding that the Bureau of Land Management must take the lead by including wind project siting requirements in the new national greater sage grouse policy under development.
The “National Greater Sage Grouse Planning Strategy,” which will cover the 47 million acres of grouse habitat under federal control in 10 western states, is expected to be finalized in late 2014.
“Unfortunately, the authors [of the study] are correct — most proposed wind energy development is within important sage-grouse habitat, and there are currently only ‘guidelines’ for developing wind energy in sage-grouse range,” Salvo said. “We know what sage grouse need to persist; we know where to put wind development to avoid sage grouse and other sensitive species. Let’s not be stupid about this.”
Anderson, the AWEA director of siting policy, said he agrees with the study’s conclusion that “there needs to be a balanced playing field and an incentive-based approach to direct developers to areas of lower [habitat] concern.”
But he said that the attacks on the FWS guidelines are “disingenuous” and that claims that the industry is not following them are unwarranted.
He noted that AWEA and 40 wind power companies in May sent a letter to Salazar pledging to adhere to the guidelines and that in the letter AWEA committed “to training its members on the Guidelines and urging adherence to them” (E&ENews PM, May 16).
“They’ve only been out for several months. Let’s give it a couple years and see whether or not the industry is following them,” he said. “To say now that prior to the guidelines even being implemented that wind developers were not using them is very disingenuous.”
The debate over wind farm siting and wildlife impacts has become a hot issue as the wind power industry has dramatically expanded in the past three years. Through the first three months of 2012, operating wind farms have the capacity to produce more than 48,000 MW of electricity, according to AWEA statistics.
The Obama administration has set a goal for wind farms to supply 20 percent of the nation’s electricity needs — an estimated 241,000 MW — by 2030. Meeting that goal will require tens of thousands of additional turbines to be sited on both public and private lands as well as offshore.
Conflicts with wind farm siting and wildlife impacts have already interfered with wind development in the Northern Great Plains. Xcel Energy Inc. last year scrapped a $400 million wind farm project in southeast North Dakota after FWS raised questions about the 100-turbine project’s potential adverse impacts on two federally protected birds — the whooping crane and piping plover (Land Letter, April 7, 2011).
And this spring BLM announced it will delay by two years making a final decision whether to approve the China Mountain Wind Project, which proposes to string 170 wind power turbines across nearly 30,000 acres of mostly federal land within prime sage grouse habitat in southeast Idaho and northern Nevada, so that it can incorporate new regulations designed to preserve the bird’s dwindling habitat (E&ENews PM, March 9).
The latest Nature Conservancy study follows an April 2011 study by the conservancy that estimated there are 170 million acres of already disturbed land in 31 states where as much as 3.5 million MW of electricity — enough to power every home in America — could be developed (Land Letter, April 14, 2011).
That study, which was also published in the journal PLoS ONE, did not pinpoint specific sites where wind farms should be built; the latest study does.
The new study, which also included a researcher with the World Wildlife Fund, identified more than 170,000 square miles of disturbed lands in the five states and two Canadian provinces.
The prime area includes almost all of eastern Nebraska, North Dakota and South Dakota, as well as large chunks of east and southeast Wyoming and north and northeast Montana.
Wind farms on the disturbed sites in just these five states could produce an estimated 828,000 MW of electricity — enough to power nearly 290 million homes.
The Nature Conservancy study identified these sites using a federal multiagency database measuring land-cover patterns that identified areas of high- and low-intensity development, and could differentiate among oil and gas fields, cultivated crops, and hay and pasture lands. It then parsed down these areas by selecting regions with good wind power potential, then trimmed the list even more by eliminating disturbed lands near state-level wildlife priority areas, such as core sage grouse breeding areas and key habitat for big game, waterfowl and other migratory birds.
Most of the already disturbed lands identified as suitable for wind development — 78 percent — are croplands.
Agricultural land is suitable for wind farms because the turbines can coexist with active croplands, and farmers generally love the annual lease payments, Fargione said.
“In places where extensive wind development may conflict with the preservation of large intact landscapes and the wildlife that depend upon them, strategies that can balance the needs of development and conservation are required,” the study said. “Targeting wind energy development to areas with low impacts to wildlife can help society simultaneously achieve goals for clean renewable energy production and wildlife conservation.”
|
<urn:uuid:6eb45e04-61ed-4a08-9176-a78dcfd85c57>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.governorswindenergycoalition.org/?p=2956
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00112-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946303
| 2,417
| 2.59375
| 3
|
How to Refer to a Thing by a Word: Another Difference Between Dignāga's and Kumārila's Theories of Denotation
David Bourget (Western Ontario)
David Chalmers (ANU, NYU)
Rafael De Clercq
Ezio Di Nucci
Jack Alan Reynolds
Learn more about PhilPapers
Journal of Indian Philosophy 39 (4-5):571-587 (2011)
In studies of Indian theories of meaning it has been standard procedure to examine their relevance to the ontological issues between Brahmin realism about universals and Buddhist nominalism. It is true that Kumārila makes efforts to secure the real existence of a generic property denoted by a word by criticizing Dignāga, who declares that the real world consists of absolutely unique individuals. The present paper, however, concentrates on the linguistic approaches Dignāga and Kumārila adopt to deny or to prove the existence of universals. It turns out that in spite of adopting contrasting approaches they equally distinguish between the semantic denotation of a word and its pragmatic reference to a thing in the physical world. From a purely semantic viewpoint, Dignāga considers the exclusion of others by a word as the result of a conceptual accumulation of the sense-components accepted in the totality of worldly discourse. Among the three characteristics Dignāga held must be met by universals, Kumārila attaches special importance to their entire inherence in each individual. This is because he pragmatically pays attention to the use of a word in the discourse given in a particular context by analyzing a sentence into a topic and a comment.
|Keywords||Dignāga apoha Sense-component Kumārila pratyekasamavāya Topic and Comment Context|
|Categories||categorize this paper)|
Setup an account with your affiliations in order to access resources via your University's proxy server
Configure custom proxy (use this if your affiliation does not provide a proxy)
|Through your library|
References found in this work BETA
Peter M. Scharf (1996). The Denotation of Generic Terms in Ancient Indian Philosophy: Grammar, Nyāya and Mīmāṃsā. American Philosophical Society.
Citations of this work BETA
Kei Kataoka (forthcoming). Horns in Dignāga’s Theory of Apoha. Journal of Indian Philosophy:1-16.
Similar books and articles
John Taber (2010). Kumārila's Buddhist. Journal of Indian Philosophy 38 (3):279-296.
Birgit Kellner (2011). Self-Awareness (Svasaṃvedana) and Infinite Regresses: A Comparison of Arguments by Dignāga and Dharmakīrti. [REVIEW] Journal of Indian Philosophy 39 (4-5):411-426.
Birgit Kellner (2010). Self-Awareness ( Svasaṃvedana ) in Dignāga's Pramāṇasamuccaya and - Vṛtti : A Close Reading. [REVIEW] Journal of Indian Philosophy 38 (3):203-231.
Zhihua Yao (2009). Empty Subject Terms in Buddhist Logic: Dignāga and His Chinese Commentators. Journal of Indian Philosophy 37 (4):383-398.
Kiyokuni Shiga (2011). Remarks on the Origin of All-Inclusive Pervasion. Journal of Indian Philosophy 39 (4-5):521-534.
John A. Taber (2005). A Hindu Critique of Buddhist Epistemology: Kumārila on Perception: The "Determinatin of Perception" Chapter of Kumārila Bhaṭṭa's Ślokavārttika. Routledgecurzon.
Anne MacDonald (2011). Who is That Masked Man? Candrakīrti's Opponent in Prasannapadā I 55.11–58.13. Journal of Indian Philosophy 39 (6):677-694.
Elisa Freschi (2010). Facing the Boundaries of Epistemology: Kumārila on Error and Negative Cognition. [REVIEW] Journal of Indian Philosophy 38 (1):39-48.
Mark Textor (2007). The Use Theory of Meaning and Semantic Stipulation. Erkenntnis 67 (1):29 - 45.
Christopher Gauker (2015). The Illusion of Semantic Reference. In Andrea Bianchi (ed.), On Reference. Oxford University Press 11-39.
Eric Swanson (2009). Review of Reflections on Meaning, by Paul Horwich. [REVIEW] Philosophical Review 118 (1):131-134.
Dan Arnold (2010). Self-Awareness ( Svasaṃvitti ) and Related Doctrines of Buddhists Following Dignāga: Philosophical Characterizations of Some of the Main Issues. [REVIEW] Journal of Indian Philosophy 38 (3):323-378.
Kumārila Bhaṭṭa (2009). Ślokavārttikam of Kumārila Bhaṭṭa: With the Commentary Nyāyaratnākara of Śri Pārthasārathi Miśra: Translated Into English From the Original Sanskrit Text with Extracts From the Commentaries of Sucarita Miśra (the Kāśikā) & Pārthasārathi Miśra (the Nyāyaratnākara). Also Can Be Had From Chowkhamba Vidyabhawan.
Elisabeth Camp (2005). Review: Josef Stern, Metaphor in Context. [REVIEW] Noûs 39 (4):715-731.
Hisayasu Kobayashi (2010). Self-Awareness and Mental Perception. Journal of Indian Philosophy 38 (3):233-245.
Added to index2011-07-20
Total downloads17 ( #214,064 of 1,902,195 )
Recent downloads (6 months)1 ( #466,168 of 1,902,195 )
How can I increase my downloads?
|
<urn:uuid:b37a7f71-8858-47c7-b7c4-95a551e2199e>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://philpapers.org/rec/YOSHTR
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00042-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.707274
| 1,318
| 2.78125
| 3
|
Submitted to: Agronomy Society of America, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America Meeting
Publication Type: Abstract Only
Publication Acceptance Date: June 4, 2008
Publication Date: N/A
Technical Abstract: The lack of plant-available water reduces crop yield potential in the Northern Great Plains. Practices shown to improve soil water relationships in dryland corn include altering seeding rate and row configuration, though these have not been reported in regions that receive limited annual precipitation like the average 325 mm of the NGP. A study was initiated in 2007 to determine seeding rate and row configuration impacts on dryland corn yield and water use. Two sites in north eastern Montana were planted at four rates (2.47, 3.71, 4.94, or 6.18 plants per square m) in a factorial design (five reps) in conventional 0.61 m rows or in a skip-row configuration with every third row not planted. Soil water in skip-row plots was monitored during the growing season with a neutron probe. Above-ground biomass yield showed a slight inverse relationship with planting rate, and was on average 8.5% greater in conventional than skip-row corn. Grain yield showed a strong inverse relationship with planting rate and ranged from 1.0 to 3.5 Mg per ha for the highest and lowest seeding rates, respectively, indicating a greater proportion of total biomass was made up of grain as planting rates decreased. Grain yield averaged 7.5% greater in conventional than skip-row corn for the two lower planting rates, though for the two higher planting rates yield was 15.4% greater for skip-row than conventional corn. Soil moisture monitored at the 0.91 m depth in the skipped row indicated little difference between the highest and lowest seeding rates. Conversely, moisture at the 0.46 m depth suggested the highest seeding rate depleted available soil moisture earlier in the season, limiting grain fill potential. The first year’s data suggests that for areas with low rainfall, improvements in corn grain yield can be made by adjusting seeding rates to 2.47 plants per square m or lower.
|
<urn:uuid:044ae4ef-6c53-4f6f-ba7c-5daa2161c83c>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=233381
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00097-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936942
| 444
| 2.890625
| 3
|
There was some big news yesterday in transgenic silk from Notre Dame and the University of Wyoming, where scientists have genetically engineered silkworms to produce silk that is a mixture of spider silk and the regular silkworm stuff. Silkworms produce the strong and versatile silk that is used to make clothes, but spiders produce silk that can be much stronger and much more elastic. Spiders, however, don’t like to be grown in huge factories and don’t make easily harvested cocoons like silkworms, so gathering even small amounts is very difficult (here’s a fun how-to for collecting spider webs into thread). By engineering silkworms to produce spider silk it’s possible to make the super-strong protein fibers at an industrial scale, for applications in medicine like super-strong sutures or tissue engineering or even to make bullet-proof vests stronger than kevlar. The engineered silkworms aren’t producing 100% spider silk yet, the silkworms are instead engineered with a copy of the spider silk genes fused directly onto the end of the natural silk gene, so that the silkworm produces a silk that is a mix of the two proteins. The spider/worm silk fusion, however, does have many improved properties, and new genetic engineering technologies can potentially improve this even further and create other novel silks not found in nature.
Spider silk isn’t just one kind of protein, there are thousands of species of spiders that each produce different silks for different purposes–web weaving, dragline making, egg protecting, or prey capturing. A recent PLoS ONE paper (Agnarsson et al. 2010. Bioprospecting finds the toughest biological material: extraordinary silk from a giant riverine orb spider) describes the discovery of the toughest spider silk found to date produced by “Darwin’s bark spider,” Caerostris darwini. These spiders form insane webs strung across whole streams, with bridgelines spanning up to fourteen meters. I don’t really want to think about spiders being able to somehow fling themselves all the way across rivers on super strong silk threads, but the discovery is amazing and the potential for new biomaterials waiting to be discovered is incredible.
This kind of bioprospecting–surveying nature for compounds and materials with special properties–coupled with bioengineering for sustainable scale-up of production will make it possible to develop new silks specialized for many different purposes. From It Takes 30’s post about the discovery of the new spider silk:
Agnarsson et al. argue that it is very likely that yet stronger silks remain to be discovered. The properties of spider silks have only been carefully investigated for a few species, covering only a tiny fraction of the genetic and ecological diversity of spiders. The property you want to measure also depends on the application you have in mind; if you measure toughness at two different rates of pulling, the measurements may not match, and which silk is better may also change. The authors suggest that thinking about the ecological niche a species inhabits may — as in this case — provide important clues to finding even more extraordinary biomaterials.
So, one day, police officers may wear (spider) silk shirts instead of Kevlar vests. Much more stylish, if a little predatory in symbolism.
(Thanks to Sri and Brady for the link and It Takes 30 for the typically fascinating post!)
|
<urn:uuid:5b34e54b-9ed6-4231-a0cf-f03336ed726c>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://scienceblogs.com/oscillator/2010/09/30/spider-worms-and-engineered-si/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00152-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.918701
| 709
| 3.625
| 4
|
America’s Shameful Nazi Past
The Nazi-hunting era that began with the thunder of a kettle drum at the Nuremberg trials in 1945 ended with a whimper in 2011. After a much interrupted two-year trial, a federal court in Munich convicted John Demjanjuk, a retired Cleveland auto worker, of assisting in the deaths of 29,060 mostly Dutch Jews at Sobibor, a Nazi death camp in eastern Poland. The court sentenced him to five years in prison. Because he posed no flight risk, it allowed him to live in a nursing home while his appeal wound its way through German courts.
Demjanjuk died before his appeal process was completed. Therefore, under German law, he is considered not guilty of a war crime and his criminal record in Germany has been expunged. After being hounded through courts in the United States, Israel, and Germany for more than 30 years, Demjanjuk stands guilty of only one crime—lying under oath on his 1951 visa application about his birth country and what he did during World War II.
In the two visa fraud cases the U.S. Department of Justice eventually brought against Demjanjuk, a federal court ruled that he had been trained as an SS guard at Trawniki, a Nazi camp not far from Sobibor, and that he had served as a Nazi death camp guard. But no U.S. criminal court actually tried Demjanjuk for any war crimes because it did not have jurisdiction to do so.
The Demjanjuk case illustrates America’s historical and schizophrenic treatment of Nazi war criminals and their collaborators. On the one hand, the United States aggressively tried some of them at Nuremberg, and deported others like Demjanjuk, who had acquired U.S. visas by fraud, granting extradition rights to those countries who wanted to try them. On the other hand, the United States hired, used, and protected several thousand Nazi war criminals and collaborators for scientific and espionage purposes. The use and shielding of these criminals for more than 50 years was and is a massive obstruction of Holocaust justice.
It is not too late to right a painful wrong. As International Holocaust Remembrance Day approaches this weekend, President Obama has an historic opportunity to act. He can issue an executive order to open currently classified U.S. archives to researchers and journalists, and he can issue a formal apology to Holocaust survivors and victims and their families.
A court in Munich seized such an historic opportunity in 2011 when it convicted Demjanjuk for participating in a “killing process” without actually pulling a trigger. The court decision set a new and courageous precedent in German jurisprudence. Prior to 2011, German law stipulated that an alleged war criminal or collaborator could be found guilty only if he or she had ordered the death of or had personally executed an innocent person. That blind spot, among others, in German law had allowed scores of alleged Nazi war criminals and collaborators to be acquitted and saved hundreds more from the threat of prosecution. The irony is, it’s now too late to apply the new precedent to other alleged Nazi war criminals and collaborators. They are already dead or too old and sick to survive a legal process that takes years.
Sad to say, many countries have used the hunt for individual Nazi war criminals and collaborators as a convenient excuse to avoid confronting the degree to which their governments and citizens were essential players in the killing process during the war, and how they obstructed justice after the war.
To the international list of countries to be held accountable, one must single out the United States and Great Britain. Their military and intelligence complexes obstructed international justice by recruiting, training, employing, and protecting thousands of Nazi war criminals and collaborators. They were used as Cold War spies, propagandists, saboteurs, and assassins, as well as scientific leaders in the development and production of weapons of mass destruction.
Also included on the list of “nations” that collaborated with Nazi genocide is the Catholic Church. Not only did local churches in Croatia, France, Slovakia, and other countries actively support the Nazi regime, the Vatican itself failed to use its authority over those churches to stop the collaboration in a timely, decisive, and effective way. The Vatican also silently condoned the activities of priests and bishops living in Rome who helped Catholic war criminals escape to South America and the Middle East on what has become known as the Vatican ratline.
It is time for the United States to stand accountable for its insensitive, hypocritical, and often illegal use and protection of Nazi war criminals and collaborators, and for its criminal obstruction of international justice in prosecuting them. Every president since Bill Clinton has advocated the timely declassification of documents relating to Nazi war criminals and collaborators and their relationship to the United States. But every president since Clinton has also given government agencies a series of national security loopholes that block the declassification of documents, some of which are more than 60 years old. Although more than 30 million pages have already been declassified, there are hundreds of millions of unsorted and still classified documents sitting in the steel vaults of the National Records Center in suburban Washington.
To speed up the declassification process that will shed new light on the obstruction of Holocaust justice, President Obama should issue an executive order on the next International Holocaust Remembrance Day—Jan. 27, 2014—to automatically declassify, without exception, every document classified before Jan. 1, 1950. The implementation of this recommendation would not cost the national treasury a dime.
It is imperative that the United States also publicly acknowledge the role it played in subverting Holocaust justice. An apology from the president of the United States would go a long way to heal some of the still fresh wounds of war.
|
<urn:uuid:57f2d10d-6a5e-4886-9ffd-bcebff2b6d07>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2013/01/27/america-s-shameful-nazi-past.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00197-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.963148
| 1,176
| 2.75
| 3
|
- General Info learn about drugs
- Symptoms & Signs locate the signs early
- Get Helpwe're here for you
- Recoverylet us help you
- Choose a Substance illicit & prescription drugs
The prevention of alcohol abuse is a shared responsibility. For younger people prevention measures should be taken by parents at home, teachers at work, coaches and other instructors for sports and other activities, as well as extended family members, civic leaders, role models and clergy.
One of the most difficult places to prevent alcohol abuse is on college campuses. This is a loosely-controlled environment that typically caters to a party atmosphere with very little supervision. Millions of college students around the country have difficulty transitioning into the new learning environment with such a strong presence of alcohol consumption and frequent alcohol abuse. Colleges could do much more to prevent alcohol abuse.
During formative years parents have the most influence over young people when it comes to preventing dangerous alcohol consumption. Kids often look up to their parents’ drinking habits as a guideline, for starters, so if they see their parents frequently having a lot of alcohol then it sets a precedent for them to do so as well. If parents rarely or even moderately drink, then having an open dialogue with their kids growing up about the dangers and responsibilities of drinking alcohol can go a long way toward preventing future abuse. Don’t assume they will simply follow your example, have ongoing discussions if necessary.
Popular culture could do a much better job of displaying behavior regarding alcohol abuse, as younger people often emulate what they see on television and hear in music. Reality TV shows on multiple channels frequently depict alcohol abuse as something really cool or funny, at least in the eyes of teenagers. While it may be considered entertaining content, groups such as the Parents Television Council and others see it as being irresponsible and working against prevention efforts.
School systems usually have alcohol and other substance abuse prevention classes or presentations several times at different grade levels. This is a good thing and can be very helpful, though educational speakers and classes should keep in mind that what they present to kids must be on their level, as anything that is an obvious attempt to ‘be cool’, patronize them or scare them is simply ineffective.
Overall, having as many avenues as possible in society for alcohol abuse prevention is a good thing, especially since there are so many alcohol-related problems that affect those in the community.
Need immediate help or prefer speaking with someone? Call 800-895-1695 24 Hours A Day · Toll Free
|
<urn:uuid:526cc2eb-e43c-4020-a415-a8fe83a3c72a>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.alcoholabuse.com/info/prevention/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403823.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00098-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966926
| 511
| 3.171875
| 3
|
A Mesolithic Dinner: Food, Wine and Art by Jane Le Besque
Jane Le Besque hosted a “mesolithic dinner” on June 30, 2013, in her home in the Pays de Gex just over the border in France, an event sponsored by Slow Food Geneva. The dinner was cooked using ancient flavor combinations and techniques, and served on split logs onto which slate plates were placed and used as plates.
What Food Did Jane Le Besque Serve at Her Mesolithic Dinner?
Although Jane’s dinner was labeled “Mesolithic”, it was indeed much more than that. She covered the evolution of food from the post-glacial hunter-gather periods, through the Mesolithic and Neolithic, and going on to the Ancient Greeks and Romans, centering on Europe.
It started with the Mesolithic era, with an assortment of coastal and lake fish, eel, root vegetables and wild greens. The meal then slipped in to the Neolithic era with galettes made from ground lentils, peas and barley, served with spit-roasted boar. The menu ended with an Iron-Age “travelers pack” of dried fruits and dried-porridge slices fried in cumin and butter. The Bronze Age brought blue cheese and butter.
Drinks consisted of mead, more often referred to as “honey wine,” more in the style of the ancient Greeks and Romans than of more ancient peoples, and beer.
What is the Mesolithic?
As a reminder, the Mesolithic Age refers to the pre-agricultural period between 10,000 and 5,000 BCE in Europe, and variations of this period in other parts of the world. The term “pre-agricultural” is key in understanding what ingredients were available. The three terms paleolithic, mesolithic and mesolithic refer to what is generally called the “Stone Age,” i.e. the post-glacial hunter-gatherer period, when humans started to use stone tools and food was gathered rather than farmed.
During the early Stone Ages or paleolithic (2.6 million years ago to around 10,000 BP), humans used some stone tools and utensils, but many tools were made from organic matter such as bone, fibers, and wood. Hunting and gathering were the chief ways of providing food. During the neolithic, starting around 10,200 BCE and ending between 4,500 to 2,000 BCE, depending on the location, we saw the beginning of farming. The mesolithic overlapped the other two ages, once again, at different times in different places. Metal tools brought these three Stone Ages to an end.
Early Stone Age cooking was generally on leaves or directly over the embers, although clay cookware has recently been found in China dating from 19,2000–20,000 years ago, during the ice age. Stone Age plates usually consisted of a rock or other flattish surface found in nature, such as the flattened split logs Jane used in the same manner as we use wooden tables today. Earthenware did not appear on the dinner table until much later.
What Did You Usually Eat at Mesolithic Dinners?
What did they eat? Pretty much whatever they found and killed that was edible: meat, fish, wild plants. The specifics of this depended on the location, climate and season. Meals included the day’s finds. This might consist of berries, wild greens and other wild vegetables and plants.
Meat and later fish were not an everyday affair. They were difficult to come by and difficult to preserve, depending on the location (salt was found in Romania as early as 10,000 years ago). Stone Age people ate very little grain, since agriculture didn’t exist yet. Hazelnuts and other nuts were often roasted, and stored for winter. Wild boar was common; dairy products and cheese were on the menu, although a limited variety.
About Jane Le Besque
Jane Le Besque lives and works with her family at the foot of the French Jura, a few minutes from Geneva, in the foothills of the Jura mountains.
She was born in England and has a Breton grandfather, hence the name. Since graduating from Birmingham Art College in 1986, she continued her studies at l’Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris. She afterwards lived and worked in Toulouse, London, and now outside Geneva.
Jane has always painted. She is her happiest walking through the woods and gathering berries, mushrooms, acorns, flowers and leaves to use in her cooking and painting.
One might say Jane has been interested in mesolithic cooking even before she learned the word. As a child, she spent her time gathering the wild things she now uses in her paintings, making dresses out of them.
Her paintings are an intense reflection of her “gatherer” spirit. The Mesolithic dinner was held in her studio, lined with her paintings of flora of all types.
|
<urn:uuid:9f56cce2-bfed-4bd1-9aec-ac151548ef06>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.theramblingepicure.com/mesolithic-dinner-food-wine-art/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00070-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.975899
| 1,038
| 2.703125
| 3
|
Answer to FAQ
Why does the hard disk drive fail?
First we should set aside the colloquial and obvious wisdom that everything built by humankind falls apart and fails sooner or later. Typically when we ask the above question there are at least two distinct reasons why it came to mind. The number one most common reason is because we'd like to know if there's anything we can do to prevent failure of our hard drive. And the answer to question number one is: not very much — beyond a few common-sense behaviors. The important thing to remember in this regard is that hard disk drives almost always fail without warning. Some fail after 15 days, some persist without failure for 15 years, but in both cases failure is usually sudden, precipitous and completely unexpected.
The second reason for inquiring about hard disk drive failure probably stems from what could be called scientific curiousity. On this matter there are some informative points to be made in the interest of technical edification, and it is this second question the following information will address.
There are not only two main reasons why people ask the question that's the topic of this webpage, but there are also two main categories of hard drive failure: physical and logical. Sometimes it's both. When it's both, diagnostic evaluation can become a bit tricky since the logical fault will generally not become apparent until remedy of the physical fault enables extraction of drive's recorded information (which includes your data) and placement onto another drive that's mechanically stable.
If the system BIOS does not detect the hard drive, then there's a good chance your issue is a physical one. Physical failures can be either mechanical or electronic. It's not uncommon for both types of failures to occur more or less simultaneously; disk drive complexity being what it is, a fault in one section commonly precipitates a related fault in another section. Mechanical failure usually results from a breakdown of the high-precision internal moving parts or a head crash. You may get some kind of warning that a mechanical failure has occurred, or is about to. If your hard drive makes clicking, clanking, beeping, scraping or grinding (or any other unusual) noises, shut it down immediately and call a data recovery firm. In laptops, these sounds can be very difficult to detect. Allowing a hard drive to continue operation under such conditions (whether you can hear the sound or not) very often leads to permanent, non-recoverable data loss. When a hard drive has failed mechanically, software based remedies can only expand media damage while the attempts are being undertaken; data recovery may only be safely recovered by a full-service data recovery operation using processes performed within a cleanroom.
The other most common physical issue is an electronic failure. All hard drives have a circuit board (PCBA: printed circuit board assembly), and this component allows the drive, among many other things, to communicate with the computer system and vice-versa, control positioning of the R/W (read/write) heads, orchestrate the recording or writing of new data, read back previously stored data by interpreting signals received from the heads originating as detected magnetic flux-reversals and converting them to "ones" and "zeroes", keep track of thousands of emerging defects in the media, maintain organization necessitated by user editing of stored data files, and a long list of other things too esoteric for the scope of this document. Electrical failures are common and can occur almost just as easily on a brand new drive as an old one. Ambient heat around the drive unit can become a mortal enemy from outside the computer, causing either or both the electronics and the mechanism to fail, so, always keep your computer system cool and well ventilated. For example, don't keep your CPU or external hard drive next to a window where the sun is going to beat down on it and heat it up, or do check to make sure all the fans are working.
Logical faults have to do with the previously recorded information ("written" upon the drive data storage medium) becoming inaccessible, or in more severe cases, improperly organized. These more severe failures are typically described as file-system corruption. Causes for inaccessible data include accidental formatting of the drive, deletion of important registry keys or other critical files, and also viruses or other "malware". Physical damage to the media resulting from contact with the flying R/W heads can destroy a critical recording of information that leads to a logical fault (see first paragraph above). When logical faults cause apparent drive failure, your drive may still be recognized by the BIOS, it may not boot, but may appear to be normal otherwise.
Another form of logical failure can occur from expected fatigue of the recording medium over time. The drive's media is used to store magnetic impressions, which the drive electronically converts to the ones and zeroes we call data. This means that the magnetic plating on the platter(s) which spin inside your drive, and upon which data is recorded, has become subject to corruption or physical damage through an aging process. Gradual, very slow, yet nonetheless physical deterioration of the magnetic medium takes place with all hard disk drives. In the vast majority of cases, this point is moot, because mechanical breakdown takes place first, on average in roughly three years.
Was this answer not helpful?
Call Now for an "In-Person" Answer . . .
|
<urn:uuid:41610b4a-11ec-41a4-a600-999ef2485585>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.data-master.com/why-harddrives-fail-Q11.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00036-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947498
| 1,092
| 2.515625
| 3
|
Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Vol. III. The Process of Capitalist Production as a Whole
THIS assumption implies that the market price is regulated the same as ever by the capital invested in the worst soil A.
1) If the additional capital invested in any one of the rent paying soils B, C, D, produces no more than the same capital upon the soil A, in other words, if it pays only the average profit by means of the regulating price of production, but no surplus profit, then the effect upon the rent is nil. Everything remains as it is. It is the same as though any number of acres of the A quality, of the worst soil, had been added to the cultivated area.
2) The additional capital brings forth upon every one of the different soils additional products proportional to their magnitude; in other words, the volume of production grows according to the specific fertility of every class of soil, in proportion to the magnitude of the additional capital. We started out in chapter XXXIX from the following Table I:
This table is now transformed into Table II.
It is not necessary in this case that the investment of capital should be doubled in all classes of soil, as it does in this Table. The law is the same, so long as additional capital is invested in one, or several, of the rent paying soils, no matter in what proportion. It is only necessary that production should increase upon every kind of soil in the same ratio as the capital. The rent rises here merely in consequence of an increased investment of capital in the soil, and in proportion to this increase. This increase of the product and of the rent in consequence of, and proportionately to, the increased investment of capital is just the same, so far as the quantity of the product and of the rent is concerned, as though the cultivated area of the rent paying lands of the same quality had been increased and taken under cultivation with the same investment of capital as that previously invested in the same classes of land. In the case of Table II, for instance, the result would remain the same, if the additional capital of 2½ pounds sterling per acre were invested in one additional acre each of B, C and D.
This assumption, furthermore, does not imply a more productive investment of capital, but only an investment of more capital upon the area with the same success as before.
All proportional relations remain the same here. True, if we do not consider the proportional differences, but the purely arithmetical ones, then the differential rent may change upon the various classes of soil. Let us assume, for instance, that the additional capital has been invested only in B and D. In that case the difference between D and A is 7 quarters, whereas it was only 3 before; the difference between B and A is 3 quarters, whereas it was one; that between C and B is minus one, whereas it was plus one, etc. But this arithmetical difference, which is decisive in differential rent I, so far as it expresses the difference of productivity with equal investments of capital, is here quite immaterial, because it is a consequence of different additional investments, or of no additional investments, of capital, while the difference for each aliquot part of capital upon the various lands remains unchanged.
3) The additional capitals bring forth surplus products and thus form surplus profits, but at a decreasing rate, not in proportion to their increase. TABLE III
In the case of this third assumption it is again immaterial, whether the additional second investments of capital are uniformly distributed over the various classes of soil or not; whether the decreasing production of surplus profit proceeds in equal or unequal proportions; whether the additional investments of capital fall all of them upon the same rent paying class of soil, or whether they are distributed equally or unequally over soils of different quality paying rent. All these circumstances are immaterial for the law which we are developing here. The only premise is that additional investments of capital must yield a surplus profit upon any one of the rent paying soils, but in a decreasing ratio to the amount of the increase of capital. The limits of this decrease move in the above illustration of Table III between 4 quarters = 12 p.st., the product of the first investment of capital upon the best soil D, and 1 quarter = 3 p.st., the product of the same investment of capital upon the worst soil A. The product of the best soil on the first investment of capital forms the maximum boundary, and the product of the same investment of capital in the worst soil A, which pays no rent and yields no surplus profit, forms the minimum limit of the product, which the successive investments of capital yield upon any of the various classes of soils producing a surplus profit with successive investments of capital and a decreasing productivity. Just as assumption No. II corresponds to a condition, in which new pieces of the same quality are added to the cultivated area among the superior soils, so that the quantity of any one of the cultivated soils is increased, so assumption No. III corresponds to a condition, in which additional pieces of soil are cultivated in such a way that their various degrees of fertility are distributed among soils between D and A, among soils from the best to the worst kind. If the successive investments of capital take place exclusively upon the soil D, they may include the existing differences between D and A, likewise those between D and C and those between D and B. If all the successive investments are made upon soil C, they will comprise only differences between C and A and C and B; if made exclusively upon B, only differences between B and A.
But this is the law: That the rent increases absolutely upon all these classes of soil, although not in proportion to the additional capital invested.
The rate of surplus profit, considering both the additional capital and the total capital invested in the soil, decreases; but the absolute magnitude of the surplus profit increases. In like manner the decreasing rate of profit on capital in general is generally accompanied by an absolutely increasing mass of profit. Thus the average surplus profit of the investment of capital upon B amounts to 90% on the capital, whereas it amounted to 120% on the first investment of capital. But the total surplus profit increases from one quarter to one and a half quarter, or from 3 pounds sterling to 4½ pounds sterling. Considering the total rent by itself—and not comparing it with the doubled magnitude of the advanced capital—it has risen absolutely. The differences of the rents of the various kinds of soil and their relative proportions may vary here; but this variation in the differences is here a consequence, not a cause, of the increase of the rents compared to one another.
4) The case, in which the additional investments of capital upon the superior soils bring forth a greater product than the original ones, requires no further analysis. It is a matter of course that under this assumption the rent per acre will rise, and will do so at a greater rate than the additional capital, no matter upon which kind of soil the investment may have been made. In this case the additional investment of capital is accompanied by improvements. This includes the case, in which an additional investment of less capital produces the same or a greater result than did formerly an investment of more capital. This case is not quite identical with the former one, and this is a distinction, which is important in all investments of capital. For instance, if 100 make a profit of 10, and 200, employed in a certain form, make a profit of 40, then the profit has risen from 10% to 20%, and to that extent it is the same as though 50, employed in a more effective form, make a profit of 10 instead of 5. We assume here that the profit is combined with a proportional increase of the product. But the difference is this, that I must double the capital in the one case, whereas in the other I produce the double effect by the same capital. It is by no means the same whether I bring forth the same product as before with half as much living and materialized labor, or twice the product as before with the same labor, or four times the former product with twice the labor. In the first case, labor in a living or materialised form is released, which may be employed otherwise; the power to dispose of capital and labor increases. The release of capital (and labor) is in itself an augmentation of wealth; it has just the same effect as though this additional capital had been obtained by accumulation, but it saves the labor of accumulation.
Take it that a capital of 100 has produced a product of ten yards. The 100 may include both constant capital, living labor and profit. In that case one yard costs 10. Now if I can produce 20 yards with the same capital of 100, then one yard costs 5. On the other hand, if I can produce 10 yards with a capital of 50, then one yard likewise costs 5, and a capital of 50 is released, assuming the former supply of commodities to be sufficient. Again, if I have to invest 200 of capital in order to produce 40 yards, then one yard also costs 5. The determination of the value, or price, does not indicate such differences as these, neither does the mass of products proportional to the investment of capital. But in the first case, capital is released; in the second case additional capital is saved to the extent that a duplication of production would be required; in the third case the increased product can be obtained only by an augmentation of the invested capital, although not in the same proportion as it would be if the increased product had to be supplied by the old productive power. (This belongs in Part I.)
From the point of view of capitalist production the employment of constant capital is always cheaper than that of variable capital, not where it is a question of increasing the surplus-value, but of reducing the cost price. For a saving of costs even in the element creating the surplus-value, labor, performs this service for the capitalist and makes profit for him, so long as the regulating price of production remains the same. This presupposes in fact the existence of a development of credit and of an abundance of loan capital corresponding to the capitalist mode of production. On the one hand I employ 100 pounds sterling of additional constant capital, if 100 pounds sterling are the product of five laborers during one year; on the other hand, 100 pounds sterling in variable capital. If the rate of surplus-value is 100%, then the value created by those five laborers in 200 pounds sterling; on the other hand, the value of 100 pounds sterling of constant capital is 100 pounds sterling, or perhaps 105 pounds sterling in its capacity as loan capital, if the rate of interest is 5%. The same sums of money express largely different values in product, according to whether they are advanced to production as values of constant or variable capital. Furthermore, as concerns the cost of the commodities from the point of view of the capitalist, there is also this difference that of 100 pounds sterling of constant capital only the wear and tear passes into the value of the product to the extent that this money is invested in fixed capital, whereas 100 pounds sterling invested in wages pas wholly into the values of commodities and must be reproduced in them.
In the case of colonists and of independent small producers in general, who have no command at all over capital or at least command it only at a high rate of interest, that part of the product which stands in place of wages is their revenue, whereas it constitutes an investment of capital for the capitalist. The colonist, therefore, regards this expenditure of labor as the indispensable prerequisite of his product, which is the thing that interests him first of all. As for his surplus-labor, after deducting that necessary labor, it is evidently realised in a surplus-product and as soon as he can sell this, or even use it for himself, he looks upon it as something that cost him nothing, because it cost him no materialised labor. It is only the expenditure of materialised labor which appears to him as an outlay of wealth. Of course, he tries to sell as high as possible; but even a sale below value and below the capitalist price of production still appears to him as a profit, unless this profit is claimed beforehand by debts, mortgages, etc. But for the capitalist the investment of both variable and constant capital represents an outlay of capital. The relatively large outlay of the capitalist reduces the cost-price, and in fact the value of commodities, provided other circumstances remain the same. Hence, although the profit arises only from surplus-labor, consequently only from the employment of variable capital, still it may seem to the individual capitalist that living labor is the most expensive element of his cost of production, which should be reduced to a minimum above all others. This is but a capitalistically distorted form of the correct view that the relatively greater use of past labor, compared to living labor, signifies an increase in the productivity of social labor and a greater social wealth. From the point of view of competition, everything appears thus distorted and invested.
Assuming the prices of production to remain unchanged, additional investments of capital may be made with an unaltered, an increasing, or a decreasing productivity upon the better soils, that is upon all soils from B upward. Upon soil A this would be possible, under the conditions assumed by us, only in the case that productivity should remain the same, in which case this land continues to pay no rent, or in the case that productivity increases in which case a portion of the capital invested in A would produce rent, while the remainder would not. But it would be impossible, if the productivity upon A were to decrease, for in that case the price of production would not remain unchanged, but would rise. But under all these circumstances the surplus-product and the surplus-profit corresponding to it increases per acre, and with them eventually the rent, in grain or in money, regardless of whether the surplus-product yielded by them is proportional to their magnitude, or above or below this proportion, regardless of whether the rate of the surplus-profit of capital remains constant, rises of falls when this capital increases. The growth of the mere mass of surplus-profit, or of the rent calculated per acre, that is, an increasing mass calculated on the same unaltered unit, in the present case on a definite quantity of land, such as an acre or an hectare, expresses itself as an increasing ratio. Hence the magnitude of the rent, calculated per acre, increases under such circumstances simply in consequence of the increase of the capital invested in the soil. This takes place when the price of production remain the same, no matter whether the productivity of the additional capital stays unaltered, or decreases, or increases. These last named circumstances modify the volume, in which the level of the rent per acre rises, but not the fact of this increase itself. This is a phenomenon, which is peculiar to differential rent No. II and distinguishes it from differential rent No. I. If the additional investments of capital, instead of being made successively one after another upon the same soil, were made side by side upon new additional soil of the corresponding quality, the mass of the rental would have increased, and, as previously shown, the average rent of the cultivated total area would like wise have increased, but not the size of the rent per acre. When results remain the same so far as the mass the value of the total production and of the surplus product are concerned, the concentration of capital upon a smaller area of land develops the size of the rent per acre, whereas its distribution over a larger area, under the same circumstances, and other circumstances remaining the same, does not produce this effect. But the more the capitalist mode of production develops, the more develops also the concentration of capital upon the same area of land, and the higher rises the rent calculated per acre. Consequently, if we have two countries, in which the prices of production are identical, the differences of the various kinds of soil the same, and the same amount of capital invested, but in such a way that the investment is made in the form of successive outlays upon a limited area in one country, whereas in the other country it is made more in the shape of co-ordinated outlays upon a wider are, then the rent per acre, and with it the price of land, would be higher in the first and lower in the second country, although the mass of the rent would be the same in both countries. The difference in the size of the rent could not be explained in such a case out of the natural fertility of the various kinds of soil, nor out of the quantity of employed labor, but solely out of the different ways in which the capital is invested.
In speaking of a surplus-product in this case, we mean that aliquot part of the product, in which the surplus-profit presents itself. Ordinarily we mean by surplus-product that portion of the product, in which the total surplus-value is materialised, or in some cases that portion, in which the average profit presents itself. The specific significance, which this term assumes in the case of rent-paying capital, give rise to misunderstanding, as we have shown in another place.
Return to top
|
<urn:uuid:053cf47d-8f66-4582-89ea-e6cee3cba701>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Marx/mrxCpC41.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397748.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00015-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.950602
| 3,519
| 2.859375
| 3
|
The Role of Isaac
The Torah devotes several entire Torah portions to the lives of Abraham and Jacob. In contrast, only this week's portion focuses on Isaac. And even in this parsha, there is only one story which involves Isaac and no other forefather; that is the story of his time living in Gerar, the land of the Philistines. Isaac is forced by a famine to move to Gerar where he says that his wife, Rebecca, is his sister, like his father had done many years earlier. Then the Torah goes to considerable length describing how the Philistines sealed wells that Abraham had dug, and how Isaac re-dug them. He endures considerable hostility from the native Philistines and finally makes a treaty with their King, Avimelech.
On superficial analysis it is very difficult to derive any significant lessons from this story, but in truth, it provides the key to understanding Isaac.
The most striking aspect of Isaac's actions is that they very closely followed those of his father. When there was a famine in Abraham's time he headed for Egypt; Isaac planned to do the same thing until God told him not to leave the land of Israel. Then he returned to the wells that his father had dug but were now sealed, and he dug them again, calling them the same names that his father had called them.(1) Rabbeinu Bachya states that from Isaac's actions, we derive the concept of mesoras avos, following in the traditions of our fathers for all future generations of the Jewish people.(2) Isaac did not want to veer one inch from the path trodden by his father.
Rabbi Mattisyahu Salomon explains Isaac's role among the forefathers: Abraham was the trailblazer; he set the precedents and established the guideposts. Isaac's job was to consolidate everything that his father had done, to follow precisely in his father's footsteps and thereby establish for all future generations the primacy of following the mesora (tradition). Isaac's life work was not to seek new ways and new paths but to follow faithfully on the path trodden by his father. Therefore when a famine came to the land, he immediately thought of going to Egypt because his father did so. And when he came to Gerar he dug the same wells and gave them the same names that Avraham had given them.(3)
However, there is another key aspect to Isaac that seems to contradict the idea that he followed his father in every way. The two men had very different personalities; Abraham epitomized the trait of chessed, overflowing with kindness to everyone. Isaac, in contrast, was characterized by self-discipline and internal strength. Abraham was the greatest role model a person could have and it would have been natural for Isaac to try to emulate his father's every action. However, Isaac did not content himself with that; he forged his own path in his service of God.
We have seen that on the one hand, Isaac represented following tradition, not deviating from the path that his father had set. And on the other hand, he possessed a totally different character to his father. How can we resolve these two aspects of Isaac?
In reality there is no contradiction. Every Jew is born into a line of tradition that goes back to Abraham. We are obligated to faithfully adhere to the instructions and attitudes that we receive from this line of tradition. A person cannot make up his own set of values; there is a tradition that guides him how to live his life. At the same time, this does not mean that each person in the chain of tradition is identical in every way - there are many ways in which a person can express himself. The Chafetz Chaim asks why the Torah emphasizes that the Tree of Life was in the middle ('besoch') of Gan Eden. He answers that this teaches us that there is one central point of truth but that there are numerous points surrounding it, each one standing at an equal distant from the centre. So too, there are many approaches to Judaism that emphasize different forms of service and different character traits. However, as long as they remain within the boundaries of the mesora, then they are all of equal validity.(4)
There was one Yeshiva in particular that stressed the idea that each person should not be forced into one specific mold - Slobodka. The Alter of Slobodka, Rabbi Nosson Tzvi Finkel, placed great stress on the uniqueness of each individual. He was very wary of employing highly charismatic teachers in his yeshiva for fear that they would overwhelm their students with their sheer force of personality.(5) This emphasis on encouraging a student to develop his individuality permeated the teachings of Slobodka students. Rabbi Yaakov Kamenetzky always emphasized the importance of independence in learning. While not denigrating the importance of a students's devotion to his teacher, he stressed that this should not prevent the student from developing independently his own powers of analysis and reaching his own conclusions.(6)
Rabbi Kamenetsky adopted a similar approach in the area of ideology - he felt that if a person had a tendency towards a certain valid stream of Torah then he should not be prevented from looking into it even if it contrasted the traditional outlook adopted by his family. A family close to Rabbi Kamenetsky was shocked when the youngest of their seven sons informed them that he wanted to be a Skverer Chassid. They went together with the boy to Reb Yaakov expecting him to convince their son that boys from proper German-Jewish families do not become Chassidim. To their surprise, Rabbi Kamenetsky spent his time assuring them that it was not a reflection on them that their son wanted to follow a different path of service of God. Obviously, their son had certain emotional needs which he felt could be filled by becoming a chassid and they should honor those feelings. He even recommended a step more radical than the parents were willing to consider - sending the boy to a Skverer Yeshiva!(7)
The idea that there are many different valid ways for an observant Jew to express himself is relevant to many areas of our lives, one is development of one's personality. There is a tendency in many societies for certain character traits to gain more praise than others. For example, being outgoing and confident is often seen as very positive, whilst being shy and retiring is often viewed in a negative light. An extroverted parent who has a more introverted child may be inclined to see his child's quiet nature as a character flaw and try to pressure him to change his ways. However, the likelihood is that this will only succeed in making him feel inadequate.
It is the parent's job to accept that his child may be different from him, accept him for who he is and work with his strengths. Similarly a child may find it difficult to sit for long periods of time and focus on learning. If a parent or teacher places too great a pressure on the child to learn, then it is likely that when he grows up he will rebel. It should be noted that whilst parenting is the area most affected by this message, it also applies greatly to our own service of God. We too may experience feelings of inadequacy in some area of our lives because we do not 'fit in' with the consensus of the society that we live in. However, sometimes, we may be able to find more satisfaction in our lives if we allow ourselves to express our strengths.
What are the benefits of encouraging a person to express his individuality in Torah? We said earlier that the Yeshiva that most stressed this idea was Slobodka. If one were to look at the products of all the great Yeshivas he will see that Slobodka produced by far the greatest number of leading Rabbis.(8) And what is striking about these great people is how different they were from each other. By stressing the uniqueness of each individual the Alter was able to bring the best out of each of his students. If we can emulate him then we have a far greater chance of enabling ourselves, our children and our students to live happier and more successful lives.
1. Toldos, 26:18.
2. Rabbeinu Bachya, ibid.
3. Matnos Chaim, Ch.2. "The Ways of the Fathers."
4. Chofetz Chaim Al HaTorah, 2:9.
5. See Rosenblum, Reb Yaakov, Ch.2, p.50-56.
6. Ibid. p.55-6.
7. Ibid. p.328.
8. Included in this list are: Rav Aharon Kotler zt"l; Rav Yaakov Kamenetsky zy"l; Rav Yaakov Yitzchak Ruderman zt"l; Rav Yitzchak Hutner zt"l; Rav Reuven Grozovsky zt'l (Rosh Yeshiva of Torah Vodaas), Rav Dovid Leibowitz zt'l (the first Rosh Yeshiva of Torah Vodaas and subsequently founder of Yeshivas Chofetz Chaim), Rav Isaac Sher zt"l (Rosh Yeshiva of Slobodka); Rav Yechezkel Sarna zt"l (Rosh Yeshiva of Chevron); Rav Meir Chodosh zt"l. The son of the Alter, Rav Eliezer Yehuda Finkel was the Mirrer Rosh Yeshiva.
|
<urn:uuid:3f03dadf-c1b9-4c87-b4c8-9053e3016617>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.aish.com/tp/i/gl/106401929.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398516.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00083-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.9817
| 1,971
| 3.390625
| 3
|
An "I Love You" book is a perfect gift for a very special friend or family member on Valentine's Day. Love is a universal language spoken by people all over the world. This Valentine's Day, spark your child's interest in other languages and cultures by teaching her how to say "I love you" in eight different languages. Heartfelt and thoughtful, this multilingual "I Love You" book makes the perfect gift for a loved one on Valentine's Day.
What You Do:
- First of all, help your child find how to say "i love you" in 6 to 8 different languages.Try using foreign language books or the Internet to find your sayings.
- Once you have your phrases, practice pronouncing them together out loud as best you can. Look for pronunciation guides to help you get the pronunciation right. Make sure she notes the country where each language is spoken.
- Now your child is ready to put her creativity to work. Have her write each phrase at the top of a sheet of paper, one phrase to a page.
- Ask her to think about each country. On each country's page, have her draw something that represents the culture in some way. For example, she could draw a landmark, the country's flag, or a popular dish. Encourage her to look through a book or online for inspiration.
- To complete her book, ask your child to design a cover page and give her book a title.
- Line up the pages together, then punch holes along the spine and tie the pages together with ribbon. Voila! Your child now has a beautiful gift to give to a loved one for Valentine's Day.
Did you know? Many other countries have special days for celebrating love. In Mexico, Guatemala, and El Salvador, people celebrate Dia del Amor y la Amistad or Day of Love and Friendship. People perform acts of appreciation for their friends on this day. In Brazil, couples exchange candy, cards, flowers, and other gifts on June 12th. In Japan, Valentine's Day is a time for women to give chocolate and gifts to men. One month later, on White Day, men return the favor by giving chocolate back to the women who gave them gifts on Valentine's Day.
|
<urn:uuid:9febefc3-e73a-48e9-99c2-735d9277382a>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.education.com/activity/article/multilingual-love-book/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00080-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.946781
| 463
| 3.046875
| 3
|
Information Useful for Librarians
Who are Homeschoolers and What do They Want?
To Feel Welcomed: Homeschoolers want to be welcome to use the library during school hours. Many complain of librarians who frown at them and ask them why they are there during school hours. Yet, what better place to learn?
Late readers: There are many different educational philosophies, some of which encourage delaying teaching reading until after the age of 8 or 10 (ie: Waldorf and Moore Academy). Some homeschooled children also have difficulty with reading skills, just as some traditionally schooled children may. They are coming to the library looking for help. Please do not judge the parents to be neglectful if the children are 'behind'. There may be reasons you are unaware of.
Grade Levels: Many home school children are at several different grade levels of curriculum. They may be in 4th grade math and 2nd grade grammar. The question "What grade are you in?" is often not an easy one or a comfortable one. Please ask instead what grade level book they are looking for.
Special Needs: Many homeschoolers have children that have special educational needs. In fact, many have left the school systems because of special needs and they are struggling to meet them at home instead. The need could be for age appropriate yet high school level reading material for an 8 year old - or for books that don't look childish but are of a low level for an older student. Educators for decades have long sought such materials, and homeschoolers are no different. Knowing the books in your collection that fit these unique needs is a terrific boon to homeschoolers.
Confidentiality: Some homeschoolers fear losing their right to homeschool. They fear that they will be harassed or that laws will change and, if they are known in the community, they will lose their right to homeschool. Please be aware that many homeschoolers will worry that if they give a library their name and phone number on a homeschool contact list that the information might be given to another governmental agency. Some even fear coming forth as a homeschooler for fear that the library staff will report them as truant. Trust is hard won in many cases, and takes time.
Eight Popular Homeschooling Philosophies
This is the most familiar style to those of us who attended schools ourselves. Generally it involves four or more subjects a day, taught during specific time periods. Generally this style uses prepackaged purchased curricula, but certainly not always.
Classical (Trivium) -
Classical Education organizes education into three Biblical categories. These three categories are Grammar, Logic & Rhetoric, otherwise known as knowledge (learning the facts), understanding (organizes the facts into rational order), and wisdom (taking that knowledge and understanding and uses it in practical ways). This is the original liberal arts education. Memorization, dialog, writing and languages are stressed.
Charlotte Mason -
A Christian-based philosophy of education that stresses good literature (rather than textbooks), copying of relevant materials, and dictation. Nature walks are stressed throughout. Structure is crucial and training of good habits begins in infancy.
is a non-Christian spiritually based program featuring delayed academics and a rich variety of music, arts and literature. The aim of Waldorf education is to educate the whole child -- head, heart and hands. The curriculum is geared to the child's stages of development and brings together all elements -- intellectual, artistic, spiritual and movement. The goal is to produce individuals who are able, in and of themselves, to impart meaning to their lives. Rituals of daily and seasonal life are strongly emphasized.
The original works of Maria Montessori have been gravely distorted here in America by a lack of copyrights on her name, but the original concept was to respect the child's inner desire to learn and allow him/her to make spontaneous and free choices within a carefully prepared environment (structure the environment, not the child). The role of the adult is to observe and use brief teachable moments to introduce new concepts (usually by doing the activity quietly herself and waiting for a child to ask a question about it).
Unit Study Approach -
Unit studies can be as flexible or structured as a family wants. They allow for a great deal of individual choice in both the choice of units to be done and in the materials used. It is usually an in-depth study of one specific topic (baseball, the planets, trees, puffins) that takes into account many areas of the topic, such as geography, science, history, art, etc. It is a complete immersion into the topic so that the student will see things as a "whole" instead as isolated subject areas.
Unschooling is not how something is done, but why. Unschooling is the belief that all people, no matter how old or young, have a built in desire to learn (unless that desire has been crushed by outside forces). It is a belief that if you allow a person of any age to pursue their own interests throughout life they will end up gaining the knowledge they will need in order to pursue the life they want. Unschoolers use textbooks, movies, classrooms and correspondence courses, museums and magazines, jobs and volunteer positions (and the rest of the world) to learn. Unschooling is not, however, never saying no and letting the wolves raise your children.
Any combination of the styles listed above. This is really what most homeschooling families are.
How To Create a Homeschool Friendly Library
(on the cheap!)
Answers to Questions:
Put links to popular sites on your web page to refer people to and/or compile a resource binder of information from a wide variety of current on-line sources such as:
A2Z Homeschooling Web Site
Ann Zeise has created this wonderful, informative and very well maintained site. No matter who or where you are, you will find useful information here. Note, there are a lot of banner ads at this site. If that bothers you, check out the next site!
If the site above doesn't have it, this one certainly does! Terrific collection of information and articles.
Home Educators Resource Directory
Comprehensive resources for the home educator.
Answers to Legal Questions: Compile a binder of legal information from a wide variety of current on-line sources.
Area Supervisory Teachers contact list: Some states require the use of supervisory teachers in order to homeschool. Having a local homeschooler create a list of local teachers (and their specialties?) can really make the life of a new homeschooler far easier. All you have to do is provide a space to post the information and try to make sure it is updated once or twice a year!
Area Support Group contact list: Having a local homeschooler create a list of regional support groups, cooperatives and businesses that offer homeschool specials (ie: weekly bowling or twice a week dance lessons are common in many areas) can really make the life of a new homeschooler far easier. All you have to do is provide a space to post the information and try to make sure it is updated once or twice a year.
Be Welcoming: Homeschoolers want to be welcome to use the library during school hours. Many complain of librarians who frown at them and ask them why they are there during school hours. Yet, what better place to learn?
Book Classification Labels such as those for reading levels, historical fiction and math literature
Book Discussion Groups such as those with Junior Great Books
Cataloging with Homeschoolers in Mind: see the section below for helpful tips
Educator Cards with extended checkout periods and reduced/no fines
Find an Active Homeschool Volunteer: Those patrons who are requesting more services may very well be just the resource you need to get some of these ideas implemented!
Fliers and Pamphlets and Catalogs: While many suppliers only offer online catalogs and magazines, some are still available in print. If possible, get a collection of them and provide a vertical file of these wonderful resources.
Free Use of Meeting Room(s) for classes, meetings and speakers: Yes, sometimes a homeschool group may hire a speaker or teacher. Does this mean they can't use your meeting room to hear their chosen speaker? If so, would you be willing to hire the speaker?
Hi / Lo Readers for reluctant readers and tame YA and Adult fiction for advanced readers
Information Center: A bulletin board & more!
Interlibrary Loan that is free and friendly
Reader's Advisory: lists of math literature, historical fiction, and/or popular literature-based curricula (such as Sonlight, Veritas Press, or Five in a Row) materials that your library already owns and where to find the items.
Reading Level Assessment Tools: Microsoft Word, San Diego Quick Assessment, AR lists, Reading Counts lists, Lexiles, etc.
Scope and Sequence Charts: Compile a binder showing a typical course of study for each grade level available from Worldbook.com
Understand Grade Levels: Many home school children are at several different grade levels of curriculum. They may be in 4th grade math and 2nd grade grammar. The question "What grade are you in?" is often not an easy one or a comfortable one. Please ask instead what grade level book they are looking for.
Unit Study Kits or backpacks for a variety of ages
Cataloging With Homeschool Educators In Mind:
The problem many new homeschoolers have with Mr. Dewey's System: Many homeschoolers will never find the cool new math game books you bought if they are off in educational games (371.307) because they are looking for math materials and wouldn't think of looking outside of the 500s. They need to be near the other math books at 519.2.
J FIC vs. Math or Science: The same pre-planning works for the many wonderful math literature books such as the Sir Cumference series or The Librarian who Measured the Earth that are often shelved as J FIC (children's picture books). You can help homeschoolers by using book classification labels or even by asking homeschool volunteers to help create a listing of all of these 'mixed uses' books in your library. Please click HERE for a list of math literature books as a place to start a search of your library's holdings.
'Homeschooling' vs. 'Home Schooling' : New homeschoolers may not know where to look in the library. They go to the OPAC and type in 'homeschooling' for a subject search and find nothing because the Library of Congress has it listed as 'home schooling'. They look in the education section (371.) and again find nothing because the LoC has it categorized as 'family life' and tucked away at 649.68. These new homeschoolers then decide you aren't catering to their needs. However, many will never ask! If you can't recatalog materials, get the word out using signs, posters, bibliographies or information centers!
Knowing you can't recatalog your entire library, know too that creating bibliographies featuring books you already own is a terrific way of helping home educators, as well as making the most of what you already have.
Historical Fiction From Any Specific Time: Many home school patrons can't find appropriate historical fiction about specific topics like the Revolutionary War or Ancient Egypt because those books are listed by author's last name and they have no idea where to even begin. You can help by using "Historical Fiction" book classification labels or even by asking volunteers to help create a chronological listing of all historical literature in your library. Click HERE to see the Johnsburg Public Library's Historical Fiction list.
Many curriculum suppliers are great about listing a wide variety of recommended titles for specific eras. Posting a few of these lists will make everyone's lives much easier!
We would recommend:
Veritas Press (catalog)
Greenleaf Press (catalog)
Five in a Row (catalog)
Beautiful Feet (catalog)
The Well Trained Mind (book)
The Complete Home Learning Source Book
Purchasing for the Homeschool Resource Center (HRC):
A homeschool volunteer (who is also a former teacher) gathered specific recommendations for items from a wide variety of homeschoolers (both on-line and those from area support groups), books, and catalogs. These lists were then compiled, sorted by subject area and then by appropriate age levels. Purchases were then made based on the survey responses. Purchases were made using a $55,000 grant. Funding for this grant was provided by the Illinois State Library, a division of the Office of Secretary of State, using federal LSTA funding. We also gladly accept donated materials in good condition. Materials that are not used are sold by our Friends group at a 'Used Curriculum Fair" that is part of our annual Homeschool Open House.
Based on the survey results we specifically targeted the following purchases:
Educational philosophy books (371.042)
Homeschool information books
Curriculum and unit study materials
Textbooks currently used at the local public schools.
Catalogs of homeschooling materials (free!)
Historical fiction and non-fiction books
Science and technology books
Math game books (cataloged in math rather than in games)
Educational board games and puzzles
Video and audiotapes
Microscopes and telescopes: (2 stereomicroscopes, 2 compound microscopes, astroscan telescope and Celestron with tripod telescope)
3-D anatomy and geology displays
3-D specimens of plants and animals
Physics and Chemistry equipment
Foreign Language tape and video systems
NOTE: The collection in the HRC is carefully curated and updated to maintain a successful balance of educational philosophies, perspectives, and subjects. Changes to the original collection have been necessary due to rapidly expanding curricula options, technological advances, and changing needs in the community. VHS tapes originally purchased with grant funds have been replaced by DVDs. Educational computer games are no longer as popular because they have been replaced by mobile applications. The HRC collection is weeded regularly just as any collection in the library, using the same weeding criteria based on circulation statistics and condition and age of item. Annual purchases for the HRC are budgeted for from the library's regular Library Materials budget line item.
Christian vs. Secular Materials
Probably one of the most frequently asked questions we have been asked is in regards to how we found a balance in regards to religious materials. Admittedly this was one of the most difficult aspects of selecting materials. Every effort was made to find materials in every subject and in every grade level for every need. There are some materials that are specifically Christian, but there are always non-religious materials to balance them. For instance, we do have books on both Creationism and Evolution. So far, everyone we have had feedback from (including Atheists, Buddhist, Christian, Jewish, and Wiccan) has complemented us on the balanced job, so the added effort seems to have been worth it!
How Helpful Is the HRC CollectionTo Homeschoolers?
Most families switch styles and/or curriculums an average of 7 times in the first 2 years of homeschooling! This switching around can cost tens of thousands of dollars to an already struggling single income family.
What About Circulation?
What kind of circulation has Johnsburg's Homeschool Resource Center generated? Annual circulation for items in the HRC averages approximately 3% of the library's total circulation. (The size of the HRC collection is also approximately 3% of the library's total collection.) Reciprocal borrowers account for 80-90% of the total circulation of the HRC collection. Homeschool educators have driven in from several hours away (with picnic baskets!) to make a day of visiting and making use of HRC materials.
Click HERE to see the Top 100 Circulated Items in the HRC.
Click HERE to see the Top 100 Books in the HRC.
Click HERE to see the Top 100 Non-Book Items in the HRC.
Some pages for you to look at if you are considering adding a Homeschool Resource Center to your library:
|
<urn:uuid:f778727a-5c08-4afb-b436-c70058b26352>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://johnsburglibrary.org/book/export/html/561
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398209.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00050-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.953034
| 3,372
| 2.984375
| 3
|
Working with the Federal Communications Commission's new Emergency Alert System, NWR is an "all hazards" radio network, making it the single source for the most comprehensive weather and emergency information available to the public. NWR now broadcasts warning and post-event information for all types of hazards - both natural (such as earthquakes and volcano activity) and technological (such as chemical releases or oil spills).
Some weather radios are equipped with a special tone feature, which can sound an alert and give you immediate information about a life-threatening situation. During an emergency, National Weather Service forecasters will interrupt routine weather radio programming and send out the special tone that activates weather radios in the listening area. The hearing- and visually impaired also can get warnings by connecting weather radios with alarm tones to other kinds of attention- getting devices like strobe lights, pagers, bed-shakers, personal computers and text printers. To make use of the new digital coding technology, more sophisticated weather radio receivers will be required. Most NOAA Weather Radio receivers are either battery-operated portables or AC- powered desktop models with battery backup so they can be used in different situations. Some CB radios, scanners, short wave and AM/FM radios are capable of receiving NOAA Weather radio transmissions. Many communities throughout the United States also make "Weather Radio" available on cable TV and broadcast television secondary audio programming channels.
Weather radios are especially valuable in places that are entrusted with public safety, including hospitals, schools, places of worship, nursing homes, restaurants, grocery stores, recreation centers, office buildings, sports facilities, theaters, retail stores, bus and train stations, airports, marinas and other public-gathering places. To buy a NOAA Weather radio, check with stores that sell electronics. More information is available through the Internet at the National Weather Service's NOAA Weather radio Web site - http:/www.nws.noaa.gov/nwr
Known as the "Voice of the National Weather Service," NWR is provided as a public service by the Department of Commerce's National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration. The NWR network has more than 450 transmitters, covering the 50 states, adjacent coastal waters, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the U.S. Pacific Territories. NWR requires a special radio receiver or scanner capable of picking up the signal. Broadcasts are found in the public service band between 162.400 and 162.550 megahertz (MHz).
The seven NWR broadcast frequencies are: 162.400 MHz, 162.425 MHz, 162.450 MHz, 162.475 MHz, 162.500 MHz, 162.525 MHz, and 162.550 MHz. NWR coverage is expanding through our partnership programs with local communities. The following is a list of frequencies and transmitter locations within the state of Georgia:
A consumer grade NOAA Weather radio receiver that can handle the Emergency Alert Signal was recently introduced. The Specific Area Message Encoder (SAME) tone alert can be set for up to 15 counties and can be tuned to all seven NOAA Weather radio frequencies. It includes a digital display, an adjustable volume control for the tone alert signal, an external jack for an antenna and an external alarm. It is certainly a big step toward reducing the number of unwanted tone alarms the individual might receive. The SAME radios are currently available at Radio Shack for approximately $80.
|
<urn:uuid:9a2aefc8-ed60-47a8-bfca-3b71ba955bc4>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.srh.weather.gov/ffc/?n=nwrwhat
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00017-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.913288
| 684
| 2.71875
| 3
|
Baylor conference examines the impact of C.S. Lewis, 50 years after his death
A 2000 study by Christianity Today found C.S. Lewis to be the most influential Christian author of the 20th century. Whether you’ve studied C.S. Lewis’ works for a doctoral dissertation or merely enjoyed The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe in school (or a movie theater), there’s no disputing the man’s influence.
A weeklong celebration of the famed writer, “C.S. Lewis and his Contributions to Christian Thought,” begins today and picks back up this Friday and Saturday, attracting speakers and interested scholars from around the nation. The conference is the first sponsored by Baylor’s Program in Philosophical Studies of Religion; its itinerary notes that “C.S. Lewis may be best known for his literary works … but (he) held a deep and powerful belief in God that permeated his life’s work.”
Topics include Lewis’ moral argument for God’s existence, Lewis on the problem of animal suffering, and learning in wartime. Among the list of distinguished speakers is a Baylor philosophy professor, Dr. C. Stephen Evans, who fittingly won the C.S. Lewis Book Prize competition last year.
Sic ’em, Baylor ISR and C.S. Lewis scholars!
|
<urn:uuid:d081b51c-07fc-47e2-a4fa-fbe3ad159d07>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www2.baylor.edu/baylorproud/2013/11/baylor-conference-examines-the-impact-of-c-s-lewis-50-years-after-his-death/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396945.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00020-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.938395
| 288
| 2.515625
| 3
|
Credit: Q. D. Wang (Astrophysical Journal, 1999, vol. 510, L139)
A Tarantula's X-rays
Massive stars are ticking time bombs; they and do extensive damage to their
galaxies, even before they blow up. These stars produce an extremely large
amount of radiation (each star brighter than about 1 million suns) which
produces a large sphere of hot, ionized gas around the star. These stars
also possess strong winds, which produce large, wind blown "superbubbles"
filled with hot, X-ray producing gas. X-ray observations of nearby star
forming regions help astronomers study the interaction of these processes
with the surrounding clouds of gas and dust which gave birth to the stars.
One of the best places to study these phenomena is 30 Doradus, the
so-called "Tarantula Nebula" in the Large Magellanic Cloud (a companion
galaxy to the Milky Way). The image above shows a composite of a ROSAT High
Resolution Imager X-ray observation, shown in red, along with
ultraviolet emission in blue and hydrogen emission from cooler gas in
green; colors combine in regions in regions of more than one type of
emission. The image shows red X-ray bubbles of hot gas surrounded by
cooler dense gas (in green). This image suggest that the hot wind-driven
X-ray bubbles boil off cooler material from the boundary of the shock,
gradually eating away the cool gas. Supernovae explosions of older (or
more massive) stars may have played a role in forming the hot gas, but if so
dozens of supernovae would have been necessary.
Last Week *
HEA Dictionary * Archive
* Search HEAPOW
Each week the HEASARC
brings you new, exciting and beautiful images from X-ray and Gamma ray
astronomy. Check back each week and be sure to check out the HEAPOW archive!
Page Author: Dr. Michael F.
Last modified March 18, 2002
|
<urn:uuid:bd9cbc0a-21ab-468b-9460-f041b8f29221>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/objects/heapow/archive/nebulae/30dorcomposite.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397797.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00013-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.891125
| 434
| 3.21875
| 3
|
Find out more about root vegetables and why they are good for you.
Vegetables are quite popular in summer as they are used in salads but people tend to abandon them in winter. Root vegetables are the ideal winter vegetables, providing plenty of fibre, vitamins and minerals.
Root vegetables are low in calories and fat but high in carbohydrates. They are also very filling so if you eat them you are less likely to crave high-fat snacks.
Here's a look at some common root vegetables
Carrots have a strong flavor and a firm texture. They can withstand robust cooking methods, making them ideal for stews and soups. They are particularly rich in carotenes which are converted to vitamin A by the body and act as antitoxidants.
These are the swollen roots of a plant native to Europe. They vary widely in size, shape and color. Turnips are good for soups and stocks and the white spring turnips taste the best.
Potatoes are very high in carbohydrate and give a controlled release of energy therefore reducing hunger pangs. They contain vitamin C, thiamin and folic acid.
Swedes can be baked, roasted, fried or boiled. They contain vitamin C and betacarotenes, but boiling reduces the latter considerably.
Radishes are mostly eaten raw in salads, but they can also be boiled. They are 95% water and due to their strong flavor are only eaten in small quantities. They add more taste than nutrition to the diet.
Beetroot can be boiled or baked and served hot or cooled and pickled. It contains a unique pigment called betanin but this has not been found to have any particular nutritional value as yet.
These provide a good balance of simple and complex sugars which make them ideal for atheletes and active people. They are best eaten with some added oil as they have a tendency to be rather dry.
|
<urn:uuid:d02fad3e-69bb-4966-8d4d-7143033b2a6b>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.allsands.com/gardening/gardening/rootvegetables_bhv_gn.htm
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396872.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00102-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.9646
| 388
| 3.046875
| 3
|
Although it is now on the East bank of the Rhine, Burungum was a Roman settlement on the river’s western bank. The great stream changed its course in 1374. At that moment, the fourth-century fort had already been converted into a Medieval castle. The people remembered that the builders had used an older building, because they called it “the stronghold in Burgela”.
The Roman walls are still there, although they have been rebuilt time and again. Still, you can see the foundations, and on some place, the old stones rise pretty high. Within the walls is an old mansion, joined by the only surviving Medieval tower. The other buildings are more recent: a large farm with sheds and a large stable, built in 1900.
There used to be a Roman village in the second and third century, but the meandering Rhine must have destroyed it all. Only a part of the cemetery has been excavated. The fort, however, is pretty well-known, and the finds can be seen in several rooms.
The museum Haus Bürgel is bit small, and it is open on Sunday afternoons only, but it is interesting. It is obvious that some money been spent and some thought has been given to the project. Admittedly, the finds are not very special, but I think museums like these – Rindern is another example – are extremely important. People from the neighborhood know that the past is really theirs.
This museum was visited in 2011.
|
<urn:uuid:24f4b420-97dd-4541-8748-3d24e1bb18b1>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.livius.org/museum/monheim-am-rhein-haus-burgel/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00052-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.986365
| 310
| 2.859375
| 3
|
This study is provided by ICPSR. ICPSR provides leadership and training in data access, curation, and methods of analysis for a diverse and expanding social science research community.
Safe School Study, 1976-1977 (ICPSR 7662)
Principal Investigator(s): National Institute of Education
This data collection contains information obtained from a total of 31,373 students, 23,895 teachers, and 15,894 principals in the United States in 1976-1977 in the Safe School Study, mandated by the United States Congress under Public Law 93-380 (Section 825). The legislation was in response to growing public concern regarding incidents of violence and vandalism occurring in the nation's schools. The objectives of this study were to determine the frequency and seriousness of crime in elementary and secondary schools in the United States, the number and location of schools affected by crime, the cost of replacement or repair of objects damaged by school crime, and possible methods of prevention. The legislation specified that the study was to be conducted by the National Institute of Education (NIE). The NIE designed the study in three phases, and data collection was carried out by the Research Triangle Institute, with computer work supervised by Sheldon Laube of C.M. Leinwand Associates. The primary data for the study were collected in two concurrent sample surveys: Phase I and Phase II. Phase I, a mail survey, asked more than 4,000 elementary and secondary school principals to report in detail on the incidence of illegal or disruptive activities in their schools. Nine one-month reporting periods between February 1976 and January 1977, excluding summer months, were assigned to participating schools on a random basis. Parts 2 and 11 contain data gathered from school principals in this phase. In Phase II, field representatives conducted on-site and follow-up surveys of junior and senior high school students and teachers in public secondary schools. They were asked to report any experiences they might have had as victims of violence or theft in the reporting month. In addition, they provided information about themselves, their schools, and their communities. Also, the principals in this sample were asked to keep a record of incidents during the reporting month, including robberies, attacks, and thefts. They also supplied information about their schools' characteristics and crime prevention methods. Parts 7, 16, 19, 24, 29, 30, 35, 39, 43, and 47 contain the data gathered in this phase. Part 18 contains the combined data gathered in the Principal questionnaires, utilizing both Phase I and Phase II samples. Part 51 is a file created to supply community information about each Phase II school. Most of its information was extracted from the 1970 Census, but it also includes weather and unemployment data. Phase III involved a more intensive qualitative study of 10 schools, most which had had a history of problems with crime and violence, but which had improved dramatically in a short time. Some crimes explored were vandalism, theft, personal violence, and verbal abuse. The place of occurrence and characteristics of each offender were also examined. The 10 case studies created as a result of Phase III can be read in the primary codebook for this data collection: United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. National Institute of Education. VIOLENT SCHOOLS -- SAFE SCHOOLS: THE SAFE SCHOOL STUDY REPORT TO THE CONGRESS, VOLUME 1. Washington, DC: United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1978.
These data are available only to users at ICPSR member institutions. Because you are not logged in, we cannot verify that you will be able to download these data.
WARNING: Because this study has many datasets, the download all files option has been suppressed, and you will need to download one dataset at a time.
WARNING: This study is over 150MB in size and may take several minutes to download on a typical internet connection.
National Institute of Education. SAFE SCHOOL STUDY, 1976-1977. ICPSR version. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Institute of Education [producer], 1978. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2002. http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR07662.v1
Persistent URL: http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR07662.v1
Scope of Study
Subject Terms: causes of crime, crime, crime in schools, crime prevention, education, educational environment, elementary schools, high school students, high schools, juvenile offenders, middle schools, offenses, reactions to crime, school principals, school vandalism, school violence, schools, teachers, victimization, violence, United States
Date of Collection:
Universe: Phase I: All United States elementary and secondary public schools in local education agencies with more than 50 students. Phase II: All 7th-12th grade teachers and students in the United States.
Data Types: survey data, census/enumeration data, administrative records data, and event/transaction data
Data Collection Notes:
(1) Users are advised that 51 files in this data collection are grouped as data files. However, some of them contain textual information and should be treated as documentation rather than data. The user should consult the dataset names for the study to determine which files are documentation files and which are data files. (2) Users are advised that, according to the NIE, the data in Part 51 have not been as extensively checked and edited as the other files in the collection. (3) The codebook is provided by ICPSR as a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. The PDF file format was developed by Adobe Systems Incorporated and can be accessed using PDF reader software, such as the Adobe Acrobat Reader. Information on how to obtain a copy of the Acrobat Reader is provided on the ICPSR Web site.
Sample: Phase I: Nationally representative stratified cluster sampling. Phase II: Nationally representative stratified multistage sampling.
mailback questionnaires, self-enumerated questionnaires, telephone interviews, personal interviews, 1970 Census, local unemployment offices, and the National Weather Bureau
Original ICPSR Release: 1984-05-03
Related Publications (?)
- Citations exports are provided above.
Export Study-level metadata (does not include variable-level metadata)
If you're looking for collection-level metadata rather than an individual metadata record, please visit our Metadata Records page.
|
<urn:uuid:4911f327-88af-45b7-b4f5-d35786096bdf>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/7662?q=Consumer+Expenditure+Survey%2C+2011%3A++Interview+Survey+%26+Detailed+Expenditure+Files&permit%5B0%5D=AVAILABLE&paging.startRow=76
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00027-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.945685
| 1,339
| 3
| 3
|
“Early snowmelt caused by climate change in the Colorado Rocky Mountains snowballs into two chains of events: a decrease in the number of flowers, which, in turn, decreases available nectar. The result is decline in a population of the Mormon Fritillary butterfly, Speyeria mormonia.
Using long-term data on date of snowmelt, butterfly population sizes and flower numbers at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, Carol Boggs, a biologist at Stanford University, and colleagues uncovered multiple effects of early snowmelt on the growth rate of an insect population.
“Predicting effects of climate change on organisms’ population sizes will be difficult in some cases due to lack of knowledge of the species’ biology,” said Boggs, lead author of a paper reporting the results online in this week’s journal Ecology Letters.
Taking into account the butterfly’s life cycle and the factors determining egg production was important to the research.
Butterflies lay eggs (then die) in their first summer; the caterpillars from those eggs over-winter without eating and develop into adults in the second summer.
In laboratory experiments, the amount of nectar a female butterfly ate determined the number of eggs she laid. This suggested that flower availability might be important to changes in population size.
Early snowmelt in the first year leads to lower availability of the butterfly’s preferred flower species, a result of newly developing plants being exposed to early-season frosts that kill flower buds.
The ecologists showed that reduced flower–and therefore nectar–availability per butterfly adversely affected butterfly population growth rate.”
Read the rest of the press release at Early Spring Drives Butterfly Population Declines.
Boggs, C. L. and Inouye, D. W. (2012), A single climate driver has direct and indirect effects on insect population dynamics. Ecology Letters. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01766.x
- Extreme weather baffles British butterflies (guardian.co.uk)
- Global warming: Early snowmelt hits Colorado butterflies (summitcountyvoice.com)
|
<urn:uuid:b34d51fa-3c26-4d40-a063-e16c525ff61d>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://bugs.adrianthysse.com/tag/mormon/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00161-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.895921
| 455
| 3.546875
| 4
|
June 26, 2011
ONE OF THESE THINGS IS NOT LIKE THE OTHERS:
Sun and Planets Constructed Differently Than Thought, NASA Mission Suggests (ScienceDaily, June 24, 2011)
Researchers analyzing samples returned by NASA's 2004 Genesis mission have discovered that our sun and its inner planets may have formed differently than previously thought.
Data revealed differences between the sun and planets in oxygen and nitrogen, which are two of the most abundant elements in our solar system. Although the difference is slight, the implications could help determine how our solar system evolved.
"We found that Earth, the moon, as well as Martian and other meteorites which are samples of asteroids, have a lower concentration of the O-16 than does the sun," said Kevin McKeegan, a Genesis co-investigator from UCLA, and the lead author of one of two Science papers published this week. "The implication is that we did not form out of the same solar nebula materials that created the sun -- just how and why remains to be discovered." [...]
"These findings show that all solar system objects including the terrestrial planets, meteorites and comets are anomalous compared to the initial composition of the nebula from which the solar system formed," said Bernard Marty, a Genesis co-investigator from Centre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques and the lead author of the other new Science paper.
Or didn't "evolve."
Posted by oj at June 26, 2011 8:15 AM
|
<urn:uuid:30258448-5a27-4979-9349-0635d1ab70f4>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://brothersjuddblog.com/archives/2011/06/one_of_these_things_is_not_lik_13.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00145-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.955464
| 313
| 3.671875
| 4
|
Annual West Nile Virus Alert
With warmer weather due any day now, this year’s West Nile virus (WNV) season nearing, New York City Health and Mental Hygiene Commissioner Thomas Frieden, reminds New Yorkers that they can help prevent its spread by reporting dead birds and eliminating standing water from their property.
“West Nile virus remains an unpredictable disease, and we won’t be able to tell how severe a problem it will be this year,” said Dr. Frieden. “Dr. Frieden also reminded New Yorkers to start mosquito-proofing their homes by replacing torn screens in doors and windows; cleaning out roof gutters; and by emptying and turning over containers that could carry water allowing mosquitoes to breed. Standing water is a potential breeding ground for mosquitoes and, as such, may be a violation of the City’s health code.
The Health Department will begin routine larviciding of the city’s storm drains in early June and will continue to do so throughout the summer months. If WNV activity poses a risk to human health, pesticides will be applied to targeted areas.
Frieden also suggested:
• Clean and chlorinate swimming pools, outdoor saunas and hot tubs. Keep them empty and covered if not in use; drain water that collects in pool covers.
• Vases are prohibited from cemeteriesduring West Nile virus season.
• Use a mosquito repellant, such as those containing DEET, when outdoors in areas where mosquitoes are active. (Products containing oil of lemon eucalyptus are also effective, but these products should NOT be used on children younger than three.)
To report dead birds or standing water, call 311 or visit nyc.gov/health
/wny. For more information about West Nile Virus, visit http://www.nyc.
|
<urn:uuid:63561e3c-ca0a-4dbf-a76b-2f734cccce3b>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.canarsiecourier.com/news/2005-05-26/Medical/030.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395548.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00048-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.930402
| 386
| 2.828125
| 3
|
1The branch of science concerned with the chemical and physico-chemical processes and substances which occur within living organisms.
Oraciones de ejemplo
- Interdisciplinary sciences such as biochemistry and social psychology would also have to be included.
- This does not mean, however, that chemistry, biochemistry or atomic physics are in some way giving us a false picture of reality.
- To achieve this aim it draws on biology, biochemistry, engineering, mathematics and computer science.
1.1The processes and substances with which the science of biochemistry is concerned: abnormal brain biochemistry
Más ejemplos en oraciones
- The physiotypes are physiological life forms as delineated by comparative physiology, biochemistry, biophysics and molecular biology.
- Such errors are not surprising, given the many differences that exist between species in terms of their anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and metabolism.
- Despite the far-ranging scope of earlier work, aspects of germination and conversion physiology, and biochemistry in somatic embryos remain unexplored.
Palabras que riman con biochemistrychemistry, photochemistry
For editors and proofreaders
Saltos de línea: bio|chem¦is¦try
Definición de biochemistry en:
¿Qué te llama la atención de esta palabra o frase?
Los comentarios que no respeten nuestras Normas comunitarias podrían ser moderados o eliminados.
Muy popular en Reino Unido
Muy popular en Australia
= de moda
|
<urn:uuid:a2d35656-afdb-4295-bb83-d3288c3da734>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/es/definicion/ingles/biochemistry
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00163-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.680576
| 344
| 3.015625
| 3
|
AS yet another winter approaches, the needs of the homeless return to public consciousness. A few years ago homelessness was thought to be a temporary phenomenon, a cruel but short-lived throwback to the Great Depression.
But now it is apparent that the tide of economic recovery over the past few years has not lifted all boats; many low- or semiskilled jobs, particularly in manufacturing industries, have vanished forever. And the prosperity that has eluded those who are consequently jobless has also pushed housing costs ever higher. Boston, for example, is expected to lose some 3,500 rental apartments to condominium conversion this year.
As a result, major cities continue to have thousands of homeless people. A recent study done by the US Department of Health and Human Services estimated the numbers of the homeless to be 250,000 to 300,000 -- and this was a study criticized in some quarters for playing the problem down. In many cases, the new face of homelessness is a child's face. Children under 16 are now the largest group of the homeless in New York City. General economic pressure on those on the low end of the wage scale has also l ed to another phenomenon: the employed homeless. In some cases, even two-paycheck families are not able to keep a roof over their heads.
The homeless are a diverse group, with diverse needs for counseling and other services, especially the deinstitutionalized mentally ill, who make up a substantial minority of the homeless.
But the basic need is for more low-income housing, including better ``marketing'' of current programs. Reservations of federal funds for subsidized housing programs fell from $24.6 billion in fiscal 1980 to $13.5 billion last year. The government should revive its housing program.
There is an (ironic) saving grace to all this that may help get the problem solved: Housing costs are squeezing so many people that the corporate community is hurting. Employers are losing good people who can't find suitable housing in revved-up real estate markets like Boston. This is drawing attention to the housing issue.
Meanwhile, shelters and soup kitchens are critical to getting the homeless safely through the winter. Many cities are gearing up for this short-term effort. Still, more needs to be done to develop smaller, dormitory-like shelters, which authorities are learning are safer and more humane, and hence more effective, than the cavernous 1,000-bed shelters at armories.
But such winter-by-winter steps should not become the long-term minimum for meeting the needs of the homeless for shelter.
|
<urn:uuid:6fa314e4-23bd-4a09-a749-f0f354ef8d60>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.csmonitor.com/1985/1120/ehome.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00076-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.96898
| 527
| 2.890625
| 3
|
Valentine's Day Math
This Valentine's Day math worksheet involves multiplying single digit numbers; great for the student who's grasping his multiplication tables.
This Valentine's Day math worksheet involves multiplying single digit numbers; great for the student who's learning her multiplication tables.
Motivate your child's multiplication learning with a Valentine's Day theme. This colorful math sheet involves multiplying double and single digits!
Celebrate Valentine's Day while reviewing times tables! Soon your little love-bug will be on his way to memorizing them.
Celebrate Valentine's Day while reviewing simple division! Your little love-bug can use his knowledge of times tables to solve these problems.
Build math and reading skills with some sweet Valentine's Day word problems! Kids will practice basic addition and subtraction.
If you want to get your child in the Valentine's Day mood and improve her addition and mental math ability, this pretty printable is sure to do the trick.
Would you be my valentine? Introduce your kindergartener to basic addition with Valentine's Day picture math!
Celebrate Valentine's Day while reviewing subtraction math facts! Your little love-bug can practice memorizing these simple subtraction problems.
Celebrate Valentine's Day while reviewing math facts! Your little one can solve these addition problems, and soon he'll be able to memorizing them.
|
<urn:uuid:bdf8fb31-3ac4-414a-8171-f3099c80c895>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.education.com/collection/Arismith/valentine-day-math/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397865.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00160-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.863136
| 280
| 3.171875
| 3
|
different plants and their scientific names
Best Results From Wikipedia Yahoo Answers
Plant collecting involves procuring live or dried plant specimens, for the purposes of research, cultivation or as a hobby.
Collection of live specimens
The collection of live plant specimens from the wild, sometimes referred to as plant hunting, is an activity that has occurred for centuries. The earliest recorded evidence of plant hunting was in 1495 BC when botanists were sent to Somalia to collect incense trees for Queen Hatshepsut. The Victorian era saw a surge in plant hunting activity as botanical adventurers explored the world to find exotic plants to bring home, often at considerable personal risk. These plants usually ended up in botanical gardens or the private gardens of wealthy collectors. Prolific plant hunters in this period included William Lobb and his brother Thomas Lobb, George Forrest, Joseph Hooker, Charles Maries and Robert Fortune.
Collection of herbarium specimens
Herbarium specimens of plants are collected for a number of different uses. They can assist in accurate identification and provide a species record for a time and place that can be utilised in distribution maps. They can also provide biological material for researchers, a reference point to document scientific names and vouchers for research and seed collections.
Plant collecting as a hobby
Plant collecting may also refer to a hobby, in which the hobbyist takes identifiable samples of plant species found in nature, dries them, and stores them in a paper sheet album, a simple herbarium, alongside with the information of the finding location, finding date, etc. necessary scientific information. As in many collecting hobbies, rarer specimens have been valued. However, when collecting living organisms, the conservation aspects must precede the collector's ambitions. This has led in some cases to a collector voluntarily taking part, helping scientists, in some research areas, provided he can store the "collectible". In fact, historically, many species have initially been found within a collection of a collector.
Usually, a plant can be identified in nature, since they are stationary. The advent of digital cameras has led many plant collectors to switch totally to photography. Some have switched to collecting live specimens of various plant species in their gardens, building a sort of "private botanical garden". Some have specialized in a specific group, the orchids and the roses and their cultivars are among the most collected.
Plant "discovery" means the first time that a new plant was recorded for science, often in the form of dried and pressed plants (a herbarium specimen) being sent to a botanical establishment such as Kew Gardens in London, where it would be examined, classified and named.
Plant "introduction" means the first time that living matter – seed, cuttings or a whole plant – was brought back to Europe. Thus, the Handkerchief tree (Davidia involucrata) was discovered byPère David in 1869 but introduced to Britain by Ernest Wilson in 1901.
The formal system of naming species of living things is called binomial nomenclature (especially in botany, but also used by zoologists), binominal nomenclature (since 1953 the technically correct form in zoology), or binary nomenclature. This system of naming was invented byLinnaeus. The up-to-date version of the rules of naming for animals and plants are laid out in the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature respectively.
The essence of the binomial system of naming is this: each species name has two parts, the genus name and the species name (also known as the specific epithet), for example, Homo sapiens, which is the scientific name of the human species. Every two-part scientific name is either formed out of (modern scientific)Latin or is a Latinized version of words from other languages.
The two-part name of a species is commonly known as its Latin name. However,biologists and philologists prefer to use the term scientific name rather than "Latin name", because the words used to create these names are not always from the Latin language, even though words from other languages have usually been Latinized in order to make them suitable for this purpose. Species names are often derived from Ancient Greek words, or words from numerous other languages. Frequently species names are based on the surname of a person, such as a well-regarded scientist, or are a Latinized version of a relevant place name.
Carl von Linné (also known as Linnaeus) chose to use a two-word naming system, and did not use what over time came to be a full seven-category system (kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species.) Linnaeus chose a binomial nomenclature scheme, using only the genus name and the specific name or epithet which together form the whole name of the species. For example, humans belong to genus Homo and their specific name is sapiens. Humans as a species are thus classified as Homo sapiens. The first letter of the first name, the genus, is always capitalized, while that of the second is not, even when derived from a proper noun such as the name of a person or place. Conventionally, all names of genera and lower taxa are always italicised, while family names and higher taxa are printed in plain text. Species can be divided into a further rank, giving rise to a trinomial name for a subspecies (trinomenfor animals,ternary namefor plants).
Biologists, when using a name of a species, usually also give the authority and date of the species description. Thus zoologists will give the name of a particular sea snail species as: Patella vulgataLinnaeus, 1758. The name "Linnaeus" tells the reader who it was that described the species; 1758 is the date of the publication in which the original description can be found, in this case the bookSystema Naturae.
The adoption of a system of binomial nomenclature is due to Swedishbotanist and physicianCarl von Linné also known by his Latinized name Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778). Linnaeus attempted to describe the entire known natural world, giving every species (mineral, plant, or animal) a two-part name. This was an improvement over descriptive names that involved a whole descriptive phrase comprising numerous words. However, binomial nomenclature in various forms had existed before Linnaeus, and was used by the Bauhins, who lived nearly two hundred years earlier.
The value of the binomial nomenclature system derives primarily from its economy, its widespread use, and the stability of names it generally favors:
- Clarity. It avoids the confusions that can be created when attempting to use common names to refer to a species. Common names often differ even from one part of a country to another part, and certainly vary from one country to another. In contrast, the scientific name can be used all over the world, in all languages, avoiding confusion and difficulties of translation.
- Stability. The procedures associated with establishing binomial nomenclature tend to favor stability. Even though such stability as exists is far from absolute, it is still advantageous. For example, when species are transferred between genera (as not uncommonly happens as a result of new knowledge), if possible the species descriptor is kept the same. Similarly if what were previously thought to be distinct species are demoted from species to a lower rank, former species names may be retained as infraspecific descriptors.
Despite the rules favoring stability and uniqueness, in practice a single species may have several scientific names in circulation, depending largely on taxonomic point of view (see synonymy).
The genus name and specific descriptor may come from any source. Often they are ordinary New Latin words, but they may also come from Ancient Greek, from a place, from a person (often a naturalist), a name from the local language etc. In fact, taxonomists come up with specific descriptors from a variety of sources, including in-jokes and puns. However, names are always treated gra
Vascular plants (also known as tracheophytes or higher plants) are those plants that have lignifiedtissues for conducting water, minerals, and photosynthetic products through the plant. Vascular plants include the ferns, clubmosses, flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms. Scientific names for the group include Tracheophyta and Tracheobionta, but neither name is very widely used.
Vascular plants are distinguished by two primary characteristics:
- Vascular plants have vascular tissues, which circulate resources through the plant. This feature allows vascular plants to evolve to a larger size than non-vascular plants, which lack these specialized conducting tissues and are therefore restricted to relatively small sizes.
- In vascular plants, the principal generation phase is the sporophyte, which is usuallydiploid with two sets of chromosomes per cell. Only the germ cells and gametophytes are haploid. By contrast, the principal generation phase in non-vascular plants is usually the gametophyte, which ishaploid with one set of chromosomes per cell. In these plants, generally only the spore stalk and capsule are diploid.
One possible mechanism for the presumed switch from emphasis on the haploid generation to emphasis on the diploid generation is the greater efficiency in spore dispersal with more complex diploid structures. In other words, elaboration of the spore stalk enabled the production of more spore and the ability to release it higher and to broadcast it farther. Such developments may include more photosynthetic area for the spore-bearing structure, the ability to grow independent roots, woody structure for support, and more branching.
Water transport happens in either xylem or phloem: xylem carries water and inorganic solutes upward toward the leaves from the roots, while phloem carries organic solutes throughout the plant. Group of plants having lignified conducting tissue (xylem vessels or tracheids).
A proposed phylogeny of the vascular plants after Kenrick and Crane is as follows, with modification to the Pteridophyta from Smith et al.
This phylogeny is supported by several molecular studies. Other researchers state that taking fossils into account leads to different conclusions, for example that the ferns (Pteridophyta) are not monophyletic.
Nutrients and water from the soil and the organic compounds produced in leaves are distributed to specific areas in the plant through the xylem and phloem. The xylem draws water and nutrients up from the roots to the upper sections of the plant's body, and the phloem conducts other materials, such as the sucrose produced during photosynthesis, which gives the plant energy to keep growing and seeding.
The xylem consists of tracheids, which are dead hard-walled hollow cells arranged to form tiny tubes to function in water transport. A tracheid cell wall usually contains the polymer lignin. The phloem however consists of living cells called sieve-tube members. Between the sieve-tube members are sieve plates, which have pores to allow molecules to pass through. Sieve-tube members lack such organs as nuclei or ribosomes, but cells next to them, the companion cells, function to keep the sieve-tube members alive.
The movement of nutrients, water and sugars is affected by transpiration, conduction and absorption of water.
The most abundant compound in all plants, as in all life, is water which serves an important role in the various processes taking place. Transpiration is the main process a plant can call upon to move compounds within its tissues. The basic minerals and nutrients a plant is composed of remain, generally, within the plant. Water is constantly lost from the plant through its stomata to the atmosphere.
Water is transpired from the plants leaves via stomata, carried there via leaf veins and vascular bundles within the plants cambium layer. The movement of water out of the leaf stomata creates, when the leaves are considered collectively, a transpiration pull. The pull is created through water surface tension within the plant cells. The draw of water upwards is assisted by the movement of water into the roots via osmosis. This process also assists the plant in absorbing nutrients from the soil as soluble salts, a process known as absorption. Surprisingly, the movement of water upwards requires very little or no energy from the plant. Hydrogen bonds exist between watermolecules, causing them to line up; as the molecules at the top of the plant evaporate, each pulls the next one up to replace it, which in turn pulls on the next one in line.
Answers:Green Algae " Pediastrum boryanum" Pediastrum boryanum is one of many species of tiny plants that are called "green algae." Actually, any species in the Chlorophyta Division (phylum) is called green algae. Green Algae come in many different shapes and sizes. Pediastrum boryanum is the scientific name of one green algae species. To see one Pediastrum boryanum you will need a microscope. If many Pediastrum boryanum are together, probably with other species of algae as well, they will look like green slime in the water.
Answers:We wil not do your homework. Learn on your own. Knowledge is power.
Answers:Green spot algae (Coleochaete orbicularis) Source: http://fins.actwin.com/aquatic-plants/month.200211/msg00690.html Types of Algae: Note this seems to concentrate on aquarium algae. http://www.otocinclus.com/articles/algae.html
Answers:That's not an easy question. 'Caterpillar,' 'ferns' and 'termites' are not words that point to only on species. For example, there are more than 500 different Eucalypts . . . You need to be a bit more specific. Otherwise, 'Plantae' and 'Animalia' covers them all. In general it is much easier to go from a specific scientific name to a common name than the reverse as common names often cover very different organisms in different regions.
|
<urn:uuid:46cc048b-d57b-4215-ab13-7aed1021f3ce>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.edurite.com/kbase/different-plants-and-their-scientific-names
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402699.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00087-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.943183
| 3,044
| 3.375
| 3
|
The Surah takes its name from the very first verse Wan shaqq al-Qamar, thereby implying that it is a Surah in which the word al-Qamar has occurred.
The incident of the shaqq-al-Qamar (splitting of the moon) that has been mentioned in it, determines its period of revelation precisely. The traditionists and commentators are agreed that this incident took place at Mina in Makkah about five years before the Holy Prophet's hijrah to Madinah.
In this Surah the disbelievers of Makkah have been warned for their stubbornness which they had adopted against the invitation of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). The amazing and wonderful phenomenon of the splitting of the Moon was a manifest sign of the truth that the Resurrection, of which the Holy Prophet was giving them the news, could take place and that it had approached near at hand. The great sphere of the Moon had split into two distinct parts in front of their very eyes. The two parts had separated and receded so much apart from each other that to the on-lookers one part had appeared on one side of the mountain and the other on the other side of it. Then, in an instant the two had rejoined. This was a manifest proof of the truth that the system of the Universe was neither eternal nor immortal, it could be disrupted. Huge stars and Planets could split asunder, disintegrate, collide with each other, and everything that had been depicted in the Quran In connection with the description of the details of Resurrection, could happen. Not only this : it was also a portent that the disintegration of the system of the Universe had begun and the time was near when Resurrection would take place. The Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) invited the people's attention to this event only with this object in view and asked them to mark it and be a witness to it. But the disbelievers described it as a magical illusion add persisted in their denial. For this stubbornness they have been reproached in this Surah.
At the outset it has been said: "These people neither believe in the admonition, nor learn a lesson from history, nor affirm faith after witnessing manifest signs with their eyes. Now they would believe only when Resurrection has taken place and they would be rushing out of their graves towards the Summoner on that Day."
Then, the stories of the people of Noah and of 'Ad and Thamud and of the peoples of Lot and the Pharaoh have been related briefly and they have been reminded of the terrible punishments that these nations suffered when they belied and disregarded the warnings given by the Prophets of God. After the narration of each story the refrain that has been provided is : "This Qur'an is an easy means of admonition, which if a nation takes to heart and thereby takes the Right Way, the torment that descended on the former nations could be avoided. But it would indeed be a folly if instead of heeding the admonition through this easy means, one persisted in heedlessness and disbelieved until one was overtaken by the torment itself."
Likewise, after citing admonitory precedents from the history of the former nations, the disbelievers of Makkah have been addressed and warned to this effect: "If you too adopt the same attitude and conduct for which the other nations have already been punished, why will you not be punished for it?Are you in any way a superior people that you should be treated differently from others? Or, have you received a deed of amnesty that you will not be punished for the crime for which others have been punished?And if you feel elated at your great numbers, you will soon see that these very numbers of yours are put to rout (on the battlefield) and on the Day of Resurrection you will be dealt with even more severely."
In the end, the disbelievers have been told that Allah does not need to make lengthy preparations to bring about Resurrection. No sooner does He give a simple command for it than it will take place immediately. Like everything else the Universe and mankind also have a destiny. According to this destiny everything happens at its own appointed time. It cannot be so that whenever somebody gives a challenge, Resurrection is brought about in order to convince him. If you adopt rebellion because you do not see it coming, you will only be adding to your own distress and misfortune. For your record which is being prepared by Divine agents, has not left any misdeed of yours, great or small, unrecorded.
Source: Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Tafhim al-Qur'an - The Meaning of the Quran
|
<urn:uuid:9a551e6e-f2c0-49ef-8f84-645482e78e99>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://quran.com/54/1
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00123-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.97834
| 963
| 2.6875
| 3
|
This question is public and is used in
16 tests or worksheets.
Category: Pre-Colonial Period
Level: Grade 4
Created: 4 years ago
View all questions by natalienelson4.
View this question.
Add this question to a group or test by clicking the appropriate button below.
|
<urn:uuid:90fb249c-0733-43f1-ac7f-b22570f23522>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.helpteaching.com/questions/65044/a-group-of-families-bound-together-under-one-leader
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00000-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.780694
| 67
| 2.578125
| 3
|
In a typical year, more fires are reported on Independence Day than any other day - fireworks account for two out of five of those fires. In 2010, fireworks ignited an estimated 15,500 fires, many of which were outdoor grass and brush fires. These fires can spread quickly, especially in areas that are experiencing dry weather or drought.
Viewer Tip: The safest way to enjoy fireworks is to visit a public display that is organized by professionals. If you are thinking about using fireworks, keep these tips in mind to prevent fires and enjoy a safe holiday:
- Check local laws and observe fireworks bans. Laws about fireworks use vary from state to state. With many parts of the United States experiencing abnormally dry or drought conditions - and some battling wildfires - certain communities are implementing complete bans on fireworks, including public displays. Always follow rules and instructions issued by your local officials.
- Light up safely. Keep fireworks out of the hands of young children. Never light fireworks near your home, dry leaves or grass, or other flammable materials.
- Douse them out. Always keep a bucket of water around to douse the fireworks when you are done. Keep a fire extinguisher handy, too.
Did you know? A sparkler burns at 1200 degrees Fahrenheit. For comparison, water boils at 212 degrees, wood burns at 575 degrees and glass melts at 900 degrees!
(Sources: Hall Jr., John R. “Fireworks.” National Fire Protection Association, Fire Analysis and Research Division, June 2012; Firesafety.gov, “Fireworks and Summer Fire Safety.”; Image courtesy of Wikimedia Commons/IKluft.)
|
<urn:uuid:6594d13c-dd6c-4647-a9cd-1eaa53a5eb3c>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.motherearthnews.com/nature-and-environment/earth-gauge-tip-of-the-week--fireworks.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404826.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00139-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.923758
| 338
| 3.609375
| 4
|
Journalism and Society (COM 445) (Spring 2015)
Monday / Wednesday, 4:40 –6:20 1P/ Room 202
Dr. Christopher Anderson (Office: 1P / Room 232A)
Office Hours: Monday / Wednesday, 12:30- 2:00
- Online course reader
Learning to “read” and write the news. Analysis of the ways in which news stories define our understanding of society. The course will consider both the effect of print and broadcast journalism on politics, values, and social standards and the pressures on the press, which define its values. Topics vary from term to term. For English majors and minors, this is designated as a writing course.
What is the relationship between journalism and culture? How does the news both inform citizens and bind them together in a community? What does it mean to say the job of the reporter was “invented?” What is the history of news?
This course, designed as a capstone class for journalism majors at CSI, will answer these questions and much more. After three years of focusing primarily skill-building classes, COM 445 will take a step back and encourage students to look at the big picture. Why are journalists essential for society? Or are they? And even more importantly: how does journalism relate to democracy? That is the big question this class will to attempt to answer.
Course Learning Objectives
- Students will consider both the effect of print and broadcast journalism on politics, values, and social standards and the pressures on the press that define its values.
- Students will begin an analysis of the ways in which news stories define our understanding of society.
General Class Structure
If you look ahead to your schedule of classes, you’ll see that this class consists of four basic elements: readings, lectures, drills, and discussion, and class screenings:
Readings: You will be expected to complete a number of readings over the course of the semester, and your knowledge of these readings will be tested on the midterm paper and on the final. Many of the readings will be found on the internet as part of your online course packet. You many want to print these readings out, so make sure you have access to a good printer when you download them.
Lectures: At least the early part of each class will consist of a lecture and some general discussion of the topic at hand. These lectures are not a substitute for the readings, but rather compliment and expand upon them.
Drills and Discussion: On some weeks, you will be given an in-class work assignment that you will complete, and then discuss in small groups. Usually, these discussions will occur during a week immediately preceded by lecture. In other words, many weeks will consist of a lecture one day and group work another. Sometimes, the entire assignment will be completed in class; other times, there will some limited homework given the week before class in
Class Screenings: Occasionally, on other weeks, lectures will be followed by an in-class film screening. These screenings will directly relate to the subject mater at hand, and will often be followed by class discussion and conversation. It’s important to treat these media screenings as seriously as you would any other lecture or reading. They will be rigorously tested, as well.
After each screening, you will have an assignment due the next class: a two page paper both summarizing the movie and explaining what messages you think the film contains about the larger relationship between journalism and society.
Your midterm will be given on March 11
Instead of a final exam, your final grade will be determined by an in-class “debate day.” Your grade will be assigned on the basis of three aspects of debate day: (1) a transcript of the preparation meeting for your “debate group” (2) a three-page paper outlining the arguments of your debate group, and (3) The in-class debates on the final day. More information about debate day will be provided in class. This will count for 25% of your final grade.
Students are expected to attend every session of “”Journalism and Society.” According to college policy, unexcused absences exceeding 15% of course hours can result in a WU grade. 15% of the classes in this class would be two sessions or more. Bottom line: don’t miss class.
In the event that a student must miss a class due to religious observance or family emergency, students must provide advance notice, in writing, of days missed. In the event of class missed due to illness, students must provide the instructor with a doctors’ note. No exceptions.
Plagiarism is a major—perhaps the major—academic offense a student can commit as an undergraduate, graduate student, or as a scholar. Plagiarism is defined as either (1) failure to acknowledge the source of ideas not one’s own or (2) failure to indicate verbatim expressions not one’s own through quotation marks and footnotes. Plagiarism is a growing problem on college campuses across the nation, largely due to growing technological ease in accessing already composed papers and sources of information. For this reason, I personally will be relentlessly unforgiving regarding any suspected cases of plagiarism this semester—and I will check. There will probably not be a second chance in this regard, and I will recommend the strict enforce university policy for all cases of plagiarism. Bottom line: don’t do it. If you have any questions, please talk to me before you write rather than afterward. For more information, see the CUNY Policy on Academic Integrity:http://www1.cuny.edu/academics/info-central/policies.html. For a guide on how to cite your sources well, seehttp://www.library.csi.cuny.edu/?option=com_content&view=article&id=130
In order to ensure a respectful and attentive classroom environment, electronic devices (mobile phones, PDAs, digital music players, etc.) must be turned off and stored during class. Use of such devices during class time is prohibited without permission granted by the professor, in cases of real emergency. Unapproved use of such devices (web-surfing, text-messaging, etc.) in class will count as unexcused lateness.
This is the grading breakdown for the course. To receive a passing grade for the class, students must meet all requirements. Missed assignments will automatically result in a failing grade.
Because this is an upper-level college class, you will have a fairly significant amount of “original” (that is, non-textbook) reading and correspondingly fewer “daily” assignments. If you are confused by any of the readings, or are having trouble keeping up, please be certain to come see me in my office hours right away.
In Class Drill Assignments (15%)
Take-Home Screening Review (15%)
Schedule of Classes
Self-assessment: journalism classes so far.
LECTURE: Thinking About What Journalism Does
IN-CLASS ASSIGNMENT: Hot topics in “the future and present of journalism” and class conversation
February 9 READING: “Imagined Communities,” (excerpts), Benedict Anderson
Journalism and Print
February 11 SCREENING: “His Girl Friday.”
*** NO CLASS FEBRUARY 16: HOLIDAY ***
“The Railway Journey: The Industrialization of Time and Space in the 19th Century,” (excerpts) Wolfgang Schivelbusch; “Technology and Ideology: The Case of the Telegraph,” James Carey.
LECTURE: Technology, Journalism, and Communication
LECTURE: The public sphere debate
GROUP WORK: The Public Sphere Debate
LECTURE: The Early History of Journalism
LECTURE: What Are Tabloids Good For? Journalism and Stories
SCREENING: Tabloid Wars
GROUP WORK: Are tabloids trash?
READINGS TBA: current news in the media business
LECTURE AND DISCUSSION: Journalism in the news now (1)
READINGS TBA: current news in the media business
LECTURE AND DISCUSSION: Journalism in the news now (2)
READING: “Journalistic Use of Collective Memory,” Jill Eddy
LECTURE: Journalism and Memory
SCREENING: “All the President’s Men.”
LECTURE: Journalism and Politics
SCREENING: “The Perfect Candidate,” or “Streetfight.”
*** NO CLASS, APRIL 6 & 8, SPRING BREAK ***
READING: Smoking Typewriters: The Sixties Underground Press and the Rise of Alternative Media in America,” John McMillan (excerpts); Indymedia Readings, TBA (found at http://www.reclaimthemedia.org/deepmedia/blind_spot_indymedias_grassroo2348)
LECTURE: The Alternative Press: Then and Now
SCREENING: “The Black Press: Soldiers Without Swords.”
“Jimmy’s World,” by Janet Cooke. “Janet Cooke’s Life,” “Glass Houses,” by Jack Shafer. Slate, May 15, 1998; “Times Reporter Who Resigned Leaves Long Trail of Deception,” by Dan Barry The New York Times, May 11, 2003.
LECTURE: Journalism ethnics and the folks who it screwed up
SCREENING: “Shattered Glass.”
READING: “Post-Industrial Journalism.” Anderson, Bell, and Shirky.
LECTURE: Journalism and the Digital Age: Current Issues
April 29 SCREENING: “Page One.”
GROUP WORK: Debate Preparation
GROUP WORK: Debate Preparation (2)
May 11 *** FINAL DEBATES ***
FINAL PAPERS DUE
|
<urn:uuid:763e1029-b4e1-451c-8aef-72f3fc85c0ab>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.cwanderson.org/?page_id=438
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00097-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.906489
| 2,114
| 2.734375
| 3
|
Through the Lens
Through the Lens is a library of supplemental science videos focused on addressing the issues your student will tackle in the course of their scientific studies.
Reasons To Believe’s scholars lead students through a series of discussions on critical scientific topics. These 15 to 10-minute videos are compatible with any curriculum – secular or Christian. This resource can be used to supplement traditional science textbooks and provide a starting point for discussions with students about science-faith issues. They are designed to be used by homeschoolers and classroom educators.
For more education-related resources, please visit RTB's Help Desk.
- "What Is Evolution?" SD | HD
- "Understanding Microevolution" SD | HD
- "A Closer Look at Chemical Evolution" (The Origin of Life) SD | HD
- "Why Does Science Leave God Out?" (methodological naturalism) SD | HD
- "Creating Life in the Lab" SD | HD
- "Does Macroevolution Fit the Fossil Record?" SD | HD
- "Can Biological Evolution Explain the History of Life?" (transitional forms) SD | HD
- "Birds in the Fossil Record" SD | HD
- "Homology: Common Descent or Common Design?" SD | HD
- "Did Humans Evolve from an Ape-Like Ancestor?" – SD | HD
- "Is Human Evolution a Fact?" – SD | HD
|
<urn:uuid:2905014f-736c-4863-b740-997520fe9266>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.reasons.org/ttl
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00094-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.844793
| 295
| 3.140625
| 3
|
Head and body length can vary from 5 to 12.5 inches; tail length from 6 to 8 inches, and weight from 3 to 5 ounces. The fur is fine and silky. A dark dorsal stripe runs from the nose to the rump, and there are stripes on each side of the face from the nose through the eye to the ear. A gliding membrane extends all the way from the outer side of the forefoot to the ankle, and is opened by spreading the limbs straight out. Females have a well-developed pouch during the breeding season.
The number of mammae is usually 4, but occasionally 2.
Sugar-gliders are shy and inconspicuous, having little reflective eyeshine and the ability to move quickly.
Class: Mammal (Mammalia)
Conservation Education Program AnimalMore Info
Range: Australia, New Guinea
Habitat: Forest supporting a mixture of stringybark, box, ironbark and gum eucalypts
Wild Diet: Invertebrates, acacia gum, eucalypt sap, nectar and pollen, manna and honeydew.
Zoo Diet: Primate diet, as well as chopped fruit and vegetables. Mealworms as a treat.
They exhibit a complex social system, which varies somewhat according to the type habitat in which they live. The basic social unit consists of 2 to 7 adults (typically 5 to 7) – 2 or 3 adult males and 3 or 4 adult females. Group members share a tree hollow in which they build a spherical or bowl-shaped nest of eucalpyt leaves, but they generally forage alone at night. Group membership is closed to outsiders unless a vacancy is created by the death of a member. The dominant male in each group marks other group members with secretions from his head and chest scent glands. There are a variety of calls, including a loud bark or ‘yip’, and a rolling ‘starter motor’ anger call. Juveniles make a hiss when threatened, and will be assisted by any adult member of the same group. They avoid activity in very cold, wet weather by entering a state of torpor, or remaining huddled together in the nest.
Virtually all adult females breed each year, giving birth between June and January – mostly between August and October. Gestation period is approximately 16 to 21 days. Females have an estrus cycle of about 29 days. The young remain in the pouch for about 70 days, followed by 50 days as nestlings, and are independently active at about 4 months.
Gestation: 16-21 days
- Sugar-gliders readily occupy artificial nest boxes in forest where natural hollows are rare or absent. This facility has allowed several successful reintroductions into areas where the species had become extinct. Small isolated populations are vulnerable to predation, particularly by cats.
|
<urn:uuid:d0e6d3f8-5e7c-4b87-bb99-8aaeec0f3c69>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://clemetzoo.com/Zoo/Zoo-Animals/119.aspx
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00150-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.947741
| 595
| 2.921875
| 3
|
Constants, Units, and Uncertainty
Library Home || Full Table of Contents || Suggest a Link || Library Help
|National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)|
|A reference with three sections: Fundamental Physical Constants (values of the constants and related information, and a searchable bibliography on the constants); the International System of Units (in-depth information on the SI, the modern metric system), and guidelines for the expression of uncertainty in measurement.|
|Levels:||Middle School (6-8), High School (9-12), College|
|Resource Types:||Organizations, Articles, Bibliographies|
|Math Topics:||Measurement, Terms/Units of Measure, Physics|
© 1994- The Math Forum at NCTM. All rights reserved.
|
<urn:uuid:3d212b85-cb5c-4a9a-942b-867d7a4995bc>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://mathforum.org/library/view/1221.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00182-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.716292
| 167
| 3.015625
| 3
|
Activities, lesson plans, worksheets, videos, and teaching ideas to help you teach children and teens about Lent.
The Religion Teacher’s Lenten Activity Pack provides teachers, catechists, DREs, and homeschooling parents with creative ideas to teach their students or children about the liturgical season of Lent. As teachers, we all want to make this season important for our students. We want to make sure they have a meaningful Lenten experience, while at the same time provide them with answers to their questions about why we do the things we do during Lent.
Why is the Lenten Activity Pack so helpful? In this packet of resources you will receive:
- 19 worksheets that enforce important Church teachings about Lent
- visual graphic organizers to help students understand the lessons in The Religion Teacher’s Lenten Video Series
- 7 easy-to-implement lesson plans on important Lenten topics
- daily prayer ideas to help students personally encounter Christ during Lent
Use the short videos to answer common questions about Lent, but use the resources in the Lenten Activity Pack to drive home these lessons and help the young people you teach have a meaningful experience this Lenten season. The Religion Teacher’s Lenten Activity Pack is now available in one low price for individuals, parishes, and schools: just $14.95 with no licensing fees or expiration dates. Buy now and get instant access to the digital files sent right to your email inbox.
The turn-key lesson plans cover such topics as
- The Meaning of Lent
- 40 Days in the Bible
- Ash Wednesday (see sample lesson)
- Fasting, Almsgiving, and Prayer
- The Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation
- Stations of the Cross
This digital packet of resources is delivered immediately upon purchase right to your email inbox, so you can have all of the worksheets in on your computer and ready to print just minutes from now!
|
<urn:uuid:e9c3072f-0abc-43e2-91aa-6872bbf6f58a>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.thereligionteacher.com/lenten-activity-pack/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395621.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00155-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.915791
| 405
| 3.1875
| 3
|
11.08.11 - Scientists working with the 230-foot-wide (70-meter) Deep Space Network antenna at Goldstone, Calif., have generated a short movie clip of asteroid 2005 YU55.
11.07.11 - NASA's Deep Space Network antenna in Goldstone, Calif. has captured new radar images of Asteroid 2005 YU55 passing close to Earth.
10.26.11 - A meteor is the most probable cause of a bright, colorful fireball witnessed by people in a wide swath of the southwestern United States.
10.25.11 - Latest indications are this relatively small comet has broken into even smaller, even less significant, chunks of dust and ice.
10.19.11 - NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope has detected signs of icy bodies raining down in an alien solar system.
10.13.10 - NASA's Hubble Space Telescope has captured the first snapshots of a suspected asteroid collision. The images show a bizarre X-shaped object at the head of a comet-like trail of material.
10.12.11 - Scientists with NASA's Dawn mission have provided details about the southern hemisphere of Vesta, which boasts one of the largest mountains in the solar system.
10.10.11 - A new image from NASA's Dawn spacecraft shows a mountain three times as high as Mt. Everest, amidst the topography in the south polar region of the giant asteroid Vesta.
10.05.11 - Astronomers have found a new cosmic source for the same kind of water that appeared on Earth billions of years ago and created the oceans.
09.30.11 - NASA's Dawn spacecraft has completed a gentle spiral into its new science orbit for an even closer view of the giant asteroid Vesta.
09.29.11 - New observations by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, or WISE, show there are significantly fewer near-Earth asteroids in the mid-size range than previously thought.
09.19.11 - The family of asteroids some believed was responsible for the demise of the dinosaurs is not likely the culprit according to new observations.
09.16.11 - A new video from NASA's Dawn spacecraft takes us on a flyover journey above the surface of the giant asteroid Vesta.
09.15.11 - A meteor is the most probable cause of a bright, colorful fireball witnessed by people in a wide swath of the southwestern United States.
08.16.11 - Often, comets are portrayed as harbingers of gloom and doom in movies and on television, but most pose no threat to Earth.
08.11.11 - NASA's Dawn spacecraft is now in its first science-collecting orbit at Vesta.
08.08.11 - NASA-funded research has discovered that some of the basic building blocks of life may have been brought to a young Earth by meteorites.
08.01.11 - NASA's Dawn spacecraft, the first ever to orbit an object in the main asteroid belt, is spiraling towards its first of four intensive science orbits.
07.28.11 - NASA's Dawn mission, in orbit around Vesta, captures a new image from a distance of 3,200 miles (5,200) kilometers from the giant asteroid.
07.21.11 - NASA's Dawn mission, in orbit around Vesta, captured the latest image from a distance of about 6,500 miles (10,500 kilometers) kilometers from the giant asteroid.
|
<urn:uuid:e86a89f9-2813-4fd2-83cd-56e1d5239c64>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/asteroids/news/features_top_rd_archive_4.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00098-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.881374
| 713
| 3.125
| 3
|
It is made by putting a clay pot inside a larger clay pot with wet sand in between the pots and a wet cloth on top. As the water evaporates it cools the inside, letting food stored in the inner pot to be kept fresh for some time. It must be placed in a dry, ventilated place for the water to evaporate to the outside.
Evaporative coolers perform poorly or not at all in climates with high humidity.
Although Mohammed Bah Abba of Nigeria patented the device in 1995 and was awarded a Rolex Laureate (Rolex Awards for Enterprise) in 2000 for developing the “pot-in-pot preservation/cooling system”, the device was known at least as early as the Middle Kingdom of Egypt, as seen by the hieroglyphic kbb, "to cool".
Other websites[change | change source]
- Rolex awards page on Mohammed Bah Abba
- The Zeer Pot - a Nigerian invention keeps food fresh without electricity
- Passive Cooling and Zeer Pots
- The Shell Award for Sustainable Development
- Zeer Pot - introduction and downloadable manual on manufacturing zeer pot refrigerators
|
<urn:uuid:95c4cd4e-4ddd-450a-8f9b-5fb3ccc85a26>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot-in-pot_refrigerator
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00089-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.936902
| 240
| 2.734375
| 3
|
News & Policies
History & Tours | Kids | Your Government | Appointments | Jobs | Contact | Graphic version
Jacqueline Lee Bouvier Kennedy
The inauguration of John F. Kennedy in 1961 brought to the White House and to the heart of the nation a beautiful young wife and the first young children of a President in half a century.
She was born Jacqueline Lee Bouvier, daughter of John Vernon Bouvier III and his wife, Janet Lee. Her early years were divided between New York City and East Hampton, Long Island, where she learned to ride almost as soon as she could walk. She was educated at the best of private schools; she wrote poems and stories, drew illustrations for them, and studied ballet. Her mother, who had obtained a divorce, married Hugh D. Auchincloss in 1942 and brought her two girls to "Merrywood," his home near Washington, D.C., with summers spent at his estate in Newport, Rhode Island. Jacqueline was dubbed "the Debutante of the Year" for the 1947-1948 season, but her social success did not keep her from continuing her education. As a Vassar student she traveled extensively, and she spent her junior year in France before graduating from George Washington University. These experiences left her with a great empathy for people of foreign countries, especially the French.
With marriage "Jackie" had to adapt herself to the new role of wife to one of the country's most energetic political figures. Her own public appearances were highly successful, but limited in number. After the sadness of a miscarriage and the stillbirth of a daughter, Caroline Bouvier was born in 1957; John Jr. was born between the election of 1960 and Inauguration Day. Patrick Bouvier, born prematurely on August 7, 1963, died two days later.
To the role of First Lady, Jacqueline Kennedy brought beauty, intelligence, and cultivated taste. Her interest in the arts, publicized by press and television, inspired an attention to culture never before evident at a national level. She devoted much time and study to making the White House a museum of American history and decorative arts as well as a family residence of elegance and charm. But she defined her major role as "to take care of the President" and added that "if you bungle raising your children, I don't think whatever else you do well matters very much."
Mrs. Kennedy's gallant courage during the tragedy of her husband's assassination won her the admiration of the world. Thereafter it seemed the public would never allow her the privacy she desired for herself and her children. She moved to New York City; and in 1968 she married the wealthy Greek businessman, Aristotle Onassis, 23 years her senior, who died in March 1975. From 1978 until her death in 1994, Mrs. Onassis worked in New York City as an editor for Doubleday. At her funeral her son described three of her attributes: "love of words, the bonds of home and family, and her spirit of adventure."
Mrs. John F. Kennedy.
Presidents & First Ladies
Events & Traditions
|
<urn:uuid:565543b8-2ddf-4826-8869-60e636e50d85>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/history/firstladies/text/jk35.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404826.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00009-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.977704
| 636
| 2.671875
| 3
|
|Seaside Goldenrod, Solidago sempervirens|
Fireweed, Epilobium angustifolium
Fireweed is a disturbance species, found growing in a weedy manner along the ditches. It is worth stopping to get a better look. On close inspection the inflorescence is quite lovely.
|Fireweed along the road.|
The most common butterfly was the Painted Lady, Vanessa cardui. Once called the Cosmopolitan, indeed, it is found on more continents than any other butterfly species. It cannot winter over in these northern regions, but is it is famous for its mass migrations. Butterflies East of the Great Plains, (Opler and Krizek) says it can even use the thistle as a host plant. Perhaps that is what this "lady" is up to.
|American Copper, the smallest of all copper butterflies.|
|Sheep Sorrel, Rumex acetosella|
American Copper butterflies were found in several locations. This was not too surprising as their host plant, sheep-sorrel is found in many locations. It is a low to the ground, weedy plant which thrives in damp places- especially damp places with sheep. That pretty much describes Nova Scotia.
Nova Scotia is well-known for sheep. Since much of the rocky shores are impossible to till, many of the islands have sheep free-ranging during the summer months. This ewe and lamb were photographed at the base of the Cape Sable Lighthouse. The sheep keep paths open on the island as they feed on many of the native grasses, but the thistles must not have been to their taste.
In some cases is it believed sheep contribute to the erosion of sand dunes, shores and can be disruptive to shorebird colonies- such as Roseate Tern and Piping Plovers. Those beaches and islands receive more protection under current management practices.
|
<urn:uuid:986e3706-df27-41ab-9194-799e6cba50fd>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://cherylharner.blogspot.com/2012/08/seaside-nature-nova-scotia.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00157-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.965782
| 398
| 3.421875
| 3
|
Desolation of smog: Tackling China's air quality crisis
- 7 January 2014
- From the section Science & Environment
Officials in China say they are confident green technology will help overcome the country's notoriously polluted air.
Apocalyptic scenes of dense smog have recently forced major cities including Shanghai and Harbin to virtually shut down.
The capital Beijing is among urban areas where pollution routinely exceeds safety limits set by the World Health Organization (WHO).
In a rare interview, a senior environmental official told the BBC he was "optimistic" that the problems would be overcome.
The Chinese government has launched an effort worth 1.7 trillion yuan (£180bn) to clean up power stations and traffic fumes.
The head of air quality at Beijing's Environmental Protection Bureau, Wang Bin, pointed to the success other major world cities have had in tackling smog.
"You can see in those big cities like in London in Britain, Los Angeles in America and Tokyo in Japan, they all had huge air problems in the past - for example, London was nicknamed Smog City - which was caused by fast industrialisation.
"But their situation has improved a lot and their air is really better now. Beijing's pollution is not that severe.
"We have already moved fast to cope with this issue. So we are very confident about reaching a good level of air quality and changing our capital into a green Beijing in future."
Specific measures include closing down any power stations within the city that burn coal - or switching them to burning cleaner gas instead.
A new lottery system with very few winners is restricting the rise in the number of new cars and drivers. Beijing already has five million cars on its roads, and greener cars will get priority.
Beyond that, a major push for renewable energy including hydroelectric, wind and solar is designed, in part, to help replace power generation by coal, the cheapest but most polluting fuel.
But many people will remain to be convinced that these actions are drastic enough - or that any official optimism is justified.
One mother, Jia Yi, told me of her fears for the health of her twin seven-year-old daughters.
She insists that Ji Xiang and Ru Yi wear face masks on days when the pollution levels are high.
"There are so many people and cars in Beijing and that will influence my children's health - I do believe Beijing is not a place to live.
"So if it won't affect my children's education, we'd rather go to the southern part of China which has better air and environment."
Prof Pan Xiao-chuan of Peking University's School of Public Health has led studies into air pollution.
"My personal feeling is that in the last two years the smog frequency in Beijing has been rising - we have figures to prove that - and also the density of the smog is increasing.
"This means the figures of PM 2.5 and PM 10 are really high when there's a big smog in Beijing."
PM 2.5 and PM 10 are two types of pollution involving particles too small to see with the naked eye - less than 2.5 or 10 microns in diameter.
Often these consist of fragments of unburned fuel and are small enough to reach the lungs or, in the smallest cases, to cross into the bloodstream as well.
The World Health Organization (WHO) sets a maximum safe limit of exposure over a 24-hour period: 25 of the PM 2.5 particles in every cubic metre of air.
Most Chinese cities routinely experience levels well in excess of 200 and, on one occasion in Beijing, of 800.
Given the risks of respiratory and cardiovascular problems, Prof Pan says the regular publication of pollution data has "a very important public health value".
Until recently, the Chinese authorities did not release data on PM2.5, even though readings on this pollution type were published by the US Embassy in Beijing.
This led to an outcry on social media during a particularly bad smog event in 2011 and forced a change in policy.
Prof Pan said: "This will warn the public when they can go outdoors and when it's better to stay indoors, and how the old and children should protect themselves."
The threat of air pollution has become so serious that one school for expatriate children has taken the drastic step of sealing off part of its playground.
A giant inflatable dome at the International School of Beijing now provides an insulated space where the air is filtered and positive pressure ensures any pollution is kept at bay.
Gerrick Monroe, the school's operations director, said the dome was bought after one pollution spell kept children indoors for a 20-day period.
"One of the first questions prospective parents will ask is 'what is the air quality like?'
"This is one of the selling points - we take indoor air quality very seriously here."
For the longer term, the hope is that the government's measures will start to take effect.
But one leading environmental scientist, Prof Zhang Shiqui of Peking University, says it is "a really big challenge for China" trying to balance economic growth and poverty reduction with public health.
"I think it's highly dependent on whether China can successfully introduce a restructuring strategy and, second, can China can switch to cleaner sources of energy, and can consumers change their behaviours?
"In previous years, if the government wanted to slow down the economy to get a greener environment, the public would not have agreed.
"But after the PM2.5 event in 2011, the public has a high awareness of air pollution and they are eager to improve the environment here.
"But although China has huge GDP growth, per capita it's still very low, so China should maintain proper economic growth to solve the poverty issue."
The reality is that it will take years or even decades to reduce China's pollution problem - but a combination of public awareness and cleaner technology may help accelerate the process.
|
<urn:uuid:658d71ae-7ca3-497c-bd1d-d7ea9f836d6d>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25576716
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403502.46/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00043-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.960871
| 1,225
| 2.703125
| 3
|
8/7/2013 6:48:40 AM
Get the latest biotech news where you want it. Sign up for the free GenePool newsletter today!
The length of a human pregnancy can vary naturally by as much as five weeks, according to research published online today (Wednesday) in Europe's leading reproductive medicine journal Human Reproduction . Normally, women are given a date for the likely delivery of their baby that is calculated as 280 days after the onset of their last menstrual period. Yet only four percent of women deliver at 280 days and only 70% deliver within 10 days of their estimated due date, even when the date is calculated with the help of ultrasound.
Hey, check out all the research scientist jobs. Post your resume today!
comments powered by
|
<urn:uuid:ba8146c9-03f3-4cf8-8c1b-e23b515f4cc9>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.biospace.com/News/length-of-human-pregnancies-can-vary-naturally-by/305079
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00072-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.95553
| 154
| 2.515625
| 3
|
Apples trees (small)
The development of smaller-growing varieties has seen apples – which had somewhat fallen out of favour – beginning to regain their popularity in home gardens.
Many apple varieties can now be found grafted onto a dwarfing rootstock. Others, such as ‘Ballerina’, have a columnar habit that means they take up far less space in the garden. And while the tress may be smaller, the good news is that the fruit is full size so you can have the delicious taste of your own apples even in a relatively small section.
Winter’s a good time to buy apple trees, either from local plant suppliers, through the internet or by mail order.
Apples do best in cool to cold climates so, if you’re in a coastal or subtropical area, consider growing an ornamental crabapple instead. ‘Jack Humm’, one of the most popular crabapples, produces bright red fruit.
For maximum cropping, fruiting apples must have another variety that flowers at the same time and is within bee-travelling distance. This could deter many space-challenged gardeners, but the problem can be solved by selecting a double-grafted tree (two varieties on the one set of roots), or by planting two small growers into virtually the same hole.
Apples grow best in an open, sunny, well-drained position, with soil that’s been enriched with compost, old manure and Magamp long-lasting fertiliser. Water in well after planting, adding some Yates Nature’s Way Seaweed Booster to encourage root growth.
Fertilise established apple trees in early spring, just as they start to make new growth, and again in mid-summer. Thrive granular Citrus Food has a fruit-promoting balance of nutrients.
Codling moth is the number one problem for then heads down the trunk to find a place to build its cocoon. During this migrating period it can be trapped in corrugated cardboard bands wrapped around the tree trunk. This will control many of the caterpillars, but not those already inside the apple. Picking up all fallen fruit is critically important.
A winter spray with Conqueror Oil will kill the over-wintering eggs of many pests, and a pre-spring application of copper- and sulphur-based Yates Nature’s Way Fungus Spray will help control some common diseases. Nasturtiums or lavender planted under the trees are said to deter many pests.
Dwarf apples need less pruning than the old varieties. Cutting back long shoots and opening the centre to the sun may be all that’s required. Protect cuts with Bacseal.
This area is for general comments from members of the public. Some questions or comments may not receive a reply from Yates. For all consumer related enquiries, please contact us.
|
<urn:uuid:84be67ae-479a-472c-8aff-84abfa35494a>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.yates.co.nz/fruit/grow/apples-trees-small/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00186-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.923947
| 610
| 3.125
| 3
|
NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander Delivers Soil Sample to Microscope
TUCSON, Ariz. -- New observations from NASA's Phoenix Mars Lander
provide the most magnified view ever seen of Martian soil, showing
particles clumping together even at the smallest visible scale.
In the past two days, two instruments on the lander deck -- a microscope
and a bake-and-sniff analyzer -- have begun inspecting soil samples
delivered by the scoop on Phoenix's Robotic Arm.
"This is the first time since the Viking missions three decades
ago that a sample is being studied inside an instrument on Mars," said
Phoenix Principal Investigator Peter Smith of the University of Arizona, Tucson.
Stickiness of the soil at the Phoenix site has presented challenges for
delivering samples, but also presents scientific opportunities.
"Understanding the soil is a major goal of this mission and the soil
is a bit different than we expected," Smith said. "There could be real
discoveries to come as we analyze this soil with our various instruments.
We have just the right instruments for the job."
Images from Phoenix's Optical Microscope show nearly 1,000 separate soil
particles, down to sizes smaller than one-tenth the diameter of a human
hair. At least four distinct minerals are seen.
"It's been more than 11 years since we had the idea to send a microscope to
Mars and I'm absolutely gobsmacked that we're now looking at the soil of
Mars at a resolution that has never been seen before," said Tom Pike of
Imperial College London. He is a Phoenix co-investigator working on the
lander's Microscopy, Electrochemistry and Conductivity Analyzer.
The sample includes some larger, black, glassy particles as well as smaller
reddish ones. "We may be looking at a history of the soil," said Pike. "It
appears that original particles of volcanic glass have weathered down to
smaller particles with higher concentration of iron."
The fine particles in the soil sample closely resemble particles of airborne
dust examined earlier by the microscope.
Atmospheric dust at the Phoenix site has remained about the same day-to-day
so far, said Phoenix co-investigator and atmospheric scientist Nilton Renno
of the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
"We've seen no major dust clouds at the landing site during the mission so far,"
Renno said. "That's not a surprise because we landed when dust activity is at a
minimum. But we expect to see big dust storms at the end of the mission. Some of
us will be very excited to see some of those dust storms reach the lander."
Studying dust on Mars helps scientists understand atmospheric dust on Earth, which
is important because dust is a significant factor in global climate change.
"We've learned there is well-mixed dust in the Martian atmosphere, much more mixed
than on Earth, and that's a surprise," Renno said. Rather than particles settling
into dust layers, strong turbulence mixes them uniformly from the surface to a few
kilometers above the surface.
Scientists spoke at a news briefing today at the University of Arizona, where new
color views of the spacecraft's surroundings were shown.
"We are taking a high-quality, 360-degree look at all of Mars that we can see from
our landing site in color and stereo," said Mark Lemmon, Surface Stereo Imager lead
from Texas A&M University, College Station.
"These images are important to provide the context of where the lander is on the
surface. The panorama also allows us to look beyond our workspace to see how the
polygon structures connect with the rest of the area. We can identify interesting
things beyond our reach and then use the camera's filters to investigate their
properties from afar."
The Phoenix mission is led by Smith at the University of Arizona with project
management at JPL and development partnership at Lockheed Martin, Denver. International
contributions come from the Canadian Space Agency; the University of Neuchatel, Switzerland;
the universities of Copenhagen and Aarhus, Denmark; Max Planck Institute, Germany;
and the Finnish Meteorological Institute. For more about Phoenix, visit:
Media contacts: Guy Webster 818-354-6278
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
Dwayne Brown 202-358-1726
NASA Headquarters, Washington
Sara Hammond 520-626-1974
University of Arizona, Tucson
|
<urn:uuid:eaa396e3-7612-4f9c-955f-49abebf0f92a>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/news/phoenix-20080613.html
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00101-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.912092
| 956
| 3.359375
| 3
|
Evaluating an Objective
Imagine the following scenario:
You and your team have been given balloons and are given the objective to keep AS MANY BALLOONS AS YOU CAN in the air for one minute. You cannot hold the balloons and you are permitted to help each other. Once a balloon drops to the ground, it is out.
You are competing against another team, whose goal is to keep ALL BALLOONS in the air for 1 minute. They cannot hold the balloons and they are permitted to help each other. Once one of their balloons drops to the ground, it is out.
Your team drops more balloons than the other team, yet you are rewarded with praise, while the other team is scolded for not achieving their goal.
(Adapted from exercise described by Don Shapiro at University of New Mexico.)
|
<urn:uuid:d91891d4-9261-4ec2-822f-bb289230e180>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://www.ala.org/acrl/aboutacrl/directoryofleadership/sections/is/iswebsite/projpubs/smartobjectives/evaluatingobjective
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396538.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00069-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.966342
| 168
| 2.75
| 3
|
Democracy Is Inherently Broken
Like the U.S., many democratic nations are suffering from permanently high unemployment, staggering public debts and budget deficits, and a deep economic recession. Although many people blame politicians for their problems, virtually no one ever considers blaming the democratic system for our woes. If you think about it, however, it’s clear that it’s the collectivist nature of democracy that has led us into this hole.
Over the last 150 years, government debts have grown inexorably. During that period, average government spending increased from 12% of GDP to a hefty 47% among major Western countries.
At the same time, the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations ballooned from one to a whopping 200 books. This shows that government interference into the private lives of individuals has mushroomed and that democracy is a danger to liberty.
These trends are not a coincidence. They are the logical result of the principles and dynamics of the democratic system. In a democracy, politicians experience a strong incentive to make debts and raise taxes. After all, they are in power for a short period of time and, therefore, tend to behave more like shortsighted tenants than responsible, future-oriented owners.
When they overspend, overborrow, or overprint money, their successors will have to deal with the negative consequences, and in their turn feel the same perverse impulse. Despite austerity rhetoric, government debts keep rising in most democratic countries. “Austerity” is a code word for “spending less than we had wanted, but more than in the past.” In the end, they wind up raising taxes, rather than lowering expenditures to cut deficits.
Democracy is like going out to dinner with a group of people and deciding in advance to split the bill equally. If you order a nice $10 dessert, you pay only a fraction of the cost and the others pay the rest. So everyone will eat and drink more than they would have done if they had paid their own bill.
The result is a much higher total bill — and no one will be in a position to do anything about it.
In a democracy, voters have the chance to put their personal desires on the collective tab. Welfare recipients demand higher welfare payments, parents want “free” education, farmers lobby for higher subsidies, and so on. Everyone tries to live at the expense of others. But in the end, almost everyone loses, just like the dinner companions in the example above.
The politician that promises the most, no matter how unrealistic, usually wins the elections.
If democracy has built-in perverse incentives, what would be the alternative? People tend to think that the only alternative to democracy is dictatorship. They’re used to equating democracy with freedom. But this is nonsense.
Democracy is rule by “the people”, i.e., the majority. The logical alternative to majority rule is self-rule. In other words, personal liberty. Instead of the government spending tax money and making decisions for people, individuals should spend their own money and make their own decisions.
Democracy is a form of collectivism in which the individual is subordinate to the wishes of the collective. It’s a one-size-fits-none system in which billions of free individual choices are reduced to a small number of coercive decisions by politicians.
A much better alternative to such a centralized system would be to have many decentralized systems. This would create a market for governance where new types of government could be tried and tested, e.g., startup “countries” like Shenzhen and Dubai.
Getting back to the example of the dinner table: If people could split up into many different tables, the diners at each table would feel the negative effects of their spending much more strongly. Then the feedback mechanism would work far better. In addition, the tables would compete with each other, so tables spending irresponsibly would be quickly deserted. Thus, decentralization and competition would foster responsible behavior.
In the U.S. democratic system, one state or group can live at the expense of the other. In the European Union, one country can burden the other countries with their debts and the more frugal countries can’t escape.
But Switzerland, geographically positioned in the center of the EU, was never part of this collective folly and suffers little from the economic crisis (their current unemployment rate is a modest 3.1%). The country must live within its own means, and others cannot spend at the expense of the Swiss.
The Swiss democracy itself is a very decentralized one. It consists of 26 regions known as cantons, or provinces, that on average have 300,000 inhabitants. These cantons enjoy remarkable autonomy, and they compete on matters like taxes, regulation, health care, and education. Because of that competition, people and businesses can not only vote with their pencils, but also with their feet. That fosters sensible governance, which has led to the prosperity and social stability the country is famous for.
Switzerland has a direct democracy at the federal, cantonal, and municipal level. One could, therefore, counter that this Alpine country offers an argument for more democracy. But its success seems to stem from its decentralized structure with relatively small units.
In governance, “small is beautiful.” Of the 20 most prosperous regions in the world, many have fewer than 8 million inhabitants. A number of those, like Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, and Monaco, are not typical liberal democracies.
The current economic crisis cannot be solved by more democracy, centralization, and government interference. There are currently only about 200 countries for 7 billion people. That is far too few. We need a better market for governance in which more countries compete for companies and people. This will drive down taxes and foster economic growth and social stability.
Democracy is broken because it’s a collectivist system, like socialism and fascism. We have to break it up in order to fix it.
Original article posted on Laissez Faire Today
|
<urn:uuid:e2a4352d-7ac1-4682-b4f3-4ee6abb67800>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-26
|
http://dailyreckoning.com/democracy-is-inherently-broken/
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00190-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.962288
| 1,253
| 2.96875
| 3
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.