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Nicholas Murray Butler
Nicholas Murray Butler (April 2, 1862 – December 7, 1947) was an American philosopher, diplomat, and educator. Butler was president of Columbia University, president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize.
- There was a time when philosophy might have been defined as the science of human activity, so all-comprehensive was it. The ambitious Greek who would attach his name to a philosophical system must include in his scheme all that could be known, done, and speculated about God, the world, and man. In the course of time and the specialization of the sciences this view of philosophy fell away, and was replaced by the more exact and narrower conception of modern times.
- "The Progress of Psychical Research", in Popular Science Monthly (August, 1886) Vol. 29.
- The analytical geometry of Descartes and the calculus of Newton and Leibniz have expanded into the marvelous mathematical method—more daring than anything that the history of philosophy records—of Lobachevsky and Riemann, Gauss and Sylvester. Indeed, mathematics, the indispensable tool of the sciences, defying the senses to follow its splendid flights, is demonstrating today, as it never has been demonstrated before, the supremacy of the pure reason.
- The Meaning of Education and other Essays and Addresses (1898) p. 45 as quoted by Robert Édouard Moritz, Memorabilia Mathematica; Or, The Philomath's Quotation-book (1914)
- 1. The human mind is so constructed that it must see every perception in a time-relation—in an order—and every perception of an object in a space-relation—as outside or beside our perceiving selves.
2. These necessary time-relations are reducible to Number, and they are studied in the theory of number, arithmetic and algebra.
3. These necessary space-relations are reducible to Position and Form, and they are studied in geometry.
Mathematics, therefore, studies an aspect of all knowing, and reveals to us the universe as it presents itself, in one form, to mind. To apprehend this and to be conversant with the higher developments of mathematical reasoning, are to have at hand the means of vitalizing all teaching of elementary mathematics.
- The United States is in sore need today of an aristocracy of intellect and service. Because such an aristocracy does not exist in the popular consciousness, we are bending the knee to the golden calf of money. The form of monarchy and its pomp offer a valuable foil to the worship of money for its own sake. A democracy must provide itself with a foil of its own and none is better or more effective than an aristocracy of intellect and service.
- There is, I venture to think, no ground for the ordinarily accepted statement of the relation of philosophy to theology and religion. It is usually said that while^hilosophy is the creation of an individual mind, theology or religion is, like folk-lore and language, the product of the collective mind of a people or a race. This is to confuse philosophy with philosophies, a conmion and, it must be admitted, a not unnatural confusion. But while a philosophy is the creation of a Plato, an Aristotle, a Spinoza, a Kant, or a Hegel,^hilosophy itself is, like religion, folk-lore and language, a product of the collective mind of humanity. It is advanced, as these are, by individual additions, interpretations and syntheses, but it is none the less quite istinct from such individual contributions. philosophy is humanity's hold on Totality, and it becomes richer and more helpful as man's intellectual horizon widens, as his intellectual vision grows clearer, and as his insights become more numerous and more sure. Theology is philosophy of a particular type. It is an interpretation of Totality in terms of God and His activities. In the impressive words of Principal Caird, that philosophy which is theology seeks "to bind together objects and events in the links of necessary thought, and to find their last ground and reason in that which comprehends and transcends all— the nature of God Himself." Religion is the apprehension and the adoration of the Grod Whom theology postulates.
If the whole history of philosophy be searched for material with which to instruct the beginner in what philosophy really is and in its relation to theology and religion, the two periods or epochs that stand out above all others as useful for this purpose are Greek thought from Thales to Socrates, and that interpretation of the teachings of Christ by philosophy which gave rise, at the hands of the Church Fathers, to Christian theology. In the first period we see the simple, clear-cut steps by which the mind of Europe was led from explanations that were fairy-tales to a natural, well-analyzed, and increasingly profound interpretation of the observed phenomena of Nature. The process is so orderly and so easily grasped that it is an invaluable introduction to the study of philosophic thinking. In the second period we see philosophy, now enriched by the literally huge contributions of Plato, Aristotle and the Stoics, intertwining itself about the simple Christian tenets and building the great system of creeds and thought which has immortalized the names of Athanasius and Hilary, Basil and Gregory, Jerome and Augustine, and which has given color and form to the intellectual life of Europe for nearly two thousand years. For the student of today both these developments have great practical value, and the astonishing neglect and ignorance of them both are most discreditable.
- Many definitions have been given of the word “education,” but underlying them all is the conception that it denotes an attempt on the part of the adult members of a human society to shape the development of the coming generation in accordance with its own ideals of life. It is true that the word has not infrequently been used in wider senses than this.
- "Education" (1911) in Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th ed., 1911. United States.
- On the eve of that going out, we gather to participate in this stately and solemn service to Almighty God, in Whose name this University was founded and in Whose name it has labored from generation to generation... Wherever the cause of liberty is in danger, there Columbia's hand will be found to help avert it. Wherever the rule of despotism is extending, there Columbia's hand will be found to remove It. Wherever there is need of scientific skill and genius to serve, to cure, to invent, to construct, there a Columbia hand will be found ready to do its duty for the advancement of the public good and for the glory of Almighty God.
- Address The Call to Service (1917); "A world in ferment; interpretations of the war for a new world"
- There is no .man, there is no people, without a God. That God may be a visible idol, carved of wood or stone, to which sacrifice is offered in the forest, in the temple, or in the market-place; or it may be an invisible idol, fashioned in a man's own image and worshipped ardently at his own personal shrine. Somewhere in the universe there is that in which each individual has firm faith, and on which he places steady reliance. The fool who says in his heart "There is no God" really means there is no God but himself. His supreme egotism, his colossal vanity, have placed him at the center of the universe which is thereafter to be measured and dealt with in terms of his personal satisfactions. So it has come to pass that after nearly two thousand years much of the world resembles the Athens of St. Paul's time, in that it is wholly given to idolatry; but in the modern case there are as many idols as idol worshippers, and every such idol worshipper finds his idol in the looking-glass. The time has come once again to repeat and to expound in thunderous tones the noble sermon of St. Paul on Mars Hill, and to declare to these modern idolaters "Whom, therefore, ye ignorantly worship, Him declare I unto you."
There can be no cure for the world's ills and no abatement of the world's discontents until faith and the rule of everlasting principle are again restored and made supreme in the life of men and of nations. These millions of man-made gods, these myriads of personal idols, must be broken up and destroyed, and the heart and mind of man brought back to a comprehension of the real meaning of faith and its place in life. This cannot be done by exhortation or by preaching alone. It must be done also by teaching; careful, systematic, rational teaching, that will show in a simple language which the uninstructed can understand what are the essentials of a permanent and lofty morality, of a stable and just social order, and of a secure and sublime religious faith.
Here we come upon the whole great problem of national education, its successes and its disappointments, its achievements and its problems yet unsolved. Education is not merely instruction far from it. It is the leading of the youth out into a comprehension of his environment, that, comprehending, he may so act and so conduct himself as to leave the world better and happier for his having lived in it. This environment is not by any means a material thing alone. It is material of course, but, in addition, it is intellectual, it is spiritual. The youth who is led to an understanding of nature and of economics and left blind and deaf to the appeals of literature, of art, of morals and of religion, has been shown but a part of that great environment which is his inheritance as a human being. The school and the college do much, but the school and the college cannot do all. Since Protestantism broke up the solidarity of the ecclesiastical organization in the western world, and since democracy made intermingling of state and church impossible, it has been necessary, if religion is to be saved for men, that the family and the church do their vital cooperative part in a national organization of educational effort. The school, the family and the church are three cooperating educational agencies, each of which has its weight of responsibility to bear. If the family be weakened in respect of its moral and spiritual basis, or if the church be neglectful of its obligation to offer systematic, continuous and convincing religious instruction to the young who are within its sphere of influence, there can be no hope for a Christian education or for the powerful perpetuation of the Christian faith in the minds and lives of the next generation and those immediately to follow. We are trustees of a great inheritance. If we abuse or neglect that trust we are responsible before Almighty God for the infinite damage that will be done in the life of individuals and of nations.... Clear thinking will distinguish between men's different associations, and it will be able to render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's, and to render unto God the things which are God's.
- Man's conception of what is most worth knowing and reflecting upon, of what may best compel his scholarly energies, has changed greatly with the years. His earliest impressions were of his own insignificance and of the stupendous powers and forces by which he was surrounded and ruled. The heavenly fires, the storm-cloud and the thunderbolt, the rush of waters and the change of seasons, all filled him with an awe which straightway saw in them manifestations of the superhuman and the divine. Man was absorbed in nature, a mythical and legendary nature to be sure, but still the nature out of which science was one day to arise. Then, at the call of Socrates, he turned his back on nature and sought to know himself; to learn the secrets of those mysterious and hidden processes by which he felt and thought and acted. The intellectual centre of gravity had passed from nature to man. From that day to this the goal of scholarship has been the understanding of both nature and man, the uniting of them in one scheme or plan of knowledge, and the explaining of them as the offspring of the omnipotent activity of a Creative Spirit, the Christian God. Slow and painful have been the steps toward the goal which to St. Augustine seemed so near at hand, but which has receded through the intervening centuries as the problems grew more complex and as the processes of inquiry became so refined that whole worlds of new and unsuspected facts revealed themselves. Scholars divided into two camps. The one would have ultimate and complete explanations at any cost; the other, overcome by the greatness of the undertaking, held that no explanation in a large or general way was possible. The one camp bred sciolism; the other narrow and helpless specialization.
At this point the modern university problem took its rise; and for over four hundred years the university has been striving to adjust its organization so that it may most effectively bend its energies to the solution of the problem as it is. For this purpose the university's scholars have unconsciously divided themselves into three types or classes: those who investigate and break new ground; those who explain, apply, and make understandable the fruits of new investigation; and those philosophically minded teachers who relate the new to the old, and, without dogma or intolerance, point to the lessons taught by the developing human spirit from its first blind gropings toward the light on the uplands of Asia or by the shores of the Mediterranean, through the insights of the world's great poets, artists, scientists, philosophers, statesmen, and priests, to its highly organized institutional and intellectual life of to-day. The purpose of scholarly activity requires for its accomplishment men of each of these three types. They are allies, not enemies; and happy the age, the people, or the university in which all three are well represented. It is for this reason that the university which does not strive to widen the boundaries of human knowledge, to tell the story of the new in terms that those familiar with the old can understand, and to put before its students a philosophical interpretation of historic civilization, is, I think, falling short of the demands which both society and university ideals themselves may fairly make.
A group of distinguished scholars in separate and narrow fields can no more constitute a university than a bundle of admirably developed nerves, without a brain and spinal cord, can produce all the activities of the human organism.
- All the problems of the world could be settled easily if men were only willing to think. The trouble is that men very often resort to all sorts of devices in order not to think, because thinking is such hard work.
- Attributed to Butler in: American Dental Association (1959) The Journal of the American Dental Association. Vol 59. p. 289
- Where the forms of civil, religious and political liberty still exist, they must be strengthened and given new power over the hearts as well as over the minds of men. Faith must not be lost, and courage must not be lacking. The call is for every civilized human being who believes in justice, in liberty and in public morals. The bell is ringing!
- Address The bell is ringing
- When you remember how few Jews there are in Italy and how relatively few there are in Germany, one must wonder at the violence and the bitterness of this perse cution. The number of Jews in Italy is only a small fraction of those in the city of New York, while there are in the city of New York six times as many Jews as there were in the German Reich when the last war ended and possibly more than four times as many as there are there now. Yet the persecution, personal, physical, family, financial, goes on, openly and secretly, in a way that is perfectly appalling. To my great astonishment, this anti-Semitic persecution has been violently and publicly revived in this country within the last few weeks or months, and it is as discreditable to us that this should have happened as anything that we can imagine.'
Jews differ among themselves just as do Spaniards or Italians or Canadians or Americans. There are some who belong to one party, some who belong to another some whp hold one point of view, some who hold a point of view that is contradictory. The notion that all who belong to that race or profess that faith are of one mind in everything that relates to their public relationships is a grotesque departure from fact. But if you can play upon an excited public emotion by the use of these terms and by the insinuation that the entire Hebrew population is engaged, let us say as we have been told from the platform recently in trying to get this nation into war, such statements, although absolutely contradictory to every well-known fact, will, if repeated long enough, be believed and acted upon by a certain number of our unthinking population.
We cannot protest too vigorously and too strongly against that sort of thing. It may be the Ku Klux Klan persecuting the Catholics, it may be the anti-Semites persecuting the Jews: but persecution on racial or religious ground has absolutely no place in a nation given over to liberty and which calls itself a democracy.
- Whether it be generally recognized or not, what we call the civilized world, which for seven hundred years has been moving steadily forward in the spirit of liberalism and toward liberalism s high ideals, has now turned suddenly and violently backward. The guidance of reason and of understanding, of moral principle and of religious faith, has been shockingly and cruelly disslaced by the rule of brute force. Our literally stupendous achievements in literature, in philosophy, in the arts, in the sciences and in the comforts and conveniences of life count for nothing in the control of no national policy and of national conduct, and by far the major portion of the world is now under the rule of brutal compulsion. Such portion of the world as is not in that condition may soon be struggling for its life.
- Public opinion* is the unseen product of education and practical experience. Education, in turn, is the function, in co-operation, of the family, the church and the school. If the family fails in its guiding influence and discipline and if the church fails in its religious instruction, then everything is left to the school, which is given an impossible burden to bear. It is just this situation which has arisen in the United States during the generation through which we are still passing. In overwhelming proportion, the family has become almost unconscious of its chief educational responsibility. In like manner, the church, fortunately with some noteworthy exceptions, has done the same. The heavy burden put upon the school has resulted in confused thinking, unwise plans of instruction and a loss of opportunity to lay the foundations of true education, the effects of which are becoming obvious to every one. Fundamental dis cipline, both personal and social, has pretty well disappeared, and, without that discipline which develops into self-discipline, education is impossible.
What are the American people going to do about it? If they do not correct these conditions, they are simply playing into the hands of the advocates of a totalitarian state, for that type of state is at least efficient, and it is astonishing to how many persons efficiency makes stronger appeal than liberty.
Then, too, we have many signs of an incapacity to understand and to interpret liberty, or to distinguish it from license. There is a limit to liberty, and liberty ends where license begins. It is very difficult for many persons to understand this fact or to grasp its implications. If we are to have freedom of speech, freedom of thought and freedom of the press, why should we not be free to say and think and print whatever we like? The answer is that the limit between liberty and license must be observed if liberty itself is to last. To suppose, as many individuals and groups seem to do, that liberty of thought and liberty of speech* include liberty to agitate for the destruction of liberty itself, indicates on the part of such persons not only lack of common sense but lack of any sense o humor. If liberty is to remain, the barrier between liberty and license must be recognized and observed.
- Until the family and the church can be roused to the full height of their responsibility we cannot expect to find the youth of the land in possession of that religious knowledge and religious feeling which were characteristic of their ancestors two or three generations ago.
- Both anti-Semitism and the Ku Klux Klan are an insult to democracy and a contradiction of it. But faith honest, sincere, hopeful, opens a door to moving forward in this new and very difficult world in which our children must live. It opens the door into that world in a spirit inspired by something more than the merely human, the gain-seeking and the temporary. It brings us, our children and our grandchildren, in touch with the eternal verities which are the only possible foundation for a civilization and a life that are worthy of human ambition and human endeavor.
- The moral ideal has disappeared in all that has to do with international relations. The gain-seeking impulse supported by brute force has taken its place, and so far as the surface of things is concerned human civilization has gone back a full thousand years. Inconceivable though it be, we are brought face to face in this twentieth century with governments of peoples once great and highly civilized, whose word now means absolutely nothing. A pledge is something not to be kept, but to be broken. Cruelty and national lust have displaced human feeling and friendly international co-operation. Human life has no value, and the savings of generations are wasted month by month and almost day by day in mad attempts to dominate the whole world in pursuit of gain.
How has all this been possible? What has happened to the teachings and inspiring leadership of the great prophets and apostles of the mind, who for nearly three thousand years have been holding before mankind a vision of the moral ideal supported by intellectual power? What has become of the influence and guidance of the great religions Christian, Moslem, Hebrew, Buddhist with their counsels of peace and good-will, or of those of Plato and of Aristotle, of St. Augustine and of St. Thomas Aquinas, and of the outstanding captains of the mind Spanish, Italian, French, English, German who have for hundreds of years occupied the highest place in the citadel of human fame? The answer to these questions is not easy. Indeed, it sometimes seems impossible.
Are we, then, of this twentieth century and of this still free and independent land to lose heart and to yield to the despair which is becoming so widespread in countries other than ours? Not for one moment will we yield our faith or our courage! We may well repeat once more the words of Abraham Lincoln: "Most governments have been based on the denial of the equal rights of men, ours began by affirming those rights. We made the experiment, and the fruit is before us. Look at it think of it!"
However dark the skies may seem now, however violent and apparently irresistible are the savage attacks being made with barbarous brutality upon innocent women and children and non-combatant men, upon hospitals and institutions for the care of the aged and dependent, upon cathedrals and churches, upon libraries and galleries of the world s art, upon classic monuments which record the architectural achievements of centuries we must not despair. Our spirit of faith in the ultimate rule of the moral ideal and in the permanent establish ment of liberty of thought, of speech, of worship and of government will not, and must not, be permitted to weaken or to lose control of our mind and our action.
- Nicholas Murray Butler Nobel Prize biography | <urn:uuid:0d436db2-b8a6-4140-b641-db5158187431> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00168-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967124 | 4,858 | 2.875 | 3 |
Friday, April 9, 2010
How Does That Work? Wine Rack
The wine bottle appears to defy gravity in this wonderful gadget. I've been told you can find all variety of these in wine stores, online, etc. Or you can make your own (or have your dad make you one in celebration of your college graduation :) There are instructions throughout the internet, but basically, you take a slab of wood (mine measures about 9" long by 3 or 4" wide, cut a hole in one end,
and trim the edges so they are at 45 degree angles.
In a classroom setting, you'd obviously want to use some sparkling juice instead of wine. I believe that if you make the hole big enough, you could also use a 2L bottle of soda. I wasn't able to test it out - mine isn't large enough to accomodate such a large bottle.
The bottle holder works based on the principle of center of gravity - can your students figure it out?
How Does That Work is a series of products and demonstrations that you can present to your students and challenge them to explain the science of how they work. Make sure you decide ahead of time what you'll accept as a valid explanation - can it be printed straight off the internet, written in the student's own words, or does the student need to be able to explain it to you conversationally? What will a valid explanation earn the student - a prize, extra credit, a feeling of goodness? | <urn:uuid:072f446f-b48d-4e34-8b15-b136faea955b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://science-mattersblog.blogspot.com/2010/04/how-does-that-work-wine-rack.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396224.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00044-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965499 | 303 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Professor Sharon Lewin co-authored the latest review of the global HIV epidemic, published in The Lancet.
Professor Lewin, who's the co-chair of the 20th International AIDS Conference next month in Melbourne, says one of the most important advances has been anti-HIV drugs, which dramatically reduces a person's infectiousness, hence leading to fewer transmissions.
Presenter: Sen Lam
Speaker: Professor Sharon Lewin, Director of the Department of Infectious Diseases at the Alfred Hospital and Monash University
LEWIN: Anti-HIV drugs basically stop the virus from replicating in the body, so when the person goes on treatment the levels of virus decrease dramatically, and their immune system recovers, and that's why they no longer get sick. And in fact people that take anti-HIV drugs now have a normal life expectancy if they start the drugs at the right time.
At the same time, the drugs don't only just help the person taking them, the drugs dramatically reduce the amount of virus in the blood, and therefore dramatically reduce the person's infectiousness.
So the chance of that person transmitting HIV reduces by 96 per cent. Therefore, the drugs have an effect not only on the individual, but on larger communities. The more people on treatment, the less transmission of virus we see.
LAM: The report also points to the fact that new HIV infections overall decreased from three-point-three million in 2002, to just over two-million ten years later. Is that largely due to better drugs as you've described, or perhaps a greater awareness of behavioural change or a little of both?
LEWIN: There are a number of factors that have contributed to the global decline in new infections, and interestingly we're not seeing it everywhere, we're seeing very significant declines particularly in countries in sub-Saharan Africa, where over 25 countries have reported a 50 per cent decrease in new infections.
One of the reasons for that is a combination of awareness and behavioural preventions, but probably the biggest factor that has driven a reduction in new infections is the increasing access to anti-HIV drugs. There are now close to ten million people taking anti-HIV drugs in lower middle income countries in 2012, and that's probably one of the biggest drivers in reductions in new infections.
LAM: And the new anti-HIV drugs aside, one of the bright spots is that some people have good anti-body responses to HIV, the so-called broadly neutralising anti-bodies. What's that about?
LEWIN: Yeah that's been a very interesting discovery, which is going to I think have a big effect on vaccine research.
So to get rid of a virus you need to make an immune response to the virus, and the best immune response you can make is to make an antibody and an antibody that recognises many different viruses.
And over the last few years and large collaborative groups of researchers have identified a number of individuals who make these super-duper antibodies that recognise a large number of viruses, not just their own virus.
And if we could engineer that sort of super-duper antibody, to be a vaccine, that could be very, very effective. And that's exactly what's happening at the moment, those antibodies have been very well characterised, and we now have some very elegant ways to make those antibodies in a test tube. And that's given people hope, finding a vaccine has been incredibly tough for HIV, we still don't have a vaccine, an effective vaccine 25 years down the track, but this might be a new and exciting avenue to develop and an effective vaccine.
LAM: So is that a kind of holy grail now, to somehow bottle these neutralising antibodies?
LEWIN: Yeah if we could make those antibodies in a test tube system, make large numbers of them, yes, we could have a big impact on an effective vaccine. We're not close yet to trialling those antibodies, but we've got some very nice new ways to make them in a test tube model.
LAM: You've said that a cure for HIV is now considered a major scientific priority. How would you rate international collaboration? For example cooperation in searching for a solution?
LEWIN: We have excellent treatments that effectively control the virus and allow normal life expectancy, but people need to take those treatments lifelong. So there's a big interest in finding a way that we could safely stop treatments and the virus stays under control, or what one might think about as a 'cure'.
And there's a lot of international interest in developing a cure, and a lot of international collaboration, largely through initiatives through funding bodies, such as the US government, who are encouraging collaborative consortia of researchers to try and tackle this very big problem. We're seeing these large consortiums in the US, in the UK, in Canada and even in Australia now of networks of researchers trying to tackle this very significant problem. | <urn:uuid:79aee4bb-22ec-4911-8cdc-81edfa11274d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/radio/program/asia-pacific/superduper-antibody-may-pave-way-to-hiv-vaccine/1333438 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00159-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960451 | 1,017 | 3.125 | 3 |
Farsightedness, also called hyperopia, means that the eye can't
focus on nearby objects. This is because the eye is too short or the cornea is
too flat. In some cases of hyperopia, the eye can't focus on distant objects
either. A person has hyperopia when light entering the eye is focused (called
the focal point) behind the retina instead of directly on the retina.
ByHealthwise Staff Primary Medical ReviewerAdam Husney, MD - Family Medicine Specialist Medical ReviewerChristopher J. Rudnisky, MD, MPH, FRCSC - Ophthalmology
Adam Husney, MD - Family Medicine & Christopher J. Rudnisky, MD, MPH, FRCSC - Ophthalmology | <urn:uuid:9d2a0a8e-8194-4377-92ae-b42f81deb36a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.uwhealth.org/health/topic/multimedia/focused-behind-the-retina-instead-of-directly-on-it/zm2813.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00003-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.878114 | 154 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Sumit Khanna’s documentary Mere Desh Ki Dharti investigates pesticide overuse in Punjab, and its deadly impact
Mumbai-based filmmaker Sumit Khanna first embarked on the pesticides trail when he noticed the absence of the common sparrow from the green fields of Punjab. “Why is it, I thought to myself, that the sparrows have stopped making the fields their home despite the apparent presence of food? And then I discovered that the crop is so heavily sprayed with pesticide that no bird or beast can hope to survive in the fields,” says Khanna. This process of discovery took the route of a 58-minute documentary film, financed by the Public Service Broadcasting Trust (PSBT). To add a touch of irony, Khanna titled his film Mere Desh Ki Dharti, a popular song from a Hindi film that pays tribute to the abundance of food, water and happiness in India.
Winner of the Best Investigative Film of 2006 at the 54th National Film Awards, Khanna’s documentary is intelligently edited and well-researched, highlighting how pesticide overuse is gradually killing us all.
The story begins with the Green Revolution which took off in 1966 when India imported 18,000 tonnes of seeds from Mexico to solve the hunger crisis that had set in after the Bengal famine of 1943. “The next year, India saw a bumper crop but what was not revealed was that the produce was fertiliser-responsive, which meant that pesticides were necessary to prevent any damage to the crops by plant-eating insects and worms. When we look at it now, we realise that this proliferation of pesticides was not required,” says Devinder Sharma of the Forum for Biotechnology and Food Security, in the film.
Khanna maps a precise trail of the how, when, why and what of pesticide use by farmers across Punjab, a representation of what’s taking place all over the country. The film explores various angles: the farmer unconcernedly spraying his crops with pesticide, often totally ignorant about the health risks to both himself and consumers (studies clearly indicate that the ingestion of pesticides is extremely harmful to human health); manufacturing companies that take advantage of legal loopholes to continue making ever more potent pesticides; activists who can do little more than create awareness; and apathetic government agencies.
What’s surprising, even shocking, is that experts too prefer taking a soft approach to the harmful effects of pesticides. For instance, Dr G S Hira, head of the Department of Soil and Water at Punjab Agricultural University, says that recommended doses of pesticide are absolutely necessary because no vegetable or fruit can otherwise be produced, and the Green Revolution maintained. He ignores the fact that organic manure is equally capable of producing high yields, a point that activist Vandana Shiva raises towards the end of the film. Khanna, meanwhile, intersperses the narrative with television commercials that aggressively cajole farmers to use more and more pesticides and their cocktails to prevent their crops from being eaten.
In order to prove that pesticide overuse is indeed a “time bomb that may explode any moment”, Khanna looks at the issue from two angles: one, he visits farmers across Punjab to establish a link between pesticides and suicides and arrives at the conclusion that high input costs brought on by pesticide use allow the farmer no profit margin, thereby making it impossible for him to pay off his debts, and forcing him to contemplate taking his own life. Two: Khanna boards the passenger train that travels between Bhatinda and Bikaner to find that 50% of its passengers are headed for cancer treatment in Jaipur. Indeed, the train has come to be known as the ‘cancer train’.
In an interview on camera, Dr J S Thakur of the Department of Community Medicine at the Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research in Chandigarh admits that pesticides play an important role in the development of cancer-causing cells. “Samples of ground and surface water reveal a high content of arsenic and mercury, and this comes from the pesticides that run off the crops into the water and then seep into the ground,” he says. A study carried out by Dr S G Kabra of the Indian Institute of Health Management and Research in Jaipur concludes that the high incidence of ‘brainless children’ born in Punjab and neighbouring areas is due to the presence of pesticides in vegetables. “Our calculations showed that such births can actually be traced to the consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits by women in the initial stages of pregnancy,” he points out.
The unfortunate part is that even though everyone, including the trader who sells the farmer pesticides, admits that the dangerous effects of pesticides cannot be ignored, the government appears unwilling to take any proactive action. To drive home this point, Khanna shows, on film, how his repeated efforts at soliciting an explanation from government officials were stone-walled or ignored. This attitude is also due to the fact that the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Agriculture have no common ground, therefore the rules formed by them do not focus on pesticides at all. And, as Shiva points out, the government probably does not want to take any action for fear of displeasing the multinational companies that are engaged in the production of pesticides.
It’s estimated that around 800,000 people in developing countries may have died due to pesticides since the onset of the Green Revolution. “The World Health Organisation has calculated that 20,000 people in developing countries die each year of pesticide consumption through their food. Multiply that by 40 years,” says Sharma. So, who is to blame for the deaths? According to Shiva, “agriculture scientists, companies and government agencies have to shoulder the blame equally”. And, will agricultural output fall drastically if India were to stop using pesticides? Shiva, Sharma and other experts don’t believe so. “We have such high yields in the country today that there is no need for anyone to go hungry,” says Sharma, while Shiva advocates a shift to organic farming. “If 84% of our farmers are indebted today, of what use have pesticides been,” she asks. Mere Desh Ki Dharti lets this question hang. Will someone answer it?
(Huned Contractor is a freelance journalist and filmmaker based in Pune)
InfoChange News & Features, January 2009 | <urn:uuid:bb9b0ece-e3d3-48b0-9ce1-d8d490e4e622> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://infochangeindia.org/film-forum/documentary/killing-us-slowly.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00199-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964858 | 1,328 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Years ago, babies slept on deer hide blankets on the ground near the Powhatan longhouse as their parents and grandparents went about their tasks — grinding stones into smoothly rounded axe heads, using fire to hollow out a log canoe, grinding corn into meal with mortar and tall wooden pestle. Now the babies are grown. At an early age they learned cultural skills like bone-tooling — using a sharp stone to score a bone lengthwise, then whittling its shards into round, flat and curved needles, knives and fishhooks — and stone-tooling — rubbing rocks into axes, scrapers and knife-blades — that used to keep the members of the tribe alive, helping the Powhatans flourish in the Virginia Tidewater forests. Now, almost 400 years after the onset of English settlement, some members of the tribe are using the same skills to keep their culture alive. “I have eight granddaughters and one little grandson,” explained Shirley Little Dove, “and they all know their heritage.”
She and three of her four sons — Samuel Running Deer, Richard Redhawk and James Falling Water — are still practicing those skills, preserving the culture of the land they were born on. The family comes from the Mataponi Indian reservation in King William County near West Point. Less than 40 years after the Jamestown settlers threw a stockade around a tiny nubbin of the land ruled by the 34 tribes that formed the powerful Powhatan coalition, the situation had begun a long process of steady reversal. In 1646 the Mataponi and Powhatan tribes signed a treaty with the white rulers of Virginia guaranteeing themselves parcels of land in exchange for beaver pelts. The tribes and the state still honor that treaty today, sometimes substituting turkey, deer and rockfish.
FOR 34 YEARS, Little Dove and her sons carry their culture across the boundaries of the reservation to teach new settlers and settlers’ descendants’ the traditions of the land they inhabit. Little Dove explains that when she was 4 years old, her grandfather, the reservation’s chief, told her she was destined “to travel in all directions with the history of my people.”
On Friday, Little Dove and her family traveled to Fort Hunt Elementary School. The “history” of her family that Little Dove teaches does not come as words on a blackboard or in a book. Learning the history is seeing an Indian village nestled around a shade tree and surrounded by forest, it is the feeling of stone on stone pulled back and forth and back and forth to the rhythmic sound of wood on wood as dry corn kernels are pounded into meal. Groups of students crowded around Little Dove, Falling Water, Redhawk and Running Deer, craning their necks for a good view or straining out their arms to have a turn at tossing a feathered corncob “dart” through a target or give the crushed corn a few more satisfying beats. “Everywhere I go,” said Little Dove, “even the older children, like here, they’re interested. Through the skills they learn the history.”
Principal Carolyn Coose said the she reserved the last, longest time with the tribe for the fourth-graders, who are studying the history of their state. “It connects so closely with our curriculum,” she said. “The kids are learning just about everything that would have occurred in the land Pocahontas lived on when the settlers came 400 years ago.” She said she was particularly happy that the students were learning history with their ears, their eyes, their arm muscles and their fingers. “This hands-on experience for children is just awesome.”
Coose added that the students learned something that can be heard a thousand times, but is difficult to imagine without experiencing it. “Life as it is today is not how it always was.”
Shana Merker ran up to Coose to tell her about the Powhatan process for tanning skins into leather for clothing, “and if you didn’t know before, you don’t want to know,” Merker told her. Components in the process include the animals’ brains.
Many of the boys said they found the lifestyle appealing. Peter Shane surveyed the miniature longhouse made of eminently portable hides and curved sticks. “We could move wherever we want to,” he said wistfully. | <urn:uuid:25a038b9-cd11-4447-8930-405b4da2f5e3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.connectionnewspapers.com/news/2006/sep/26/living-history/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396949.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00056-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970921 | 929 | 3.15625 | 3 |
NEW YORK - Scientists said they had found a brain region that controls physical ageing and could target it to manipulate the lifespan of lab mice.
The findings may be a step towards finding the holy grail of slowing human ageing, but have yet to be tested in human subjects.
The research, published in the journal Nature, implicates the hypothalamus -- a brain region that regulates growth, reproduction and metabolism -- in the gradual and coordinated bodily deterioration we call ageing.
Though the brain has long been suspected of orchestrating the process, this is the first evidence to that effect.
The team said they could speed up or slow down ageing in mice by activating or inhibiting the brain signaling molecule NF-kB in the hypothalamus, which in turn affects levels of a hormone called GnRH that plays a role in the generation of neurons the data processing cells of the brain.
By stimulating NF-kB, they caused a decline in GnRH which led to impaired neurogenesis and ageing symptoms like muscle weakening, skin atrophy, bone loss and memory impairment.
NF-kB is generally responsible for regulating the body's response to inflammation, the New York-based team wrote.
The researchers could also slow ageing in mice by giving them the GnRH hormone.
"Our study provided interventional strategies to slow down ageing through targeting the hypothalamus," said the study's senior author Dongsheng Cai, professor of molecular pharmacology at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine.
"It can help to slow down ageing, which is already a big breakthrough, as it can counteract against many ageing-related diseases," he said, while stipulating: "I don't think ageing could be completely stopped."
Cai said he believed the mouse results would translate into humans, "though it will need future efforts to develop safe and applicable approaches to humans".
Commenting on the research, Harvard Medical School experts Dana Gabuzda and Bruce Yankner said the results, if validated, may have important implications for treatment of age-related diseases particularly those linked to inflammation.
"The idea also raises the intriguing possibility that hypothalamic regulation could be therapeutically manipulated to have broad effects on the ageing process," they wrote in Nature. | <urn:uuid:bb803a1d-2370-4a5a-a302-f27c6965147b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.enca.com/world-technology/slow-aging-close | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00146-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.956572 | 450 | 2.703125 | 3 |
|About Us||Patients, Families & Visitors||For Health Professionals||Careers||Research & Training||Ways to Give|
|Oxygen therapy||Chest Physiotherapy|
|Chest Tubes and Drains||Endotracheal tube|
The normal percentage of oxygen in the air is 21%. If a person needs a higher percent of oxygen, it is considered a medical therapy. Many patients are given between 30 – 50% oxygen.
A mechanical ventilator is a machine that breathes for the patient when they are not well enough to do so on their own. Helping a patient breathe is essential to life support. A tube can be placed into the lungs either through the mouth or through an artificial hole in the throat called a tracheostomy. This is called intubation.
A tracheostomy is a hole made into the throat just below the Adam’s apple and into the windpipe (trachea). The team will also consider making a tracheostomy if a patient has to be on a ventilator for a longer period of time. Ventilation with a tube through the mouth can become dry and uncomfortable. and could potentially damage the vocal cords if left in for a long period of time
|Chest Tubes and Drains||If there is a lot of fluid or air around the lungs, it can become difficult or impossible for the lungs to expand and deliver oxygen to the blood. The lungs are surrounded by the pleural membrane. This barrier helps keep the pressure higher in the lungs than in the space around it, preventing the parts of the lungs that exchange gases from collapsing. A person can end up with fluid or air around the lungs for a number of reasons, such as surgery in the chest, injury, or fluid imbalances in the body.
One way to deal with fluid or air around the lungs is to insert a special drainage tube (chest tube) to remove the air or fluid, allowing the lung to re-expand.
|Chest Physiotherapy||Critical illness and periods of inactivity can cause fluid (secretions) to build up in the lungs, making it harder to breathe. The physiotherapist or nurse can help patients to move the secretions out of their lungs by tapping over the areas that are filling up and helping them cough.|
|Suctioning||Suctioning is necessary to help clear a patient’s airway if they are unconscious or unable to cough effectively. Suctioning basically vacuums out any secretions (fluid, mucous). A nurse, respiratory therapist, or physiotherapist will insert the suction tube (catheter) and remove it right away. The suctioning is turned on while it is being removed from the airway.|
|Positioning||The head of the bed should be kept between 30 and 45 degrees. This reduces the amount of work needed to breathe and reduces the risk of breathing fluid into the lungs if a person has secretions. It also reduces the chance of lung infection. Staff will change a patient’s position every couple of hours if it is safe to do so.|
|Endotracheal tube||An endotracheal tube is a tube inserted through the mouth down into the lungs; it is used to deliver oxygen with a ventilator directly into the lungs. The procedure of placing the tube into the lungs is called intubation.| | <urn:uuid:b4b242b2-5089-4a75-bbb3-6570cfbb8e34> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.lhsc.on.ca/Patients_Families_Visitors/ICU/Guide_to_Care/LungsandBreathingPreventionandTherapies.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00072-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92389 | 708 | 3.765625 | 4 |
Located some five hundred kilometres north of the arctic circle in the icy Chukchi Sea is the forlorn landmass of Wrangel Island. So remote and isolated is this frozen land that it was not properly mapped until the early 20th Century, and then inadvertently, when wildly over-optimistic explorers washed up, shipwrecked, on its shores.
After a couple of abortive attempts at settlement and protracted diplomatic argument, Wrangel Island is now occupied by a small team of Russian scientists and their supporting community who maintain a meteorological and research base at Ushakovskoye on the Southern coast. The little village confirms Russia's on-going territorial claim - one that wasn't properly resolved until 1974.
Named after Baron Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel in 1867 by American whaler and de-facto explorer, Thomas Long, as a tribute to the Baron who spent three years searching for the island but came out empty-handed. Long conveniently overlooked the fact that British Admiralty charts already referred to the island as Kellett Land after the Irish-born captain who first charted it in 1849.
In 1911 the famous icebreakers, Tamyr and Vaygach, as part of the Russian Arctic Ocean Hydrographic Expedition (1910-15) briefly landed a party on Wrangel Island and claimed it for Russia. In 1914, survivors from the Vilhjalmur Stefansson-led Canadian Arctic Expedition' s doomed Northern Party camped on Wrangel Island for nine harrowing months. Their ever-controversial leader had abandoned them in September 1913, leaving them for dead aboard their ship, the CGS Karluk, stuck fast in the ice pack.
Not content with that fiasco, Stefansson landed an "occupation" party of five on Wrangel Island in 1921, apparently to assist Canada and Britain in the so-called "northward course of empire". In another epic arctic drama, his experiment ended in tragedy, leaving a brave young Inuit woman, Ada Blackjack, the sole survivor. In spite of this abject failure, another group of Inuit were installed in 1923, but these hapless souls were eventually evicted in 1926 by Russia, setting off yet another dispute that would simmer for years after.
A good part of the reason Wrangel Island was chosen for this extreme survival exercise is the abundance of wildlife. Polar bears, walrus, arctic foxes, snow geese, migratory birds and seals populate the immediate region in relatively large numbers. Ironically, Wrangel Island also escaped glaciation in the last Ice Age, leaving several unique species of vascular plants and was probably the last place on Earth to support a woolly mammoth population. Although many of the bones and tusks have been removed, it is still possible to see skeletal remains of these extinct giants scattered across the landscape.
Forget the string of courageous, but disastrous attempts by man to colonise, map and exploit this arctic desert and instead examine the immense natural beauty of this seemingly inhospitable environment. That's exactly what the UNESCO World Heritage committee did in 2004 when it included Wrangel Island on their list of global ecological hotspots, describing it as a "self-contained island ecosystem" with "the highest level of biodiversity in the high Arctic".
In 1991, the tourist-carrying icebreaker Sovetskiy Soyuz, visited Wrangel Island on the return voyage from the North Pole - and the secret was out. Now this veritable arctic wonderland is a regular inclusion on the itineraries of the world's most adventurous travel operators.
Naturalists, ecologists, archaeologists, "twitchers" and regular tourists in search of the unusual are now part of the minor throng that venture north every year from Anadyr in the helicopter-equipped icebreaker, Kapitan Khlebnikov. Being surrounded by ice almost all year, every year, Wrangel Island will always remain on the list of seldom-visited locations and the few who stump up to make this journey will forever hold a trump card to play against the inevitable dinner party braggarts.
- Roderick Eime
N71o W180o - approximately 500 kilometres north of the Arctic Circle
Area: 4,507 km2 - about twice the size of the ACT
Nominal Capital: Ushakovskoye
Permanent Population: 0
Major Wildlife: Polar bears, Pacific Walrus, Arctic Fox, Snow Geese, seals, lemmings.
Highest Point: Mt. Sovetskaya (1096m) | <urn:uuid:30a8bb08-b6a4-49f2-bf03-08c7a9829b22> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://monolith.com.au/wrangel/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00034-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929002 | 938 | 3 | 3 |
Justin R. Pidot
University of Denver Sturm College of Law
January 22, 2012
54 William & Mary Law Review 1 (2012)
Scholars have lavished attention on the substance of doctrines of jurisdiction such as standing, mootness, diversity, and federal question. They have left largely unexamined, however, the procedures courts use to address these doctrines; collectively, I refer to these procedures as “jurisdictional procedure.” Jurisdictional procedure is unique because federal courts possess an unqualified obligation to identify and decide issues of subject matter jurisdiction even if these issues are overlooked by the parties and lower courts. Courts have reached no consensus about how to identify the facts necessary to effectuate this obligation. The confluence of court-initiated legal inquiry and unpredictable factual investigation has profound consequences for the administration of justice.
The courts’ duty to inquire into jurisdiction departs dramatically from the adversarial norms that dominate the American legal system. But this departure is necessary to preserve separation of powers. As judicial review and judicial supremacy have gained acceptance, courts have transcended the system of checks and balances through which the Constitution seeks to constrain federal power. In the absence of external checks on judicial authority, self-applied jurisdictional limitations, effectuated through an inquisitorial procedure nested within our adversarial system, fill a crucial role.
In inquiring into jurisdiction, courts often require parties to have developed the facts related to jurisdiction in the district court, even if the jurisdictional issue was not identified during that stage of the litigation. This marriage of traditional adversarial rules allocating responsibility to parties and the largely inquisitorial duty of courts to inquire into jurisdiction creates several problems. First, plaintiffs unfairly have their cases dismissed without the opportunity to provide facts related to newly arising jurisdictional concerns. Second, judicial resources go to waste because in some circumstances plaintiffs can file new claims that will require entirely new judicial proceedings. And third, courts inaccurately dismiss cases in circumstances where jurisdiction would plainly exist if the court considered a completed factual record.
Courts can remain true to separation of powers principles while avoiding the pitfalls that often arise out of current jurisdictional procedure. To do so, they should investigate the facts necessary to correctly assess their jurisdiction. A duty to investigate jurisdictional facts would enable courts to balance their obligations to act where they have jurisdiction and dismiss where they do not. It would more fully vindicate separation of powers. And, ultimately, it would create a fairer, more efficient, and more accurate legal process.
Number of Pages in PDF File: 81
Keywords: federal courts, federal jurisdiction, standing, ripeness, mootness, subject matter jurisdiction, environment, public interest, climate change, adversarial system, inquisitorial system
Date posted: June 26, 2011 ; Last revised: March 26, 2013
© 2016 Social Science Electronic Publishing, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
This page was processed by apollobot1 in 0.187 seconds | <urn:uuid:eead9e63-b6d1-42f5-a497-7f97c5f6af94> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1872623 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403508.34/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00040-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923264 | 611 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Greenpeace challenged the United States to dramatically increase the financial support it gives Indonesia to reduce deforestation and cut its substantial greenhouse gas emissions. The challenge followed the announcement at a press conference in Jakarta with Presidents Obama and Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) that the US will provide only limited funds to help protect Indonesia’s rainforests and carbon-rich peatlands.
The funding, part of the US-Indonesia Comprehensive Partnership, includes US$7 million for the establishment of a Climate Change Center and $10 million initial funding for projects to protect peatlands. The agreement also includes $119 million for the SOLUSI (Science, Oceans, Land Use, Society and Innovation) partnership, which includes a variety of environmental initiatives, including a second Tropical Forest Conservation Act agreement, and the Forestry and Climate Support Project (IFACS).
“While we welcome greater cooperation between the US and Indonesia to tackle deforestation, these funds are inadequate when compared with the scale and impact of deforestation in Indonesia. In addition to increasing this funding, the US must ensure the money is spent wisely, prioritising protection of natural forests, peatlands and the welfare of communities that depend on them,” said Rolf Skar, senior campaigner for Greenpeace USA.
“In addition to working internationally, the US must put its own house in order by radically increasing its domestic targets to cut greenhouse gas emissions,” continued Skar.
At the upcoming United Nations climate talks in Cancun, Indonesia is expected to announce details of the deal it is negotiating with Norway, which offered US$1 billion in forest protection funds earlier this year. Central to the deal is a two-year moratorium on new concessions to destroy forests and peatlands, expected to start 1 January, 2011.
“To be effective, the upcoming two-year moratorium must be extended to include the millions of hectares of forests already slated for destruction by palm oil and paper companies. In addition, full protection must be given to carbon-rich peatlands,” said Bustar Maitar, forest campaigner, Greenpeace Southeast Asia. “As a result, companies would have to significantly increase their productivity and only grow plantations on land that has already been deforested. This would be good for the Indonesian economy, its people and the environment.”
Millions of hectares of Indonesian rainforests and carbon-rich peatlands have been destroyed since President Obama lived in Indonesia as a child. Driven largely by expansion of plantations for palm oil and pulp and paper, this has made Indonesia the world’s third largest greenhouse gas emitter, after the US and China. (1) Notes to Editors:
1 According to recent estimates published by various governments, Indonesia’s emissions (2005) are higher than Brazil’s (2005), Russia’s (2005) and India’s (2005), but lower than USA’s (2005) and China’s (2004). | <urn:uuid:1a95d58b-5f9a-4525-994c-d87f1c6c2d07> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.greenpeace.org/seasia/news/Obama-announces-inadequate-funding-for-Indonesian-forest-conservation/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398209.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00032-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.943276 | 618 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Managing Water in a Dry Land
The Elqui River basin encompasses nearly 3800 square miles in Chile’s narrowest stretch between the Andes and the Pacific Ocean. The river starts on the western fringes of the Andes and drops 2675 feet to meet the sea. The basin itself receives only four inches of rain annually, making it one of the driest places on the planet. Higher in the Andes, snow and rainfall are more plentiful but still highly variable.
That makes the Elqui a sometimes tenuous lifeline for the region. It provides drinking water to the towns of Vicuña and La Serena and irrigation for everything from large-scale vineyards to small farmers as well as water for goat and other animal herds.
To improve access to and storage of its waters, the Chilean government built the Puclaro dam in the middle of the basin in the 1990s. Unfortunately, a multiyear drought that started in 2009 reduced the reservoir behind the dam to 10 percent of its capacity as of May 2013.
It’s against this backdrop that C+S core faculty member and International Research Institute for Climate and Society (IRI) research scientist Andrew Robertson began a project in 2010 with Koen Verbist, a researcher at UNESCO Santiago, to provide seasonal forecasts that could give water managers in the Elqui basin a leg up on these variable conditions. Robertson, Verbist and their colleagues have developed seasonal river streamflow forecasts based on global climate and local weather conditions. The local water authority used these forecasts to generate water availability estimates for the first time in 2012.
Now the goal is to better-integrate the forecasts into policies that impact water management across the region. To learn more about the people of the Elqui basin and the value of Robertson’s work in the region, take a look at a new visual story put together by IRI’s Francesco Fiondella for the World Day to Combat Desertification. | <urn:uuid:b47ef48c-32b1-4ecc-b830-08a3db1572e6> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://climatesociety.ei.columbia.edu/2013/06/17/managing-water-in-a-dry-land/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00011-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941824 | 403 | 3.59375 | 4 |
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been doing their bit to help save lives in the military for some time already – where pilotless vehicles ply routes in the air over battlefields in order to scout the enemies’ area as well as make strategic strikes against their high profile targets. Enter this particular futuristic robot plane which is capable of taking off, make a decent landing, and even avoid bad weather without the need for any human intervention at all. At this point in time, this unmanned passenger plane is undergoing a series of trials which intend to test robotic pilots’ abilities so that they need not collide with other small aircraft.
This might be the future of air travel according to the engineers behind this new technology. To date, unmanned aircraft have seen rather limited military use in war zones, including Afghanistan. British police have relied on small remote controlled models that have been fitted with surveillance cameras. On-board cameras are used to scan the sky for potential hazards, where the robotic pilot is capable of spotting another aircraft, in addition to hot air balloons and also parachutists so that one can take evasive action.
Filed in uav.. Read more about | <urn:uuid:17188813-319b-43f5-92c5-e6b6106f945e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.ubergizmo.com/2012/07/pilotless-robot-plane-smart-enough-navigate-bad-weather/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393997.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00096-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959167 | 237 | 3.4375 | 3 |
"Imagine there's no heaven, it's easy if you try," (John Lennon, Imagine). The first line of one of the most thought provoking and emotion-filled songs causes the listener to think. John Lennon was and still today in memory a leader in efforts to reach world peace. His music still continues to evoke emotion from people all over in songs asking for peace such as "Give Peace a Chance," "Revolution," and most famously "Imagine." His simple style and straightforward approach leave nothing to consideration or deliberation, the songs lead straight to the point. The song "Imagine" is one of the best examples of this, establishing his point and creating an aura of trust within his music and himself.
After listening to the song, it's easy to see the point; world peace. The amazing part of the song is how Lennon establishes his credibility, or ethos, within his world-wide audience. Through the 1960's and 1970's and up until his death in 1980, Lennon was a peace activist and made his point clear. His tenure with the Beatles gained him world fame and allowed for him to be heard. His controversial album where he posed naked along with his weeklong stint in bed with his wife, Yoko Ono, also served as ethos because people saw this and really believed that he wanted peace. While none of this would have likely occurred had he not been in the world famous Beatles, his star power allowed him to be heard arguably more than Hollywood actor or actress or rock n' roll legend of all time.
While his fame boosted him into the public eye more than most peace activists, he was more than just that to many. In 2002, Britons cast their vote for the 100 Greatest Britons. Lennon landed at number eight behind the likes of Winston Churchill, Princess Diana, Isaac Newton, and Charles Darwin. He was the first musician on the list and also was ahead of figures such as the famous philosopher and lawyer Thomas Moore, Queen Elizabeth II, King Henry VIII, Tony Blair, and two of his Beatles counterparts Sir Paul McCartney and George Harrison (Wikipedia). His ethos was created within his people, not where he derived his ideas. He felt the feelings that the world felt, and thus established his credibility. As for the song "Imagine," his somewhat radical and borderline socialist views sang to the people and they believed in his words.
He also establishes ethos in several parts of the song, mainly, "You may say that I'm a dreamer, but I'm not the only one, I hope someday you'll join, and the world will be as one." He does not directly include anyone else in these lyrics, but he does make a statement that he is not the only person who believes in the idea. Another point in the song where he establishes this is when he says "Imagine no possessions, I wonder if you can," (Imagine). This is so powerful because he had everything he could have ever wanted after reaching super stardom with The Beatles. Having someone with everything say (and truly mean) imagine if we didn't have anything at all that people could fight over means a lot more than someone who doesn't have it all. This, however, establishes more credibility on the fact that he actually truly means what he feels and causes the listener to feel more strongly towards the points he is making.
The song would not nearly be as powerful if it were just poetry, while it still would bring out emotion; he establishes his pathos with the music that goes along with it. Lennon's melodic piano and light use of other instruments makes the song feel very personable as if he is speaking only to you. Unlike "Revolution" where the song is more in your face, "Imagine" is slow and mellow to the point where it seems to make you relax and truly imagine what life would be like. His tranquil melody and soothing voice in the song also cause listeners to almost sympathize with the world. His argument in the song is laid-back and not telling the people to change right now. He chose a passive approach to this song just asking people to think about it, not to get up in arms and force a change. While he still wanted the change to occur, his approach was much more effective than he would have been had it been an aggressive argument for his case. Personally, every time I hear the song I think of what life would be like and how peaceful things would be if the world listened and acted upon what he was saying. The culmination of the mood of the song and the powerful lyrics presented generate these emotions and thoughts, making it a much more influential song than many others of his time.
He also establishes his pathos within his lyrics at the end of each verse by saying "Imagine all the people living for today," or "Imagine all the people living for today," (John Lennon, Imagine"). These words create thoughts and feelings that maybe it is possible, and also creates thoughts of what life would really be like in those circumstances. He also establishes his pathos within his style of lyrics. He is repetitive in the fact that every verse starts with "Imagine…," (John Lennon, Imagine). Much like Martin Luther King's I Have a Dream speech, he emphasizes his point to truly imagine what things would be like by repeating it over and over. He constantly brings it up throughout the song; forcing listeners, such as myself, to continuously feel the emotion and deeply think about the changes that could be made in the world.
Lennon also uses several different logos to prove his point. In this song, he chooses to use artistic logos as opposed to inartistic ones. There are no hard facts or evidence to prove that his ideas are correct, but common knowledge helps establish his points. For example, when Lennon says "Imagine there's no countries," and then later says "Nothing to kill or die for, and no religion too. Imagine all the people living life in peace," (John Lennon, Imagine). People know that wars are fought every day solely based on religion and land, such as the current civil war in the Middle East. By bringing up these points he is creating logos, and using basic knowledge to prove his point. He is essentially saying if there weren't religion or separate countries, then what is there to fight about? He also uses logos when he says "Imagine no possessions, I wonder if you can. No need for greed or hunger, a brotherhood of man," (John Lennon, Imagine). Another common known fact is that people fight for what they want and need. By eliminating this and sharing for the better of mankind, war would also be prevented. Again, this is an effective use of artistic logos.
While Lennon is no longer with us, his views and music continue to influence people today. His effective use of ethos, pathos, and logos help preserve them and allow them to still cause emotions 25 years after they are written. While he may never have been a politician or public speaker, he still was able to get his points and views across to the world such as his cry for world peace in "Imagine." | <urn:uuid:53a3708a-3bef-46da-9016-27f75cfc297b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.tracihv.net/DU1122/SampleRhetAn.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394937.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00080-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.988269 | 1,438 | 2.875 | 3 |
On Friday, it will be two weeks since Typhoon Haiyan swept across the Philippines as one of the strongest tropical cyclones on record, leaving unimaginable devastation in its wake. So I thought I’d take this opportunity to look back with a few particularly compelling images.
I made the animation above using before and after satellite images provided by a partnership between Digital Global and Google. The destruction wrought by winds estimated to have reached 165 miles per hour over land — equivalent to low-end EF-4 tornado — is evident. But in case you missed it, look closely at the upper right quadrant of the after image for the large ships washed ashore. (You can find these images, along with others, here. I think you’ll need a Google Plus account.)
Here’s another before and after animation:
The animation shows an area near Dulag, where the eye of Typhoon Haiyan came ashore. I think these images, once again from Digital Globe and Google, dramatize the impact of the enormous amount of rain dumped on the land by the storm as it swept through.
It is still not clear how many people lost their lives, but the number is almost certainly in the thousands. The U.N. estimates that 4.4 million people have been displaced, and 13.2 million have been affected in some way. All told, Haiyan destroyed 527,283 houses, and damaged 1,071,505. (Click here for a a U.N. infographic tallying the storm’s impact in a variety of ways. And click on the thumbnail at right for a map that charts the storm’s toll on houses.)
Just how big was Haiyan? Have a look:
In the image at left, from Rick Khors at the University of Wisconsin’s Space Science and Engineering Center, Typhoon Haiyan has been artificially superimposed over the Gulf of Mexico — right where Hurricane Katrina was located before it made landfall. Compare that with Katrina itself in the image next to it.
You might also get a sense of Haiyan’s enormity in the video above, shot from the International Space Station on Nov. 8, 2013.
For me, at least, Haiyan simply defies the imagination — in pretty much every way. | <urn:uuid:0d86249e-7055-4118-9d22-0a862aceb980> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/imageo/2013/11/20/visual-look-back-typhoon-haiyan-devastation-left-behind/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00107-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958892 | 469 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Portland, Ore. -- With optical processing migrating from exotic gallium arsenide devices to inexpensive silicon, Intel Corp. showed a research chip earlier this year that could do the world's first Raman lasing in a silicon waveguide. An all-silicon device, it had dynamically tunable wavelengths but was not very scalable, requiring an off-chip laser as an optical pump. Now, Intel is describing a scalable on-chip indium phosphide laser bonded to an all-silicon waveguide. Such an on-chip laser could supply the missing link between optics and electronics by performing both functions on the same photonic chips.
Intel discussed the latest milestone on the long and crooked road to silicon photonic chips at last week's International Semiconductor Laser Conference in Hawaii. There, Mario Paniccia, director of Intel's Photonics Technology Lab, was scheduled to announce a collaboration with the University of California at Santa Barbara (UCSB) in which "we have uniquely combined the best of both [optical and electronic] worlds. Our solution, I believe, is manufacturable, but it is still a research breakthrough," he said.
Paniccia estimated that five to 10 years of development remained before wafer-scale indium phosphide lasers could provide optical interconnection signals for hybrid chips using indium phosphide lasers bonded atop silicon chips.
"We still have quite a bit of work to get it to the next level of development and then on to manufacturing, but we are excited because we have the ability to put hundreds of indium phosphide lasers on silicon chips all across a wafer in one bonding step with no alignment [problems]."
Indium phosphide is an even better light emitter than gallium arsenide, but its crystalline lattice is grossly mismatched to that of silicon. Failure of the usual epitaxial methods to grow indium compounds on top of a silicon wafer has foiled previous attempts to marry the two technologies. UCSB's innovation was to sidestep the problem by bonding indium phosphide wafers to silicon wafers. The UCSB/ Intel approach does not even try to solve the crystalline-lattice mismatch, but instead uses a low-temperature (300°C) plasma deposition step to create a 25-atom "glass-glue" to bond a flipped InP wafer to a silicon wafer.
"This could be the next big thing in optical communications: bonding high-performance indium phosphide lasers to CMOS chips," said semiconductor analyst Stephan Ohr at Gartner Group (San Jose, Calif.). "Intel is in step with companies specializing in optical chips--they are already researching methods of making such hybrid lasers for next-generation optical interconnects."
So far, getting Intel's Raman waveguide to lase has required an off-chip laser to pump it, but the new on-chip indium phosphide laser could provide that pumping action. | <urn:uuid:df4abed1-0dba-4f25-976b-e73bdb419032> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1163618 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397636.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00163-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.921195 | 608 | 2.953125 | 3 |
A new paper by Mark Messerli and David Graham of the MBL’s Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering clarifies the role of calcium signaling in this medically significant communication between skin cells. A crucial component of wound healing in many animals, including humans, is the migration of nearby skin cells toward the center of the wound. These cells fill the wound in and help prevent infection while new skin cells regenerate.
How do these neighboring skin cells know which way to migrate? What directional cues are they receiving from the wound site? To read more: | <urn:uuid:675cf5b3-248c-4786-990b-94decb33779e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mbl.edu/bell/2013/10/23/832/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.0/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00131-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925651 | 116 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Key PagesJIAAW Workplace Home |
Assistant Professor Laurel Bestock, director.
The site of Abydos, located in southern Egypt, was of central importance for more than 3000 years of pharaonic history. Abydos was the seat of the first kings of Egypt, who started as local and regional rulers before uniting the country into a single state for the first time. The kings of the First Dynasty built their tombs and associated temples at Abydos even after establishing a new capital of the country, far to the north. In part because of this association with early kingship, Abydos was believed by later generations to be the seat of the god Osiris, ruler of the underworld. As such, the site was home to a major Osiris temple and annual religious festival, and was venerated by all Egyptians as a place key to achieving a successful afterlife. Royal and private monuments abound attesting to the importance of this festival and the pilgrimages dead individuals hoped to take to Abydos.
Brown’s current excavations concentrate on both the very early and the very late history of Abydos, dealing with First Dynasty royal mortuary temples and monumental Ptolemaic graves and animal hypogea. In addition to shedding light on these periods, we hope to come to a better understanding of the patterns of use of the site as a whole over its long history. | <urn:uuid:37daef33-e7db-4e4a-97c8-a1bc7ef9909b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://proteus.brown.edu/abydos/6917 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397696.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00046-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960973 | 286 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Stalingrad was now surrounded. Around 250,000 German troops were now isolated in the city, together with around 10,000 civilians and several thousand Russian Prisoners of War. The weather could only be expected to get worse.
The city was already invested with political and symbolic significance for both sides. Hitler had declared in September 1942 that he would never leave the city. Now he faced the decision as to whether the besieged men should attempt to break out – or whether they could hold out until a corridor could be forced through the Soviet lines to reach them.
Controversy continues to this day about how this decision was reached. One perspective comes from a bystander who was present as the issue was discussed at Hitler’s headquarters.
25 November 1942
Major discussion about air supply for Stalingrad. Goering bound himself to supply Army. On the average one could manage 300 tonnes [illegible, might be 500 tonnes]. Everything would be thrown in, even the Ju 90s from the commercial runs.
Z. [Kurt Zeitzler, the new Chief of Staff ] was doubtful, thought that 300 [or 500] tonnes would not be enough. talked about the weather situation and losses. However, Reichsmarschall was enormously strong, said he would fly in any weather conditions. Demyansk and other cases had proved it possible.
We were horrified at his optimism, which is not shared even by Luftwaffe General Staff. F. [Fuhrer] was enthusiastic about the Reichsmarschall, who would deliver the goods as he had done in the past. There was no chicken-heartedness with him as there was in many Army circles.
From the diary of Major Gerhard Engel, see At the Heart of the Reich: The Secret Diary of Hitler’s Army Adjutant | <urn:uuid:3ca3be6f-3853-4f0d-8a8b-84e55aa6487e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://ww2today.com/25th-november-1942-hitler-trusts-goering-to-supply-stalingrad-by-air | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398209.20/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00167-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.986919 | 374 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Black Abolitionist Archive
Title: John Sweat Rock
Speaker or author: Rock, John S. (John Sweat), 1825-1866
Newspaper or publication: Liberator
The speaker emphasized the economic impact of emancipation on a country that had become rich on the backs of its slaves. He spoke about the continued war and the battle that lay ahead for those who were now free. He encouraged patriotism among newly freed slaves and stressed that they were now fighting for their own country and their own freedom. He also addressed the issues of prejudice and fears of amalgamation.
Description of file(s): PDF 14 page, 4,083 word document (text and images)
Date published: 1863-05-29
People: Lincoln, Abraham | <urn:uuid:72a6d6cd-f066-4365-bbcf-e3aeba2b3069> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://research.udmercy.edu/find/special_collections/digital/baa/item.php?record_id=1548&collectionCode=baa | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398873.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00174-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955774 | 156 | 2.90625 | 3 |
Irish emigration at a record high
24 January 2011
For concise and recent immigration information watch our news.
The study by the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) found that 60,000 Irish people emigrated abroad in the 12 months leading up to April of 2010. Another 40,000 are expected to emigrate in the next 12 months.
Unemployment in Ireland is the third highest in Europe, at 13.5 percent, which has resulted in many of it's citizens trying to find work abroad. Many are leaving for countries such as Australia, the UK, the United States, Canada, and even Germany.
The last time that so many people left Ireland was in 1989 when 44,000 people left.
Young people are the most affected by high unemployment. The largest age group leaving Ireland are working age people under 25.
"The weakness in the labour market for younger people has given rise to the return of emigration and our forecasts envisage a continuation of this," ESRI said in the report.
According to the report, Irish nationals mainly emigrated to six countries:
- 24,000 - Austrlia
- 11,000 - UK
- 4,444 - New Zealand
- 3,462 - Canada
- 1,700 - United States
- 600 - Germany | <urn:uuid:3cd09618-1a83-4044-8bad-36b50e8fbce4> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.workpermit.com/news/2011-01-24/ireland/irish-emigration-at-record-high.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00139-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966485 | 267 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Park Geun-hye was sworn in yesterday as the first female President of South Korea. The 61-year-old has said she's inspired by Margaret Thatcher and Queen Elizabeth II, and, as CNN reports:
Throughout her campaign, Park used her gender in television campaign advertisements, signing off as "the prepared female president."
In a speech given yesterday, Park promised to try and keep South Korea safe, considering what the hell is going on in North Korea:
"North Korea's recent nuclear test is a challenge to the survival and future of the Korean people, and there should be no mistake that the biggest victim will be none other than North Korea itself," she said. "I urge North Korea to abandon its nuclear ambitions without delay and embark on the path to peace and shared development."
A few notable facts abut Park Geun-hye:
- Her father, Park Chung-hee, was a a former Republic of Korea Army general and the dictator president of South Korea from 1961 to 1979. His reign ended when he was shot in the head by his intelligence chief.
- Her mother was a devout Buddhist and popular first lady, known as "mother of the nation." She was shot and killed in 1974; the 23-year-old gunman was a North Korean sympathizer from Japan who was actually trying to kill the president.
- Park Geun-hye's supporters are mostly older (over 50) people who remember her father fondly, as his economic policies "dragged the country out of poverty," as CNN's Paula Hancocks puts it.
- Park Geun-hye won the election with 52% of the vote. Her opponent, Moon Jae-in, a former human rights lawyer and activist, spent time in prison during the '70s. Guess why? He protested against the regime of Park's father, the dictator.
- She's unmarried and has no children. (How long has it been since we elected an unmarried president in the U.S.???)
What her presidency means for women in a very male-dominated culture remains unclear, but as Seungsook Moon writes for CNN:
Park […] conforms to the recurring model of female political leader who is a daughter, a wife, or a sister of a powerful male leader. This reveals that high social status overrides female gender in many societies and especially in a patriarchal society.
Women politicians in such situation may conjure up a powerful illusion that women are also individuals (like men) with equal right to run for public offices at all levels. Their presence also reflects a popular sentiment for gender equality that has spread globally in recent decades. Yet such women politicians are more likely to be window dressing to garner public support than agents of progressive social change toward equality and empowerment of women and other social minorities. | <urn:uuid:e5512b6a-50e9-4b78-9226-2a1750bf47a3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://jezebel.com/5987042/south-korea-has-a-female-president-now?tag=south-korea | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396887.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00152-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.977721 | 574 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Australia's environment is unique. It is one of 17 megadiverse countries with an exceptional total number of species, and a high degree of endemic species found nowhere else. The marine area is one of the largest in the world and home to the world's most diverse mangrove and seagrass ecosystems and one of the largest areas of coral reef.
The environment has a range of ecological, economic and social values, many of which cannot be readily measured. While Australia's growing economy and its increasing use of energy and other resources have brought prosperity and wellbeing to many Australians, our economic activities and consumption patterns also have environmental consequences. The way we manage our natural resources and the waste products that we generate can impact on the many values we place upon the environment.
This section begins by presenting information on people's views and behaviour in relation to the environment. It notes a decline in concern for the environment during the last decade. Registration of environmental concerns and donations to environmental causes are explored. Data are presented on water sources and people's view of drinking water quality. The discussion of household waste management includes data on recycling and use of environmentally friendly products.
The section Australia's biodiversity presents data on the biological diversity of Australia's species and ecosystems. It covers legislation to protect threatened species and presents data on threatened species and communities and terrestrial protected areas. This is closely linked with the section Extent and clearing of native vegetation. The section Invasive species addresses the number of native species threatened by invasive pest animals and the current and potential distribution of weeds. An article Environmental impacts of Agriculture in Agriculture has information on land degradation and related issues, including salinity.
The section Coastal and marine environment presents information on the uniqueness of this part of Australia's environment and the threats posed by human activity. The section then focuses on two particular ecosystems: estuaries and coral reefs. Data are also presented on marine protected areas.
The final section, Atmosphere and climate change, presents trends in temperatures and other climatic conditions over the last century, followed by recently compiled data on greenhouse gas emissions. This section has close links with Energy, as some of the environmental issues are consequences of energy production and consumption. An article Climate change follows the section Geography and climate.
As 2003 is the International Year of Freshwater, this section is followed by an article Australia's rivers, addressing issues of inland water quality. | <urn:uuid:bc182aed-c775-4ae2-b184-7e80f9046ece> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/96550A07AD6A5058CA256CAE001599C1?opendocument | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00147-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.931822 | 481 | 3.625 | 4 |
( More properly , of Tours.)
A twelfth-century philosopher of Neo-Platonic tendencies. Little is known about him. Between the years 1145 and 1153 he composed a work called "De Mundi Universitate", which he dedicated to Thierry (Theodoric) of Chartres with the words "Terrico veris scientiarum titulis Doctori famosissimo Bernardus Sylvestris opus suum". From this inscription it is inferred that Bernard was probably a pupil of Thierry or of some other member of the famous School of Chartres. He is not, however, to be confounded with Bernard of Chartres, who died in 1125, and is the author of a work "De Expositione Porphyri". The treatise, "De Mundi Universitate" (republished by Barach, "Bibliotheca Philosophorum Mediae Aetatis", I, Innsbruck, 1876), is divided by its author into two books, the first of which, "Megacosmus, seu Maior Mundus", is an address of Nature to Intellect, and the second, the response of Intellect to Nature. The style and method of composition remind one of Marcianus Capella. The contents are very curious indeed. There is a good deal of Neo-Platonism and Neo-Pythagoreanism, philosophical tendencies which are very rare in the twelfth century, and practically unknown outside the School of Chartres. It is not at all improbable that Bernard, like the pantheists, Amaury and David, who were his contemporaries, was influenced by the writings of Eriugena. His philosophy is an attempt to account for the universe of nature (physics) by describing the cosmic emanations from an original Monad . Not the least valuable portions are those in which the author describes the mountains, rivers, animals, and plants, although the allegorical, poetical manner of the poem very often obscures the meaning. The pantheistic drift of Bernard's philosophy is clear from the expression "Deus omnia, omnia ex Deo sunt". Towards the traditional theology he seems to adopt a sceptical attitude: "Si theologis fidem praebeas argumentis". His favourite philosopher is Plato, although it is clear that he is not acquainted with any of the "Dialogues", except, perhaps, the "Timaeus".
The Catholic Encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on Catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. This easy-to-search online version was originally printed between 1907 and 1912 in fifteen hard copy volumes.
Designed to present its readers with the full body of Catholic teaching, the Encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the Church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. In the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration.
No one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the Catholic Church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. In the past century the Church has grown both extensively and intensively among English-speaking peoples. Their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are Catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny.
Copyright © Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company New York, NY. Volume 1: 1907; Volume 2: 1907; Volume 3: 1908; Volume 4: 1908; Volume 5: 1909; Volume 6: 1909; Volume 7: 1910; Volume 8: 1910; Volume 9: 1910; Volume 10: 1911; Volume 11: - 1911; Volume 12: - 1911; Volume 13: - 1912; Volume 14: 1912; Volume 15: 1912
Catholic Online Catholic Encyclopedia Digital version Compiled and Copyright © Catholic Online | <urn:uuid:67620e3b-6ddb-4d7e-8a7b-fff858574c61> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=11190 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783399385.17/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154959-00055-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94067 | 881 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Andrew Petty did an excellent job of highlighting jarring as a method of food preservation in the article, "Putting the lid on salmon jarring," Sept. 3. I'd like to expand on some of the information covered.
Sound off on the important issues at
As pointed out in the article, bacteria are the biggest concerns in home canning. For safety, heat home-canned fish before eating. Bring the internal temperature of the fish to 185 degrees Fahrenheit. Allow the jar to stand at room temperature for about 30 minutes, to let the heat distribute evenly. Serve the fish hot or chill for later use. Never taste or use canned food that shows any sign of spoilage, such as bulging lids, leaking jars, spurting liquid when the jar is opened, off odors or molds. When home canning, it's important to reference current processes and guidelines to ensure food safety. According to the latest research conducted by the Cooperative Extension Service, pint and half-pint jars of fish should be processed for 100 minutes at 11 pounds of pressure when using a dial gauge (10 pounds of pressure when using a weighted gauge). At altitudes above 1,000 feet, check with the local extension agent for recommended times and pressures. Information on canning using quart jars and cans is now available at the Cooperative Extension Service office located in the Vintage Business Park. These publications are free, so now is a good time to update your home canning resources. | <urn:uuid:ea1f36c6-e414-48c6-8565-86831ff38335> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://juneauempire.com/stories/091406/let_20060914007.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397567.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00007-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.91236 | 295 | 2.671875 | 3 |
And am I not right in asserting that there are two goddesses? The elder one, having no mother, who is called the heavenly Aphrodite--she is the daughter of Uranus; the younger, who is the daughter of Zeus and Dione --her we call common; and the Love who is her fellow-worker is rightly named common, as the other love is called heavenly. All the gods ought to have praise given to them, but not without distinction of their natures; and therefore I must try to distinguish the characters of the two Loves. Plato, Symposium
Aphrodite (Αφροδίτη, "risen from sea-foam") is the Greek goddess of love and beauty.
The epithet Aphrodite Acidalia was occasionally added to her name, after the spring she used to bathe in, located in Boeotia (Virgil I, 720). She was also called Kypris or Cytherea after her alleged birth-places in Cyprus and Cythera, respectively. The island of Cythera was a center of her cult. She was associated with Hesperia and frequently accompanied by the Oreads, nymphs of the mountains.
Aphrodite had a festival of her own, Aphrodisiac, which was celebrated all over Greece but particularly in Athens and Corinth. In Corinth, intercourse with her priestesses was considered a method of worshipping Aphrodite.
Aphrodite was associated with, and often depicted with dolphins, doves, swans, pomegranates and lime trees.
Her Roman analogue is Venus. Her Mesopotamian counterpart was Ishtar and her Syro-Palestinian counterpart was ‘Ashtart (in standard Greek spelling Astarte); her Etruscan equivalent was Turan (goddess).
Venus was often referred to with epithet Venus Erycina ("of the heather") after Mt. Eryx, Sicily, one of the centers of her cult.
"Foam-arisen" Aphrodite was born of the sea foam near Paphos, Cyprus after Cronus cut off Uranus' genitals and the elder god's blood and semen dropped on the sea, where they began to foam. Aphrodite was born fully grown out of the foam. Thus Aphrodite is of an older generation than Zeus. Iliad (Book V) expresses another version of her origin, by which she was considered a daughter of Dione, who was the original oracular goddess ("Dione" being simply "the goddess," etymologically an equivalent of "Diana") at Dodona. In Homer, Aphrodite, venturing into battle to protect her favorite Aeneas, has been wounded by Diomedes and returns to her mother, to sink down at her knee and be comforted. "Dione" seems to be an equivalent of Rhea, the Earth Mother, whom Homer has relocated to Olympus. After this story, Aphrodite herself was sometimes referred to as "Dione". Once Zeus had usurped the oak-grove oracle at Dodona, some poets made him out to be the father of Aphrodite.
Aphrodite's chief center of worship remained at Paphos, close to the Syrian coast, where the goddess of desire had long been worshipped as Ishtar and Ashtaroth. It is said that she first tentatively came ashore at Cytherea, a stopping place for trade and culture between Crete and the Peloponnesus. Thus perhaps we have hints of the track of Aphrodite's original cult from the Levant to mainland Greece.
Plato considered that Aphrodite had two manifestations, reflecting both stories, Aphrodite Ourania ("heavenly" Aphrodite), and Aphrodite Pandemos ("Common" Aphrodite). According to Plato these two manifestations represented her role in homosexuality and heterosexuality, respectively (homosexuality being more divine for Plato).
Alternatively, Aphrodite was a daughter of Thalassa (for she was born of the Sea) and Zeus.
5th Century BC, Priest of Aphrodite, Cyprus, Metropolitan Museum.
Aphrodite, in many of the myths involving her, is characterized as vain, ill-tempered and easily offended. Though she is one of the few gods of the Greek Pantheon to be actually married, she is frequently unfaithful to her husband. Hephaestus, of course, is one of the most even-tempered of the Hellenic deities; Aphrodite seems to prefer Ares, the volatile god of war. In Homer's Iliad she surges into battle to save her son, but abandons him (in fact, drops him as she flies through the air) when she herself is hurt (Ares does much the same thing). And she is the original cause of the Trojan War itself: not only did she start the whole affair by offering Helen of Troy to Paris, but the abduction was accomplished when Paris, seeing Helen for the first time, was inflamed with desire to have her—which is Aphrodite's realm. Her domain may involve love, but it does not involve romance; rather, it tends more towards lust, the human irrational longing.
Marriage With Hephaestus
Due to her immense beauty, Zeus was frightened she would be the cause of violence between the other gods. He married her off to Hephaestus, the dour, humorless god of smithing. Hephaestus was overjoyed at being married to the goddess of beauty and forged her beautiful jewelry, including a girdle that made her even more irresistible to men. Her unhappiness with her marriage caused Aphrodite to seek out companionship from others, most frequently Ares, but also Adonis, Anchises and more. Hephaestus once cleverly caught Ares and Aphrodite in bed with a net, and brought all the other Olympian gods together to mock them. Hephaestus would not free them until they promised to end their affair, but both escaped as soon as the net was lifted and their promise was not kept.
Aphrodite and Psyche
Aphrodite was jealous of the beauty of a mortal woman named Psyche. She asked Eros to use his golden arrows to cause Psyche to fall in love with the ugliest man on earth. Eros agreed but then fell in love with Psyche on his own, or by accidentally pricking himself with a golden arrow. Meanwhile, Psyche's parents were anxious that their daughter remained unmarried. They consulted an oracle who told them she was destined for no mortal lover, but a monster who lived on top of a particular mountain. Psyche was resigned to her fate and climbed to the top of the mountain. There, Zephyrus, the west wind, gently floated her downwards. She entered a cave on the appointed mountain, surprised to find it full of jewelry and finery. Eros visited her every night in the cave and they made love; he demanded only that she never light any lamps because he did not want her to know who he was (having wings made him distinctive). Her two sisters, jealous of Psyche, convinced her to do so one night and she lit a lamp, recognizing him instantly. A drop of hot lamp oil fell on Eros' chest and he awoke, then fled.
When Psyche told her two jealous elder sisters what had happened; they rejoiced secretly and each separately walked to the top of the mountain and did as Psyche described her entry to the cave, hoping Eros would pick them instead. Zephyrus did not pick them and they fell to their deaths at the base of the mountain.
Psyche searched for her lover across much of Greece, finally stumbling into a temple to Demeter, where the floor was covered with piles of mixed grains. She started sorting the grains into organized piles and, when she finished, Demeter spoke to her, telling her that the best way to find Eros was to find his mother, Aphrodite, and earn her blessing. Psyche found a temple to Aphrodite and entered it. Aphrodite assigned her a similar task to Demeter's temple, but gave her an impossible deadline to finish it by. Eros intervened, for he still loved her, and caused some ants to organize the grains for her. Aphrodite was outraged at her success and told her to go to a field where golden sheep grazed and get some golden wool. Psyche went to the field and saw the sheep but was stopped by a river-god, whose river she had to cross to enter the field. He told her the sheep were mean and vicious and would kill her, but if she waited until noontime, the sheep would go the shade on the other side of the field and sleep; she could pick the wool that stuck to the branches and bark of the trees. Psyche did so and Aphrodite was even more outraged at her survival and success. Finally, Aphrodite claimed that the stress of caring for her son, depressed and ill as a result of Psyche's unfaithfulness, had caused her to lose some of her beauty. Psyche was to go to Hades and ask Persephone, the queen of the underworld, for a bit of her beauty in a black box that Aphrodite gave to Psyche. Psyche walked to a tower, deciding that the quickest way to the underworld would be to die. A voice stopped her at the last moment and told her a route that would allow her to enter and return still living, as well as telling her how to pass Cerberus, Charon and the other dangers of the route. She pacified Cerberus, the three-headed dog, with a sweet honey-cake and paid Charon an obolus to take her into Hades. Once there, Persephone offered her a feast but Psyche refused, knowing it would keep her in the underworld forever.
Psyche left the underworld and decided to open the box and take a little bit of the beauty for herself. Inside was a "Stygian sleep" which overtook her. Eros, who had forgiven her, flew to her body and healed her, then begged Zeus and Aphrodite for their consent to his wedding of Psyche. They agreed and Zeus made her immortal.
Aphrodite was Adonis' lover and had a part in his birth. She urged Myrrha or Smyrna to commit incest with her father, Theias, the King of Assyria. Another version says Myrrha's father was Cinyras of Cyprus. Myrrha's nurse helped with the scheme. When Theias discovered this, he flew into a rage, chasing his daughter with a knife. The gods turned her into a myrrh tree and Adonis eventually sprung from this tree. Alternatively, Aphrodite turned her into a tree and Adonis was born when Theias shot the tree with an arrow or when a boar used its tusks to tear the tree's bark off.
Once Adonis was born, Aphrodite took him under her wing, seducing him with the help of Helene, her friend, and was entranced by his unearthly beauty. She gave him to Persephone to watch over, but Persephone was also amazed at his beauty and refused to give him back. The argument between the two goddess' was settled either by Zeus or Calliope, with Adonis spending four months with Aphrodite, four months with Persephone and four months of the years with whomever he chose. He always chose Aphrodite because Persephone was the cold, unfeeling goddess of the underworld.
Adonis was eventually killed by a jealous Ares. Aphrodite was warned of this jealousy and was told that Adonis would be killed by a bull that Ares transformed into. She tried to persuade Adonis to stay with her at all times, but his love of hunting was his downfall. While Adonis was hunting, Ares found him and gored him to death. Aphrodite arrived just in time to hear his last breath.
The Judgement of Paris
The gods and goddesses as well as various mortals were invited to the marriage of Peleus and Thetis (the eventual parents of Achilles). Only the goddess Eris (Discord) was not invited, but she arrived with a golden apple inscribed with the words "to the most beautiful," which she threw among the goddesses. Aphrodite, Hera, and Athena all claimed the apple, and the matter was put before Paris, the most handsome mortal. Hera tried to bribe Paris with an earthly kingdom, while Athena offered great military skill, but Aphrodite was judged most beautiful when she offered Paris the most beautiful mortal woman as a wife. This woman was Helen, and her abduction by Paris led to the Trojan War.
Pygmalion and Galatea
Pygmalion was a sculptor who had never found a woman worthy of his love. Aphrodite took pity on him and decided to show him the wonders of love. One day, Pygmalion was inspired by a dream of Aphrodite to make a woman out of ivory resembling her image, and he called her Galatea. He fell in love with the statue and decided he could not live without her. He prayed to Aphrodite, who carried out the final phase of her plan and brought the exquisite sculpture to life. Pygmalion loved Galatea and they were soon married.
Titian , The Venus of Urbino (1538)
In one version of the story of Hippolytus, Aphrodite was the catalyst for his death. He scorned the worship of Aphrodite for Artemis and, in revenge, Aphrodite caused his step-mother, Phaedra, to fall in love with him, knowing Hippolytus would reject her. In the most popular version of the story, Phaedra seeks revenge against Hippolytus by killing herself and, in her suicide note, telling Theseus, her husband and Hippolytus' father, that Hippolytus had raped her. Theseus then murdered his own son before Artemis told him the truth.
Aphrodite was often accompanied by the Charites.
In book III of Homer's Iliad, Aphrodite saves Paris when he is about to be killed by Menelaos.
Aphrodite was very protective of her son, Aeneas, who fought in the Trojan War. Diomedes almost killed Aeneas in battle but Aphrodite saved him. Diomedes wounded Aphrodite and she dropped her son, fleeing to Mt. Olympus. Aeneas was then eneveloped in a cloud by Apollo, who took him to Pergamos, a sacred spot in Troy. Artemis healed Aeneas there.
She turned Abas to stone for his pride.
She turned Anaxarete to stone for reacting so dispassionately to Iphis' pleas to love him, even after his suicide.
Aphrodite helps Hippomenes to win a footrace against Atalanta to win Atalanta's hand in marriage, giving him three golden apples to distract her with. However, when the couple fails to thank Aphrodite, she has them turned into lions.
Consorts and children
Butes (Eryx )
Acidalia, of the Acidalia spring
Basilis (Βασιλίς), the queen
Cytherea (Κυθήρεια), of Cythera
Despina (Δέσποινα), the mistress
Enoplios (Ἐνόπλιος), the armed one
Genetyllis, of motherhood
Hetaira (Ἑταίρα), the courtesan
Kalligloutos (Καλλίγλουτος), of the beautiful thighs
Melaina (Μέλαινα), the black one (similar to Epitymbidia and Melainis)
Melainis (Μελαινίς), the young black one (similar to Epitymbidia and Melaina) a surname under which she was worshipped at Corinth. (Paus. 2. 2. 4; comp. 8.6. 2, 9.17. 4; Athen. 13. p. 588.)
Pandemos (Πάνδημος), common to all, a form worshipped near the agora in Athens
Praxis (Πράξις), of (sexual) action
Skotia (Σκοτία), the dark
Tymborychos (Τυμβωρύχος), the gravedigger
Rachel Rosenzweig Worshipping Aphrodite : art and cult in classical Athens ,University of Michigan Press 2004 ISBN 0472113321 | <urn:uuid:b8c65351-7503-48fb-bc67-e77f03047068> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Mythology/Aphrodite.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396100.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00047-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981914 | 3,572 | 2.671875 | 3 |
A river which flows northwest into the Pomquet River and thence into
and also a settlement southeast of Antigonish.
The district was part of Beauly until it was divided in 1887 and section
east of the
Caledonia was called Black River. In 1891 there was a further subdivision as a portion of
Black River was renamed Blackavon and another portion Glassburn.
Alexander McNeil was the teacher in 1847-48 and early settlers were
Grant, McDonald, McIntyre, McKinnon, McNeil and MacPherson. It was a farming district
but in 1871 had a sawmill and a cooper and a population of one hundred.
It became a way office in 1863 and in 1868 Donald Chisholm was the way office keeper | <urn:uuid:0e3925b9-184b-459c-960e-4168c40c24e5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nsantigo/placenames/blackriver.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00168-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983761 | 161 | 2.734375 | 3 |
|ABC Worksheet (The ABCs of REBT)
A = Activating Event
- What do you think happened?
- What would a camera see?
B = Beliefs about Activating Event
- What did you tell yourself?
C = Consequences
- How did you act?
- How did you feel?
While it may seem odd at the beginning, you want to start somewhat backwards. Start with the (C).
(A) ACTIVATING EVENT
After you complete (C), come back here and describe what was happening at the time you became upset/stressed/angry/anxious/depressed/guilty/etc. Note where you were, who was there, what was going on, etc.
1) list the irrational Beliefs (iBs) that lead to (C) (list the iBs that led to your reaction/behavior)
2) list replacement rational Beliefs (rBs), which are those that are measurable, objective, rooted in reality
(C) CONSEQUENCES (of A)
List here what you felt--your self defeating behaviors that you want to change, such as anger, anxiety, depression, guilt, self-loathing, feelings of worthlessness, awfulizing, low frustration tolerance, etc. The Consequences are what you feel about/from (A). It makes sense to start here because it's what you actually feel first.
(D) DISPUTES for each IRRATIONAL BELIEF (iB)
List here how you dispute each iB, and replace with an rB.
Examples of disputing iBs and replacing with rBs.
1. I MUST do well or very well!
DISPUTE: Why MUST I do very well?
REPLACE w/rB: I'd like to, but things don't always go the way we want. I'll do my best to do well but when I don't achieve what I think I have to I'll recognize that life goes on and and I can't expect to be perfect at everything I do.
2. I am a BAD OR WORTHLESS PERSON when I act weakly or stupidly.
DISPUTE: Where is it written that I am a BAD PERSON?
REPLACE w/rB: I am a PERSON WHO acted badly, not a BAD PERSON. I BEHAVED stupidly but that does not equate to me being worthless. My worth is not tied to my behavior. People behave stupidly sometimes, it's what we do. I will strive to not act that way again but I will not blame myself or get down on myself because I behaved stupidly.
3. I MUST be approved of or accepted by people I find important.
DISPUTE: There is no evidence that I HAVE to be approved of though I would LIKE to be.
REPLACE w/rB: If I'm not approved of by those I desire it from, I will try to see if I can. But if they still don't, then things will still work out okay. It is not possible to be approved of or accepted by everyone you want. Sometimes it just doesn't work. I'll accept it, though I don't like it.
4. People MUST treat me fairly and give me what I NEED.
DISPUTE: What evidence do I have that people MUST treat me fairly? Who says I wrote the 'rules of the world?'
REPLACE w/rB: And who says that what I SAY is what I NEED and what THEY SAY is what I need is magically supposed to be the same thing. If I face the true facts, "fair" is a subjective term: what's fair to one is unfair to another. Plus, I know I don't NEED anything but air, water, food, and ability to expel waste. I can survive just fine if I don't always get what I "need."
5. People MUST live up to my expectations or it is TERRIBLE!
DISPUTE: Is it? What control do I have over what someone else does or doesn't?
REPLACE w/rB: It's irrational to think I can expect them to be the way I want at all times. When they aren't, it's NOT terrible...is it really so bad that it's off the chart? Instead, it's certainly unpleasant, it's not desirable, it's disappointing...but it is not awful, terrible, or horrible.
You may also wish to see also take a look at this ABC disputing worksheet/chart.
What does it take to be happy?
Video: How to Cure Depression Using the ABC Method
More on the ABC's and REBT
A simple tutorial on the ABC's
The 12 Rational Beliefs (rBs) of REBT
The 12 Irrational Beliefs (iBs) of REBT
Understanding Irrational Thinking
Real life examples of how to make REBT work for you
Quick definition of CBT and REBT
Cognitive Behavioral help for panic attacks
Being happy is easier than you think
Get More Information on PureCalm for Anxiety & Panic Attacks
You may also want to visit HealtyPlace.com for more info on mental health, depression, anxiety, bipolar, anger, stress, and more.
==Depression== ==Anxiety== ==Stress== ==Online Counseling== ==Anger==
==Articles== ==Free Newsletter== ==Links== | <urn:uuid:bfd33263-14fe-425d-a645-99dfaebf1bbc> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.stressgroup.com/ABCworksheet.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391766.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00106-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962012 | 1,146 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Simone, Joseph V. MD
The fact that cancer is heterogeneous has been known for centuries. The fact that some specific types of cancer are microscopically heterogeneous has been known for over a century. Chromosomal and molecular heterogeneity was discovered in the latter half of the 20th century as a result of the technological advances in cellular and molecular biology. Further studies showed that cancer in a given individual may have started as a clone, but mutations are common due to the pressures of therapy or other evolutionary factors that can lead to metastases or therapeutic resistance.
JOSEPH V. SIMONE, MD...Image Tools
However, a recent study reported by a large international group (primarily in the U.K.) has demonstrated how cancer in any one patient can be far more heterogeneous than I ever imagined (Marco Gerlinger et al: Intratumor Heterogeneity and Branched Evolution Revealed by Multiregion Sequencing: NEJM 2012;366:883-892); also see Dr. Dan Longo's editorial in the same issue.
The authors evaluated multiple tumor-biopsy samples from a variety of primary and metastatic sites before and after cytoreductive nephrectomy in four consecutive patients with metastatic renal-cell carcinoma who were enrolled in a targeted therapeutics clinical trial of everolimus. Biopsy samples were obtained before the initiation of six weeks of treatment with everolimus. After a one-week washout period in which patients did not receive everolimus, a nephrectomy was performed. Everolimus treatment was continued after recovery from surgery until tumor progression. Extremely detailed cytogenetic and genetic analyses allowed them to reconstruct the evolutionary growth of tumors in each of the samples. The key tactic was to take multiple biopsies of the same tumor sample, some only a centimeter apart.
A summary of their findings:
1. Phylogenetic reconstruction revealed branched evolutionary tumor growth, with 63 to 69 percent of all somatic mutations not detectable across every tumor region (italics mine).
2. Intratumor heterogeneity was observed for a mutation within an autoinhibitory domain of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase, correlating other molecular control points such as other kinase activity.
3. Mutational intratumor heterogeneity was seen for multiple tumor-suppressor genes converging on loss of function with multiple distinct and spatially separated inactivating mutations within a single tumor, suggesting convergent phenotypic evolution.
4. Gene-expression signatures of good and poor prognosis were detected in different regions of the same tumor.
5. Allelic composition and ploidy profiling analysis revealed extensive intratumor heterogeneity, with 26 of 30 tumor samples from four tumors harboring divergent allelic-imbalance profiles.
If this proves to be a general finding for other solid cancers, the effects on our diagnostic confidence would be profound. Our usual diagnostic routine involves a needle biopsy of the accessible tumor with the sample subdivided for various diagnostic tests, including a part frozen for some types of molecular analysis. “Personalized medicine” or “personalized therapy” in this case means the selection of specific therapeutic approaches based on a positive historical response in a patient with the same genomic or cytogenetic profile. This approach depends on identifying an appropriate genomic or cytogenetic profile.
But one must now ask, “Which genomic or cytogenetic profile?” When one is using more general use therapy, such precision is not required and we accept the fact that some tumors will respond and some won't. When one has a single dominant genomic aberration, such as in CML, personalized therapy works very well. But if even a handful of integral genomic determinants are as variable as demonstrated in this study, personalized therapy becomes logarithmically more difficult. In addition, this study found that the heterogeneity problem also applied to favorable vs. unfavorable prognostic features.
As the authors calmly state, “Intratumor heterogeneity can lead to underestimation of the tumor genomics landscape portrayed from single tumor-biopsy samples and may present major challenges to personalized-medicine and biomarker development. Intratumor heterogeneity, associated with heterogeneous protein function, may foster tumor adaptation and therapeutic failure through Darwinian selection.”
Cancer researchers have known about mutational evolution of cancer for some time but at least in my own simple mind, I thought it was a more deliberate process. But the life expectancy of a cancer is no longer than the human host's, so its evolutionary time frame is short; cancer is one of the most resourceful parasites on earth.
What this means for cancer therapy in general and personalized therapy specifically is not yet clear. It depends on whether this is a general phenomenon that applies, more or less, to all cancers. It also depends on the clinical significance of the mutations.
Are they all deadly? I would guess that is unlikely. Are some of the mutants sensitive to conventional therapy? I would guess that is likely. Finally, is the extent of the observed phenomenon limited to the widely metastatic cancer stage of the four participating patients? Would we see such extreme variation in a clinically localized tumor?
What I believe to be certain if this degree of heterogeneity is found in all or many common tumors is th`e following: Clinical trials will become even more difficult or even impossible to complete using modern molecular diagnostics with current trial methods; combination therapy must be considered earlier in the drug development process.
Cancer never ceases to amaze and frustrate, and these findings continue and reinforce that effect.
© 2012 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc. | <urn:uuid:32181bd5-2bb6-4c9f-a4ca-a4a22a6cc0ee> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://journals.lww.com/oncology-times/Fulltext/2012/04250/Simone_s_OncOpinion___A_Cancer_Research_Result_to.15.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00117-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938222 | 1,176 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Snap Circuits Alternative Energy Kit makes learning about electricity and alternate energy fun! With over 125 projects to build, youngsters will have endless hours of fun while learning about circuits, electricity, geothermal power and lots more!
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The kit comes with 40 parts including green energy components like a solar cell, a hand crank, a fan, a water wheel, and a liquid holder with an electrode. It also includes an instruction manual and educational manual that show step-by-step instructions for all the cool stuff you can do.
For more empowering science and engineering toys for Mighty Girls, visit our Science & Math section.
With the Elenco Electronics Snap Circuits Green Alternative Energy Kit, kids can get a hands-on, entertaining education about what green energy means. This innovative kit contains real circuit components that snap together to create working electronic circuits and devices, featuring projects designed specifically to illustrate different sources of electricity. The kit includes over 40 pieces and a manual with 129 different projects. Recommended for children 8 and older, this set will give your child a fun, concrete education on how electronics and green energy work.
The Snap Circuits Alternative Energy Kit comes with over 40 pieces to create 129 different electronic projects. The pieces, which include snap wires, slide switches, an electrode, a wind fan, and a rechargeable battery, snap together easily on the included plastic grid--no soldering required. Each piece is numbered and color-coded to make identifying them as easy as possible. These components combine to create working circuit boards just like the ones found inside televisions, radios, and other electronic devices.
Parts from this Alternative Energy Kit are compatible with other Snap Circuits kits. The power generated with this kit can even be used to power the experiments of other Snap Circuits projects.
|Recommended Age||8 - 15|
|Manufacturer||Elenco Electronics Inc|
|Dimensions||16 L x 12 W x 2.5 H inches| | <urn:uuid:7df49527-9847-4236-bf9d-0968f4a78619> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.amightygirl.com/snap-circuits-alternative-energy-kit | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00132-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89536 | 443 | 3.5625 | 4 |
by Neville Kennard, preaching and practising capitalist
Voting, in western democracies, is a Right that all citizens, over a certain age, gain typically when they turn eighteen. It was once at age twenty-one.
The evolution of Democracy and the Right-to-Vote has evolved over the last hundred and more years. Once it was just Property Owners, and Men. Then the franchise was extended and extended. The thing about voting is that if the government does do much, doesn’t tax much, doesn’t interfere much, then voting is not considered very important. The Swiss, with one of the world’s most stable democracies, only granted women the right to vote in 1971. It was not then considered very important, unjust and “sexist” to the Swiss, thought it may now seem that way to us.
In nearly all democracies, voting is Voluntary. Only Australia, Belgium and Argentina make voting Compulsory. Why it is compulsory is a very good question. I would say that Compulsory Voting is Undemocratic! Isn’t part of a “Democratic Society” to do with Freedom? Doesn’t making voting Compulsory make us a bit less free? Of course with Secret Ballots, voting is not really Compulsory — showing up at the polling place and having your name crossed off the list is what is compulsory. Not casting a ballot, or casting a blank ballot paper, or writing some obscenity on the paper is OK. Just go to the inconvenience of making the trip to the polling place so you save yourself the threat of a fine. Dumb???
And recently there was an idea to reduce the voting age to sixteen! Allowing children to vote! The politicians may like it as there would be a whole new constituency to promise goodies to. But I think the tax-payers — the “producers” — would baulk at this one.
Perhaps the politicians, who trust us to elect them, trust us to support them with our taxes, don’t really trust us to vote for them so they make it compulsory to do so. A bit like the coercion to pay taxes.
But who should get a vote ? Should it be a Right, or should it be a privilege with the right to vote being something that is Earned?
I have a very controversial, very Politically-Incorrect, very “discriminating” view on this. This view is bound to be unpopular, and it has little chance of ever gaining political or electoral support. My proposal is that to gain the privilege to vote, you must be a Net Tax Producer.
Tax Consumers, those who don’t produce goods or services for the market, should not get a vote. Welfare recipients, bureaucrats, politicians and all who Consume taxes have not earned the right to vote so they don’t get a vote.
It would be like a Corporation where the shareholders vote on company matters. With a corporation, the employees don’t vote, the suppliers don’t vote, the customers don’t vote – unless they are also shareholders – only shareholders vote on Board of Directors appointments and constitutional matters.
If only Tax Producers got to vote the politicians would be anxious to look after the productive members of the electorate, and so there would be lots of incentive to keep taxes low and government expenditure low. Pressure for government hand-outs, grants, benefits would be minimal. Welfare would revert to the private sector and the monitoring of such expenditure would be scrutinised by the benefactors and the administrating charities.
If voting was a privilege, to be earned and valued, people would be proud to be among the Voting Class, the Productive Class, and would be keen to join the privileged Net Tax Producer Class. Public Servants may even be keen to privatise their ‘service’ so they can become members of the Voting Class.
Does this idea have any chance of being adopted? Not a snowflake’s chance in hell! But is fun to think about, if you are a Tax Producer that is. If you are Tax Consumer then you will hate it with every bone in your body. You will label the idea with every pejorative and invective you can come up with. So whatever side of the Tax Producer — Tax Consumer divide you are on, enjoy the love or hate of the idea. It ain’t gonna happen so don’t worry.
- Welcome from Neville Kennard
- Think Tanks Don't Work
- "Market Failure": Just what the government ordered!
- The Tragedy of the Tax Pool Commons
- Corporate Welfare
- Citizenship for Sale?
- I Don't Vote
- Voting: Right or Privilege?
- Stockholm Syndrome and our Love-Hate Relationship with Government
- Civil Disobedience: The Rules of Engagement
- Should Respect for Law Extend to Bad Laws?
- Jaywalking as a Demonstration of Individuality
- Government Likes War
- Collusion is Our Right
- Why Not the Drug Olympics?
- Unconventional Wisdom
- Tiger Farming: An Alternative to Extinction
- Looking Backwards: Mont Pelerin Society Conference, Sydney, 2010
- Tax Avoidance is a Patriotic Duty
- Kennard Writes to IPA Review Editor
- Genocide by Welfare: A Tragedy from the Aboriginal Welfare Industry
- Separating Sport and State
- Your Home is Not an Investment
- Dick Smith, Celebrity Philanthropist
- A Libertarian's New Year's Resolution
- Extend Politicians' Holidays to Create Prosperity
- Entrepreneurs are Disruptive, and Bureaucrats Hate It
- What is a good Australian?
- Governments Like Employment But Hate Employers
- The Market Failure Industry
- Neville Kennard: The Tax Avoidance Imperative
- Wot if ...?
- The Tribal Chief and the Witch Doctor
- The Tannehills
- Democracy versus Property Rights and Prosperity
- Government Doesn't Work, and That's the Way They Like It
- Minarchy vs Anarchy
- Euthanasia and Self-Ownership
- The Right Policies to Fix a Depression
- Is Howard Our Best PM?
- Tax Producers vs Tax Consumers
- Where There's a Queue, There's a Business Opportunity
- Authoritarian Freedom
- Why Classical Liberals Should Debate Anarchocapitalists
- The Tyranny of the Majority
- If you could choose to whom you paid your tax
- Business Should Exploit Boat People
- The Immorality of Trade Unions
- "America" vs "The United States"
- Sweet Anarchy
- The Illusion of "Job Creation"
- Gold Is Money
- Guilty Capitalists
- Prosperity vs Growth
- Capitalism vs Democracy
- More people = More fun
- Self-Ownership - the very idea!
- Government will murder Neville Kennard if he doesn't back away
- The Australian Dollar Has Been Cowardly and Criminally Devalued, Harming the Poor Particularly
- Is Taxation Theft and Government a Tax Cheat?
- My Journey to Anarchy:
From political and economic agnostic to anarchocapitalist
- Government Needs Bad Guys –
that's why they like wars
- What Is Obscene?
- Traffic Economics
- Wayne Swan stands on the shoulders of other intellectual pygmies
- Neville Kennard Obituary
- I Don't Vote
- Voting: Right or Privilege?
- Dead Reckoning and Government: A Proposal for Electoral Reform
- Why Not Jazz Up Elections?
- Singo and Howard on Voting
- Why the Big Green Lie survives
- Paddy McGuinness on compulsory, informal and donkey voting, and breaking electoral laws
- The Electoral Act should allow voters to choose "none of the above"
- Australia's First Official Political Party Poet Laureate: The Progress Party's Ken Hood in 1979
- Bert Kelly says end compulsory voting to stop donkey vote
- One small step on the compulsory voting landmine | <urn:uuid:d0073a0f-fefb-4fed-aefc-8e4a79d4ec81> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://economics.org.au/2010/08/voting-right-or-privilege/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400572.45/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00184-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923017 | 1,686 | 2.65625 | 3 |
For Students in Grades K-3
Length: 6:45 minutes
Clicky and his friends race to stop Potty-Mouth Pete from spreading bad netiquette.
Length: 2:12 minutes
Listen up and get on the safe side! B-b-be safer online!
Length: 5:26 minutes
People looking to harm kids can be tricky – learn how to beat the tricks!
Length: 1:59 minutes
A Lesson in Instant Messaging. Learn what to do if someone you don’t know contacts you online.
Length: 3:47 minutes
A Lesson in Computer Viruses. Protect your computer from viruses.
Length: 4:51 minutes
This video teaches kids the basics of Internet safety – how to keep personal information safe, to keep away from Internet strangers, and to go to an adult for help when they see anything online that makes them uncomfortable.
Length: 0:40 seconds
Learn more about being safer online.
Length: 1:53 minutes
Learn the 4 rules for real-world safety.
Length: 2:27 minutes
A Lesson in Personal Safety. Learn what it means to UYN!
Length: 2:03 minutes
Learn to make a strong password. | <urn:uuid:167660e7-89ff-4090-877a-98787e653672> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://ag.hawaii.gov/cpja/ccp/internetsafety/for-students-in-grades-k-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00059-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.878776 | 260 | 3.53125 | 4 |
The High Line’s planting design is inspired by the self-seeded landscape that took root on the elevated rail tracks after the trains stopped running. The High Line includes more than 300 species of perennials, grasses, shrubs, and trees — chosen for their hardiness, adaptability, diversity, and seasonal variation in color and texture. Some of the species that originally grew on the High Line’s rail bed are reflected in the park landscape today.
This week we share with you one of our Gardeners’ current favorites.
Chaenomeles x superba 'Jet Trail,’ known by its common name Jet Trail flowering quince, is a deciduous ornamental shrub. This drought-tolerant plant is known for its prolific spring blooms which cover it in delicate white flowers
Shrubs within the genus Chaenomeles are referred to as “flowering quince,” even though all quince plants produce flowers. This is because Chaenomeles shrubs are grown as ornamentals rather than for their fruit. The fruits produced by the Jet trail flowering quince are edible, however they are small and unpleasant to eat raw. Fruit from flowering quince, much like their cousins grown expressly for fruit, must be cooked in order to be enjoyed. You’ll often find them in liqueurs, pies, or jam.
Fun fact: The word “marmalade” used to refer to jams made from quince. This is derived from marmelo, the Portuguese word for this fruit.
PLEASE BE GENTLE
Help us keep the park beautiful for everyone to enjoy. Take plenty of photos, but please do not pick any of the plants or blooms.
For your own safety, do not eat any plants from the park (including their leaves, fruits, flowers or seeds).
WHERE TO SEE THIS PLANT
Near West 17th Street and on the Northern Spur, an offshoot near West 16th Street on the western side of the High Line | <urn:uuid:9018a34b-ae94-44ad-8855-9d9ca7071584> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.thehighline.org/blog/2012/03/01/plant-of-the-week-jet-trail-flowering-quince | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395039.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00040-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967159 | 426 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Should you grade on a curve or not? If you are student, the answer is clear: go by whatever the instructor does. Otherwise, you have a choice. I don’t like to tell other instructors or faculty what to do because I respect their freedom. For my classes, there is no curve. Why? Well, the question really is: “why grade on a curve?” I don’t know the exact reason for particular instructors, but I can come up with some possible reasons.
Curve for competition
This is a very common curving reason. The basic idea is that the class is a competition between the students. The strong survive. The weak fail. In this case, class is sort of like the olympics in that not everyone can win. But it is also a case that not everyone can fail. This is why many students ask to be graded on a curve (he can’t fail everyone, can he?).
I like to think that learning is not a competition. Competition in learning would discourage collaboration and students helping students (which I think is a great way for them to learn). Without a curve, it is possible for everyone to succeed.
Curve to determine test difficulty
I like this reason better, although I still don’t agree. Some faculty say they curve because maybe the test was just too difficult. That can clearly happen. The question I think instructors should ask themselves “what are the key ideas I want to evaluate students?” Also: “what questions would be able to show that students know that stuff?” If you really know the answers to these two questions, then you should be able to make a test that is fair.
Example: After finishing the stuff on Newton’s second law, I would expect that students could:
- Correctly draw a free-body-diagram
- Solve for an unknown force on an object in equilibrium or with constant acceleration
- Determine the motion of an object with known forces on it
So, a reasonable test question would be to perhaps find the acceleration of a block sliding down an inclined plane. One mistake I have seen many faculty make is that they are afraid. Afraid that everyone will get an A on the test. Trust me, that is not going to happen. That problem may seem trivially simple to you, but perhaps you forgot what it was like to to an introductory physics course. If that is a reasonable objective, it is a reasonable objective.
On a related note, I try not to make my tests too long. My general rule of thumb: I write the test, then I make out the key (with complete solution). If I can make the key in 10-15 minutes, then a student should be able to complete the whole test in 50 minutes (well, most students). I am not a big fan of time limits, but sometimes you have no choice.
Ok, back to curving. The idea of the curve in this case is to assume the following:
- Any given class is a good normal distributions of students from the whole population of students.
- The whole population of students has a normal distribution of abilities. Where by normal distribution I mean that most students would be in the C range. There would be fewer in the F and A ranges.
So, the instructor writes a test. Assuming the students are normal, you can essentially determine the universal difficulty of the test and adjust the grades accordingly. That seems like an ok idea, but when you have smaller classes it is possible that the class is not a good representation of the entire population of students. Also, doing this essentially makes class a competition (whether you want that or not).
Curving just because
There are some instructors (not any that I know, but I am sure they exist) that curve just because. They curve because that is they way they were graded and that is what other instructors do. Perhaps they curve because the students want that. On a side note, students in introductory astronomy for non-science majors WANT multiple-choice tests even though they perform significantly poorer on them.
If an instructor (by instructor I mean anyone who teaches a course) falls into this category, he or she should think about why they do what they do. | <urn:uuid:00b28159-8c55-48fb-aa0e-f0f368add2b2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://scienceblogs.com/dotphysics/2009/01/27/grades-curve-or-no-curve/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393332.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00038-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970459 | 880 | 3.078125 | 3 |
Charcoal drawings, pen-and-ink sketches , and three oil paintings dot the gallery walls. Thousands of books have been written about the Bataan Death March. Television programs and movies have tried to capture the horror of the prisoners experience. But Ben Steele has literally drawn on happened to him.
"I'm the only one, really, that's done anything to any extent. There have been a few cartoonists and stuff, but they really don't tell the story," he says.
The exhibit features two original drawings done while Steele was a prisoner of war, before he had formal art training. He drew some of the pictures during post-war rehabilitation. Others were made in 1952 after Steele graduated from the Cleveland Institute of Art.
The drawings are simple, dark portrayals of the artist's experience - men begging for food, soldiers being beaten or killed for attempting to drink from roadside springs.
"This was a person at O'Donnell. They found Japanese currency on him and that's what the repercussions were. (He) dug his own grave and then they killed him and put him in it," he says. They shot these Filipinos and put them in the grave and they weren't dead yet and they were making guys cover them up; they buried them alive."
Some of the drawings hold painful memories. Steele says he was beaten regularly. He can joke about the number of black eyes he'd had. However, he says the 70 drawings still don't capture the complete horror of the experience.
"Some of the real atrocities I've never drawn and I probably never will," he says. "I get a little bit emotional about some of those things."
Steele's art work has also been featured in other Death March veteran's memoirs. "One of my buddies and I in prison camp, I think we were two of the biggest thieves in the whole area, because we would steal everything we could steal to eat or drink."
Clarence "Butch" Larson used some of Steele's drawings for his book, A Long March Home. Larson says Steele's work illustrates perfectly a lesson American's should never forget. "What price is paid for freedom? It's a very hard thing to gain and it's a more difficult thing to lose your freedom," Larson says.
Ben Steele says he felt an obligation to document what happened at Bataan. Sometimes he feels guilty he survived and others didn't. Of the 75,000 Americans and Filipinos who were captured on Bataan, only half survived.
For years Steele hated the Japanese, but eventually realized by continuing to hate his captors, he was still a prisoner. It's a lesson, he says, that is even more important following the September 11th terrorist attacks on the East Coast "because hatred is a very destructive thing and this Bin Laden is going to find that out sooner or later," he says.
Steele's work will remain on display at the Minnesota State University Moorhead Center for the Arts gallery through October 5th. | <urn:uuid:91e112c5-7767-4897-a55a-28887efee7f2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://news.minnesota.publicradio.org/features/200109/29_rehab_bataan-m/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00157-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.98813 | 616 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Almost every part of a rocket is destroyed during the launch and re-entry into the Earth’s atmosphere. This makes spaceflight really expensive. Rocket delivery of even a single kilogram into orbit costs tens of thousands of dollars. But what if we could just place our payloads directly into orbit, and didn’t need a rocket at all?
This is the idea of a space elevator, first envisioned by the Russian rocket scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in 1895. Tsiolkovsky suggested building a tower all the way up to geostationary orbit, this is the point where a satellite appears to hang motionless in the sky above the Earth. If you could carry spacecraft all the way up to the top, and release them from that tower they’d be in orbit, without the expense of a discarded rocket. A fraction more energy and they’d be traveling away from the Earth to explore the Solar System.
The major flaw with this idea is that the entire weight of the tower would be compressing down on every part below. And there’s no material on Earth, or in the Universe, that can handle this kind of compressive force. But the idea still makes sense.
Newer thinking about space elevators propose using a cable, stretched out beyond geostationary orbit. Here the outward centripetal force counters the force of gravity, keeping the tether perfectly balanced. But now we’re dealing with the tensile strength of a cable tens of thousands of kilometers long.
Imagine the powerful forces trying to tear it apart. Until recently, there was no material strong enough to withstand those forces, but the development of carbon nanotubes has made the idea more possible.
How would you build a space elevator? The most reasonable idea would be to move an asteroid into geostationary orbit – this is your counterbalance. A cable would then be manufactured on the asteroid, and lowered down towards the Earth.
As the cable extends down, the asteroid is orbited further from the Earth, keeping everything in balance. Finally, the cable reaches the Earth’s surface and is attached to a ground station.
Solar powered machines are attached to the space elevator and climb up from the surface of the Earth, all the way to geostationary orbit. Even traveling at a speed of 200 km/hour, it would take the climber almost 10 days to make the journey from the surface to an altitude of 36,000 kilometers. But the cost savings would be dramatic.
Currently, rockets cost about $25,000 per kilogram to send a payload to geostationary orbit. A space elevator could deliver the same payload for $200 per kilo.
Obviously there are risks associated with a megastructure like this. If the cable breaks, portions of it would fall to Earth, and humans traveling up in the elevator would be exposed to damaging radiation in the Earth’s Van Allen belts.
Building a space elevator from Earth is at the very limits of our technology. But there are places in the Solar System which might make much more useful places to build elevators.
The Moon, for example, has a fraction of the Earth’s gravity, so an elevator could operate there using commercially available materials. Mars might be another great place for a space elevator.
Whatever happens, the idea is intriguing. And if anyone does build a space elevator, they will open up the exploration of the Solar System in ways that we can’t even imagine. | <urn:uuid:f4794409-2c1c-4c95-b49a-f477eb8b6a9d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.universetoday.com/105441/what-is-a-space-elevator/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00102-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932153 | 722 | 4.09375 | 4 |
While anxiety can be a disorder in itself, it is also known to be a symptom of a number of physical disorders and illnesses. Before beginning medication for an anxiety disorder, it is often a good idea to have your physician check you for some common physical problems that could be causing your anxiety. One potential cause that is quite easy to check is your thyroid function.
Although hyperthyroidism is generally associated with anxiety and hypothyroidism with depression, both disorders can cause anxiety. One type of hypothyroidism in particular, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, is known to be associated with anxiety symptoms and disorders. In some cases, anxiety or other psychiatric problems are the first sign of hypothyroidism. Severe anxiety and panic attacks appear to be caused by the rapid change in thyroid hormone levels that is found in hypothyroidism; chronic anxiety tends to be related to slow, progressive changes in hormone levels.
Several studies have found that endocrine disorders such as hypothyroidism are the medical conditions most commonly misdiagnosed as an anxiety disorder. Since checking thyroid function only requires a simple blood test, it's an easy thing that people suffering from anxiety can have checked. If you do turn out to have hypothyroidism, treating it can avoid other medical complications and could improve your anxiety symptoms. | <urn:uuid:15bbc561-e733-4072-ae7c-45621005ac7b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.livingwithanxiety.com/articles/anxiety/hypothyroidism-and-anxiety | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00121-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958785 | 267 | 2.984375 | 3 |
Summer after sunny summer, you've been the model of sun protection. Right? But now that you're pregnant (congrats!), shielding yourself from the sun's harmful ultraviolet, or UV, rays is more important than ever. Your body's pigment-producing cells (called melanocytes) kick into overdrive during pregnancy, making your skin more susceptible to UV-induced discoloration. Plus, while sun exposure doesn't directly affect your bun in the oven, sunburns can crank up that oven's temperatures, says Joanne Stone, M.D., director of maternal fetal medicine at The Mount Sinai Hospital in New York City. (Elevated core temperatures during pregnancy have been linked to birth defects.) Follow these sun safety tips to protect your body and your baby.
Know Your Numbers
Don't let a super-high SPF give you a false sense of security: SPF 15 blocks 93 percent of UVB rays; SPF 30 blocks 97 percent; and SPF 50 blocks 98 percent, according to the Skin Cancer Foundation. That means, SPF 100 isn't exactly twice as good as SPF 50. A good rule-of-thumb? Use at least SPF 30, reapplying at least every two hours (more often if you're in and out of water). Reapplying is what really makes the skin-saving difference, says Dr. Stone.
Always opt for broad-spectrum sunscreens, which offer protection against UVA rays, in addition to UVB rays, both of which can cause skin cancer. Plus, UVA rays are infamous for causing discoloration (common during pregnancy), according to the American Academy of Dermatology.
Sunscreens fall into two categories: physical sunscreens (which reflect UV rays using titanium dioxide or zinc oxide) and chemical sunscreens (which absorb UV rays using ingredients like oxybenzone; see slide 5). Even though people have expressed concern about the tiny "nanoparticles" in physical sunscreens, the European Union's Nanoderm Project and seperate research conducted by the FDA found that nano titanium dioxide particles pose no significant risk of penetrating the skin: "We believe that zinc oxide and titanium dioxide are among the best choices on the American market," says the Environmental Working Group's 2014 Guide to Sunscreens.
Rub, Don't Spray
The International Agency for Research on Carcinogens has classified titanium dioxide as a "possible carcinogen" when inhaled in high doses. That's why the Environmental Working Group (EWG) recommends avoiding sprays. "They also make it easy to apply too little or to miss a spot," says Sonya Lunder, MPH, senior analyst with the EWG. Stick with tried-and-true lotions to best protect you and your little one.
Kick This Chemical
Make sure your sunscreen doesn't list oxybenzone on the back. The chemical, which readily absorbs into your skin, has been linked to low birth weights—a risk factor for future coronary heart disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and other diseases. It's also known to interfere with the body's hormones, which may cause developmental problems in unborn babies.
Opt for Oil-Free
Pregnancy hormones can cause acne, and slathering your face with oil-containing sunscreens can make breakouts worse, says Dr. Stone. She suggests using an oil-free and non-comedogenic (meaning it won't clog pores) formula on your face—if not on your entire body.
Related: Get Rid of Pregnancy Acne | <urn:uuid:920c0ebc-cab0-4fde-9022-7aae56396b07> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.fitpregnancy.com/pregnancy/pregnancy-health/six-sunscreen-rules-follow-when-you-re-pregnant | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00099-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930207 | 728 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Alfred's Basic Prep Course, Levels A through F, was written to answer a demand for a course of piano study designed specifically for students who are five years old and up. This course offers a careful introduction of fundamentals, music that fits comfortably under the young student's normal hand span, plus constant reinforcement--all leading to results beyond those generated by other piano methods. After Lesson Book B, the student may progress to Prep Course, Lesson Book C or choose to go directly into the faster paced Level 1B of Alfred's Basic Piano Library. The complete Prep Course consists of six books (Levels A through F).
Series: Alfred's Basic Piano Library
Number Of Pages: 48
Published: 1st August 1988
Publisher: Alfred Publishing Co., Inc.
Country of Publication: US
Dimensions (cm): 29.7 x 22.4 x 0.8
Weight (kg): 0.18 | <urn:uuid:1a9a70f2-1700-46a8-96ed-50324ac3a46d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.booktopia.com.au/alfred-s-basic-piano-prep-course-lesson-book-bk-b-willard-palmer/prod9780882848228.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395620.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00150-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.893543 | 188 | 3.046875 | 3 |
At first thought, the practice of growing plants in an inert medium (such as gravel), feeding them periodically with dissolved nutrients, and then draining away the fertilizing solution to aerate the roots seems downright “unnatural.” But people all over the world — from India (where folks frequently feed themselves from discarded containers filled with rubble) to the Netherlands Antilles (where large hydroponic farms operate with distilled seawater on otherwise useless agricultural land) to the good ole USA (where even famous organic gardeners, such as Eddie Albert, endorse hydroponics) — are finding that hydroponic systems do, in fact, have many practical advantages over "ordinary" soil cultivation techniques.
Benefits of Hydroponic Systems
Take, for instance, the fact that hydroponics gardeners can often obtain a greater crop of tasty and nutritious foods (or of healthy ornamentals) from a smaller space simply because the amounts of nutrients given to a plant and the times of those nutrients' application can be controlled and adjusted and tailored to meet that particular plant's specific needs.
Hydroponics also can be successfully utilized on many tracts of land unsuitable for normal cultivation regardless of the native soil type. In addition — and somewhat surprisingly — the system of propagation uses less water than conventional gardens (because the runoff fluid can be recycled for several days), which makes it ideal for use in deserts and other water-poor regions. Other benefits can include:
- Reduced threat of soil-borne insects and diseases
- Weeds are easier to control
- The growing medium may be used time and time again without bothersome preparation
- A well kept soil-less garden requires less work than its traditional counterpart.
Perhaps best of all, these many benefits apply to all hydroponics operations...from the ultra-simple flowerpot-fed-through-a-wick setup to the fully automated commercial greenhouse. Anyone, in short, can put them to work in his or her garden...whether it's large or small, simple or lavish, "just for fun" or seriously cultivated for food and/or profit.
A Hydroponics Container
The hydroponic container can be anything which will hold up a bed of growing medium, usually about 8 to 9 inches deep. Galvanized iron or tin should not be used because the excessive zinc can poison the plants. Wood, plastic, concrete, roofing felt, brick, mortar, plaster, mud, clay, fiberglass, plastic resin, etc. — all are quite suitable. Redwood will not rot if set in the ground, but other wood, especially plywood, must have protection both inside and out from rot. Asphalt emulsion is a good, non-toxic preservative, and should be painted on all surfaces in contact with the ground. Also suitable are jars, boxes, flowerpots, old packing crates, or discarded buckets and barrels. In short, anything at all will do which is non-toxic to plants. The cheapest materials are those which can be found or scrounged.
Some people build troughs right on top of the ground. There should be a liner (plastic, tar paper, mud plaster, etc., work well to discourage soil-borne insects and diseases) between the bed and the soil, and the ground should be graded in an even, gentle slope for good drainage. It is essential that there be no low spots which will collect stagnant puddles. However you make them, plant beds should not be so wide that you cannot easily reach all parts while standing outside.
If you do not intend to recover and recycle the nutrient solution, the bed need not be watertight and can have any number of drains. Several drains will tend to improve aeration.
The Growing Medium
The function of the growing medium is to hold up the plant roots, while at the same time it must retain moisture and permit the roots to breathe. If the medium is too fine, it will retain too much moisture, become soggy, and suffocate the roots. If it is too coarse, it will breathe quite well, but it will also dry out very quickly. The medium must be non-toxic, and — so far as possible — inert.
The most popular and dependable growing medium is plain pea gravel (114 to 318 inches) in beds about 8 inches deep. It is clean, easy to handle, and — best of all — it breathes freely. It is also quite heavy and needs to be well supported. Another quality of plain gravel is that it dries quickly and, therefore, needs to be watered at least twice each day. In fact, on hot, dry days, you may have to do three or four daily waterings.
Gravel can be purchased locally anywhere they sell building supplies, cement or landscaping materials, and usually doesn't cost more than a few dollars per cubic yard. It can also be gathered for free, if you are willing to screen and wash it.
If you want the growing medium to retain moisture for a day or two, then you must mix sand with the gravel, or use a mixture of coarse and medium sand. The finer the sand, and the more of it you mix in, the better it will retain moisture. But it will also breathe less well. In general, five parts gravel to two or three of sand will work well. In very dry climates, the ratio might be two parts coarse to three parts fine. Ultimately, it is a matter of experiment and experience.
Perlite and vermiculite are both made from natural mineral substances which are expanded into lightweight and absorbent particles. Vermiculite (expanded mica) should be mixed 1/3 to 1/2 with coarse sand; otherwise it becomes too soggy. Perlite (expanded sand) may be used alone. The main advantage of these substances is their very light weight, which makes them ideal for use in hanging baskets, on rooftops, or other places where the heavy weight of sand or gravel would cause trouble. They may be purchased at almost any garden supply yard. Be sure to get the coarse grade. Soak before planting.
Some growers have used straw, hay bales, sawdust, or peat moss. These substances are inexpensive, light, and readily available. But, being organic, they tend to break down and disintegrate, and are more likely to harbor fungus and disease organisms. They must be watched to see that they don't become soggy in spots. Wood chips (pine or cypress) are said to be very good for hydroponic systems which do not flood the container (they will float away). Soak for several days before planting, and make sure there is good drainage.
NOTE: Whenever the medium has the ability to retain moisture for more than one day, it will probably tend to build up excess levels of nutrient salts over a period of time. To prevent this, every third watering should be a plain-water flush, to wash out excess salts.
For the small grower, any water that's good enough to drink is going to work quite well in your garden, since plants have a much higher tolerance for impurities than you do. You can test water simply by putting some cut flowers in a vase of the sample being tested: if they last the usual time before wilting, the water is almost certainly safe for irrigation.
The feeding of plants is the heart of hydroponics. Feeding plants well and with personal attention is what makes your homegrown vegetables superior to almost any other produce. You can learn to adjust the nutrients to suit your climate, location, crop variety, and varying weather conditions.
The subject of nutrients is both the easiest and the hardest part of home hydroponic gardening. It is easy because there are good quality commercial plant food mixes suitable for your needs, which you can buy.
All you need to do with commercial bought mixes is dissolve the dry mix in water, 1pound per 100 gallons (1 or 2 teaspoons per gallon), then feed and water your plants at the same time.
When you begin your first garden, we recommend that you start with a prepared plant food mix. Later, once you get into the swing of things, you may decide to learn how to mix your own tailor-made plant food, or tune up the prepared mix you purchase.
This brings us to the hard part...learning to mix your own hydroponic formula. Mixing your own is cheaper, more flexible, more fun, more educational, more challenging, and more satisfying. It is also more trouble to do and more difficult to understand.
CHEMICAL MIXTURES. The plant food recipes given here are only representative of the hundreds of available formulae, but they can be counted on to give you good results. After the chemicals are carefully weighed and measured, break up any lumps, and mix very thoroughly together into a fine powder. Never allow nutrients to get damp or wet before using. When making a solution, stir powders vigorously into water, but don't be surprised to find a certain amount of undissolved solids, especially when using superphosphate. Trace elements are given in a separate formula.
- 13 1/2 ounces of sodium nitrate
- 4 12 ounces of potassium sulphate
- 10 ounces of superphosphate
- 4 ounces of magnesium sulphate
- 100 gallons of water
- Trace elements
- 11 1/2 ounces of ammonium sulphate
- 8 ounces of ammonium phosphate
- 4 ounces of potassium chloride
- 3 ounces of calcium sulphate
- 5 1/2 ounces of magnesium sulphate
- 100 gallons of water
- Trace elements
To mix less than 100 gallons of solution, merely mix and store the larger quantity of powders, then use at the rate of 4 teaspoons. per gallon, or 1/2 pound to 25 gallons. For larger quantities, simply multiply the formula.
TRACE ELEMENTS are mixed separately, but must be included in each batch of nutrient solution. The various powders must be ground very fine with a mortar and pestle and mixed very thoroughly. When adding dry trace mix to a batch of dry powders which are to be used a bit at a time, the trace elements must be mixed in very thoroughly to get even distribution.
Mix well and store dry. Use 1 gram (about 1/2 teaspoon) per 100 gallons of nutrient solution. For smaller batches, dissolve 112 teaspoons of the trace mix into one quart of water, use 1 liquid ounce per 3 gallons of nutrient solution. Do not try to save any unused trace mix solution. (Note: Many hydroponics books suggest that the do-it-yourselfer forget the trace mix and simply add a pinch of iron sulphate — enough to cover the head of a match — to the original mixture. Quite often the other micro-nutrients will be present as impurities in the water and fertilizers. — MOTHER.)
ORGANIC FORMULAS. Another fascinating aspect of hydroponic food making is the manufacture of nutrient solutions from 100 percent natural/organic substances. That's right...organic hydroponics!
The Sharder process (a hydroponics method developed in the poor regions of India where chemical fertilizers are largely unavailable) uses a growing medium consisting of five parts small gravel and one part fine sand. Set into the beds at 2-to-3 foot intervals are sludge pots, which are any kind of covered vessel which will hold about 2pounds of sludge, lined with a screen and pierced with numerous little holes in the bottom. Here is one recipe for nutrient sludge:
- 15 ounces of hoof and horn meal
- 8 ounces of bone meal
- 6 ounces of ground chalk
- 18 ounces of ground magnesium (limestone rock)
- 20 ounces of fresh wood ashes
- 1/4 teaspoon of scrapings from a rusty iron nail
Mix well and dilute with water into a thick sludge, then place in the sludge pots. Use plain water in the same manner as normal hydroponic operation and the pots will slowly release their nutrients. Watch the pots carefully to keep them from running out, and also to keep them from drying out. The sludge has to be kept moist enough to release slowly through the screen-lining of the pot.
Here's another recipe which uses manure and oilcake. Oilcake is the leftovers after pressing seeds of cotton, hemp, flax, soybean, etc., for oil. It is normally used as feed, and may be obtained in feed stores.
The oilcake is matured by mixing in a little water, some ground bones, and some potash...then storing everything in a closed container for a couple of months (which disposes of smells). To about one pound of dried dung, add about 114 ounces of matured oilcake, then mix with enough water to form a sludge. Use as described in the previous recipe.
Methods of Operation
Assuming that you now have a container of growing medium in a sunny location, the only remaining essential step between you and a flourishing garden is to put into operation some method or routine which will deliver the nutrient solution to the plants. There are various ways in which this can be done, but the goal of all is the same: to keep the roots damp but not soggy.
When checking for proper moisture, look beneath the top layer of medium, into the center of the bed (where the roots are), and keep a sharp eye on the plants themselves.
Try to keep the surface of the medium dry. In those systems which flood the beds, there should be an overflow tube at a level of 1 inch below the surface of the medium. This will help cut down on fungi and algae, and will keep from washing surface debris down into the medium.
HAND WATERING. This method requires that some person go to the garden whenever it needs to be watered in order to turn the handle, tip the bucket, or in some way pour, sprinkle, or spray the bed with nutrient solution. This method involves the least paraphernalia, and is the most direct, cheapest, and easiest to set up. It is also the most demanding of personal attention. If you don't want to water once or twice each day, you will have to use some growing medium other than plain gravel.
WICKS. This excellent hydroponic method is the very best thing for small containers such as hanging baskets, window boxes, pots, patio gardens, or any container under about 1 1/2-by-2 feet by 6 inches deep. The main limitation on this method is that it cannot be used to grow large plants or those with lush foliage, as it does not furnish moisture fast enough. By the wick method of feeding, the nutrient solution is stored directly under the growing medium, usually in some arrangement of nested pots, and drawn up through wicks made of glass wool or similar material.
The wicks should be long enough so that about 4 inches hangs down into the nutrient solution and another 4 inches extends above the level of the bottom of the growing bed.
The wicks are pre-soaked, then drawn into the bed through holes which are just the same size as the wick. Put down about one-quarter or one-third of the medium, divide each wick into four strands, spread the strands around evenly, then cover with the remaining medium. Wicks should be about 8 inches apart, and the medium no more than 6 inches deep. The best medium for this method would be perlite, vermiculite, or plaster sand.
This method is utterly convenient, simple, and easy to operate (all you have to do is refill the tanks with nutrient solution from time to time).
DRIP METHOD. This method is used quite a lot by commercial growers. There are many variations to the idea, but basically it involves a tank of nutrient solution, which is elevated above the bed and allowed to flow out through tubes, which may be either over the surface of the bed or buried in the medium. A home-scale version of the drip method looks something like intravenous feeding in a hospital, with a tube running from a bottle of nutrient solution into each pot and container. At each pot there will be a little petcock, squeeze-clip, or valve which lets out a constant slow drip. Excess fluid is collected in saucers or trays under each pot and recycled.
PUMP AND TIMER. This is the All American Hobby Greenhouse Favorite. A reservoir (sump) of nutrient solution is placed below the level of the bed, and a submerged pump, activated by a timer, automatically floods the beds 2-to-4 times each day. The pump is timed to stay on however long is necessary to flood the beds, then the fluids are allowed to slowly drip out and drain back into the reservoir. Pumps are rated by the number of gallons they will pump per hour. Get one big enough to fill all your beds in one-half hour.
There must be an overflow tube in each bed, at a level one inch below the surface of the medium, to prevent flooding of the surface of the bed. There must also be some sort of screen or filter to keep grit out of the pump. The nutrient tank must contain at least 50 percent more than the volume of all the beds, to accommodate losses due to evaporation and transpiration.
(Alexandra and John Dickerman, authors of Discovering Hydroponic Gardening, mention yet another way to operate your hydroponic garden: the standing solution method. In this system, plant roots are always submerged in the nutrient mixture, and aeration is provided when air is bubbled into the liquid. — MOTHER.)
Additional Hydroponic Gardening Tips
Once your hydroponic setup is complete, you may find the following growing tips (suggested in the many books listed at the end of this special article) helpful in maintaining a healthy and productive garden.
- Locate your indoor hydroponic plot in a sunny place, or supplement the natural light your plants receive with fluorescent tubes.
- Change your system's nutrient solution as often as necessary (generally every 7 to 14 days) to keep your plants healthy. Experience will teach you when to drain the old and put in a fresh mixture.
- During heavy rains, protect outside hydroponic gardens with a canopy to prevent excess flooding. If the fertilizer solution in the beds becomes too diluted, apply extra nutrients until the plants perk up.
- City folks may find it helpful to let treated tap water sit in an open drum for a few days until the chlorine can dissipate.
- If your hydroponic garden grows poorly in spite of your watchful care, you may have especially alkaline or hard water (both of which keep plants from using all the nutrients available). Consult an authoritative book to correct the problem.
- Most larger seeds — and a few smaller ones (such as lettuce and spinach) — can be sown directly in a hydroponic bed or sprinkled right on top of the growing medium. Other plants may be started in a pan of damp sand and then transplanted — with a ball of sand still around their roots — to the larger container (be sure to water these seedlings carefully for the first few days until their roots become established). Or begin the seeds in a pocket of sand or a starter peat pellet embedded directly in the hydroponic bed.
- Never transplant seedlings grown in soil to your hydroponic garden unless you first wash their roots bare with a gentle spray of water.
- Since roots of hydroponically grown plants do not have to spread out far in search of food, make your limited growing area more intensively productive. First off, space plants about 50 percent closer than the seed packages recommend. Also choose varieties of flowers and vegetables that can be trained vertically (or grow climbing plants in the midst of bushy ones). And finally, prune foliage carefully to admit the maximum amount of light and air to all lower leaves.
- Test the pH (the acid/alkaline balance) of your nutrient solution regularly. Nitrazine paper, which is available at most drug stores, seems to be the easiest indicator to use: simply dip a strip into the fluid and compare its color to the chart on the side of the container. Maintain the pH measure between six and seven on the 14-point scale by adding white vinegar (an acid) or baking soda (an alkali) to the liquid as Jim DeKorne suggests in The Survival Greenhouse.
- Keep your soilless garden free of dirt and rubbish which might encourage insects and diseases.
- When plants have finished flowering and fruiting, pull them gently from the growing medium (wait until the bed is dry so you'll disturb other plants less) and shake any particles from their roots. Flush the growing medium with clean water and plant the bed again.
- Consider sterilizing your beds if you've had any disease or insect pests the preceding season. Sherman and Brenizer (Hydro-Story, formerly Hydroponic Gardening at Home) suggest flooding your container with swimming pool chlorine (13 ounces per 100 gallons) and letting the solution stand for 24 hours. Then unplug the drains and flush the bed with plain water several times over the next two days.
- Be creative! Place several plants in holes running up a gravel-filled pipe, put a few of the tubes in a nice frame...and you've got an attractive, space-saving "vertical garden." Or try raising cantaloupes and other vine crops on your roof.
Hydroponic Sprouting for Animals
Hydroponic sprouting for animals is popular all over the world with farmers, ranchers, horsemen, and zoos. It is a compact, simple, and cheap way to produce high-quality green forage for house pets or farm animals. A space 20 feet long and 8 feet high can turn out 1,000 pounds of greens every day, all year round. Any kind of grass or cereal grains can be sprouted—rye, oats, barley, alfalfa, etc. The nutrient solution increases the food value of the final product. It takes about seven to ten days to go from seed to an 8 inch mat of greens, packed with vitamins and minerals. Here's how you do it:
Sprouting is done in trays about 3 or 4 inches deep and any convenient length and width. The bottoms are lined with a thin layer of absorbent material such as burlap, foam rubber, or edible paper. Soak your seed overnight in plain water, then spread it generously and evenly over the bottom of the tray. Keep the bottom moist but not soggy with a half-strength nutrient solution. Keep the tray in a warm, semi-dark place for a couple of days. Then, when the sprouts are about a 1/2 inch high, let them have light. Add the weak nutrient solution from time to time but, after six days, use plain water. When the greens are ready, just peel up the entire mat and watch your animals gobble it, sprouts, roots, seeds, and all.
If you start a new batch every day or so, you can harvest a steady supply. Trays can be stacked and grown compactly in racks. With a little thought and planning you can set up a very compact and efficient feed production unit.
Sprouting works best at a temperature of 65 degrees to 70 degrees Fahrenheit. If the weather turns very cold, you will have to provide artificial heat or quit. A lot can be done in some warm corner of your house, but in order to do large-scale production in cold weather, you must use a well insulated and heated structure.
Most of the material in this special feature has been excerpted from Hydro-Story (formerly Hydroponic Gardening at Home) by Charles E. Sherman and Hap Brenizer (with the permission of Nolo Press, Box 544, Occidental, Calif. 95465). Some of the selections have also been summarized by MOTHER's staff from the additional sources listed.
Our many thanks go to the authors and publishers of the following resource books:
- Beginner's Guide to Hydroponics by James Sholto Douglas
- Discovering Hydroponic Gardening by Alexandra and John Dickerman
- Gardening Without a Garden by Dr. Edward Saub
- Home Hydroponics: And How to Do It! by Lem Jones
- Hydroponic Gardening by Raymond Bridwell
- Hydro-Story by Charles E. Shermann and Hap Brenizer
- The Survival Greenhouse by James B. DeKorne | <urn:uuid:f62ef0ad-0148-4635-83a8-45614414e791> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.motherearthnews.com/organic-gardening/hydroponic-systems-zmaz77zbon.aspx?page=7 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783400031.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155000-00172-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.93548 | 5,095 | 2.859375 | 3 |
News From the Field
"True Grit" Erodes Assumptions About Evolution
March 4, 2013
New work in Argentina, where scientists had previously thought the Earth's first grasslands emerged 38 million years ago, shows the area at the time covered with tropical forests rich with palms, bamboos and gingers. Grit and volcanic ash in those forests could have caused the evolution of teeth in horse-like animals that scientists mistakenly thought were adaptations in response to emerging grasslands.
University of Washington
The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent federal agency that supports fundamental research and education across all fields of science and engineering. In fiscal year (FY) 2016, its budget is $7.5 billion. NSF funds reach all 50 states through grants to nearly 2,000 colleges, universities and other institutions. Each year, NSF receives more than 48,000 competitive proposals for funding and makes about 12,000 new funding awards. NSF also awards about $626 million in professional and service contracts yearly.
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Awards Searches: http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/ | <urn:uuid:119dbe2f-d848-477d-8bd3-61e157cc55b9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=127287&org=EAR&from=news | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00186-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917289 | 313 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Scientists from The Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences have successfully regenerated the flowering plant Silene stenophylla, a plant whose natural habitat is the tundra of far eastern Siberia. The plant, commonly called a narrow-leafed campion, grows to be 5 to 25 centimeters tall with lilac or white petals that bloom in the summer.
The scientists first discovered the plant’s fruit tissues in 2007, buried underground in an Ice Age squirrel’s burrow 125 feet below the surface. The tissues were surrounded by the squirrel’s other prized possessions, including fruit, seeds, hay and animal fur, for more than 30,000 years. After the discovery, the scientists first tried to germinate mature seeds from the fruit. When that plan failed, they attempted to use the tissue of the fossil fruit. What they got was a fertile plant with white flowers and viable seeds.
The Silene stenophylla looks similar to this member of its family Silene latifolia, or white campion.
Photo by BlueRidgeKitties/Courtesy Flickr
The researchers hypothesize that the experiment’s success can, in part, be credited to the Siberian permafrost. They believe the freezing underground temperatures helped to preserve the plant’s tissues for thousands of years.
The scientists are hopeful that this discovery could lead the way to further regeneration of other plant species or even Ice Age mammals, such as the mammoth or wooly rhinoceros. | <urn:uuid:ec21af17-b133-499b-b0a6-1b6c44b1faff> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.motherearthliving.com/In-the-Garden/in-the-news-russian-scientists-revive-30000-year-old-white-campion.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00075-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941787 | 311 | 4.28125 | 4 |
UNESCO World Heritage Site, Monastery of Batalha
The Monastery of the Dominicans of Batalha was built to meet a vow by King João, the Master of Avis & the future king of Portugal, to celebrate the victory of the Portuguese over the Castilians at the battle of Aljubarrota in 1385. This victory brought to an end the dynastic crisis which had dragged over two years.
The Monastery of Batalha has been a UNESCO World Heritage site since 1983 and is one of 13 UNESCO sites in Portugal.
The gothic masterpiece was then to be the Portuguese monarchy’s main building project for the next two centuries, & King João dedicated it to the Virgin Mary, whom he had called upon to appeal to god to grant him victory. The size of the monastery’s church was enough to confirm the importance in which King João regarded the monastery, being over 23m wide & 35m in height, was something unheard of in medieval Portuguese architecture.
Batalha Monastery, tomb of King Duarte and Queen Leonor. Image Source: wikimedia
By 1416 the church, built in the shape of a Latin cross had been completed, & the royal cloister, chapter-house, & funeral chapel of the founder were beginning construction work.
The main entrance of the church is through the porch. On either side of this portal entrance are sculptures of the twelve apostles standing on consoles. In the center is a tall statue of Christ in Majesty surrounded by Evangelists, frames by six covings & decorated with sculptures of biblical kings & queens, prophets & angels. This set of sculptures is made complete by the crowning of the Virgin Mary.
The church’s interior dates back to the period of Gothic majesty which has remained untouched with further additions of the time. The nave & aisles are separated by thick pillars crowned by capitals with plant motifs. The chancel windows are decorated with amazing stained class from the sixteenth century representing the visitation, the Adoration of the Magi, the Flight into Egypt & the resurrection of Jesus Christ.
The chapel’s floor plan was made up of an octagonal space inserted inside a square & the ceiling consists of an eight point star shaped lantern. The center of the chapel was later handed to the medieval tomb of King João & his wife Queen Philippa of Lancaster. These tombs were the first made for husband & wife in Portugal, on which a coat of arms of the Houses of Avis & Lancaster are carved. The bays within the chapel walls contain the tombs of their sons.
The detail given to the monastery is incredibly intricate, the doors are flanked by the twelve apostles & above the door there are a wide collection of figures which represent the kingdom of Heaven. The archivolts contain figures from the New Testament & the Old Testament, as well as prophets & patriarchs, Angelic figures & a figure of god.
The convent of Batalha was the great workshop of the Portuguese monarchy for over two centuries. The root characteristic features of a national art were determined there during both the Gothic & Renaissance periods of the monarchy. If you would like to make a visit to the Monastery of Batalha, compare travel deals at Dealchecker, to save money.
Now, the monarchy is known as the most fascinating Gothic monuments in Europe. Tours take place regularly as a guide will take you around the Founders Chapel where King João & his wife & Sons are buried. You will see the Royal Cloisters with its arches carved with intricate detail with images of leaves, flowers, fruit, as well as many symbols used by King Manuel including the cross of Christ & the armillary spheres in the typical Manueline style. You would then move onto The Chapter House giving you the opportunity to see its amazing vaulted ceiling. Without any central support, it is one of the most daring examples in Europe Gothic architecture. According to legend its architect, Alfonso Domingues, slept under it for three days to prove that it would not fall down.
Behind the church, you will see the unusual, incomplete chapels, extending high above you. This is just another example of Manueline style; with a doorway built in a succession of arches & slender columns which are meticulously decorated.
Monastery of Batalha location | <urn:uuid:3c13ee4b-ae61-4abb-be52-1225f7942355> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.all-about-portugal.com/unesco-world-heritage-site-monastery-of-batalha/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00114-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96076 | 893 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Judging when an adolescent’s mood swings are severe enough to warrant medical treatment is one of the toughest calls a parent has to make. And it just got tougher. In October federal health officials announced that antidepressants must carry a black box label—the Food and Drug Administration’s strongest warning—indicating the drugs can cause suicidal behavior in children and teenagers.
Since the generation of antidepressants known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were introduced in the late 1980s, only one—Prozac—has been approved by the FDA for kids. Nonetheless, others, like Paxil, Celexa, and Zoloft, are commonly prescribed.
The FDA ruling was based in part on research that was sponsored by drug companies but never published. One study commissioned by the makers of Paxil—GlaxoSmithKline—found that children aged 7 to 18 who took the antidepressant were up to three times more likely to have suicidal thoughts or display suicidal behavior than children who received a placebo. Other studies found no benefit from taking the drug.
A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association in July found that both children and adults are at highest risk just after they begin treatment. Data from a British survey showed that kids aged 10 to 19 who had been taking antidepressants for fewer than nine days were four times more likely to display suicidal behavior than patients who had been taking the drugs for three months or longer. One possible explanation is that these drugs reduce the lethargy associated with depression before lifting the feelings of depression itself, paradoxically giving some patients enough energy to act on suicidal impulses.
Critics charged that the FDA’s drug-safety analyst had made a connection between antidepressants and teenagers’ suicidal behavior as early as 2002, but agency higher-ups had rejected his findings and ordered an outside panel to reanalyze his data. That panel came to the same conclusion that he had.
The new warning creates a dilemma. Clinical depression is commonplace among teenagers, and the illness itself can be deadly if untreated. “Depressed teens are already at substantial risk of attempting suicide,” says Daniel Pine of the National Institute of Mental Health. “In parts of the country kids don’t have enough access to treatment, and I’m nervous about anything that’s going to decrease their access.” | <urn:uuid:e2ccd2a6-758a-403a-8d72-09ddf865259a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://discovermagazine.com/2005/jan/antidepressants-trigger-suicide-impulses-in-teens/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00196-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974952 | 475 | 2.84375 | 3 |
Mummies from Ancient Egypt
On Mummy Research at the Kunsthistorisches Museum
During the last three years, the Kunsthistorisches Museum, in collaboration with the University of Vienna (Histological-Embryological Institute of the University of Vienna) and with the support of the FWF (Fund for the Support of Scientific Research), has carried out X-ray, histological, and cultural-historical research on the mummies in its collection. This research and its findings will be brought to the attention of a wider audience for the first time in this exhibition.
There can be no doubt that the public is still greatly interested in all questions relating to mummies, mummification, and the Ancient Egyptians belief in the afterlife. Therefore the success of such an exhibition seems assured, particularly as it is intended as a preliminary show organised in connection with the special exhibition "Portraits from the Dessert Mummy Portraits from the Egyptian National Museum in Cairo which will open on 18 October.
The exhibition "Mummies from Ancient Egypt consists of two parts, related in content:
In the first, a mausoleum-like installation will house a collection of the most important mummy coffins and mummies, together with their X-rays. X-ray photography or rather the medical, histological or anthropological examinations have concentrated mainly on methodical questions such as determining a mummys age and gender, describing its pathological state, or isolating certain clinical pictures responsible, for example, for causing death. In the exhibition, original mummies will be placed next to their X-ray photographs enlarged to equal size. At the same time, the inner parts of a mummy, obscured by the mummy wrappings, will be made visible with the help of Computed-tomography RÖNTGENSPEKTROSKOPIE and other modern medical methods of examination. Thus it will be possible to see amulets, heart scarabs, jewellery and other objects without having to destroy the mummy.
The second, but no less interesting part of the exhibition will document the development of burial rituals in Ancient Egypt, e.g. mummification and all connected techniques. The aim is to illustrate the belief in the afterlife which led to mummification, to show funerary goods, and to document the importance of art as a "picture for eternity, as something of a replacement for the mummy, eventually prey to physical disintegration despite mummification - the deceaseds statue a guarantee for his or her continued existence in the World of the Dead. On show will be Books of the Dead, descriptions of the nether world, and appeals, as well as a set of medical instruments used for mummification, painted mummy wrappings, gilt cartonnages, and, of course, funerary stelae depicting, for example, a burial or the different ritual funerary ceremonies.
7 August 1998
to 4 October 1998 | <urn:uuid:8c36b0fb-7d33-4a1f-bfce-12300c62ecf0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.khm.at/en/visit/exhibitions/1998/mummies-from-ancient-egypt/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396538.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00037-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.924902 | 601 | 2.796875 | 3 |
The effort to establish the right of mentally or physically handicapped children to be educated with public funds began in 1966 with the creation of the Bureau of Education for the Handicapped. Other laws followed, and in 1975 Congress passed Public Law 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act which has since been renamed the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).
Recognizing that educating handicapped children is more expensive than educating non-handicapped children, the framers of the act authorized Congress to contribute up to 40% of the average per special ed pupil expenditure. In practice, federal funding for special ed accounts for less than 15% of the per pupil cost. States must make up the rest.
How much does it cost to educate a special ed student compared to one without special needs?
The average per pupil expenditure varies by state, but generally speaking, public schools spend an average of two to three times as much per special ed student as they do on a non-disabled student. Depending upon the type of disability, the cost can soar to $30,000 and above. Because the wording of the act is is open to multiple interpretations, many school districts have been sued for enormous amounts by parents who feel that services provided under the act were not “appropriate.”
How many special ed students are there?
Since 1975, the number of children qualifying for help under IDEA has increased by 64%. Six million children now qualify for special ed services. Today, 13.5% of all public school students have been diagnosed with a disability.
The disabilities covered by IDEA include mental retardation; impairments to hearing, speech, or vision; serious emotional disturbance; an orthopedic impairment, autism; traumatic brain injury; a specific learning disability; or multiple disabilities.
Fortunately, the incidence of really severe disabilities has remained fairly stable over the years. The greatest rise has been in the nebulous category called Specific Learning Disability (SLD).
One in 20 public school children has been diagnosed as having an SLD. This category alone accounts for 40% of special education students. Of these children, 80-90% have not learned to read.
What does Special Education Reform need to address?
In my view, the place to begin reform is to address the following:
1.... the tendency for schools to worry more about adhering to legal technicalities and avoiding law suits than about measurable results in the students being served
2.... the practice of waiting until children reach fourth grade having failed to learn to read and then classifying them SLD
3. ...the problem of what to do when a child who has received all the services and accommodations required still fails to learn what is being taught
4. ...the practice of unnecessarily diagnosing students as having special needs in order to receive federal money
5.... the tendency of parents and lobbyists to push for “world class” services for disabled children in the context of a tax-supported system that exists to provide an adequate general education, not an elite education comparable to what the wealthy can afford to give their children
6.... K-3 teachers whose training has been limited to the ineffective and damaging “whole language” approach to the teaching of written English
Special Education is an adjunct to General Education, not its rival
It might be a good idea to change the term “special education” to something else.
The purpose of the public schools is to provide a general education for as many children as possible, regardless of income or disability. Instead of being seen as a support system that enables handicapped children to acquire a general education along with their peers, special education is coming to be seen as a rival to general education. It even has its own powerful political lobby and an army of lawyers who specialize in IDEA claims.
Nationally, the percentage of the school population served by IDEA is 13.5%. In many districts with shrinking enrollments the percentage is greater than that. As more and more children are diagnosed with special needs and as underfunded, federally mandated services continue to eat up more and more of the money needed to provide general education to all, something is going to have to give.
Schools have a moral obligation to provide necessary services and accommodations for handicapped children who can benefit from attending a regular public school with their peers. When the cost of providing these services exceeds that of meeting the needs of the general school population, reasonable people must look for ways to reduce that cost. | <urn:uuid:acd9492b-fd95-44ed-9850-9223d23634cf> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bellaonline.com/ArticlesP/art45660.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00063-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974361 | 918 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Unfortunately, it is very common for brain tumor patients to experience symptoms associated with their tumor(s) and/or treatment(s).
People with brain tumors often suffer from:
- Sensory (touch) and motor (movement control) loss
- Deep venous thrombosis (DVT, or blood clot)
- Hearing loss
- Vision loss
- Behavioral and cognitive (thinking) changes
- Endocrine dysfunction (hormone/gland changes)
These symptoms may be associated with the type, size, and/or location of the tumor, as well as the treatments used to manage it. Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and other treatments all have the potential to generate new symptoms as they work to reduce the impact of the tumor.
This section describes the most common symptoms in people being treated for brain tumors, as well as suggestions for how to manage them. | <urn:uuid:576fdbe3-1650-4003-89aa-1129c455da95> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.abta.org/brain-tumor-information/symptoms/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00002-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951412 | 183 | 2.625 | 3 |
The Templars And The Crusades
The highest rank in the Templar hierarchy was the Grand Master, who was responsible for the command of the entire order. The majority of Templar Grand Masters were French, the nation in which the order was founded. In addition to administration, the Templar Grand Masters were formidable warriors and often killed in battle.
A Grand Master was entitled to:
1 Chaplain Brother
1 clerk with 3 horses
1 Sergeant Brother with 2 horses
1 gentleman valet to carry his lance and shield, with 1 horse
1 Saracen scribe
2 foot soldiers
1 turcoman (war horse)
2 knight brothers as companions
The second most important role in the Templars was the Seneschal, effectively the deputy. The Seneschal’s responsibilities included acting as advisor to the Grand Master and dealing with administrative duties.
Many Templar Grand Masters served as Seneschals earlier in their careers.
MASTER (OF A COUNTRY)
Every nation had its own Templar Master, subject to the authority of the Grand Master
The Marshal’s role was predominantly military based, effectively in charge of battle. His retinue included:
Responsible for footmen and equipment.
In control of squires.
The draper was a role of some repute in the Templar order, and was valued above that of an ordinary knight. The draper was responsible for the members’ garments and linens. His title entitled him to
1 brother in charge of pack animals
COMMANDER OF THE LANDS
The commanders were in charge of the administration of their regions, such as Jerusalem, Antioch and Tripoli. Their duties involved mainly castles, churches, farms and Templars houses. Their retinue entitled them:
2 Foot soldiers
1 Saracen scribe
1 Palfrey (packhorse)
COMMANDERS OF KNIGHTS, HOUSES AND FARMS
Responsible for day to day running of estates. The position was usually filled by a knight, though sometimes a sergeant. Knights were allowed 4 horses, sergeants 2.
Governors of western provinces, though largely required for dealing with recruiting new men.
Knights were usually of noble birth and their primary purpose was fighting in battle. The knight was famous for adorning the white mantle and red cross. The retinue included 1 squire and 3 horses.
Sergeants were men of lesser birth, and wore black or brown mantles rather than white. Sergeants often performed various skilled and unskilled tasks such as seeing to horses or acting as blacksmiths. Sergeants were entitled to 1 horse in battle. | <urn:uuid:bd58cd68-7dd7-41e6-a4ae-b1264f5e0685> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.theunknowntemplar.com/section513984_186480.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397864.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00190-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966072 | 551 | 3.46875 | 3 |
Entrenched technologies are often thought to be flywheels of infinite mass: You can't change their speed or direction. Throw in a federal bureaucracy with absolute power over approval of a replacement technology and you have something that veteran engineers are very familiar with: A project with technical obstacles compounded by bureaucratic delays.
Distributed Versus Centralized Systems
Air loads on modern airliner flight surfaces and landing gear are high and mass is great so force multipliers — high pressure hydraulics — are the control systems of choice and have been for decades.
However, because of the weight and complexity of the engine-driven, centralized system, fluid power companies are working on an alternative: A squadron of electrically powered Hydraulic Power Packs (HPPS) located near the actuators they drive, but far away from the rotating components of the jet engines.
Operationally, this means that hydraulic systems become zonal, with long runs of vulnerable tubing eliminated along with many of the manifolds and significant quantities of hydraulic fluid. If access panels are intelligently co-located with the HPPS, maintenance time is reduced as well. Catastrophic failure modes are better controlled, system pressure losses are minimized, and a weight savings of around 15 percent is projected.
As an example of the current approach, the new Boeing 787 Dreamliner hydraulic system features a primary pump on each engine plus a third, slipstream driven RAT (Ram Air Turbine) to operate the actuators in an emergency. Separate, dedicated pumps cycle the landing gear. Filters, manifolds and flow directors are part of the system, and hydraulic fuses are employed to sense and seal problems in any of the three branches.
These standard systems work well, but are complex and hardware-intensive. And because there's so much high-pressure hydraulic tubing used, leaks are a frequent maintenance issue.
So it's no surprise that companies have been working on an alternative. "Adoption of zonal hydraulics will have a definite effect on the design of airplanes," says John Halat, chief engineer, Advanced Development at Eaton Aerospace Group. "Most of the major hydraulics suppliers have development activities in this area."
The hydraulic industry's trade organization, the National Fluid Power Assn., believes the technology has potential once specific uses (such as zonal systems for airliners) have been identified and the technical challenges overcome. As a consequence, it has been working with its members to develop a road map for success in this area.
Airliner Technical Challenges
Engineers are no doubt busy working on the technical challenges, which inevitably will involve some wrestling with trade-offs in the choices to be made.
Halat says he feels that one of the principle airliner challenges is to increase the capability of the current HPP electric motors by a factor of 10 without increasing the weight by anything near that amount. "Today's 5 to 10-kW HPP motors are sufficient to operate many of the flight control actuators, but it takes from 50 to 100 kW to cycle the landing gear," he says.
There may be another way to skin this cat, though. Dr. John Hansman, a professor of aeronautics at MIT where he teaches aircraft system design, suggests another approach would be to charge up accumulators and use the stored energy to overcome the power shortage. In Hansman's view, this makes the instantaneous power requirements much lower, with the same results.
Another challenge for engineers is coming up with a strategy to manage the reaction of hydraulic fluids to high altitudes. Jet airliner systems require fluid reservoirs to be pressurized, because at high altitudes hydraulic fluids outgas and foam. In a centralized system that's easy to manage, as there is only a few large reservoirs. But in a distributed system there is a large number of small reservoirs that will need pressurization.
"The physics is the same for the small HPPS, but if you pre-charge the reservoirs and you have good seals, the hydraulic fluid isn't likely to foam," says Hansman. The solution would require fitting all the HPPS with pressurized reservoirs and then monitoring the state of the air charge so that a pressure loss would be shown on the cockpit system status displays as an early indication of impending loss of a HPPS. No breakthrough technologies are required, but a well-executed design approach would be needed.
Another challenge is coping with the noise generated by multiple HPPS Flight Control Devices constantly cycling on and off. Halat and his group believe the best design approach is to locate the HPPS as far from the passengers as possible and acoustically shield those that have to be placed near the fuselage.
Hansman agrees. "Placement of the HPPS as far away from the seating areas as feasible is critical, so the short rise time noise of the HPPS turning on and off doesn't frighten the passengers," he says. He also agrees that although acoustic shielding adds weight, it may be unavoidable in some cases.
Halat and Hansman share an enthusiasm for the technology. They both think the use of HPPS would cut down on assembly time and total parts count, which the airframe manufacturers would love. But how much of a weight reduction will occur is up for debate.
Halat says he believes a 15 percent reduction in weight will result from eliminating many of the manifolds and the need to run redundant hydraulic tubing throughout the wing and tail structure or fore and aft in the fuselage.
Hansman, on the other hand, thinks some weight reduction may result but he's not sure how high the percentage might be. "It depends on the execution of the design. It certainly saves weight to run electrical cables instead of hydraulic tubing," says Hansman. "But if you have to use up portions of the weight reduction budget compensating for other problems — like the HPPS noise issues or the landing gear motor size — the 15 percent reduction probably won't be realized."
The FAA: Biggest Obstacle of All?
Given enough time and money, engineers are likely to solve all the technical challenges. But since a distributed hydraulic system has never been done before — at least not in airliners — convincing the FAA to certify it may prove to be the biggest challenge of all.
In order to be successful, fluid power companies and airliner manufacturers will have to work hand in hand. According to FAA airworthiness inspectors contacted by Design News, the provisions of the rules governing aircraft certification, (Federal Air Regulations, Part 21 and its subparts), indicate that an airframe manufacturer seeking an aircraft type certificate is ultimately responsible for policing the suitability of parts used in a new airliner.
The inspectors also point out that the parts manufacturers must adhere to the relevant provisions of the same FARs. Both hurdles have to be cleared.
FAA certification personnel demand that any new way of doing things is, at minimum, as safe as the technology it's replacing. It matters not whether the new idea might save lives. Until proven that it will not place more lives in danger than the old technology, it's a non-starter.
Computer simulations will help, but the fluid power companies and aircraft manufacturers must both demonstrate that they have rigid testing programs in place: programs that stress discovering potential failure modes, achieving repeatability of results, demonstrating adequate safety margins and use of redundancy where required. And the aircraft manufacturer has to demonstrate that the new system works in concert with the other aircraft systems and that it's at least as safe as the current centralized system.
But there's a good prospect of gold at the end of the rainbow. The requirements for certification are spelled out in the FAA's rules. If the fluid power companies and the aircraft manufacturers keep a copy of that guidance handy and keep the FAA advised of their actions every step of the way, there's no reason for this technology to remain characterized as "emerging." In a few years we could instead be calling it "Leading Edge."
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Click here for a larger version | <urn:uuid:f150b39b-f101-4682-b0c6-642166e80060> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.designnews.com/document.asp?doc_id=228724 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393463.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00085-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955489 | 1,635 | 2.578125 | 3 |
22 Mar 2012:
India’s Wind Energy Potential
30 Times Greater Than Believed, Study Says
A new report says that the wind energy potential in India may be 30 times greater than previous government estimates
, a finding that the authors say could provide a critical solution for a country facing chronic electricity shortages. In an analysis of land actually suitable to wind power development, researchers from the U.S. Energy Department’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory found a potential for 2,006 megawatts of energy with the deployment of 80-meter (262 feet) turbines and 3,121 gigawatts using 120-meter (393 feet) turbines. The Indian government had previously estimated that the nation’s on-land wind energy potential was 102 gigawatts. Improved turbine efficiency and the inclusion of a wider area of land suitable for wind energy development contributed to the significantly higher estimates
. “The main importance of this study, why it’s groundbreaking, is that wind is one of the most cost-effective and mature renewable energy sources commercially available in India, with an installed capacity of 15 gigawatts and rising rapidly,” said Amol Phadke, lead author of the report. According to the report
, more than 95 percent of the country's wind energy potential is located in five states in southern and western India. | <urn:uuid:0c6e07cd-b2b2-4278-844b-62b7fc184bd3> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://e360.yale.edu/mobile/digest.msp?id=3387 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395560.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00014-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925753 | 271 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Accessing SID and AWESOME Data
* Go to the Database *
SID data can be thought of as similar to seismograph data
-- a tracking of signal strength over a period of time. The data format is
little more than a timestamp and a signal strength value. These can be easily
fed into Excel to automatically produce a graph such as:
Note the characteristic sunrise and sunset shapes. The 4
large peaks are events caused by solar activity.
For a tutorial on what to do with your SID data once you have
extracted it from your monitor and sent it to Excel for graphical display,
Started with SID Data by Shannon Lee (pdf)
This includes information on how to confirm your data with that
from the GOES satellite.
To Upload Your Data
Stanford has set up and is maintaining a centralized data repository where
students can automatically upload and store their data.
Communication is via secure ftp.
Anyone who has obtained a SID monitor through the Stanford Solar Center should have
received the appropriate ftp script and will have a directory set up to allow
contribution of data. The ftp script will daily copy files from your system
Stanford. script can be set up to run automatically on Windows 2000 and XP
systems. Alas, Windows98 does not support automatically-run programs so you would
need to type in the key commands every day or so.
A current copy of the ftp script lives on:
You will need to add your site name to the script and create a directory called "Sent".
Instructions are included within the script itself.
Stanford is hosting a centralized data repository where students'
data can be automatically stored and retrieved. Numerous sites are already contributing
data to this centralized site. The webpage also includes
direct links to the GOES satellite that is directly monitoring | <urn:uuid:aad022d7-92dd-462f-b5c7-64b359aacb23> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://solar-center.stanford.edu/SID/data/data-access.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404382.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00118-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.875306 | 387 | 2.8125 | 3 |
A gear system similar to those used on bicycles has been found in insects - showing that nature developed cogs long before humans.
The juvenile Issus - a plant-hopping insect found in gardens across Europe - has hind leg joints with curved cog-like strips of opposing "teeth" that inter-mesh, rotating like mechanical gears to synchronise the animal's legs when it launches into a jump, University of Cambridge researchers said.
The find demonstrates that gear mechanisms previously thought to be man-made have an evolutionary precedent.
Above: The gears in the Issus leg work in a similar way to those found on bicycles and inside car gear-boxes.
The gear teeth on the opposing hind legs lock together like those in a car gear-box, ensuring almost complete synchronicity in leg movement.
This helps with the powerful jumps the insects use to get around.
Professor Malcolm Burrows, from Cambridge's Department of Zoology, said: "This precise synchronisation would be impossible to achieve through a nervous system, as neural impulses would take far too long for the extraordinarily tight co-ordination required.
"By developing mechanical gears, the Issus can just send nerve signals to its muscles to produce roughly the same amount of force - then if one leg starts to propel the jump the gears will interlock, creating absolute synchronicity.
Co-author Gregory Sutton, now at the University of Bristol, said: "We usually think of gears as something that we see in human-designed machinery, but we've found that that is only because we didn't look hard enough.
"These gears are not designed, they are evolved - representing high speed and precision machinery evolved for synchronisation in the animal world."
Above: The gears are only found in juvenile insects and are lost as they pass into adulthood. | <urn:uuid:2437a827-fb88-44a6-a8be-7de07a8b61e1> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/09/13/gears-in-nature-insect_n_3918597.html?ir=Technology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392159.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00064-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.937568 | 374 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Max is one lucky dog. In Boulder author Jeffrey Bennett 's three previous books, the pooch traveled to the moon, Mars, and Jupiter. This go-around, he hitches a ride to the International Space Station—and earns the title of first dog to visit the ISS.
The plot of Max Goes to the Space Station (Big Kid Science, November 2013) is sweet, albeit basic. Though the writing isn't particularly stimulating, the kids probably won't mind, and will get to enjoy the one-two punch of dogs and outer space. And parents will appreciate that the illustrations by Michael Carroll, a Littleton-based space artist, trade cutesy for realistic.
But the real value of the book lies beyond the actual story. An astronomer and teacher turned writer, Bennett includes educational sidebars on every page. As kids read about Max eating treats on the ISS, they'll also learn what it's really like to live in space (water floating in small blobs, astronauts tethering themselves to a wall to sleep). While Max is getting his "space legs," your little readers will discover why exactly people and objects are weightless in the beyond. The final pages also include supplementary activities you and your child can try at home or at school. We can only wonder where Max will go next...
Cool Factor: All of the Max books will be read aloud from the ISS in the coming months as part of a Story Time from Space program. Videos will be posted online for free use by teachers.
Follow associate editor Daliah Singer on Twitter at @daliahsinger . | <urn:uuid:8cc5a0ec-7a82-456e-8991-1961f240d44e> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.5280.com/print/33685 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00126-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942254 | 324 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Learn about ancient China. On these sites, you can read about the daily life, history, dynasties, inventions, and celebrations of the oldest continuous civilization on earth. See Chinese art, view the Great Wall, visit the terracotta army of Emperor Qin, or read about Confucius and Chinese women as warriors.
A thorough overview of daily life in ancient China, including information about Taoism, Confucianism, food, housing, and other aspects of daily live. Also includes a link ancient Japan. NOTE: The site includes ads and links to Google searches.
This NOVA website follows a team of scientists as they recreate an ancient Chinese rainbow bridge. Includes an interactive bridge-building game, teacher's guide, and a brief history of the Song Dynasty (960-1280 AD).
A description of the history and construction of the Great Wall, including some information about Chinese history and culture. Also includes links to information about China's first emperor, a printable map, and a printable Chinese flag.
Learn about China's geography, language, culture, food, and history. Take a virtual tour of the Great Wall or view numerous photographs of Chinese people and places. Try writing Chinese characters or listen to audio files of Chinese word pronunciations. Includes many craft and classroom activities, plus interactive quizzes. There are sites for students of all ages. Referenced is an eThemes Resource on panda bears. | <urn:uuid:f2f13c5c-39d7-4fba-a3c6-67b68c193f95> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://ethemes.missouri.edu/themes/999?locale=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00164-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910362 | 294 | 3.53125 | 4 |
In the present age of Globalization St.George had a unique position and he is revered by different Christian communities all over the world. He was born at Kappadochia in Asia Miner during the period of the first half of the 3rd century A.D. His birth was an aristocratic family and during his childhood itself his father died. After the death of his father he settled at Palestine with his mother. When he completed his education he joined in the royal army of Emperor Diocleasian. When the king started his persecution on Christianity St.George protested at his best. The furious Diocleasian jailed him and gave severe punishments. In the midst of tremendous persecutions St.George preserved his deep love and faith in Christ Jesus. At last he was sentenced with death punishment and lost his head for the growth of Christianity.
There are so many myths and stories related to the victorious life of St.George. In the 12th century there was a famous story which spread among the people of Italy that once St.George rescued a beautiful young princess Libia from the clutches of a devilish snake. So the people of Greek called him as ‘Great Martyr’. Now he is considered as the ‘Saint of Soldiers’ and the ‘Protector of Sick’ from their sickness. The Catholic Church is respecting him as a Great Saint who sacrificed his life for the faith.
In Kerala we started to establish churches in the name of St.George from the 4th century onwards. We can see in almost every areas in Kerala ,the churches and institutions which are dedicated to St.George. Among these churches four of these are the great pilgrim centres of catholic Church. They are the churches of Aruvithura, Edappilly, Edathwa and Muthalakodam.
It is believed that St.George Forane Church at muthalakodam started its functioning on AD 1312.It is historically evident that it was started on the 9th century AD.This Church owes its origin to the catholic church of Mylakomb which was started on Ad 52.The Church of Mylakomb is popularly known as the Mother Church of east. There is no other opinion about that St.George church of muthalakodam was divided from this Mother church of east. We indebted to Lordess Mattathil Muthi to establish this church in muthalakodam.Now this church is a world famous piligrim centre of Syro-malabar Church which is founded by St.Thomas the Apostle who came in the shore of Kodungalloor in the year AD 52. And kindlect the Lamb of faith in the Southern shores of India. We can see historical evidences about the advent of Christian community in muthalakodam. In the ancient historical Report of Apostolic Visits named ‘Jornadha ’ written by Arch Bishop Alexis Don Menesis which was published at Portugal in the year 1906,he mentioned about a church and Christian community at marabuli near Thodupuzha. The meaning of Portugeese word mara-buli is the other side of the river or away from the river. From this historical evidence we can conclude that this church is established in the year 1312 itself and it is an ancient church of Kerala. | <urn:uuid:9a402ba1-b30a-4b4e-85ec-3c8e25d166dc> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://muthalakodamstgeorgechurch.com/History.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395346.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00026-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.985125 | 695 | 2.59375 | 3 |
Plant sex in many species involves the transfer of pollen from one individual to another, often with the help of animals. There are only so many pollen binding sites on the pollinator, though, suggesting that there might be competition amongst plants for those pollen-carrying sites. Pollen sacs of the milkweed relative, Oxypetalum, have a horn-like appendage on them, surprisingly, since other members in the Apocynaceae have hooks on the pollen sacs. The “horn” appears to ensure that once the pollen sac is picked up by the pollinator, no other types of pollen can latch onto it in a daisy chain fashion and usurp the benefit of a quick drop off at the next plant.
New Phytologist, published online, March 20, 2014 | <urn:uuid:752697fd-2fb4-4993-b6f7-fd28f5327447> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pacifichorticulture.org/articles/clever-trick-gives-competitive-edge/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00187-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950461 | 165 | 3.59375 | 4 |
The study of cyclic and seasonal natural phenomena, especially in relation to climate and plant and animal life.
- Flowering phenology is mainly under genetic control, implying that a detailed study of flowering phenology must consider plants at the individual level.
- As a result of this delayed phenology, the natural climatic conditions the plants experienced may have selected for early flowering regardless of competition treatment.
- Other investigations suggest a fundamental role for plant phenology in the population dynamics of oak herbivores.
- Example sentences
- We used a multitemporal series of three satellite images, taken during similar phenological periods, to measure current habitats as well as determine components of habitat change.
- We distinguish between trophic (growth related) and phenological (development and differentiation related) processes.
- Reich and Borchert showed that, in seasonal tropical environments, the periodicity of plant phenological events is caused both by their endogenous rhythm and by seasonal climatic changes.
For editors and proofreaders
Line breaks: phen|ology
Definition of phenology in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:624458a7-0430-4fea-a7b4-a3812817406b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/phenology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397695.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00142-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.923268 | 250 | 3.109375 | 3 |
While the film deals most directly with peer-to-peer bullying, the making of the film revealed that the root of this violence grows from the biggest and most cowardly bullies in the high school, Principal George Forster (pictured at far left) and his protectors on the Franklin Area School District Board.
These problems in Franklin and throughout Venango County will only end when a concerned public addresses them head-on and seeks true accountability and justice.
When schools implement anti-bullying programs, the focus is usually centered on student-to-student bullying. However, students aren’t the only bullies in school. Teachers sometimes earn the label when they employ questionable disciplinary and management practices. Addressing Teacher Bullies is a presentation intended to help educators assess and reflect on their classroom management style and learn more about how inappropriate displays of teacher power can impact student learning.
Teaching Tolerance designed this presentation for teacher leaders, professional learning groups, staff development coordinators and other educators interested in engaging their colleagues around issues of teacher behavior and classroom climate.
Using the presentation in a small group setting allows participants to learn from each other through discussion and collaboration. The included audio narration assumes a small group environment. However, educators working independently may choose to turn off the audio component.
The presentation can be played directly from the Teaching Tolerance site or can be downloaded for use offline. Please be sure to move your mouse over the slide window to advance the animation and video. | <urn:uuid:a8e64de6-07f6-4979-bd0f-7ef62b32af55> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://endbigotryinvenangocounty.blogspot.com/2012/01/teachers-who-bully.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00007-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938518 | 296 | 3.734375 | 4 |
In 1912, Hohmann read a book on astronomy which sparked his lifelong interest in space flight. During the 1920s, it was a part of everyday life within the Hohmann family: poems, bookmarks decorated with rockets, and even birthday celebrations were infused with extraterrestrial enthusiasm.
|Born March 18, 1880 in Germany, Hohmann became an engineer and worked for various companies in Vienna, Berlin, Hanover, and Breslau. In 1912, he became city engineer of Essen, Germany. in 1915, he filled a war-service position for eight months in WWI. Walter and Luise Juenemann were married in 1915 and had two sons, Rudolf in 1916 and Ernst in 1918. |
*****In 1933, the Nazis ascended to power. Not sympathetic to the Nazi cause, Hohmann became isolated from German space and rocket activity. Thus, he did not participate in developing rockets for military applications, such as the work done at Peenemunde.
*****Walter Hohmann died on March 11, 1945 during an Allied bombing raid on Essen, a week before his 65th birthday and less than two months before the end of the war in Europe. He was preceded in death by his son, Ernst, a soldier in the German Army.
After WWI, many Germans contemplated space travel. Using basic math: basic calculus, simplifying assumptions, and numerical experimentation; Hohmann published an important work in astronautics. As Hohmann later explained: “I'm an engineer, not a mathematician; thus, clumsy approximations occasionally appear in the calculations; the results should still be valid.” Hohman presented his ideas with clarity, without mathematical formalism.
Walter Hohmann was a huge influence on a famous rocket society, VfR. Other members included Hohmann, Oberth, Wernher von Braun (1912–1977) as well as many other Germans involved in early space and rocket work. In 1929, the society accomplished a series of designs and tests served to advance the discipline from infancy to a credible branch of engineering.
Hohmann invokes precedents for the concept of a rocket-in-space in science fiction (e.g., Verne and Lasswitz), engineering (e.g., Oberth, Tsiolkovsky, Hermann Ganswindt, and Valier), and science (e.g., Newton).
Free-Space “Maneuver Analysis.” He envisages a vehicle departing radially from Earth and designs maneuvers for a parabola suitable for reentry. (Here, he introduces the important concept of ΔV (“delta vee”): change in velocity of a spacecraft by means of propulsion.)
For spacecraft orientation, current technology uses thrusters (high intensity nozzles that expel high speed gases; i.e., little rocket engines); however, Hohmann devised a method for crew members to clamber about the walls of the vehicle to cause desired rotation.
Circumnavigation of Other Heavenly Bodies
The first interplanetary trajectory used the now well known "Hohmann Transfer" to travel from Earth to Venus. Similar calculations are done for a trip to Mars. After a flyby, orbit about the Sun will bring it back to the point of departure. Of course, Earth continues in its orbit while the the spacecraft is off on its trip. Thus, Earth will probably not be at departure when the spacecraft returns to Earth's orbit.
- Maneuver into a holding orbit about Venus and, waiting until Earth is suitably positioned, thrust out of Venusian orbit and rendezvous with Earth.
- Conduct a space maneuver and return to Earth without going into orbit about Venus.
A trip to Mars is similar in principle, but he notes that the greater eccentricity (compared to Earth and Venus) of the Martian orbit must be taken into account. A single trajectory, departing Earth and passing by Venus and Mars before returning home, is possible when the three planets are suitably configured: the length of the journey is 580 days. Hohmann adapts his previous estimate of spacecraft mass and arrives at a figure of 16,720 kg, not including fuel.
Considering several onerous requirements with regard to mass for landing and return to Earth (humans are aboard), Hohmann specifies, “The fuel necessary for a return [should] be manufactured by simple means of raw materials available [on Venus]” (Hohmann 1960, 91). This technique of “in-situ propellant production” is now under consideration for certain NASA missions.
Landing on Mars is analyzed without aerobraking: the engine is used to decelerate the vehicle and place it on the surface. The results, in terms of mass and energy requirements for the system are, of course, less favorable than for landing on Venus. Again, in-situ propellant production is prescribed for powering the return to Earth.
Hohmann addresses optimal transfer orbits between planets: “For simplicity, we have up to now only discussed those connecting elliptic segments between planets, which touch the two planets, which are to be connected… It is not obvious that these tangential ellipses constitute the most favorable connection. Rather it is conceivable that other ellipses, intersecting planetary orbits, would be more expeditious, since without doubt they would provide shorter connections.” By comparing tangential transfer orbits with ellipses that cross one or both of the planetary orbits, he establishes his famous result that the smallest ΔV is required for the tangential case. | <urn:uuid:1099ac22-ce75-46b1-95a3-1961be86b277> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://starsdestination.blogspot.com/2010/01/walter-hohmann.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391519.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00036-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948206 | 1,163 | 3.765625 | 4 |
The area of the continental U.S. plagued by drought has more than doubled since Feb. 2011, according to the U.S. Drought Monitor.
Even more disturbingly, the portion of the country locked in a level of drought considered “severe, extreme, or exceptional” has increased by more than 400 percent over that same period of time, according to archived data and maps from the first week of February 2011 through the first week of Feb. 2013.
Although one of the biggest stories in agriculture in 2011 was the intense drought and heat wave in the southern plains that seared crops and eventually led to widespread wildfires, only about 24 percent of the continental U.S. was experiencing drought on Feb. 8 of that year, with nine percent of that sample facing “severe, extreme, or exceptional” drought.
The drought caused majorlosses that year, and combined with other natural disasters, set a new crop insurance indemnity record of $10.8 billion.
The year 2012, by comparison, started off quite a bit drier, with roughly 38 percent of the continental U.S. in some level of drought by the first week of February, with 18 percent of that area considered “severe, extreme, or exceptional.”
The drought continued to intensify and spread into the nation’s breadbasket over the course of the summer, leaving farmers not accustomed to losses with fields that produced little.
The drought was the largest weather story of the year, and caused deep losses for farmers.
While crop insurance indemnities have not been finalized, they have already eclipsed the 2011 record by nearly $3 billion.
Unless the spring rains break this pattern, 2013 is starting off as an incredibly dry year for many farmers, with roughly 57 percent of the continental U.S. in some level of drought. Forty percent of that area is considered “severe, extreme, or exceptional.”
Drought is covering nearly 20 percent more of the continental U.S. than it did a year ago, with the amount of area locked in the most severe stages of drought more than doubling in that same time period.
Looking ahead, unfortunately, the persistence of drought throughout a good portion of the heartland remains a definite possibility.
According to the U.S. Seasonal Drought Outlook, published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, a break for farmers doesn’t appear to be in the cards, at least not in the short-term.
So while farmers are surely praying for rain, it also helps that they can manage their risk through the purchase of crop insurance. | <urn:uuid:221aa314-a68e-4779-a8a2-90dafe69bc23> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://southeastfarmpress.com/print/management/three-year-drought-continues-stalk-farm-country | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00181-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962173 | 538 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Difference Between Swamp and Bog
Swamp vs Bog
There are four different types of wetlands. Each has very distinct characteristics, and the terms cannot be used interchangeably. First of all, let’s understand what wetlands are. They are places which are neither land nor water. Wetlands have unique characteristics which differentiate them from either land or water. The four different types of wetlands are; marshes, swamps, bogs, and fens. In this article we will concentrate on the differences only between swamps and bogs.
Swamps are low wetlands formed by the collection of river water in a shallow and flat area. The collected river water flows out slowly into another river or stream. It is muddy and is characterized by trees. The trees can survive in swamps. They have the presence of two types of trees; trees which are tolerant to water, like cypress and mangrove, or land trees. The land trees grow on small islands like dry spots in the swamp.
Swamps are found in the floodplains of rivers and in basins which are not very well drained. The soil in swamps is muddy, mucky soil. This is because swamps are either continually flooded or are seasonally inundated.
Swamps have some drainage, and water flows in from rivers or streams so that the water and trees may provide oxygen and other nutrients. It supports a variety of wildlife. Many species of fish, turtles, frogs, minks, herons, muskrats, and a tremendous number of insects can be found in swamps. Along with trees, many low-lying plants are also found in swamps.
A bog is usually higher than its surrounding area. It contains water which is stagnant. It has no drainage or inflow. The water is collected mainly by precipitation and is held due to absorption by layers of peat.
There are two different ways in which bogs are formed. They are either formed when the sphagnum moss fills a whole lake or pond by growing over the water body, this process is called terrestrialization, or when the moss grows over land and does not allow the water to leave; this process is called paludification.
Peat deposits start building as the plants die and decay, and the water turns acidic. Bogs support animals and plants which are characterized by adaptation towards water-logged conditions, low nutrients, and acidic waters, like Sundew which is a carnivorous plant. Most insectivorous plants are able to gain nitrogen from the insects by eating them.
1.Swamps are low wetlands; bogs are generally higher than the surrounding land.
Swamps receive water from rivers or streams and have some drainage; bogs receive water from precipitation and have no outflow; water is held by seepage.
2.Swamps are formed by the collection of river or stream water; bogs are formed either by terrestrialization or paludification.
3.Swamps have muddy soil; bogs have peat formed by dead and decaying vegetation.
4.Swamps generally support trees and many other wildlife; bogs support plants and animals who can adapt to low nutrients, water-logging, and acidic waters like many insectivorous plants.
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Leave a Response | <urn:uuid:0e04a23a-f1f9-4994-8963-d0f8ab9d8e16> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.differencebetween.net/science/nature/difference-between-swamp-and-bog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396875.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00191-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960583 | 703 | 3.390625 | 3 |
Fort Adams |
Fort Assumption |
Fort Barrancas |
Camp Beauregard |
Camp Brown |
Collierville Depot | Fort des Ecores | Fort Germantown | Fort Harris | Kenton Post
LaGrange Post | McKenzie Post | Medon Post | Memphis Arsenal | Memphis Defenses
Obion Site | Paris Landing Battery | Fort Pickering | Fort Pike | Fort Pillow | Pinson Mounds
Pittsburg Landing Battery | Fort Prudhomme | Fort Randolph | Rucker's Redoubt
Shiloh Mounds | Trenton Post | Camp Tyson | Union City Post | Fort Wright
Northeastern Tennessee - page 1 | Southeastern Tennessee - page 2
Middle Tennessee - page 3 | Greater Nashville Area - page 4
Paris Landing Battery
(Paris Landing State Park)
(1864), Paris Landing
A CSA masked battery was placed here by Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest's forces in October 1864 to harrass Union ships on the Tennessee River. Several Union ships were destroyed or captured in four days. The actual site is now under the waters of Kentucky Lake.
Obion Archaeological Site
(1000 - 1300), near Cottage Grove
A palisaded Mississippian Culture temple mound complex, located on the North Fork Obion River north of town.
(1941 - 1946), Routon
A U.S. Army Coast Artillery Barrage Balloon Training Center, located on 6100 acres southwest of Paris along US 79. The main cantonment area was on 900 acres. Originally on 1680 acres, the reservation was expanded in 1943. German and Italian POWs were kept here after 1944 when balloon operations wound down. About 1300 acres of the former base later became the H.C. Spinks Clay Company. See also Barrage Balloons in WWII: From Camp Tyson to Omaha Beach from Skylighters.org
A Union 100-man garrison post was here, attacked and captured by Confederates in December 1862. Highway marker on US 79 south of town.
(1861), Union City
A CSA training camp.
Union City Post
(1862), Union City
A Union garrison post was here, attacked and captured by Confederates in December 1862. Highway marker on TN 5 south of town.
A Union 250-man garrison post was here, attacked and captured by Confederates in December 1862. Highway marker on TN 5 south of town.
A Union garrison post was entrenched at the railroad depot on the west side of town, attacked and captured by Confederates in December 1862. Highway marker on TN 5 south of town.
A CSA training and staging camp northeast of town near US 70 and US 412.
Pinson Mounds (State Archaeological Park)
(1000 BC - 500 AD), near Pinson
A Middle Woodland Period Indian ceremonial site with 12 extant mounds and a 900-foot earthen wall remnant ("Eastern Citadel"). The second-tallest Indian mound in the U.S. (Sauls Mound at 72 feet) is located here.
A Union garrison was posted here. Attacked by Confederates in September 1862.
(Shiloh National Military Park)
(1000 - 1400), Pittsburg Landing
A partially palisaded Mississippian Culture temple mound complex. Eight mounds and over 50 house sites were located on an irregular plateau overlooking the Tennessee River, with a palisade on the western side only. Located and preserved within the Shiloh National Military Park boundary. Admission fee.
Pittsburg Landing Battery
(Shiloh National Military Park)
(1862), Pittsburg Landing
A Confederate battery was located here prior to the Battle of Shiloh (April 1862). Admission fee.
A Union garrison was posted here to protect the railroad.
A Union supply depot. Attacked several times by Confederate forces.
Fort Germantown (park)
A Union stockaded earthwork redoubt protecting the Memphis and Charleston Railroad. It was later abandoned and burned as operations shifted to the east (Chattanooga - Atlanta Campaigns). Earthworks still extant in city park at 3085 Honey Tree Drive.
(thanks to Scott Andrews for providing info)
(C.H. Nash Museum)
(T.O. Fuller State Park)
(1000 - 1550), Memphis
Recreated palisaded village of the Mississippian Culture, with extant mounds and visitor center / museum. Operated jointly by the University of Memphis and the Mississippi Choctaw Nation. Located within the state park boundary, but not a part of it. Admission fee.
(1739 - 1740), Memphis FORT WIKI
A temporary French stockade built by the expedition under Jean Baptiste le Moyne, sieur de Bienville, on the highest part of Chickasaw Bluff Number Four. Marker at Tom Lee Park on South Riverside Drive. Actual site (eroded away) probably closer to Martyr's Park or Crump Park, located on either side of the I-55 and railroad bridges across the Mississippi River.
(1795 - 1799), Memphis FORT WIKI
A Spanish fort near the mouth of the Wolf River, formally named Fort San Fernando de las Barrancas. Also known as Fort des Ecores. The Americans ordered the Spanish to vacate this site in 1797, according to the Treaty of San Lorenzo. They moved across the river to present-day Arkansas to set up Fort Esperanza (see also). The Americans rebuilt and renamed the post Fort Adams. It was replaced by Fort Pike. Actual site now the Pyramid Arena complex. Markers located at Auction Park, bounded by Auction Ave., North Parkway, North Main Street, and North Front Street.
(1799 - 1814, 1861 - 1865), Memphis ¤ National Archives MAP ¤ FORT WIKI
Originally named Fort Pike. Replaced Fort Adams. Became part of the Federal "factory system" of Indian trading posts. Later became the location of the Chickasaw Indian Agency from 1814 - 1818. This fort was discontinued, but the site was used again by Confederate forces in the Civil War, and became the "Inner Keep" of the new Fort Pickering (see below). Site located about two miles south of Fort Barrancas/Adams at Ashburn-Coppock Park on South Riverside Drive. No remains.
Civil War Defenses of Memphis
(1861 - 1865), Memphis FORT WIKI
The Confederates occupied old Fort Pickering. Located at present-day Chickasaw Heritage Park (formerly DeSoto Park), two ancient Indian mounds (DeSoto Mounds) were converted into CSA redoubts; the largest (Chisca Mound) was used as a four-gun redoubt with an interior magazine; the smaller mound was used as a three-gun redoubt. The present-day National Ornamental Metal Museum (built 1930's) is located at the site of the old Marine Hospital.
The Union enlarged and expanded the works around old Fort Pickering upon capturing the city in June 1862, enclosing supply houses, depots, horse corrals, and barracks with 12 lettered batteries and redans. The earthworks of the new Fort Pickering stretched from Beale Street south to the DeSoto Mounds, including present-day Tom Lee Park, Ashburn-Coppock Park, Martyr's Park, and Crump Park. Traces of the Union earthworks still exist. Four outworks of Fort Pickering were planned but never built. Twelve numbered outer batteries circled the city to the east.
Memphis CSA Arsenal and Ordnance Depot
(1861 - 1862), Memphis
A Confederate military depot. Undetermined location.
(1861 - 1862), Memphis FORT WIKI
A Confederate fort located near the present-day mouth of the Loosahatchie River. Abandoned before the city fell to the Union in June 1862. Actual site now submerged under the Mississippi River, on or near the Loosahatchie Bar. The Loosahatchie River once flowed south into the Wolf River and emptied near present-day Mud Island before a shift in the Mississippi River changed the alignment.
(thanks to Scott Andrews for providing location)
(1861 - 1862), Randolph
A Confederate six-gun earthen redoubt located just south of the mouth of the Hatchie River, on Chickasaw Bluff Number Two. Also known as Fort Randolph. The fort was abandoned by its garrison hours prior to the Union advance down river in June 1862. An earthen-covered brick powder magazine is still extant, located at 189 Ballard Slough Road (private property).
A three or four-gun water battery was also located just north of the fort below the mouth of the Hatchie River (as it existed in 1862), no remains. This was an outwork of Fort Wright. NOTE: There was no second fort named "Randolph". Fort "Wright" and Fort "Randolph" were one and the same.
(additional info courtesy of Ward Weems)
(1682), near Fulton
A temporary French fort on Chickasaw Bluff Number One, built by René Robert Cavelier, sieur de LaSalle, on his expedition down the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico. Pierre Prudhomme, a member of the expedition, became lost in the area, necessitating a base camp to search for him.
(State Historic Park)
(1861 - 1864), near Fulton FORT WIKI
Located on Chickasaw Bluff Number One, although the main channel of the Mississippi River has since shifted west. While the large fort was built in 1861 by Confederate forces, the line of intervals built for the fewer defenders available in 1862 was built on individual hilltops within the original fort. The huge original fort was built for 20,000 defenders while the 1862 fort was built for 4000. Captured by the Union in May 1862. Union soldiers refer to building fortifications here, but they were actually building embrasures or re-solidifying existing fortifications. The restored segment was part of the 1862 Confederate defenses with new embrasures for USCT batteries. This was not intended to be the primary defensive position in the 1864 battle. Confederates attacked and held the fort in April 1864, scene of the so-called "Fort Pillow Massacre" of the Union garrison, which was made up of mostly Negro troops at the time.
(info courtesy of Ward Weems)
(1861 - 1862), near Cates
A series of five numbered Confederate batteries on the Tennessee shore overlooking Island Number 10 in Missouri, which along with the Missouri shore batteries (see MISSOURI page), prevented Union gunboats from proceeding downriver in March 1862. Battery No. 1 had six guns. Abandoned due to floodwaters six days before the island was abandoned to the Union in April 1862. Traces may still exist. Roadside exhibit and Confederate Cemetery are located on TN 22 in Cronanville.
NEED MORE INFO: Trading Post Road near Paris.
QUESTIONS ? Please send any corrections and/or additions to this list to:
"Updates" at NorthAmericanForts.com | <urn:uuid:ad37b490-fb41-48cc-8d96-4b4138e06e1b> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.northamericanforts.com/East/tn-west.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396027.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00174-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945481 | 2,331 | 2.84375 | 3 |
- Resource Centers
Angina pectoris is characterized by severe chest pain, pressure, or tightness. It affects, to some degree, ~6.5 million individuals in the United States.1 The fundamental cause of angina pectoris is an imbalance between the oxygen requirement of the heart and the oxygen supplied to the heart by way of the coronary vessels.2 Angina is also a symptom of ischemic heart.
Symptoms Associated with Angina
Although pain and discomfort are the classic symptoms related to angina attacks, patients should be alerted to other signs and symptoms that may be associated with angina. Episodes of pain or discomfort typically start under the breastbone but may radiate to other areas such as the arms, left shoulder, back, neck, jaw, or stomach. Patients also may experience other symptoms, such as1,3 :
Types of Angina
There are 3 types of angina: stable, unstable, and variant (also referred to as Prinzmetal's angina; Table 14). Each year, there are ~400,000 new cases of stable angina.3,5 An estimated 1 million patients are hospitalized each year with a primary diagnosis of unstable angina.6 Variant (Prinzmetal's) angina is rare and accounts for only 2 of every 100 cases of angina; it is caused by a coronary spasm.4
To determine whether an individual has angina, the primary health care provider can perform many types of tests. Examples of what the physician may do are as follows:
In treating angina, various strategies may be used to effectively and safely manage the condition, depending on the severity of the symptoms. These treatment plans can include lifestyle modifications, the use of pharmacologic agents, cardiac procedures, and cardiac rehabilitation. The goals of treating angina are to successfully control the condition by reducing both the frequency and the severity of angina symptoms, as well as possibly preventing further complications.
The use of pharmacologic agents in conjunction with lifestyle modifications may improve an individual's quality of life. The cardiovascular agents commonly used to treat angina include nitrates, ?- blockers, and calcium channel blockers.
In February 2006, the FDA approved Ranexa (ranolazine), manufactured by CV Therapeutics, for the treatment of chronic angina. It is the first new drug approved to treat chronic angina in more than a decade. Because Ranexa prolongs the QT interval, it should be reserved for those individuals who have not responded to other antianginal medications.
Ranexa should be used in conjunction with amlodipine, ?-blockers, or nitrates. Ranexa is contraindicated in individuals with preexisting QT prolongation, in those with hepatic impairment, and in individuals taking drugs that prolong the QTc interval. The drug also is contraindicated in those individuals receiving potent and moderately potent CYP3A inhibitors, including diltiazem.7
Initially, Ranexa is dosed at 500 mg bid, and it may be increased to 1000 mg bid as needed, based on clinical symptoms. The maximum recommended daily dose is 1000 mg bid. Common adverse effects include dizziness, headache, constipation, and nausea.
In addition, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, antiplatelet drugs, and antihyperlipidemic agents, as well as anticoagulants, often are used in this patient population, depending on the patient's specific needs. Pharmacists are in a key position to monitor potential drug interactions as well as possible contraindications.
When a patient does not respond to medication, various invasive procedures such as angioplasty and coronary artery bypass surgery may be performed.
Ms. Terrie is a clinical pharmacy writer based in Haymarket,Va.
For a list of references, send a stamped, self-addressed envelope to: References Department, Attn. A. Rybovic, Pharmacy Times, Ascend Media Healthcare, 103 College Road East, Princeton, NJ 08540; or send an e-mail request to: email@example.com. | <urn:uuid:091c3513-ccc7-4d8b-a06f-530efee0e10f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.pharmacytimes.com/publications/issue/2006/2006-12/2006-12-6146 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393442.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00147-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.926462 | 856 | 2.5625 | 3 |
A species of rare freshwater snail has been granted legal protection by the Minister for Wildlife Joan Ruddock.
The lesser whirlpool ram's-horn snail has a flattened spiral shell rarely more than 5mm in diameter.
It is found in calcareous waters in marsh drains with dense aquatic foliage in Norfolk, Suffolk and Sussex.
From 1 October, the snail will be protected from being killed, taken, disturbed, owned or sold, or having resting or breeding places destroyed.
The nature reserve managed by Suffolk Wildlife Trust at Carlton Marshes near Lowestoft is the UK stronghold for the species.
The marshes is also important for other rare freshwater snails such as Segmentina nitida and Pisidium pseudosphaerium.
Minister for Wildlife Joan Ruddock said: "Working in harmony with nature is becoming more and more important as increasing demands are made on our environment.
"The UK's native species need our support and I hope this announcement will help give them a secure future."
The Fisher's estuarine moth and the pool frog will also be legally protected from 1 October. | <urn:uuid:75e8b2da-44ab-4dfb-91f9-7d9bdf219d8f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/7618445.stm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402746.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00177-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954026 | 226 | 2.65625 | 3 |
About The Charts and Nutrition Facts
- For accuracy, the calorie chart and fat chart are based on the biggest serving size available.
- These nutrition facts came directly from the USDA or manufacturer/restaurant.
- If you're using a calorie counter, remember that Fat, Carbs, and Protein calories are just close estimations based on the Atwater factors:
Fat: 9 cal/g Carb: 4 cal/g Protein: 4 cal/g
- Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Please remember this when using this information to make healthy food choices for your diet.
Calories - At this serving size there are 370 Calories per serving. A closer look shows: 189 Calories from Fat, 28 Calories from Protein, and 152 Calories from Carbohydrate. If you're keeping track, a good calorie counter can make this easy -- see the software below.
Fat - One serving of this size contains 21 grams of total Fat. There can be several types of Fat in each food. In this case 12 grams are from Saturated Fat, Trans Fat is unknown, and there are 9 grams left over.
Cholesterol - The amount of Cholesterol in one serving is 120 mg.
Carbohydrates - One serving of this food has 38 grams of Carbohydrate. A closer look reveals 22 grams of Sugar and 2 grams of Fiber. Also, a serving of this size has 36 Net Carbs. Net Carbs are calculated by subtracting Fiber and Sugar Alcohols (if known) from the total Carbohydrate amount. This is useful to know if you are counting carbs or living with diabetes.
Protein - At this serving size you'll get 7 grams of Protein per serving.
Minerals - We were unable to obtain the Iron and Calcium quantities for this food.There are 330 mg of Sodium in this food.
Vitamins - The amounts of Vitamin A and Vitamin C are unknown for this food. | <urn:uuid:901b53b7-590a-477c-ba16-41e16389dcf0> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://quitehealthy.com/nutrition-facts/entenmanns/L418921.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783404405.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155004-00027-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909589 | 400 | 3.125 | 3 |
This false-color composite image, constructed from data obtained by NASA's Cassini spacecraft, shows the glow of auroras streaking out about 1,000 kilometers (600 miles) from the cloud tops of Saturn's south polar region. It is among the first images released from a study that identifies images showing auroral emissions out of the entire catalogue of images taken by Cassini's visual and infrared mapping spectrometer.
In this image constructed from data collected in the near-infrared wavelengths of light, the auroral emission is shown in green. Scientists designated blue to indicate sunlight reflected at wavelengths from 2 to 3 microns, green to indicate light from hydrogen ions at wavelengths between 3 and 4 microns and red to indicate thermal emission at 5 microns. Saturn's rings and high altitude haze only reflect sunlight at 3 microns or less, so they appear deep blue. The glow from the aurora can only be seen at the wavelengths in the green channel. The heat emission from the interior of Saturn is only seen at 5 microns wavelength in the spectrometer data, and thus appears red. The dark spots and banded features in the image are clouds and small storms that outline the deeper weather systems and circulation patterns of the planet. They are illuminated from underneath by Saturn's thermal emission, and thus appear in silhouette.
The composite image was made from 65 individual observations by Cassini's visual and infrared mapping spectrometer on Nov. 1, 2008. The observations were each six minutes long.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington, D.C. The Cassini orbiter was designed, developed and assembled at JPL. The visual and infrared mapping spectrometer team is based at the University of Arizona, Tucson.
For more information about the Cassini-Huygens mission visit http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/. The visual and infrared mapping spectrometer team homepage is at http://wwwvims.lpl.arizona.edu. | <urn:uuid:49e24351-f0e5-4876-a0dc-23b94515b1fe> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA13402 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00154-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.883918 | 452 | 4 | 4 |
Current position in the document tree is called the current node. Current node's XPath may be queried with pwd command. In the interactive shell, current node is also displayed in the command line prompt. Remember, that beside cd command, current node (and document) is silently changed by all variant of open command, create command and temporarily also by the node-list variant of the foreach statement.
Documents are specified in a similar way as harddrives on DOS/Windows(TM) systems (except that their names are not limitted to one letter in XSH), i.e. by a prefix of the form doc: where doc is the id associated with the document.
xsh scratch:/> open docA="testA.xml" xsh docB:/> open docB="testB.xml" xsh> pwd docB:/ xsh docB:/> cd docA:/article/chapter[title='Conclusion'] xsh docA:/article/chapter> pwd docA:/article/chapter xsh docA:/article/chapter> cd previous-sibling::chapter xsh docA:/article/chapter> cd .. xsh docA:/article> select docB xsh docB:/> | <urn:uuid:b9e73cdc-55b9-426d-bec1-4d7c8fc5b0f8> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://xsh.sourceforge.net/doc/frames/s_Navigation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00033-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.831794 | 256 | 2.8125 | 3 |
What does your notation "x.y" mean? Is that multiplication? If so, you are correct. Every real number besides zero has a unit: i.e., another number for which its product equals 1.
The second says that every positive x can be written as the sum of two other positive numbers. If 0 is not included in Z+, then this is false because what would 1 equal? At best, 1 + 0, but that is excluded. If it is included, we can write 0 + 0 = 0, (0 = 0 - 0, correctly), 0 + 1 = 1 (1 = 1 - 0, correctly), and the rest are obviously true.
I assume 2 does not include 0, so 3 would. Per the above discussion, clearly 3 is true.
4 is saying there is a positive real u which multiplied by v is less than v. Well, first thing that comes to mind is a fraction. If you're always normalizing v by some fraction of v, then you're going to have a number less than v. This is exactly what 4 states. The reason we want positive real numbers is because with negative multiplication we can end up on one side of the real number line or the other, which can pose problems, clearly.
You need to restate 5. I assume you mean "for all v, there is a u ...", not "for all x," right? The answer should be obvious from the above discussion, just think about the quantifiers. | <urn:uuid:3e6945c9-0b2e-43a0-8f9f-70aec906a4ab> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://mathhelpforum.com/discrete-math/185495-logic-problems.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783393093.59/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154953-00013-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971604 | 307 | 4.03125 | 4 |
Paving the Way for Jim Crow's Return?
A lot of attention has been paid to racist comments apparently made by Los Angeles Clippers owner Donald Sterling.
But the consequences of a recent U.S. Supreme Court decision dismantling affirmative action in college admissions has been nearly absent in everyday people’s conversations.
Sterling has the First Amendment right to say anything he wants, of course (although by buying a National Basketball Association franchise, he agreed to abide by its rules). However, the Court has jeopardized minority students from their rights under the Fourteenth Amendment, which provides that no state shall deny to anyone within its jurisdiction “the equal protection of the laws.”
Using the same twisted logic that gutted the Voting Rights Act – it’s been successful – the Court in “Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action” seemed to rule that affirmative action is no longer necessary, so states can go their own way despite federal law, and a majority can vote to limit rights of minorities.
That denies the past.
Listeners might reference books recounting what the country and a bipartisan effort in Washington achieved in the 1950s and ‘60s. (Taylor Branch’s “Parting the Waters” and Gene Roberts and Hank Klibanoff’s “The Race Beat” are highly recommended.) History shows the struggle: sit-ins at Nashville and Greensboro, N.C.; the lynching of Emmett Till; the Montgomery, Ala., bus boycott; integration battles at Little Rock public schools, the University of Alabama and Ole Miss; actions in Albany, Ga., and Birmingham, Ala., that saw police brutality, fire hoses and dogs used against peaceful protestors; “Freedom Rides”; the Selma to Montgomery marches; voter registration drives and the murders of James Chaney, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner; the fatal bombing of Birmingham’s 16th Street Baptist Church…
Is the Supreme Court offering a way back to the decades of “Jim Crow” laws establishing “separate but equal” that stressed the former at the expense of the latter? Is the Court’s 6-2 majority opening a way to what racists then called “interposition,” statutory resistance to equal protection?
“The Race Beat” quotes Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy: “States, he said, can’t pick and choose which laws they’ll obey, any more than citizens can legally decide to quit paying income taxes just because they dislike them.”
Already, advances in opportunity – exemplified by increased enrollments of racial minorities, women and others historically hurt by discrimination, and even the election of President Obama – is threatened by the aforementioned weakening of the Voting Rights Act, the re-segregation of many schools that ensures minority high school students aren’t as prepared for college or careers as whites (recently exposed by ProPublica reporter Nikole Hannah-Jones), and the legalized “lynching” provided in states’ “Stand Your Ground” laws.
Justice Sonia Sotomayor’s dissent, joined by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg (Elena Kagan recused herself), said, “This refusal to accept the stark reality that race matters is regrettable. Judges ought not sit back and wish away, rather than confront, the racial inequality that exists. The way to stop discrimination on the basis of race ... is to speak openly and candidly on the subject of race, and to apply the Constitution with eyes open to the unfortunate effects of centuries of racial discrimination.”
A friend-of-the-court brief from the Service Employees and National Education Association unions said diversity “is critical” to schools’ “missions of preparing students to function as citizens of our increasingly diverse country,” adding that “affirmative action proponents should not be disadvantaged in the political process based on their views that it is appropriate to take race into account to ensure student bodies are fully representative of all groups in our society.”
After the Ku Klux Klan bombed the 16th Street Baptist Church in 1963, killing four little girls and injuring 22 others, Atlanta newspaperman Gene Patterson wrote an essay, “A Flower for the Graves,” that was also read on CBS News. It started, “A Negro mother wept in the street Sunday morning in front of a Baptist Church in Birmingham. In her hand she held a shoe, one shoe, from the foot of her dead child. We hold that shoe with her. Every one of us in the white South holds that small shoe in his hand.
“It is too late to blame the sick criminals who handled the dynamite,” Patterson continued. “The FBI and the police can deal with that kind. The charge against them is simple. They killed four children. Only we can trace the truth, Southerner – you and I. We broke those children’s bodies.”
Six Supreme Court Justices on April 22 forced Americans to return to that time. We must not accept becoming segregationists, states’ right supremacists or onlookers, too. Progress must not be surrendered.
Contact Bill at Bill.Knight@hotmail.com; his twice-weekly columns are archived at billknightcolumn.blogspot.com
The opinions expressed are not necessarily those of Tri States Public Radio or Western Illinois University. | <urn:uuid:492a0014-d6a8-46e5-b040-226ac2548c79> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://tspr.org/post/paving-way-jim-crows-return | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783391634.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154951-00026-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948206 | 1,133 | 2.5625 | 3 |
Comprehension Question Stems
Questions' are those where you can physically place your finger on
the answer i.e. 'The answer is here!' They are sometimes refered to
as 'low level' or 'knowledge based' questions.
are three pages of question stems that I use in my reading sessions
to improve reading comprehension..
to use this guide:
when running a Guided Reading Session have these question stems next
to you and formulate appropriate questions as you see a context.
hand these question stems to your group and ask them to, 'Pretend
that you are a nasty, nasty teacher who lives only to make children
suffer. Use these questions stems & try your hardest to 'stump'
them but also improve their comprehension of what is read' - You
might be surprised how well your students rise to this challenge :)
Have other groups answer the questions.
Perhaps you could have the children make their questions into a crossword
puzzle using Crossword | <urn:uuid:6f36a3dc-d99a-4b92-b0f8-418e36826123> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.printablereadinggames.com/comprehension/hidden/here_comprehension_strategy.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397873.63/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00168-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.930564 | 207 | 3.28125 | 3 |
high memory area
(storage) (HMA) The first 64 kilobytes (minus 16 byte) of the extended memory on an IBM PC. By a strange design glitch the Intel 80x86 processors can actually address 17*64 kbyte minus 16 byte of memory (from 0000:0000 to ffff:ffff) in real mode. In the Intel 8086 and Intel 8088 processors, unable to handle more than 1 megabyte of memory, addressing wrapped around, that is, address ffff:0010 was equivalent to 0000:0000. For compatibility reasons, later processors still wrapped around by default, but this feature could be switched off. Special programs called A20 handlers can control the addressing mode dynamically, thereby allowing programs to load themselves into the 1024--1088 kbyte region and run in real mode. From version 5.0 parts of MS-DOS can be loaded into HMA as well freeing up to 46 kbytes of conventional memory.
Last updated: 1995-01-10 | <urn:uuid:fd88a8cb-13e6-4d00-9f11-0832cacfd26c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://foldoc.org/HMA | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00033-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891578 | 202 | 2.640625 | 3 |
Mexican Painter and Muralist
Born: December 8, 1886 - Guanajuato, Mexico
Died: November 24, 1957 - Mexico City, Mexico
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Influences and Connections
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"When art is true, it is one with nature. This is the secret of primitive art and also of the art of the masters—Michelangelo, Cézanne, Seurat, and Renoir. The secret of my best work is that it is Mexican.."
Widely regarded as the most influential Mexican artist of the twentieth century, Diego Rivera was truly a larger-than-life figure who spent significant periods of his career in Europe and the U.S., in addition to his native Mexico. Together with David Alfaro Siqueiros and Jose Clemente Orozco, Rivera was among the leading members and founders of the Mexican Muralist movement. Deploying a style informed by disparate sources such as European modern masters and Mexico's pre-Columbian heritage, and executed in the technique of Italian fresco painting, Rivera handled major themes appropriate to the scale of his chosen art form: social inequality; the relationship of nature, industry, and technology; and the history and fate of Mexico. More than half a century after his death, Rivera is still among the most revered figures in Mexico, celebrated for both his role in the country's artistic renaissance and re-invigoration of the mural genre as well as for his outsized persona.
Most Important Art
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His first commission from Mexican Minister of Education Jose Vasconcelos, Creation is the first of Rivera's many murals and a touchstone for Mexican Muralism. Treating, in the artist's words, "the origins of the sciences and the arts, a kind of condensed version of human history"—the work is a complex allegorical composition, combining Mexican, Judeo-Christian, and Hellenic motifs. It depicts a number of allegorical figures—among them Faith, Hope, Charity, Education, and Science—all seemingly represented with unmistakably Mexican features. The figure of Song was modeled on Guadalupe Marin, who later became Rivera's second wife. Through such features of the work as the use of gold leaf and the monumental, elongated figures, the mural reflects the importance of Italian and Byzantine art for Rivera's development.
Fresco in encaustic with gold leaf - Museo de San Idelfonso, Mexico City
Diego Rivera and his fraternal twin brother (who died at the age of two) were born in 1886 in Guanajuato, a small town in Mexico. His parents were both teachers; his mother was a devoted Catholic mestiza (part European, part Indian) and his father, a liberal criollo (Mexican of European descent). Diego's exceptional artistic talent was obvious to his parents from an early age, and they set aside a room in the house for him in which he painted his first "murals" on the walls. When Diego was six, his family moved from Guanajuato to Mexico City, to avoid the tensions caused by his father's role as co-editor of the opposition newspaper El Democrata. Once in Mexico City, his mother decided to send Diego to the Carpantier Catholic College.
By the age of ten, Rivera decided he wanted to attend art school, despite his father's desire that he pursue a military career. By the age of twelve, Rivera was enrolled full-time at the San Carlos Academy of Fine Arts, where he received training modeled on conservative European academies; one of his painting teachers had studied with Ingres, and another required Rivera to copy classical sculpture. Trained in traditional techniques in perspective, color, and the plein air method, Rivera also received instruction from Gerardo Murillo, one of the ideological forces behind the Mexican artistic revolution and a staunch defender of indigenous crafts and Mexican culture. With Murillo's support, Rivera was awarded a travel grant to Europe in 1906.
In Spain, Rivera studied the work of El Greco, Velazquez, Goya, and the Flemish masters that he saw in the Prado Museum, and which provided him with a strong foundation for his later painting. At the studio of the Spanish realist painter Eduardo Chicharro, Rivera became acquainted with the leading figures of the Madrid avant-garde, including the Dada poet Ramon Gomez de la Serna and the writer Ramon Valle-Inclan.
In 1909 Rivera traveled to Paris and Belgium with Valle-Inclan, where he met the Russian painter Angelina Beloff who would be Rivera's partner for twelve years. Returning to Mexico City in 1910, Rivera was offered his first exhibition at the San Carlos Academy. Rivera's return coincided with the onset of the Mexican Revolution, which lasted until 1917. Despite the political upheaval, Rivera's exhibit was a great success, and the money earned from the sale of his work enabled him to return to Europe.
Back in Paris, Rivera became a fervent adherent of Cubism, which he regarded as a truly revolutionary form of painting. However, Rivera's difficult relationships with the other members of the movement came to a tumultuous end following a violent incident with the art critic Pierre Reverdy, resulting in a definitive break with the circle and the termination of his friendships with Picasso, Braque, Juan Gris, Fernand Leger, Gino Severini, and Jacques Lipchitz.
Rivera subsequently shifted his focus to the work of Cézanne and Neoclassical artists such as Ingres, as well as a rediscovery of figural painting. Receiving another grant to travel to Italy to study classical art, Rivera copied Etruscan, Byzantine, and Renaissance artworks, and developed a particular interest in the frescoes of the 14th and 15th centuries of the Italian Renaissance. In 1921, following the appointment of Jose Vasconcelos as the new Mexican Minister of Education, Rivera returned to his home country, leaving behind his partner, Angelina Beloff, as well as Marevna Stebelska, another Russian artist, with whom Rivera had a daughter, Marika, in 1919.
Rivera returned to Mexico with a reawakened artistic perspective, deeply influenced by his study of classical and ancient art. There, he was afforded the opportunity to visit and study many pre-Columbian archaeological sites under the auspices of the Ministry of Education's art program. Yet his first mural painting, produced for the National Preparatory School and entitled Creation(1922), shows a strong influence of Western art. Rivera soon became involved with local politics through his membership in the Revolutionary Union of Technical Workers and his entry into the Mexican Communist Party in 1922. At this time, he painted frescoes in the Ministry of Education in Mexico City and the National School of Agriculture in Chapingo. During the latter project, he became involved with the Italian photographer Tina Modotti, who had modeled for his murals; the affair prompted him to separate from his wife at the time, Lupe Marin.
In 1927, Rivera visited the Soviet Union to attend the celebrations of the tenth anniversary of the October Revolution, an experience he found extremely inspiring. He spent nine months in Moscow, teaching monumental painting at the School of Fine Arts. Upon his return to Mexico, he married the painter Frida Kahlo, who was twenty-one years his junior, and became the director of the Academy of San Carlos. His radical ideas about education earned him enemies among the conservative faculty and student body; at the same time, he was expelled from the Communist Party for his cooperation with the government. Politically cornered, Rivera found support in the American ambassador to Mexico, Dwight W. Morrow, who commissioned him to paint a mural in the Cortes Palace in Cuernavaca depicting the history of that city. A great admirer of Rivera's work, Morrow offered the artist the opportunity to travel to the United States, all expenses paid. Rivera remained in the U.S. for four years. There, the always-prolific artist worked around the clock, painting murals in San Francisco, New York, and Detroit, celebrating the powerful forces of unions, education, industry, and art. In New York, he met with enormous popularity (his one-man show at The Museum of Modern Art had fifty-seven thousand visitors) as well as controversy (some of his murals were threatened with physical harm). Rivera's American adventure ended in 1933, when John D. Rockefeller, Jr., ordered the destruction of the mural he had commissioned for the lobby of Rockefeller Center, Man at the Crossroads, because of both Rivera's unwillingness to eliminate the portrait of Lenin and for what the Rockefeller family regarded as an offensive portrait of David Rockefeller.
Later Years and Death
After Rivera returned to Mexico, he and Kahlo shared a house-studio in a beautiful Bauhaus-style building in Mexico City that can still be visited today. From 1929 until 1945, Rivera worked on and off in the National Palace, creating some of his most famous murals there. In 1937, he and Kahlo helped Leon Trotsky - a major Russian Communist leader - and his wife obtain political exile; the Trotskys lived with Rivera and Kahlo for two years in the "Blue House" in the suburb of Coyoacan. Two years later, Rivera and Kahlo divorced, although they remarried a year later in San Francisco, while Rivera was working for the Golden Gate International Exposition. They would remain together until Kahlo's death in 1954.
During his last years, Diego continued to paint murals, sometimes working on portable panels. He also produced a large number of oil portraits, usually of the Mexican bourgeoisie, children, or American tourists. These works are not always remarkable, and they are often infused with a kitschy aesthetic reminiscent of Pop art. However, they were very successful during his lifetime, and provided a way for the artist to acquire more pre-Columbian objects for his spectacular collection. Today, his collection is housed in the Anahuacalli Museum, a building inspired by the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan and designed by Rivera himself.
Widowed and already sick with cancer, Rivera married for the third time in 1955 to Emma Hurtado, his art dealer and rights holder since 1946. Following a trip to the Soviet Union made in the hope of curing his cancer, Rivera died in Mexico in 1957 at age seventy-one. His wish to have his ashes mingled with those of Kahlo was not honored, and he was buried in the Rotunda of Famous Men of Mexico.
Rivera saw the artist as a craftsman at the service of the community, who, as such, needed to deploy an easily accessible visual language. This concept greatly influenced American public art, helping give rise to governmental initiatives such as Franklin Roosevelt's Federal Art Project of the Works Progress Administration, whose artists depicted scenes from American life on public buildings. With his socially and politically expansive artistic vision, narrative focus, and use of symbolic imagery, Rivera inspired such diverse artists as Ben Shahn, Thomas Hart Benton, and Jackson Pollock.
Influences and Connections
Artists, Friends, Movements
Artists, Friends, Movements
Content compiled and written by The Art Story Contributors
Edited and published by The Art Story Contributors
Useful Resources on Diego Rivera
| Diego Rivera, 1886-1957: A Revolutionary Spirit in Modern Art (Taschen Basic Art) |
By Andrea Kettenmann
| Dreaming with His Eyes Open: A Life of Diego Rivera (Discovery Series) |
By Patrick Marnham
| Diego Rivera |
By Pete Hamill
| The Diego Rivera Mural Project |
Info and Preservation of Diego Mural in San Francisco, CA
| Diego Rivera Web Museum |
Articles and works dedicated to the mexican Muralist
| Diego Rivera Experts |
| Diego Rivera Celebrated by Google doodle |
By David Batty
| Time Capsule With Pulse on Present |
By Karen Rosenberg
| The Mural Vanishes |
By Peter Catapano
| Kahlo and Rivera, Side by Side in Istanbul |
By Susan Fowler
| Rebel without a pause: The Tempestuous Life of Diego Rivera |
By Jim Tuck
| Rivera, Fridamania's Other Half, Gets His Due |
By Elisabeth Malkin
| Archives of American Art, Smithsonian |
Photographs of Rivera, often with Frida
| The Cradle will Rock (1999) |
Rivera's Rockerfeller murals are part of the plot in this movie. Diego Rivera portrayed by Ruben Blades
| Frida (2002) |
Diego Rivera is portrayed by Alfred Molina in this main-stream movie | <urn:uuid:25743bed-1697-4f95-b98f-f46bf17f9625> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.theartstory.org/artist-rivera-diego.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397795.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00121-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970352 | 2,667 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Harvesting power from the wind and the sun is nothing new. We've seen flying wind turbines and solar power plants that aim to provide clean renewable energy. UK-based New Wave Energy has a bolder idea in the works. The company plans to build the first high altitude aerial power plant, using networks of unmanned drones that can harvest energy from multiple sources and transmit it wirelessly to receiving stations on the ground.
The patent-pending technology aims to have drone networks hover in the sky harvesting both solar and wind power, while moving about at low speeds to keep track of the sun. The drones will operate at high altitudes where the winds are more stable and there's minimal chance of weather patterns or aircraft interfering with them.
"At 50,000 ft (15,000 m) there is very little air traffic and biodiversity, unless you go over the Himalayas," company director Michael Burdett tells Gizmag. "Implementing a system in these conditions will not obstruct any existing systems."
Each 20 x 20 m (65 x 65 ft) drone will have four rotors, multiple wind turbines and a flat base for generating solar power. It'll be able to power itself with the harvested energy and generate an additional 50 kW that can be transmitted wirelessly to the ground. Rectenna arrays installed inland or on offshore installations would receive the electromagnetic waves and convert them into usable power.
Burdett estimates that an aerial power plant containing thousands of drones could produce around 400 MW of power, enough to power over 205,000 homes annually. Designed to be easy to update, the drone networks can be outfitted with more efficient generators as they become available. A drone power plant capable of delivering so much power, the company says, would be pretty large, around twice the size of an offshore wind farm such as the Robin Rigg farm in the Solway Firth, Scotland.
Though it sounds quite ambitious, there have been a number of advances in drone design and technology that help give an aerial power plant some weight. Solara's UAV can stay airborne for up to 5 years and Quadrotor's UAVs are able to charge devices wirelessly. Getting a power-producing drone network airborne also offers other benefits, such as being able to link small aerial power plants to each other wirelessly to deliver large amounts of energy reliably.
The company states that it will be able to handle energy output within a drone network as efficiently as managing data in an information network. An aerial power plant also makes it easier to provide power to remote locations with long range transmissions, or help out immediately in the event of an emergency or a natural disaster.
"The time for a response in times of natural disaster depends on the drone's current location and flight speed once the final form is specified," Burdett says. "Using smaller drones of 50 to 100 kW will reduce implementation times. It would be feasible to produce a system to operate at lower altitudes if required, one which could be transported with other equipment for relief efforts and implemented instantly."
Aside of the obvious advantage of requiring little or no land space, the drone networks would be invisible to the naked eye making it realistic for them to be installed anywhere. The company aims to make use of the unpopulated airspace over the Atlantic, Indian or Pacific Ocean first. Burdett states that New Wave Energy will be able to deliver energy around the clock to many different parts of the world using solar, wind, thermoelectrics, infrared and visible spectrum rectennas.
It took around two years for New Wave Energy UK to develop the technology. The company plans to start a Kickstarter campaign to raise around £300,000 (US$500,000) and expects to have a working prototype within 6 months of receiving funding.
Source: New Wave Energy UK | <urn:uuid:9bf17711-ee40-4b6d-b455-5ce815eef9df> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.gizmag.com/new-wave-energy-creates-aerial-power-plants/29849/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398628.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00040-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941078 | 776 | 3.28125 | 3 |
Words formed when one letter is changed in hole
Letter 1 (H) changed: 10 words found:
Letter 2 (O) changed: 1 word found:
Letter 3 (L) changed: 7 words found:
Letter 4 (E) changed: 7 words found:
A total of 25 words can be formed from hole by changing one letter. | <urn:uuid:abbaf802-679f-4d5e-8144-dd342bac5753> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.morewords.com/change-one-letter-in/hole/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00068-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.867281 | 73 | 2.78125 | 3 |
The days of simple addition drills at the blackboard may not yet be gone in Kansas classrooms, but they're quickly slipping away.
At the same time and with teachers' blessings high-tech tools like calculators are being viewed as necessary learning tools just like textbooks.
Elementary and secondary mathematics education in Kansas is changing and educators say it'll never be the same.
"It's the dawning of a new math curriculum for the state of Kansas," said John Poggio, who, as co-director for Kansas University's Center for Educational Testing and Evaluation, has been involved in the development of methods of assessming the new curriculum.
According to Poggio, also a KU professor of educational psychology and research and associate dean of the School of Education, Kansas is shifting away from a mandate of education that stresses learning minimum skills and moving toward an expanded mathematics curriculum that emphasizes problem-solving thinking.
THE FIRST assessments of students taught the new curriculum will occur this spring, he said, when all Kansas fourth-, eighth- and 10th-graders approximately 120,000 students are to be tested.
Kansas' new math curriculum shares many similarities with the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics' plan for teaching math, released in 1988-89, and it addresses a growing national concern about students' math and science skills.
Last year, the state adopted standards that parallel the National Council's plan, grouping them into three grade categories kindergarten through fourth grade, fifth through eighth grade and ninth through 12th grade.
According to a state education official, mathematics education is of "great concern," thus propelling it to the forefront of curriculum issues here.
"KANSAS ranks pretty well when you look at ACT scores. . . ," said Sharon Freden, assistant commissioner for Education Services for the state of Kansas. "But remaining stable is not good enough. We must improve."
A major concern is the accomplishments of female and minority students in the field, which Freden said is seen as "a real problem" in Kansas.
She said textbook publishers already are trying to address such concerns by revising the content of their books.
Gladys N. Sanders, mathematics coordinator for Lawrence public schools, agreed that it's a new era for mathematics but emphasized that "new" does not mean "experimental."
Sanders, who chaired the committee that wrote the state mathematics standards for students in grades five through eight, also was a trainer for the Kansas Mathematics Academy held recently in Olathe as part of the Kansas Mathematics Improvement Program, of which the new math curriculum is a part.
PRELIMINARY work on the improvement program began in 1982.
"I'm really excited about it," Sanders said. "We hope to get kids turned on to math."
Lawrence schools have been involved with the improvement program since 1988, when teachers piloted a transition math course.
The district adopted the course, which includes pre-algebra, pre-geometry and applied arithmetic areas not given as much priority before and Sanders said it has met with much success.
"The problems are very rich problems, very exciting problems," she said.
Other school districts across the state have begun the program as well, Freden said, noting she expects that number to grow as the pressure to keep pace with innovations in math education grows.
SANDERS described the state's new math curriculum as directed away from drill and practice, and low-level thinking skills, and toward higher- level thinking skills.
It focuses, she said, on problem solving, communication, logical reasoning and mathematical connections.
"It will involve the use of cooperative groups and more emphasis on real life application of mathematics, so when it's learned, it's learned in context (instead of in isolation)," she said.
"Reading is a key issue."
For example, instead of simply working a problem such as 337 divided by 15, the students will be told that 337 students are taking buses to an event. Each bus can hold 15 students. How many buses will be needed?
And they'll have plenty of hands-on experience, working with manipulatives in various math problems. Manipulatives are physical objects, like dry noodles or beans, that students can use during math lessons to better understand their calculations.
FREDEN SAID she expects less emphasis on memorization and repetitive working of one kind of problem as a consequence of stressing the application of mathematical knowledge.
Additionally, the use of technology including calculators will be encouraged. Already, she said, calculators are issued to students along with textbooks for some district classes and all classrooms in the district are equipped with calculators.
Under the new curriculum, even students who have not mastered certain basic math skills can be advanced to higher level courses.
"They should be given a calculator," Sanders said. "The calculator is the great equalizer."
The new curriculum also will mean a shift for teachers, who are now spending extra time in training and in revamping lesson plans.
"They will become more like a coach or facilitator not one who has all the answers and lectures," Sanders said. "But that doesn't mean that teachers don't teach."
SHE SAID Lawrence teachers have been especially responsive to the new curriculum, volunteering their time and energy to learn more about it through various meetings such as last year's Monday Night Math Madness.
Some elementary teachers spent free time last week at Deerfield Elementary School dyeing macaroni and other items to be used as manipulatives during math, she said.
Poggio said he considers the new curriculum as focusing on those students "at-promise for success," rather than "at-risk for failure."
At the KU center, in the School of Education, Poggio and co-director Doug Glasnapp will develop the curriculum assessments.
Those assessments, he said, also will focus on a student's thinking process as well as the accuracy of his or her actual problem solutions.
"Now it's very much a process approach," Poggio said. "It's the process, not so much the answer. We're very excited to build some of these assessment tools."
HE SAID the measure of success actually hasn't been defined yet but will be determined by the policymakers and educators. It will not, however, involve competency testing, which Poggio said "died a quiet death two years ago."
In Lawrence schools, although the state no longer requires it, competency testing in math and other academic areas continues.
Determining the new curriculum's success is an area which will be studied carefully, he said. They'll also be assessing the assessment tools, Poggio said, noting he expects it will take a couple of years to "iron out" the system. | <urn:uuid:91216afb-f8b2-451e-81e6-ed4b17b7f66d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www2.ljworld.com/news/1990/aug/19/math_lessons_turn_practical/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00190-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971199 | 1,392 | 2.765625 | 3 |
It’s become one of our favorite rituals: Researchers come out with a paper pushing the science of invisibility cloaks a little further, inspiring everyone to go giddy with visions of Harry Potter and Romulan Warbirds. This week’s study in Science is another small step, but it’s a crucial one. Scientists in Germany have created the first rudimentary “invisibility cloak” in 3D.
Invisibility cloak mania started in 2006, when a Duke University team created the technology to bend light waves around an object; since the tiny object neither absorbed nor reflected the experiment’s microwaves, it was essentially “cloaked.” (The researchers used microwaves instead of visible light because microwaves have longer wavelengths, and are therefore easier to control.) The invisibility excitement struck again two years later when researchers refined their technique to hide a nanoscale object from visible light waves.
Now, researchers have created a cloak that not only works in infrared light wavelengths that are close to humans’ visual range, but also in 3D, too. Previous devices have been able to hide objects from light travelling in only one direction; viewed from any other angle, the object would remain visible [BBC News].
The team from Karlsruhe Institute of Technology didn’t exactly make the Statue of Liberty disappear. The “bump” made invisible is a spot in a layer of gold that’s 0.00004 inches high by 0.00005 inches wide. That hasn’t dampened lead researcher Tolga Ergin’s excitement, though. “In principle, the cloak design is completely scalable; there is no limit to it,” Ergin said. Developing the fabrication technology so that the crystals were smaller could “lead to much larger cloaks” [The Independent].
The sci-fi kind of cloaking will be harder to achieve, since visible wavelengths of light are shorter than infrared and thus harder to control. But Ergin’s 3D cloak is another step toward humanity’s ultimate dream: not being bothered by other humans.
DISCOVER: How to Build an Invisibility Cloak
DISCOVER: Invisibility Becomes More Than Just a Fantasy
80beats: New Version of Invisibility Moves Closer to Visual Cloaking
80beats: Light-Bending Scientists Take a Step Closer to Invisibility | <urn:uuid:59d51594-d194-440e-b450-a6520c7684e2> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/80beats/2010/03/19/the-3d-invisibity-cloak-its-real-but-its-really-tiny/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396147.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00152-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910014 | 509 | 3.453125 | 3 |
Click Analyze, Compare Means and
then One-Way ANOVA.
This box will appear. You will see
your two variable names in the window on the left. Your goal will be to
transfer each to a corresponding box on the right.
Click on the IV name to highlight
it. Transfer this variable over to the Factor box by clicking on the
Your IV will appear in the Factor
Now it’s time to move the DV over.
Click on your DV to highlight it. Move your DV over to the Dependent List
window by clicking on the corresponding arrow.
Your DV will appear in the Dependent
List window. When you see this, click the Options button.
This box will appear with a variety
of options. Click the check boxes next to Descriptive, Homogeneity of
Variance and Means plot.
When you click each box, a check
will appear to indicate that it has been selected. Check the Descriptives
and Homogeneity of variance boxes. Click the Continue button when finished.
You will see this box again. Click
the Post Hoc button.
This will appear. You will see many
options. These options represent various types of tests that you can
conduct. Select at least one option from the Equal Variances Assumed area
and at least one option from the Equal Variances Not Assumed area. To select
an option, click on the box next to the name and a check will appear.
For this example experiment, I will
choose Tukey from the Equal Variances Assumed area. That is a popular
choice. I will choose Dunnett’s T3 from the Equal Variances not Assumed
area. Your professor may ask you to choose a different test and that’s ok
too. These tests vary in terms of how strict they are. Click the Continue
button when you are finished.
In this box, click the OK button and
wait a few moments for processing.
You will see results
You will probably see so much
information that you will have to scroll down the right hand side to see it
To a meaningful place with a
meaningful name. I decided to call this example file “Effect of Various
Amounts of Sugar on Words Remembered Output.spo.”
Enter Data |
Analyze Data |
Interpret Data | | <urn:uuid:94be7759-6e0a-4cd1-9d72-b3c00277aeaf> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://statistics-help-for-students.com/How_do_I_analyze_data_in_SPSS_for_a_1_way_between_subjects_ANOVA.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402479.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00083-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.813326 | 502 | 2.9375 | 3 |
We had a special guest on campus last week. Wall Street Journal reporter Shirley Wang made the trek from New York City to Troy to speak with a few Rensselaer professors about their research.
The above video is very cool. It’s Shirley being interviewed about what she discovered and saw during her visit to Rensselaer.
X. George Xu leads a team of nuclear engineers at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, N.Y., studying how radiation interacts with the human body. Computerized tomography, or CT, scans are frequently used in medicine to image tissues and bones in the body. But repeated exposure to radiation from the scans is believed to raise the risk for cell damage that may cause cancer and other health problems. Such risks also can exist for patients receiving radiation to treat tumors, for example.
In Dr. Xu’s lab, virtual patients are exposed to virtual radiation in doses similar to that of a CT scan or cancer-radiation treatment. Simulating a dose of radiation is a complicated process. It involves mapping out the physics of how radiation waves travel through the body and interact with different biological substances. | <urn:uuid:49c64bb1-7e4b-4fa3-9e4a-e154c1fdd9e9> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://approach.rpi.edu/2011/12/20/the-phantom-patient-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00118-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950666 | 235 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Some stars capture rogue planets
Scientists found that if the number of rogue planets equals the number of stars in a young cluster, then 3 to 6 percent of the stars will grab a planet over time.
New research suggests that billions of stars in our galaxy have captured rogue planets that once roamed interstellar space. The nomad worlds, which were kicked out of the star systems in which they formed, occasionally find a new home with a different sun. This finding could explain the existence of some planets that orbit surprisingly far from their stars, and even the existence of a double-planet system.
"Stars trade planets just like baseball teams trade players," said Hagai Perets from the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
To reach their conclusion, Perets and Thijs Kouwenhoven from Peking University in China simulated young star clusters containing free-floating planets. They found that if the number of rogue planets equaled the number of stars, then 3 to 6 percent of the stars would grab a planet over time. The more massive a star, the more likely it is to snag a planet drifting by.
They studied young star clusters because capture is more likely when stars and free-floating planets are crowded together in a small space. Over time, the clusters disperse due to close interactions between their stars, so any planet-star encounters have to happen early in the cluster's history.
Rogue planets are a natural consequence of star formation. Newborn star systems often contain multiple planets. If two planets interact, one can be ejected and become an interstellar traveler. If it later encounters a different star moving in the same direction at the same speed, it can hitch a ride.
A captured planet tends to end up hundreds or thousands of times farther from its star than Earth is from the Sun. It's also likely to have an orbit that's tilted relative to any native planets, and may even revolve around its star backward.
Astronomers haven't detected any clear-cut cases of captured planets yet. Imposters can be difficult to rule out. Gravitational interactions within a planetary system can throw a planet into a wide, tilted orbit that mimics the signature of a captured world.
Finding a planet in a distant orbit around a low-mass star would be a good sign of capture because the star's disk wouldn't have had enough material to form the planet so far out.
The best evidence to date in support of planetary capture comes from the European Southern Observatory, which announced in 2006 the discovery of two planets (weighing 14 and 7 times Jupiter) orbiting each other without a star.
"The rogue double-planet system is the closest thing we have to a 'smoking gun' right now," said Perets. "To get more proof, we'll have to build up statistics by studying a lot of planetary systems."
Could our solar system harbor an alien world far beyond Pluto? Astronomers have looked but haven't found anything yet.
"There's no evidence that the Sun captured a planet," said Perets. "We can rule out large planets. But there's a non-zero chance that a small world might lurk on the fringes of our solar system." | <urn:uuid:2bc99a8a-d5ff-482d-b792-b7303e01300a> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.astronomy.com/News-Observing/News/2012/04/Some%20stars%20capture%20rogue%20planets.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783392099.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154952-00087-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940827 | 658 | 3.71875 | 4 |
To quote a Cylon or two in Battlestar Galactica: “This has all happened before. And it will happen again.”
Not unlike the new urbanist and smart growth dance to reshape the role of the automobile in urban areas, the recently concluded remake of the 1970’s television space opera entertained us from 2003 until this year with the eventual union of arch-enemy human and machine to seek a common framework for a better tomorrow.
In our much-reported post-Growth Management Act local dance rendition, our region seeks locally walkable and transit linked communities in order to reduce carbon footprints and redefine the role of the automobile.
As noted on May 7 and May 14, this utopian quest is often expressed primarily in design terms, with a de-emphasis on particular land uses in favor of desirable and appropriate building forms for a given urban sub-area.
Let’s not forget that public rights of way, (particularly streets, underlying and adjacent infrastructure and how they relate to surrounding uses), are also at the center of our attempts to tame automobile dependence and bring European pedestrianism and transit-oriented centers to Puget Sound. Many urban designers conclude that the key focus rests with wide and malleable sidewalks as the precursor to successful redevelopment.
Indeed, throughout recorded history, governments have used streets as a versatile private property management tool. With utilities flanking and buried under streets since ancient times, such conduits have often been seen as more important than the property on both sides.
Scholars trace the role of streets as the central regulating determinant of surrounding land use to Greek boundary stones which defined public space with inscriptions such as “I am the boundary of the agora”, to the layout of Roman military camps. Similarly, the reappearance of the wheeled vehicle and public marketplace in medieval times demanded, in modern parlance, adequate surrounding infrastructure. The industrial revolution demanded rectilinear transit patterns and yielded the late nineteenth century Garden City precursor to today’s green ideals.
Early twentieth century American planners struggled with how to assure new alternatives to simple gridded urban development. The neighborhood unit theory and examples from the New York City region in the 1920’s and 30’s were rediscovered in the past 20 years and spurred renewed debates about the value of curvilinear streets v. gridded streets, and neighborhoods which look inward on themselves with an internal open space focus.
Today’s planners must continue to use the street as a legal and planning tool to govern neighborhood form and appearance but also assure a functional layout that integrates pedestrians and multiple types of vehicles. Topics for continued consideration and merger include determination of: 1) desirable and appropriate building forms and interaction with public rights of way; 2) hierarchies of public rights of way; 3) the appropriate separation of pedestrians and vehicles; and 4) how to manage speed and noise with traffic control devices, public education, law enforcement and vehicle redesign.
We remain at a literal and figurative crossroads as we struggle to preserve quality of life and safety, and to achieve energy conservation and offset climate change.
We are not the first in history to attempt a reorientation of human and machine, nor will we be the last. “This has all happened before. And it will happen again.” | <urn:uuid:76d991f9-6219-4863-9eb5-48d5a6644b1d> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.seattlepi.com/chuckwolfe/2009/05/25/what-can-new-urbanism-learn-from-battlestar-galactica/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396224.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00140-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.934814 | 682 | 2.53125 | 3 |
Google Chrome is an open source web browser, built for speed, simplicity and security and intended to create a better web experience for users around the world. You can download Google Chrome at www.google.com/chrome.
What is Chromium?
Chromium is the open source project behind Google Chrome. To further advance the openness of the web, Google Chrome was released as an open source project under the name Chromium. The intent is that Google will help spur innovation in the browser space by contributing the underlying technology in Google Chrome to the open source community, while continuing to develop additional features in the open. This project is for developers who want to help build a safer, faster, and more stable way for all Internet users to experience the web.
The Chromium.org page contains design documents, architecture overviews, testing information, and more to help developers learn to build and work with the Chromium source code. | <urn:uuid:3e073aef-46c8-4ad5-a488-15f9e1029c1c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | https://sites.google.com/a/pressatgoogle.com/chromepress/Home/google-chrome-chromium | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396959.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00013-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.89561 | 187 | 2.75 | 3 |
adjective[attributive] Anatomy & Medicine
Situated or occurring behind the eyeball: a retrobulbar abscess
More example sentences
- When the inflammation doesn't involve the optic disk, doctors refer to it as retrobulbar optic neuritis.
- The most serious potential adverse effect of EMB is ocular toxicity manifested by optic or retrobulbar neuritis, which exists in two forms and may affect one or both eyes.
- In these cases, if the globe is proptotic and tense, the physician should suspect a retrobulbar hematoma.
For editors and proofreaders
Definition of retrobulbar in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. | <urn:uuid:75061a93-17ef-413f-928c-145b50be8a27> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/american_english/retrobulbar | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783403826.29/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155003-00018-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.857933 | 166 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Here's an experiment: Turn off your lights, shine a blue flashlight on the cats in the room and look for the ones that turn neon green, like a glow stick.
That's how scientists at the Mayo Clinic identify cats that they've successfully treated against the feline immunodeficiency virus.
The AIDS epidemic in humans is well-known. Less known is that every year, millions of cats suffer and die from the disease.
To protect cats against feline AIDS, the Mayo Clinic and colleagues in Japan devised a treatment with a peculiar side effect. They took monkey genes that block HIV infection and injected them into cat eggs. Kittens born from those eggs produced AIDS-resistant protein in the same cells that get infected, effectively shielding them from the disease. Their offspring are also immune.
To tell the treated cats from the untreated ones, scientists added another simple ingredient to the mix: jellyfish genes, which make the modified cells glow a green color.
"It allows you to tell whether the gene of interest is in the cell without having to do an invasive test," Dr. Eric Poeschla, a molecular biologist with the Mayo Clinic, tells Guy Raz, host of weekends on All Things Considered. Scientists simply turn off the lights and shine a blue light to tell which cats have the AIDS-resistant gene.
The cats don't feel a thing, Poeschla says. "They're healthy and happy and they're playful."
The feline treatment could help other mammals down the line. The Mayo team isn't injecting human stem cells with the monkey-jellyfish concoction, but it is watching the cats for new insights.
"If they have the power to protect, then they could perhaps be used in the future in human gene therapy," Poeschla says.
Unfortunately, you can't get your own glow-in-the dark kitty just yet. | <urn:uuid:dc09e6b6-686a-41e2-bed5-9bbd457df638> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.npr.org/2011/09/17/140550044/glowing-kittens-fight-aids?ft=1&f=1001 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00174-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955271 | 388 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Baka women set off to gather food from their native forest. Increasingly the Baka are excluded from their forests in the name of 'conservation', or limited to ever-smaller areas insufficient to sustain them. Photo: ..zuzu.. via Flickr (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0).
Indigenous Peoples destroyed for misguided 'conservation'
Gordon Bennett & co-authors
3rd March 2015
As we celebrate 'World Wildlife Day' today, there's little for nature's best defenders to be glad of, says human rights lawyer Gordon Bennett. Indigenous Peoples around the world are routinely attacked, starved and cut off from the lands and wildlife they have protected for millennia under a flawed and brutal model of 'conservation'.
The ecoguards act with total impunity. The Baka do not lodge complaints against them because they are not properly investigated. They have become alienated not only from the forces of law and order but from conservationists like WWF.
Wildlife law enforcement almost always has a negative impact on tribal communities. It has a negative impact on their personal safety, their health, their culture, their privacy and their family life.
Above all it has a negative impact on their relationship with the land and on their ability to sustain themselves. Why is this? It's because the wrong laws are being enforced by the wrong people - against the wrong people.
The laws are wrong because they usually fail to distinguish 'wildlife crime' from subsistence hunting, and tribal peoples are criminalised without just cause.
The laws are wrong because, even where they recognise subsistence rights, they often leave too much power in the hands of Government Ministers - who can and do use their power to overturn tribal rights when it suits them to do so.
The law is 'enforced' by the wrong people because it is enforced by wildlife scouts or ecoguards who administer justice as they see it, on the spot. There is no due process. Innocence or guilt does not come into it. The more militarised these forces become, the less accountable they are when they overstep the mark.
Indigenous Peoples bear the brunt
Tribal peoples are often at the sharp end of wildlife law enforcement, not because they themselves pose a serious threat to wildlife but because they are a soft option. They are far less able to defend themselves than the well-resourced and well-connected elite who manipulate them.
The results are entirely predictable. Communities do not respect laws which do not respect them. They do not co-operate with authorities which regard them with hostility and suspicion. If they are to be punished whatever they do, some believe they may just as well throw in their lot with the poachers.
The London Declaration does not address these issues. It refers in its Preamble to "the importance of reducing human-wildlife conflict and supporting community efforts to advance their rights", but says nothing more about these rights.
A properly drawn Declaration would recognise three or four basic principles:
- The hunting rights of tribal communities should be fully respected, unless and until they are lawfully extinguished.
- The power of the State to manage wildlife does not equal state ownership, and does not of itself extinguish tribal rights
- This power may be exercised only to the extent that it is necessary to protect an overriding conservation interest.
- The power to 'manage' cannot be used to deprive a community of their means of subsistence, which is guaranteed by human rights law; or to coerce tribal peoples into changing their way of life against their will.
Botswana, Cameroon and India illustrate in different ways what happens when wildlife laws are 'enforced' in defiance of these principles.
Botswana - paramilitary force deployed against Bushmen
In Botswana, the law allows those who are "principally dependent" on hunting and gathering to apply for 'special game licenses'. Regulations explicitly refer to "persons who can rightly lay claim to hunting rights in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve (CKGR)."
But no 'special game licences' have been issued for the CKGR since 2002, and since 2014 hunting has been banned almost everywhere in Botswana. The ban was renewed for another year only last month. It pays no heed at all to the rights or needs of the Bushmen of the CKGR.
The Minister of Wildlife drew up and signed the ban at his desk, in the exercise of his statutory powers. He did not have to explain his decision to the National Assembly or anyone else. There were no consultations. The Minister acted entirely off his own bat, in the untested belief that 'illegal off take' was or might be to blame for a decline in wildlife numbers.
Responsibility for the enforcement of the ban rests with a paramilitary force called the Special Support Group. Its members are heavily armed, and in the CKGR have camped close to Bushmen communities. The Bushmen have been made to feel that they are under constant surveillance. They report that they and their homes are searched at random, and that on occasion they have been beaten or threatened.
Hunting has become more difficult but persists, because the only alternative is starvation. The Bushmen no longer eat during the day, to reduce the risk of detection, and have had to abandon hunt related customs.
Many Bushmen who have a legal right to live in the Reserve are afraid to do so. They worry that if they hunt and are caught, they will be imprisoned or assaulted or both.
They are stranded in resettlement camps outside the Reserve, where alcoholism and HIV/Aids are widespread and there is little or no work. Their previous, largely self-sufficient existence has given way to a dependence on government handouts, and an inevitable decline in their sense of identity and self-worth.
There is no evidence that the Bushmen of the CKGR hunt in any systematic way for sale, or use guns or vehicles, or hunt endangered species, or that their hunting is unsustainable. In the name of conservation they have had to pay a price out of all proportion to any threat that their subsistence hunting might pose.
Cameroon - Baka forest people expelled from their forests
In Cameroon too, many Baka communities have been evicted from their traditional territories to make way for national parks. They are now forced to spend much of their time in roadside villages that skirt the park's edge.
With minor exceptions they are forbidden to hunt or forage in the parks; and to ensure that they do not, are forbidden even to enter them. They are entitled to hunt elsewhere only if they use so-called 'traditional' methods.
Rather than reform the law to recognise the Baka's dependence on the forest for their food, medicine and incomes, the Government has focussed on the war against poachers, and the Baka have inevitably been caught in the cross-fire.
'Enforcement' is left to ecoguards who are employed by the Ministry of Forestry and Wildlife, but who depend on WWF and other donors for their salaries and logistical support. No or virtually no Baka have been recruited to their ranks.
When they raid Baka villages - in so-called 'punch operations' in which huts are searched, property is seized and suspects may be beaten - they are often joined by a military unit called the BIR (the Bataillon d'Intervention Rapide).
The ecoguards act with total impunity. The Baka do not lodge complaints against them because they are not properly investigated. They have become alienated not only from the forces of law and order but from conservationists like WWF. Many Baka regard the two as indistinguishable.
They personal safety has not been the only casualty of wildlife law enforcement. The health of the Baka has also suffered, because they are no longer able to reach many of the medicinal and other forest plants on which they have traditionally depended. Mothers can no longer retreat into the forest for childbirth. All are at risk of the malaria, HIV/AIDS and other epidemics that affect the roadside villages.
Parents are no longer able to pass their forest skills and values on to their children. Since they cannot now barter meat and other forest produce to buy essentials, many Baka work for others on starvation wages. Some are 'paid' with fermented sugar cane, and alcoholism has become endemic.
India - 'tiger reserves' used to expel the tigers' best protectors
In India, efforts to save the tiger from both poachers and habitat loss have seen a rapid expansion of tiger reserves. In the past few years the law has also come to recognise the forest rights of scheduled tribes, but where the two interests clash it is the community that comes off worst.
The law says that tribes people may only be removed from tiger reserves on certain conditions. One is that they are shown to cause "irreversible damage" to the tiger habitat and to "threaten their existence", and another is that there is no "reasonable option of co-existence."
These conditions are ignored. The authorities prefer to operate on the basis that tiger habitats may be more easily protected if tribal communities are removed, and this in itself is a sufficient reason to move them.
In order to avoid their statutory duties they offer the community a 'rehabilitation package'. Usually the offer is refused, because the community has co-existed with tigers for generations and sees no reason it should not continue to do so.
But the authorities do not take 'no' for an answer, and eventually wear down the resistance of communities which have no one to speak on their behalf. The legal niceties are trumped by the supposed needs of tiger conservation.
The impact of this process could hardly be more 'negative'. In one recent example, two tribal communities in the Similipal Tiger Reserve eventually 'agreed' a package which involved their removal to a camp outside the Reserve. There they have had to live under polythene sheets which leak when it rains and scorch in the sun.
Child malnutrition is rife. There is no proper immunisation programme and medical help is infrequent. Once again, alcohol abuse is common. Over the coming months, other communities still in the Reserve are like to experience a similar fate.
Whatever effect it may have on the IWT, the new emphasis on law enforcement will undoubtedly require more money, at least some of which will come from the conservation movement.
The conservationists could use the extended influence that this will give them to insist that tribal communities are protected against the worst excesses of the paramilitaries. Policing efforts to control the IWT will gain far more from a positive relationship with the 'ears and eyes' of the land than from the current abusive and alienating approach.
The introduction of simple grievance mechanisms would be an obvious first step. If 'enforcement' is to be the new creed, ought not the law to protect tribal peoples be enforced with at least as much vigour as the law to protect wildlife?
Gordon Bennett is a human rights barrister at New Square Chambers.
Dr Jo Woodman is Senior campaigner, Survival International.
Jumanda Gakelebone Gana is a representative of the First People of the Kalahari, Botswana.
Sankar Pani is an environmental lawyer, India.
Dr Jerome Lewis is Co-director, Extreme Citizen Science Research Group, University College London.
This lecture was presented by Gordon Bennett to the 'Beyond Enforcement: Communities, governance, incentives and sustainable use in combating wildlife crime' conference, 26-28th February at Glenburn Lodge, Muldersdrift, South Africa.
The event was organised by IUCN CEESP / SSC Sustainable Use and Livelihoods Specialist Group (SULi) / International Institute of Environment and Development (IIED) / Austrian Ministry of Environment / ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions (CEED), University of Queensland / TRAFFIC - the wildlife trade monitoring network.
Using this website means you agree to us using simple cookies. | <urn:uuid:1ac00215-886e-4e96-9573-db9e18ebbf79> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.theecologist.org/blogs_and_comments/commentators/2776725/indigenous_peoples_destroyed_for_misguided_conservation.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397744.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00107-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965969 | 2,465 | 2.828125 | 3 |
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|Human growth and development|
Biologically, a child (plural: children) is a human between the stages of birth and puberty. The legal definition of child generally refers to a minor, otherwise known as a person younger than the age of majority.
Child may also describe a relationship with a parent (such as sons and daughters of any age) or, metaphorically, an authority figure, or signify group membership in a clan, tribe, or religion; it can also signify being strongly affected by a specific time, place, or circumstance, as in "a child of nature" or "a child of the Sixties".
There are many social issues that affect children, such as childhood education, bullying, child poverty, dysfunctional families and in developing countries, hunger. Children can be raised by parents, in a foster care or similar supervised arrangement, guardians or partially raised in a day care center.
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child defines child as "a human being below the age of 18 years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier". This is ratified by 192 of 194 member countries. Biologically, a child is generally anyone between birth and puberty or in the developmental stage of childhood, between infancy and adulthood. Some English definitions of the word child include the fetus (sometimes termed the unborn). In many cultures, a child is considered an adult after undergoing a rite of passage, which may or may not correspond to the time of puberty.
Children generally have fewer rights than adults and are classed as unable to make serious decisions, and legally must always be under the care of a responsible adult. Recognition of childhood as a state different from adulthood began to emerge in the 16th and 17th centuries. Society began to relate to the child not as a miniature adult but as a person of a lower level of maturity needing adult protection, love and nurturing. This change can be traced in paintings: In the Middle Ages, children were portrayed in art as miniature adults with no childlike characteristics. In the 16th century, images of children began to acquire a distinct childlike appearance. From the late 17th century onwards, children were shown playing. Toys and literature for children also began to develop at this time.
Every child goes through many stages of social development. An infant or very young child will play alone happily. If another child wanders onto the scene, he or she may be physically attacked or pushed out of the way. Next, the child can play with another child, gradually learning to share and take turns. Eventually, the group grows larger, to three or four children. By the time a child enters kindergarten, he or she can usually join in and enjoy group experiences.
Children with ADHD and learning disabilities may need extra help to develop social skills. The impulsive characteristics of an ADHD child may lead to poor peer relationships. Children with poor attention spans may not tune into social cues in their environment, making it difficult for them to learn social skills through experience.
Age of responsibility
The age at which children are considered responsible for their society-bound actions (e. g. marriage, voting, etc.) has also changed over time, and this is reflected in the way they are treated in courts of law. In Roman times, children were regarded as not culpable for crimes, a position later adopted by the Church. In the 19th century, children younger than seven years old were believed incapable of crime. Children from the age of seven forward were considered responsible for their actions. Therefore, they could face criminal charges, be sent to adult prison, and be punished like adults by whipping, branding or hanging. Today, in many countries like Canada and the United States, children twelve and older are held responsible for their actions. They may be sent to special correctional institutions, such as juvenile hall.
Surveys have found that at least 25 countries around the world have no specified age for compulsory education. Minimum employment age and marriage age also vary. In at least 125 countries, children aged 7–15 may be taken to court and risk imprisonment for criminal acts. The age limit of voluntary/involuntary military service is also disputed at the international level. In some countries, children are legally obliged to go to school until they are 14 or 15 years old, but may also work before that age. A child's right to education is threatened by early marriage, child labour and imprisonment.
During the early 17th century in England, average life expectancy was only about 35 years, largely because two-thirds of all children died before the age of four. During the Industrial Revolution, the life expectancy of children increased dramatically.
According to population health experts, child mortality rates have fallen sharply since the 1990s. About 12.6 million under-five infants died annually worldwide in 1990, which has declined to 6.6 million infant deaths in 2012. The infant mortality rate has dropped from 90 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990, to 48 in 2012. The highest average infant mortality rates are in Sub-Saharan Africa, at 98 deaths per 1,000 live births - nearly double the world's average of 48.
Education, in the general sense, refers to the act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and preparing intellectually for mature life. Formal education most often takes place through schooling. A right to education has been recognized by some governments. At the global level, Article 13 of the United Nations' 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights recognizes the right of everyone to an education. Education is compulsory in most places up to a certain age, but attendance at school may not be, with alternative options such as home-schooling or e-learning being recognized as valid forms of education in certain jurisdictions.
Children in some countries (especially in parts of Africa and Asia) are often kept out of school, or attend only for short periods. Data from UNICEF indicate that in 2011, 57 million children were out of school; and more than 20% of African children have never attended primary school or have left without completing primary education. According to a UN report, warfare is preventing 28 million children worldwide from receiving an education, due to the risk of sexual violence and attacks in schools. Other factors that keep children out of school include poverty, child labor, social attitudes, and long distances to school.
Attitudes toward children
Social attitudes toward children differ around the world in various cultures. These attitudes have changed over time. A 1988 study on European attitudes toward the centrality of children found that Italy was more child-centric and the Netherlands less child-centric, with other countries, such as Austria, Great Britain, Ireland and West Germany falling in between.
Protection of children from abuse is considered an important contemporary goal. This includes protecting children from exploitation such as child labor, child trafficking and selling, child sexual abuse, including child prostitution and child pornography, military use of children, and child laundering in illegal adoptions. There exist several international instruments for these purposes, such as:
- Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention
- Minimum Age Convention, 1973
- Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography
- Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse
- Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict
- Hague Adoption Convention
- European Union's Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography.
- Infant smile.jpg
A 6-month-old child
- 1 of Korea's 1st redheads-Terry W. mom Korean (black hair), dad Canadian (brown hair).jpg
- "1" Girl in India, October 2013.jpg
- US Navy 070216-N-4198C-007 A four-year-old Filipino girl from the village of Changco, looks on as Seabees assigned to Naval Mobile Construction Battalion (NMCB) 3 work on the construction of a new school house.jpg
- US Navy 030625-N-6639V-005 The 5 year-old daughter of Lt. j.g. Edwin Copleand screams, as she sees him making his way toward her.jpg
- Send to school 1970.jpg
- Chicken and Dumplings by David Shankbone.jpg
- Andreas Moeller - Erzherzogin Maria Theresia - Kunsthistorisches Museum.jpg
- Portrait eines selbstbewussten Burschen.jpg
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Unknown extension tag "indicator"
- Child actor
- Child development
- Child sexual abuse
- Child slavery
- Children's rights
- Index of youth articles
- National Children's Study
- Outline of children
- One child policy
- Religion and children
- "Child". TheFreeDictionary.com. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
- "Child". Oxford University Press. Retrieved January 5, 2013.
- "For example, the US Social Security department specifically defines an adult child as being over 18". Ssa.gov. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
- "American Heritage Dictionary". 2007-12-07.
- "Convention on the Rights of the Child" The Policy Press, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
- See Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 397 (6th ed. 2007), which's first definition is "A fetus; an infant;...". See also ‘The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary: Complete Text Reproduced Micrographically’, Vol. I (Oxford University Press, Oxford 1971): 396, which defines it as: ‘The unborn or newly born human being; foetus, infant’.
- . "Essays on childhood". Elizabethi.org. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
- "Socialization stages". Childdevelopmentinfo.com. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
- Fikadu Satena. "Juvenile courts". Law.jrank.org. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
- Yun, Seira (2014). "Breaking Imaginary Barriers: Obligations of Armed Non-State Actors Under General Human Rights Law – The Case of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child". Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies 5 (1-2): 213–257. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- Melchiorre, A. (2004) At What Age?...are school-children employed, married and taken to court?
- Infant Mortality Rates in 2012, UNICEF, 2013.
- W. J. Rorabaugh, Donald T. Critchlow, Paula C. Baker (2004). "America's promise: a concise history of the United States". Rowman & Littlefield. p.47. ISBN 0-7425-1189-8
- "Modernization - Population Change". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- "Education | Define Education at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
- ICESCR, Article 13.1
- "Out-of-School Children Initiative | Basic education and gender equality". UNICEF. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
- "BBC News - Unesco: Conflict robs 28 million children of education". Bbc.co.uk. 2011-03-01. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
- "UK | Education | Barriers to getting an education". BBC News. 2006-04-10. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
- Melik, James (2012-10-11). "BBC News - Africa gold rush lures children out of school". Bbc.com. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
- "Rachel K. Jones and April Brayfield, Life's greatest joy?: European attitudes toward the centrality of children. Social Forces, Vol. 75, No. 4, Jun 1997. 1,239-69 pp. Chapel Hill, North Carolina". Popindex.princeton.edu. Retrieved 2013-10-09.
- "Child brides around the world sold off like cattle". USA Today. March 8, 2013.
- Official Journal of the European Union
|40x40px||Wikimedia Commons has media related to Children.|
|40x40px||Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Child.|
- United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
- Family database, OECD
- Society (The Guardian)
- Definition of the Child | <urn:uuid:a96f9ae1-418d-454d-a7bb-ec5531a9e5d5> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://research.omicsgroup.org/index.php/Child | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397842.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00182-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9188 | 2,773 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Solid stops light
January 8, 2002 | Source: Nature
A crystal that holds light could facilitate quantum computing.
Researchers in the United States and Korea have brought light to a complete standstill in a crystal. The pulse is effectively held within the solid, ready to be released at a later stage.
This trick could be used to store information in a quantum computer.
Normal computers store information in simple binary form (1′s and 0′s) in electronic and magnetic devices. Stationary light pulses can encode information in more sophisticated ways that use the laws of quantum mechanics, making information processing more powerful. | <urn:uuid:858b5b53-5a2d-45b7-91a0-6d52007211ac> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.kurzweilai.net/solid-stops-light | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783397213.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154957-00005-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.894309 | 124 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Henry County Animal Care & Control
Wild Animals: Buzzards/Vultures
Vultures/Buzzards are some of the most common species of birds found throughout the southeast. Vultures commonly seen in the Southeast are classified as one of two species, the turkey vulture or the black vulture. The turkey vulture has a red, wrinkled head and a dark body. The black vulture has a head that is dark to light gray and furrowed with wrinkles.
These two species of birds are commonly seen circling in the sky or standing along the roadside eating the carcass of dead animals. Known as “scavengers of the skies,” vultures were once hunted in large numbers because of the belief that they carry diseases. But over time, they have come to be seen as a beneficial asset by cleaning up the remains of dead animals. Today, most view the vulture as one of nature’s most efficient, natural recyclers.
At the end of a long day of feeding and searching for food, vultures begin to move back to their roosting sites. Both species form large communal roosts. They will usually return to the same roost each night and generally roost on the same branch as previous nights. Observations of vulture roosts showed both species will occupy the same roosts and use them year after year. Some of these roosts are believed to be over 100 years old and are shared by parents and grandparents.
Common roosting sites preferred by vultures are power lines, radio towers, tall trees, or old buildings. These roosts create a foul smell and may seem unsanitary to the human eye, but due to the unique digestive system of vultures any bacteria or disease they may ingest is killed. Their droppings and pellets (undigested bones and fur) are considered disease free.
Vultures may seem unattractive or disgusting, but they play an important role in the animal world. Nature uses these birds to help clean up the environment of decaying animals. This clean-up crew provides a service that could prevent the spread of certain diseases.
All vultures/buzzards are protected by law under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act so humane control methods must be used to move them. For more information, please contact the Georgia Department of Natural Resources Game and Fish Division at (770) 918-6400. | <urn:uuid:0ba28afd-4ca1-4c02-9bfc-7d81bec09b8f> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.co.henry.ga.us/animalcontrol/WildAnimals_Vultures.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783398869.97/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154958-00163-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948582 | 503 | 3.84375 | 4 |
Botanical name: Cupressus sempervirens Family: Cupressaceae (Cypress family)
Italian Cypress are extremely beautiful trees, made popular in landscaping in India by the Mughals. They can grow remarkably tall, slender, almost pencil shaped. Their heights can reach 80 ft, but their spreads are seldom more than 8 ft. In Delhi conditions they are not able to grow as tall. The leaves are needle-like and dark green at all times of the year. The young trees can sometimes be mistaken for Morpankhi. The main difference is that Morphankhi has all leaves and branchlets in one plane, which makes it easy to put them in books, a habit common in school kids all over India. The leaves and branchlets of Italian Cypress are not in one plane. Cones develop in March-April. Italian Cypress occurs naturally in southern Europe and western Asia.
The flower labeled Italian Cypress is ... | <urn:uuid:eeb86887-a83f-4581-83b5-b96c034d7f30> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Italian%20Cypress.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395160.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00100-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.955208 | 196 | 3.140625 | 3 |
In 2009, a study of 194 nurses from six hospitals was conducted to measure weight and lifestyle. The study found a majority to be obese with low levels of self-care activity such as diet and exercise. This study is important because it reinforces the need for leadership coupled with individual responsibility to improve the health of our nurses. It is difficult to model and teach healthy lifestyles and preventive care to our patients if we are unable to effectively pursue this in our own lives. Globally, overweight causes more deaths now than underweight. This is a shift of culture, but not one that is inevitable.
Our culture has been unkind to women. We have the media constantly negating the healthy body with a lie, an image that is not only fake, but deadly. The anorexic models, combined with the women who have had numerous surgeries to change their body shape and structure, deplete our ability to maintain positive self-esteem. Even being aware of this duplicity does not stop the negative voices we have all created for ourselves. The size of our clothing is inversely proportional to the size of our meals. The larger our portions have gotten, the smaller the sizing has become on our clothing. Sarah Hartshorne, a "plus size" contestant on America's Next Top Model, has a BMI of 21.5 - well within the normal range. We have anger and bitterness toward our peers who maintain a healthy weight, instead of recognition of goals and the effort put into them.
Nurses have many advantages not afforded to the general public. We often have employers willing to campaign for our health in the form of gym memberships, cafeteria food, and pledge drives that create group participation and support. There are Employee Assistance Programs to address the emotional side of food and body image, usually for free or greatly reduced rates. We also see first hand how not caring for our bodies can lead to long-term disease and damage. This can be an incentive to make changes, or it can actually lead us to feel that disease is inevitable, so why bother! It is important to remember that we see the world through a biased viewpoint. We, by the nature of our jobs, see the sickest people in our communities. This does not mean that all people are sick, and there are, in reality, a large number of people who live long and active lives because of their lifestyle choices.
Nurses by nature are givers. This is often a detriment to our own health, but it doesn’t have to be. We are also, by nature, organized and capable. In the moment, it might seem nicer to stay on the couch relaxing, but it is a short-sighted view. Giving to ourselves by finding fun, active things to do with our families while we are off-duty is healthy and can be encouraged by the nurses in leadership roles where we work and in the media. Taking 30 minutes a day to do the hard stuff that translates into better living for ourselves will set an example for those around us, and that includes our patients and their families. It is always more fun to do something with a girlfriend, so grab that co-worker and take a walk together on your next break!
J Nurs Manag. 2009 Nov;17(7):853-60.
Lifestyle behaviours and weight among hospital-based nurses.
Zapka JM, Lemon SC, Magner RP, Hale J. | <urn:uuid:2e5d8a5a-a4e3-4c8e-9860-f49cb167ed25> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.bellaonline.com/ArticlesP/art11311.asp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395613.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00165-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967374 | 694 | 2.609375 | 3 |
According to Wikipedia....
Planking (fad)I have found pictures from CBS Sports to help you understand:
Not to be confused with Plank (exercise).
The lying down game or planking is an activity consisting of lying face down in an unusual or incongruous location. The hands must touch the sides of the body and having a photograph of the participant taken and posted on the Internet is an integral part of the game. Players compete to find the most unusual and original location in which to play. The term planking is described as the practice of lying down flat with arms to the side, to mimic a wooden plank. Many participants of planking since 2011 have photographed the activity on unusual locations such as atop poles, roofs and vehicles, while some "plankers" engage in the activity by planking only their upper body and feet while leaving the back suspended.
Owling is a variation on planking in which a person squats "like an owl". It was first documented on 11 July 2011 in a post on the social news website reddit.
My Gimnasio Amigo that's so freaking awesome to Owl for me!
Who has time to think to do this, yet let alone do it??? Where did my education fail me? I should've left after kindergarten! Heck, even babies know how to plank! They do it all day!
Because all of this is just so ridiculous that I can't stop laughing at it, I found you a video of yet the newest innovation- | <urn:uuid:0ab1073c-df2d-459e-a0dd-4b2f1ff50239> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.jflofashion.com/2011/07/what-plank-is-owling.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783394414.43/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154954-00052-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957864 | 309 | 2.546875 | 3 |
What Cardiothoracic Surgery at the Children’s Heart Center Is Known for
Unifocalization: Repairing a Fourfold Defect All at Once
A small number of newborns suffer from a complex and potentially fatal congenital defect known as tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia and major aorto-pulmonary collaterals. In infants with this defect, the blood vessels that should connect the heart to the lungs instead connect the lungs to the aorta, and the heart itself has a hole in the wall separating its lower chambers (ventricles). Use our interactive 3-D animation to learn more about the heart and unifocalization.
In the past, surgeons could repair this complex and life-threatening defect only with several separate surgeries, each of which required the chest to be opened and the heart stopped. Unifocalization - developed and pioneered by Children’s Heart Center Director Frank L. Hanley, M.D. - repairs the complete defect with only one surgery, in the majority of patients.
In unifocalization, the misdirected blood vessels are rerouted into a single vessel (or into the pulmonary artery if it is present), which is then attached to the right ventricle of the heart through a conduit called a homograft. This restores normal circulation from lungs to heart. Next, the hole in the ventricle wall is repaired.
Because unifocalization is complex, the procedure takes six to 10 hours, and is followed by hospitalization of up to 14 days.
The benefits of unifocalization to the patient are significant. The procedure decreases overall hospital time for the child, and it reduces the number of major surgeries, anesthesias, and incisions, sparing the child additional pain and trauma. In addition, this procedure makes it more likely that the heart can be repaired before the child’s condition worsens and makes surgery either more difficult or, worst of all, impossible.
Complex Repairs in Premature and Very Small Infants
Premature newborns with both congenital heart disease and very low (less than 1,500 grams, or 3 pounds 4 ounces) or extremely low birth weight (less than 1,000 grams, or 2 pounds 3 ounces) pose a particularly difficult challenge because of their small size and immaturity. Conventional wisdom holds that it is better to wait for the child to develop further before undertaking heart repair. However, waiting entails serious risks, because the heart defect leaves the child highly vulnerable to potentially fatal complications such as infection or lung disease.
Since fixing the defect as soon as possible gives the infant the best chance of living normally, the Children’s Heart Center has developed techniques that allow congenital heart surgery even in extraordinarily small newborns, including successful repair in the smallest, youngest infant known. As a result of this experience, the Children’s Heart Center is among the world leaders in this demanding specialty.
The Children’s Heart Center is one of the leading heart and heart-lung transplantation programs in the world and the only program in Northern California. To learn more about this treatment option, visit the heart transplant program's page and our Health Library.
Innovative Research Programs
The Children’s Heart Center is actively involved in exploring new approaches to the surgical repair of pediatric heart disease and developing evidence-based guidelines for clinical care. Current efforts focus on three areas:
- Repairing the unborn heart. A Children’s Heart Center research team is investigating ways of diagnosing heart rhythm problems while the fetus is still in the womb and performing corrective surgeries before birth. The Center is the world’s leading site for research in this area, spearheaded by Frank Hanley, MD.
- Seeing the heart in depth. The Children’s Heart Center also leads the nation in the use of electronic beam three-dimensional CT (computerized tomography) scanners, which provide highly accurate images of the heart and major vessels. These images give surgeons a detailed view of the patient’s condition and allow thorough planning of the procedure in advance.
- Robots and surgery at a distance. Using a voice-activated robot equipped with a tiny fiber-optic camera that projects images on a computer screen, the surgeon can go directly to the problem area without stretching heart tissues or distorting delicate structures. Since robot surgery uses only three small incisions — one for the camera and two for surgical instruments — this approach minimizes pain and trauma. It also raises the possibility of surgery at a distance, in which a physician on a computer at the Children’s Heart Center performs a procedure on a child miles away in an operating room in his or her home community. | <urn:uuid:e40ea4e6-bdce-471e-9650-e3c95d85f068> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/service/cardiothoracic-surgery/what-we-are-known-for | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396106.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00052-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917915 | 972 | 3.125 | 3 |
Writing Alphabet: A, B, C, D
More Lessons for Pre-Kindergarten
Videos and songs to teach Pre-K kids how to write alphabets.
Write Alphabet A
Write Alphabet B
Write Alphabet C
Write Alphabet D
You can use the Mathway widget below to practice Algebra or other math topics. Try the given examples, or type in your own problem. Then click "Answer" to check your answer. | <urn:uuid:e9c4bf14-572e-421a-bad4-dc1404d45465> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.onlinemathlearning.com/writing-alphabet-a.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783402699.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624155002-00134-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.760919 | 95 | 3.703125 | 4 |
Beguine ; born at Voorburch, Holland ; died at Delft, 6 Jan., 1358. She was born of peasant parents, and was remarkable from childhood for her piety and prudence. Later, in order to gain a livelihood, she entered into service at Delft, where she likewise devoted herself to practices of piety and charity. Her surname of "van Ooten", or "of the East", is due to her custom of singing a hymn which began: "Het daghet in den Oosten", i.e., "Day breaketh in the East", the composition of which is attributed to herself. She lived devoutly in the world, spending much time in exercises of piety and works of charity, and finally determined to abandon all human ties and give herself to the service of God. With this intent she begged, and with difficulty obtained, entrance into the Beguinage of Delft. Here, though not a religious, nor bound by vows, she profited by the ample opportunities afforded for the exercise of her zeal and charity, as well as by the atmosphere of prayer and seclusion, to attain to a very high degree of virtue and contemplation. Gertrude evinced great devotion to the mysteries of the Incarnation, especially to the Sacred Passion, on which account she merited to receive on her body the impression of the sacred stigmata, from which the blood flowed freely seven times a day at each of the canonical hours. Distressed and alarmed at the multitude that flocked to witness such a wonder, she begged that the favour might be withdrawn, and her prayer was so far granted that the blood ceased to flow, but the marks of the sacred stigmata remained. At the same time the great spiritual consolation she had enjoyed was favoured with the gift of prophecy, having knowledge, at the actual time, of what took place at a distance as well as of what was to happen in the future.
At length, after many years passed among the Beguines in great fervour, austerity, and devotion, the time of her death approched. She had been wont to speak of her great delight of this day, to meditate on it devoutly, and even to make it a subject of her frequent songs. She died on the feast of Epiphany and buried in the church of St. Hippolytus Delft, the Beguines having neither a church nor a cemetery of their own at the time. Her name has never been inscribed in the Roman Martyrology, though she is commemorated in various others, and her cultus is merely a local one. Her private dwelling is still preserved with veneration, and the cross before which she received the stigmata is annually exposed on the anniversary of her death .
The Catholic Encyclopedia is the most comprehensive resource on Catholic teaching, history, and information ever gathered in all of human history. This easy-to-search online version was originally printed between 1907 and 1912 in fifteen hard copy volumes.
Designed to present its readers with the full body of Catholic teaching, the Encyclopedia contains not only precise statements of what the Church has defined, but also an impartial record of different views of acknowledged authority on all disputed questions, national, political or factional. In the determination of the truth the most recent and acknowledged scientific methods are employed, and the results of the latest research in theology, philosophy, history, apologetics, archaeology, and other sciences are given careful consideration.
No one who is interested in human history, past and present, can ignore the Catholic Church, either as an institution which has been the central figure in the civilized world for nearly two thousand years, decisively affecting its destinies, religious, literary, scientific, social and political, or as an existing power whose influence and activity extend to every part of the globe. In the past century the Church has grown both extensively and intensively among English-speaking peoples. Their living interests demand that they should have the means of informing themselves about this vast institution, which, whether they are Catholics or not, affects their fortunes and their destiny.
Copyright © Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company New York, NY. Volume 1: 1907; Volume 2: 1907; Volume 3: 1908; Volume 4: 1908; Volume 5: 1909; Volume 6: 1909; Volume 7: 1910; Volume 8: 1910; Volume 9: 1910; Volume 10: 1911; Volume 11: - 1911; Volume 12: - 1911; Volume 13: - 1912; Volume 14: 1912; Volume 15: 1912
Catholic Online Catholic Encyclopedia Digital version Compiled and Copyright © Catholic Online | <urn:uuid:edf79ed3-22d6-4a1a-859a-d26ef0751471> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=5115 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396459.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00127-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970501 | 941 | 2.9375 | 3 |
No single aspect of the Second World War is full of mysticism and speculation as much as ULTRA. Just the mere mention of ULTRA with a campaign brings mythical overtones. As the word implies, ULTRA means something beyond or on the other side of moderation. Yet ULTRA was not a weapon system with phenomenal power. It simply was the code-word for the information obtained through communications intelligence during the war. like other forms of intelligence its significance depended on its timeliness, reliability, and appreciation by commanders. As it will be shown in this volume and its companions, the mere possession of ULTRA intelligence would not be a sole factor in deciding any engagement. This was especially true in the Battle of the Atlantic
The invention and subsequent advancements of radio communications at the turn of the century was especially important for the navies of the world. This new technology allowed naval authorities to maintain command and control of their fleets operating in distant locations. However, this new development could be as much a hindrance as a benefit. As early as the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 it was discovered that monitoring the enemy's radio transmissions could provide indications of its intentions.1 Systems of codes and ciphers were developed as a safeguard to disguise the meanings of the radio messages. Thus, by the First World War the majority of the world's navies employed cryptographic systems to protect their communications from disclosure to their adversaries. Likewise, each navy was motivated to break the security measures to gain advance knowledge of the opposition's intentions.
The extensive operations of the world's fleets during the First World War saw increased reliance on radio for control. This increase in usage allowed one's adversary the opportunity to develop intelligence on naval operations. The British had set the standard in the field of communications intelligence in the naval realm. They had developed an elaborate system of radio direction finding and code breaking forming a reliable source of
intelligence on the enemy. This development of communications intelligence enabled the British to monitor German naval radio traffic with considerable success.
The achievements of the British during the First World War were well noticed by the American navy. In a 1931 review of the decrypting activities of other governments the Americans considered the British navy as the standard to follow.2 The British were successful in breaking German naval codes, had top radio security procedures which defeated German efforts of attack, and, above all, possessed the integrity to preserve the secret of their work during the war. Additional attributes included new methods of communicating with operational units without disclosing their location. Also, the British were the first to develop an office for specifically disseminating codes and ciphers, and they had the administrative capacity to maintain fifty-nine active codes simultaneously. By 1937 the American admiration expanded to the area of recruitment and training of personnel.3 The British methods of attracting high quality personnel was chosen for emulation. Thus, in a somewhat distant manner British efforts in communications intelligence inspired the direction of the American effort in the inter-war period.
Prior to addressing the role of communications intelligence in the Battle of the Atlantic, it would be helpful to review its development in the U.S. Navy. The importance of the Atlantic prior to the Second World War was overshadowed by the threat of the Japanese in the Pacific. The suddenness of war in Europe in 1939 caught the American naval communications intelligence organization off guard. Nevertheless, the American naval organization was able to begin world-wide collection, direction finding and evaluation of communications intelligence as intercepts were obtained. The origin of ULTRA as a concept was not of American origin and was not adopted until collaboration with the British during the war.
The code-word ULTRA was of British origin. The word was used to identify the source of intelligence for those who
had access and need to know. By using this identifying caveat the recipients of the intelligence would immediately appreciate the source as highly reliable. Specifically, ULTRA intercepts were decoded Enigma-generated German military and diplomatic messages sent by radio. Yet this special intelligence had a series of code-words for its designation.4 HYDRO was the first code-word associated with this form of intelligence used by the Royal Navy. Throughout the war Winston Churchill preferred to use the code-word BONIFACE as his designated source of communications intelligence instead of the military-inspired terms. The Royal Navy replaced HYDRO with the word HUSH and by mid-1941 adopted ULTRA as the final caveat.5 The increased collaboration between the British and U.S. navies in the field of communications intelligence necessitated complementary security measures.6
The incorporation of security measures for this special intelligence in the U.S.Navy lacked specific guidance. While the U.S. Navy was involved in communications intelligence since the end of the First World War it did not have formal security measures like the British. There was no adoption of caveats to the security classification until June of 1942.7 The June 1942 a Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) directive established that there should not be any mention as to the origin of the intelligence in correspondence and that either the code-word ULTRA or ZEAL should be used at the beginning of a message.
The incorporation of the new security measures failed to be employed as envisaged by the CNO. The American office
responsible for the origin of much of ULTRA intelligence did not always follow the directive. Correspondingly, Admiralty messages to the U.S. did not begin to receive ULTRA designations until late 1942.8 U.S. naval messages to the Admiralty did not receive ULTRA caveats until January 1943.9 This lackluster employment of the security criteria required more attention within the American navy.
In March 1943 the CNO reaffirmed the needs of security and special handling of communications intelligence. The earlier security directive was superseded and the new policy required all material derived from cryptanalytical means to be stamped either as ULTRA or SUPER in addition to the usual security classification.10 Cryptanalytical means was the method used to break the cryptographic security of enemy radio messages. Any hint of this type of work would naturally cause the enemy to change codes and setback the codebreaking efforts. Inner office correspondence by OP-20-G did not adopt the ULTRA caveat until the spring of 1944.11 Once the formalities of classification management were settled, U.S. and British naval correspondence followed similar guidelines.
The U.S. Navy was deeply involved in the field of communications intelligence since the mid-1920's. This effort was under the supervision of the Director of Naval Communications (OP-20) who oversaw all aspects of collection, evaluation, and dissemination of communications intelligence for the U.S. Navy. The office directly responsible was the "Communication Security Section" (OP-20-G).12 As tensions
began to rise during the late 1930's, OP-2D-G was faced with two threats on opposite sides of the globe. The predominant emphasis of cryptanalytical work was directed towards the solution of encrypted Japanese traffic. This reflected the dominance that War Plan ORANGE had in the navy. The technical advances of the Germans in the Atlantic had reduced the efforts of OP-20-G to that of traffic analysis.13 Up to the reorganization of OP-20-G, following the Pearl Harbor attack, communications intelligence in the Atlantic theater received a low priority.
American naval interest with signal intelligence in the Atlantic theater dates from 1918. In October the Navy installed a rotating loop radio direction finder (D/F) at the Naval Radio Station, Bar Harbor, Maine.14 Five other D/F stations were established along the eastern coast shortly afterwards. Originally intended for tracking German U-boats during the First World/War, these stations came too late. With less than thirty days after commissioning the Bar Harbor unit the armistice was signed in 1918. A newly established New York station was in operation in time for use in the location and guidance of American battleships returning from Europe.15 However, these D/F units were relegated to support duties to aid in the navigation of naval and merchant vessels and not for intelligence activity.
Time and the, lack of attention had a degrading effect on the shore based naval radio direction finders. In 1924 the Navy had 52 medium frequency D/F stations in operation on both coasts. By 1941, 22 remained in commission of which only six or seven were in effective operating condition.16 Most of the sites had deteriorated due to poor maintenance, fire, storm damage and other unexplainable acts. In July 1941, the navy formally transferred custody of these original D/F stations to the U.S.Coast Guard.
The development of high frequency direction finding (HF/DF) operations began in the early 1930's. Originally envisaged in 1933 and amended in 1935 the development of strategic HF/DF sites world-wide was proposed.17 Of the eleven chosen locations, four were to be situated on the Atlantic coast.18 Winter Harbor, Maine, received the highest priority of the Atlantic sites and was operational in early 1935. Yet the first American fix on a foreign vessel by HF/DF came from the Cavite site in the Philippines in late July 1936.19 Despite this accomplishment, the reliability of the HF/DF equipment was poor and an extensive development program was initiated to identify an ideal apparatus for naval service. By June 1938 an advanced HF/DF unit had been installed at Winter Harbor. Despite the placement of new equipment at the East Coast locations, the Atlantic HF/DF group would have only the primary mission of "training" and would be manned "intermittently."20 Finally, by July 1939, the new Direction Finder Policy was promulgated and officially established the Strategic Tracking Organization.21
The end of 1940 saw dramatic improvements to the American naval communications intelligence organization. By December OP-20-G had successfully tracked by HF/DF both German submarines and surface raiders in the Atlantic.22 Training of both enlisted and officer personnel was progressing rapidly. Technical innovations were also being rapidly incorporated into communications intelligence efforts. There was also the strengthening of collaboration with the British against adversaries in the field of communications intelligence.
Organization of the Atlantic intercept and HF /DF capabilities received considerable attention in the spring of 1941. In April the British Admiralty supplied the U.S. Navy with one of their latest Marconi Adcock HF/DF sets for test and evaluation.2323 In May it was decided that all remaining Naval Navigational Direction Finder Stations would be transferred to
the U.S. Coast Guard. The transfer of these sites would provide new opportunities for OP-20-G. J, The growth of HF/DF sites required additional OP-20-G personnel. The maneuver with the U.S. Coast Guard helped ease the personnel crunch at OP-20-G. New sites in 1941 included Greenland; Charleston, South Carolina; and Toro Point, Canal Zone. Two additional sites were projected for 1942 at Cabo Rojo, Puerto Rico and another to be located at either Trinidad or Brazil. Additionally, in May, a continuous watch officer for control of the Atlantic Strategic HF/DF net was initiated. By December 1941 the U.S. Navy had a global strategic HF/DF system in place with centralized control. It consisted of three net control stations (Atlantic, Pacific, and West Coast) that controlled 20 HF/DF sites.
Radio interception gradually supplemented HF/DF as a form of communication intelligence. Site selection for interception operations was similar to that for the HF/DF stations. Bar Harbor, Maine was involved in intercept activities as early as November 1931. The station was subsequently relocated across Frenchman Bay at Winter Harbor in early 1935.24 While the primary concentration of its activities had been diplomatic traffic between Europe and Tokyo it was also well situated for other forms of radio interception.
At some point in 1931, interest was taken to intercepting Russian radio traffic. Eight special Underwood typewriters were ordered to be made with Russian (Cyrillic) type-set keys.25 In 1933 Bar Harbor's activities had "been diverted" from its normal diplomatic interests to concentrate on other topics. At the time the Soviets were becoming more active both militarily and diplomatically. They had been experiencing difficulties with the Japanese in the Far East and were engaged in collaboration in naval affairs with the Germans and Italians. In diplomatic affairs the Soviets had begun treaty negotiations with France, Germany, and several other countries.26 The onset of war in Europe in September 1939 brought about a declaration of national emergency in the United States and a new view of priorities. Intercept reorganization came during the first week of September. Winter Harbor was
relegated to HF/DF only. Interception for the Atlantic theater during this time frame fell upon stations at Jupiter, Florida and Cheltenham, Maryland.27 The missions of these shore based stations would change later in the war with Chatham, Massachusetts replacing Cheltenham as the primary interception site.
Interception of radio communications was also accomplished by American naval vessels. As early as February 1937 American naval vessels assisted in the collection of communications intelligence in Europe. The U.S.S. Hatfield (DD 231), under the guidance of the Director of Naval Intelligence, began intercepting communications and forwarding the material to Washington.28 The Hatfield was anchored at La Rochelle-Pallice and was well situated for intercept operations. However, the radio division personnel lacked formal training in this type of operation. The Commanding Officer requested further guidance in June to ensure proper methods were being employed in the collection effort.29 The Director of Naval Communications responded by establishing the priorities of interception and the required formats of future reports.30 The Hatfield established the standard for European communications intelligence collection that would be followed by others.
The European Squadron, Squadron 40-T, had been in operation since September 1936.31 Both the Director of Naval Communications and the Director of Naval Intelligence appreciated the significance of this new source of intelligence.
The prospective flagship for Squadron 40-T, USS Raleigh (CL 7), was given copies of the work of the USS Hatfield and the guidance furnished by OP-20-G.32 The original purpose of the squadron was to evacuate Americans during the Spanish Civil War. The close proximity of an intercept unit in Europe would ensure more accurate reception of local naval radio communications.
An intercept unit was established with Squadron 40-T with the permission of the Commander, European Squadron.33 The unit and its four radio specialists were established on board the USS Omaha (CL 4) and was designated as Station F by OP-20-G. Operations of Station F commenced on 12 December 1938 with the primary coverage was of German and Italian naval communications.34 The Omaha departed for the Mediterranean in late April 1939 and that Station F would increase the amount of information available on German radio procedures and schedules. Coincidentally, the German naval fleet was deployed to the same area as the European Squadron.
The progress of Station F was steadily increasing but its future was in question. In May 1939 it was decided to let the station exist for one more year. As a result, when the Omaha was relieved by the USS Trenton (CL 11) on 19 June 1939 Station F accompanied the Flag staff. Radio intercept coverage resumed on 10 July aboard the new flagship. The monitoring of German communications had documented the routine procedures and practices of the naval traffic. An abrupt change in the routine was noticed on 28 August 1939, two days prior to the invasion of Poland.35 It was observed that the format of messages changed, transmitter power increased, and a noticeable restriction was enforced on radio procedures. All of the intercepted traffic of Station F was forwarded to Washington for evaluation.
The opening of hostilities in Europe had a dramatic impact on American communications intelligence. By 24 October 1939 it was acknowledged that the Atlantic area had been neglected. OP-20-G declared that the Atlantic Ocean and
the East Coast would now be considered the number one priority.36 Commander Laurance F. Safford, then head of OP-20-G, speculated that Japan might even become a U.S. ally in the oncoming war.37 However,his view would be short lived and not shared by other officers. An American communications intelligence officer in the Pacific observed, in the spring of 1940, that the Japanese had been operating without any fear of opposition at sea.38
Interest by American communications intelligence in the Atlantic and European areas continued to mount. The first indicated liaison of American and British communications intelligence personnel came in the spring of 1940. Two American naval representatives visited the British HF/DF station on the island of Bermuda.39 They had observed British operations, net procedures and the employment of fixed antenna equipment.
A formal, and highly secret, agreement concerning naval communications had been made between the British and American governments in 1937.40 The agreement had been made at the instigation of the British Admiralty and was so secret that only one American officer active duty was aware of its existence. Three hundred fifty copies of a publication covering the complete description of the American communications organizations and procedures were held in the Europe.41 In the event of war the American naval communications representative, would provide the publications to the British.
In October 1940, the Special Naval Observer (SPECNAVO), London, was approached by an Admiralty representative concerning further collaboration in communications
intelligence.42 The British provided information concerning positions, frequency coverage, control stations, and linkages of these stations with the Admiralty. The British requested that the Americans reciprocate the exchange of information. This request was granted and similar information on American communications intelligence activities was sent to London on 20 November.43
Afloat communications intelligence continued to contribute to the European effort. The transfer of Station F was accomplished once more with the arrival of the new commander and his flagship, the USS Omaha. In fact, the new commander of the squadron, Rear Admiral Charles E. Courtney, recently relieved as Director of Naval Communications (OP-20) and aware of the importance of Station F. The transfer of Station F occurred after 5 July 1940 and returned to its collection duties. Primary coverage would now center on Italian naval circuits in the Mediterranean. The ensuing naval battles throughout the summer were covered by Station F and relayed on to Washington. Early in October 1940 Squadron 40T was recalled from duty in Europe due to the increased risk of conflict with the belligerents
The need for more accurate communications intelligence in Europe was being felt by OP-20-G. Previously, the majority of intelligence gained from communications had come from HF/DF and traffic analysis. The rapid growth of intercepts of European messages allowed the Americans to begin a dedicated attack on decrypting this traffic.44 The incorporation of attacking European generated intelligence into OP-20-G seems to have begun around July 1940. A two-person European branch was added to the cryptanalytical section.45
The interest in European traffic intensified by October 1940. Losses of merchant shipping to U-boats reached a new high in October. The continued reliance of radio communications by the U-boats represented a weakness that
could be exploited. The communications intelligence situation was made worse when the Japanese made drastic changes to their main naval cipher systems in December.46 OP-20-G had no immediate solution to the Japanese changes and recovery was not near. At the time there were only five officers and two civilians working in the cryptanalytical section.47 The threat from the V-boats seemed to be increasing as the months passed. Thus, OP-20-G was forced to address European cipher system. Work was divided up in the office with the hope that a break would be possible.
Two separate sections for attacking European traffic were created.48 The first, headed by Agnes Driscoll centered on German naval systems. The second, headed by Lieutenant Lee W. Parke, concentrated on Italian naval systems. There was some prior work on German systems, but it was of no avail. Commander Safford hoped that the employment of Mrs. Driscoll in the effort would produce favorable results.49
In early 1941 the collaboration between American and British navies intensified. In January the United States decided to give the British one of the PURPLE machines for breaking Japanese diplomatic message traffic. The machine was escorted by four military officers; two were from OP-20-G.50 The Americans hoped the British would reciprocate the offer by giving a copy of the German ENIGMA machine cipher. Instead the British exhibited their efforts against the ENIGMA and presented them with all the keys that had been recovered and
a paper analog of the cipher.51 The American mission also was given a copy of the latest British HF/DF unit for evaluation.52
The American contingent returned and applied what they had learned from the British to their work against the European ciphers. However, the work was time consuming and showing little progress. Further collaboration continued on the only truly dependable intelligence resource available at the time: HF/DF. By July the reproduction of British codes and ciphers for HF /DF reporting was being carried out for joint use.53
In the spring of 1941 sought to improve the interception effort with the Atlantic sites. In March direct commercial teletype service was authorized for the Winter Harbor and Amagansett radio intercept facilities.54 This development allowed the stations to forward intercepts immediately to Washington upon receipt. While the primary emphasis was on Japanese diplomatic traffic other "messages of unusual nature appearing to be of sufficient importance to warrant attention" would also be forwarded.55 The result was improving coverage of radio circuits and minimizing delays in getting the intercepts to the cryptanalysts.
Establishment of coverage by the radio intercept stations was promulgated in the fall of 1941. Atlantic stations served as four of the five major intercept facilities on the continental United States.56 The primary and secondary missions of the Atlantic stations were:
Station Primary57 Secondary W (Winter Harbor) Italian Naval Axis Diplomatic M (Cheltenham) German Naval Axis Diplomatic G (Amagansett) Diplomatic None J (Jupiter) Diplomatic None
Atlantic Strategic HF/DF Net by December 1941
Within two months of the Pearl Harbor attack the first major reorganization of the Code and Signal section of the U.S. Navy was made since its beginning in First World War. What followed was the complete detachment of communications intelligence and communications security from one another.58 It was determined, following a comprehensive study by Commander Joseph N. Wenger, assigned to the war plans section of OP-20-G, that a more centralized and highly coordinated control authority be established for communications intelligence.59 An additional emphasis on increased communications was stressed for information correlation and interpretation. The proposals of Wenger were accepted and adopted following a reorganization conference with the Director of Naval Communications, Admiral Leigh Noyes. 'The reorganizations' was as follows:
Office Mission Officer in Charge OP-20-G Communication Intel Cryptanalytical Cdr. J. N. Wenger OP-20-K Communication Intel Combat LCdr. L. W. Parke OP-20-Q Cryptography Capt. L. F. Safford OP-20-U Security Section LCdr. R. L. Densford
By 24 June 1942 OP-20-G had evolved into an efficient and well organized office. When a break finally came with the German ciphers in December 1942 a further reorganization took place within OP-20-G.60 The need existed for a separate division for handling intelligence acquired on the Pacific and Atlantic theaters.
The creation of the "Atlantic Section" within OP-20-G did not develop until January 1943.61 Prior to this Atlantic communications intelligence correlation was conducted by the office primarily concerned with Pacific theater matters. It is known that the Atlantic Section was functioning well prior to
the TORCH landings in North Africa in November 1942.62 A small section was established in early 1942, but the increase of traffic overwhelmed the limited staff. Two officers from the Pacific Section of OP-20-G were reassigned to the Atlantic section to assume watch over non-German Atlantic activities.63 Due to the delays, involved in processing the intercepts, the Atlantic Section was not a key element in direct support for the TORCH landings. Nevertheless, the experience obtained aided in the clarification of organizing the office to support current operations.
While the need existed for proper correlation of Atlantic communications intelligence the development of such a unit was slow in going. The initial head of the informal Atlantic Section was Lieutenant Willard "Van" O. Quine in the fall of 1942. The Atlantic Section, formally known as OP-20-GI-2, was officially established when its designated officer in charge, Lieutenant Commander Bernard F. Roeder, assumed his duties after returning from the Pacific in January 1943. From that point on, the Atlantic Section served as the correlation and dissemination branch for all Atlantic related communications intelligence.
List of Abbreviations
A/C Aircraft A/S Anti-submarine ASDIC Underwater sound location device BAMS Broadcasts for Allied Merchant Ships CBM Cubic meter CINCCNA Commander in Chief, Canadian Northwest Atlantic CINCWA Commander in Chief, Western Approaches CESF Commander, Eastern Sea Frontier CMSF Commander, Moroccan Sea Frontier CNO Chief of Naval Operations COMINCH Commander in Chief COMNAVEU Commander, Naval Forces Europe CRT Cathode Ray Tube, television screen CSP Code and Signal Publication CVE Escort aircraft carrier D/D Destroyer D/F Direction Finding FOIC Flag Officer in Charge GAF German Air Force GC&CS Government Code and Cypher School GNA German Naval Attache GNAT German Naval Acoustic Torpedo GSR German Search Receiver H/F High Frequency JNA Japanese Naval Attache KCS Kilocycles MCS Megacycles M/F Medium Frequency MPA German naval D/F divisions MPHS German naval D/F main stations M/V Merchant Vessel NEMO American code name for captured U-505 NOIC Naval Officer in Charge ONI Office of Naval Intelligence RAF Royal Air Force RIP Radio Intelligence Publication RFP Radio Finger Printing R/V Rendezvous SIS Italian Naval Communications Intel Organization SKL German Naval High Command SPECNAVO Special Naval Observer TINA Radio Transmission Characteristics Intel T-V Zaunkonig acoustic torpedo U/B U-boat VL/F Very Low Frequency WW German Weather Messages
Table of Contents ** Next Chapter (1)
1. Mario de Arcangelis, Electronic Warfare: From the Battle of Tsushima to the Falklands and Lebanon Conflicts (Dorset, England: Blandford Press, 1985), 11-12.
2. Records of the National Security Agency, J. S. Holtwick, Jr., "Naval Security Group History to World War II: Appendices," SRH-355, Part 2, 22-28, National Archives, Washington DC, Record Group 457, (hereafter cited as NSA, RG 457, with filing designations).
3. Ibid., 264-66.
4. Warren F. Kimball, ed. Churchill & Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence, Volume I, Alliance Emerging. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), 214-15.
5. Ibid.; Patrick Beesly, Very Special Intelligence. (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co., 1978), 105. HUSH seems to have prevailed longer in the US. This may be due to the somewhat sluggish collaboration effort. Examples of "HUSH Secret" can be seen in US documents in 1943.
6. For more information on the cooperation between the two navies in communications intelligence, see Bradly F. Smith, The Ultra-Magic Deals and the Most Secret Special Relationship (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1993.)
7. Records of the Secretary of the Navy/Chief of Naval Operations (Secret-Confidential), Admiral King letter to Commander in Chief, US Atlantic and Pacific Fleets and Commander Southwest Pacific Force, Folder A6-2/A8, Box 287 (A6-2--A6-2(12)), National Archives, Washington DC, Record Group 80 (hereafter cited as SECNAV/CNO (SC), RG 80, with filing designations).
8. NSA, RG 457, SRH-236, Part 1, "US Navy Submarine Warfare Message Reports: Admiralty to COMINCH 24 May 1942-31 December 1942," 215.
9. NSA, RG 457, SRH-208, "US Navy Submarine Warfare Message Reports: COMINCH to Admiralty 3 June 1942-31 May 1943," 37.
10. NSA, RG 457, SRMN-018, "US Navy (OP-20-G) West Coast Communications Intelligence Activities, Policies and Procedures 20 June 1942-26 December 1943," 7.
11. Apparently the US Navy did not begin classifying its documents "ULTRA Top Secret" until April 1944. "Top Secret" as a security classification was not employed in the US until March 1944. See NSA, RG 457, SRMN-054, Part 1, "OP-20-GI Special Studies relating to U-boat Activities 1943-1945," 95-108.
12. Designations for OP-20-G were:
From To Title October 1917 March 1935 Code and Signal Section March 1935 March 1939 Communication Security Group March 1939 October 1939 Radio Intelligence Section October 1939 February 1942 Communication Security Section February 1942 July 1946 Communication Intelligence Section
13. NSA, RG 457, SRH-264, Joseph N. Wenger, "A Lecture on Communications Intelligence," 14 August 1946, 12.
14. NSA, RG 457, SRH-355, Part 1, 77.
15. Ibid., 77n.; L S Howeth, History of Communications-Electronics in the United States Navy. (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1963), 265.
16. NSA, RG 457, SRH-355, Part 1, 79.
17. Ibid., 174.
18. These were to be Winter Harbor, Maine; Jupiter, Florida; Cheltenham, Maryland; and either Puerto Rico or the Virgin Islands.
19. NSA, RG 457, SRH-355, Part 1, 186-87.
20. Ibid., 303.
21. Ibid., 333-35.
22. Ibid., 409.
23. Ibid., 424.
24. Ibid., 124, 139.
25. Ibid., 100. Two were initially ordered in 1931 and another six in 1933.
26. John Erickson, The Soviet High Command: A Military-Political History 1918-1941. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984), 332-33.
27. NSA, RG 457, SRH-355, Part 1, 337.
28. Records of the Office of Naval Intelligence (1929-1942), Commanding Officer (DD-231) letter to Chief of Naval Operations (Director of Naval Intelligence), DD-231/A8(C-17), dated 1 March 1937, Folder A6-1/EF, Box 124 (A6-1/EF13--A6-2/EF13), National Archives, Washington DC, Record Group 38, (hereafter cited as ONI, RG 38, with filing designations).
29. ONI, RG 38, Commanding Officer (DD-231) letter to Chief of Naval Operations (Director of Naval Intelligence), DD-231/A8(C-187), dated 8 June 1937, Folder A6-1/EF, Box 124 (A6-1/EF13--A6-2/EF13).
30. The primary target was German naval communications and a secondary target was Italian naval communications. See ONI, RG 38, Director of Naval Communications letter to Director of Naval Intelligence, OP-20-GX (SC)A6-2/A8, serial 2815, dated 23 June 1937, Folder A6-1/EF, Box 124 (A6-1/EF13--A6-2/EF13).
31. Samuel Eliot Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Volume 1, The Battle of the Atlantic, 1939-1943. (Boston: Little, Brown, and Co., 1964), 16.
32. ONI, RG 38, Chief of Naval Operations letter to Commander Squadron 40-T (USS Raleigh), OP-16-B12, A6-1/EF(6-23), serial 1733, dated 13 July 1937, Folder A6-1/EF, Box 124 (A6-1/EF13--A6-2/EF13).
33. NSA, RG 457, SRH-355, Part 1, 310.
34. Ibid., 327.
35. Ibid., 338.
36. Ibid., 343.
38. Ibid., 356.
39. Ibid., 368. These were Lieutenant (Junior Grade) J M Leitwiler and Chief Radioman H. Kidder.
40. SECNAV/CNO (SC), RG 80, OP-20-G letter to Director of Naval Intelligence, serial 040620, dated 16 January 1940, Folder A6--A6/A1-1(Oct 40), Box 223 (A4-3/QSI-A6-2).
41. One hundred fifty copies were kept with the Naval Attache in London and 200 copies were kept with the Commander, European Squadron.
42. SECNAV/CNO (SC), RG 80, SPECNAVO, London letter to CNO, serial 31 dated 17 October 1940, Folder A8-3/EF13 (Sep-Oct 40), Box 230 (A8-3-A8-3/EF13).
43. SECNAV/CNO (SC), RG 80, Director of Naval Communications letter to Director of Naval Intelligence, serial 084720, dated 20 November 1940, Folder A8-3/EF13 (Sep-Oct 40), Box 230 (A8-3-A8-3/EF13).
44. The higher the volume of messages of a particular code or cipher system the greater the likelihood of breaking that system.
45. NSA, RG 457, SRH-355, Part 1, 375-76.
46. Edwin T. Layton, "And I was there" (New York: William Morrow and Co., 1985), 78.
47. Ibid. At the time of the Japanese change the office had to attack the German ENIGMA. The Japanese Naval Attache machine cipher, continued work on JN-25 operational code, and also provide assistance to the Army with its attack on the Japanese diplomatic code.
48. NSA, RG 457, SRH-355, Part 1, 400.
49. Agnes Driscoll was most noted for her work on Japanese code and cipher systems. She had been working on the JN-25 code since November 1939. Once assigned to the German section she had no further involvement with Japanese systems. Editor's interview with Albert J. Pelletier on 16 March 1994.
50. In addition to escorting the PURPLE machine the naval officers had an additional mission. They were to observe, in detail, the British HF/DF organization and equipment. This had been by the direction of Commander Safford. Upon the officers' return to American only Safford was briefed about the British HF/DF efforts. Editor's interview with Robert Weeks on 28 February 1994.
51. Editor's interview with Prescott H. Currier on 10 February 1994; David Kahn, Seizing the Enigma: The Race to Break the German U-boat Codes, 1939-1943 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1991), 235-37.
52. Smith, 58.
53. NSA, RG 457, SRH-355, Part 1, 430.
54. Ibid., 410.
55. Ibid., 421.
56. Ibid., 430.
57. Stations G and J were covering only the Rome, Berlin, Tokyo circuits transmitting to each other and to South American capitals.
58. NSA, RG 457, SRH-279, "Communications Intelligence Organization 1942-1946," 1-2. The new sections were designated OP-20-G and OP-20-Q respectively.
59. Ibid., 4-14; NSA, RG 457, SRH-403, "Selections from the Cryptologic Papers Collection of Rear Admiral J N Wenger, USN," 4; NSA, RG 457, SRH-355, Part 1, 461.
60. NSA, RG 457, SRH-355, Part 1, 463.
61. The OP-20-G "Atlantic Section" should not be confused with the COMINCH "Atlantic Section" which was the primary consumer of OP-20-G-A's efforts.
62. Jeffrey K. Bray, ed., Ultra in the Atlantic, Volume VI, Appendices. (Laguna Hills, CA: Aegean Park Press, forthcoming), Appendix 17.
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Early Stage Cancer of the Throat
Early stage cancers of the throat are small, localized, and highly curable when treated with surgery and/or radiation therapy. Early stage disease includes stage I, II, and some stage III cancers. Stage I cancer is no more than 2 centimeters in size (about 1 inch) and has not spread to lymph nodes in the area. Stage II cancer is more than 2 centimeters, but less than 4 centimeters (less than 2 inches) and has not spread to lymph nodes in the area. Stage III cancer can be considered “early” if it is small and involves only a single lymph node, which can be surgically removed or treated with radiation with a high probability of cure.
The following is a general overview of treatment for early stage cancer of the throat. Treatment may consist of surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, biological therapy or a combination of these treatment techniques. Multi-modality treatment, which is treatment using two or more techniques, may be the most promising approach for increasing a patient’s chance of cure or prolonging a patient’s survival. However, circumstances unique to each patient’s situation may influence how these general treatment principles are applied and whether the patient decides to receive treatment. The potential benefits of receiving treatment must be carefully balanced with the potential risks. The information on this website is intended to help educate patients about their treatment options and to facilitate a mutual or shared decision-making process with their treating cancer physician.
Treatment of throat cancer is multi-modality in nature. Because the throat is involved in talking, swallowing, and breathing, the type of treatment is selected to minimized impact on these important functions. Furthermore, treatment may be dictated by how it affects a patient’s appearance, and thus, quality of life.
Surgery: The most common treatment of early stage cancer of the throat is surgery, which results in cure for over 80% of patients. In some cases, patients are unable to tolerate surgery or surgery results in significant functional defects, including difficulty in talking or swallowing.
Radiation therapy: Radiation therapy has been shown to produce similar results to that of surgery. The results of one clinical study involving 400 patients with cancer of the tonsil indicated that the use of radiation therapy alone or with surgery to remove only cancerous lymph nodes afforded cure rates as good as those typically achieved with more extensive surgery but with less severe complications. In this study, 100% of patients with stage I disease and 86% of patients with stage II disease survived 5 years after completion of treatment. Control of the cancer in the tonsil area was achieved in more than 80% of patients with stage I and II disease.
In another study, 96% of 57 patients with stage I cancer of the throat treated with radiation were alive 10 years after treatment. Researchers from MD Anderson Cancer Center have also repeated the results of a clinical study evaluating 150 patients with previously untreated squamous cell carcinomas of the tonsils receiving radiation therapy. Irradiation delivered to both sides of the neck (bilateral) was routine in all patients. With a minimum follow-up of 2 years after irradiation, 94% of patients with stage I disease and 79% with stage II reported no recurrence at the site of origin.
Radiation and Surgery: Combined radiation and surgery is usually reserved for larger cancers of the throat. However, this approach may also be used to treat patients who have cancer detected in the margins of the removed tissue or who have only a narrow margin of normal tissue remaining after surgical removal of the cancer.
Treatment of the Lymph Nodes in the Neck
One of the controversies in treatment of early stage cancer of the throat is whether or not to routinely treat the lymph nodes in the neck with surgery and radiation therapy. If left untreated, cancers of the throat ultimately spread throughout the lymph system in the neck. Untreated cancer that has spread to lymph nodes is responsible for cancer recurrence. Thus, identifying whether cancer is present in the lymph nodes in the neck is important for preventing recurrence. Currently, surgical removal of the lymph nodes in the neck is the best way to determine whether cancer is present.
Evaluation of the lymph nodes in the neck consists of surgically removing a majority of lymph nodes on the side of the neck where the cancer is present and is referred to as a “radical lymph node dissection”. A modified radical neck dissection, which is associated with less cosmetic and functional complications than radical neck dissection, is used for elective lymph node dissection in patients without clinical evidence of cancer spread. When positive lymph nodes are identified, patients are usually treated with radiation therapy to the neck. If the lymph node evaluation reveals no evidence of cancer, no further therapy after lymph node dissection is recommended.
At this time, clinical studies have not convincingly demonstrated improved survival for patients with early stage throat cancer subjected to elective lymph node removal compared to close observation and treatment of recurrence with surgery or radiation therapy. The main benefits of lymph node removal appear to be accurate staging and potentially more effective treatment for those with spread of cancer.
Strategies to Improve Treatment
The development of more effective cancer treatments requires that new and innovative therapies be evaluated with cancer patients. Clinical trials are studies that evaluate the effectiveness of new drugs or treatment strategies. Future progress in the treatment of early stage cancer of the throat will result from the continued evaluation of new treatments in clinical trials. Participation in a clinical trial may offer patients access to better treatments and advance the existing knowledge about treatment of this cancer. Patients who are interested in participating in a clinical trial should discuss the risks and benefits of clinical trials with their physician. Areas of active exploration to improve the treatment of early stage cancer of the throat include the following:
Mohs Micrographic Surgery: The usual method of surgery is to remove all the visible cancer with a “safe” margin, usually one to two inches, of tissue that is presumed to be normal. In many areas of the body this creates large defects that have to be corrected with skin grafts. In the Mohs micrographic technique, an attempt is made to remove only cancerous tissue and spare as much normal tissue as possible.
Mohs micrographic surgery is performed under local anesthesia in an outpatient surgical unit. The clinically identifiable tumor is tattooed and the area of cancer is infiltrated with local anesthetic. All visible cancer is completely removed using aggressive curettage (scraping). Removal of cancer with 2-3 mm margins is carried out and the frozen sections of the superficial and deep margins of the surgical specimen are carefully examined. If examination of the tissue from the first Mohs surgical stage reveals cancerous involvement of the margin, then an additional tissue specimen is removed from the appropriately mapped area, and the process is repeated until cancer free margins are achieved.
Although this technique has been used for over 50 years, there is still debate regarding its relative merits over conventional surgery. Conventional surgery usually requires large initial margins with later examination under the microscope. For patients who have cancers in vital areas, removal of “safe” wide margins of normal tissue could result in disfigurement.
Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy: An alternative to radical lymph node dissection is sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB). This technique involves removal of only the primary lymph node that drains the affected area, called the sentinel lymph node. In a SLNB, a radiolabeled dye is injected into the tissue near the cancer and allowed to drain into the lymph nodes. The sentinel lymph node is the first node that the dye reaches. Surgery is then performed to remove this lymph node, which is then examined under a microscope to determine if any cancer exists.
One study conducted in Germany suggests that SLNB may be suited for ear, nose, and throat cancers. SLNB was conduced in nine male patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. In 7 out of 9 patients, detection of the sentinel lymph node was successful. On examination of the sentinel lymph node under a microscope, cancer cells were found in 5 patients. The technique is still in development to resolve problems such as the short distance between the primary injection site and the lymph nodes and the influence of the cancer on uptake of the radiolabeled dye.
Photodynamic Therapy: In photodynamic therapy, light from a laser enhanced by photosensitizing agents, can kill cancer cells without damage to normal cells. The basic technique is over 50 years old but the past 5 years have seen the development of reliable, portable lasers and better photosensitizing agents. These advances have made the technique quick, effective, and relatively free from side-effects. For patients with head and neck cancer, functional outcomes with photodynamic therapy are probably better than surgery and radiation therapy. However, there is inadequate long-term survival data at this time.
The outcomes and survival rates of two clinical studies with photodynamic therapy compare favorably with published survival rates for surgery and/or radiotherapy for similar patients, though no comparative studies have been performed. In these studies, photodynamic therapy with temoporfin (Foscan) completely cleared cancers at 12 weeks in 83% of 115 patients with primary head and neck cancers. The one-year survival rate was 87%. This approach was also successful for 50% of 96 patients with recurrent or second primary cancers with a one year survival of 65%.
An advantage of photodynamic therapy is that it can usually be given to outpatients under local anesthesia. Patients receive intravenous temoporfin, followed 4 days later by brief laser illumination of the cancer site. About 10% of some 1000 patients treated worldwide had photosensitivity reactions – mostly only mild erythema. Photosensitivity takes 2–3 weeks to resolve, during which time patients must avoid bright light. There was also significant post-treatment pain, which can require pain medication with opiates.
Photodynamic treatment may also be of palliative benefit in more than 50% of patients with incurable head and neck cancers with complete local cancer control. | <urn:uuid:351982fe-f3ad-4fa4-a03b-0c1612e41967> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.texasoncology.com/types-of-cancer/head-and-neck-cancers/throat-cancer/treatment-of-early-stage-cancer-of-the-throat/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396029.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00023-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95315 | 2,055 | 3.109375 | 3 |
Until the early 1980s, most garments designed for Western women were created in reaction to the body. Whether emphasizing and exaggerating a curvaceous form, as in the New Look, or minimizing curves to create a willowy 1960s silhouette, Western fashion consistently promoted an idealized, though shifting, view of the female body. This relationship between clothing and the body began to change in the early 1980s when a small group of Japanese designers introduced new ideas about the body to Western fashion. Rather than working around the body to create garments that accentuated specific physical characteristics, Issey Miyake, Rei Kawakubo and Yohji Yamamoto used the body as a canvas to explore and highlight the garment itself. Though all three designers have directly stated that they'd prefer not to be grouped together, their work shared certain characteristics. Chief among these was a view of the body as somewhat secondary to the garments themselves. In the early 1980s, these designers used the body primarily as a vehicle for the display of oversized, untailored garments crafted from squarish cuts of dark-colored fabric. The loose fit usually demphasized physical characteristics like breasts and hips. These garments frequently utilized new fabric technologies and featured elements of deconstruction.
Paradoxically, Issey Miyake has also demonstrated a consistent interest in pleats, one of the elements of classical Western dress. In 1993, Miyake introduced Pleats Please, a line of garments featuring irregular, extremely narrow, heat-set pleats. In the Pleats Please line, garment shapes are intended to interact with the body, but usually have little relationship with the actual human form. This dress, with its extended back, is a good example of this philosophy. The pair of pleated silk Issey Miyake pants seen below are an earlier experiment in pleating, featuring soft pleats that loosely mimic the shape of the body.
Miyake's work has had a clear trajectory, moving from softer garment shapes made from natural fibers to rigid structural forms created from processed, synthetic fibers. In the soft shape of these pants, it's possible to see a foreshadowing of Miyake's later work with Pleats Please. In these pants, the pleats are created through the process of construction. Because it is impossible to create permanent pleats in silk fiber, if all the seams were undone these pants would unfurl to a flat plane of fabric. Miyake's later, heat-set pleats are impossible to undo, imposed on the synthetic fibers through an industrial process.
Despite their softness and relaxed silhouette, the inverted-V silhouette of these pleated pants and their shiny surface suggest an insect or sea creature. The resemblence to a protective shell indicates Miyake's interest in housing the body, rather than showcasing its form. This conception of clothing is an acknowledgement of its most basic function, that of protection from the elements. In the midst of garments bearing needless (though often aesthetically pleasing!) embellishment and decoration, Miyake's return to basics is perhaps the most avant-garde stance possible. | <urn:uuid:7a5df8c0-3c63-403e-a7cf-5b5c6d4ee880> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://blog.fidmmuseum.org/museum/2010/10/issey-miyakes-early-pleats.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.18/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00021-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.951198 | 624 | 2.75 | 3 |
So, from what part of France did the majority of
the early settlers of Acadia originate?
Good question. Since Charles Menou d'Aulnay
was in charge of Acadia during the 1640's ... when many of the early Acadian
settlers arrived, it is thought that they were recruited by his men. Since
d'Aulnay's family owned property south of Loudun in France (see Poitou map, right), it has long
been assumed that the colonists were common folk from near his home. The
exact origins have been the subject of several studies.
LaTour was also known to have brought workers
to Acadia. Except for LaTour, the earliest Acadian names probably
date back to Razilly's group in 1632 ... though we don't have a list.
Since Mathieu Martin was considered the first born in Acadia (1636), the
business of settling down and raising a family might not have really begun
until after Razilly's death in 1635.
Church at La Chaussee
|| One of the most famous is Genevieve Massignon's
work, Les Parlers Français D'Acadie. In this
work (done in French), she seeks to establish Acadian origins based on
linguistics. She makes the argument that many of the Acadians come from
the Poitou region, south of Loudun. To put it simply, the words that
the Acadians used were found to be in the Poitou area of France at the
time. She also found a number of records in that area that bore surnames
found in early Acadia. Some of the villages in the area include Martaize,
Aulnay, and La Chaussee.
Another work is Les
Origines Francaises des Premieres Familles Acadiennes by Nicole
T. Bujold & Maurice Caillebeau. Also in French, it looks into the possible
origin of the Acadians. This work also identifies Loudunais as the source
for a number of the Acadians. Maurice's son Philippe has a website on the subject. I believe that the Centre d'etudes acadiennes plans
to do some research on Acadian origins as one of their future projects.
Benjamin Sulte, in “Origin of the French
Canadians” (1906), p. 99, says that their the Acadian dialect would place
their origin around the Bay of Biscay and at the mouth of the Loire River.
Massignon (in Les Parlers Francais) suggests that they came
from the Loudunais area in NE Poitou (northern section of today’s Vienne
Another idea of the origins of the Acadians has
recently been presented by Michel Poirier. He says that they might
have come from Baie de Bourgneuf (about 40 km W of Nantes). His ideas
are presented (in French) at the St. Pierre & Miquelon website.
Some details that he cites to support his theory include:
- the location of the monastery of the Assumption
(on the island Chauvet), which was regularly attended by Richelieu and
was the property of his brother, Alphonse.
- Port-Royal and the church of St Jean-Baptiste
- salt-water marshes in the area were drained ...
much like the dyke system utilized in Acadia
- it was a zone surrounded by Protestants and enclosing
| Of the
pre-1632 Acadians, the only one that seems to have left descendants in
the area is LaTour. Over the years, people from other countries made
a home in Acadia. Some, such as the Grangers, may have come with the English.
We don't know exactly how most of them arrived, due to the lack of ship
lists. The core of the settlers in the 1650s may have come from
Razilly’s 1632 group, who were mainly from Britanny and Touraine. [Lauvriere, La Tragedie, 1, 63]. In addition,
both d'Aulnay and LaTour had also brought people to Acadia from 1635 to
Scottish names may be Peselet (from Paisley),
Coleson, Caissy (from Casey), Pitre (from Peters), and Melanson (Lauvriere, La
Tragedie, 1, p. 63). Current scholars say that perhaps only
Caissy was English (actually Irish). [Clark, p. 101]
that has been surrounded by confusion has been the Melancon/Melanson family.
Melancon is an English name, so early researchers believe they were English
or Scottish. Further research has found that the Acadian Melancons
were sons of Pierre La Verdure. He married Priscilla Mellanson around
1630 in England or Scotland. He and his family arrived in Acadia
with Sir Thomas Temple on the Satisfaction in 1657.
One son is thought to have stayed in New England. One son, Pierre,
a stonemason, was born in 1632 and married Marguerite Mius d'Entremont
around 1664 in Port Royal. One son, Charles, was born in 1642 and
married Marie Dugas in 1663 at Port Royal. The Melancons were some
of the first settlers of the Grand Pre region.
name is English (or Scottish), it is now thought that their father was
a French Huguenot. The 2 Melancons who settled in Acadia took their
mother's surname. Check out Mike
Melanson's website for more information on the Melancons. NOTE: Archaeologists in Nova Scotia having been working on excavating the
Melanson Settlement in recent years.
It is now a national historic site.
below lists some of the other surnames and their nationalities.
acadiens by Stephen White | <urn:uuid:3ea6d76b-a9d3-4792-b2f1-533db6464295> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.acadian-cajun.com/colorig.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395546.12/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00157-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954308 | 1,278 | 2.921875 | 3 |
Strain Gauge Mechanics
I have some strain gauge calculations to complete to produce a mohr-coloumn circle for rock mechanics, but I seem to be missing a trick with completing the initial calculations.
To be honest, the application probably doesn't matter as the bit I'm stuck on is more a rearrangement of equations.
Q is the radius of the circle which is what I am trying to find, along with E1 and E2 to produce the circle.
The example I have runs through as follows:
Q.Cos 2θ = -363
Q.Sin 2θ = -90.64
Q2 = Q2.Sin2 2θ+ Q2Cos2 2θ = 131769+8215.61
Q = 374.15
The 2's in green are to represent squared symbols as I can't produce an elevated 2 in the message composition box.
I have calculated Q.Cos 2θ and Q.Sin 2θ for my problem, but can't figure out how to get Q2.Sin2 2θ+ Q2Cos2 2θ as eveything is squared apart from 2θ. Am I missing something obvious?!
All help would be greatly appreciated.
I found a way of solving the above using the following, but I still don't get how the example sorts things through.
tan2θ = 0.249
2θ = tan-1 0.249 = 13.98
θ = 7
Q.cos13.98 = -363
Q.0.970 = -363 | <urn:uuid:e22d29b0-b689-4ab2-aeb0-5f2b5d2bab4c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://mathhelpforum.com/advanced-applied-math/53818-strain-gauge-mechanics-print.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395992.75/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00103-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948324 | 336 | 2.703125 | 3 |
Wired News in an article brings attention to the insecurity of some of the new technologies online. “VOIP and Ajax -- are dangerously insecure, and likely to only get worse as they become more prevalent, according to security researchers presenting their findings at the ToorCon security conference.”
"Voice over internet protocol is going mainstream, available to consumers and increasingly replacing the private phone systems in businesses of all sizes. Like the traditional phone, a VOIP call is broken into two parts, or channels. The first is signaling, which negotiates things like when to start and stop a call, what to do if another call comes in, and what to do if something about the call changes. The second part is media, the bit where we talk. In most VOIP systems neither of these channels is actually encrypted."
"According to Dustin Trammell, VOIP security researcher at Tipping Point, this leaves most VOIP calls vulnerable. Calls can be hijacked without either party's knowledge anywhere along the route over the net that connects the call, and nearly all VOIP systems can fall victim to signal-channel attacks that can fake caller ID, degrade call quality, end calls suddenly, and crash the end device -- either your VOIP phone or computer. Internet telephony can even fall victim to denial-of-service attacks that flood a phone with fake requests to start a call, rendering it useless."
Read the full Wired News article on VOIP and AJAX security issues. | <urn:uuid:48029313-c782-4b30-8323-d374589c6034> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/cyb/newslog/New+Technologies+VOIP+And+AJAX+Highly+Insecure.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783396222.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154956-00139-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.925508 | 301 | 2.640625 | 3 |
( Originally Published 1917 )
Migration seems to be a general instinct in the animal world, developed when a species becomes enormously abundant. At such times this instinct apparently over-comes all others and the creatures move on regardless of obstacles and conditions that may mean certain death to the vast majority. Such migrations among mammals have often been recorded, one of the most notable examples being that of the little lemmings which migrate at periodical intervals in a way which has often been described. Among the insects such migrations have been frequently noticed, and the phenomenon has apparently been observed oftener among the butterflies than in any other group. Entomological literature during the last hundred years contains a great many records of enormous flights of butterflies over long distances, extending even from Africa into Europe or from one part of America to another far remote. As such migration is likely to happen whenever a species becomes extremely abundant it probably is Nature's way of providing for an extended food supply for the succeeding generations. That it results in the death of the great majority of the migrants is doubtless true, but it must lead to vast experiments in extending the geographic area inhabited by these species. Numerous examples of such migrating swarms will be found in the pages of this little book.
The migrations thus considered are only exceptional occurrences. There is, however, a regularly recurring annual migration on the part of some butterflies which is also a phenomenon of extraordinary interest. The most notable example is that of the Monarch which apparently follows the birds southward every autumn and comes northward again in spring. There is much evidence to indicate that in some slight degree other butterflies have a similar habit, although the present observations are inadequate to determine to what extent this habit has be-come fixed in most of these species. | <urn:uuid:804b1a85-e45d-455a-b827-780c34995e6c> | CC-MAIN-2016-26 | http://www.oldandsold.com/articles30/butterflies-5.shtml | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-26/segments/1466783395679.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20160624154955-00044-ip-10-164-35-72.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961171 | 353 | 3.6875 | 4 |
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