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The United States Congress designated the Holy Cross Wilderness (map
) in 1980 and it now has a total of 122,446 acres
All of this wilderness is located in Colorado
and is managed by the Forest Service.
The Holy Cross Wilderness is characterized by rugged ridgelines and glacier-carved valleys complete with spruce-fir forests, cascading streams and dozens of lakes. The wilderness is named after Mount of the Holy Cross, which became famous in 1873 when William Henry Jackson first photographed the cross of snow on the northeast face of the mountain. Over 150 miles of trail traverse the area, providing excellent opportunities for day hiking and backpacking trips.
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The slaughter of the First World War spurred many soldiers to mutiny and join the revolution. Kronstadt sailors played a leading role—and that was no accident.
Kronstadt, base of the Baltic Fleet, was at the centre of the Tsar’s attempt to build a modern navy. That meant more and more skilled recruits were needed.
More than half of recruits were workers—compared to just 3 percent of recruits to the largely peasant army.
Along with their skills, these working class sailors brought an experience of class struggle and socialist politics into the base.
As the director of police complained, they had “already gone through the corrupting school of the factory atmosphere”.
This was also true of the dockers, munitions workers and others who ran the facilities that kept the base running.
By 1917 the town’s industrial workforce had swelled to 17,000.
This powder keg finally blew as a full-scale insurrection ripped through Kronstadt in February 1917.
The February Revolution replaced the Tsar’s rule with a Provisional Government, which dispatched the liberal Victor Pepeliaev to run Kronstadt.
But the sailors had already set up the Committee of the National Movement as the new revolutionary body.
And their soviet—or council—was democratising the fleet in the face of Pepeliaev’s protestations.
Through intense debates Bolshevik workers and sailors won it to opposing the ongoing war—and later to supporting the party’s slogan of “All power to the soviets”.
Their soviet defied the Provisional Government by declaring itself the “sole power” in the city on 30 May.
This prompted revolutionary Leon Trotsky to praise Kronstadt as the “pride and glory of the revolution”.
This foreshadowed the October Revolution when the working class seized power.
But after October Russia’s old rulers and their imperialist backers fought to regain control.
Their civil war decimated the working class the revolution was built on—and forced its leaders to desperate measures.
In 1921, famine in the cities led the Bolsheviks to requisition grain from the peasants, provoking protests.
Kronstadt rose again—now demanding “soviets without Bolsheviks” and a “free market in agriculture”.
This time Trotsky’s Red Army had to suppress it.
The battle was bloody, and many anarchists and liberals use this as proof that the Bolsheviks were installing a dictatorship.
But the angry rebukes they faced in workers’ committees across Petrograd show that, despite the civil war, a working class democracy survived.
If the Bolsheviks had given in to the rebellion’s demands, it would have meant giving up on the revolution’s socialist aims.
Every reactionary would have jumped on a successful Kronstadt revolt to slam the door shut. The Bolsheviks fought to keep it ajar.
Defeat would have ushered in the gruesome revenge of the old ruling class.
If the revolution survived, revolts in other countries could break it out of its isolation. But this hope was beginning to fade.
As Bolshevik leader Lenin said, the tragedy at Kronstadt “lit up reality like a lightning flash” and summed up the growing desperation.
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Advancing the Smart Grid
UL is participating in a pioneering smart grid research project, Pecan Street Demonstration, compiling the industry's most extensive database of consumer electricity consumption practices.
WHY ADVANCING THE SMART GRID MATTERS
With investment in grid modernization, waste in the electrical system can be reduced by 31 percent.1 In addition, making consumers more aware of safe electricity production and consumption as well as the impact on economic and environmental outcomes will speed up acceptance and adoption of advanced technology innovations. By focusing our New Science on emerging smart grid technologies, UL is able to appropriately document the necessary processes, standards, best practices, rules and methodologies that will serve as a blueprint for safe smart grid technology implementation.2
The price of meeting the world’s energy demands is estimated at $26.3 trillion through 2030 — an average of more than $1 trillion a year.3 Waste in the current electrical system in the U.S. costs roughly $500 billion a year. Costs from storm related outages to the U.S. economy are estimated between $20 billion and $55 billion annually,4 and losses from power-line damage total $150 billion a year.5
A smart grid is a digitally enabled electrical grid that gathers, distributes and acts on information about the behavior of all participants (suppliers and consumers) in order to improve the efficiency, importance, reliability, economics and sustainability of electricity services. Used in tandem with smart meters, solar panels, wind turbines, inverters, energy storage devices, electric vehicles and home energy management systems, smart grids are rapidly changing the power landscape and the rules of engagement.6
WHAT DID UL DO?
Having developed a reputation with consumers as a trusted brand for safety, UL is uniquely positioned to be a positive catalyst to accelerate smart grid adoption and industry transformation. As part of our ongoing commitment to advancing emerging technologies, UL is participating in one of the nation’s foremost smart grid research projects — Pecan Street Demonstration.
Supported by a $10.4 million smart grid demonstration grant from the Department of Energy (and more than $14 million in matching funds from project partners), Pecan Street is being led by a team of researchers from The University of Texas, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and the Environmental Defense Fund to develop and test an integrated, clean-energy smart grid of tomorrow in otherwise ordinary, contemporary homes. This first-of-its kind research project is compiling the industry’s most extensive database of consumer electricity consumption practices.7
Five hundred residences in Austin, Texas, are participating in Pecan Street Demonstration: allowing their energy usage and consumption to be monitored and analyzed. Half of the residences are located in Mueller, a one-square-mile community that boasts the highest concentration of homes with electric vehicles (60 total) and the most owner-installed solar panels (200 of the 250 homes) in the U.S.8
UL is focusing on two key elements of the research project:
- Safety: looking at electrical fire and shock hazards for home energy management systems and appliances, including electromagnetic compatibility issues, functional safety and tamper resistance.
- Interoperability and system integration: continually looking on both sides of the meter, striving for safe living and working environments.9
In addition, UL is training and certifying a team of evaluators to review and rate the grid project performance according to the Perfect Power Institute’s Power System Design and Performance Assessment standards developed in conjunction with UL. These technical specifications are based on input from mayors and other community-based stakeholders, including a number of smart grid pilot projects and other expert advisors. Communities can use the project ratings to compare service providers, shape policy incentives and work with utilities to ensure access to electricity that is cleaner, more affordable and reliable. With more communities and states moving toward restructuring, grid developers can use these ratings to better inform decision-making while entrepreneurs develop applications that allow consumers to better manage their electricity use.10
UL is working with utilities, technology providers and consumers, helping ensure the safety and security of the technologies involved with the Pecan Street Demonstration. In this role, UL is helping reduce component failures, improve product life cycles and accelerate market adoption of the smart grid.
The market for smart grids and renewable energy integration is expected to grow from $3.8 billion last year to $13 billion by 2018.11 UL’s important work with Pecan Street has reimagined an energy distribution system in a way that could support and accelerate the installation and management of smarter and cleaner electricity services, reducing costs and harmful environmental impact while enhancing reliability and peace of mind.
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A Genomics-enabled Microbial Observatory in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary
Monterey Bay, California
In the Monterey Bay, a typical milliliter of surface water contains on the order of a million microbial cells (in open ocean waters this drops to around one hundred thousand cells per milliliter). These small, single-celled planktonic microbes represent the most abundant organisms in the world's oceans. Some of these microbes contribute significantly to primary production in the sea, while others are responsible for consuming a large proportion of marine primary productivity. Planktonic microbial species are key players in the central chemical transformations of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur, which help maintain the oceanic biosphere. However, despite their importance to the functioning of the Monterey Bay ecosystem, and as a model for understanding marine microbial communities in general, we are still only beginning to describe the microbes of the Bay. This Microbial Observatory is dedicated to deciphering, step by step, who these microbes are, how their communities change across time and space, and what they might be doing.
Professor, Division of Biological Engineering and Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering MIT,
(Visit the DeLong Lab Website )
Copyright on all images and material by Ed DeLong, 2005.
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LAKE GEORGE, N.Y. — For decades, tourists visiting this popular Adirondack village could gape at the skeletons of soldiers from nearby French and Indian War sites. Then in 1993, a somber reburial ceremony was held to finally put the remains to rest.
Only that never happened.
Almost all of the 18th-century skeletons were never buried. Instead, the collection of remains eventually was taken to Arizona and Canada for study and has yet to be returned for reburial. In this small upstate New York town that was the real-life setting for the historical events depicted in "The Last of the Mohicans," people had no idea.
"Most of them aren't there?" asked Robert Blais, mayor of Lake George since 1971, who learned about the decision from The Associated Press.
The AP spoke to archaeologists who have dug at the site, fort officials and the anthropologists who have the remains to confirm that the bulk of the skeleton collection is not at the fort.
Now, the people behind the decision are publicly discussing for the first time how such important artifacts left Lake George, and why they haven't been returned after nearly two decades.
"You're reaching the time when they should come home," said David Starbuck, a New York archaeologist who has written about the history behind Fort William Henry's skeleton collection.
On Memorial Day weekend in 1993, a well-publicized reburial ceremony was held to honor the redcoats and American provincial soldiers whose remains were being reinterred in the cemetery at the fort, a full-scale reconstruction of the outpost the British built here at the outbreak of war in 1755. The original fort was the real-life setting of the historical events in James Fenimore Cooper's classic, "The Last of the Mohicans."
But what fort officials didn't bother to tell the dozens of history buffs, tourists, and local, British and Native American dignitaries at the ceremony was that only three of 15 mostly complete skeletons were actually reburied. The others were still being analyzed by two anthropologists. The fort's owners decided to go ahead with the ceremony anyway.
"We didn't make an issue out of it," said Robert F. Flacke Sr., longtime president of the Fort William Henry Corp., which owns the fort and an adjacent resort hotel.
Those involved in the '93 project said there was no intention to deceive anyone, but a local historian who said he was at the reburial ceremony recalls no public mention being made of a change in plans.
Starbuck, who spoke at the ceremony, said a longer-than-expected analysis that spring, followed by other issues and job changes among the anthropologists, all combined to leave the reburial in limbo. He and others involved in the project didn't bring up the issue at the ceremony, figuring the bones would be returned soon enough.
"It was not intended to drag on this long," said Starbuck, who has conducted several digs at the fort over the past two decades. In the early 1990s, he recommended that the fort's skeletons be removed from exhibits and reinterred after being studied by experts in bioarchaeology, the study of human skeletal remains from archaeological sites.
Those experts, anthropologists Brenda Baker and Maria Liston, both told the AP they had longstanding agreements with the fort to keep the collections while their studies continued. Neither Baker nor Liston attended the reburial ceremony.
Baker said officials at Fort William Henry haven't asked for the return of the collection, which includes a dozen skeletons from the '93 project and three more uncovered during a follow-up excavation two years later.
"They know where they are and they know what I have and we keep in contact," Baker told the AP.
Though the findings of the anthropologists appeared in professional journals and other publications in the 1990s, few in the public knew where the bones were, including the residents of Lake George, who had long been led to believe the remains were buried there.
"Arizona?" asked a stunned Paul Loding, town historian in nearby Kingsbury, when informed of the skeletons' whereabouts.
"Why don't they do the right thing and get them back?" asked Randy Patten, a French and Indian War re-enactor and former member of the New York commission that promoted the 250th anniversary of the war.
But the fort lacks the facilities to properly preserve and store a large collection of full skeletons, and building such a space is cost prohibitive for a seasonal business, Flacke said. If the collection were to wind up back at the fort, the skeletons would be buried for a final time, he said.
Baker, the anthropologist who took the bulk of the skeletons with her to Arizona State University in 1998, said the remains are stored at the campus in Tempe in climate-controlled conditions that preserve the bones. She's had them so long, it's clear she's protective of them, even though the bones rightfully belong to the fort.
"When they build an adequate storage facility, they will go back to the fort," she said.
Liston said company officials, after being contacted by the AP, asked her to return the fort's boxes of human bone fragments that she had for years at the University of Waterloo in Ontario.
"I am happy to cooperate," Liston said.
Baker, a former employee of the New York State Museum in Albany, said she has gleaned vital information from her years of studying the skeletons.
"Skeletons of any sort from this time period in North America, particularly people of European descent, are incredibly rare, and to have them from some sort of military context is even more rare," Baker said. "These skeletons were a window into what life was like at the fort."
In August 1757, the French burned the fort to the ground after the British surrendered following a weeklong siege. After the surrender, Indian allies of the French killed about 200 of the garrison's defenders.
"We want to treat human remains with proper respect. That is always the priority within anthropology," said Benjamin Auerbach, a member of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists' repatriation committee, which deals with issues involving human remains.
Committee members are aware of the situation surrounding the Lake George skeletons, though no formal complaints regarding possible ethics violations have been brought.
Some of the remains did make a homecoming of sorts last year, when Baker brought a few of the bones back to Lake George for a four-part historical forensics series airing this spring on the National Geographic Channel.
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Large and/or multiple mining operations generate opportunities for and challenges to the communities in which they operate—influencing the lives of workers, workers’ families, mining communities, rural communities, Indigenous communities and the wider region. Change can occur on many levels—economic, social, environmental, individual and so on. Mining activity commonly boosts the economic growth of regions, builds the capacity of local communities through vocational training and employment, and adds much-needed infrastructure to underserviced towns in remote areas. Conversely, mining workforce ‘in-migrations’ can alter the social identity of local towns, cause housing shortages, particularly for low-income and Indigenous groups, and place pressure on often already under-resourced local services. Features of the mine, the community and the external environment contribute to how a community might be affected by mining activity. Mining operations have a life cycle: at each stage, factors such as workforce numbers, work tasks, the locality of tasks and the use of equipment differ. Figure 1.1 highlights the confluence of the life-of-mine and life-of-community to prompt further insight into how the different mining stages might differentially affect the various social groups of neighbouring communities and regions. A mining company that has not taken constructive action to close a mine can potentially leave a negative environmental legacy that affects the health and safety of the continuum of groups in the life of the community. As the model suggests, exposure can occur through environmental, social and economic channels. Spills from abandoned mine pits can result in the discharge of acid and heavy metals into river catchments, seas and oceans—damaging the livelihood and health of local farmers as well as fishermen in coastal regions.
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The world’s largest land mammal that lived on earth about 23 million years ago was a rhinoceros known as the Baluchitherium — so named because fossils (preserved remains of ancient animals) of this gigantic extinct animal were first found in the Bugti area of Balochistan in 1910 by English paleontologist, Sir Clive Forster Cooper. Fossils of this animal have also been reported in central Asia.
Famous geologist Guy Pilgrim also found fragments of two skulls and several isolated teeth of a large rhinoceros in this area during the first decade of the 20th century. Due to the large size of the incisor teeth, he suggested that the face of the animal must have been elongated. Several cranial and post cranial elements of different sized rhinoceroses including the Baluchitherium were collected from the 23 million-year-old rocks in Bugti hills, north of Sui, Balochistan, by the Geological Survey of Pakistan in the late 20th century.
In 1985 and 1987, a partial skull and nearly complete mandible along with other fossilised bones of a rhinoceros were found in the continental deposits of Bugti hills, also by the Geological Survey of Pakistan. The Pakistan Museum of Natural History in collaboration with the Laboratory of Palaeontology of the University of Montpellier III, France, has been active in the area for some time since the beginning of the 21st century and has collected fossils of different mammals including the fossils of the Baluchitherium.
Baluchitherium is mainly represented by huge vertebrae, foot and limb bones and skull, which indicate that the animal was of enormous size and the largest of all the known land mammals of the world. It reached a height of 5.5 metres to its shoulders, equal to the collective height of about three persons. It had a massive body and long neck which were supported by powerful limbs built like pillars.
The length of the skull was about 1.3 metres, relatively small in proportion to its body size. No horn was present on the head or on the nose of the animal. It normally lived in the dense forest. The long neck of the animal, combined with long frontal legs, enabled it to browse for food on the higher branches of trees.
It is worth mentioning here that the fossils of rhinoceroses have been found in various areas of Pakistan mainly in the 23 million-year-old continental rocks exposed in Bugti Hills, Balochistan; Potwar plateau and Pabbi Hills, Punjab; Gaj and Sehwan areas, Sindh; and areas to the south and south-east of Mirpur, Azad Kashmir. None, however, are as old as that of the Baluchitherium found in the Bugti Hills. Fossils of the Baluchitherium and its reconstruction can be viewed at the Pakistan Museum of Natural History, Islamabad and the Geological Survey of Pakistan, Quetta.
The writer is Deputy Director(R), Geological Survey of Pakistan
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This is a about a 3-week (or so) unit for 8th grade based on the Common Core Standards for Verbals. It includes three or more worksheets, a quiz, and a writing exercise for each of the following: participles, gerunds, and infinitives.
Includes answer keys!! YAY!
The worksheets include definitions and examples of the concepts, and I tried to vary the activities as much as possible.
Teacher in the Rye
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late 14c., marcien "of, pertaining to, or characteristic of the planet Mars" (originally in reference to astrological influence), from Latin Martius "sacred to (the god) Mars; pertaining to (the planet) Mars," from Mars (genitive Martis; see Mars). From mid-15c. as "of or pertaining to the god Mars, warlike;" also sometimes "of or pertaining to the month of March" (1620s). The noun meaning "an inhabitant of the planet Mars" is attested by 1877.
masc. proper name, also name of an Old Testament angel, from Hebrew Gabhri el, literally "man of God," from gebher "man" + El "God." First element is from base of verb gabhar "was strong" (compare Arabic jabr "strong, young man;" jabbar "tyrant"). Gabriel's hounds (17c.) was a folk explanation for the cacophony of wild geese flying over, hidden by clouds or night.
fem. proper name, from Norse; it is cognate with Old High German Ansitruda, from ansi "god" (see Aesir) + trut "beloved, dear."
masc. proper name, from French Denis, ultimately from Latin Dionysius, name of an important 6c. Church father, from Greek Dionysos, god of wine and revelry.
"the elect, the select," especially those selected by God, c. 1200, from past participle of choose (v.). Chosen people for "the Jews" is recorded from 1530s.
minor sea god, son of Poseidon and Amphitrite, from Latin Triton, from Greek Triton, cognate with Old Irish triath (genitive trethan) "sea."
Greek god of the sea and earthquakes, one of the chief Olympians, a brother of Zeus, Greek Poseidon (Doric Poteidan), a name of uncertain origin. Related: Poseidonian.
Egyptian hawk-headed god of dual relations, 1650s, from Latin Horus, from Greek Horos, from Egyptian Hor, said to mean literally "the high-flying one."
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PHAC 4001 Lecture Notes - Lecture 14: Cyp3A4, Alcohol Dehydrogenase, Alcohol Dependence
Phac 4001 lecture 14 february 12, 2021 alcohol i. Canadian centre on substance use and addiction 2017. In canada, there were around 77,000 hospitalizations entirely caused by alcohol in 2015 2016, compared to 75,000 hospitalizations for heart attacks in the same year. In 2002, alcohol was responsible for 4,258 deaths in canada, representing 1. 9% of all deaths. Effects of alcohol use: short term: intoxication, memory loss and blackouts, injury, violence, accidents, spousal abuse, suicide, alcohol toxicity (overdose), death. This is the general pathway of ethanol metabolism. Ethanol is converted into acetaldehyde usually done through alcohol dehydrogenase, which is highly abundant in the liver and in the tissue. Alcohol dehydrogenase uses the reducing power of nad+ to remove a h+ from ethanol (or oxidize ethanol into acetaldehyde). Acetaldehyde is then converted into acetate by aldehyde dehydrogenase. Again, nad+ is the reducing agent that allows for the oxidation to occur.
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Take some time exploring the audio and video making tools that you have learnt about in this course.
- Take one tool and use it with your learners either by creating a resource to use with them, or for them to use the tool themselves.
- Reflect on the process and the learning that took place.
- What worked well, what worked not so well?
Last modified: Wednesday, 8 June 2011, 2:00 PM
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Why you should add almonds
Like all nuts, almonds are one of nature’s superfoods. If you eat them regularly, they may lower your risk of heart attack and type 2 diabetes, and they can even make it easier for you to maintain a healthy weight.
- Eating 70 grams of almonds daily can reduce bad LDL cholesterol by almost 10 per cent—that’s a one per cent reduction for every seven grams you consume! More importantly, almonds prevent cholesterol from becoming oxidised, so it’s less likely to become sticky and block your arteries.
- Adding almonds to your meals dampens the blood sugar surge after eating and research suggests that the more you add the better. Even for people with well-controlled diabetes, the regular use of almonds can lower their blood sugar reading over three months.
- Despite being high in fat, almonds don’t cause you to put on weight and they help to blunt appetite. Tests show that overweight adults who included 84 grams of almonds daily as part of a low-kilojoule diet had 62 per cent greater weight loss than those who didn’t.
How they work
Almonds provide strong antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and even prebiotic benefits, meaning they can stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria in your intestines, especially if you keep their skin on. They’re packed with nutrients such as monounsaturated fats, vitamin E (30 grams provide 70 per cent of the daily requirement), plant sterols, plant protein including arginine (there are 6 grams per handful), calcium and multiple phytonutrients like polyphenols that work collectively for maximum health benefits.
Ways to use more
Unless you have an allergy, include at least 30 grams of almonds (about 20) in your daily diet. If you find them hard to chew, simply soak them in water for 8 to 12 hours.
Enjoy almonds as snacks, in cereals or tossed through salads and stir-fries. Spread their butter on bread instead of margarine and use their “flour” to create moist, flourless cakes.
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Western and Central Africa
Eastern and Southern Africa
Eastern Europe and Central Asia
Available in English, French and Spanish. This technical paper focuses on the effect of climate change on global coffee production, with particular reference to small coffee producers in developing and least developed countries. It highlights the possible effects of climate change on quality, yield, pests and diseases, and irrigation; considers potential areas of intervention, and looks at short-term solutions and long-term strategies to make coffee producers better prepared. It also discusses the issue of carbon credits, and provides examples of individual initiatives to reduce product carbon footprint; lists ongoing initiatives and information sources that may assist coffee growers.
Publication Date: 11 Jan. 2010
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king of Scotland (died in 1057)
The Tragedy of Macbeth is among the most famous of William Shakespeare's plays, as well as his shortest tragedy. It is frequently performed at professional and community theatres around the world.
Macbeth (also known as The Tragedy of Macbeth) is a 1971 film directed by Roman Polanski, based on William Shakespeare's play of the same name, concerning the Scottish lord who becomes the king through deceit, treachery and murder. It stars Jon Finch as Macbeth and Francesca Annis as Lady Macbeth. Because of the transition from play to movie, some passages from the original play had to be cut out for time constraints, and some soliloquies have been changed to inner monologues for the sake of realism.
Macbeth is a Laibach album released in 1990. Like Baptism it is the soundtrack to a play, this time Shakespeare's Macbeth.
Macbeth is an opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Francesco Maria Piave with additions by Andrea Maffei, based on Shakespeare's play of the same name.
Macbeth is a 1948 film adaptation of William Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth made by Orson Welles.
Macbeth is a fictional character from the Disney animated television series Gargoyles, voiced by John Rhys-Davies. Macbeth is one of several characters in the show based on characters from plays by William Shakespeare (in this case he is based on the eponymous protagonist from Macbeth), though in fact his backstory is more closely related to the historical story of Macbeth of Scotland.
Macbeth is an Italian gothic metal band.
Macbeth (also known as M) is a 2006 Australian film version of the William Shakespeare classic, Macbeth. It was directed by Geoffrey Wright and features an ensemble cast including Sam Worthington, Victoria Hill and Lachy Hulme. Macbeth was filmed in Melbourne, Australia and was released in Australia on 21 September 2006.
The main character in William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Macbeth shows dramatic changes throughout the course of the play. He starts off as a valiant General in the Scottish army praised by King Duncan for his bravery, loyalty and heroism. As the play progresses however, he demonstrates more unethical characteristics which eventually lead to his ultimate demise.
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Transcript of Main Idea
A. Sloths and tapirs are other creatures that
live in the rain forest.
B. The rain forest is home to many creatures.
C. Monkeys, toucans and macaws live in the
Soccer players learn many skills when playing soccer. Soccer players learn how to dribble and pass the ball. They also learn how to control the ball so they can eventually score. Most importantly, soccer players learn how to work together with their teammates.
A. They also learn how to control the ball so
they can eventually score.
B. Soccer players learn how to dribble.
C. Soccer players learn many skills when
There are many fun things to do at the beach. Swimming is one thing that can be done at the beach. Snorkeling is another thing that can be enjoyed. Playing beach volleyball can be a lot of fun. It is also fun to look for shells. Some people simply like to sunbathe.
A. There are many fun things to do at the
B. It is also fun to look for shells.
C. Some people simply like to sunbathe When you turn on your radio, you may hear music, or you may hear a voice speaking. The person behind that voice is called an announcer. An announcer introduces songs, interviews guests, and gives news and weather reports. Besides spending time on the air talking, announcers also spend a lot of time off the air getting ready for their shows. That way, when the time comes for them to go on the air, they feel prepared and confident.
A. You can hear music or voices when you turn
on the radio
B. Announcers get to talk to guests and
C. Announcers are people who talk on the
radio Snakes are different from other animals. Their eyes are always open, but they cannot see very well. Snakes cannot hear. They have no legs. They move by sliding along on the ground.
A. Snakes are different from other animals.
B. Snakes cannot hear.
C. They move by sliding along on the ground Crunchy, Munchy, Sparkle Stars Cereal!
If your breakfast cereal gives you the morning BLAHS, try Sparkle Stars—star shaped oats covered with powdered sugar! Sparkle Stars are both sweet and nutritious!
Great with Milk…….or just out of the box!
Eat them every morning for a sparkling start to your day!
What is the main reason you should buy Sparkle Stars cereal?
A. They are covered with powdered sugar
B. Sparkle Stars will perk up your morning
C. They taste great with milk The python is one of the biggest snakes in the world. It can be 30 feet long. It can weigh more than 200 pounds. Sometimes it takes many people to hold one python. A baby python might surprise you. It can be three feet long when it is born. That is bigger than other snake babies.
Like all snakes, pythons are born from eggs. The mother python lays 50 to 100 eggs. She curls her body around them. She rests her head on top of the eggs. To keep her eggs warm, she shakes her body to make heat. She might stay with her eggs for as many as 80 days. She only leaves to get a drink of water. Then the eggs hatch.
1. What is the main idea of the first
A. It can be 30 feet long.
B. The python is the biggest snake in the
C. It can weigh more than 200 pounds.
2. What is the main idea of the second
A. She rests her head on top.
B. She curls her body around them.
C. Like all snakes, pythons are born from
eggs. Henry’s Bakery just introduced a new cookie to its product line. Its ingredients include eggs, whole-wheat flour, baking powder, butter and oats. Henry uses all natural, wholesome ingredients in this cookie. He adds honey and vanilla to make it taste good.
The new cookies weren’t a big success at first. When the first batches came out of the oven, they smelled good, but the cookies looked uninteresting. So, Henry added raisins to the top. Now the cookies look as good as they taste!
1.What is the main idea of the first paragraph?
A. Henry’s cookies contain honey and vanilla
B. Henry uses all natural, healthy
C. Henry’s Bakery introduced a new, all natural
2.What is the main idea of the second paragraph?
A. Henry added raisins to the tops of his
B. Henry had to make his cookies look more
C. The cookies smelled good straight out of the
oven The main idea of a paragraph tells the topic of the paragraph. The topic tells what all or most of the sentences are about.
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You probably never think about your eyes, accept for those times when they are dry or watery and become irritated. The human eye is a very complex biological structure. The science behind sight is truly fascinating and worth the time to investigate and understand. If reading articles about the eye are not stimulating enough for you, you can do something far more hands-on. You can make a model of the human eye. This engaging project is a great way for adults and kids to learn about this amazing organ.
Roll the container of pink clay dough into a fist-sized ball. Take a small egg-sized lump of white clay and mash it up with a walnut-sized piece of blue clay to make a light blue lump. Roll this into a ball and flatten it slightly into a 1-inch-thick disk. Using your finger, make a large dent in top of the pink ball and fit this disk inside it.
Roll up a walnut-sized lump of black clay and press it into the light blue disk. Next, pull off an egg-sized lump of blue clay and mash it up with a walnut-sized ball of white to make a slightly lighter blue. Flatten this ball into a 1/2-inch-thick disk and cover the black clay and the light blue clay with this disk. Lastly, roll out all of the remaining white clay and cover the entire pink ball with it covering every part of the ball.
Cut the large ball of clay in half very carefully with the large knife. You should be able to see all of the colours inside. Turn the halves so that the blue and black areas are pointing to the left. Cut or break off two 6-inch-long pieces of the wooden dowel and insert one into the bottom of each eye half. Insert the model eyes into the styrofoam, separated by at least 6 inches and facing opposite direction (one looking west, or left and one looking east, or right.)
Roll out several very thin ropes of blue and red clay. Arrange these ropes inside of the pink area of each model eye. These are the blood vessels inside of the eye.
Grab the sheet of paper and write the following words in small, but readable print: Iris, Pupil, Lens, Cornea, Vitreous Humor and Blood Vessels. Cut these words out of the paper in small rectangular boxes. Tape these boxes to the end of six toothpicks, one to each toothpick.
Insert the toothpick labelled "Iris" into the blue clay in front of the black clay of one eye. Insert the toothpick labelled "Pupil" into the black clay of the other eye. Insert the one labelled "Lens" into the light blue area behind the black clay of the first eye. Insert the "Cornea" toothpick into the front blue layer of the second eye. Insert the "Vitreous Humor" toothpick into the pink area of the first eye. Lastly, insert the "Blood Vessels" toothpick into a clay vessel in the second eye.
Styrofoam cubes can be purchased at craft stores or in the crafts section of big box stores. You will need a lot of clay for this project. Consider something like a Play-Doh multipack with the four required colours. There are many other parts of the eye and you can include these in your model. Just add more labelled toothpicks. Use the pictures provided in the Resources as a guide.
Tips and warnings
- Styrofoam cubes can be purchased at craft stores or in the crafts section of big box stores.
- You will need a lot of clay for this project. Consider something like a Play-Doh multipack with the four required colours.
- There are many other parts of the eye and you can include these in your model. Just add more labelled toothpicks. Use the pictures provided in the Resources as a guide.
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This summer, I worked at the University of Florida learning how to design and construct robots. A robot is an autonomous machine that detects and responds to external stimuli in a way that simulates intelligent behaviors. The development process goes through several stages before the machine is complete. First is the concept: what the finished robot is intended to do. The physical design is dependent on this concept, including necessary sensors and methods of locomotion. Once that is determined, the mechanical parts are assembled and tested for functionality. After that is finished, the robot is programmed, tested, and debugged until the initial concept is realized. This presentation will cover the development of V.I.C.I., a robot I designed to respond to objects based on their color, and some of the challenges I learned to overcome.
Michelle Peterson, ’06 Colfax, WI
Majors: Physics, Mathematics, Computer Science
Sponsor: Andrew Wildenberg
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Clean quantum and classical communication protocols
By how much must the communication complexity of a function increase if we demand that the parties not only correctly compute the function but also return all registers (other than the one containing the answer) to their initial states at the end of the communication protocol? Protocols that achieve this are referred to as clean and the associated cost as the clean communication complexity. Here we present clean protocols for calculating the Inner Product of two n-bit strings, showing that (in the absence of pre-shared entanglement) at most n+3 qubits or n+O(sqrt(n)) bits of communication are required. The quantum protocol provides inspiration for obtaining the optimal method to implement distributed CNOT gates in parallel whilst minimizing the amount of quantum communication. For more general functions, we show that nearly all Boolean functions require close to 2n bits of classical communication to compute and close to n qubits if the parties have access to pre-shared entanglement. Both of these values are maximal for their respective paradigms.
|Journal||Physical Review Letters|
|Grant||This work was funded by the The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO); grant id nwo/024.002.003 - Networks|
Buhrman, H.M, Christandl, M, Perry, C, & Zuiddam, J. (2016). Clean quantum and classical communication protocols. Physical Review Letters, 117(230503), 230503‐1–230503‐5. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.230503
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Any video clip you watch on your smartphone, computer, TV or tablet has a specific type of file format. If you want your videos to perform well on any platform, you must understand how each video format works. For example, a video format for web development will be different from the format you use for your social media. Read on to learn how to choose the right format for you.
What Is a Video File Format?
A container and a codec are two components of any video file. A video format is the container that stores audio, video, subtitles and any other metadata. A codec encodes and decodes multimedia data such as audio and video.
When creating a video, a video codec encodes and compresses the video while the audio codec does the same with sound. Afterwards the encoded video and audio are synchronized and stored in a media container—the file format.
8 Common Video File Formats, Codecs, and Containers
To choose the best digital video format for your needs, first you must understand the difference between them. Let’s briefly review and understand the common formats in the market and their features.
MPEG-4 Part 14 or MP4 is one of the earliest digital video file formats introduced in 2001. Most digital platforms and devices support MP4. An MP4 format can store audio files, video files, still images, and text. Additionally, MP4 provides high quality video while maintaining relatively small file sizes.
MOV is a popular video file format designed by Apple. It was designed to support the QuickTime player. MOV files contain videos, audio, subtitles, timecodes and other media types. It is compatible across different versions of QuickTimePlayer, both for Mac and Windows. Since it is a very high-quality video format, MOV files take significantly more memory space on a computer.
The WMV video format was designed by Microsoft and is widely used in Windows media players. WMV format provides small file sizes with better compression than MP4. That is why it’s popular for online video streaming. Although it is not compatible with Apple devices, users can download Windows Media Player for their iPhone or Mac.
FLV is a file format used by Adobe Flash Player. It is one of the most popular and versatile video formats supported by all video platforms and browsers. The FLV format is a good choice for online video streaming platforms like YouTube. They have a relatively small file size which makes them easy to download. The only drawback is that it’s not compatible with many mobile devices like iPhones.
The AVI file format was introduced in 1992 by Microsoft and is still widely used today. The AVI video format uses less compression than other video formats such as MPEG or MOV. This results in very large file sizes, approximately 2-3 GB per minute of video. It can be a problem for users with limited storage space. You can also create AVI video files without any compression. This makes the files lossless. A lossless file will keep its quality over time, regardless of how many times you open or save the file. Additionally, this eliminated the use of codecs in video players.
6. AVCHD (Advanced Video Coding High Definition)
AVCHD is a format used for HD video playback and digital recording. This video format was designed by Panasonic and Sony for professional high definition video recording. AVCHD also lets you store hours of high-quality video using only a tiny amount of data by leveraging the H.264/MPEG-4 video compression technology. Additionally, the latest version of the format AVCHD 2.0 supports three dimensional video.
First introduced by Google in 2010, WebM is an open-source video format that was developed with the current and future state of the Internet in mind. WebM is intended for use with HTML5. The video codecs of WebM require very little computer power to compress and unzip the files. The aim of this design is to enable online video streaming on almost any device, such as tablets, desktop, smartphones or devices like smart TV.
MKV file format incorporates audio, video and subtitles in a single file. MKV format was developed to be future proof, meaning that the video files will always stay updated. MKV containers support almost any video and audio format, making the format highly adaptive and easy to use.
Conclusion—How to Choose a Video File Format
You should choose a file format based on your video quality requirements. The video should achieve the required quality, but no more than that. High-quality videos are hard to download, convert, share and manage. Plus, you need to take into account how you want to view the video files. Not all browsers, programs, and devices can play a specific video format.
Before choosing a video format, consider the following cases:
- For online videos choose a file format that most web browsers support. This way, your video will be played natively on the browser. MP4 and WEBM are browser compatible video formats.
- For home video recordings, choose a format with high quality video good chance of being usable in the future. Open source file formats are more future-proof than proprietary formats that are controlled by enterprises. MP4 or AVI formats are a good fit for that category.
- For Windows applications, choose a format that is compatible with Windows. WMV is a good choice In this case.
Gilad David Maayan is a technology writer who has worked with over 150 technology companies including SAP, Samsung NEXT, NetApp and Imperva, producing technical and thought leadership content that elucidates technical solutions for developers and IT leadership.
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This is the first ever LADA Awareness Week, organized by Diabetes Hands Foundation and dLife. LADA stands for Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults. I think of it as type 1 diabetes that starts in adulthood, although there are some differences from typical juvenile-onset type 1 diabetes.
Seven-and-a-half to 10% of apparent type 2 adult diabetics have LADA. It’s caused by the body attacking its own pancreas beta cells and thereby impairing insulin production; in other words, it’s an autoimmune thing.
Here are some generalities (with exceptions, of course) about LADA, compared to typical type 2 diabetes:
- lower body mass index, often under 25
- age at onset under 50
- poorer response to dietary management
- poorer response to oral diabetic medications
- acute symptoms at time of diagnosis (e.g., weight loss, thirst, frequent urination, ketoacidosis, malaise, etc.)
- higher risk of developing diabetic ketoacidosis
- much more likely to need insulin
How Is LADA Diagnosed?
First of all, the doctor has to consider the possibility, based on the clinical factors above. The autoimmune nature of the disease is reflected in islet-cell antiobodies (ICA) and antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD). These are testable in the blood. One of the two may be enough. If the disease is far enough along, blood levels of C-peptide will be low. C-peptide reflects the body’s production of insulin.
For more information on LADA, talk to your doctor or visit this page at dLife.
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COMPUTER-ASSISTED LANGUAGE LEARNING
Theories & Practice
- The History of CALL. A PDF file of an introduction to the development of the Computer-Assisted Language Learning.
- Hot Potatoes. An excellent free Web authoring tool for language teachers.
- Cloze Generator. You can make blanks for every n-th word automatically, or make blanks of specific words manually.
- Web Frequency Indexer. Cut and paste an article, you will get a list of words used in the article with frequency numbers.
- Web Concordancer. You can search an online corpus for a word and display all the sentences in which the word occurs.
- British National Corpus. This website allows you to quickly and easily search the 100 million word British National Corpus (1970s-1993).
- lexical Tutor. A complete website for learning and learning about English words.
- CALICO. The Computer Assisted Language Instruction Consortium, a professional organization involved in both education and technology.
- APACALL. Asia-Pacific Association for Computer-Assisted Language learning.
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Whale Sharks' Shared Feast Sets Record
Aerial photo of whale sharks taken in the summer of 2009.
CREDIT: Proyecto Domino
The whale sharks spied in one group off the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico two years ago numbered up to 420 — the largest gathering of the mysterious behemoths ever recorded, scientists said Wednesday (May 25).
The gathering, known as an "afuera" (Spanish for "outside"), occurred in August 2009, when the animals were observed crowded in an elliptical patch of ocean about 7 square miles (18 square kilometers).
The observation was reported by LiveScience in March, but this is the first time scientists have tallied the beasts and reported their extensive analysis of the sharks' food choices and whereabouts.
The whale sharks sailed in to feed on dense patches of fish eggs, the researchers reported online April 29 in the journal PLoS ONE.
"Whale sharks are the largest species of fish in the world, yet they mostly feed on the smallest organisms in the ocean, such as zooplankton," Mike Maslanka, a biologist at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, said in a statement. [Images of whale sharks]
The study opens a window into the life of one of the largest but least known fish in the ocean. Whale sharks (Rhincodon typus) grow longer than 40 feet (12 meters). They live most of their lives out of sight, leaving many questions about what they eat, how they breed, and where they go (and what they do) when they aren't feeding in shallow-water areas like the Mexican waters.
To get a better idea of what goes on during these feeding frenzies, which have been known to occur over the past few years, the team took dozens of trips to the area. The researchers collected food samples within and outside the school of feeding whale sharks. Using DNA analyses, they identified the fish eggs as those from little tunny (Euthynnus alletteratus), a member of the mackerel family.
Scientists suspect the little tunny spawn at night and their eggs rise to the surface in the morning. "The sharks come in and literally swim at surface level with their mouths wide open, just vacuuming in the eggs," Jennifer Schmidt, a biologist at the University of Illinois at Chicago, told LiveScience in March.
Little tunny and plankton may not satiate the whale sharks. The researchers studied a less dense aggregation of whale sharks — this one known as the Cabo Catoche aggregation — off the northern tip of the Yucatán Peninsula. The whale sharks there were feeding on mostly small crustaceans called copepods and shrimp.
Larger afuera gatherings turned out to coincide with a drop in whale-shark sightings at Cabo Catoche. And both groups had the same sex ratio, suggesting these were the same animals traveling between the all-you-can-eat buffets.
"With two significant whale shark aggregation areas and, at the very least, one active spawning ground for little tunny, the northeastern Yucatán marine region is a critical habitat that deserves more concerted conservation effort," Maslanka said.
The whale shark is listed as "vulnerable" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, and it is protected from capture around the world.
MORE FROM LiveScience.com
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IN a very elaborate and interesting book, published in the year 1867, the title of which, at length, is the following: Life and Work at the Great Pyramid, by C. Piazzi Smyth, Professor of Practical Astronomy in the University of Edinburgh, and Astronomer Royal for Scotland. Edinburgh, 1867: the conclusions (though a mistake) which we now supply from the author are offered as definitions, after infinite care, of this important name or word, 'PYRAMID'. 'Pyramid' is derived in this book from two Greek terms. πυρός, 'wheat'; μετρον, 'measure'; or from Coptic roots, signifying pyr, 'division'; met, 'ten'. However, we offer to deduce this term 'Pyramid' from quite another source. The present writer originally sought to do. this in the year 1860, in a dissertation on the origin and purpose of the 'Pyramids of Egypt'. It is well known that the letters P and F are radically the same letter (as is evidenced by their peculiar pronunciation in certain countries), and that they are interchangeable. In Professor Smyth's book, Πυρός is wrongly translated 'wheat'. It signifies 'product', or 'growth', or 'elimination'; in other words, and in the symbolical sense, it means 'sun-begotten', or 'fire-begotten'. The Coptic derivation (re-read by a new light) is the true one. Thus we obtain another reason upon which we rely as the real interpretation of the name of the pyramid, or obelisk, or great original altar or upright, raised in the
divinity working secondarily in nature. Πυρ is fire (or Division produced by fire); Μετρον is Ten (or measures or spaces numbered as ten). The whole word means, and the entire object bearing this name means, the original Ten Measures or Parts of the Fiery Ecliptic or Solar Wheel, or the Ten Original Signs of the Zodiac. Therefore the Pyramids are commemorative altars raised to the divinity Fire.
The Ophites are said to have maintained that the serpent of Genesis was the Λογος, and the 'Saviour'. The Logos was Divine Wisdom, and was the Bhudda, or Buddha, of India. The Brazen Serpent was called Λογος, or the 'Word', by the Chaldee Paraphrast (Basnage, lib. iv. ch. xxv). It is very certain that, in ancient times, the serpent was an object of adoration in almost all nations. The serpent-worshippers seem to have placed at the head, or nearly at the head, of all things (Maia), and most intimately connected with the serpent, a certain principle which they called 'Sophia'. This is clearly a translation of the word 'Bhudda' into Greek. It also reminds us that the old Bhuddas are always under the care of the Cobra-Capella. This is evidenced in all the Memnonian or Egyptian heads; and in the asp (or fleur-de-lis), more or less veiled or altered, displayed as the chief symbol upon the universal Sphynxes. The serpent, in one view, was the emblem of the evil principle, or destroyer. But, as we have seen before, the 'destroyer' was the 'creator'. Hence he had the name, among his numerous appellations, of ΟΦΙΣ; in Hebrew, אוב, Ob; and as he was the 'logus', or 'linga', he was also ΟΨ, and in Hebrew מרא∙מ. Query, hence, Συφαρ, a seraph or serpent?--see Jones's Lexicon (in voce), and Σοφος, wise. The Συφ and Σοφ are both the same root. The famous 'Brazen Serpent', called Nehustan, set up by Moses in the Wilderness, is termed in the Targum
a 'Saviour'. It was probably a 'serpentine crucifix', as it is called a cross by Justin Martyr. All the foregoing is allegorical, and hides deep Gnostic myths, which explain serpent-worship, united with the adoration paid to a perpendicular.
The three most celebrated emblems carried in the Greek mysteries were the Phallus, Ι; the Egg, Ο and the Serpent, Φ; or otherwise the Phallus, the Ioni or Umbilicus, and the Serpent. The first, in each case. is the emblem of the sun, or of fire, as the male, or active, generative power. The second denotes the passive nature, or feminine principle, or the element of water. The third symbol indicates the destroyer, the reformer, or the renewer (the uniter of the two), add thus the preserver or perpetuator--eternally renewing itself. The universality of the serpentine worship (or phallic adoration) is attested by emblematic sculpture and architecture all over the world. This does not admit of denial. Its character and purpose are, however, wholly misunderstood. Not only is the worship of the serpent found everywhere, but it everywhere occupies an important station; and the farther back we go, the more universally it is found, and the more important it appears to have been considered. The Destroyer or Serpent of Genesis is correctly the Renovator or Preserver. In Genesis there is a 'Tree of Knowledge' and a 'Tree of Life'. Here we have the origin of the Ophites, Ophiones, or Oriental emblematical serpent-worshippers, to account for whom, and for whose apparently absurd object of adoration, our antiquaries have been so much perplexed. They worshipped the Saviour-Regenerator under the strangest (but the sublimest) aspect in the world; but not the devil, or malific principle, in our perverse, mistaken ideas, and with the vulgar, downward, literal meanings which we apply. The mythic and mimetic art of the
[paragraph continues] Gnostics is nowhere more admirably or more successfully displayed than in their hieroglyphs and pictured formulæ. Even in the blazonry and in the collars and badges of chivalry (which seems so remote from them), we find these Ophite hints. The heathen temples and the modern ritualistic churches alike abound in unconscious Gnostic emblems. State ceremony harbours them; they mix with the insignia of all the orders of knighthood; and they show in all the heraldic and masonic marks, figures, and patterns, both of ancient and of modern times. The religion of the Rosicrucians is also concealed, and unconsciously carried forward, perpetuated, and ignorantly fostered, by the very persons and classes who form, contrive, and wear decorations with special mysterious marks, all the world over. Every person, in unconsciously repeating certain figures, which form an unknown language, heired from the ancient times; carries into futurity, and into all parts of the world, the same carefully guarded traditions, for the knowing to recognize, to whose origin the sun, in his first revolution, may be figuratively said to be the only witness. Thus the great inexpressible 'Talisman' is said to be borne to the 'initiate' through the ages.
Proposals were published some years ago for a book entitled, 'The Enigma of Alchemy and of Œdipus resolved; designed to elucidate the fables, symbols, and other mythological disguises, in which the Hermetic Art has been enveloped and signalized in various ages, in ecclesiastical ceremonies, masonic formulæ, astronomical signs, and constellations--even in the emblazonments of chivalry, heraldic badges, and other emblems; which, without explanation, have been handed down, and which are shown to have originated in the same universal mystic school, through each particular tracing their allusion to the means and
mechanism.' This intended work was left in MS. by its anonymous author, now deceased, but was never published. The unknown author of it produced also in the year 1850, in one vol. 8vo, a book displaying extraordinary knowledge of the science of alchemy; which bore the name A Suggestive Enquiry into the Hermetic Mystery; with a Dissertation on the more celebrated of the Alchemical Philosophers. This book was published in London; but it is now extinct, having been bought up--for suppression, as we believe--by the author's friends after his decease, who probably did not wish him to be supposed to be mixed up in such out-of-the-way inquiries.
The Vedas describe the Persian religion (Fire-Worship) as having come from Upper Egypt. 'The mysteries celebrated within the recesses of the "hypogea"' (caverns or labyrinths) 'were precisely of that character which is called Freemasonic, or Cabiric. The signification of this latter epithet is, as to written letters, a desideratum. Selden has missed it; so have Origen and Sophocles. Strabo, too, and Montfauçon, have been equally astray. Hyde was the only one who had any idea of its composition when he declared that "It was a Persian word, somewhat altered from Gabri of Guebri, and signifying FIRE-WORSHIPPERS".' See O’Brien’s Round Towers of Ireland, 1834, p. 354). Pococke, in his India in Greece, is very sagacious and true in his arguments; but he tells only half the story of the myths in his supposed successful divestment of them of all unexplainable character, and of exterior supernatural origin. He supposes that all the mystery must necessarily disappear when he has traced, and carefully pointed out, the identity and transference of these myths from India into Egypt and into Greece, and their gradual spread westward. But he is wholly mistaken; and most other modern explainers are equally
mistaken. Pococke contemplates all from the ethnic and realistic point of view. He is very learned in an accumulation of particulars, but his learning is 'of the earth, earthy'; by which we mean that, like the majority of modern practical philosophers, he argues from below to above, and not, in the higher way, from above to below, or (contrary to the inductive, or Aristotelian, or Baconian method) from generals to particulars, or from the light of inspiration into the sagacities of darkness, as we may call unassisted world’s knowledge--always vain.
The Feast of Lanterns, or Dragon-Feast, occurs in China at their New Year, which assimilates with that of the Jews, and occurs in October at the high tides. They salute the festival with drums and music, and with explosions of crackers. During the Feast, nothing is permitted to be thrown into water (for fear of profaning it). Here we have the rites of Aphrodite or Venus, or the Watery Deity, observed even in China, which worship, in Protean forms, being also the worship of the Dragon or Snake, prevails, in its innumerable contradictory and effective disguises, over the whole world. How like are the noises and explosions of crackers, etc., to the tumult of the festivals of Dionusus or Dionysius, to the riot or rout of the Corybantes amongst the Greeks, to the outcry and wild music of the priests of the Salii, and, in modern times, to the noises said to be made at initiation by the Freemasons, whose myths are claimed to be those (or imitative of those) of the whole world, whose Mysteries are said to come from that First Time, deep-buried in the blind, unconscious succession of the centuries! In the Royal-Arch order of the Masons, as some have said, at an initiation, the 'companions' fire pistols, clash swords, overturn chairs, and roll cannon-balls about. The long-descended forms trace from the oldest tradition;
the origin, indeed, of most things is only doubt or conjecture, hinted in symbols.
The Egyptian Deities may always be recognized by the following distinctive marks:
Phthas, Ptah, by the close-fitting Robe, Four Steps, Baboon, Cynocephalus.
Ammon, Amn, by a Ram's Head, Double Plume, Vase, Canopus.
The Sun-God (Phre or Ra) has a Hawk's Head, Disc, Serpent, Uræus.
Thoth, or Thoyt, is Ibis-headed (means a scribe or priest).
Sochos, or Suches, has a Hawk. Hermes Trismegistus (Tat) displays a Winged Disc.
The Egyptians, however, never committed their greater knowledge to marks or figures, or to writing of any kind.
Figure 313: the Gnostics have a peculiar talisman of Fate (Homer's Αισα). This is one of the rarest types to be met with in ancient art. In Stosch's vast collection, Winckelmann was unable to find a single indubitable example. It is of brown agate, with transverse shades, and is an Etruscan intaglio or Gnostic gem. The Gnostics, p. 238, makes a reference to this figure.
Later in our book (figs. 191, 300, 301) we give a figure of the 'Chnuphis Serpent' raising himself aloft. Over, and corresponding to the rays of his crown, are the seven vowels, the elements of his name. The usual triple 'S.S.S.' and bard, and the name 'ΧΝΟΥΒΙC', are the reverse of, this Gnostic gem. It is a beautiful intaglio on a pale plasma of the finest quality, extremely convex, as it has been found on examination.
In the Ophic planetary group (Origen in Celsum, vi. 25) Michael is figured as a lion, Suriel as a bull, Raphael as a serpent, Gabriel as an eagle, Thautabaoth
as a bear, Eratsaoth as a dog, Ouriel as an ass. Emanations are supposed to pass through the seven planetary regions, signified by these Chaldæan names, on their way to this world. It was through these seven planetary spiritual regions, or spheres, filled with their various orders of angels, that the Gnostics mythed the Saviour Jesus Christ to have passed secretly; disguising Himself and His Mission in order to win securely to His object. In evading recognition, in His acceptable disguises, through these already-created 'Princedoms of Angels', He veiled His purpose of His Voluntary Sacrifice for the Human Race till He was safe, in His investment in 'Humanity' for the accepted 'Propitiation'--through the 'Virgin' for production only; not for 'office'.
There was deep mystery in the Gnostic method of teaching that, although the 'Sacrifice' (the source of sacrifice in all faiths) was complete and real and perfect, the Saviour did not--nor could--suffer bodily or be nailed really, and die upon the Cross, but that He suffered in appearance only, and vicariously--the Scripture being misread. The Gnostics maintained that Simon the Cyrenean--who, the Evangelist states, bore His Cross--did really bear it as the culprit, and suffered upon it. As human and divine are totally different, this could not impair the efficacy of the 'Crucifixion', for the substitution of persons was miraculous and remote (of course) from human sense.
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For the first few years of life, boys and girls are mostly equal. They develop mentally at about the same rate, are disciplined similarly, and are equally likely to start school, a new UNICEF study says.
But the study suggests that gender differences begin to grow as the children do — particularly when girls become big enough to pick up a broom, care for an ailing grandparent, or fetch water.
Worldwide, girls spend about 50 percent more time on chores than their brothers, according to UNICEF. In the Middle East, North Africa, and South Asia, the gap is wider — girls ages 5 to 14 spend twice as much time on chores.
The hard work doesn’t build character, says the organization, which is dedicated to providing humanitarian and developmental assistance.
‘‘The types of chores commonly undertaken by girls — preparing food, cleaning, and caring for others — not only set the stage for unequal burdens later in life but can also limit girls’ outlook and potential while they are still young,’’ according to the study.
The chores socialize girls into thinking that domestic duties are the only ones they’re qualified for. Chores such as cooking, cleaning, and fetching water are not as highly valued as other tasks that may earn money for a family. That has ‘‘lasting effects on [girls’] self-esteem and sense of self-worth,’’ the study says.
Among the study’s findings:
■ Globally, girls ages 5 to 14 spend 550 million hours every day on household chores, 106 million more hours than boys their age.
■ In the three countries with the highest girl involvement in household chores, more than half the girls spend 14 hours per week on chores.
■ Two-thirds of girls worldwide help with cooking and cleaning in the house. Fifty percent help with shopping, and 46 percent fetch water or firewood. About 43 percent care for other children.
The increased time on household work negatively affects girls’ lives — and their futures — compared to boys. Every hour a girl spends on chores is an hour she can’t spend making friends, doing schoolwork, or playing.
The early typecasting reverberates as girls become women, making it harder to close gender gaps in education and employment, UNICEF says.
According to the World Economic Forum’s Global Gender Gap report, a quarter of a billion women entered the global labor force between 2006 and 2015, ‘‘and yet, the annual pay for women only now equals the amount men were earning ten years ago.’’
The forum’s report shows similar problems in skilled labor: ‘‘While more women than men are enrolling at university in 97 countries, women make up the majority of skilled workers in only 68 countries and the majority of leaders in only four.’’
The Economic Policy Institute said years of social programming and gender expectations can explain the complex reasons for the gender pay gap in the United States.
According to a recent study by the institute:
‘‘By the time a woman earns her first dollar, her occupational choice is the culmination of years of education, guidance by mentors, expectations set by those who raised her, hiring practices of firms, and widespread norms and expectations about work-family balance held by employers, co-workers and society,’’ the study says.
‘‘In other words, even though women disproportionately enter lower-paid, female-dominated occupations, this decision is shaped by discrimination, societal norms, and other forces beyond women’s control.’’
The UNICEF study suggests some solutions for gender disparities. A first step: a more even distribution of chores.
‘‘Household chores and negative gender patterns must be addressed before they become cemented in adulthood,’’ the study says.
‘‘Supporting girls to stay in school and be involved in sports, play, and other leisure and asset-building activities — and investing in infrastructure, technology, and child care to ease uneven burdens — can help put girls on the path to empowerment and the world on course to great gender equality.’’
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According to Vox Science and Health, we all have a special system for feeling emotional, social touch.
There are two touch systems. The first one gives us the 'facts' - the location, movement, and strength of a touch - and we call that discriminative touch."
The second is the emotional touch system. It's mediated by special sensors called C tactile fibers, and it conveys information much more slowly. It's vague — in terms of where the touch is happening — but it sends information to a part of the brain called the posterior insula that is crucial for socially-bonding touch. This includes things like a hug from a friend, to the touch you got as a child from your mother, to sexual touch.
It's not just a different kind of information that's conveyed by the same sensors in the skin that allow you to feel a quarter in your pocket. It's a completely different set of sensors and nerve fibers that wind up in a different part of your brain.
Touch shapes first impressions of people in weird ways.
David Linden, a neurobiologist at Johns Hopkins says, "In one of the classic experiments, people were holding either a cold iced drink or a hot drink when meeting someone, and those with a hot drink literally rated the people they met as warmer — as in, having a more pro-social personality. They didn't rate them better overall — say, as smarter, or more competent — they just rated them as warmer.
It points to an idea that's come up in social psychology again and again: if you're evaluating someone for the first time, the first decision you make is friend or foe. Is this person warm, or are they a threat? Then the second thing you evaluate is whether they're competent — which means that it matters if they're a threat or not. And it seems that touch information helps us make these distinctions, even when it's irrelevant."
When you’ve had an upsetting experience or are angry and someone tries to hold you, have you noticed that your first reaction is to resist and hold on to your emotion? But if the person continues to hold you, you tend to release the emotion and accept the comfort the person is giving?
This week, try to be the person giving comfort. See how it can make a difference in your personal world with someone you know. Then remember that we are all one and the comfort you extended may be passed on to someone you don’t know by the first person. Or be bold and Reach Out and Touch (Somebody’s Hand) that you don’t know. Our world will be better for any and all of your efforts.
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The Arbatel de magia veterum (Arbatel: Of the Magic of the Ancients) is a Renaissance-period grimoire – a textbook of magic – and one of the most influential works of its kind. Unlike some other occult manuscripts that contain dark magic and malicious spells, the Arbatel contains spiritual advice and guidance on how to live an honest and honorable life.
The Arbatel is claimed to have been written in 1575 AD. This date is supported through textual references dating from 1536 through 1583. It is believed that the final editor of the Arbatel was Swiss physician Theodor Zwinger, and that it was published by Italian printer Pietro Perna. The author remains unknown, although it has been speculated that a man named Jacques Gohory may be the author. Like Zwinger and Perna, Gohory was a Paracelsian (a group who believed in and followed the medical theories and therapies of Paracelsus).
|Portrait of Paracelsus (Philippus von Hohenheim), |
Father of Toxicology and Occultist.
The focus of the Arbatel is on nature, and the natural relationships between humanity and a celestial hierarchy. It centers on the positive relationships between the celestial world and humans, and the interactions between the two. British poet and scholarly mystic Arthur Edward Waite (A.E. Waite) noted that the Arbatel is clearly Christian in nature. He wrote that it does not contain any form of black magic, and that it is not connected to the Greater or Lesser Keys of Solomon, which were focused on demonology.
The most frequently cited book in the Arbatel is the Bible. In the manner it is written, it appears that the author of the Arbatel must have had many portions of the Bible memorized, and that this highly influenced his writings.
The Arbatel was an extremely influential work for its time. It is said that one cannot understand the meaning of the Arbatel without also understanding the philosophy of Paracelsus. It viewed theosophy in an occult sense, and was perhaps the first written work to do so. Prior to the Arbatel, theosophy was generally used as a synonym for theology. It was the first writing to make the important distinction between human knowledge and divine knowledge.
Not all views of the Arbatel are positive, however. Dutch physician, occultist and demonologist Johann Weyer condemned the Arbatel as being “full of magical impiety” in his book, De praestigiis daemonum. In 1617, two professors at the University of Marburg in Germany intended to use the Arbatel as a textbook for students. Actions were taken against those professors by the University, and the book led to a student’s expulsion. Further, in 1623, an individual accused of being a witch, Jean Michel Menuisier, claimed to have used incantations from the Arbatel.
The first edition was most likely published in Basel. Some claim there had been earlier editions, although there has been no evidence to substantiate this. Since 1575, there have been several reprints. In 1655, Robert Turner translated the Arbatel to English, and printed it in his "Fourth" book of Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa's “Three Books of Occult Philosophy.” In 1686, Andreas Luppius wrote a German translation of the Arbatel, and in 1855, Scheible completed another German translation, correcting Luppius’ errors. In 1945, Marc Haven created a French translation of the manuscript. Finally, in 1969, it was translated again into English in the British Library’s Sloane Manuscripts. This English translation resulted in many errors and missing sections, and included a “Seal of Secrets” not included in any other version.
Through its original edition and later translations, the Arbatel remains a fascinating look into ancient spiritual advice, and the different philosophies and views of the world from the 16th Century.
Find the book on our site.
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Getting Blood Pressure Under Control
Many missed opportunities to prevent heart disease and stroke
High blood pressure is a major risk factor for heart disease and stroke, both of which are leading causes of death in the US. Nearly one-third of all American adults have high blood pressure and more than half of them don’t have it under control.* Many with uncontrolled high blood pressure don’t know they have it. Millions are taking blood pressure medicines, but their blood pressure is still not under control. There are many missed opportunities for people with high blood pressure to gain control. Doctors, nurses and others in health care systems should identify and treat high blood pressure at every visit.
*Blood pressure control means having a systolic blood pressure less than 140 mmHg and a diastolic blood pressure less than 90 mmHg, among people with high blood pressure.
Controlling blood pressure has to be a priority.
Why is blood pressure control so important to health?
When your blood pressure is high:
- You are 4 times more likely to die from a stroke
- You are 3 times more likely to die from heart disease
Even blood pressure that is slightly high can put you at greater risk.
Most people with uncontrolled high blood pressure:
- Know they have high blood pressure
- See their doctor
- Take prescribed medicine
Each of these is important, but there is much more to do. What’s needed now is for doctors, nurses and their patients to pay regular and frequent attention to controlling blood pressure.
Federal government is:
- Joining with the private sector in leading the national Million Hearts™ initiative to prevent a million heart attacks and strokes by 2017.
- Working with pharmacists on activities to provide education and counseling to patients with high blood pressure.
- Focusing on the importance of high blood pressure as a Leading Health Indicator.
- Measuring progress against the specific objectives in Healthy People 2020.
Health care systems where patients are seen and treated can:
- Start having doctors, nurses, and others review patient records, looking for patients who need more attention to control their high blood pressure.
- Create system-wide targets using Healthy People 2020 objectives to achieve blood pressure control.
- Update staff monthly on progress and give feedback on success measures.
- Make it easier for patients to stay on medicines:
- Consider 90-day refills for prescriptions
- Consider no or lower co-payments for medicines
Doctors, nurses and others who treat patients can:
- Flag and monitor patients with high blood pressure or who are at-risk. Report progress on patients using National Quality Forum (NQF) 0018.
- Counsel patients to take their medicines and make lifestyle changes. Follow their progress.
- Regularly evaluate the blood pressure medicines they take to determine whether these need to be changed.
- Address every blood pressure reading that is high by talking with the patient about taking prescribed medicines, adjusting current medicines and/or encouraging lifestyle changes. Consider once-a-day doses of medicines when possible.
- Take prescribed medicines each day and follow the directions on the bottle. If your blood pressure is still not under control or if you have side effects, talk with your doctor, nurse, or pharmacist about possibly changing your medicine.
- Work to maintain a healthy weight and meet the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans.
- Follow a heart healthy eating plan with foods lower in sodium.
- Get help to stop smoking. If you don’t smoke, don’t start.
- Measure and write down your blood pressure readings between doctor’s visits. This can be done at home, at a grocery store or at the pharmacy.
- Keep your doctor, nurse, pharmacist or other health care provider informed of your blood pressure readings that you take at home.
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Tropaeolum, commonly known as Nasturtium, literally “nose-twister” or “nose-tweaker”, contains roughly 80 species. They are native to south and central America.
These fit neatly into three categories of a permaculture guild: herbaceous, rhizosphere and vines/vertical. Most organic gardeners know that nasturtiums are an all around useful flower in the garden.
Nasturtiums are considered a “pest trap,” because they attract aphids and other pests. They repel a great many cucurbit pests, like squash bugs, cucumber beetles, and several caterpillars. They have a similar range of benefits for brassica plants, especially broccoli and cauliflower. They are a trap crop against black fly aphids. They also attract beneficial predatory insects, hummingbirds and beneficial insects. They’re easy to grow in poor soil. They can be grown around the borders of an orchard (or garden), or within a tree dripline.
Nasturtiums are usually annuals, but some varieties are perennial, depending on the climate and species. They produce seeds and tubers and can be self-seeding annuals. You can also collect the seed for the following year’s crop.The most desirable perennial grown by permaculturists is known as Mashua, Tropaeolum tuberosum, sometimes known as “Ken Aslet”, a perennial in the nasturtium family. It has extraordinary resistance to insect, nematode and bacterial pests. It is grown as a companion plant to potatoes and any of the nightshade family. Some people allow it to grow up the trunk of their fruit trees.
Mashua is resistant to many insects, nematodes, fungi and other pathogens. It is also resistant to the Andean weevil which attacks potatoes and other tuber crops, and is used in companion planting for that purpose. This disease resistance makes mashua a valuable crop to intercrop with other cultivated species as an efficient and cost effective way to control pests and diseases without using costly chemicals. In the Peruvian highlands, mashua is often grown with maize, oca, ulluco, potatoes, legumes and grains. Mashua contains high levels of compounds with insecticidal properties (from Southern Illinois University, Mashua By Travis A. Clark).
Mashua contains many other medicinal qualities, found at the above article link.
Nasturtiums are in the Brassicaceae (cabbage family), the leaves and flowers are edible for humans. The flowers and leaves taste spicy and can add beauty and spice to any salad. The leaves can be dehydrated for winter use. They crumble readily and can be added dry or fresh in salad dressing, omelets, stir fry, or any number of dishes. The unripe seed and/or flower buds can be eaten like capers too!
Edible watercress, Nasturtium officinale, is believed to be in the Tropaeolum family but recent findings are that it is not.
One mashua plant can produce up to 9 lb. (4 kg) of tubers. The part of mashua that is commonly eaten is the tuber, and is one of the four most principal crops in parts of South America for that purpose. It can be eaten raw and is peppery. But when cooked, the peppery taste dissipates. All parts of Mashua can also be eaten (flower, leaves, seeds) like other nasturtiums.
Mashua has medicinal qualities, but curiously I found too many articles stating that it’s an aphrodisiac when it’s not (where did they get that information?). Folklore is that it reduces male fertility. There has been a scientific study verifying this, that showed a reduction in sperm count in rats, but not in levels of testosterone. The study: (Mashua) reduces testicular function: effect of different treatment times
Mashua is hardy in zones to 7b, but in cooler zones, can be heavily mulched or dug and brought indoors. It can be left in the ground and harvested in winter, in warmer regions, yet it’s one of the most frost tolerant of the varieties.
It was difficult for me to find a source in the US (but there are easy to find sources in the UK). Outside South America, the most common sources come from the US Pacific Northwest and New Zealand, principally because it’s now being grown experimentally in those places.
Fry Road Nursery (Oregon)
Far Reaches Farm (Washington)
The Occidental Arts & Ecology Center (California) (note: they appear to sell only at local plant sales, but it’s worth checking)
Whether one uses the mashua or other varieties, nasturtiums are beneficial to plant in each garden bed that has either brassica or nightshade crops. They are equally important for fruit orchards as a pest trap.
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Possum Boxes at your Home
Create a home for an endangered species.
Possum boxes are routinely installed in native trees to create additional nesting options for the western ringtail possum, and provide greater protection from predation from cats, dogs, owls and crows at times when their natural habitat is removed or severely degraded.
Possum boxes are also installed in trees to encourage possums from roofs and living in buildings, and for research, rehabilitation and educational purposes. These actions will help provide an alternative home for the critically endangered western ringtail possum.
Possum boxes can be installed yourself or by a professional arborist in backyards where cats and dogs are contained at night. They are relatively easy to construct out of wood, hanging baskets or plant pots, or you can order one from the Busselton Men’s Shed; 555 Roe Terrace Busselton or call 0438 166 694.
When installing a Possum Box:
- Choose a suitable tree greater than 10 years old preferably without hollows or dreys. The tree must be alive – no dead trunks. Ideally choose its known food source i.e Peppermint Trees- Agonis flexuosa. In the absence of a suitable Peppermint Tree, Marri, Jarrah, Tuart or a known habitat tree can be used.
- Place the box 4m or higher above ground amongst the branches and leaves to provide protection when the possum emerges from predators such as owls.
- Do not place the box on the main trunk, as this can be climbed by goannas/cats etc. Rather, place the box out in the branches of the tree.
- Attach box to tree using wire inserted through old hose (to protect tree) or plastic coated clothesline (available from hardware stores). Black, stretchy tree tie (from revegetation suppliers) or old rope could also be used.
- Ensure your pets (dogs and cats) are kept inside at night.
- Place boxes near food source (Peppermint Trees- Agonis flexuosa).
- Face the nest box away from the prevailing weather – south-east is suggested, if possible. Stormy weather comes mostly from the south/south west. West-facing boxes are too hot, and the low beams of the sun on dusk may impair the vision of the possum when it emerges in the evening.
- Face the door close to the trunk of the tree to reduce the time that the animal is exposed leaving the box. Small branches in front of the box will impede the entrance or flight of possible predators.
- If painting the possum box, use an outdoor, weather-proof paint in a camouflaged colour. This will also help prolong the life of the box.
Monitoring possum box use
Check your box every four weeks to see if it is being used by possums or native wildlife, and to ensure it’s not being overtaken by feral bees. If feral bees are using your possum box, seek professional help to remove existing bees.
Please report possum or wildlife to DBCA using the Fauna Report Form and refer to our guidelines to assist Injured Wildlife.
Possums, along with other types of wildlife, benefit from keeping remnant bush and mature trees on your property, as well as installing nest boxes. Keeping cats and dogs inside at night, driving slowly at night, covering up the compost bin and not leaving pet food out at night time are all actions that will help conserve possums and other wildlife.
Possums are a part of suburban living and are not shy of humans. Their antics and acrobatics are a delight to watch at night, however, they need our help to survive in our urban environment.
- Western Ringtail Possum: Endangered Species in our Backyard (WRAG) Includes guidelines for constructing a possum box
- Nest Boxes for Native Animals
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Monday 11th May
LO: Can I use my research skills to find out what the Romans invented?
This week in English we are going to be having a big debate! "Were the Romans the greatest inventors?"
Today, I would like you to use your research skills to find out what the Romans invented. Use the internet to research this. Then, write a list of what they invented and why these things are useful to us now.
You could also watch these videos to help you:
-What did the Romans do for us?
LO: Can I use a protractor/angle measurer to draw angles less than 180°?
How much do you already know about angles? Read through this PowerPoint to review your knowledge.
Today we are going to be measuring acute and obtuse angles.
First, look at this YouTube video to make your own angle measure.
Using your angle measurer (/protractors), estimate how to measure 70 degrees, 120 degrees etc. Then go around your house and measure angles less than 180 degrees. You could also draw angles on a piece paper to measure.
Complete this estimating angles activity sheet.
AND/OR play this game: Alien Angles. You will be given an angle. Drag the arrow to estimate the angle then click on the spaceship to find out how close your estimate was!
LO: Can I name the parts of the human skeleton?
Can you name any bones in your body?
Read this PowerPoint to find out about the human skeleton.
Next, click here to learn the names of the bones and label the skeleton.
Or if you fancy getting creative, you could use this sheet (or make your own) to cut and stick the skeleton together. Then label the parts!
Test your knowledge of the human skeleton with this fun quiz!
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Irritating U.S. export -- fire ants
Fire ants came to the South as an unwanted gift from Argentina more than half a century ago. But now, the United States has managed to export the ant around the globe, according to a team of researchers tracking the migration.
"It's just exploded in the last 10 years," said one of the researchers, University of Georgia entomologist Kenneth Ross.
Working with former UGA student DeWayne Shoemaker, Ross and other scientists compared genetic material from red imported fire ants in the United States to fire ants that have showed up over the past decade in Australia, Taiwan, Hong Kong and China.
They also looked at genetic material from colonies in the ants' native territory, Argentina.
The researchers concluded that the fire ants now infesting Asia and Australia came from the American South, with one exception. One type of fire ant that has become established in Taiwan actually came from California - but the California ants had been accidentally imported from the Southern United States earlier, so they're ultimately from the South, too.
Fire ants recently discovered in New Zealand are almost certainly from the United States as well, Ross said.
Shoemaker, Ross and other scientists took genetic material from more than 2,000 ant colonies in 11 countries to track the stinging ants' global travels.
The study demonstrates the power of recently developed methods of genetic analysis, Ross said. Scientists are using similar techniques to map waves of human migration across the globe over the centuries.
But the scientists also see a frightening side effect from swelling global trade at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st, he said.
The fire ant seemed hunkered down in Georgia and other parts of the American South for decades after it was accidentally brought to Mobile, Ala., on a South American cargo ship in the late 1930s.
Just in the past 10 years, the United States has become a transportation hub for the fire ant, sending it across the Pacific to at least three and probably five countries.
"I've had some people suggest to me that it's bioterrorists, or even malicious tourists. But it's almost certainly the case that it's large-scale shipping," Ross said.
The fire ant is by no means the only unwanted animal or plant species the U.S. has accidentally exported over the past decade or so. But the stinging ant is one of the most striking examples, Ross said.
"Once they get established, they move around easily, by their own dispersal abilities but also by human activities," he said.
Hidden in a cargo container, the ants can survive a long time with just a little moisture. If they get hungry enough, the adults will cannibalize the young.
"They're really well adapted to surviving long, arduous journeys under difficult circumstances," Ross said.
Observers reported floating rafts of fire ants in the floods that followed Hurricane Katrina - another well-documented survival mechanism that lets fire ants move to dry land and safety during floods, Ross said.
As global trade accelerates, opportunities are rising for fire ants and other invasive species to move from country to country, Ross said.
"It's a very difficult situation, even if we were all in agreement that we wanted to deal with this issue - and it's not clear everyone does," Ross said. "The question becomes, how in the world do you do it with the scale of global commerce?"
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In any Ashtanga class, you've probably heard a teacher shout "hold mula bandha!" to a struggling student. So what the heck does that even mean?
An overview of the three bandhas:
In our yoga practice there are three things that hold the posture together. Without these three things, yoga would just be stretching and nothing else. They are the breath, the bandhas and the drishti or gaze point. The bandhas are energetic locks in the body; we use three bandhas in our practice. The first is the moola bandha or the pelvic floor. We activate this lock by squeezing the pelvic floor. For men this is your anus and for women, this is your vaginal walls, the sensation is the same as kegel exercises. We activate the mula bandha on every inhale. On every exhale we activate the second energy lock, uddiyana bandha, or the navel lock. This bandha is activated by drawing your belly inward and your navel to your spine. The third bandha is the jalandhara bandha, or the throat lock. We only use this lock a few times during the primary practice, unlike the mula and uddiyana bandha which are activated upon every breath. If we think of our body like a vessel, the bandhas help to seal in our prana or energy in order to heat the body and burn away toxins and impurities within the body.
Why and How We Hold Mula Bandha:
Mula bandha is said to cut through brahma granthi, the energetic knot of our resistance to change, which lies in mula-dhara chakra. On the physical level, practicing mula bandha creates attentiveness in the supportive musculature of the pelvis. This increases the stability of the pelvis, and, since the pelvis is the seat of the spine, its stability creates a safe environment for spinal movement. Thus, mula bandha strengthens—and teaches the importance of—the solid foundation that should underlie any movement.
On a physical level, mula bandha consists of a contraction, a muscular lifting-up in the floor of the pelvis. Although the pelvis itself is primarily a bony structure supported with ligaments, the pelvic floor consists of muscle fibers and fascia (connective tissue). These tissues intersect and overlap in complex ways; for our purposes, we can divide the pelvic floor into three muscular levels, each of which can be sensed and moved separately.
While using mula bandha with asana can increase core stability, it can only be fully engaged when the spine is straight and long. It is also difficult to feel and experience the energetic effects of this bandha when done with yoga postures, so it is recommended to first practice mula bandha in a seated meditation pose.
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Folk-lore of the Holy Land, Moslem, Christian and Jewish, by J. E. Hanauer , at sacred-texts.com
IN the early part of the eighteenth century the learned Rabbinnical writer Kolonimos was head of the small, and greatly oppressed Jewish community at Jerusalem.
One Sabbath day, the Rabbi was at his devotions at the Jews’ Wailing-place, when the "Shamash" or verger of the Synagogue came, breathless with haste and fear, to tell him that the town was in an uproar, and that the Mohammedans were threatening to exterminate the Jews, because a Moslem boy had been found slain in the Jewish Quarter. He had not finished his tale when a party of Moslems came up and began to beat the Rabbi, dragging him off towards the serai. The Pasha, at sight of him, pointed to the body of the murdered lad, which had also been brought before him, and sternly told the Rabbi that
unless he could produce the actual murderer, all the Jews would be massacred.
The Rabbi said he could detect the guilty party, if pen and paper, together with a bowl of water were given to him. When this had been done, the Rabbi wrote on the paper the tetra-grammaton, or unpronounceable name of the Most High, together with certain passages from Scripture, and from Kabbalistic writings. He then washed the document in the water, 1 repeating certain magic formulæ all the time. The next thing he did was to apply the wet paper to the dead lad's lips and forehead, the result being that the murdered boy immediately sat up, and, after gazing about him for a moment, sprang to his feet, seized one of the by-standers by the throat, and exclaimed, "This man, and no other, is guilty of my blood." Then he sank to the floor, a corpse as before. The man, thus charged with the crime, a Mohammedan, confessed and was led away to punishment.
The Rabbi was at once released; but remembering how by writing and using magical arts he had not only profaned the Sabbath but also been guilty of a heinous sin, even though compelled thereto for the preservation of his flock, he spent the rest of his days doing penance. Nor was that enough. On his death-bed, he gave orders that he should not be buried honourably, but that his friends should take his body to the brow of the hill over-looking the Kedron, just opposite the traditional monument of Zechariah the prophet, and throw it down in the same
way that the carcases of horses and asses are to this day cast down the same slope. Where it stopped rolling, there it might be buried; but no monument must be erected over the grave, and, for a century after his death, every Jew passing the spot must cast a stone on it, as was the custom in the case of malefactors. His friends carried out his instructions till the body was buried, but could not bear to leave his grave without some memorial. They therefore placed a great stone upon it, but the very next morning it was found broken and the same thing happened every time it was replaced. They saw that he would not be disobeyed. It thus became customary, as Kolonimos had desired that it should, for Jewish passers-by to cast a stone upon his grave; and also to repeat prayers there.
A few years ago an acquaintance of my own happened to be at the house of one of the principal Rabbis in Jerusalem, when a Mohammedan of very good repute came to ask the Rabbi for advice and help. He told how a certain Jew, whom he named, had come to his place of business an hour or so previously, when he was alone, for a few minutes. Soon afterwards he had missed a valuable ring that was lying on the desk in front of him when the Jew entered. No one had been in since. He could produce neither proof nor witness against the Jew in question, but felt sure he had taken the ring. Having questioned the Moslem straitly, the Rabbi saw that he spoke truth, and bade him wait while he sent for the culprit. The Jew came without knowing why he had been sent for. Before he had time to utter a
word of salutation, the Rabbi addressed him in Hebrew, in tones of excited pleading, "I beg you, for the sake of all that is Holy, to deny that you know anything about the ring which this Gentile accuses you of having stolen!" "That," said the rascal, quite thrown off his guard, "that is exactly what I meant to do." "Very well," said the Rabbi sternly, "as you have virtually confessed before all these witnesses that you have the ring, hand it over to its owner immediately, and be thankful if he takes no steps to have you punished." The thief gave back the ring, and went unpunished.
During the Egyptian occupation of Palestine between 1831 and 1840, Ibrahìm Pasha, governor of the country, happened to be at Jaffa, when a certain goldsmith came to him, complaining his shop had been burgled in the night, and demanding justice in a high tone . "While we were under the shadow of the Sultan," he said, "I never lost a thing. But now, with you Egyptians who talk so much about good government, in the first month I lose half my substance. It is a shame to you and a great loss to me; and I think that you owe me compensation, for your own honour."
"Very well, I take the responsibility," said Ibrahìm in some amusement. He then sent a crier through the streets calling upon all who loved strange sights to be at the goldsmith's shop at a certain hour next day, with the result that when that hour arrived, the street in front of the shop was packed with people. Then Ibrahìm appeared, attended by
his officers and the public executioner. He first harangued the people on the virtue of trustworthiness, saying that the Egyptian Government was determined to administer the strictest justice, and to punish, without partiality, the slightest breach of trust, even though committed by a senseless and inanimate object. Then, turning to the door of the shop: "Even this door," he said, "shall be punished for failing in its duty, which is to keep out thieves, unless it tell me who it was that passed it the night before last, and stole things out of the shop." The door giving no answer, he bade the executioner, administer one hundred lashes with his kurbâj. 1
When the punishment was ended, he again exhorted the door to speak, saying that, if it feared to utter the name aloud, it could whisper in his ear. He gave his ear to the door, as one listening, then sprang erect and laughed in scorn: "This door talks nonsense. Executioner, another hundred lashes!"
After this second beating, he listened again to hear what the door had to say, while the people murmured and shrugged shoulders one to another, thinking him mad.
"The same stupid tale!" he cried despairingly. "It will persist in telling me that the thief is present in this crowd of honest people, and still has some dust and cobwebs from the shop on his tarbûsh." At that a man was noticed hurriedly to brush his fez, and the Pasha, on the watch for some such action, had him arrested. He proved to be the guilty party, and was punished.
Another story of the kind is told of Ibrahìm Pasha. They say that, while in Jerusalem, he encouraged the fellahìn of the country to bring their produce to t city, assuring them that his soldiers would e punished if they hurt them or took anything fr m them without payment. One day, a woman from Silwân, with a basket of jars filled with leben, 1 came and complained of a soldier having seized one of her jars and drunk off the contents without so much as "By your leave." Ibrahìm asked her when this had happened, and if she thought she could identify the soldier. She replied that it had happened just this minute, and she would know the man again among ten thousand.
"We shall see," said Ibrahìm, and called his trumpeter. Soon every soldier in the city was on parade before the castle; and the Pasha led the woman down the ranks, asking her to pick out the offender. She pointed to a certain man and stopped before him. Ibrahìm asked if she was sure it was the culprit, and she swore by Allah she was not mistaken. Three times he put the question, and she replied that she was quite sure. Then he drew his sword, and, with a deft stroke, cut the soldier open, releasing the leben, still undigested. "It is lucky for you, you were right," he remarked to the woman, "or your fate would have been far worse than this soldier's."
100:1 For a somewhat similar ceremony in the Mosaic ritual see Numb v. 23.
103:1 A whip of hippopotamus-hide.
104:1 Curds, or else buttermilk.
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Why Did My Plant Die?
Why Did My Plant Die?
Let’s start this post off with the truth: sometimes we can’t figure out why a plant has died. And often, a plant dies not just from one cause, but from a combination of “this, then that, and the other thing.” That said, here is how to problem solve if you’ve got a plant that didn’t thrive.
- The most common reason a plant dies is from either too much or too little water. This is especially true for newly placed plants that don’t have established root systems. In both cases the plants wilt first, so the initial symptoms are the same. In this area where so many people have automatic sprinkler systems, most homeowners depend on those to water their new plants well, and these systems are set to water established plants not new ones. So if your new plant dies, the first thing to do is to dig down twelve to fifteen inches in several areas around that plant and see just how wet or dry the soil really is below the surface. That might answer your question right away.
- Plants can die because they were hit with a chemical, housecleaning product, or too much of a garden product. Ask yourself if the house was recently power-washed, windows cleaned, fertilizer applied, lawn herbicides spread, weed killer used etc around your dead plant.
- Some plants die because they were physically damaged. Staking wires left on too long, string-trimmers that scrape off the bark, something falling on or running over the plant are just three examples of physical injuries. In the winter mice and voles can eat the bark low on young trees and girdle the plant. To look for physical injury, examine the entire plant closely from the ground up.
- Finally, insects and diseases can kill a plant although this isn’t usually the only cause of a plant’s death. Most diseases don’t act quickly so a plant that has “died overnight” isn’t likely to have a disease. Frequent monitoring of your plants will help you to spot any possible insect and disease situations before they become problematic. If you see anything questionable, bring a sample of the foliage and a few pictures of your plant into the garden center so we can help diagnose the problem and provide you with possible solutions.
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The Beginnings of San Francisco
In the Vioget survey of 1839 the streets were, as has been stated, very narrow. Vioget ran no east line for Montgomery street and consequently that street, being completed later, was the widest in the village and was made sixty-two and a half feet wide. Kearny street was made forty-five feet, five inches wide, and Dupont street, forty-four feet, this irregularity being probably due to want of knowledge in regard to the lines and when buildings were erected the street lines were made, in a degree, to conform. Kearny street was afterwards widened to seventy-five feet between Market street and Broadway, and Dupont to seventy-four feet from Market street to Bush. Vioget laid out five streets running east and west, viz: Pacific, Jackson, Washington, Clay, and Sacramento. These streets were forty-nine feet, one and a half inches wide. The Vioget survey was extended some time before the American occupation to include Stockton and Powell streets on the west, Broadway and Vallejo on the north, and California, Pine, and Bush on the south. Stockton and Powell were made sixty-six feet nine inches wide, Broadway, eighty-two and a half feet, California, eighty-five feet, and the others sixty-eight feet, nine inches, which became the regulation width for the main streets of the Fifty vara and the Western addition surveys; the exceptions being, in addition to California street and Broadway, Van Ness avenue one hundred and twenty-five feet, and Divisadero street, eighty-two and a half feet wide. The five westerly streets of the Vioget survey extend with their narrow width to Larkin street, the limit of the Fifty vara survey, and from Larkin street they were widened to sixty-eight feet, nine inches, by taking from the lots on either side. Market street is one hundred and twenty feet wide, and the main streets of the Hundred vara survey are eighty-two and a half feet wide. In the Mission the main streets are eighty-two and a half feet, except Dolores, which is one hundred and twenty; Tenth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, and Sixteenth streets, which are eighty feet wide and the streets from Fourteenth to Twenty-sixth inclusive (excepting Sixteenth street) which are sixty-four feet wide.
I cannot undertake to give the origin of all of the street names in San Francisco, but can give an account of most of the better known ones. Many of the names of course, require no explanation, as for instance, the trees, Cherry, Chestnut, Pine, etc.; natural objects, as Bay, North Point, and others; the presidents of the United States and statesmen of national reputation, as Fillmore, Buchanan, Clay, etc.; the names of states and of counties, and the numbered streets and avenues. In giving an account of the naming of the streets, I shall again pass beyond the time limit of this history and bring my account down to date. Prior to 1909, San Francisco enjoyed the distinction of having three sets of numbered streets and two sets of streets designated by letters of the alphabet. Two sets of the numbered streets were called "avenues" and one had the suffix "south"; one set of lettered streets had the same treatment. To remedy this condition, which was becoming intolerable, the mayor of the city appointed, in 1909, a commission to look into the matter of street names and recommend such changes as might be considered necessary. The commission in its report suggested many changes, most of which were adopted. The commission endeavored to avail itself of the wealth of material existing in the history of the city and state, and give to the streets names not only of historical significance but to add to their attractiveness the liquid beauty of the Spanish nomenclature of the colonial period. In this the commission was only partially successful, owing to a general opposition on the part of small tradesmen to having the names of their streets changed, claiming that they had established their business under the existing names and having, they said, an "asset" in the name of the street on which they were.
I will give the streets in order, first, in the Fifty vara survey, then the Western addition, the Hundred vara survey, and the Mission.
The Fifty vara survey is that part of the city lying between Market and Larkin streets and the bay. The street on the water front, which, when completed, will run from the presidio line to the San Mateo county boundary, was named by the commission of 1909, The Embarcadero (the Landing). That portion of it within the completed sea wall had been named East street North, and East street South, according to its extension to the north or south of Market street. On the Embarcadero the numbers indicate the location of buildings—odd numbers to the north, and even numbers to the south of Market street. Next west of the Embarcadero is:
DRUMM street was named for Lieutenant Drum who was adjutant of the department during the civil war; afterwards adjutant-general of the army.
DAVIS street was named for William Heath Davis at the instance of William D. M. Howard.
BATTERY street was so named because of the battery erected by Lieutenant Misroon on Clark's Point.
SANSOME street was originally named Sloat street in honor of the commodore and it so appears on the alcalde map of 1847; but between February 22d and July 18th of that year the name was changed to Sansome.
LEIDESDORFF street was named for William A. Leidesdorff.
MONTGOMERY street was named for Commander John B. Montgomery of the Portsmouth. The name of Montgomery avenue was changed to
COLUMBUS avenue, in honor of Christopher Columbus, by the commission of 1909, in order to avoid the confusion resulting from two streets bearing the same name.
KEARNY street was named for Stephen Watts Kearny, military governor of California, March 1, 1847, to May 31, 1847.
DUPONT street was named for Captain Samuel F. Du Pont, who commanded the flagship Congress and afterwards the sloop-of-war Cyane. This street was the original "Calle de la Fundacion" of Richardson and ran from about the line of California street north-northwest. It was later swung into line with the other streets by Jasper O'Farrell. The street acquired an unsavory reputation by becoming the residence of an undesirable class of citizens. When these disreputable residents were removed some years ago, the name of the street was changed to
GRANT avenue, by which it is now known.
STOCKTON street was named for Commodore Robert F. Stockton, military governor of California, August 22, 1846 to January 19, 1847.
POWELL Street is supposed to have been named in honor of Doctor W. J. Powell, surgeon United States sloop-of-war Warren, conquest of California.
MASON street was named for Richard B. Mason, colonel First dragoons and military governor of California, May 31, 1847, to April 13, 1849.
TAYLOR street was named for Zachary Taylor, the hero of Buena Vista and twelfth president of the United States.
JONES street was named for Doctor Elbert P. Jones, first editor of the California Star and member of the council of 1847.
LEAVENWORTH street after the Rev. Thaddeus M. Leavenworth, chaplain First New York regiment; alcalde of San Francisco.
HYDE street after George Hyde, secretary of Commodore Stockton on the Congress; alcalde of San Francisco.
LARKIN street was named for Thomas O. Larkin, United States consul at Monterey and secret agent of the government before the conquest.
GREEN street was named for Talbot H. Green who came with the Bartleson party in 1841 and was a prominent citizen of San Francisco. An account of him appears in chapter xvii.
VALLEJO street was named for Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo.
HALLECK street was named for Captain Henry Wagner Halleck.
PACIFIC, CLAY, SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA and PINE streets require no explanation, except that Pacific street was originally named for Alcalde Washington A. Bartlett and the original name of Sacramento street was Howard street, named for William D. M. Howard. Why these names were changed does not appear.
BUSH street was named, it is said, for Doctor J. P. Bush, an early resident.
SUTTER street was named for John A. Sutter.
POST street was named for Gabriel B. Post who came in 1847; member of the ayuntamiento of 1849.
GEARY street was named for John W. Geary, first alcalde, 1849-50, and first mayor under the charter.
O'FARRELL street was named for Jasper O'Farrell.
ELLIS street was named for Alfred J. Ellis who came in 1847; member of the ayuntamiento of 1849, and of the constitutional convention.
EDDY street was named for William M. Eddy the surveyor. He completed the survey of the city under the charter of 1850.
TURK street was named for Frank Turk, clerk of the ayuntamiento and second alcalde.
GOLDEN GATE avenue was originally named Tyler street for John Tyler, tenth president of the United States, but after the opening of Golden Gate park the street was asphalted, made the driveway to the park, and the name changed.
MCALLISTER street was named for Hall McAllister the eminent jurist.
This completes the origin of the streets' names, so far as any explanation may be necessary, of the Fifty vara survey. The description of the streets of the Hundred vara survey would perhaps be next in order as these two surveys comprised the extent of the city as defined by the charter of 1850; but for convenience I will continue the streets north of Market street, comprising the Western addition and the adjoining Outside Lands survey.
HAYES street was named for Colonel Thomas Hayes, county clerk from 1853 to 1856. He had a large tract of land in what was known as Hayes' valley which the Van Ness ordinance confirmed to him. He was one of Terry's seconds in his duel with Broderick.
PAGE street was named for Robert C. Page, clerk to the board of assistant aldermen, 1851 to 1856.
HAIGHT street for Fletcher M. Haight, a prominent lawyer of San Francisco and later United States district judge for the Southern district of California.
WALLER Street for R. H. Waller, city recorder in 1851, also in 1854.
ANZA street (Outside Lands survey) was named by the commission of 1909 in honor of the father of San Francisco, Lieutenant-colonel Juan Bautista de Anza.
BALBOA street, in honor of the discoverer of the Pacific ocean, Vasco Nuñez de Balboa.
CABRILLO street, in honor of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo the navigator.
LINCOLN way, in honor of Abraham Lincoln.
IRVING street, for Washington Irving.
J UDAH street, for Theodore D. Judah.
KIRKHAM street, for General Ralph W. Kirkham.
LAWTON street, for General Henry W. Lawton.
MORAGA street, for Lieutenant José Joaquin Moraga, founder of the presidio and mission of San Francisco.
NORIEGA street, for José de la Guerra y Noriega.
ORTEGA street, for José Francisco de Ortega, discoverer of the Bay of San Francisco.
PACHECO street, for Juan Salvio Pacheco, soldier of Anza's company and one of the founders of San Francisco.
QUINTARA street, for Spanish family.
RIVERA street, for Captain Fernando Rivera y Moncada, comandante of California.
SANTIAGO street, Spanish battle cry.
TARAVAL street, Indian guide, Anza expedition.
ULLOA street, for Francisco de Ulloa, the navigator.
VICENTE street, Spanish name.
WAWONA street, Indian name.
YORBA street, for Antonio Yorba, sergeant of Catalan volunteers, with Portolá expedition, 1769; sergeant of San Francisco company, 1777.
These names were given by the commission of 1909, not only for the historical value some of them possess, but to preserve the order of the alphabet, the streets having been lettered.
POLK street was named for James K. Polk, eleventh president of the United States.
VAN NESS avenue, for James Van Ness, mayor of San Francisco 1856, and author of the Van Ness ordinance which confirmed title to the actual possessors on January 1, 1855, of property west of Larkin street. Mr. Van Ness' residence was Western addition block 73, bounded by Van Ness avenue, Franklin, Hayes, and Fell streets.
FRANKLIN street may have been named for Selim Franklin, a pioneer merchant.
GOUGH street was named for Charles H. (Charley) Gough. In 1850 he sold milk for J. W. Harlan, at four dollars a gallon, carrying it on horseback in two two and a half gallon cans, one swung on each side of the saddle pommel. In 1855 he was a member of the board of aldermen and was appointed on a committee to lay out the streets in the Western addition.
LAGUNA street was named for Washerwomen's lagoon.
OCTAVIA, BUCHANAN, WEBSTER, PIERCE, and SCOTT require no explanation.
STEINER street was probably named for some friend of Alderman Gough.
DIVISADERO street was named for its position: the summit of a high hill. The name comes from the verb divisar—to descry at a distance. Divisadero: a point from which one can look far. The Spanish name for Lone mountain was El Divisadero.
BRODERICK street, for David Colbert Broderick.
BAKER street, for Colonel E. D. Baker.
LYON street, for Nathaniel Lyon, captain of C Troop, 1st dragoons. In 1849 he punished the Indians of Clear Lake for murder and then marched to the Oregon border to punish the Pitt river Indians for the murder of Lieutenant Warner and recover his body, which was found near Goose lake. Lyon, then a general officer, was killed at the battle of Wilson's creek, Missouri, August 10, 1861.
ARGÜELLO boulevard was named by the commission of 1909 for José Darío Argüello, comandante of San Francisco, 1785-1806; governor, ad interim, 1814-15.
LA PLAYA (The Beach) was the name given by the commission to the street next to the ocean beach and running parallel with it.
The Hundred vara survey is that part of the city which is south of Market street and east of Ninth (formerly Johnston) street. South of Ninth street and extending to Thirtieth is the Mission Dolores, or the Mission, as it is usually called. The Mission extends from Harrison street on the east to the hills of the San Miguel rancho (Twin Peaks) on the west. East of Harrison street is the Potrero Nuevo, extending from Division street on the north to Islais creek on the south. South of Islais creek is the Potrero Viejo, commonly called South San Francisco. This extends to the San Mateo county line. To the west of the Potrero Viejo, or South San Francisco, are a number of small subdivisions, bearing various names, each having its own survey.
The street next to the Embarcadero in the Hundred vara survey is
STEUART street, named for William M. Steuart who came as secretary to Commodore Jones on the line-of-battle ship Ohio in 1848. He was a member of the ayuntamiento in 1849-50 and chairman of the judiciary committee. In the records of the ayuntamiento to December 1, 1849, his name is spelled Stewart. From that date it is Steuart. He was one of the delegates from San Francisco to the constitutional convention and was, at times, acting chairman. He was a candidate for governor in the election of November 1849.
SPEAR street was named for Nathan Spear who was one of the earliest merchants of San Francisco (see chapter xiv) and was upright and honorable in all his dealings. He died in San Francisco in 1849, at the age of 47.
BEALE street was named for Lieutenant Edward F. Beale, United States navy. Beale took an active part in the conquest of California serving as lieutenant with the California battalion; later he was surveyor-general of the state and at one time United States minister to Austria.
FREMONT street was named for Colonel John C. Frémont.
MARKET street is the dividing line between the Fifty and Hundred vara surveys, the Western addition, and the Mission Dolores. It runs diagonally, from northeast to southwest and cuts the city in two. The streets of the Hundred vara survey, run parallel with, and at right angles to it. The name was probably suggested by Market street, Philadelphia.
MISSION Street was the first street opened in the southern portion of the city and followed the road to the mission.
STEVENSON street, between Market and Mission, was named for Jonathan Drake Stevenson, colonel of the First New York volunteers. The blocks in the Hundred vara survey were so large that it was found necessary to run what were called sub-division streets through them. Many of these have names of no significance, such as Annie, Jessie, Clementina, etc.
NATOMA street, a sub-division street, was originally named Mellus street for Henry Mellus, Howard's partner; but after the quarrel between the partners it was changed to Natoma. The name is that of an Indian tribe on the American river.
HOWARD street was named for W. D. M. Howard.
FOLSOM street was named for Captain Joseph L. Folsom.
HARRISON street was named for Edward H. Harrison, quartermaster's clerk of First New York volunteers, collector of the port, member of the ayuntamiento, and member of the firm of DeWitt and Harrison.
BRYANT street was named for Edwin Bryant who succeeded Lieutenant Bartlett as alcalde of San Francisco. Bryant served in the California battalion as first lieutenant of company H.
BRANNAN street was named for Elder Samuel Brannan.
BLUXOME street was named for Isaac Bluxome, Jr., a prominent business man.
TOWNSEND street was named for Doctor John Townsend, a native of Virginia who came overland with the Stevens party in 1844. He took part in the Micheltorena campaign as aid to Captain Sutter, was alcalde of San Francisco in 1848, and member of the ayuntamiento, 1849. He died of cholera in December 1850, or January 1851.
VALENCIA street was named for the family of José Manuel Valencia, a soldier of Anza's company.
GUERRERO street was named for Francisco Guerrero. His biography is in chapter xv.
DOLORES street was named for the mission and contains the mission church.
SANCHEZ street was named for the family of José Antonio Sanchez, a soldier of Anza's company.
NOE street was named for José de Jesus Noé. A brief biography of him is given in chapter xv.
CASTRO street was named for the family of Joaquin Isidro de Castro, a soldier of Anza's company.
The streets of the Potrero Nuevo ("The Potrero") are mostly names of states for the streets running north and south, and those running east and west are the continuation of the numbered streets of the Mission Dolores. The streets in the Potrero Viejo (South San Francisco) were mainly numbered "avenues" and lettered streets. These names the commission insisted on changing, giving the following names to the avenues:
ARTHUR ayenue, for Chester A. Arthur, twenty-first president of the United States.
BURKE avenue, for General John Burke of the Revolutionary army.
CUSTER avenue, for General George A. Custer United States army, killed in a battle with the Sioux under Sitting Bull, on the Little Big Horn river in Montana, June 25, 1876.
DAVIDSON avenue, for Professor George Davidson, the eminent scientist and engineer.
EVANS avenue, for Rear-admiral Robley D. Evans of the United States navy.
FAIRFAX avenue, for Thomas Fairfax, sixth Baron Fairfax, who became an American colonist, friend of Washington, and died near Winchester, Virginia, March 12, 1782.
GALVEZ avenue, for Don José de Galvez, visitador-general of Spain and member of the council of the Indies, who organized the expedition commanded by Portolá, 1768-69.
HUDSON avenue, for Henry Hudson, English navigator, discoverer of Hudson river and Hudson's bay.
INNESS avenue, for George Inness the noted American landscape painter.
J ERROLD avenue, for Douglas William Jerrold, English dramatist and humorist.
KIRKWOOD avenue, for Samuel J. Kirkwood, war governor of Iowa.
LA SALLE avenue, for Robert Cavalier, Sieur de la Salle, French explorer, discoverer of the Ohio river.
MCKINNON avenue, for Father McKinnon, chaplain of First California volunteers, Spanish war, who died in the Philippines.
NEWCOMBE avenue, for Samuel Newcombe, the distinguished astronomer.
PALOU avenue, for Fray Francisco Palou, companion of Junípero Serra, and his historian.
QUESADA avenue, for Gonzalo Ximinez de Quesada, Spanish explorer and conqueror of New Granada.
REVERE avenue, for Paul Revere, American patriot and hero of the midnight ride.
SHAFTER avenue, for General William R. Shafter, commander of the United States army in Cuba.
THOMAS avenue, for General George H. Thomas, "The Rock of Chickamauga."
UNDERWOOD avenue, for General Franklin Underwood, United States army.
VAN DYKE avenue, for Walter Van Dyke, justice of the supreme court of California.
WALLACE avenue, for William T. Wallace, chief justice of the supreme court of California.
ARMSTRONG avenue, for General Samuel Strong Armstrong, founder of Hampton Institute.
BANCROFT avenue, for George Bancroft, American historian, secretary of the navy, United States minister to Great Britain and Berlin.
CARROLL avenue, for Charles Carroll, signer of the Declaration of Independence.
DONNER avenue, for the leader of the party of immigrants who perished in the Sierra Nevada.
EGBERT avenue, for Colonel Egbert, United States army, killed in the Philippines.
FITZGERALD avenue, for Edward Fitzgerald, English poet and translator.
GILMAN avenue, for Daniel C. Gilman, American educator, former president of the University of California.
HOLLISTER avenue, for Sergeant Stanley Hollister of California, killed in Cuba.
INGERSON avenue, for Doctor H. H. Ingerson, a citizen of San Francisco.
KEY avenue, for Francis Scott Key.
LE CONTE avenue, for Professor Joseph Le Conte, teacher, scientist, and author.
MEADE avenue, for General George G. Meade, a commander at Gettysburg.
NELSON avenue, for General William Nelson, a loyal Kentuckian.
OLNEY avenue, for Richard Olney, American lawyer and statesman.
PULASKI avenue, for Count Casimier Pulaski, Polish general who served in the Revolutionary war.
RICHTER avenue, for Captain Reinhold Richter, First California volunteers, killed in Philippines.
SAMPSON avenue for Admiral William T. Sampson, United States navy.
TOVAR avenue, for Don Pedro de Tovar, ensign-general of Coronado's army.
UGARTE avenue, for Father Juan de Ugarte, founder of missions in Lower California; first ship builder of the Californias, 1719.
For the lettered streets of South San Francisco the following names were adopted by the commission:
ALVORD street, for William Alvord.
BOALT street, for John H. Boalt.
COLEMAN street, for William T. Coleman.
DONAHUE street, for Peter Donahue.
EARL street, for John O. Earl.
FITCH street, for George K. Fitch.
GRIFFITH street, for Millen Griffith.
HAWES street for Horace Hawes.
INGALLS street, for General Rufus Ingalls.
JENNINGS street, for Thomas Jennings (Sr.).
KEITH street, for William Keith.
LANE street, for Doctor L. C. Lane.
MENDELL street, for George H. Mendell.
NEWHALL street, for Henry M. Newhall.
PHELPS street, for Timothy Guy Phelps.
QUINT street, for Leander Quint.
RANKIN street, for Ira P. Rankin.
SELBY Street, for Thomas H. Selby.
TOLAND street, for Doctor H. H. Toland.
UPTON street, for Mathew G. Upton.
BERNAL Heights and Bernal avenue, were named for the family of Juan Francisco Bernal, a soldier of Anza's company.
PERALTA avenue, for the family of Gabriel Peralta, corporal of Anza's company.
DE HARO street was named for Alcalde Francisco de Haro.
The commission in selecting new names for numbered and lettered streets was limited in its choice by the necessity of preserving an alphabetical order.
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What is Depression?
Depression is a term commonly applied to a wide variety of emotional states ranging from feeling down for a few hours on a given day to severe clinical depression that may last for several months.
Being diagnosed with an autoimmune disorder can lead to depression. After becoming sick and not knowing what is wrong with us, we can feel a weight being lifted off of our shoulders when we get the correct diagnosis. After we get the diagnosis of MS or another autoimmune disorder, we can get depressed because of what we do and do not know about the disease and how it will affect our future. Depression can affect our daily activities and our relationships.
Studies have suggested that clinical depression—the most severe form—is more frequent among people with MS than it is in the general population or in many other chronic illnesses.
Depression is equally common in other immune-mediated, neuroinflammatory diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease) suggesting that inflammation is a contributing factor to depression in these conditions.
Read more about what you are to do when you are feeling depressed, by clicking here.
A discussion on depression for people living with MS with Tracy and Tom Kimball
How to Cope with Depression
There are a few things you can do when you have the blues and you need to get out of a funk. Looking at your overall health and how you can improve different areas may help.
- Exercise – Finding the right exercise for you can make all the difference. Discuss which type of exercise you should be doing with your doctor.
- Reduce your stress. I don’t care who you are, everyone has stress. There are many different ways to reduce your stress you need to decide how and when you are going to do it. Here are a few ideas:
- Take a bubble bath.
- Read a good book in a quite setting.
- Listen to soothing music.
- Stay in touch with your family and friends. You may need a Self-Care Saturday to reconnect.
- Stay connected with your doctors. Don’t miss your appointments and make sure to write down all of your questions before going to your appointment so you don’t forget anything.
- Recognize your feelings. Get a journal and keep track of how you are feeling. Track what triggers them and what helps relieve them.
20 Tips & Tricks to Tackle Depression in MS by
Dr. Aaron Boster
To learn more about depression and MS, the National MS Society has created this helpful brochure.
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In this blog we try to give you an idea of what a bot is made of i.e. the components used in making a bot. Obviously the exact components required for a given bot will depend on the type of bot you are building, but this will give you some idea of the components available.
Every bot must be capable of connecting to and interacting with one or more messaging platforms, such as Facebook Messenger, Slack or web chat. The chat platforms is the user interface for the bot.
Natural language processing (NLP) engines are able to the identify the intentions behind phrases in natural language. For example the following phrases all have the same intent, which is BOOK_FLIGHT:
I want to book a flight
I want to go from Dubai to Moscow
I need a flight
Bots that need to be able to understand text or speech in natural language need to access NLP engines to do so.
To fully engage in a conversation, a bot also needs a dialog manager (which keeps track of the information state of the bot and generates responses or actions in response to intents and the information state) and a natural language generator (which takes parameterized responses and converts them into understandable natural language phrases).
It’s worth noting that AI driven bots are very far away from being able to participate in conversations in a human-like way.
Analytics is needed to monitor and measure the bots’ performance. They provide metrics on the bot such as the number of users and the type of engagement. It’s obviously critical for bot developers to gather these types of metrics on the bot to understand if engagement with the bot and the interactions with different conversational or graphical features is as expected.
The conversation flow are the rules that govern the action the bot takes in response to different inputs. The actions could be a text response, a multimedia response or a graphical widget response where the user is presented with graphical options to choose from.
These rules are usually built by a developer and determine the behaviour of the the bot. The rules can be scripted, i.e. the user has to choose from limited options at each step of the conversation, or open, in which case the user can say anything (normally within a narrow context like customer service for a company, or purchasing a product on Alexa) and the bot determines what to do from the intent (as determined by the NLP engine).
The content such as text in the user’s language and media files needs to be managed independently from the conversation flow. The language, the media files and implementation may change depending on who the user is, the context, and the messaging platform that the message is being shown on.
Content like code needs to be professionally maintained and source controlled which is why Botpress created UMM.
Even if they are not used specifically for marketing purposes, many chatbots need marketing and campaign like features. This can include the ability to tag users according to segmentations and then use the segmentations to determine the messages that they get sent. This can also include the ability to do A/B testing. And this is in addition to the opportunities to do native and affiliate marketing for chatbots.
Chatbots need the ability to manage subscriptions, broadcasts and newsfeeds. Most chatbots will have some information that they provide their subscribers with on a regular basis and managing these subscriptions is therefore necessary. Apart from sending automated messages to subscribers they also may need to offer the ability for human agents to send messages to subscribers manually.
Human in the loop is the ability of the human to take control of the bot. There are many reasons why a human might want to manually take over the bot conversation, the most common being that the bot did not understand what the end user said.
Security is a concern for any software creator. A chatbot creator not only needs to ensure that the messages to and from the users are suitability encrypted and private, but they also have to ensure that the roles of the internal staff assigned to manage and monitor the chatbot are suitably permissioned.
While architecture is not a component, like any software, every chatbot has an architecture. If the software architecture is not of a high standard the chatbot will not be extensible and easily maintainable.
Although Botpress is essentially middleware that connects all the chatbot components to each other, it provides a best practice architecture that makes the chatbot easy to maintain and highly extensible.
Botpress also offers components out of the box for all the major categories above. It allows and encourages developers to use third party components or services available in the ecosystem alongside or instead of its own components.
The above hopefully gives you a basic idea of the components that a chatbot is composed of and how to program bots for your own personal or business needs. It is important to note that individual bots are customized by developers coding their own modules that they add to the chatbot and by developers customizing the off the shelf modules by editing the source code.
Disclaimer: We encourage our blog authors to give their personal opinions. The opinions expressed in this blog are therefore those of the authors. They do not necessarily reflect the opinions or views of Botpress as a company.
Fortunately, the unrealistic expectations regarding how conversational AI would allow chatbots to be almost fully...
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All you need to realize about clinical article: its function, way and structure of composing
The manuscript for the article must have the total name associated with work, the surname and mane for the writer, the annotation ( for a split page), record of used literary works.
Few words regarding the framework of medical article
This article possesses structure that is simple
- introduction (formula of a medical problem, relevance, reference to the main tasks for the growth of a specific industry of science and training – 1 paragraph or 5-10 lines);
- the key research and magazines in the issue, recently relied on by the author, the issue associated with allocation of unresolved problems, which will be focused on this article (0.5-2 pages of typed text);
- formulation of this function of the content (statement for the issue) – the main notion of this book is expressed, which varies significantly through the contemporary some ideas concerning the issue, complements or deepens currently understood approaches. The goal of the paper follows through the declaration associated with the problem that is scientific the breakdown of the key magazines on subjects (1 paragraph, or 5-10 lines);
- a declaration for the content of very own research – the primary an element of the article. It covers the primary provisions and outcomes of medical research, personal tips, thoughts, gotten clinical facts, system of test. Analysis regarding the results, personal share associated with the writer into the utilization of the key conclusions, etc. (5-6 pages);
- conclusion, where the primary declaration through the writer is developed, the information of conclusions and suggestions, their significance for concept and training, social importance and perspectives (1/3 page).
Variety of guidelines of composing an article that is scientific
Whenever composing a medical article, you need to abide by particular guidelines:
- The information about the author is indicated in the upper right corner there is the author’s full name; if necessary, the information that supplements
- the name for the article quickly reflects its idea that is main (ideally as much as five terms);
- A report that is scientific be avoided;
- it really is not practical to inquire of rhetorical concerns; more use of narrative sentences;
- try not to overload the written text with figures within the listings of specific viewpoints, conditions, demands;
- citations in the article are used very rarely (it is possible to make references in the parentheses to the scientist who first investigated the nagging problem);
- all references to authority get at the start of the article; the volume that is main dedicated to the presentation associated with the writer’s own views;
- this article should conclude with tangible conclusions and recommendations and add a summary of utilized sources.
Theoretical and empirical types of articles
Prior to the allocation in medical research for the theoretical and empirical degree of knowledge, we distinguish theoretical and empirical articles. The articles that are theoretical the outcomes of research carried out with the aid of such types of cognition as abstraction, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, idealization, formalization, modeling.
Into the articles in which the calculations were created, the things of this description into the analytical or graph-analytical kind are physical, chemical, real and chemical procedures, outcomes and types of financial calculations, etc.
In works specialized in the interpretation of phenomena, procedures, issues on the basis of the systematization of medical facts utilizing the allocation of fundamental ideas, principles, regulations, mathematical calculations and models receive, nevertheless the product is principally presented in a form that is textual. The primary importance in the dwelling of acquiring rational guidelines and rules.
Empirical articles describe the link between research carried out by using experimental techniques, observation, dimension, but with the employment of a quantity of theoretical practices. Within their titles you can find frequently words, calculation, assessment, meaning, methodology.
The techniques of research, opportinity for its understanding are described, the characteristic and category associated with the gotten material is offered, its interpretation, in the event of implementation contains home elevators experimental and commercial evaluating. Information is frequently presented by means of charts, less frequently – diagrams, drawings, photographs, in tabular type.
The last the main article, summing within the material, should respond to the questions posed by the basic part, echo along with it and thus show your reader the area of work in the industry knowledge system https://www.custom-writings.net/.
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Guest Author - Barbara Swiech
Who is a hero? Sometimes it seems that a hero can be only a person whose actions are known to others. Good people are known to make good things. But what if somebody seems not to take any actions but in fact helps many people in secret? Unfortunately nowadays heroism is defined by intensity of publications that are made. If we are not aware of somebody’s heroism, he is not a hero to us. But there are many individuals who would act in the aim of just, without boasting of that fact, and were forgotten. The same almost happened to Irena Sendler, a simple woman who saved thousands of lives.
She was born in 1910 as a daughter of Polish doctor. She was social worker. She was a woman of weak health (as most of her youth she spent in old Polish Spa that was to help her to recover) but of great will. When the war broke out, Irena started to help poor Jewish citizens of Warsaw. She continued to offer them her support when they were all moved to Warsaw Ghetto. When entering the area of Ghetto, Irena Sendler would wear David’s star not to be recognized from its citizens and to show solidarity with people crowded there. In December 1942 she became a leader of child support department within Council to Aid Jews (underground organization of Polish resistance).
She organized the action of smuggling Jewish children out of the ghetto and placing them in Polish families and other places where they could survive the war. One of such places was the convents of Franciscan nuns, that agreed to take any child that would require help and place them between Polish children in orphanages run by nuns.
The task of getting out Jewish children was not as easy as it seems now. Ghetto was a closed area surrounded with walls and guarded by Nazis. One needed connections (and money) to be able to get through secret way out. Apart from this some of the children had not spoken Polish (before they were placed in Polish families) but only Yiddish that they used with their Jewish relations. One mistake, one omission could decide about child’s life and the future of family that was hiding it – especially that hiding a Jew in Poland was forbidden and punished with death.
It is estimated that Irena saved about 2500 Jewish children. Their records would be written down on small pieces of paper (that Irena hid in a jar) to enable them to find their relations. Although Irena Sendler was very cautious with her actions she was betrayed and imprisoned by Gestapo. She was tortured and sentenced to death. Zegota, how the previously mentioned Council to Aid Jews was called, paid a big bribe to save her life. The death punishment was performed only on paper (what means that officially she was shot by Gestapo).
The new government of post war Poland, that was against Polish Home Army (resistance movement of WW II that Irena was associated with), made people like Mrs Sendler silent – they were not allowed to speak about what they did. The history of her and her helpers remained unknown in Poland and outside. But this is not where Sendler’s misfortune ceased. She was imprisoned and tortured also by communist Ministry of Public Security of Poland.
Although already in 1965 she was honored by Israeli Yad Vashem organization as Righteous among the Nations, her history was not widely known until 1999. This is when American teacher inspired students to make to make a theatre play based on the life and actions of Irena Sendler. When he got to know what she did, he could not believe that a woman, who saved twice as many Jews as Oscar Schindler, is not recognized worldwide. After the success of the play more and more people started to talk and ask about the history of Irena Sendler. Her history became popular, especially when a movie about her saving ghetto Jewish kids was made in 2009 (called The Courageous Heart of Irena Sendler).
Irena Sendler died in 2008 at the age of 98. Her life still inspires many.
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By Devoney Looser, Arizona State University
While Austen’s collateral descendants influenced her writing, she also galvanized generations of Austen family relatives who were themselves writers, publishers, and public figures. Jane’s closest sibling relationship was with her sister, Cassandra, who played an important role as an artist in Jane’s life. However, Henry may have been the sibling who had the greatest impact on Jane’s career during her lifetime, as well as after it.
Henry Austen frequently helped Jane in her dealings with publishers. He arranged for his ‘man of business’ to act as Jane’s agent. He was the author of the well-known biographical notice of Jane in 1818. When he expanded that memoir of his sister for republication in 1832, his name was advertised in the newspapers as the memoir’s author. By this time, Henry had become a clergyman. He regularly delivered sermons and was said to be quite eloquent as a speaker. He published a book and several pamphlets of sermons in the 1820s. His second wife, too, published religious works, under the name ‘Mrs. Henry Austen’.
Any argument that Jane’s family was against a woman signing her name on her books is weakened by Mrs. Henry Austen’s byline. It’s possible, of course, that Mrs. Henry Austen’s marital status was seen as protecting her reputation in a way that a single woman like Jane couldn’t benefit from. But it’s one more piece of evidence to weigh.
Cassandra painted portraits of her sister; the only ones affirmed with certainty to be Jane. She also drew imaginary portraits of famous historical figures for the pages of Jane’s juvenile work, ‘The History of England’. The sisters’ work together on this text deserves to be seen as an artistic collaboration, in the same way that we might now imagine the author and illustrator of a children’s book.
In addition, Cassandra wrote charades, as did many in the Austen family. A charade then meant something a little different from what we understand it to mean today. It was a kind of word puzzle or riddle. Rather than acting out the syllables, charade writers describe these syllables in verse. Readers would then attempt to guess the answer by figuring out each syllable described in the riddle.
This article comes directly from content in the video series The Life and Works of Jane Austen. Watch it now, on Wondrium.
The Large Austen Family
Within two generations, Austen’s large family had become exponentially larger. She was one of eight children. Four of her siblings had children themselves, for a total of 33 nieces and nephews. Then those nieces and nephews had 101 collateral descendants, who were Jane’s great nieces and nephews.
Within the space of several decades, we’re already talking about 100 people when we say, ‘the Austen family’. Those 100 collateral descendants were perfectly aware of their famous aunt. Some used her name to market their own writings or undergird their own public lives.
It wasn’t only the Austen men who advanced the reputation of their famous aunt or great aunt, and their own reputations, using her name. James Austen’s daughter, Anna Lefroy, whose full name was Jane Anna Elizabeth Austen Lefroy, published a short story, ‘Mary Hamilton’, in 1834. She didn’t sign her own name to the work but used the byline ‘a niece of the late Miss Austen’. Her story appeared in a literary magazine called The Literary Souvenir, and Lefroy, in writing it, took some inspiration from both Persuasion and Northanger Abbey.
Anna Lefroy is the same niece who wrote but never published an incomplete continuation of Jane Austen’s unfinished final work, Sanditon. Lefroy and her daughters published more than a dozen children’s stories, with religious and moral themes.
Female Authors in the Austen Family
Other branches of the Austen family nurtured female authors, too. A daughter of Jane’s naval brother, Francis Austen, began to publish novels as ‘Mrs. Hubback, late Miss Austen’. Her novels were advertised in the 1850s as ‘by the niece of the celebrated Miss Austen’. Hubback family descendants kept up that Jane Austen-inspired work, publishing the biographical book Jane Austen and Her Sailor Brothers in 1906.
Edward Knight’s branch of the Austen family had many writers. His daughter, the diarist Fanny Knight, became Lady Knatchbull. Her son, Lord Brabourne, the politician-baronet who first published Jane Austen’s letters, also published dozens of volumes of fairy tales. He had a Cambridge University-educated daughter who also published fairy tales and pursued social activism for the arts and women’s education.
The point of all of these details isn’t only to suggest that literary habits or talents might run in families—although sometimes they do. It’s rather to say that Jane Austen wrote in a family community of writers. It was also a community that she, with her posthumous literary success, served to enable and foster, even in the years after she died.
Common Questions about How Jane Austen enabled and Fostered Generations of Writers
Cassandra painted portraits of her sister, Jane Austen; the only ones affirmed with certainty to be Jane. She also drew imaginary portraits of famous historical figures for the pages of Jane’s juvenile work, ‘The History of England’.
In Austen’s time, a charade was a kind of word puzzle or riddle. Rather than acting out the syllables, charade writers described these syllables in verse. Readers then attempted to guess the answer by figuring out each syllable described in the riddle.
Anna Lefroy was James Austen’s daughter. Her full name was Jane Anna Elizabeth Austen Lefroy. She published a short story, ‘Mary Hamilton’, in 1834. She didn’t sign her own name to the work but used the byline ‘a niece of the late Miss Austen’. Lefroy, in writing the story, took some inspiration from both Persuasion and Northanger Abbey.
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Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a type of surgery that improves blood flow to the heart. It's used for people who have severe coronary heart disease (CHD), also called coronary artery disease.
CHD is a condition in which a substance called plaque (plak) builds up inside the coronary arteries. These arteries supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart. Plaque is made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood.
Plaque can narrow or block the coronary arteries and reduce blood flow to the heart muscle. If the blockage is severe, angina (chest pain or discomfort), shortness of breath, and, in some cases, heart attack can occur.
CABG is one treatment for CHD. During CABG, a healthy artery or vein from the body is connected, or grafted, to the blocked coronary artery. The grafted artery or vein bypasses (that is, goes around) the blocked portion of the coronary artery.
This creates a new passage, and oxygen-rich blood is routed around the blockage to the heart muscle.
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
CABG is the most common type of open-heart surgery in the World and Doctors called cardiothoracic surgeons do this surgery.
Other Names for Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
CHD isn't always treated with CABG. Many people who have CHD can be treated other ways, such as with lifestyle changes, medicines, and a procedure called Angioplasty. During angioplasty, a small mesh tube called a stent may be placed in an artery to help keep it open.
In people who are candidates for the surgery, the results usually are excellent. Following CABG, 85 percent of people have significantly reduced symptoms, less risk of future heart attacks, and a decreased chance of dying within 10 years.
Traditional Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
This is the most common type of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). It's used when at least one major artery needs to be bypassed.
During the surgery, the chest bone is opened to access the heart. Medicines are given to stop the heart, and a heart-lung bypass machine is used to keep blood and oxygen moving throughout the body during surgery. This allows the surgeon to operate on a still heart.
After surgery, blood flow to the heart is restored. Usually, the heart starts beating again on its own. In some cases, mild electric shocks are used to restart the heart.
Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
This type of CABG is similar to traditional CABG because the chest bone is opened to access the heart. However, the heart isn't stopped, and a heart-lung bypass machine isn't used. Off-pump CABG is sometimes called beating heart bypass grafting.
Minimally Invasive Direct Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
This surgery is similar to off-pump CABG. However, instead of a large incision (cut) to open the chest bone, several small incisions are made on the left side of the chest between the ribs.
This type of surgery mainly is used for bypassing the blood vessels in front of the heart. It's a fairly new procedure that's done less often than the other types of CABG.
This type of CABG isn't for everybody, especially if more than one or two coronary arteries need to be bypassed.
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is used to treat people who have severe coronary heart disease (CHD) that could lead to a heart attack. CABG also may be used to treat people who have heart damage following a heart attack but still have blocked arteries.
Your doctor may recommend CABG if other treatments, such as lifestyle changes or medicines, haven't worked. He or she also may recommend CABG if you have severe blockages in the large coronary (heart) arteries that supply a major part of the heart muscle with blood-especially if your heart's pumping action has already been weakened.
CABG also may be a treatment option if you have blockages in the heart that can't be treated with angioplasty.
Your doctor will decide whether you're a candidate for CABG based on a number of factors, including:
If you're a candidate for CABG, the goals of having the surgery include:
You may need repeat surgery if the grafted arteries or veins become blocked, or if new blockages develop in arteries that weren't blocked before. Taking medicines as prescribed and making lifestyle changes as your doctor recommends can lower the chance of a graft becoming blocked.
Tests will be done to find out which arteries are clogged, how much they're clogged, and whether there's any heart damage.
An EKG is a simple test that detects and records your heart's electrical activity. This test is used to help detect and locate the source of heart problems.
An EKG shows how fast your heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). It also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through each part of your heart.
Some heart problems are easier to diagnose when your heart is working hard and beating fast. During stress testing, you exercise (or are given medicine if you're unable to exercise) to make your heart work hard and beat fast while heart tests are done.
These tests may include nuclear heart scanning, echocardiography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning of the heart.
Echocardiography , or echo, uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your heart. The test provides information about the size and shape of your heart and how well your heart's chambers and valves are working.
The test also can identify areas of poor blood flow to the heart, areas of heart muscle that aren't contracting normally, and previous injury to the heart muscle caused by poor blood flow.
There are several types of echo, including stress echo. This test is done both before and after a stress test. A stress echo usually is done to find out whether you have decreased blood flow to your heart, a sign of CHD.
Coronary angiography uses dye and special x rays to show the insides of your coronary (heart) arteries. During the test, a long, thin, flexible tube called a catheter is put into a blood vessel in your arm, groin (upper thigh), or neck.
The tube is then threaded into your coronary arteries, and the dye is injected into your bloodstream. Special X rays are taken while the dye is flowing through your coronary arteries.
The dye lets your doctor study the flow of blood through your heart and blood vessels. This helps your doctor find blockages that can cause a heart attack.
Tests may be done to prepare you for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). For example, you may have blood tests, an EKG (electrocardiogram), echocardiography, a chest X ray, and coronary angiography.
Your doctor will give you specific instructions about how to prepare for surgery. He or she will advise you about what to eat or drink, what medicines to take, and what activities to stop (such as smoking). You'll likely be admitted to the hospital on the same day as the surgery.
If tests for coronary heart disease show that you have severe blockages in your coronary (heart) arteries, your doctor may admit you to the hospital right away. You may have CABG that day or the day after.
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) requires a team of experts. A cardiothoracic surgeon does the surgery with support from an anesthesiologist, perfusionist (heart-lung bypass machine specialist), other surgeons, and nurses.
After surgery, you'll typically spend 1 or 2 days in Cardiac Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Your heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen levels will be checked regularly during this time.
An intravenous line (IV) will likely be inserted into a vein in your arm. Through the IV line, you may get medicines to control blood circulation and blood pressure. You also will likely have a tube in your bladder to drain urine and a tube to drain fluid from your chest.
You may receive oxygen therapy (oxygen given through nasal prongs or a mask) and a temporary pacemaker while in the ICU. A pacemaker is a small device that's placed in the chest or abdomen to help control abnormal heart rhythms.
Your doctor may recommend that you wear compression stockings on your legs as well. These stockings are tight at the ankle and become looser as they go up the leg. This creates gentle pressure up the leg. The pressure keeps blood from pooling and clotting.
While in the ICU, you'll also have bandages on your chest incision (cut) and on the areas where an artery or vein was removed for grafting.
After you leave the ICU, you'll be moved to a less intensive care area of the hospital for 3 to 5 days before going home.
Your doctor will give you specific instructions for recovering at home, especially concerning:
You also may get instructions on how to deal with common side effects from surgery. Side effects often go away within 4 to 6 weeks after surgery, but may include:
Full recovery from traditional CABG may take 6 to 12 weeks or more. Less recovery time is needed for nontraditional CABG.
Your doctor will tell you when you can start physical activity again. It varies from person to person, but there are some typical timeframes. Most people can resume sexual activity within about 4 weeks and driving after 3 to 8 weeks.
Returning to work after 6 weeks is common unless your job involves specific and demanding physical activity. Some people may need to find less physically demanding types of work or work a reduced schedule at first.
Care after surgery may include periodic checkups with doctors. During these visits, tests may be done to see how your heart is working. Tests may include ECG (electrocardiogram), stress testing, echocardiography, and cardiac CT.
CABG is not a cure for coronary heart disease (CHD). You and your doctor may develop a treatment plan that includes lifestyle changes to help you stay healthy and reduce the chance of CHD getting worse.
Lifestyle changes may include making changes to your diet, quitting smoking, doing physical activity regularly, and lowering and managing stress.
Your doctor also may refer you to cardiac rehabilitation (rehab). Cardiac rehab is a medically supervised program that helps improve the health and well-being of people who have heart problems.
Rehab programs include exercise training, education on heart healthy living, and counseling to reduce stress and help you return to an active life. Doctors supervise these programs, which may be offered in hospitals and other community facilities. Talk to your doctor about whether cardiac rehab might benefit you.
Taking medicines as prescribed also is an important part of care after surgery. Your doctor may prescribe medicines to manage pain during recovery; lower cholesterol and blood pressure; reduce the risk of blood clots forming; manage diabetes; or treat depression.
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If you are being bullied...
- Reach Out
Tell an adult. Sometimes you may have to tell more than one trusted adult.
Ask your friends to help you. There is safety in numbers.
Practice what to say the next time you're bullied with your parents, teachers or friends.
- Be Cool in the Moment
Stay calm and confident. Don't show the bully that you're sad or mad.
Ignore the bully and walk away.
Remember: Fighting back can make bullying worse.
- Change the School Community
Work with others to stop bully behavior; your whole school will benefit.
Remember: A lot of kids have to cope with bullying. You are not alone. No one deserves to be bullied.
If you witness bullying...
- Interrupt It
Stand next to, or speak up for, the person being bullied.
Ask the bully to stop.
Comfort the person being bullied and offer friendship.
- Get Help
Walk away and get help.
Find an adult who can intervene.
If you are the bully...
- Make a Commitment to Change
Talk to an adult, like a teacher or parent, about how to get along with others.
Ask a friend to help you stop your bully behavior.
Apologize to the kids you have bullied.
- Focus on Empathy and Responsibility
Think about what it feels like to be bullied -- would you want to be treated that way?
Before you speak, think about whether your words will help or hurt another student.
- Change Your Behavior
Resist peer pressure to bully.
If you start to bully, walk away and find something else to do.
Remember: You don't have to like everyone around you, but you have to treat everyone with respect.
Drawn from Stop Bullying Now, an initiative of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
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This test executes a new proposed standard benchmark method for MPI startup that is intended to provide a realistic assessment of both launch and wireup requirements. Accordingly, it exercises both the launch system of the environment and the interconnect subsystem in a specified pattern.
Specifically, the test consists of the following steps:
- Record a time stamp for when the test started - this is passed to rank=0 upon launch.
- Launch a 100MB executable on a specified number of processes on each node.
- Each process executes MPI_Init.
- Each process on an odd-numbered node (designated the "originator" for purposes of this description) sends a one-byte message to the process with the same local rank on the even-numbered node above it - i.e., a process on node N sends to a process on node N+1, where N is odd.
- The receiving process answers the message with a one-byte message sent back to the original sender. In other words, the test identifies pairs of nodes, and then the processes with the same local rank on each pair of nodes exchange a one-byte message.
- Each originator records the time that the reply is received, and then enters a call to MPI_Gather. This allows all the time stamps to be collected by the rank=0 process.
- Once all the times stamps have been collected, the rank=0 process searches them to find the latest time. This marks the ending time of the benchmark. The start time is then subtracted from this to generate the final time to execute the benchmark.
Thus, the benchmark seeks to measure not just the time required to spawn processes on remote nodes, but also the time required by the interconnect to form inter-process connections capable of communicating.
How to Build
To execute the benchmark, you will need to compile both the ziatest.c and ziaprobe.c programs. A very simple Makefile is provided.
How to Run
The ziatest.c program simply obtains the initial time stamp, and then executes the "mpirun" (or equivalent) command to initiate the actual benchmark. As distributed, the format of this command in the code takes advantage of OpenMPI's "-npernode" option. To use the benchmark with a different MPI, you may need to add a second argument to the ziatest command line. Specify the run command followed by the necessary option(s). End with the option (no value) that specifies the number of mpi_ranks per node (aka -npernode). The required behavior is to launch a constant number of processes on each node.
There is no requirement on the number of nodes, nor that there be an even number of nodes. In the case of an odd number of nodes, the test will automatically "wrap" the test by requiring the last node to communicate with node=0. Note that this can invoke a penalty in performance as the processes on node=0 will have to respond twice to messages. Thus, the test does tend to favor even numbers of nodes.
With the code compiled, simply execute:
./ziatest N -or-
./ziatest N "LAUNCH_CMD OPTIONS"
where N is the number of processes to be launched on each node. If you are using OpenMPI and want to restrict the nodes, or are not using a common resource manager (e.g., SLURM or MOAB) to provide an allocation, then create a hostfile and add OMPI_MCA_hostfile=your-hostfile-name to your environment.
If you are using a different version of MPI, the optional second argument can be used to specify the command and other arguments.
If you are using OpenMPI, the output will appear in the following format:
$ ./ziatest 4
Time test was completed in 624.57 millisecs
Slowest rank: 8
Here is an example from a Cray CLE system using the optional second argument:
$ ./ziatest 4 "aprun -n 16 -N"
Time test was completed in 0:01 min:sec
Slowest rank: 16
As you can see, the time required to execute the test is displayed, along with the rank that reported the slowest time. The time will be in min:sec if the test tool longer than 1 minute to execute. The slowest rank information is provided in the hopes it may prove of some diagnostic value.
If you question the output value, try running ziatest through the UNIX time command:
time ./ziatest 4
The result should be close to identical.
Run a logrithmic scaling study using base-10 values times double the number of cores per node. For example, if there are 26 cores per node, run:
52, 520 5200, 52,000, ... MAXIMUM_NUMBER_OF_MPI_RANKS
The output is self-explanatory.
Copyright (c) 2008 Los Alamos National Security, LLC. All rights reserved.
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The product of two of Oklahoma's foremost authorities on the history of the 46th state, Oklahoma: A History is the first comprehensive narrative to bring the story of the Sooner State to the threshold of its centennial. From the tectonic formation of Oklahoma's varied landscape to the recovery and renewal following the Oklahoma City bombing, this readable book includes both the well-known and the not-so-familiar of the state's people, events, and places. W. David Baird and Danney Goble offer fresh perspectives on such widely recognized history makers as Sequoyah, the 1889 Land Run, and the Glenn Pool oil strike. But they also give due attention to Black Seminole John Horse, Tulsa's Greenwood District, Coach Bertha Frank Teague's 40-year winning streak with the Byng Lady Pirates, and other lesser-known but equally important milestones. The result is a rousing, often surprising, and ever-fascinating story. Oklahoma history is an intricate tapestry of themes, stories, and perspectives, including those of the state's diverse population of American Indians, the land's original human occupants. An appendix provides suggestions for trips to Oklahoma's historic places and for further reading. Enhanced by more than 40 illustrations, including 11 maps, this definitive history of the state ensures that experiences shared by Oklahomans of the past will be passed on to future generations.
- 2008 University of Oklahoma Press
- Book Quality:
- University of Oklahoma Press
- Date of Addition:
- History, Nonfiction,
- Usage Restrictions:
- This is a copyrighted book.
Choosing a Book Format
EPUB is the standard publishing format used by many e-book readers including iBooks, Easy Reader, VoiceDream Reader, etc. This is the most popular and widely used format.
DAISY format is used by GoRead, Read2Go and most Kurzweil devices.
Audio (MP3) format is used by audio only devices, such as iPod.
Braille format is used by Braille output devices.
DAISY Audio format works on DAISY compatible players such as Victor Reader Stream.
Accessible Word format can be unzipped and opened in any tool that supports .docx files.
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Nobody wants to lose their independence as they age. But when it comes to driving, safety should always outweigh the desire to remain independent by getting behind the wheel. Talking to your parent about hanging up the keys is not an easy conversation to have, but at some point, it may be a necessary one.
According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), the risk of being involved in a traffic accident increases once drivers reach 70 years of age. The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) also finds that, on an average day, more than 700 older adults are injured in a car accident, and an additional 20 people are killed. It’s important to determine the right time for aging parents to stop driving for their and others’ safety. Here’s how to decide if your parents should hang up the keys and how to help.
Factors that affect driving ability
Certain health factors decrease a senior’s ability to drive safely. If your parent has one or more of these issues, consider their fitness to drive:
- Medical conditions: Alzheimer's disease and dementia can affect judgment, but those conditions are not the only concerns for older drivers. Diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, Parkinson's disease, sleep apnea, or heart disease can cause confusion, limited mobility, dexterity issues, and fatigue.
- Medications: Some medications or drug interactions can cause drowsiness or slow a person's reaction time.
- Vision: Cataracts, macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy reduce the ability to see when driving. Decreased depth perception, poor judgment of speed, difficulty seeing at night, and increased sensitivity to bright sunlight, headlights, and glare also affect senior drivers.
- Hearing: A senior’s driving ability may be hampered by the failure to hear important warning sounds.
- Flexibility and mobility: Many seniors are less physically active, which can diminish their dexterity and strength for controlling the vehicle.
- Alcohol use: The effects of aging in combination with alcohol can slow reaction time, coordination, and information processing. Alcohol mixed with certain medications can increase drowsiness and make driving even riskier.
Putting your senior’s driving skills to the test
To get a clear picture of your parent’s driving skills, ride with them at various times of day, and in different conditions. Note the following:
- Do they have the physical ability to control the car? Watch for slowed response times.
- Are they staying within the lanes? Watch for failure to use turn signals and wide turns.
- Can they scan from left to right to look for hazards?
- Are they struggling to see while driving at night? Are they confused in traffic? Take note if they hit curbs, miss turns, or get lost on familiar streets.
- Do they have trouble driving at higher speeds or on freeways? Do they drive unpredictably making abrupt lane changes or stops?
- Are there dents or scratches on the car or nearby fences, mailboxes, or garage doors?
Dreading ‘the talk’? Here are some pointers
If you’re worried that driving is a safety issue for your mom or dad, gather other family members and speak with them in a caring way. Know the discussion may be traumatic, but stress your concern that they may hurt themselves or others. Mention specific reasons and examples.
If your parent refuses to stop driving, talk to their health care providers. Seniors often accept a doctor’s recommendations to stop driving. The doctor can also send a medical status report to their State Department of Motor Vehicles Division (DMV). The DMV will do a medical review, and your parent may need to retake a driving test. (You can also request a DMV medical review without getting a doctor involved, but be aware that the DMV may let your parent know who made this request.)
It’s not a good idea to hide the keys, block usage of the car, or notify the police that your parent is an unsafe driver. It could cause a situation of mistrust, and this information could be used against them if they’re involved in an accident.
Giving up the keys doesn’t mean giving up independence
Remind your mom or dad that hanging up the keys does not mean they’ll be homebound or can no longer shop for items and services they need, when they need them. Now, more than ever, there are options for them to get around or to have their purchases delivered to their door. In addition to asking a friend or family member for a ride, they can:
- Contact the local Area Agency on Aging or Eldercare Locator for help finding services such as Dial-A-Ride, public transit, specialized mini-buses, volunteer chauffeurs or free or low-cost buses, taxi services, or carpools
- Use a smart phone or computer (or you can do it for them if they are not tech-savvy) to:
- Call on-demand ride services such as Uber or Lyft
- Use meal delivery services such as DoorDash, GrubHub, Postmates, and Uber Eats.
- Request groceries and other items delivered from local stores, fulfilled by services like Instacart, Walmart, Postmates, Shipt, and more
- Shop online for just about anything (Amazon Prime even has same-day delivery on thousands of items)
- Inquire with church or community groups about volunteers who help transport older adults
- Purchase a power chair or three-wheeled scooter to get to nearby places
No doubt, giving up the keys can be a traumatizing and depressing signal that a senior’s independence is significantly impacted. However, by offering support, understanding, and solutions, you can help your parent stay safe and retain a sense of control and autonomy as they age.
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Note to Reader:
Funded by Metro Vancouver and a federal-provincial program for climate change adaptation, the Water Balance Model Express for Landowners helps landowners quantify how well their properties slow, sink and spread rainwater runoff and do their share to meet pre-set watershed targets for volume, infiltration and flow.
The tool is integrated with Google Maps / Earth and the land use zoning of partner local governments. Six local government applications of the tool are now operational. An online video tutorial provides step-by-step guidance on use of the Water Balance Express.
“Water Balance Express for Landowners” – online tool is a key part of solution for restoring “environmental flows” in urban streams as watersheds re-develop
Water Balance Express video is an outcome of collaboration
The Partnership for Water Sustainability in British Columbia teamed with the Master of Land and Water Systems Program at the University of British Columbia and the Environmental Services Division at the Cowichan Valley Regional District (on Vancouver Island) to develop the video tutorial.
“Three individuals played key roles in creating the video, namely Julie Wilson of UBC, Jeff Moore of Cowichan Valley and Jim Dumont of the Partnership,” states Ted van der Gulik, Partnership President. “Julie produced and narrated the video, Jeff wrote the script, and Jim provided technical oversight. Their collaboration has provided the Partnership with a valuable educational tool.”
“The first public showcasing of the video was at the 2016 annual conference of BC landscape architects. We approached this as a focus group test. The feedback was enthusiastic.”
Water Balance Express engages the user
“The Water Balance Express tool allows people to think about water in a different way, by conceptualizing how it behaves as it moves on and around their property. They can see how the built environment (roofs, driveway) and natural features (soil type, depth, vegetation) change the movement or storage of that water,” reports Julie Wilson.
“But it’s more than just a conceptual tool, it has a really well-designed interface, where users can create a simulation of their own property. People can locate their property on a map, recreate their current house and yard, and then like Lego, add building blocks of different rainwater management features to the property, to reduce their property’s runoff and infiltrate more water into the soil.”
“There is immediate gratification in seeing the Stream Health gauge move into the ‘green’ zone, indicating you are below your runoff target and reducing the theoretical impact on the stream. It is fun to use!” concludes Julie Wilson
Enhanced Usability + Greater Flexibility
Jeff Moore is an Environmental Analyst with the Cowichan Valley Regional District. He has made substantial contributions to the ongoing evolution of the Water Balance Express, in particular the GIS-based interface with Google Maps/Earth.
“The Google Maps interface provides a number of important benefits to users. The enhanced resolution, address search function, and ability to zoom-in to individual properties means that homeowners and developers can quickly and easily pinpoint the exact location of their property. This takes the guesswork out of identifying the watershed in which their property lies,” explains Jeff Moore.
“Working with Ian Smith (Water Balance team) and the Comox Valley Regional District, we were able to use this enhanced resolution to allow property-specific targets to be set for retention and infiltration based on both the watershed characteristics and the amount of impervious surface allowed by the zoning. This provides enhanced usability for homeowners and developers along with greater flexibility for local governments.”
“My goal in developing the script for the tutorial was to explain how to use the tool, and also how the various building blocks affect the stream health in both positive and negative ways,” concludes Jeff Moore.
Water Balance Express and ‘environmental flows’
“The flow-duration relationship is the cornerstone of the methodology. By maintaining flow-duration stability, this would prevent unintended stream erosion during wet weather while sustaining ‘environmental flows’ during dry weather. When homeowners slow, sink and spread rainwater runoff on their property, streams benefit.”
“The new Water Sustainability Act will establish regulations pertaining to ‘environmental flows’ within the next few years. The Water Balance Express is a key part of the long-term solution for protecting stream health.”
To Learn More:
The Water Balance Methodology provides a logical and straightforward way to assess potential impacts resulting from urban development; and analytically demonstrate the effectiveness of the methods proposed for preventing and/or mitigating those impacts. To learn more, download a Primer on Water Balance Methodology for Protecting Watershed Health. The Primer storyline is structured in five parts:
- Part A: Watershed-Based Approach to Rainwater Management
- Part B: Water Balance Methodology Explained
- Part C: Science Behind the Methodology
- Part D: How to Establish Targets
- Part E: References
For a synopsis of each part, click on the following link to Table 1. Information is presented in a layered fashion to accommodate the interests of a continuum of audiences.
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The British codebreakers at Bletchley Park are now believed to have shortened the duration of the Second World War by up to two years. During the dark days of 1941, as Britain stood almost alone against the the Nazis, this remarkable achievement seemed impossible. This extraordinary book, originally published as Action This Day, includes descriptions by some of Britain s foremost historians of the work of Bletchley Park, from the breaking ofEnigma and other wartime codes to the invention of modern computing, and its influence on Cold War codebreaking. Crucially, it features personal reminiscences and very human stories of wartime codebreaking from former Bletchley Park codebreakers themselves. This edition includes new material from one of those who was there, making The Bletchley Park Codebreakers compulsive reading.
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Growing Organic to Feed the World: Environmental Justice is Social Justice
There are significant benefits to the environment and economic profitability when considering more organic farming practices. Organic farming will decrease threats to biodiversity and decrease greenhouse emissions. At the same time, organic farming preserves soil conditions with less use, exploitation, and degradagtion. Moreover, there is a wider market for buying organic. People are simply willing to pay a little more if they know they are getting quality produce. Nutritious quality also increases, which translates to preventable or reduction of negative social outcomes. For example, less pesticide use means less unnatural compounds that affect quality of health. Although organic farming produces 10-20% less than that of conventional farming, is it enough to feed the entire world’s population? Though there are obvious benefits, what other sustainable options are available? And how do we progress?
Proponents have countered that increasing research could reduce the yield gap, and organic agriculture generates environmental, health and socioeconomic benefits that can’t be found with conventional farming.
In a time of increasing population growth, climate change and environmental degradation, we need agricultural systems that come with a more balanced portfolio of sustainability benefits.
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The British Miners and the Coal Industry between the Wars
The problems of the interwar mining industry, which led to a General Strike in 1926, writes W.H. Chaloner, epitomized the struggle between capital and labour in twentieth-century Britain.
Between the sixteenth and the nineteenth centuries an expanding coal industry was one of the main factors in Britain’s gradual rise to world economic predominance. The rapid decline between the two World Wars in this hitherto highly successful industry was therefore rendered all the more dramatic and depressing, for a great national enterprise seemed to be surely foundering.
Naturally, much has been written on this subject, but some of the most important evidence from the angle of labour relations has only recently been made available, and this justifies a re-examination of the coal industry’s fate in the 1920s and 1930s.
In 1913 the British coal industry stood at the zenith of its productive success, with a record output of 287 million tons, 94 million tons of which were exported, either for consumption on land or for use in coal-fired shipping. The rise in production had been particularly rapid in the nineteenth century, which saw a twenty-fold increase in output.
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I saw a photo of a paper soccer ball on flicker made like this.
From what I found, this was made by Phillip Chapman-Bell. If this is incorrect please let me know.
The soccer ball shape is made from pentagons and hexagons.
This uses two different colors for the two different shapes, and a unique Yin Yang looking connection.
Step 1: Materials and Tools Needed
20 8x11 sheets card stock for the 6 sided pieces
11 8x11 sheets card stock for the 5 sided pieces
Some kind of light fixture
Scissors or craft knife and cutting mat
1/4 inch hole punch
Tweezers to help with assembly
The two PDF files to print the modules
Step 2: The Two Modules
These are the two modules used to make the shade, a five sided module and a six sided module.
Use the PDF files to print the modules. Cut them out around the outline and also the half round slits.
You can use a hole punch to make the small holes. The dashed lines are score lines to make the small folds.
Use a scoring tool or an empty ball point pen works perfectly for this.
You will need 20 of the six sided modules and 11 of the five sided modules.
You would actually need 12 of the five sided modules to make a complete ball.
I left the bottom one out to give easy access to the light.
Make a hole in the center of one of the five sided modules, this will be the top and allow the wire to come out there.
Stack all of the modules so that the rounded part of the connectors are going the same way, either clock ways or counter clock ways. Then fold down all of the edges on the score lines. They should look like the photo.
Step 3: Conecting Two Modules
Start by connecting the top with one of the six sided modules
The half round part of each module goes on top of the other module as in the photo.
This creates the Yin Yang shape.
Step 4: Adding the Next Module
The next six sided module is added the same way, keeping the half round parts on top.
Also connect the six sided modules together the same way.
Step 5: The First Six Modules
This is the way it will look after you have added five of the six sided modules to the top five sided module.
The second photo shows what the inside will look like.
There will always be five of the six sided modules around each five sided modules.
The six sided modules will each be connected to three other six sided modules and three five sided modules.
Step 6: Adding the Next Ten Modules
Add the next ten modules alternating five and six sided modules.
A pair of tweezers can be used to help with the interlocking process.
This is half of the ball shape. I decided to add the light fixture and hang it up to finish adding the rest of the modules
Step 7: The Light Fixture
This was the setup I used for the light.
I would recommend a Compact Florescent Lamp because they produce very little heat.
If you use an incandescent light you will need to make some holes in the top for ventilation as they produce a lot of heat.
Lamp cord and socket.
I put a knot in the cord with a small washer on top of that and a clear disk, from a DVD stack, on top of that.
This distributes the weight of the shade over a larger area, and the knot lowers the light so it is in the center of the ball.
The second photo shows the top half of the ball hanging from the cord.
Step 8: Adding the Next Modules
Add the next 5 six sided modules under the 5 five sided modules.
Again I used tweezers to help.
Step 9: Adding the Last Five Sided Modules
Add the last 5 five sided modules.
It should look like the photo.
Step 10: The Finished Ball
Add the last 5 six sided modules to the bottom.
The finished ball will look like this.
This makes a ball about 18 inches in diameter.
Step 11: Light It Up
This is what it looks like with the light turned on.
When you use the card stock as is, this gives off a soft glow. You could get more light from it by using my instructable on making card stock more translucent:
With a low wattage light it would make a good night light for a child's room.
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Google and China may not be fighting over science, but their feud could have unintended negative consequences for researchers in the country.
A Nature News survey of Chinese scientists found that 84 percent of them thought losing access to Google would "somewhat or significantly" hurt their work process. Like their American counterparts, Chinese researchers use Google and Google Scholar to find papers and related information.
"Research without Google would be like life without electricity," one Chinese scientist told Nature.
In January, Google announced it would stop following censorship rules required by the Chinese government after its servers came under attack. It remains to be seen whether the Mountain View company will be thrown out of the country for that stance.
When Google's initial announcement broke, media blogger Robin Sloan of Snarkmarket pondered the possibility of the splitting of the famously world-circling internet.
"Is the Chinese internet going to be largely parallel? The othernet?" Sloan asked.
If events do continue in that direction, truly global enterprises like science could suffer as information becomes harder — even if only moderately — to exchange.
Image: AP Photo/Vincent Thian. A Chinese Google user presents flowers to the Google China headquarters in Beijing, Wednesday, Jan. 13, 2010.
- Google to Stop Censoring Search Results in China After Hack Attack
- China Stands Firm in Response to Google Threat
- TED 2010: Google Optimistic It Can Remain in China
- Timeline: Google's Rocky Road Into China
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The health of your teeth and mouth is very important to the well-being of your entire body. While routine brushing and flossing at home is necessary, visiting your dentist for a comprehensive exam and cleaning is essential. You visit your dentist every six months to ensure your teeth stay healthy and your smile stays beautiful.
By routinely seeing your dentist for exams and cleanings, you can:
- Prevent tooth decay, gum disease, and bad breath
- Save money by avoiding costly and extensive dental procedures
- Keep your teeth white by reducing staining from food and drinks
- Shorten the time spent in your dentist’s office
- Have a smile that will last a lifetime
During your exam, Dr. Fong will thoroughly examine your teeth and gums for signs of tooth decay, gum disease, and other health problems. He may also want to take X-rays to see what is happening beneath the surface of your teeth and gums. The images provided will help Dr. Fong discover dental issues not visible to the naked eye.
The dental hygienist will begin your cleaning by exploring the surface of your teeth to determine the amount of tartar present. During the cleaning, the hygienist will note any problem areas of periodontal pockets, bone loss, or decay. Next our hygienist will carefully clean your teeth with a variety of instruments to remove any tartar from your teeth.
Then our hygienist will floss your teeth, use a polishing compound, and apply fluoride. Cleanings usually aren’t painful, but if you have any anxiety about your dental exam, be sure to let us know. We offer sedation options to ensure your comfort. If Dr. Fong finds tooth decay or gum disease, he will talk to you about changing your brushing or flossing habits. In severe cases, he may recommend antibiotics or other dental treatments.
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