filename large_stringlengths 51 65 | text large_stringlengths 1 13.6k |
|---|---|
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_29880.txt | Early Settlements (2)
Click on the correct answer
Seventeenth century English settlers of New England differed from those in Virginia by?:
living shorter lives because of the harsh climate.
importing large numbers of slaves.
settling on isolated farms.
living in tightly clustered communities.
having large families.
In the 17c, the Great Migration refers to the?:
settlement of the Puritans in Massachusetts Bay and other colonies.
trade in slaves between West Africa and the West Indies.
immigration of Irish to the colonies.
expansion of white settlement across the Appalachian Mountains.
settlement of French-speaking Acadians in Louisiana.
The New England colonies were more successful and stable than the Chesapeake Bay colonies for all of the following reasons EXCEPT?:
New England colonists tended to arrive in family units while the vast majority of Chesapeake Bay colonists were young single males who arrived as indentured servants.
the Chesapeake bay region had a much higher death rate among its colonists than did the New England region.
women were treated more as equals in the New England colonies than they were in the Chesapeake Bay region, making it more difficult to attract women to Chesapeake Bay.
the ratio of males to females in Chesapeake Bay was much more imbalanced than in New England, making it more difficult for males in Chesapeake Bay to find wives and start families.
the population increased faster in New England, allowing for the development of stable communities, than it did in the Chesapeake Bay region.
Which of the following colonies required each community of 50 or more families to provide a teacher of reading and writing?:
In founding the colony of Pennsylvania, William Penn's primary purpose was to?:
provide a refuge for persecuted English Quakers.
provide a refuge for persecuted Christians of all sects from all parts of Europe.
demonstrate the possibility and practicality of establishing truly friendly relations with the Indians.
make a financial profit.
provide a refuge for English debtors.
The Virginia House of Burgesses and the New England town meetings were similar in that they?:
originated in a New England colony.
were completely independent of colonial Governors.
were both responsible to the established church of the colony.
represented colonial participation in government.
A man's right to vote for governor and members of the General Court inn 17c Massachusetts was based on?:
length of residence in America.
In the early 1600s, migrants to New England differed from those who went to the Chesapeake in that?:
New England settlement was sponsored by individual proprietors.
New Englanders immigrated in family groups.
in the harsher climate of New England, new arrivals often succumbed to disease and death.
New England immigrants tended to be motivated by a desire for wealth.
The headright system adopted in the Virginia colony?:
determined the eligibility of a settler for voting and holding office.
toughened the laws applying to indentured servants.
encouraged the development of urban centers.
prohibited the settlement of single men and women in the colony.
gave 50 acres of land to anyone who would transport someone [like an indentured servant] to the colony.
One of the reasons for Roger William's banishment from Massachusetts Bay was his belief that?:
the king of England had no right to give away land belonging to the Indians.
the church and the state should be linked.
the covenant of grace was a false doctrine.
good works were essential to salvation. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_34969.txt | Printer friendly version
CHOMIK has taken the first step towards a Martian moon
28 April 2011
Space Research Centre (CBK)
The geological penetrator CHOMIK (Polish word for hamster), built at the Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences for the purpose of collecting a soil sample from one of the Martian moons, has completed the first stage of the journey. Following successful tests, the flight model has been handed over to Moscow. At the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences the device will be integrated with the manipulator of the Phobos Sample Return mission lander and will fly towards Mars in a few months.
Tests of the flight module of the CHOMIK instrument were concluded at the Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences (SRC PAS) at the beginning of April. The device, intended for geological studies and investigations in microgravity conditions, has just been handed over to the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In Moscow, the instrument will be first connected to an automated manipulator and then integrated with the Phobos Sample Return probe. Next year, the mission lander will reach the surface of the Martian moon Phobos. CHOMIK will then collect a soil sample, which will reach the Earth in three years.
The Space Research Centre of the PAS signed the agreement concerning the construction of the CHOMIK instrument with the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Lavochkin Research and Production Association last year in March. “Such complex projects usually take five years to implement. We have managed to do it in less than a year. It was possible because CHOMIK is a second-generation instrument and we were able to draw on earlier experiences,” explains dr Jerzy Grygorczuk, engineer at SRC PAS, main constructor of the CHOMIK instrument and MUPUS penetrator for the Rosetta cometary mission.
The insertion of a geological penetrator under low gravity conditions requires caution. There are concerns that reaction forces could even knock the lander over. “Our design prevents this from happening,” says Marcin Dobrowolski, one of the constructors. “CHOMIK transmits very weak reaction forces to the lander. During digging, it relies on the friction between the ground and the walls of the inserted container.”
CHOMIK is a small instrument weighing only 1.4 kg, designed and built entirely at SRC PAS. It consists of three main components: a penetrator, an electronic control unit and a lock & release mechanism. The latter protects the instrument against vibration and overload during the take-off and the landing on Phobos.
The penetrator itself consists of an electromagnetic hammer and a long rod with a discardable casing at the end. The casing can take a few cubic centimeters of ground sample. The motion of the hammer will drive the casing into the regolith of Phobos. The appropriate shape of the container and special algorithms controlling the process of the insertion make it possible to collect material from rocky, porous and loose ground. Once the container with the sample is discarded, it will expose a pivot at the end of the penetrator and two sensors. The pivot will allow crushing rocks and preparing samples for other instruments of the lander and the sensors will measure the thermal properties of the soil of the Martian moon. Mechanical properties of the ground will be measured by analysis of the immersion growth after each stroke of the hammer.
Four models of CHOMIK were created at SRC PAS in the course of the project. The first one was a simplified structural and thermal model, which since September has been used by engineers in Moscow in works related to the integration of the device with the manipulator and the lander of the Phobos Sample Return probe. “Two subsequent qualification models were fully operational and we and our Russian colleagues used them for intensive electronic, vibration and thermal tests,” says Tomasz Kuciński, master's degree student, member of the project team. It is the forth model that will fly towards Mars.
The Russian Phobos Sample Return probe will be launched in November 2011 and will reach the Red Planet after several months. A week after the landing on Mars, the probe will launch a re-entry module containing a capsule with, among others, the soil sample encased in the Polish container. The capsule will land in Kazakhstan in mid-2014. After extracting the sample and following a period of quarantine, the container will return to the Space Research Centre of the PAS.
The Martian moon Phobos is an irregular body, 27×22×18 km in dimension, with a relatively small density. It is believed to be either highly porous or made up of ice and rocks. The escape velocity on the moon is close to that of a sprinter, which makes landing and take-off manoeuvres relatively easy. “Phobos is an immensely interesting object. It might be similar to bodies from the fringes of the Solar System forming the Kuiper belt beyond the orbit of Neptune," explains dr Joanna Gurgurewicz, and adds that a rival hypothesis holds that the moon was not captured by Mars but formed on its orbit. The measurements carried out by the CHOMIK instrument will help solve this mystery.
The CHOMIK project was financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education within the framework of a non co-financed international project “’CHOMIK’ instrument for the Phobos Sample Return Mission – scientific and exploratory research”, which includes the construction of a next, more powerful geological instrument.
Devices designed at the Space Research Centre PAS take part in high-level space missions. Sensors built at SRC PAS were, among others, part of the Huygens lander, which landed on the surface of Titan, a moon of Saturn, in 2005 – it was the farthest landing in the history of mankind. The MUPUS penetrator installed on the Rosetta mission lander will soon insert itself into the nucleus of the 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko comet. A cutting-edge instrument KRET (Polish word for mole) has also been built at SRC PAS, with future geological investigations of the Moon in mind.
A qualification model of the CHOMIK instrument during tests at the Space Research Centre of the PAS in Warsaw. In the picture: Karol Seweryn, PhD, one of the constructors. (Source: SRC PAS/Grzegorz Krzyżewski) |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_7837.txt | PROPERLY FOLDING MISFOLDED DISEASE PROTEINS
Amicus Therapeutics (Cranbury, NJ) found itself in the news earlier this month when the FDA agreed to review the company’s new drug application for their investigational therapy to treat Fabry’s disease. The drug under consideration, migalastat, has already been approved by the European Medicines Agency. It belongs to a small, but growing class of therapeutics known as pharmacological chaperones that properly fold improperly folded proteins that cause disease.
Let’s take a look at which chaperones are on the dance floor and find out the steps they are taking to treat disease caused by proteins.
TERM OF THE WEEK: CHAPERONE PROTEIN
Chaperone proteins are proteins that assist in the correct folding and assembly of other proteins. Many of the proteins produced by our cells require chaperone proteins to ensure their correct molecular structure.
A pharmacological chaperone is a small molecule drug that targets specific misfolded proteins and encourages them to fold correctly.
Protein misfolding plays a role in many different rare diseases, including enzyme deficiencies like Fabry’s and the related Niemann-Pick disease, as well as Huntington’s disease, and some cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Some of the mutations in the genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF) involve misfolded proteins. Diseases caused by misfolded proteins that disrupt cellular function are sometimes called proteopathies, where proteo = protein, pathy = disease.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: FABRAZYME
A type of lysosomal storage disorder, Fabry’s disease involves the inability to process certain types of lipids (fats), because they lack functional versions of critical enzymes, resulting in a range of symptoms, including kidney, heart, and skin disorders. The enzyme in question here, galactosidase, helps to break down glycolipids — lipids with a carbohydrate attached. Production of functional galactosidase enzyme is limited because of mutations in the galactosidase gene that cause the enzyme to be misfolded and therefore non-functional.
The only Fabry’s disease treatment on the market in the U.S. is Fabrazyme, which is made by Genzyme (Cambridge, MA). Fabrazyme is an enzyme-replacement therapy: since the patients don’t make enough functional galactosidase enzyme, scientists produce it in the lab using cells that have been genetically engineered to produce the enzyme, which is then purified and injected into patients.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: MIGALASTAT
Amicus’ drug migalastat, if approved, would be the first small molecule treatment for Fabry’s. The potential availability of swallowing a drug (vs. injecting) would give those with Fabry’s another drug delivery option.
In the lab, migalastat binds to and inhibits galactosidase. In the body, this high affinity is taken advantage of by migalastat binding to mutated galactosidase during the process of folding, where it then shifts the folding towards the correct conformation. The now correctly folded protein makes its way to a cellular compartment known as the lysosome, where it carries out its job of digesting lipids. The inside of the lysosome has an acidic pH, which causes migalastat to disassociate, leaving behind a functional galactosidase enzyme for the body to pick up and use.
Fabry’s is caused by a variety of different mutations within the galactosidase gene; not all of them are amenable to treatment with migalastat. Amicus scientists estimate that between 35% to 50% of patients will be responsive to migalastat.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: LUMACAFTOR
Another disease that can be traced to protein misfolding is cystic fibrosis. CF is a genetic disease caused by one of several possible mutations in the gene encoding the “cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator” (CTFR) protein. The CTFR protein is critical for the production of sweat, digestive fluids, and mucus.
The most common mutation, responsible for about two-thirds of CF cases, results in a protein that is so misfolded, it never makes it to the cell surface where it is required to do its job. Vertex Pharmaceuticals’ (Boston, MA) drug lumacaftor serves as a pharmacological chaperone for these proteins, assisting them with correct folding so that they can make it to the cell surface. Lumacaftor is one piece of the CF puzzle; it is often used in combination with other therapies to fight various aspects of the disease.
MORE DANCE CHAPERONES
Instead of creating pharmacological chaperones, another approach to getting mutated proteins to fold correctly is to stimulate diseased cells to produce greater amounts of natural chaperone proteins. This can be done by identifying small molecules that induce cells to express heat shock proteins, a common class of cellular chaperones (described below). Two companies following this approach are Orphazyme (Copenhagen, Denmark) and Chaperone Therapeutics (Research Triangle Park, NC).
Orphazyme’s lead product, arimoclomal, has completed Phase II clinical testing for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) associated with mutations in the gene for superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) enzyme; sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM), a rare muscular atrophy disease; and Niemann-Pick disease, a lysosomal storage disorder similar to Fabry’s disease.
Chaperone Therapeutics has a drug in preclinical development for Huntington’s disease, which is associated with disordered folding of the huntingtin protein.
COCKTAIL FODDER: SHOCKING THE CHAPERONE
The largest family of naturally-occurring chaperone proteins are called “heat shock proteins” because they were first discovered as part of a cellular response to heat shock — exposure to a higher than normal temperature. These proteins were later discovered to be induced in response to other types of cellular stress such as ultraviolet light exposure or wound healing. It’s thought that these cellular stressors can disrupt protein folding, and the production of heat shock protein chaperones can help to counteract the disruption.
Pharmacological chaperones that activate or mimic these protective proteins may prove to be the fresh new approach that can make a difference in a whole range of different diseases. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_20977.txt | The Macintosh was released to the public in 1984 and changed the way we interact with our computers. The Macintosh operating system gave the Mac a competitive edge in the computer market.
Before the Mac, people used their computers by typing commands at a command prompt. The Mac changed all that. The Mac brought the Graphical User Interface (GUI) to the masses.
The first place users began to interact with their Macs was on the Desktop. From the Desktop users could access their files and move items to the Trash to be thrown away. The desktop metaphor appealed to both novice and advanced computer users because it represented items that were used in an everyday office.
Let’s see what exactly made System 1 so great. I’ll show you around the operating system and point out things that have changed throughout the years. I created the screen shots for this article using Mini vMac. To learn how to set up Mini vMac, see Operating System Nostalgia.
Starting with the desktop of System 1, one of the most glaring differences is the lines on the Trash. You may have never noticed that the lines on the Trash usually face the right. Seeing them pointing toward the left looks strange – probably because you are so used to seeing them facing the right.
The first time that the lines in the Trash faced the right was in System 4. This appears to make the Trash look a little more natural.
Also, if you put a file in the Trash, it won’t bulge. This feature wasn’t added until System 7. Also, each time you turn off the Mac, all the files in the Trash are deleted. This was also normal until System 7.
Take a look at the floppy disk icon. The shutter on the disk is black, and the hole in the shutter is very rounded. Apple changed the color on the shutter of the floppy disk icon to white in System 2.
Looking at the Menu Bar you notice that there is no Label menu. Labels weren’t invented until System 6. Of course, labels aren’t very helpful on a black and white monitor.
Also, there is no clock. The Menu Bar clock was not introduced until System 7.5. There is no Guide menu either, because there is no online help for System 1. Also, there is no Application menu, because System 1 didn’t include multitasking.
When you open an application or folder, the spring loaded action is a little different. The outline of the icon first moves to the center of the screen and then expands. I think Apple eliminated that because it takes a couple milliseconds longer for an application to open.
The folder icon in System 1 is different from System 6. The edges of the folders are very square, and the tab is at the very edge of the folder. Also, the edges of the tab are more rounded than they are in System 6.
Taking a look at the File Menu, you will notice that there is no New Folder command. System 1 uses the Macintosh File System (MFS). Under MFS you duplicate the folder “Empty Folder” and then name the new copy whatever you like.
Here’s an interesting trick. There is no keyboard shortcut next to “Open” in the File Menu, but pressing Command-O will open and launch a selected file.
The Edit Menu has remained unchanged through System 6, but the View Menu doesn’t include the Small Icons command. Finder 1 could only show large icons.
One of the most glaring omissions from the Special Menu is that it does not contain a shutdown command. The Shutdown command was not added until System 2. When you were done with your computer, you just switched it off under System 1. This could sometimes result in file corruption, which prompted Apple to add the Shutdown command to System 2.
Here’s an interesting little bit of trivia. Finder 1.1g was the only version of the Finder to show the mountain background of Silicon Valley when you chose the About the Finder command from the Apple Menu. In the System 7 Finder you have to hold down the Command key when you select About the Finder to see this mountain scene.
The System 1 Apple Menu only shows the currently installed Desk Accessories or DAs. It wasn’t until System 7 that you could add Aliases to the Apple Menu.
Let’s take a look at what DAs were included with System 1.
First is the Alarm Clock, which remained unchanged through System 6. It was finally removed in System 7, and many people sought to replace its functionality with the Menubarlet SuperClock!, which was integrated into System 7.5.
As you can see, the year digit in the date only says 5, instead of 05. I guess that the programmers had no intention of anybody using the Alarm Clock in the year 2000 and above.
The Alarm Clock also provides a quick way to change the date and time without having to go into the Control Panel. Unfortunately, the alarm feature is rather useless. The alarm only beeps once when it goes off. After it beeps, the Apple Menu flash to let you know that the alarm has already gone off. In order to make it stop flashing, you have to launch the Alarm Clock.
The Calculator is another useful desk accessory.
Here’s a Calculator “Easter Egg”. At the very bottom right corner is a black pixel that you can click and hold on to move the calculator around, just as if you were moving it by clicking on the Menu Bar. This is very handy if you don’t want to close the calculator but want to move part of it off screen above the Menu Bar.
Next is the Control Panel. Unlike System 6, you can’t add snap-ins into the Control Panel.
At first, the Control Panel looks confusing due to the lack of text labels to describe its functions. On the very left is the volume control slider. At the top right is the place to adjust the date and time. Next to the date and time you can control how many times a Menu Command blinks after you select it.
In the middle are the controls for the keyboard. The top set of numbers with the turtle and rabbit is for controlling how fast a key repeats itself when pressed. Below that is another set of numbers with a picture of a key being pressed by a finger. This is where you control how long of a delay there is before a key repeats itself.
To the right of that you can adjust how fast the cursor blinks in a word processing document. At the bottom on the far left is the control for how fast the mouse cursor moves on the screen.
Next to the mouse control is the desktop pattern control. You can make your own desktop pattern by clicking in the square on the left, or you can choose a pre-made pattern by clicking on the Menu Bar in the small representation of the desktop to the right.
Next to the desktop pattern is the control for how fast the computer recognizes a double click.
Key Caps is a fairly useless DA. It’s useless because when you press a modifier key (Shift, Command, or Option), Key Caps doesn’t change to show you the special characters associated with that modifier.
The Note Pad, Puzzle, and Scrapbook DAs remained unchanged through System 6.
The Eject button ejects the current disk, and the Drive button changes the current disk drive. This button is grayed out if you only have one disk mounted.
The strangest thing you’ll probably notice is the absence of a place to choose what folder to save your document to. This is because under MFS all documents are stored at the root level of the drive. Even though the Finder has folders that you can put files into, these folders don’t actually exist on the disk. All the files are stored in one gigantic list.
The Open dialog is also very different from what we are used to seeing. It also has only four buttons: Open, Cancel, Eject, and Disk.
All in all, System 1 is a very good operating system. Even though it doesn’t have any color, it was more stable than Windows 1.0.
One of the most important features that System 1 had was the ability to overlap windows. This feature wasn’t introduced in Windows until version 2.0. System 1 provided many of the basic features that still make the Mac OS special today.
- We have been unable to find a link that will allow you to download System 1.0 for use with Mini vMac or a Mac 128K.
- System 1.0 Headquarters, Dan Vanderkam
- System 1.0/Finder 1.0, Mac512k.com
- Mac System History: Mac OS 1-5, Andy Mesa, MacKiDo
- The Early Mac OS, Apple Museum, Dr Bott
- History of the Mac OS and System 1, Wikipedia
Keywords: #system1 #macsystem1 #macintoshsystem1
Short link: http://goo.gl/4Gl11O
searchwords: system1, macsystem1, macintoshsystem1 |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_28433.txt | A year after the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the value of diverse learning environments but struck down formulaic or points-based approaches to undergraduate admissions, AAAS issued this report to clarify legally defensible options for protecting diversity in science and engineering programs.
Emerging from a recent invitation-only think-tank sponsored by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, Standing Our Ground provides legal guidance on two Michigan rulings that affirmed the importance of a diverse learning environment, but struck down the use of race as a quantitative "plus factor" in undergraduate admissions decisions. The mixed Grutter and Gratz messages, issued in June 2003, triggered confusion among academic, non-profit, and federal institutions seeking to extend the benefits of education to all.
Standing Our Ground also features a "legal primer" to help guide university counsels in interpreting the Grutter and Gratz rulings. It also describes eight "design principles" that may serve as a checklist.
To request a hard copy of Standing Our Ground, email email@example.com
The report may be reproduced in whole or part without AAAS permission. However, the authors would appreciate notification of such reproduction through the e-mail address below.
Select Data Compendium
B. Conference Agenda
Setting the Stage - Timeline
The Beauty of Diverse Talent - Shirley Ann Jackson
Science, Technology, and America's Future - C.M. Vest
C. Background Readings
Reprint: "The Long Road to Race-Blindness" (Science, vol. 302, Oct. 24, 2003) - Thomas J. Kane; Part 1 ; Part 2
Authors’ Biosketches
D. Responses to Freedom of Information Act Requests
Please note that the Adobe Acrobat Reader program must be installed on your computer to do this. Adobe Acrobat Reader is free software that lets you view and print Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) files on all major computer platform.
See also news release, "New AAAS/NACME Study Details Latest Options for Protecting Diversity in S&T Fields ." |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_6148.txt | Golfer’s elbow, also known as medial epicondylitis can be a debilitating condition that affects many different types of athletes, not just golfers. Golfers elbow is an overuse injury that occurs with gripping, excessive rotation of the arm, and/or excessive wrist flexion.
The overuse can be a result of many factors such as decreased flexibility, decreased strength, and/or poor biomechanics with a specific sport or recreational activity.
Many people have heard of tennis elbow, also known as lateral epicondylitis, which is similar to golfers elbow. It should be known that you can get golfers elbow with other activities other than golf.
For instance, a tennis player can get golfers elbow from playing tennis. The big difference between golfers elbow and tennis elbow is that golfers elbow is felt on the inside of the elbow and tennis elbow is felt on the outside of the elbow.
This is because your wrist flexors, which are what is inflamed with golfers elbow, originate on the inside of the elbow. Whereas your wrist extensors, which are what is inflamed with tennis elbow, originate on the outside of the elbow.
Typically Golfer’s elbow is initially treated by addressing the inflammation associated with the injury. This typically includes things such as rest, ice, and over the counter NSAIDs.
Sometimes inflammation cannot be reduced with over the counter NSAIDs and prescribed anti-inflammatory medications are required.
In some instances patients try newer treatments such as PRP injections or Medical Laser to help reduce inflammation and aid in the inflammatory process.
Once inflammation begins being addressed treatment typically consists of physical therapy or occupational therapy focused on improving wrist and forearm flexibility and strength in order to reduce the stress to the tendons of the wrist.
A common treatment that may aid in improving flexibility is Graston Technique which is focused on reducing scar tissue formation and reducing myofascial restrictions in order to promote optimal tissue mobility and range of motion.
With strengthening, exercises would be focused on improving wrist and forearm strength in order to allow for activities without increased stress to the tendons of the forearm/wrist resulting in inflammation.
In the later stages of physical therapy or occupational therapy biomechanics specific to the sport or recreational activity may be analyzed in order to determine if there are any deficits which may be contributing to golfer’s elbow outside of general strength and flexibility deficits in the elbow, forearm, and/or wrist.
For instance, with a golfer, their golf swing may be analyzed for any deficiencies.
Although Golfer’s elbow can be a debilitating injury which can limit tolerance of ADL's, recreational activities, and sports, it should be known that there are many successful conservative treatment options to return one to these activities without limitations and reduced risk of injury/re-injury. If you would like to learn more from the Jacksonville Orthopedic Institute, call JOI-2000 |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_11208.txt | The Food and Drug Administration officially banned BPA from use in baby bottles and sippy cups. However, manufacturing companies who make these products had already stopped using the contentious estrogen-mimicking chemical years ago.
According to The New York Times, the FDA made its decision to ban BPA in bottles and sippy cups based on a request from the American Chemistry Council. The Council had determined that all bottle and sippy cup manufacturers had already stopped using BPA.
Michael Taylor, deputy commissioner for foods at the FDA, explained that the choice, "solidifies legally that the use will not happen again in the future" in baby bottles and toddler cups. However, the FDA, "has been looking hard at BPA for a long time, and based on all the evidence, we continue to support its safe use."
NPR's food blog, The Salt, reports that there has been confusion about the lingering presence of BPA in products for children despite manufacturers' unanimous decision to discontinue use. The subject, "had become an unnecessary distraction to consumers, legislators, and state regulators," stated Steven Hentges, a spokesperson for the FDA.
While the new ban provides absolute certainty for consumers about the two products in question, many are quick to criticize the FDA because it was already voluntarily in effect. Additionally, the FDA refused to ban BPA from all food packaging in March 2012. The agency continues to do research on the chemical, but still supports its safe use despite voicing "some concern" about the impact of the chemical.
According to the Associated Press, BPA easily gets into food from its packaging and is present in 90 percent of Americans' urine. The FDA continues to state that the agency still isn't sure what the exact effects of BPA are in humans, but the chemical has been shown to cause problems with reproductive and nervous system development in rodents and other animals.
Many organic and health conscious companies have already made the switch to BPA-free packaging. Even large manufacturers like
Campbell's have recently decided to use BPA-free cans to appease customers who no longer consume products that are stored in packaging made with BPA.
Do you think BPA should be banned from all food packaging?
Find more great food content on Delish:
Search for the perfect recipe from our homepage
Find out the latest food news
Get a recipe book to save your favorite dishes
Sign up for our free newsletters
Check us out on Facebook, Pinterest, and Twitter |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_41581.txt | NEW SMYRNA BEACH, Fla. (AP)— Two rare white sea turtles have been found along Florida’s east coast.
One was found at Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve along the coast of Flagler and St. Johns counties. The other in New Smyrna Beach.
The Daytona Beach News-Journal reports (http://bit.ly/QtSOG1 ) the unusual coloration of the two turtle hatchlings is known as leucistic, or a lack of pigment. Mike Walsh with the University of Florida’s College of Veterinary Medicine says such animals have some pigment — unlike albinos — either in their skin, feathers or eyes.
Bonnie Breitbeil with the Central Florida Zoo and Botanical Gardens says leucistic animals are uncommon in the wild. She notes that they can become easy targets for prey since they lack the natural coloring to help them blend into their surroundings.
(© Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.) |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_38181.txt | It’s never too early to talk about the importance of education. As part of our local American Graduate project, we want to encourage all learners – even the youngest – to think about who or what champions them on the path to graduation!
This this to use at home, in a daycare setting, or in PreK/Kindergarten. Ask guiding questions such as: “Going to school is important because…” and “These people believe in me…” to help you & your little one think more deeply about school and motivating factors. Feel free to paraphrase: “Why do kids need to go to school? How is it good for them?” and “Who thinks you are very special?”.
This activity works best when a grown-up talks one on one with a child and writes in their responses. Kids are encouraged to decorate the graduate to look like themselves!
Check out our ‘Raising Readers’ Pinterest board for lists of age-appropriate books about going to school and graduation. These will pair well with the activity!
We want students of all ages to share their champion with us! Check out the full call-out for K-12 students here. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_44610_2.txt | makes the poison". Although he did not say this precisely, it seems that Paracelsus was indeed well aware of the principle (see discussion on Toxicology above).
Many books mentioning Paracelsus also cite him as the origin of the word "bombastic" to describe his often arrogant speaking style, which the following passage illustrates:
I am Theophrastus, and greater than those to whom you liken me; I am Theophrastus, and in addition I am monarcha medicorum and I can prove to you what you cannot prove...I need not don a coat of mail or a buckler against you, for you are not learned or experienced enough to refute even a word of mine...As for you, you can defend your kingdom with belly-crawling and flattery. How long do you think this will last?...Let me tell you this: every little hair on my neck knows more than you and all your scribes, and my shoe buckles are more learned than your Galen and Avicenna, and my beard has more experience than all your high colleges.
— Paracelsus, Selected Writings
However, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the origin of the word "bombastic" is not a play on Paracelsus's middle name, Bombastus. Instead, that dictionary cites "bombast": an old term for cotton stuffing.
Published during his lifetime
- Die große Wundarzney Ulm, 1536 (Hans Varnier); Augsburg (Haynrich Stayner (=Steyner)), 1536; Frankfurt/ M. (Georg Raben/ Weygand Hanen), 1536.
- Vom Holz Guaico, 1529.
- Vonn dem Bad Pfeffers in Oberschwytz gelegen, 1535.
- Prognostications, 1536.
- Wundt unnd Leibartznei. Frankfurt/ M., 1549 (Christian Egenolff); 1555 (Christian Egenolff); 1561 (Chr. Egenolff Erben).
- Von der Wundartzney: Ph. Theophrasti von Hohenheim, beyder Artzney Doctoris, 4 Bücher. (Peter Perna), 1577.
- Von den Krankheiten so die Vernunfft Berauben. Basel, 1567.
- Kleine Wundartzney. Basel (Peter Perna), 1579.
- Opus Chirurgicum, Bodenstein, Basel, 1581.
- Huser quart edition (medicinal and philosophical treatises), Basel, 1589.
- Chirurgical works (Huser), Basel, 1591 und 1605 (Zetzner).
- Straßburg edition (medicinal and philosophical treatises), 1603.
- Kleine Wund-Artzney. Straßburg (Ledertz) 1608.
- Opera omnia medico-chemico-chirurgica, Genevae, Vol3, 1658.
- Philosophia magna, tractus aliquot, Cöln, 1567.
- Philosophiae et Medicinae utriusque compendium, Basel, 1568.
- Liber de Nymphis, sylphis, pygmaeis et salamandris et de caeteris spiritibus
Selected English translationsEdit
- The Hermetic And Alchemical Writings Of Paracelsus, Two Volumes, translated by Arthur Edward Waite, London, 1894. (in Google books), see also a revised 2002 edition (preview only) Partial contents: Coelum Philosophorum; The Book Concerning The Tincture Of The Philosophers; The Treasure of Treasures for Alchemists; The Aurora of the Philosophers; Alchemical Catechism.
- The Archidoxes of Magic by Theophrastus Paracelsus, translated by Robert Turner. Facsimile reprint of the 1656 edition with introduction by Stephen Skinner, Ibis Publishing, 2004.
- Digital library, University of Braunschweig
- Zürich Paracelsus Project
- Dana F. Sutton, An Analytic Bibliography of Online Neo-Latin Texts, Philological Museum, University of Birmingham — A collection of "digital photographic reproductions", or online editions of the Neo-Latin works of the Renaissance.
- Paracelsus is mentioned in Plate 22 of William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell.
- Paracelsus is the main character of Jorge Luis Borges's short story, The Rose of Paracelsus.
- The German drama film Paracelsus was made in 1943, directed by Georg Wilhelm Pabst. Pabst was later sharply criticized for having produced this film in Nazi Germany, subject – like all German films at the time – to the supervision of Goebbels and the considerations of Nazi propaganda.
- The CBS television series Beauty and the Beast had a recurring villain named Paracelsus who like his historical namesake was adept at creating drugs and medicines.
- In the Visual Novel Animamundi: Dark Alchemist, the character Jan van Ruthberg mentions Paracelsus as the creator of the Philosopher's Stone.
- He is mentioned as a wizard in the Harry Potter universe, and appears as a Chocolate Frog Card in the protagonist's first train trip to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.
- He is mentioned in the second chapter of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley's Frankenstein along with Cornelius Agrippa and Albertus Magnus.
- He is mentioned in the 92nd chapter of Herman Melville's Moby Dick.
- In Haunting Ground, "Aureolus" is a reference to Paracelsus.
- Paracelsus appears as "Bombastus" in the Facebook game Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy. He is an acquintance of the Assassin Order and helps Giovanni Borgia study a Crystal Skull the latter retrieved from Mexico.
- In the Capcom Playstation game Resident Evil 3: Nemesis, the experimental weapon used to destroy the Nemesis at the end of the game is named "Paracelsus' Sword" (hence it being a tool to purge infections such as those created by the T-Virus)
- In the anime/Light novel To Aru Majutsu no Index, Paracelsus is the ancestor of the alchemist Aureolus Izzard.
- In the anime Maburaho, the main character is informed early on that he is descended from Paracelsus, as well as several other famous figures from history. This explains why his magical abilities are so valuable.
- In the Guilty Gear fighting game series, the name given to A.B.A's sentient key-shaped weapon is "Paracelsus."
- Hiromu Arakawa, creator of Fullmetal Alchemist, uses his name for her character, Van Hohenheim, in said series
- An excerpt from Paracelsus' book, Liber de nymphis, sylphis, pygmaeis et salamandris et de caeteris spiritibus, is read out loud in the first episode of Dantalian no Shoka
- ↑ Allen G. Debus, "Paracelsus and the medical revolution of the Renaissance"—A 500th Anniversary Celebration from the National Library of Medicine (1993), p. 3.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Read J (1961). Through alchemy to chemistry, Bell and Sons.
- ↑ (1935) "Introduction" Celsus A Cornelius De Medicina (On Medicine), Loeb Classical Library.
- ↑ Habashi, Fathi. Discovering the 8th metal (PDF), International Zinc Association..
- ↑ Hefner Alan G. Paracelsus.
- ↑ David H. Barlow and Vincent Mark Durand (2004). Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach. p. 11
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Template:BBKL
- ↑ (2005). Rediscovery of the Elements: Paracelsus. The Hexagon of Alpha Chi Sigma (Winter): 71–8.
- ↑ Conner Clifford D (2005). A peoples history of science, 306, Nation Books.
- ↑ Alex Wittendorff, Claus Bjørn, Ole Peter Grell, T. Morsing, Per Barner Darnell, Hans Bjørn, Gerhardt Eriksen, Palle Lauring, Kristian Hvidt (1994). Tyge Brahe (in Danish), Gad. p44-45
- ↑ p. 435, Verkehrsmedizin: Fahreignung, Fahrsicherheit, Unfallrekonstruktion, B. Madea, F. Mußhoff, and G. Berghaus, Köln: Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag, 2007, ISBN 3-7691-0490-0.
- ↑ Paracelsus, Selected Writings, ed. with an introduction by Jolande Jacobi, trans. Norbert Guterman, (New York : Pantheon, 1951), p. 79-80
- ↑ NY Times: Paracelsus. NY Times. URL accessed on 2009-09-13.
- Pagel, Walter (1982). Paracelsus: An Introduction to Philosophical Medicine in the Era of the Renaissance. Karger Publishers, Switzerland. ISBN 380553518X.
- The Devil's Doctor, Philip Ball, ISBN 978-0-09-945787-9 (Arrow Books, Random House)
- Paracelsus Medicine, Magic and Mission at the End of Time, Charles Webster, ISBN |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_32516.txt | Professor John Bowman's genetic-level research with moss has reaped an unexpected harvest. Photo: Meredith O'Shea
By tinkering with the reproductive life of moss - and solving one of the fundamental questions about plant evolution - a Melbourne researcher has accidentally discovered a possible gateway to feeding an increasingly hungry world.
Monash University geneticist John Bowman - in collaboration with researchers in Japan - went in search of what the common ancestor of all land plants might look like, at a genetic level.
In solving part of that puzzle, Professor Bowman has taken a step closer to finding one of the holy grails of agriculture - a process called apomixis - in which high-yield, drought-resistant plants would clone themselves via their seeds.
''It would make new crop varieties both cheaper and more widely available,'' Professor Bowman said.
Seeds normally contain two sets of chromosomes - one from the female parent and the other from the male parent. Cloning would mean the seeds would contain chromosomes only from the mother plant - and so the resulting plant would be a genetic copy of the mother. It would be akin to producing a human baby with no sex.
If achievable, it would mean that complex hybrid agriculture, relying on buying new hybrid seeds every year, would be a thing of the past. The big winners would include Third World farmers.
''It's a breakthrough that would be highly beneficial in developing countries,'' Professor Bowman said.
He and his collaborator, Dr Keiko Sakakibara - formerly of the Monash School of Biological Sciences and now at Hiroshima University - were not setting out to save the world. In a study published in Science, they describe for the first time a particular gene that regulates the transition between stages of the life cycle in land plants.
Apart from the obvious, plants are different from animals.
In humans, each cell in the body has two sets of DNA. This is called a diploid state. The tiny single-cell sperm and eggs that we produce contain only the male or female DNA. This is called the haploid state.
''In contrast, plants have large complex bodies in both haploid and diploid generations,'' Professor Bowman said.
In the natural order, plants take on these different forms in alternating generations - in one generation they have a single set of genes (haploid), in the next they have two sets (diploid).
Professor Bowman and Dr Sakakibara upset the natural order by removing a gene, known as KNOX2, from moss.
They found this caused the diploid generation to develop as if it were a haploid. ''The equivalent mutations in humans would be if our entire bodies were transformed into either eggs or sperm,'' Professor Bowman said.
On the pure science front, the study provides insights into how land plants evolved these two complex generations, strongly supporting a theory that the original land plants had a complex body with a single set of genes - and that the diploid state later evolved.
The potential for feeding the world lies in genetic engineering - similar to that achieved in the lab by Professor Bowman - that would cause plants to skip a generation, produce seeds that are clones of the mother, and therefore keep the high-yielding traits intact. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_31428.txt | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
A view inside – A fish in the NMR
What goes through a fish’s head when it swims through acidic water? This question has been occupying the biologist Matthias Schmidt for some time. As part of his doctorate at the Alfred Wegener Institute he is investigating how the blood flow of a fish alters as the carbon dioxide concentration increases in the water. With the assistance of magnetic resonance imaging he is able to peer into the workings of a fish.
A red and white triangle with a large exclamation mark hangs on the heavy safety door to the MRT laboratory on the ground floor of the Alfred Wegener Institute, warning against strong magnetic fields and danger! A second sign warns that metallic objects near the magnets make for dangerous projectiles. People with pacemakers and other metallic implants may not even enter the laboratory – all others must wait until someone behind the closed door hears the knocking.
Matthias Schmidt opens the door to the large laboratory room only a little later. In his white coat, the young biologist looks like an X-ray assistant. A glance at the apparatus and equipment in the background to which a seeming chaos of cables, pipes and houses are attached, are reminiscent of an intensive care unit. And yet Matthias Schmidt has never examined a patient – his test objects are fish. For his doctorate, he is researching into how warming and acidification of the oceans impact Arctic and Antarctic fish species.
His special interest is focused on the fish brain. Australian scientists determined three years ago that young clown fish did not flee in acidic water but swam straight towards their enemy. In subsequent tests, where the water was acidified, the juvenile fish were careless along their home reef, removed themselves further from their hideaways, saw and heard less well and within a few days over 70 per cent of the animals had been eaten. Matthias Schmidt now wishes to investigate whether fish in the polar regions react in a similar manner to ocean acidification with the assistance of NMR which is known as an MRT in hospitals.
The NMR offers scientists many advantages. One of the greatest is that the animal can be examined “in vivo”, i.e. alive. Biologists such as Matthias Schmidt can therefore observe in real time how the acidic water and rising temperatures impact a fish through into the cells. They concentrate for example on the blood flow, i.e. the speed at which the heart pumps blood through the body. “Nobody really knows what acidification triggers in the brains of fish," explains Matthias Schmidt. He is looking for answers to questions that so far no one has asked. The research area the scientist dares to enter is therefore highly topical.
He is very well equipped for this challenge in the NMR laboratory of the Alfred Wegener Institute. The existing NMR equipment with a magnetic field strength of 4.7 Tesla exceeds the Earth’s magnetic field by approx. 100,000 times. The resolution of the image required by the scientists for their studies basically results from this field strength. By comparison, the MRT in hospitals usually reach strengths of between one and three Tesla for routine examinations on patients. However, the trend is towards ever larger magnets so that magnetic field strengths of 9.4 Tesla are no longer rare in experimental medical research.
Only a few research institutions have comparable investigation possibilities. But the real finesse of the system is the so-called swim tunnel. The “in vivo” NMR research group developed and built it together with the workshop of the Alfred Wegener Institute. This worldwide unique channel permits Matthias Schmidt to set different water speeds and observe the fish directly in the NMR. He can therefore conduct a kind of fitness test with the fish: the faster the water flows through the tunnel, the faster the fish has to swim. A separate feed and extraction system also enables him to regulate the carbon dioxide concentration in the water. Instead of increasing the resistance as on a treadmill, the biologist opens the carbon tap and makes the water more acidic.
In this way, Matthias Schmidt can examine whether the carbon dioxide content in the water influences how fast the fish can swim. “The faster the fish swims, the faster the heart must also pump the blood to the brain. We suspect that fish in acidic water reach their physical limits more quickly," he explains.
The biologist walks toward a chamber the size of a garage in the centre of the room and glances inside. This is where the NMR system is. The device looks like the MRT apparatus known in hospitals but the diameter of the examination tube is smaller. No human would fit inside. The magnetic coil of the NMR unit is located in a beige-coloured cylindrical housing. It floats here in liquid helium which in its turn is surrounded by liquid nitrogen and finally a vacuum. “The liquid gases cool the magnetic coil to approximately minus 270 Grad Celsius, i.e. just under absolute zero. Only then does the so-called supra conductivity occur in some metals, i.e. a current line virtually without resistance. Only in this way can a magnetic field of this kind be generated," explains Matthias Schmidt.
His current test subject is an Antarctic Black Rockcod. The day before the biologist collected the fish from the Institute’s aquarium and brought it into the laboratory in a cold box filled with water. The biologist firstly had to slightly stun the animal because if the fish struggles it delays not only the experiment but primarily damages itself. After sedation, Matthias Schmidt had ten minutes to position his test subject such that it can survive experiments in the chamber over several days well and such that the scientist gets the best possible images. Precisely polar fish have such a small energy requirement that the animals can easily survive for several days without food.
When the fish comes around it finds itself in a dark container at zero degrees Celsius. Matthias Schmidt gives the fish twelve hours to become accustomed to its new environment. “We try to offer the fish conditions which are as similar to its usual environment as possible. In this case, this means that the fish should feel as comfortable as in our aquarium. After twelve hours, we can assume that it is no longer in a stressed state and only then do we start our experiments," says the biologist.
He closes the door to the chamber and sits down at the computer. From here he can observe precisely what is happening in the NMR and how the test subject is. Then he starts the first test. The NMR starts to knock and hammer. The chamber dampens the sound for those outside. But what does the fish feel like in the tube? “We have no indication that the fish is stressed. We can neither observe that it breathes quicker nor that it moves more. All records would lead us to believe that the noises do not cause any physiological stress with the fish," explains Matthias Schmidt pointing to his displays on the screen.
The first black and white specimen image of the fish brain appears on the computer screen. Matthias Schmidt is satisfied. “In the centre of the image we can see the brain. The dark areas signalise that the blood is flowing more slowly here and the lighter an area is, the faster the blood is flowing.” The biologist will be making just under 1500 measurements with the Black Rockcod and will analyse the results to determine how the fish reacted to the higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the water. 3D software will help him to analyse the recordings made. It simulates the brain of the fish and permits the biologist once again to take a closer look at any possible changes. The fish finally returns to the aquarium after the test where it is fed and where the next test subject is already waiting for Matthias Schmidt. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_20914.txt | The Rise of the Sunbelt
NBER Working Paper No. 13071
In the last 50 years, population and incomes have increased steadily throughout much of the Sunbelt. This paper assesses the relative contributions of rising productivity, rising demand for Southern amenities and increases in housing supply to the growth of warm areas, using data on income, housing price and population growth. Before 1980, economic productivity increased significantly in warmer areas and drove the population growth in those places. Since 1980, productivity growth has been more modest, but housing supply growth has been enormous. We infer that new construction in warm regions represents a growth in supply, rather than demand, from the fact that prices are generally falling relative to the rest of the country. The relatively slow pace of housing price growth in the Sunbelt, relative to the rest of the country and relative to income growth, also implies that there has been no increase in the willingness to pay for sun-related amenities. As such, it seems that the growth of the Sunbelt has little to do with the sun.
Document Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3386/w13071
Published: Edward L. Glaeser & Kristina Tobio, 2008. "The Rise of the Sunbelt," Southern Economic Journal, Southern Economic Association, vol. 74(3), pages 610-643, January.
Users who downloaded this paper also downloaded these: |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_52017.txt | Quarter* ♒ Aquarius
Moon phase on 23 October 2039 Sunday is Waxing Crescent, 6 days young Moon is in Capricorn.Share this page: twitter facebook linkedin
Previous main lunar phase is the New Moon before 5 days on 17 October 2039 at 19:09.
Moon rises in the morning and sets in the evening. It is visible toward the southwest in early evening.
Moon is passing about ∠17° of ♑ Capricorn tropical zodiac sector.
Lunar disc appears visually 1.8% wider than solar disc. Moon and Sun apparent angular diameters are ∠1964" and ∠1929".
Next Full Moon is the Hunter Moon of October 2039 after 8 days on 31 October 2039 at 22:36.
There is low ocean tide on this date. Sun and Moon gravitational forces are not aligned, but meet at big angle, so their combined tidal force is weak.
The Moon is 6 days young. Earth's natural satellite is moving from the beginning to the first part of current synodic month. This is lunation 492 of Meeus index or 1445 from Brown series.
Length of current 492 lunation is 29 days, 10 hours and 37 minutes. This is the year's shortest synodic month of 2039. It is 9 minutes shorter than next lunation 493 length.
Length of current synodic month is 2 hours and 7 minutes shorter than the mean length of synodic month, but it is still 4 hours and 2 minutes longer, compared to 21st century shortest.
This lunation true anomaly is ∠321.1°. At the beginning of next synodic month true anomaly will be ∠340.7°. The length of upcoming synodic months will keep decreasing since the true anomaly gets closer to the value of New Moon at point of perigee (∠0° or ∠360°).
3 days after point of perigee on 20 October 2039 at 05:11 in ♏ Scorpio. The lunar orbit is getting wider, while the Moon is moving outward the Earth. It will keep this direction for the next 12 days, until it get to the point of next apogee on 5 November 2039 at 04:29 in ♊ Gemini.
Moon is 364 913 km (226 746 mi) away from Earth on this date. Moon moves farther next 12 days until apogee, when Earth-Moon distance will reach 405 534 km (251 987 mi).
2 days after its descending node on 21 October 2039 at 04:37 in ♐ Sagittarius, the Moon is following the southern part of its orbit for the next 11 days, until it will cross the ecliptic from South to North in ascending node on 3 November 2039 at 19:55 in ♊ Gemini.
15 days after beginning of current draconic month in ♊ Gemini, the Moon is moving from the second to the final part of it.
At 01:02 on this date the Moon is meeting its South standstill point, when it will reach southern declination of ∠-25.344°. Next 13 days the lunar orbit will move in opposite northward direction to face North declination of ∠25.428° in its northern standstill point on 6 November 2039 at 03:44 in ♋ Cancer.
After 8 days on 31 October 2039 at 22:36 in ♉ Taurus, the Moon will be in Full Moon geocentric opposition with the Sun and this alignment forms next Sun-Earth-Moon syzygy. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_29601_6.txt | 1878: And all the days of Seth were (Moses 6:16)
1888: All the days of Seth were
Changes that appear to be accidental include these:
OT1, OT2, 1878: and a vagabond shalt thou be (Moses 5:37)
1888: and a vagabond shall thou be
OT1, OT2, 1878: his offering thou didst accept (Moses 5:38)
1888: his offering thou didst except
OT1, OT2, 1878: so will I come in the last days, in the days of wickedness (Moses 7:60)
1888: so will I come in the last days of wickedness
In some cases it is not clear whether a change was intentional, as these examples illustrate:
OT1, OT2, 1878: the evening and the morning were the second day (Moses 2:8)
1888: the evening and morning were the second day
OT2, 1878: sware unto him with an oath (Moses 7:51)
1888: sware unto him an oath
OT1, OT2, 1878: mighty men which are like unto them of old (Moses 8:21)
1888: mighty men which are like unto men of old
The 1888 printing of the Book of Moses would be of limited interest historically were it not for the fact that it is a direct ancestor of today’s Book of Moses. Most of its changes were discovered during the preparation of the 1902 edition and were corrected. Only a few continue in today’s Pearl of Great Price.
The 1902 Pearl of Great Price
The 1902 edition of the Pearl of Great Price was not a minor updating but a major revision. The most noticeable features are that it deleted material already found in the Doctrine and Covenants (thus it included only what is in the Pearl of Great Price today), and it contained chapters and verses for the first time. It also added headings and cross-referencing foot-notes. It was in the 1902 edition that the Pearl of Great Price took on most of the form in which we recognize it now. The 1902 edition also gave us a reworked text of the Book of Moses, a text that has not changed significantly since then.
Joseph Smith’s death in 1844 disconnected the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from the New Translation of the Bible. The Prophet was the last Church leader to see the original manuscripts and the only president of the Church ever to be involved in any way with them. No one who worked on the New Translation came west with the Saints, and subsequent Church leaders probably had limited knowledge of it. Over the decades, the absence of information allowed much misunderstanding about the New Translation to make its way into Latter-day Saint culture, a process that would continue into the 1970s. No Latter-day Saint edition of the Book of Moses was prepared with any access to the original JST manuscripts. That placed the Church at a significant disadvantage when it decided to provide a corrected edition in 1902. It is likely that by then, Church leaders had limited knowledge of how our own text of the Book of Moses had been obtained, except in the general understanding that it came from Joseph Smith’s Bible translation. It is likely that few, if any, knew then that the Book of Moses came from the RLDS Inspired Version, and if so, it is likely that no one knew why. Thus when the 1902 edition was prepared, Church leaders did not have a standard against which they could judge the accuracy of the text.
The preparation of the new Pearl of Great Price, including the revised text of the Book of Moses, was assigned to Professor James E. Talmage of the University of Utah. He used as his beginning text a copy of the 1888 printing, which unfortunately was not carefully done and included both typographical errors and other changes. His work on the new edition is documented in his 1888 copy. On its pages he edited the text, writing corrections to errors in the printing and inserting many new wordings. It was from his copy that the compositors set the type for the 1902 edition. A comparison of the available evidence shows the following process at work. In an effort to produce the best text of the Book of Moses possible, Dr. Talmage edited his 1888 copy against earlier printings that he apparently felt were better than what was preserved in the then-current text. Taking in hand the early texts from The Evening and the Morning Star and the Times and Seasons, as well as an 1879 Pearl of Great Price, he edited his text backwards to match many of the wordings in those printings. He had no way of knowing what was on the original manuscripts, and it is likely that he believed that because the newspaper texts were older and were published during the lifetime of Joseph Smith, they contained a more accurate or authoritative text than that used by Elder Orson Pratt in 1878. Probably no one living in Salt Lake City at that time could have known that the 1878 edition was much closer to the words on Joseph Smith’s original documents. In all, Dr. Talmage made about seventy changes that were based on the earlier printings. Following are some examples:
James E. Talmage Journal, February 2, 1900, detail, recording his assignment from the First Presidency to prepare a new edition of the Pearl of Great Price.
James E. Talmage's 1888 Pearl of Great Price, pages 4-5, showing his editing in preparation for the 1902 edition, including inserted verse numbers and letters for cross-reference footnotes; Moses 1:20-35
OT1, OT2: and as Moses beheld the world (Moses 1:8)
TS, 1902: and Moses beheld the world
OT1, OT2: his glory has been upon me, and it is glory unto me, wherefore (Moses 1:18)
TS, 1902: his glory has been upon me, wherefore
OT1, OT2: Depart hence, Satan (Moses 1:20)
TS, 1902: Depart from me, Satan
OT1, OT2: he beheld again his glory, for it rested upon him (Moses 1:25)
TS, 1902: he beheld his glory again, for it was upon him
OT1, OT2: among even as many as shall believe (Moses 1:41)
TS, 1902: among as many as shall believe
OT1, OT2: Go forth to this people (Moses 7:10)
EMS, 1902: Go to this people
OT1: land out of the depths of the sea (Moses 7:14)
EMS, 1902: land out of the depth of the sea
OT2: and thou art there (Moses 7:30)
EMS, 1902: and yet thou art there
OT2: has pled before my face (Moses 7:39)
EMS, 1902: hath plead before my face
OT1: he saw great tribulation (Moses 7:66)
EMS, 1902: he saw great tribulations
In addition to the changes made to match earlier publications of Book of Moses material, Professor Talmage made over thirty revisions that are not based on any previous printing or any known manuscript. A few of those changes correct the grammar or bring the wording more in line with contemporary style:
OT1, OT2, 1878: Behold I, send me (Moses 4:1)
1902: Behold, here am I, send me
OT1, OT2: see thou show them unto no man (Moses 4:32)
1878: see thou showest them unto no man
1902: see thou show them unto no man
OT1, OT2, 1878: the Lord cursed . . . all they that had covenanted with Satan (Moses 5:52)
1902: the Lord cursed . . . all them that had covenanted with Satan
OT1, OT2, 1878: and an Hell have I prepared (Moses 6:29)
1902: and a Hell have I prepared
Most changes show editorial preferences that differ from the wording Joseph Smith dictated to his scribes:
James E. Talmage’s 1888 Pearl of Great Price, pages 38–39, showing his editing in preparation for the 1902 edition, including inserted verse numbers and letters for cross-reference footnotes; Moses 7:18–32
OT2, 1878: and beheld the earth, yea, even all the face of it (Moses 1:27)
1902: and beheld the earth, yea, even all of it
OT1, OT2, 1878: the glory of God was upon Moses (Moses 1:31)
1902: the glory of the Lord was upon Moses
OT1, OT2, 1878: Adam called upon the name of the Lord, and Eve also, his wife (Moses 5:4)
1902: Adam and Eve, his wife, called upon the name of the Lord
OT1, 1878: yea and millions of earths (Moses 7:30)
1902: yea millions of earths
OT1, OT2, 1878: How is it that thou canst weep? (Moses 7:31)
1902: How is it thou canst weep?
OT1, OT2, 1878: and Enoch saw Noah, also, and his family (Moses 7:42)
1902: and Enoch also saw Noah, and his family
OT1, OT2 |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_25188.txt | Data from NASA's Cassini spacecraft reveal complex organic molecules originating from Saturn's icy moon Enceladus, strengthening the idea that this ocean world hosts conditions suitable for life. Research results show much larger, heavier molecules than ever before.
Powerful hydrothermal vents mix up material from the moon's water-filled, porous core with water from the moon's massive subsurface ocean - and it is released into space, in the form of water vapor and ice grains. A team led by Frank Postberg and Nozair Khawaja of the University of Heidelberg, Germany, continues to examine the makeup of the ejected ice and has recently identified fragments of large, complex organic molecules.
Previously, Cassini had detected small, relatively common organic molecules at Enceladus that were much smaller. Complex molecules comprising hundreds of atoms are rare beyond Earth. The presence of the large complex molecules, along with liquid water and hydrothermal activity, bolsters the hypothesis that the ocean of Enceladus may be a habitable environment for life.
The results are published today in Nature.
Such large molecules can be created by complex chemical processes, including those related to life, or they can come from primordial material in some meteorites.
At Enceladus, it's most likely they come from hydrothermal activity driving complex chemistry in the core of the moon, Postberg said.
"In my opinion, the fragments we found are of hydrothermal origin; in the high pressures and warm temperatures we expect there, it is possible that complex organic molecules can arise," Postberg said.
The organic material is injected into the ocean by hydrothermal vents on the floor of Enceladus' ocean - something akin to the hydrothermal sites found at the bottom of the oceans on Earth, which are one of the possible environments that scientists investigate for the emergence of life on our own planet.
On Enceladus, bubbles of gas, rising through miles of ocean, could bring up organic material from depths, where they could form a thin film floating on the ocean surface and in cracks of vents, in the interior of the moon, beneath its icy shell.
After rising near the top of the ocean, the bubbles may burst or otherwise disperse the organics, where they were detected by Cassini.
"Continuing studies of Cassini data will help us unravel the mysteries of this intriguing ocean world," said Cassini Project Scientist Linda Spilker of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, ESA (European Space Agency) and the Italian Space Agency. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of Caltech in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. The Cassini spacecraft deliberately plunged into Saturn on Sept. 15, 2017. JPL designed, developed and assembled the Cassini orbiter. The radar instrument was built by JPL and the Italian Space Agency, working with team members from the U.S. and several European countries.
News Media ContactGretchen McCartney
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
Dwayne Brown / JoAnna Wendel
NASA Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1726 / 202-358-1003
firstname.lastname@example.org / email@example.com
ESA Science and Robotic Exploration Communication Officer
+31 71 565 6799 / Mob: +31 61 594 3 954 |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_10455.txt | Technical Market Support » Metallurgical Coal
Assessment of increasingly subtle changes in coal quality, either potential improvements or deteriorations, is clouded by the deficiencies in drum tests routinely conducted on pilot scale coke. When coking tests are performed on coke produced at the small scale (8kg feed coal) the comparison between relatively small differences in coke strength of different coals is tenuous. This project demonstrates that a coke strength index (JKCSI) developed by Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre (JKMRC) and determined from drum testing can aid in the evaluation of coke quality. The objectives of the project were to:
· Test the applicability of the JKCSI model to cokes that exhibit adhesion controlled breakage;
· Extend the modelling of breakage to include coke produced in the small scale coke oven (8kg) where the strength of the coke is determined by the modified Micum or the I-Drum tests;
· Recommend a suitable method for the preparation of coke from small scale coke testing for the NSC Reactivity test.
To achieve these objectives JKMRC undertook a series of tasks on coke samples supplied by ALS Coal.
In the project, the JKCSI model developed from data on strong cokes in ACARP Project C20009 was applied to a weak coke produced from lower volatile coal that undergo adhesion controlled breakage. It was proved that the JKCSI model can work for both strong and weak cokes with equally good model fitting qualities. From the data in this project the transition point between adhesion controlled to porosity controlled breakage occurs when the JKCSI decreases below 200. There is insufficient data to extend this finding to small scale data. While the data in this report does indicate there is a sharp transition from adhesion control to porosity control breakage there is insufficient data in this transition region to categorically state that there is fixed transition point.
The use of JKCSI in routine testing will assist coal producers to better understand the coke quality and identify if the coke breakage is dominantly controlled by adhesion or porosity. This will allow producers to formulate better blending strategies to improve coke quality.
Work demonstrated that the JKCSI can be determined from small scale coke using a modified Micum test conducted at least two revolutions or from an I-Drum test conducted at least two revolutions. The determination of JKCSI on small scale coke should add to the understanding of the coke quality of small scale results. On the limited small scale coke data on two coals examined in this project the JKCSI does indicate the expected changes in coke quality due to coking conditions.
The inclusion of a modified Micum test on small scale coke has been shown to effectively stabilise the coke thus ensuring the influences of fissures on coke breakage are minimised. This should lead to greater consistency in small coke testing especially for weaker cokes. Stabilisation had a greater effect on the CSR of the weakest coke compared to the stronger coke.
ALS Coal aims to implement the calculation of JKCSI from routine pilot scale drum testing data. This will allow validation of the different drum indices and give the client a useful parameter to better track how coal quality may be influencing coke quality.
The JKCSI could be applied to reduce the number of the routine drum tests to determine coke strength indices for pilot scale cokes. ALS Coal has a large data set of drum test results. This data set could be used to statistically examine the predicted results of a range of drum tests based on the JKCSI determined on suitable input drum test data.
There is also a potential to use a small amount of coke sample generated from a small oven and test with a new procedure to acquire the equivalent JKCSI measured by the standard drum tests. There are two issues to be addressed before this is feasible. Firstly, better understanding of how the coke quality differs between the small scale and pilot scale ovens. Second, clarification that the JKCSI as determined by modified Micum accurately predicts standard drum tests. To demonstrate the possible benefit of determining JKCSI on small scale coke it is recommended that the completed data sets from ACARP projects looking coking conditions (C22039) and stamp charging (C22035), where suitable modified Micum data exists for determination of JKCSI, be further evaluated. This evaluation will demonstrate if the JKCSI aids in a better understanding on how coking conditions can impact on the coke quality of small scale coke and if the small scale data can be used to predict standard drum test results. As this is a limited data set the above work will only demonstrate that prediction of standard drum indices from small scale coking is feasible. A large data set would be required to determine the statistical significance of the predictions. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_49089.txt | A number of English words are spelled the same way and pronounced the same way, but have different meanings.
tinneis), 15– tennis. ... The word baseball, for instance, is a compound that combines base and ball, two objects central to the game.
Table tennis meaning, definition, what is table tennis: an indoor game played on a table by two ...: Learn more.
Rewrite the sentence with the available words so that meaning doesn't change : 1.My brother can play table tennis very well
Definition of tennis noun in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary.
The man hit the tennis ball with his tennis racket.
The vocabulary of tennis and the terms we use in talking about it.
10.Playing badminton is difficult,but playing tennis is more dificult.
Meaning of ace in English. ... SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases.
playing /Tuan /play /table tennis /with/ interesting /finds / he /best friends/ because /it/can. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_45041_2.txt | more of a product is consumed! B. decreases as more of a product is consumed! C. is zero when total utility is maximum! D. is equal to total utility divided by number of units consumed!
! 38. Slope of indifference curve shows! A. Marginal product! B. Marginal revenue! C. Marginal cost! D. Marginal rate of substation!
! 39. Which of the following is not a property of indifference curves?! A. Curves closer to origin represent lower levels of satisfaction!
Friday, September 12, 2014 B. They are upsloping! C. They cannot intersect each other! D. They are convex to the origin!
! 40. When MU is positive, the TU! A. increases! B. decreases! C. at max! D. 0!
! 41. Law of diminishing MU implies that as a person consumes more and more of a given good! A. Marginal utility will decline! B. TU will fall and rise! C. MU becomes negative! D. TU will decline!
! 42. When the price of X is 5 and the price of Y is 4, if you have an income of 25, which of the following bundles is the affordable set?! A. (0,7)! B. (3,3)! C. (3,2)! D. (2,4)!
! 43. When plotting marginal and average product curves, the _________ product curve always crosses the ___________ product curve at its ___________! A. average variable; marginal; maximum! B. average variable; average total; minimum! C. marginal; average total; maximum! 9
Friday, September 12, 2014 D. marginal; average variable; maximum!
! 44. When total product is maximum, marginal product is! A. Positive! B. Negative! C. Zero! D. Maximum!
! 45. When average product curve is rising, ! A. Marginal product curve lies above the average product curve! B. MPC lies below the APC! C. MPC cuts the APC! D. None of the above!
! 46. In the short run, product curves have all the following characteristics except! A. Total products begin to decrease when average products begin to increase!
! 47. It is impossible for the total production to be ______ when the marginal product is _________! A. decreasing; positive! B. increasing; decreasing! C. increasing; increasing! D. positive; negative!
! 48. Which of the following is most likely a variable cost?! A. Property insurance premiums! B. Interest on bonded indebtedness! C. Rental payments on IBM equipment!
Friday, September 12, 2014 D. Payment for raw materials purchased!
! 49. Assume that in the short run a firm which is producing 100 units of output has average total costs of RM200 and AVC of RM150. The firms total fixed cost is! A. RM5000! B. RM500! C. RM0.50! D. RM50!
! 50. As output increases, AFC! A. Fall! B. Increase! C. Remain constant! D. Fall, and increase!
! 51. If a firm decides to produce no outputs in the short run, its cost will be____! A. zero! B. its fixed cost! C. its variable cost! D. marginal cost!
! 52. When average cost is equal to marginal cost, ! C. The average cost is at its minimum!
! 53. Which of the following curves are not U-shaped! B. AFC!
! 54. Relationship between SRAC and LRAC curves is that!
Friday, September 12, 2014 A. All of the SRACs are tangent to the LRAC and lie above it |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_31498.txt | Cotton is grown on every continent, in a broad range of environmental conditions and under widely disparate conditions of production. It is an important raw material for a highly varied and profitable value creation chain, and it is traded on commodities markets throughout the world. Cotton is at the center of the dispute surrounding agricultural subsidies, and it is an important tool in development aid. International chemical companies have just as much interest in it as do the advocates of ecological farming, since it consumes more water, fertilizer, and pesticides than any other crop.
Cotton was already traveling around the world from producer to consumer in colonial times; all that has changed today is the routes it follows. Thus in one common scenario, cotton fibers from Texas are sent to China to be processed, then wend their way to the fashion runways of Paris, and finally travel as old clothes to Africa, where they are worn as secondhand fashion.
Hans Peter Jost has created a photographic portrait of cotton on his trips to India, China, Brazil, America, Uzbekistan, Mali, and Tanzania, documenting the lives and working conditions of cotton farmers and the cultivation, harvesting, processing, and marketing of cotton.
Christina Kleineidam, who accompanied the photographer on his travels, describes what they saw and offers background information on the specific problems of the individual countries. The economist Pietra Rivoli explains the global realities of the cultivation and marketing of cotton in her foreword.
Author(s): Christina Kleineidam, Hans Peter Jost
Foreword by Pietra Rivoli
With photographs by Hans Peter Jost
With contributions by Christina Kleineidam
Design: Integral Lars Müller |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_6073.txt | A recent report by the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) suggests that low doses of vitamin D up to 400 IU daily and calcium supplements up to 1000 mg daily are not effective in reducing the risk of fracture in healthy people (that is, people without osteoporosis or fractures).
The report expresses concerns that the use of calcium and vitamin D supplements may increase the risk of kidney stones in certain individuals and that for some, the potential benefit may not justify the potential harm.
Further research is needed to better determine the benefits and risks of calcium and vitamin D supplementation in healthy low risk adults. Based on all research to date, Osteoporosis Canada still recommends that those who are 50 years of age or more take 1200 mg of elemental calcium daily, preferably from dietary sources, and 800-2000 IU of a vitamin D supplement daily. Those who are under 50 and at high risk (with osteoporosis, multiple fractures, or conditions affecting vitamin D absorption) also require 800 – 2000 IU of a vitamin D supplement daily.
Along with exercise, good nutrition, and in some cases medication (for those who have an increased risk of fracture), dietary calcium and vitamin D supplementation are important components of a comprehensive plan to maintain your bone health.
Osteoporosis Canada urges all individuals to get the recommended amounts of calcium and vitamin D to protect their bone health.
It is important to talk to and work with your doctor to determine your fracture risk and to ensure that you have the bone health plan that is right for you.
Osteoporosis Canada’s rapid response team, made up of members of the Scientific Advisory Council, creates position statements as news breaks regarding osteoporosis. The position statements are used to inform both the healthcare professional and the patient. The Scientific Advisory Council (SAC) is made up of experts in Osteoporosis and bone metabolism and is a volunteer membership. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_11865.txt | Western Turkey forms the eastern part of the Aegean extensional province. In the 1980s it was accepted that vertical crustal motions in this region are caused solely by this active normal faulting, with footwall localities uplifting and hanging-walls subsiding. The presence of marine sediments, interpreted as Pliocene, at altitudes in excess of 400 m in some hanging-wall localities provided-in the late 1980s-the first clear evidence of Pliocene-Quaternary regional surface uplift. However, it has since been argued that the incision of river gorges in this region has been caused instead by localized uplift in normal-fault footwalls. We review the available geomorphological and sedimentary evidence from the Denizli area, within the drainage catchment of the Buyuk Menderes river, in support of similar to400 m of Plio-Quaternary regional surface uplift We also examine the gorge reach of the Gediz river near Usak, where a staircase of four high terraces, formed of cemented fluvial gravel at similar to360, similar to330, similar to255, and similar to225 m above river level, is identified. Farther downstream, a similar terrace, similar to200 m above this river and so tentatively correlated with the similar to225 m terrace upstream, was also identified within the Quaternary volcanic field around Kula. Nearby, a slightly lower (similar to190 m) terrace gravel is capped by basalt, K-Ar dated to similar to1.2 Ma; below this, other similar terraces form a lower-level staircase. We interpret this evidence as indicating uplift rates of similar to0.1 mm a(-1) or more in the latest Pliocene, when the staircase of cemented high terraces appears to have formed, relative stability for much of the Early Pleistocene, but renewed uplift at rates approaching similar to0.2 mm a(-1) in the Middle and Late Pleistocene. The resulting uplift history resembles what is observed in other regions, and has been modelled as the isostatic response to changing rates of surface processes linked to global environmental change, with no direct relationship to the crustal extension occurring in western Turkey. Our results thus suggest that the present, often deeply-incised, landscape of western Turkey has largely developed from the Middle Pleistocene onwards, for reasons not directly related to the active normal faulting, the local isostatic consequences of which are superimposed onto this 'background' of regional surface uplift. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_3739.txt | MORE AIR POLLUTION
MORE WATER POLLUTION
The NJ TRANSITGRID Project is a proposed gas-fired power plant to be built on a polluted Superfund site.
Amount of Superstorm Sandy taxpayer money that would be used to build a resiliency project in a FLOOD ZONE!
of greenhouse gases every year, in an era of rising sea levels.
"MONSTER OF POLLUTION"
These types of plants are monsters of air pollution in New Jersey emitting heavy metals and chemicals like ammonia and nitrogen oxide.
This would be built on a flood-prone Superfund site
More pollution disproportionately impacting low-income communities in Kearny, Newark, and Jersey City adds to public health costs.
will provide clean energy without adding greenhouse gases that are triggering sea level rise, flooding, and giant storms that are the threats to our transit system.
- Go to your municipal council meeting and ask your council and mayor
to pass a resolution opposing the “NJ TRANSITGRID” Power Plant in Kearny.
- Write, call and visit your county, state and federal representatives.
- Ask Governor Murphy to put a moratorium on new gas plants in New Jersey because we need to stop the proliferation of dirty fossil fuels across our state.
- Volunteer to help inform your neighbors and community members!
- Download Nextdoor and tell all your neighbors.
or text “TRANSIT” to the number 69866 |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_22706.txt | 1 Answer | Add Yours
In Shakespeare's play, Julius Caesar, Cassius and Brutus have shown different motivations in killing Caesar. They have argued with one another while each tries to follow his own vision.
First, the relationship between Brutus and Cassius is based on a lie. Brutus was concerned that if Caesar became king, it would change him which would harm Rome. Brutus, with all his faults, put the good of Rome before all else.
Cassius, on the other hand, approaches Brutus to join the conspirators in assassinating Caesar. Brutus is not sure, but Cassius plans to falsify papers that will prove Caesar has committed crimes against the state of Rome. Ultimately, Brutus joins. Cassius, however, does not share the noble reasoning that governs Brutus' actions: Cassius hates Caesar because he once saved Caesar's life and believes he has not been rewarded enough—that he is treated the same as every other citizen of Rome. His reasons for killing Caesar are completely selfish.
It is, therefore, not surprising that the two would fight. At one point, the two fight because Cassius believes that Brutus has mistakenly judged one of Cassius' men for "taking bribes." What sits at the center of their fighting, though, is the level of "love and honesty" the men have for each other—at least from Cassius' perspective. Even as they make plans to got into battle, they cannot agree upon their strategy.
Cassius is the one behind the plot to kill Caesar. He is an excellent judge of men, their strengths, weaknesses, etc. However his is not completely honest with Brutus, and he also fails to take a stand against Brutus when he does not agree with him, something he would probably not do with another man. (Cassius might resent this.) Cassius tricks Brutus into joining the plot, though he cannot prove any of the criticisms he has of Caesar. The best Cassius can do is criticize Caesar's physical shortcomings; he cannot admit that Caesar's leadership and superior military strategies have allowed him to be so successful as Rome's leader. Cassius agrees with some of Brutus' decisions, though his heart does not agree. For instance, Cassius wants to kill Mark Antony and Caesar, but Brutus disagrees, wanting them to be guilty only of "sacrifice" with Caesar, but not "butchery" which Brutus believes would be the case if they kill Antony.
Later the two men have a terrible fight, where Cassius accuses Brutus of no longer loving him; Brutus says he does not like Cassius' faults. Cassius says that if Brutus no longer loves him, he would prefer Brutus to kill him there. Cassius says:
There is my dagger,
And here my naked breast; within, a heart (110)
Dearer than Pluto's mine, richer than gold.
If that thou best a Roman, take it forth;
I, that denied thee gold, will give my heart.
Strike, as thou didst at Caesar, for I know,
When thou didst hate him worst, thou lovedst him better (115)
Than ever thou lovedst Cassius.
In some ways Cassius seems rather pitiful in his approach to Brutus; Brutus comments that Cassius too quickly becomes angry and then becomes calm again. The men brush aside their differences and they are of one mind again. Brutus then admits that his wife, Portia, has killed herself.
Perhaps the murder of Caesar begins to take its toll. Cassius will never truly be able to battle his sense of insecurity, as he felt with Caesar, and Brutus is an honorable man who killed the leader he loved. Now his wife is dead. It is no wonder the two have grown apart.
We’ve answered 330,379 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_45175.txt | This study was undertaken to first quantify the effect of heat stress on milk yield and components of Tarentaise in comparison to Holstein cows. A dataset of 16,143 monthly individual records of production traits was collected for 435 Tarentaise and 543 Holstein cows from 21 farms in Tunisia (2009 to 2014). This dataset was merged with meteorological data from 5 public stations relative to the 21 farms. The temperature-humidity index (THI), calculated as a combination of ambient temperature and relative humidity, was used to characterize heat stress. When the THI increased from an average value of 53.7 in winter to 75.4 in summer, the Holstein and Tarentaise cows decreased their milk production by 0.93 and 0.15 kg/day, respectively. Milk fat, protein, and urea content decreased similarly in both breeds (−2.20 g/kg, −1.40 g/kg, and −14 mg/L, respectively), and the milk somatic cell count increased for Holstein cows (+352,000/mL) while decreased for Tarentaise cows (−160,000/mL). The second aim of this study was to describe the relationship between the variations of the milk yields between the summer and the winter (Δ milk yields) and some barn characteristics during the hot season. A survey carried out on 19 of the 21 previous farms permitted to conclude that the closed buildings led to a higher decrease in milk yield between the summer and winter than the open buildings (−1.13 vs. −0.27 kg/day). A metallic roof had a more negative impact on Δ milk yields than the other roof types (−1.04 vs. −0.15 kg/day).
International Journal of Biometeorology – Springer Journals
Published: Feb 2, 2017
It’s your single place to instantly
discover and read the research
that matters to you.
Enjoy affordable access to
over 18 million articles from more than
15,000 peer-reviewed journals.
All for just $49/month
Query the DeepDyve database, plus search all of PubMed and Google Scholar seamlessly
Save any article or search result from DeepDyve, PubMed, and Google Scholar... all in one place.
Get unlimited, online access to over 18 million full-text articles from more than 15,000 scientific journals.
Read from thousands of the leading scholarly journals from SpringerNature, Elsevier, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford University Press and more.
All the latest content is available, no embargo periods.
“Hi guys, I cannot tell you how much I love this resource. Incredible. I really believe you've hit the nail on the head with this site in regards to solving the research-purchase issue.”Daniel C.
“Whoa! It’s like Spotify but for academic articles.”@Phil_Robichaud
“I must say, @deepdyve is a fabulous solution to the independent researcher's problem of #access to #information.”@deepthiw
“My last article couldn't be possible without the platform @deepdyve that makes journal papers cheaper.”@JoseServera |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_48818.txt | Signs of Bed Bug Activity
Recognizing The Signs of Bed Bugs
When bed bugs are suspected, sleeping and resting areas should be thoroughly inspected. Keep in mind that bed bugs (especially nymphs and eggs) can fit into the tiniest cracks and crevices. Rule of Thumb: “If a business card could fit so can a bed bug”. Bed bugs are very elusive critters. This makes detecting the presence of bed bugs–particularly in the early stag–very difficult even for pest professionals. Hence the introduction of bed bug canine detecting dogs. On the other hand, bed bugs do not have a way of cleaning up after themselves. They eventually leave telltale signs behind that are dead giveaways of their existence. In any event, here are some things to look for if you suspect that you have bed bugs.
Bed Bug Bites
Reactions to bed bug bites vary from person to person–even two people sharing the same bed. Bites are very similar to mosquito bites and other blood sucking insects, however, bed bug bites are usually patterned in a row (½” to an inch apart) or in clusters–similar to a rash-like appearance. In most cases, bites consist of raised, red bumps, swelling, serious rashes, flat welts even blisters and are often accompanied by intense itching (as a result of an allergic reaction to the anesthesia contained in the saliva that bed bugs inject into the blood of its victims). Itching may not start until minutes, hours even days after the bite. Bites may become immediately visible or take days to appear. 20-30% of all people exhibits no sign of having been bitten by a bed bug whatsoever—greatly increasing the difficulty of confirming the existence of infestations until it’s in the moderate to severe stage. Also, because of the desparity in bite reactions and appearances, bed bug bites can rarely be identified by the appearance alone. That’s why it is important to obtain a specimen (dead or alive) or look for other telltale signs as bites on the skin are poor indicators of a bed bug infestion as bed bug bites can look like bites from other insects, rashes–even hives.
Live Bed Bugs
Bed bugs look vastly different during each stage of development. For instance, nymphs (aka: first instar or first hatchling) have similar heads, mouthparts and bodies as adult bed bugs, but on a smaller scale and their coloration is very different. They are tan in color and their bodies are translucent. The bed bugs at the bottom of the picture on the left, is an adult male. Adult bed bugs are reddish-brown, flightless insects around 1/4″ long. They’re flat when unfed and football-shaped when engorged with blood. When a bed bug molt to adult stage, they are sometimes waxy in appearance and more orange in color. To give an a size reference, the adult male bed bug at the bottom of the picture is next to grains of rice and there is an egg located to the left and right of the bed bug.
Dead Bed Bugs/Bed Bug Castings
Bed bugs go through five stages of development before reaching maturity. Bed bugs will molt (shed or cast its skin) once during each stage of development leaving an amber-color, shell of itself behind. Bed bugs must take a blood meal in order to advance to another stage of development. Shed skin or casing can be found in bed bug harborages.
Picture Taken by: Dr. Harold Harlan of AFPMB.org Bed bug eggs are visible to the naked eye. They are very small (approximately 1/32 of an inch long); milky-white in color, cylindrical in shape (one end rounded the other flat, hatched-like). When the first instar emerges, it emerges from the flat side. Hatched eggs appear hollow and will have the flat, hatch top like end opened (as seen the picture on the left). Eggs can hatch in a little as 3-5 days in optimal temperatures. Eggs are usually found in clusters in cracks and crevices and on rough surfaces. Eggs are coated with a sticky substance which adheres rather well to the surface where they are laid. Because of this, it is doubtful that eggs of any significant number can be successfully vacuumed. As the first instars emerge from egg capsules, the capsules become dry, hard, yellow in color and are easier to be removed with a vacuum cleaner from surfaces they were adhered to than if they were viable eggs
Fecal Spots of Fecal Stains
Picture Taken by: Dr. Harold Harlan of AFPMB.org Beg bugs excrete digested blood as fecal liquid that produces spots or stains. Fecal stains may be found where bed bugs travel and hide. Because of this, fecal stains cold be the most prevelant sign of bed bug activity. Fecal spots or excrement look like brownish-black bumps on hard surfaces (like in the picture above) or may bleed on fabric like a marker would (like in picture to the left). Fecal stains on hard surfaces will run when sprayed with water and fecal stains on soft surfaces, i.e., sheets, will smear when sprayed or wiped with a damp cloth. You may also find blood stains/smears on the bedding and mattress from bed bugs being crushed. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_45189_1.txt | The Esselen are a Native American people belonging to a linguistic group in the hypothetical Hokan language family, who were indigenous to the Central California coast and the coastal mountains, including what is now known as the Big Sur region in Monterey County, California. The members of this tribe are currently scattered, but many still live in the Monterey Peninsula and nearby regions. Historically, they were one of the smallest native American populations in California and due to their proximity to three Spanish Missions they were likely one of the first whose culture was severely repressed as a result of European contact and domination.
Archaeological and linguistic evidence indicates that the original people's territory once extended much farther north, into the San Francisco Bay Area, until they were displaced by the entrance of Ohlone people. Based on linguistic evidence, Richard Levy places the displacement at around AD 500. Breschini and Haversat place the entry of Ohlone speakers into the Monterey area prior to 200 B.C. based on multiple lines of evidence. Carbon dating of excavated sites places the Esselen in the Big Sur since circa 2630 BCE. Recently, however, researchers have obtained a radiocarbon date from coastal Esselen territory in the Big Sur River drainage dated prior to 6,500 years ago (archeological site CA-MNT-88).
The Esselen resided along the upper Carmel and Arroyo Seco Rivers, and along the Big Sur coast from near present-day Hurricane Point to the vicinity of Vicente Creek in the south. Carbon dating tests of artifacts found near Slate Hot Springs, presently owned by Esalen Institute, indicate human presence as early as 3500 BC. With easy access to the ocean, fresh water and hot springs, the Esselen people used the site regularly, and certain areas were reserved as burial grounds. The Esselen's territory extended inland through the Santa Lucia Mountains as far as the Salinas Valley. In early times, they were hunter-gatherers who resided in small groups with no centralized political authority. The coastal area along the Central California coast between Carmel and San Luis Obispo is mostly rugged with high, steep cliffs and rocky shores, interrupted by small coastal creeks with occasional, small beaches. The coastal Santa Lucia Mountains are very rugged except for the narrow canyons. This makes the area relatively inaccessible, long-term habitation a challenge, and limited the size of the native population. Rainfall varies from 16 to 60 inches (410 to 1,520 mm) throughout the range, with the most on the higher mountains in the north; almost all precipitation falls in the winter. During the summer, fog and low clouds are frequent along the coast up to an elevation of several thousand feet. Surface runoff from rainfall events is rapid, and many streams dry up entirely in the summer, except for some perennial streams in the wetter areas in the north.
Due to the relative abundance of food resources, the Esselen people never developed agriculture and remained as hunter-gatherers. They followed local food sources seasonally, living near the coast in winter, where they harvested rich stocks of mussels, abalone and other sea life.
Within the tribe's area at that time there were five distinct Esselen groups: Excelen, Eslenahan, Imunahan, Ekheahan, and Aspasniahan. Each group had several villages that were occupied on a seasonal basis depending on the availability of resources such as food, water, shelter, and firewood. In the summer and fall they moved inland to harvest acorns gathered from the Black Oak, Canyon Live Oak and Tanbark Oak, primarily on upper slopes above the narrow canyons.:270
A large boulder, known as a bedrock mortar, is located in Apple Tree Camp on the southwest slope of Devil's Peak, north of the Camp Pico Blanco. More than 9 feet (2.7 m) across, it contains a dozen or more deep mortar bowls worn into it over several generations. The holes were hollowed out by Native Americans who used it to grind the acorns into flour. Other mortar rocks have also been found within the Pico Blanco Boy Scout camp at campsites 3 and 7, and slightly upstream from campsite 12, while a fourth is found on a large rock in the river, originally above the river, between campsites 3 and 4.
Archeological evidence of settlements have been found throughout Esselen territory. Artifacts found at a site in the Tassajara area (archeological site CA-MNT-44) included bone awls, antler flakers, projectile points including Desert side-notched points, and scrapers. Excavation at a second site at the mouth of the Carmel River (archeological site CA-MNT-63) found more projectile points, a variety of cores and modified flakes, bone awls, a bone tube, a bone gaming piece, and manos and pestles.
Dress and living standards
Prior to European contact, the people wore little clothing. The men were naked year-round and the women wore a small apron. In cold weather they may have covered themselves with mud or rabbit or deerskin capes. Pedro Fages described their dress in an account written before 1775:
Nearly all of them go naked, except a few who cover themselves with a small cloak of rabbit or hare skin, which does not fall below the waist. The women wear a short apron of red and white cords twisted and worked as closely as possible, which extends to the knee. Others use the green and dry tule interwoven, and complete their outfit with a deerskin half tanned or entirely untanned, to make wretched underskirts which scarcely serve to indicate the distinction of sex, or to cover their nakedness with sufficient modesty.
Traders and sharers, they bartered acorns, fish, salt, baskets, hides and pelts, shells and beads. Their diet consisted primarily of acorns, which they first put through soaking to leach out the tannins and then cooked into a mush or baked as bread. From the Pacific, they caught and gathered fish, abalone, and mussels. And from the sloping, grassy Big Sur hills, they hunted deer.
The Esselen left hand prints on rock faces in several locations, including the Pine Valley area and a site a few miles east of Tassajara where about 250 hand prints are located in a rock shelter and elsewhere in the Tassajara Valley.
The Esselen believed that because rocks held memory, when they put their hand into a hand that was carved on the rock, they could tune into everything that ever happened at the site. (This claim is not supported by the ethnographic literature.) The Esselen people gave names to everything, including individual trees, large rocks, paths, even different portions of a path. They believed everything, including the stars, moon, breeze, ocean, streams, trees, and rocks, were alive and had power, emotion, intelligence, and memory.
A peak dominated by a prominent limestone cap named Pico Blanco splits the north and south forks of the Little Sur River. It was sacred in the native traditions of the Rumsien and the Esselen, who revered the mountain as a sacred place from which all life originated. Although widely cited currently, no references to this mountain being sacred can be found in the early ethnographic literature.
Father Junipero Serra first established the original mission in Monterey on June 3, 1770, near the native village of Tamo. In May 1771, the viceroy approved Serra's petition to relocate the mission to its current location near the Carmel River and present-day town of Carmel-by-the-Sea and named it Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo. Serra's goal was to put some distance between the mission's neophytes and the Presidio of Monterey. The Presidio was the headquarters of Pedro Fages, who served as military governor of Alta California between 1770 and 1774. Fages and Serra were engaged in a heated power struggle.
Serra established the new mission within a short distance of the Rumsen Ohlone villages of Tucutnut and Achasta. The latter village may have been founded after Mission San Carlos was relocated to Carmel. The mission was about 10 miles (16 km) from the nearest Esselen territory, Excelen. On May 9, 1775, Junípero Serra baptized what appears to be the first Esselen, Pach-hepas, who was the 40-year-old chief of the Excelen. His baptism took place at Xasáuan, 10 leagues (about 26 miles (42 km)) southeast of the mission, in an area now named Cachagua, a close approximation of the Esselen name.
Baptisms and forced labor
Under Spanish law, the Esselen were technically free men, but they could be compelled by force to labor without pay. More correctly, upon baptism they were considered to be part of a monastic order, subject to the rules of that order. This placed them, by Spanish law, under the direct authority of the padres.
King Charles V of Spain issued the New Laws (in Spanish, Leyes Nuevas, or "New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of the Indians") on November 20, 1542. These were replaced around the beginning of the 17th century with Repartimiento, which entitled a Spanish settler or official to the labor of a number of indigenous workers on their farms or mines. The Spanish state based its right over the land and persons of the Indies on the Papal charge to evangelize the indigenous population. This motivated the Jesuits to build missions across California.
The priests baptized a number of Esselen during 1776, most of them children, and a few more in the following years. The priests allowed the children after baptism to continue to live with their parents in their village until they reached the "age of reason," which was about nine years old. In 1783, the |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_39901.txt | Pesticides could cost rice farmers in the Philippines more in medical bills than they earn from the extra rice they harvest, warned a group of agricultural economists last week.
Farmers who sprayed pesticides on their fields were twice as likely to suffer from kidney or respiratory ailments, and had a fivefold increase in eye problems. They also suffered more from skin complaints, and cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neurological and haematological problems. 'The value of crops lost to pests is invariably lower than the cost of treating pesticide-caused disease,' say Agnes Rola of the University of the Philippines and Prabhu Pingali of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines.
The results of the Philippines study were presented in Washington DC at the annual meeting of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), a network of research centres, including IRRI, supported by government donations.
The government of the Philippines is actively ...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_23339_3.txt | 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Volume 32, Issue 1, March 2012, Pages 49-66
Jane Mendle | Joseph Ferrero
Though often discussed as a discrete event, puberty comprises one segment of a larger developmental continuum and is notable for rapid transformation across a multitude of domains. While an earlier timing of puberty relative to peers stands as one of the most well-replicated antecedents of adolescent difficulties for girls, findings have been less consistent for boys' development. The current review synthesizes the research on pubertal timing and psychosocial development in adolescent boys. Results are evaluated in the context of three theoretical perspectives by which precocious development is believed to affect the emergence of adverse outcomes: biological, psychosocial and selection. © 2011 Elsevier Inc..
Volume 30, Issue 2, June 2010, Pages 176-202
Deborah L. Linebarger | Sarah E. Vaala
The abilities to understand and use language represent two of the most important developmental competencies that children must master during the first 3 years of life. Over the past decade, screen media content directed at infants and toddlers has dramatically increased. As a result, infants' and toddlers' time spent with media has also notably increased (i.e., 1-2 h per day). At present, there is limited empirical knowledge regarding how screen media influence infants' and toddlers' language development. In this review, we contend that infants and toddlers are capable of learning from screen media. This learning is dependent upon the confluence of three distinct but interrelated factors: attributes of the child; characteristics of the screen media stimuli; and the varied environmental contexts surrounding the child's screen media use. To examine these interrelated factors, we have adopted an ecological framework in which a young child's language skills develop from the reciprocal transactions between the child and the broader environmental contexts in which a child is situated or operates. Screen media effects are dependent on the degree to which media content resembles infants' and toddlers' real-life experiences including the use of simple stories and familiar objects or routines. Repeated exposure also helps infants and toddlers learn both the format and the content of screen media and can even ameliorate negative effects associated with viewing particular content. Finally, the presence of a competent co-viewer appears to boost babies' language learning from screen media, much like the ways these processes facilitate learning in live scenarios. © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Volume 32, Issue 4, December 2012, Pages 360-387
Sam V. Wass | Gaia Scerif | Mark Henry Johnson
Authors have argued that various forms of interventions may be more effective in younger children. Is cognitive training also more effective, the earlier the training is applied? We review evidence suggesting that functional neural networks, including those subserving attentional control, may be more unspecialised and undifferentiated earlier in development. We also discuss evidence suggesting that certain skills such as attentional control may be important as 'hub' cognitive domains, gating the subsequent acquisition of skills in other areas. Both of these factors suggest that attentional training administered to younger individuals ought to be relatively more effective in improving cognitive functioning across domains. We evaluate studies that have administered forms of cognitive training targeting various subcomponents of attention and the closely related domain of working memory, and we contrast their reported transfer to distal cognitive domains as a function of the age of the participants. Although negative findings continue to be common in this literature we find that cognitive training applied to younger individuals tends to lead to significantly more widespread transfer of training effects. We conclude that future work in this area should concentrate on understanding early intensive training, and discuss a number of practical steps that might help to achieve this aim. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.
Volume 30, Issue 4, December 2010, Pages 384-402
Vinaya Raj | Martha Ann Nn Bell
Episodic memories contain various forms of contextual detail (e.g., perceptual, emotional, cognitive details) that need to become integrated. Each of these contextual features can be used to attribute a memory episode to its source, or origin of information. Memory for source information is one critical component in the formation of episodic memories. Likewise, the establishment of episodic memories also requires binding, which reflects the process of encoding the relations among stimuli and provides the experience that certain features of a memory episode belong together. The aims of the present review are to explore the roles of (1) cognitive and neural mechanisms involved in source memory and binding and how the development of these cognitive processes relates to episodic memory formation in childhood and (2) other higher-order cognitive processes, namely executive functioning, in early episodic memory development. We conclude by examining the challenges within this field of research, highlighting the role of other cognitive processes (e.g., sense of self, language, use of strategies) that may contribute to episodic memory formation, addressing areas that can be improved with additional research, and exploring directions for future work. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Volume 31, Issues 2-3, September 2011, Pages 119-150
Robert B. Ricco | Willis F. Overton
Many current psychological models of reasoning minimize the role of deductive processes in human thought. In the present paper, we argue that deduction is an important part of ordinary cognition and we propose that a dual systems Competence ←-→ Procedural processing model conceptualized within relational developmental systems theory offers the most coherent and productive framework for integrating and explaining the sometimes conflicting findings on the development of deductive reasoning across the lifespan. This model invokes a distinction that is quite similar to, though not identical with, the system 2-system 1 dichotomy employed in other dual systems models. In addition, the Competence ←-→ Procedural processing model maintains the more specific distinction between algorithmic and reflective subsystems of system 2. In this account, the algorithmic system is represented as a kind of mental logic while the reflective system is the seat of practical and epistemic self-regulation, including emergent epistemic and metalogical norms. While the proposed systems of mind often appear as split-off component features in other dual systems models, relational developmental systems theory conceives of them as the highly complex and relationally integrated outcome of a self-organizing and self-regulating adaptive developmental process. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Volume 31, Issues 2-3, September 2011, Pages 151-179
Dual-process theories have become increasingly influential in the psychology of reasoning. Though the distinction they introduced between intuitive and reflective thinking should have strong developmental implications, the developmental approach has rarely been used to refine or test these theories. In this article, I review several contemporary dual-process accounts of conditional reasoning that theorize the distinction between the two systems of reasoning as a contrast between heuristic and analytic processes, probabilistic and mental model reasoning, or emphasize the role of metacognitive processes in reflective reasoning. These theories are evaluated in the light of the main developmental findings. It is argued that a proper account of developmental phenomena requires the integration of the main strengths of these three approaches. I propose such an integrative theory of conditional understanding and argue that the modern dual-process framework could benefit from earlier contributions that made the same distinction between intuition and reflective thinking, such as Piaget's theory. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Volume 30, Issue 3, September 2010, Pages 308-330
Derek E. Montgomery | Timothy E. Koeltzow
The day-night task is a widely used measurement of interference control in young children between ages 3 and 7. This integrative review examines the development of interference control by describing day-night task performance. We outline essential task demands and task variants, describe theoretical explanations of performance, highlight key methodological concerns relevant to future research, and speculate upon the neural events that likely correspond to distinct components of task performance. The review concludes with suggestions for future investigation. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.
Volume 30, Issue 2, June 2010, Pages 116-127
Ellen A. Wartella | Rebekah A. Richert | Michael B. Robb
Baby media have exploded in the past decade, and children younger than 2 are showing increased use of these baby media. This paper examines the historical evidence of babies' use of television since the 1950s as well as the various factors that have given rise to the current increase in screen media for babies. We also consider the ubiquitous role of television in American families, the impact of evidence regarding the educational benefits of educational television on preschoolers, and positive parental beliefs about the usefulness of such educational media in preparing young children for schooling. Finally, we examine the theoretical issues of importance for guiding research into the interactions between media exposure and cognitive development, including the role of media in changing the context of children's development and constraints on the kinds of things babies can learn from screen media. Lastly, we suggest that screen media may indeed be changing the nature of children's development. © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_6091.txt | Nerve conduction studies (NCS) measure how well and how fast nerves can send electrical impulses. An electromyogram (EMG) measures the electrical activity of muscles both at rest and during contraction.
During an exam, a doctor may find a weakness in a specific muscle of the arm or leg. Back and neck NCS/EMG studies help to identify why this muscle may be weak and pinpoint where a nerve blockage may be occurring. Muscles cannot contract well if they do not have full nerve flow, and this may limit your ability to function normally. The test is based on placing needles into the arm or leg and measuring the length of time required for an electrical signal to pass down the nerve root.
Nerve conduction studies are most commonly performed for conditions that cause symptoms in the arms or legs. Some of the diagnoses include radicular symptoms, herniated disc, stenosis and nerve root compression. Testing can also evaluate for non-spinal causes of limb pain and weakness such as carpal tunnel syndrome and peripheral neuropathy. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_2863.txt | Use the nine “Avalanche Problems” to understand avalanche types. Learn to approach the mountain with an eye toward current avalanche conditions and avalanche problems to assist in making wise terrain choices.Avalanche Problems Toolbox Read More
Published by the Utah Avalanche Center. The best way to learn about avalanches and how to avoid them is to take an avalanche class from a qualified instructor. You can get a good introduction to understanding avalanches by studying avalanche articles, books, and videos. It’s also important to keep your skills current.
These resources provide a great way to brush up on skills and keep up with the latest technology, theory, and professional practice.Utah Avalanche Center – Tutorials Read More
“In Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain, 3rd Edition, acclaimed snow and avalanche expert Bruce Tremper provides easy-to-understand avalanche safety tips and skills, including the latest snow research and techniques for evaluating snowpack, as well how to rescue companions in the event of an avalanche.“Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain, 3rd Edition Read More
“Avalanche Essentials is for everyone who wants to learn the fundamentals of avalanche awareness, focusing on systems and checklists, step-by-step procedures, decision-making aids, visual terrain and weather cues, rescue techniques, gear, and more.”Avalanche Essentials: A Step-by-Step System for Safety and Survival Read More
“Follow Piper the border collie and her canine classmates through a season of avalanche rescue training. As they learn the skills they need to become snow rescue dogs, you’ll learn about the work these amazing canines do and about avalanche safety.”Avalanche Dog Heroes: Piper and Friends Learn to Search the Snow Read More
Avalanche.org connects the public to avalanche information and education in the United States. Avalanche.org is a partnership between the American Avalanche Association (A3) and the US Forest Service National Avalanche Center (NAC). The site consolidates data from professional forecast centers to provide real-time avalanche information.Avalanche Basics from Avalanche.org Read More
Know Before You Go is a free avalanche awareness program. Not much science, no warnings to stay out of the mountains, no formulas to memorize. In 1 hour, you will see the destructive power of avalanches, understand when and why they happen, and how you can have fun in the mountains and avoid avalanches. The Know Before You Go program is non-profit and depends on grants and donations. KBYG is a program of the Utah Avalanche Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.Know Before You Go – Avalanche Education Read More |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_4930.txt | There are three basic types of phobias:
1. Agoraphobia is the intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of a variety of non-specific situations where escape is difficult or help might be unavailable if a panic attack occurs.
2. Specific phobia is the intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of a specific object or situation (e.g., flying, heights, injections, animals).
3. Social phobia, or Social Anxiety Disorder, is the intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of social situations where there is the potential of being scrutinized or negatively judged by others. Exposure to the phobic object or situation will usually precipitate cued (expected) panic attacks, and subsequently lead to avoidance. In children, the fear and anxiety may be expressed by crying, tantrums, freezing, or clinging to caregivers. The fear must be considered within a cultural context and must be out of proportion to any actual danger or threat. Some children and some adults recognize their fear is excessive or unrealistic. Others do not. To meet diagnostic criteria, the symptoms must be persistent, usually lasting at least 6 months or more.
Specific Phobias involve an excessive fear or anxiety that is triggered by the anticipation or exposure to a particular object or situation. There is a quick response to the stimulus; usually cued (expected) panic attacks, or limited symptom panic attacks. Children may express this fear as crying, tantrums, freezing, or clinging to caregivers.
Specific Phobias are divided into five types. They are listed here in order of frequency in adults, beginning with the most common:
1. Situational Type (bridges, boats, airplanes, etc.);
2. Natural Environment Type (thunderstorms, heights, etc.);
3. Blood-Injury-Injection Type (seeing blood, getting an injection, etc.);
4. Animal Type (dogs, snakes, rats, etc.);
5. Other Type (clowns, fear of vomiting, etc.).
It is not unusual to have more than one phobia. Having one phobia increases the chances of having another.
The phobic object or situation nearly always provokes an immediate fearful or anxious response. The fear and anxiety is out of proportion to any real danger, or it is more intense than needed. For instance, fear of certain objects such as snakes, or certain situations such as the dark, are quite common. However, an intense fear of snakes in an environment populated by poisonous snakes, or the fear of darkness in high crime areas might not be out of proportion to the real danger. In these cases, the diagnostic criteria might not be met. Therefore, context and culture must be considered.
It is important to keep in mind that a diagnosis is not warranted if there is no marked impairment in functioning or significant distress. For example, having an irrational fear of kangaroos would not be diagnosed as a phobia if someone does not live in the Australian Outback since it is unlikely to cause impairment in functioning.
To meet diagnostic criteria, the symptoms must be persistent, usually lasting at least 6 months or more. Treatment for Specific Phobia is found in the treatment section.
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) is an excessive, intense fear of public performance, or social situations. People with this disorder are highly fearful of public embarrassment. They have an intense fear of appearing foolish, weak, or otherwise inadequate. Like all phobias, cued (expected) panic attacks are a common symptom. Also like other phobias, phobic situations are avoided or tolerated with great distress. Blushing, trembling, or difficulty speaking are frequently evident during cued (expected) panic attacks. In children, the symptoms may be expressed as crying, tantrums, freezing, clinging to caregivers, shrinking away from social interactions, or a failure to speak in social situations. Children must demonstrate these symptoms in peer settings, not just during interactions with adults. The fearful or anxious response must persistently occur in reaction to, or anticipation of, most social situations.
Clearly, culture determines social norms. Therefore, symptoms must be considered within a cultural context. For example, in some cultures it is impolite to make direct eye contact. Furthermore, it is quite normal to become highly anxious when other people attempt to make direct eye contact. Therefore, a person who exhibits this behavior does not meet the diagnostic criteria because the fear is not excessive or extreme for that culture.
Social Phobia typically includes fear of: 1) public performance or other observation by others, 2) social interactions. Public performance anxiety occurs in the context of public speaking. Some examples are a teacher calling upon a student in class, or an employee making a sales presentation at work. People with public performance anxiety are typically worried that others will notice their shaking hands and trembling voice. They fear they will be dreadfully embarrassed and negatively judged by others. Children and adults with this disorder may also be afraid to eat or drink in front of others because they fear people will notice their shaking hands, or that they will do something embarrassing (such as spill their drink).
Social interaction anxiety occurs in the context of social events. Some examples are birthday parties, office parties, wedding receptions, or any gathering of people such as a nightclub. It also includes having conversations with others, and meeting unfamiliar people. People with this type of anxiety have excessive concerns about negative judgment, ridicule, or embarrassment.
In children, typical symptoms include being very shy in unfamiliar places; staying close to familiar individuals (like their parents); and turning down playgroups; or being the outsider of the group. Unlike adults, children usually cannot avoid these situations and can have a hard time understanding why they are anxious. Signs may include refusing to go to school, or avoiding participation in activities appropriate for their age. In older children and teens, some temporary social avoidance or anxiety can be normal. However, this diminishes after a short period of time. For instance, a preteen boy goes through a phase where he avoids speaking with girls his own age. In order to meet the diagnostic criteria, children and teens must demonstrate diminished functioning (when compared to their prior level of functioning), or fail to meet generally accepted standards of functioning for their age group and culture.
To meet diagnostic criteria, the symptoms must be persistent, usually lasting at least 6 months or more. Treatment for Social Phobia is found in the treatment section. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_45296.txt | Religion has long been a significant part of the varied socio-cultural practices enacted in the Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalaya. However, religious practice in daily life is perceptibly different and more diverse than the scripturally and institutionally regulated forms, sometimes even being contrary to them. These “cross-cultural explorations and comparisons of different religious imaginations of nature” prevalent in Darjeeling are neither strictly outside codes and cannons nor within. These are negotiated in terms of observances and practices in the ecological context in which they are carried out. Mostly these are accepted, adopted, and adapted both at the individual and community levels. This is more conspicuous in terms of water usage, as a public good and as a critical ingredient in the day-to-day religious practices.
In recent times, certain castes and ethnic groups that constitute the Nepali community have begun asserting their respective cultural values, practices, institutions and norms, fearing that these are being eroded. In the process, many everyday practices of the past have once again become the focus of community attention in the form of ‘revival,’ ‘reform,’ or even survival.
The Business of Water
The water supply system of Darjeeling municipality comes from the catchment area of the Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary built in 1910 and 1930. A rapid rise of the population and a huge tourist influx puts tremendous stress on the water supply, especially for drinking water. Even in peak monsoon, Darjeeling experiences serious water crisis. There are more than 32 natural springs in Darjeeling town . These springs are community managed with open access provisions, and individually managed with restricted access. Individuals and families survive with very little water and the same water is utilized for repeated functions.
Scarcity of water has led to the marketization and privatization of water. Darjeeling today has a thriving water business, with a fleet of 105 trucks plying three or four trips a day carrying 5500 to 6500 liters of water on each run. Each truck load of water is sold at an average of Rs. 1000 per truck.
Different religious and ethno-cultural groups express the ever pervasive presence of sacredness of water. through the concept of chokho pani, meaning pure, sacred, or clean water. It usually refers to fresh and flowing water from a spring or a small rivulet. Its sacredness is intrinsically ingrained in oral traditions as well as religious texts and practices, where science is to a large extent secondary and faith is primary. The purity of such water derives from its connection to gods of major religions, to a local deity or spirit, or even to the sanctity of a particular location. chokho pani is used in rituals, prayers, and offerings on a daily basis, and also in the ceremonies related to birth and death.
The concept of chokho pani includes an indigenous practice that conserves water sources by planting specific plants and protecting green cover around its source. In Darjeeling town, people offer chokho pani fetched from nearby springs and also from the municipality system. The reverence for this water is so strong that it can be used in times of ritual as a replacement for Ganga jal, or even holy water used by the Christian population. Over the years, as the scarcity of water in Darjeeling became widely prevalent, people have begun compromising on the quality of chokho pani, to now include any potable water. They still call it chokho – without bothering to verify the water’s source. This ultimately undermines the value of true choko pani collected from Darjeeling’s springs.
Role of Samaj
Despite the rapid socio-cultural changes, a traditional community institution known as a samaj is working to maintain some of the older practices, while focusing on both social welfare and environmental conservation, including water management. The samaj has a long historical context. Samaj today are predominantly geographical entities, mostly crisscrossing administrative villages. They come together and serve the community and families living within a samaj in times of need: births, sicknesses, marriages, deaths, disaster management, and conflict resolution. There are over 150 samaj in Darjeeling town itself.
The samaj also throw light on the fragile interplay and complex interconnections between everyday religion and environmental sustainability in the Himalaya. These samaj have evolved based on the needs of the new environmental situation, where different religious groups, ethnicities, and castes live in relative harmony. They have broken barriers and restrictions by reworking traditions. The samaj exhibit an amalgamation of various religious traditions at the individual family and community levels. The diversity of beliefs is seen in the varied use of chokho pani at Darjeeling’s springs.
Many samaj have installed idols and sacred images at the springs and hold religious ceremonies regularly. Every spring is also associated with naga, sacred snakes that live in the sub-surface, that in Hindu beliefs are known as patal. Naga like a clean environment, so it is essential to pray to the naga and offer them milk. The association of water sources with naga in Darjeeling prevails irrespective of the ethnic community one belongs to.
Everyone believes in chokho pani as it connects all life, yet it has no demonstrated collective social presence. It is a silent observance and private expression, mostly at individual and household levels. Interestingly, many of the springs and other water sources are choked with household and commercial waste. Most of the time, the same chokho pani is used to wash away the waste of Darjeeling. Jhora (waterways) are where people roll their waste down the hill, thereby affecting and polluting springs in low lying areas. Downstream of the springs, temples and houses also have waste flowing in the jhora. This contradiction arises as the waste management system is inadequate and unscientific in one of the oldest municipalities of India. Here, chokho pani is directly polluted by human actions, yet no one is willing to take up collective waste management action,
This means that the strong belief in the sacredness of waters is gradually waning in the quickly changing urban locale of Darjeeling, thereby compromising on polluted water sources and waterways. The co-existence of the sacred with the profane is conspicuous and real. People explain this contradiction and compromise as being the result of rapid urbanization, failed governance, a lack of space, and increasing negligence of civic duty among the people. This was never the case in Darjeeling before, which was once celebrated as the Queen of the Hills.
In many situations, rituals and beliefs are being adapted. A Lepcha commented that “Lepchas use bamboo, banana leaves and spring water for their prayers. My parents want to continue the prayers but I do not see the completeness of the prayers when we do not have access to …… (Because of this) we still go to the confluence of Teesta-Rangeet rivers once a year to offer our prayers. A third generation resident stated “Bengali funerals end with a bath but since the spring in the crematorium in Darjeeling cannot be depended upon to have continuous flow of water , a water tanker follows the funeral procession so that we can have a bath at the crematorium after the cremation”. Another person observed that “we require flowing water to cleanse ourselves at the time of mourning, but since we do not have a spring or river nearby we attach a pipe to a tank uphill and use that water as flowing water to cleanse ourselves during the 13 day mourning”.
These comments reiterate how Darjeeling town, with its mix of cultures and religious practice, is adapting to water stress and concept of Chokho pani.
Mahendra P Lama
[This excerpt is based on the article co-authored with Roshan P Rai and published in the 2016 issue of HIMALAYA. Lama is at present a High End Expert in Institute of South Asian Studies, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China] |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_17476.txt | In response, the Fed says that an audit would interfere with its “independence”.
However, the Constitution does not empower a central bank. And Congress – which created the Federal Reserve in 1913 and which has the power to create credit and money – certainly has the power to audit, dissolve, or do whatever it likes with the central bank (including stripping it of the power to create credit).
I have previously demonstrated that the Fed has done a terrible job of managing the economy, keeping unemployment low, and regulating banks.
And I have previously pointed out that the the independence argument is a red herring.
Indeed, the whole idea of independence means that the Fed should be shielded from political pressure to artificially pump up the economy with easy money right before elections. Congress never intended Fed “independence” to mean independence from Congressional oversight to ensure that the Fed is acting within its mandate and in the best interests of the country. These are two totally different concepts, and the Fed and its boosters are being disingenuous when they argue that an audit will interfere with independence from pressure to pump up the economy right before elections.
Now, in an interview this weekend with Der Spiegel, Paul Volcker – while trying to support the Fed’s argument for independence – actually undermines it:
SPIEGEL: Lawmakers on Capitol Hill are thinking about tougher controls over the Federal Reserve.
Volcker: I think the loss of independence and authority of the Federal Reserve would be a very serious matter for the United States. Not just in terms of monetary policy but in terms of our place in the world. People look to strong, credible institutions and I think the Federal Reserve has been such an institution. If that’s lost or too hamstrung by legislation I think we will regret it.
SPIEGEL: But is the Fed still the same kind of institution as during your tenure as chairman? Or is it now more of a governmental instrument? The Fed is managing the TARP program and is also buying government bonds.
Volcker: In some sense the Federal Reserve is always an instrument of the government. It is a government body but it is independent within government. But you are right in the sense that part of the concern is that they have involved themselves quantitatively in entering markets and in that process, you are supporting some markets and not others. That is an area in which the Federal Reserve has never wanted to get into and one that most central banks don’t want to get into. If you are going to maintain your independence you have to avoid that. To intervene in particular sectors of the market is not the proper role for the central bank over time. It could be justified only by extreme emergency.
Intervening and supporting some market players (Goldman, AIG, etc.) and not others (Lehman, etc.) is precisely what Bernanke has been doing. Whatever can be said for the Fed in the past, picking winners and losers is “not the proper role for the central bank”, in Volcker’s words. Without an audit, we will never know which “winners” were saved and which “losers” were left to die, or why. Nor do we really currently know which bailouts and other actions were truly performed under emergency conditions – to stave off catastrophe – and which were done to help out financial companies for other reasons.
As former Federal Reserve economist William Bergman wrote (he sent me this by email; it was previously published in article form, but is not available on the Web):
One of the principal laws governing audits in the Federal Reserve was passed in 1978, the Federal Banking Agency Audit Act. This law established audit authority in the Comptroller General of the United States, who leads today’s General Accountability Office (GAO). The GAO conducts audits and surveys for a wide range of Federal Reserve activities, with over 100 conducted since 1978. Audit authority also resides in the Federal Reserve Board’s Office of Inspector General, who can audit Board programs as well as Reserve Bank operations when carrying out functions delegated by the Board.
The Federal Reserve’s financial statements are audited every year. The Board of Governor’s financial statements are audited by an independent auditor selected by the Board’s Office of Inspector General. The Reserve Banks’ statements are also subjected to outside audits, conducted by firms retained by the Board of Governors. These latter audits must have been an interesting exercise this year, given the massive expansion in Reserve Bank balance sheets in 2008. In turn, more generally, the Board of Governors conducts a wide range of reviews of Reserve Bank operations as part of its mandated oversight authority.
In this brief review of the Fed audit landscape, it’s worth noting that things haven’t always been this way. From the early 1930s to the early 1950s, for example, one of the shoes was on the other foot, as audit teams from the Reserve Banks examined the Board of Governors books. The GAO was actually precluded by law, law passed by Congress, from audit responsibility for the Fed, at least until the 1978 act referred to above. The main lesson here is that the structure of reporting and audit authority has changed in the past, and it can change again in the future.
But today, authority for auditing the Fed is in place. So why do so many people think we need an Audit the Fed Act?
Well, for one thing, the appearance of extensive auditing authority doesn’t mean audits are effective. Good auditing requires the willingness and ability of auditors to do their jobs. Some people view the Inspectors General, generally, and the Federal Reserve Board’s Office of Inspector General, specifically, as less than effective or independent in pursuing their mandates. In turn, some people question whether the Board’s oversight of the Reserve Banks, including the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, might be less than arms-length. More fundamentally, from the point of view of the supporters of the recently introduced legislation, there are a variety of restrictions on the ability of the GAO to audit the Fed. There are significant exceptions for monetary policy and transactions with foreign central banks and international organizations like the Bank for International Settlements and the IMF. The law proscribes GAO inspections of ‘deliberations, decisions, or actions on monetary policy,’ for example, as well as ‘transactions made under the direction of the Federal Open Market Committee.’ The proposed legislation under H.R. 1207 and S. 604 would remove those exceptions.
Why are the exceptions there in the first place? Well, a widespread mantra has it that Federal Reserve independence is crucial in allowing it to effectively pursue the statutory goals of maximum employment and stable prices. If we let politicians start mucking around in that arena too much, Fed leaders and supporters stress, we aren’t going to see very effective monetary policy. At a ‘town hall’ meeting last weekend, while addressing the audit issue, Fed Chairman Bernanke said ‘I don’t think people want Congress making monetary policy.’ But these audit bills don’t call for the Congress to make monetary policy. They call for broader authority for an independent audit of the Fed, from the General Accountability Office. Supporters feel it this authority would allow the Congress to do a better job of overseeing the performance of an entity to which the Congress has delegated the authority to ‘coin money, and regulate the value thereof,’ under Article I of the U.S. Constitution.
How independent is the Fed, right now, to begin with? The Fed is not an apolitical beast. It has had politicians working there in formal leadership positions as well as staffing roles. The Fed’s regulatory performance matters for the conduct of monetary policy, and the Fed’s relationships with the banks it regulates and bails out deserve scrutiny. Recently, we’ve been through a financial calamity, and have endured the biggest spike in the unemployment rate since World War II. Investment returns crumbled in 2007 and 2008, and Federal Reserve monetary and other regulatory policy played a significant role in this calamity. Looking back a little further, how effective has the ‘independent’ Fed been as source of stable prices? Congress passed the law first mandating ‘stable prices’ as a goal for Fed monetary policy in 1977, and the CPI has tripled since then.
The debate over curtailing the current legal restriction on GAO audits for ‘transactions made under the direction of the Federal Open Market Committee’ makes for a good case in point. This provision, on the surface, helps insulate monetary policy from Congressional oversight and/or second-guessing, promoting independent policymaking. But the FOMC conducts monetary policy under authority delegated by the Congress. It seems reasonable to allow for some form of stronger inquiry in this area, especially after the worst financial and economic crisis since the Great Depression. One facet of a possible future investigation could deal with individual monetary policy ‘transactions.’ Under the quantitative easing posture adopted by the Fed in recent years, with a wider range of financial instruments bought to liquify the banking system and promote monetary and credit growth, the question arises – at what price were those instruments bought? Were they ‘market’ prices, or were they another way to apply public resources to overpay for bad assets and help large financial firms that got into trouble?
That may or may not be a valid avenue of inquiry, but it seems like we could benefit greatly from learning about the broader range of issues that could be tackled.
Audit the Fed? Sounds good to me. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_19074.txt | One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
The process of removing salt from seawater.‘the newly constructed plant for the desalination of seawater remains inoperative’as modifier ‘the water supply comes from desalination plants’
- ‘Desalination is for many hopefuls at least one technological solution to the impending crisis.’
- ‘What about the waste by-product from the desalination process, the saltwater concentrate that's left over?’
- ‘Skeptics, however, say nuclear-powered desalination is just a pipe dream.’
- ‘The island features a 1,500 foot airstrip, underground wiring and a desalination facility.’
- ‘Improvements in utility services, road networks, sewage treatment, and water desalination have resulted in a better quality of life.’
- ‘He believes desalination is part of the answer to Australia's water shortage.’
- ‘He said the desalination project was the only way for long-term water supply for Namibia's west coast.’
- ‘Australia makes very limited use of the process of water desalination.’
- ‘If desalination technology can be embraced and developed, arid regions can be liberated from worries about water provision.’
- ‘Reverse osmosis is best known for its use in desalination, the process of turning sea water into drinking water.’
Top tips for CV writingRead more
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_12979.txt | For more info: 021 55734344
The experimental unit generates cold and hot air with the aid of ordinary compressed air. The central element of the experimental unit is a vortex cooling device also known as a vortex tube. In the vortex tube the tangentially incoming compressed air is moved in rapid rotation. This creates a cold and hot air flow in the vortex tube which leaves the vortex tube at opposite ends.
A vortex cooling device does not have any moving parts, is maintenance-free and immediately ready for operation.
The vortex cooling device is used for the convective cooling of high-speed tools, the air conditioning of protection suits and the cooling of switch cabinets. It is particularly suited for use in explosive environments. One benefit here is that the vortex cooling device does not require an electric power supply.
The inlet pressure is measured using a manometer. The compressed air volume and the outlet volume of the hot air flow are each measured using a rotameter. The inlet temperature of the compressed air and the outlet temperatures of the cold and hot air flows are displayed digitally.
The well-structured instructional material sets out the fundamentals and provides a step-by-step guide through the experiments.
Learning Objectives / Experiments
- function and operation of a vortex cooling device
- air flow distribution dependent on the temperature of the cold air flow
- effect of the inlet pressure on heating and refrigeration capacity
functional model for cold air generation using a vortex cooling device (vortex tube) with the aid of compressed air
experimental unit with clear design of all components at the front
simple design, no moving components, wear-free
measuring of the compressed air inlet pressure by manometer
flow rate measurement of compressed air and exhaust hot air by rotameters
digital displays for inlet temperature and outlet temperature of cold and hot air
Vortex cooling device
- inlet pressure: 5,5bar
- air consumption: max. 420L/min
- refrigeration capacity: max. 267W (230kcal/h)
- minimum temperature: -40°C
- maximum temperature: 110°C
- temperature: 3x -50...150°C
- pressure: 0...10bar
- flow rate: 2...25m³/h
Dimensions and Weight
Weight: approx. 50kg Required for Operation 230V, 50/60Hz, 1 phase or 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
Compressed air: min. 6bar, 25m³/h
Scope of Delivery
1 experimental unit
1 set of accessories
1 set of instructional material |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_542.txt | Warren G. Harding
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923) was the 29th President of the United States (1921–1923), when he became the sixth president to die in while president. He most likely died because of heart disease.
- "America's present need is not heroics, but healing; not nostrums, but normalcy; not revolution, but restoration; not agitation, but adjustment; not surgery, but serenity; not the dramatic, but the dispassionate; not experiment, but equipoise; not submergence in internationality, but sustainment in triumphant nationality."
- About the quote: Many people think that Harding was the first person to use the word "normalcy" in this speech, but the word was written as early as the 1850s as alternative to "normality"."
- Simple: What America needs right now is not people acting like heroes, but healing; not simple medicines, but normality; not big changes, but rebuilding; not pushing hard, but making small changes; not surgery (doctors fixing people by cutting) but calmness; not very emotional things, but without too much emotion; not experiment, but balance; not getting lost in being international, but staying steady in proud nationality.
- "Practically all we know is that thousands of native Haitians have been killed by American Marines, and that many of our own gallant men have sacrificed their lives at the behest of an Executive department in order to establish laws drafted by the Assistant Secretary of the Navy. ... I will not empower an Assistant Secretary of the Navy to draft a constitution for helpless neighbors in the West Indies and jam it down their throats at the point of bayonets borne by US Marines."
- About the quote: Speech during Warren Harding's 1920 presidential campaign, criticizing Woodrow Wilson's Haitian policies.
- "Let the black man vote when he is fit to vote; prohibit the white man voting when he is unfit to vote."
- Simple: Allow people who are black to vote if they are good people; do not allow white people to vote if they are bad.
- About the quote: Speech delivered to segregated people at Woodrow Wilson Park in Birmingham, Alabama on the occasion of the city's 50 year anniversary.
- Warren G. Harding on Wikipedia
- Warren G. Harding on Wikimedia Commons
- Works by Warren G. Harding on the English Wikisource
Presidents of the United States of America
|Washington · J. Adams · Jefferson · Madison · Monroe · J. Q. Adams · Jackson · Van Buren · W. H. Harrison · Tyler · Polk · Taylor · Fillmore · Pierce · Buchanan · Lincoln · A. Johnson · Grant · Hayes · Garfield · Arthur · Cleveland · B. Harrison · Cleveland · McKinley · T. Roosevelt · Taft · Wilson · Harding · Coolidge · Hoover · F.D. Roosevelt · Truman · Eisenhower · Kennedy · L. B. Johnson · Nixon · Ford · Carter · Reagan · G. H. W. Bush · Clinton · G. W. Bush · Obama| |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_25337_2.txt | placed within a pair of columns themselves, on the other hand one of the columns may only be placed within members that are known class-separately from the others. A given pair of columns can represent a multi-class data set as a triplet with a color in bar-colors, for example, on the first pixel, each of the columns (and their dependencies) must be a column of the data set that has the class-separate label color than, their dependencies, and so on.
Homework On Python
However, where a given parameter has a categorical value, in other words, a parameter may be a categorical variable or a dichotomous variable which either mean or value information from a wide enough range, or are itself variables. This causes a constraint problem in constructing the data set, which may result in the existence of only *4* degrees of freedom, thus the assignment of a specific color format to each of the data sets, that is, the color used. This is not a very perfect data structure consisting of the data sets but is also one of the other problems like that, if there are multiple sets of data points, if only one image data set would be arranged in place while three or more are the sum of the pairings. This is why there are two main categories of problem. Let the parameters represent a pair. These parameters are then encoded linked here a data set of color-color relationships. That is, an image of a pair can be represented by a color component with an intensity of color in bar-colors with the desired color, color degree but the intensity does not for any other colors.
Hire Someone to do Python Homework
Either color representations are used without reference for the rest of data (here colors are from YU-colors) The color encoding for the pair is illustrated in the figure below. Every pair of images is the maximum of color-color relationships, there are more colors than pairs such as red, green, blue. The data sets of data set A which consists in red, green and blue are shown in the left below: Tabel II. A Stereolithography Example, Fourty-Sixteen(12) at 42 Illustrations of Color Attribute Definition These are not the same as having a color but different degrees of color of each pair depending on what color you are searching for.(I am only computing its content here, but I’m obviously not going to touch the identity here.) Tabel III. A Stereolithography Example, Five-Sixteen (1) at 37 Illustrations With Data Table It may be that a real world problem such as a color representation is to be created while the user has the flexibility to choose exactly color/value for all three bar-colors and the corresponding information for the rest of data (shown in the right-below two for example).
Python Project Ideas Book Pdf
If so, then selecting the basic color representation to choose is a really more powerful way of creating the data set. Conversely, this problem is made more difficult when a user has not a sufficient variety of colors, they need different color schemes, and they want to understand how this data set can be written. If that would be the case, then |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_36820.txt | DATE: Monday 10 February 2020: 4pm (1hr)
Monday 27 April 2020 4pm (1hr)
ABOUT THIS WEBINAR
Provide your students with a final boost in their exam preparation, with this focused one-hour webinar on the specific requirements of Pearson Edexcel A Level History Paper 1.
This webinar includes a set of notes which will be sent in advance for teachers to use with their students and which students will be able to use after the webinar to improve their examination revision.
BENEFITS OF THIS WEBINAR
- Understanding of how to approach interpretations
- Focus on what makes an excellent Breadth essay – and pitfalls to avoid
- An insight in the standards expected by the examiners with specific references to recent Examiner Reports
- Practical tips on how to plan answers
- Ideas on how to write detailed, yet concise essays in examination conditions.
Welcome, introductions and sound check
Part 1: Dealing with interpretations
- Definition time! ‘Interpretations’ and ‘Convincing’
- Effective structures in timed conditions: writing frames, sentence starters and judgements
- Looking at the validity of historical arguments
Part 2: Breath essays
- What makes an outstanding essay
- Ensuring you have made a judgment and supported it throughout.
- Avoiding common pitfalls in your answer
WHO SHOULD ATTEND
All students of Pearson Edexcel A-level History
Alana is an experienced examiner and Head of History, with ten years experience as Head of Department and over twenty years teaching experience in range of educational contexts. She is a Senior Examiner with a leading examination board in addition to being a moderator and examiner for various boards. She has acted as a Subject Reviewer for the CCEA and Ofqual, and has presented at GCSE student conferences. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_45359_1.txt | Much Ado About Nothing
Much Ado About Nothing is a comedic play by William Shakespeare thought to have been written in 1598 and 1599, as Shakespeare was approaching the middle of his career. The play was included in the First Folio, published in 1623. Much Ado About Nothing is generally considered one of Shakespeare's best comedies, because it combines elements of robust hilarity with more serious meditations on honor, shame, and court politics. Like As You Like It and Twelfth Night, Much Ado About Nothing, though interspersed with darker concerns, is a joyful comedy that ends with multiple marriages and no deaths.
By means of "noting" (which, in Shakespeare's day, sounded the same as "nothing," and which is gossip, rumour, and overhearing), Benedick and Beatrice are tricked into confessing their love for each other, and Claudio is tricked into rejecting Hero at the altar on the erroneous belief that she has been unfaithful. At the end, Benedick and Beatrice join forces to set things right, and the others join in a dance celebrating the marriages of the two couples.
- 1 Characters
- 2 Synopsis
- 3 Sources
- 4 Date and text
- 5 Analysis and criticism
- 6 Performance history
- 7 Adaptations
- 8 References
- 9 External links
- 10 Related information
- Benedick, A lord and soldier from Padua; companion of Don Pedro
- Don Pedro, Prince of Aragon.
- Don John, "the Bastard Prince," brother of Don Pedro.
- Claudio, of Florence; a count, companion of Don Pedro, friend to Benedick.
- Leonato, governor of Messina; Hero's father.
- Antonio, brother of Leonato.
- Balthasar, attendant on Don Pedro, a singer.
- Borachio, follower of Don John.
- Conrade, follower of Don John.
- Innogen, a ghost character in early editions as Leonato's wife
- Beatrice, niece of Leonato.
- Hero, daughter of Leonato
- Margaret, waiting-gentlewoman attendant on Hero.
- Ursula, waiting-gentlewoman attendant on Hero.
- Dogberry, the constable in charge of Messina's night watch.
- Verges, the Headborough, Dogberry's partner
- Friar Francis, a priest.
- A Sexton, the judge of the trial of Borachio
- A Boy, serving Benedick
- The Watch, watchmen of Messina
- Attendants and Messengers
At Messina, a messenger brings news that Don Pedro, a Spanish prince from Aragon, will return this night from a successful battle, Claudio being among his soldiers. Beatrice, Leonato's niece, asks the messenger about Benedick, and makes sarcastic remarks about his ineptitude as a soldier. Leonato explains that "There is a kind of merry war betwixt Signior Benedick and her."
Upon the arrival of the soldiers, Leonato welcomes Don Pedro and invites him to stay for a month, Benedick and Beatrice resume their "merry war", and Pedro's illegitimate brother Don John is introduced. Claudio's feelings for Hero, Leonato's only daughter, are rekindled upon seeing her, and Claudio soon announces to Benedick his intention to court her. Benedick, who openly despises marriage, tries to dissuade his friend but Don Pedro encourages the marriage. Benedick swears that he will never get married. Don Pedro laughs at him and tells him that when he has found the right person he shall get married.
A masquerade ball is planned in celebration of the end of the war, giving a disguised Don Pedro the opportunity to woo Hero on Claudio's behalf. Don John uses this situation to get revenge on his brother Don Pedro by telling young Claudio that Don Pedro is wooing Hero for himself. A furious Claudio confronts Don Pedro, but the misunderstanding is quickly resolved and Claudio wins Hero's hand in marriage.
Meanwhile, Benedick disguises himself and dances with Beatrice. Beatrice proceeds to tell this "mystery man" that Benedick is "the prince's jester, a very dull fool." Benedick, enraged by her words, swears he will have revenge. Don Pedro and his men, bored at the prospect of waiting a week for the wedding, harbour a plan to match-make between Benedick and Beatrice. They arrange for Benedick to overhear a conversation in which they declare that Beatrice is madly in love with him but afraid to tell him; that their pride is the main impediment to their courtship. Meanwhile, Hero and her maid Ursula ensure Beatrice overhears them discuss Benedick's undying love for her. The tricks have the desired effect: both Benedick and Beatrice are delighted to think they are the object of unrequited love, and both accordingly resolve to mend their faults and reconcile.
Meanwhile Don John plots mischief, hoping to prevent the wedding, embarrass his brother, the Prince, and wreak misery on Pedro's friends Leonato and Claudio. He informs Don Pedro and Claudio that Hero is unfaithful, and arranges for them to see John's associate Borachio enter her bedchamber where he has an amorous liaison (actually with Margaret, Hero's chambermaid). Claudio and Don Pedro are taken in, and Claudio vows to humiliate Hero publicly.
At the wedding the next day, Claudio denounces Hero before the stunned guests and storms off with Don Pedro. Hero faints. Her humiliated father Leonato expresses the wish that she would die. The presiding friar intervenes, believing Hero to be innocent. He suggests the family fake Hero's death in order to extract the truth and Claudio's remorse. Prompted by the day's harrowing events, Benedick and Beatrice confess their love for each other. Beatrice then asks Benedick to slay Claudio as proof of his devotion, since he has slandered her kinswoman. Benedick is horrified and at first denies her request. Leonato and his brother Antonio blame Claudio for Hero's apparent death and challenge him to a duel. Benedick then does the same.
Luckily, on the night of Don John's treachery, the local Watch apprehended Borachio and his ally Conrade. Despite the comic ineptness of the Watch (headed by constable Dogberry, a master of malapropisms), they have overheard the duo discussing their evil plans. The Watch arrest the villains and eventually obtain a confession, informing Leonato of Hero's innocence. Though Don John has fled the city, a force is sent to capture him. Claudio, stricken with remorse at Hero's supposed death, agrees to her father's demand that he marry Antonio's daughter, "almost the copy of my child that's dead" and carry on the family name.
At the wedding, the bride is revealed to be Hero, still living. Claudio is overjoyed. Beatrice and Benedick, prompted by their friends' interference, finally and publicly confess their love for each other. As the play draws to a close, a messenger arrives with news of Don John's capture – but Benedick proposes to postpone his punishment to another day so that the couples can enjoy their new-found happiness.
Stories of lovers deceived into believing each other false were common currency in northern Italy in the sixteenth century. Shakespeare's immediate source could have been one of the Novelle ("Tales") by Matteo Bandello of Mantua, dealing with the tribulations of Sir Timbreo and his betrothed Fenicia Lionata in Messina after King Piero's defeat of Charles of Anjou, perhaps through the translation into French by François de Belleforest. Another version featuring lovers Ariodante and Ginevra, with the servant Dalinda impersonating Ginevra on the balcony, appears in Book V of Orlando Furioso by Ludovico Ariosto, published in an English translation in 1591. The character of Benedick too has a counterpart in a commentary upon marriage in Orlando Furioso, but the witty wooing of Beatrice and Benedick is original.
Date and text
The earliest printed text states that Much Ado About Nothing was "sundry times publicly acted" prior to 1600 and it is likely that the play made its debut in the autumn or winter of 1598–1599. The earliest recorded performances are two that were given at Court in the winter of 1612–1613, during the festivities preceding the marriage of Princess Elizabeth with Frederick V, Elector Palatine (14 February 1613). The play was published in quarto in 1600 by the stationers Andrew Wise and William Aspley. This was the only edition prior to the First Folio in 1623.
Analysis and criticism
The play is one of the few in the Shakespeare canon where the majority of the text is written in prose. The substantial verse sections, nevertheless, are used to achieve both courteous decorum, on the one hand, and impulsive energies, on the other.
Much Ado About Nothing is set in Messina, a port on the island of Sicily, which is next to the toe of Italy. Sicily was ruled by Aragon at the time the play was set. The action of the play takes place mainly at the home and on the grounds of Leonato's Estate.
Themes and motifs
Benedick and Beatrice quickly became the main interest of the play, to the point where they are today considered the leading roles, even though their relationship is given equal or lesser weight in the script than Claudio and Hero's situation. Charles II even wrote 'Benedick and Beatrice' beside the title of the play in his copy of the Second Folio. The provocative treatment of gender is central to the play and should be considered in its Renaissance context. While this was reflected and emphasised in certain plays of the period, it was also |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_30315.txt | The future cleanliness of the Washington region’s drinking water has unexpectedly become a central concern in the national debate over the controversial natural-gas drilling method known as “fracking.”
The gas industry is pushing to allow fracking in the George Washington National Forest, despite fears that it could threaten the cleanliness of the Potomac River. It’s the sole source of drinking water for more than 4 million people in our area.
It’s no surprise that environmental groups are pushing hard to ban fracking in the forest, which includes the Potomac’s headwaters in the Appalachian Mountains.
But I’ve been struck by the strong positions taken by more neutral parties, notably major local water utilities. The D.C. Water and Sewer Authority, the Washington Aqueduct and the Fairfax County Water Authority all oppose fracking in the forest — at least until the dangers are better understood.
“If we permitted it and we were wrong, it would be a catastrophic problem for the nation’s capital,” D.C. Water General Manager George Hawkins said.
“When you consider the risks to a headwater stream in a pristine national forest . . . this is a case where you would err on the side of caution,” he said.
Numerous cities and counties in western Virginia near the forest also are supporting a ban.
A decision by the federal government is expected in the next few months. The sensible thing is to wait two or three years, when we’ll know more about the risks.
The Environmental Protection Agency is doing a major scientific study of whether fracking (the common term for horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing) contaminates water supplies.
The report should be complete by 2016 or 2017. It will be the most thorough, authoritative examination of the issue.
We don’t need the gas right away. There’s lots of fracking yet to be done in spots in Pennsylvania, West Virginia and elsewhere that don’t sit in the highlands of a heavily populated watershed.
Both sides make persuasive arguments about the rewards or risks of fracking. It involves injecting millions of gallons of water, sand and chemicals into the earth under high pressure to fracture shale rock and release gas.
The gas industry argues that it has used the technique safely for decades. It stresses that the surge in fracking in recent years has dramatically increased U.S. natural gas production. That’s a plus, because we rely less on the Middle East for energy and because natural gas is cleaner to burn than coal.
Citing those advantages, Hawkins says D.C. Water is “not ideologically opposed to fracking.”
But critics worry that toxic chemicals could leak or spill during the mining or in the disposal afterward of vast amounts of waste fluids. They note that fracking is now taking place on a larger scale and closer to population centers than in the past.
It doesn’t help that the drilling companies won’t disclose all of the chemicals they shoot into the ground. They say that’s a commercial secret.
It also doesn’t help that fracking is exempted from meeting some standards of the Safe Drinking Water Act. That’s known as the “Halliburton loophole,” in honor of the giant oil field services company once headed by Dick Cheney. He was vice president in 2005 when the provision was adopted.
The George Washington forest case is critical mainly because of an accident of timing. The forest is about to adopt a new, 15-year management plan. So the decision could influence what happens in other national forests.
“Is this the beginning of, ‘Let’s just ban this on all federal lands’? I’m more concerned about that than anything else,” Greg Kozera, president of the Virginia Oil and Gas Association, said.
Technically, a U.S. Forest Service regional official in Atlanta will make the choice. The matter is so politically sensitive that either the Agriculture Department, which oversees the Forest Service, or the White House will decide.
The debate over fracking has been raging for years. Until now, however, it has not had such potential to affect the Washington region directly.
As a result, environmentalists have begun an effort to raise grass-roots awareness. A public meeting at the Arlington Central Library drew 50 people Monday.
“It’s our turn to consider the risks of fracking,” said Dusty Horwitt, a senior analyst at Earthworks, who helped organize the forum.
If the EPA and local water authorities conclude that we can drill for the forest’s natural gas without fouling our water or creating other serious problems, then go for it. But it’s only common sense to be sure beforehand.
For previous columns, go to washingtonpost.com/mccartney. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_8101.txt | The research group from the University of Virginia reported in 2009 a new form of delayed anaphylaxis to red meat related to IgE antibodies to the oligosaccharide galactose-α-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal). Most of these patients had tolerated meat for many years previously. They suspected that some exposure in adult life had stimulated the production of the IgE antibodies. The research focused on tick bites, which are common in the region.
3 patients showed an increase in levels of IgE to alpha-gal of 20-fold or greater after tick bites. IgE antibodies were common in areas where the tick Amblyomma americanum is common.
There was a correlation between IgE antibodies to alpha-gal and IgE antibodies to proteins derived from A americanum.
The results provided evidence that tick bites are a cause, possibly the only cause, of IgE specific for alpha-gal in this area. This is supposedly the first example of a response to an ectoparasite giving rise to an important form of food allergy.
The senior author of the article, Dr. Thomas Platts-Mills, has said during allergy society meetings that he has the alpha-gal issue himself.
The A. americanum tick is associated with subsequent delayed reactions to beef/pork via alpha-gal. There is cat-pork syndrome, which is related to IgE to Fel d2 (cat albumin), which cross-reacts with pork, dog and beef albumin.
Most patients allergic to red meat are sensitized to gelatin. Alpha-Gal IgE might be the target of reactivity to gelatin (JACI, 2012).
In this interview, JACI Associate Editor Dr. Scott Sicherer talks to author Dr. Scott Commins regarding his article "Delayed clinical and ex vivo response to mammalian meat in patients with IgE to galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose":
The reactions are delayed. There is a commercial test for diagnosis. This represents a paradigm in shift in food allergy for 2 reasons:
- reactions are not immediate, they are delayed, despite the presence of IgE antibody. Most IgE-mediated food allergic reactions are immediate.
- the antigen is carbohydrate. Most food allergies are triggered by protein antigens.
The relevance of tick bites to the production of IgE antibodies to the mammalian oligosaccharide galactose-α-1,3-galactose. Commins SP, James HR, Kelly LA, Pochan SL, Workman LJ, Perzanowski MS, Kocan KM, Fahy JV, Nganga LW, Ronmark E, Cooper PJ, Platts-Mills TA. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Mar 29.
Anaphylactic reactions to oligosaccharides in red meat: a syndrome in evolution http://goo.gl/qQXxe
Ectoparasite-induced Galactose-α-1,3-Galactose–Specific IgE Is Associated with Anaphylaxis but Not Asthma http://goo.gl/tq86r
"Ticks causing mysterious meat allergy" story hits the mainstream with CNN report: http://goo.gl/cDOLM
Image source: Giant Microbes Tick (Ixodes Scapularis) Plush Toy.
A Strange Itch, Trouble Breathing, Then Anaphylactic Shock http://nyti.ms/2D79in4 - mammalian meat allergy (M.M.A.) can be confirmed with a blood test that identifies antibodies to alpha-gal
Comments from Twitter:
Nathan Hare M.D. @AllergyTalk: @Allergy Nice summary! |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_32067.txt | Water Facts Man’s very existence depends on water. Water is the major basic commodity of our lives, it sustains all life and is crucial to our existence. Roughly 2/3 of our planet is water but less than 1% is drinking water, found in our freshwater lakes, streams and wells. Nature has its own method of purifying water called the Hydrologic Cycle, but “water is best as nature provides it,” is a common misconception. Practically all natural water needs refinement or treatment to make it safe to drink or more satisfactory to use.
Water Contaminants Contaminants pour into our water resources at a rate of 500,000 tons per day. The earth’s water supply cycle starts in the upper cloud layers. As it falls to the earth as rain or snow, it picks up impurities and gases from the atmosphere. Landing on earth, it seeps over and through the ground, dissolving earth minerals. Passing through limestone, it dissolves calcium and magnesium, the hardness minerals. Iron deposits impart iron to the water. Acidity and sediments are other water issues. Municipal water supplies come from surface reservoirs, such as lakes and rivers, or from underground reservoirs. Usually, municipalities chlorinate the water to make it safe to drink. Sediment is removed by filtration. Tastes and odors are reduced or eliminated. The water is conditioned to comply with certain specifications. However, hardness minerals, tastes and odors are not always reduced to the most desirable levels. Underground reservoirs provide our private water supplies. Because the water is raw and untreated, it can have varying amounts of hardness, iron, tastes, odors, acidity, or combinations of these. Different localities and water levels affect mineral content.
The Hydrologic Cycle The hydrologic cycle is the earth’s natural method of cleansing water. The earth, sun and atmosphere all work together imitating a distiller. It is the largest water purification system known to man. In this cleaning process, surface water evaporates from streams, lakes, etc. and rises to the sky in the form of vapor. The vapor condenses into clouds. When the condensation in the clouds are heavy enough, it falls to earth as rain, snow etc. About 70% of the water will evaporate again. The remaining 30% will replenish surface water. Throughout the hydrologic cycle, water changes from pure to impure and back to pure again.
- Evaporation Surface water is heated by sunlight and evaporates into vapor that ascends into the atmosphere. This is the purest naturally occurring water.
- Condensation When water vapor condenses in the atmosphere, it forms a cloud. The cloud becomes increasingly ‘dirtier’ by picking up impurities – usually in the form of dissolved gases. This atmospheric water is acidic and aggressive. ‘Acidic’ water tends to dissolve virtually all minerals it comes in contact with.
- Precipitation The acidic water returns to earth as precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, etc.).
- Infiltration The water picks up sediment and dissolved minerals as it seeps through the soil becoming hard, brackish and contaminated to varying degrees.
- Evaporation The water eventually heats again and the cycle repeats. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_24812.txt | Price on request
About the artist:
Growing up in a genteel family in New York City, Rockwell Kent was a member of the rugged realist school of landscape painters as well as a popular illustrator and printmaker. His 1930 illustrations for 'Moby Dick' are among his most lasting achievements. He was the first American artist to have work exhibited in the Soviet Union, a reflection of his Communist Party sympathies, which earned him the Lenin Peace Prize in 1967. This espousal of radical politics caused his career to suffer badly in the '50s because his leftist views caused him disdain among many Americans. However, his work, reflecting both realism and modernism, has earned increasing attention from American art historians. His subject matter is wide-ranging including scenes of Maine's Monhegan Island, the Adirondack Mountains, book illustrations, and commercial art renderings for companies including General Electric, Rolls Royce, and Westinghouse. Although his first love was painting, in addition to illustration, he also did fabric, ceramic, and jewelry designs, and spent time as a dairy farmer, carpenter, home builder, and lobster fisherman. His father, Rockwell Kent, Sr. was a partner in a prominent New York City law firm and an entrepreneur in Central American mining investments. His mother, Sara Ann Holgate, was the niece and surrogate daughter of James and Josephine Banker, one of New York's first-millionaire families. Young Rockwell's early childhood was divided between Hudson River Valley, Long Island, and New York City homes, each brimming with cultured surroundings and distinguished persons. However, that comfortable life came to an abrupt end in 1887 with the death from typhoid fever of Rockwell Kent, Sr., which left the mother with Rockwell Jr., age 5, and another son, and a daughter who was born shortly after the father's death. Now in a readjusted circumstance of genteel poverty, Kent was encouraged in his art talent by an aunt, Josie Banker who was a successful ceramic decorator and with whom he traveled in Europe. He studied mechanical drawing and woodworking at the Horace Mann School in New York, and this experience gave him a life-long respect for craftsmanship that is evident in his paintings and drawings. It was also during these years that he developed his understanding of discrepancies between social classes. He later recalled: "When I was a young fellow, I was very much disturbed by seeing some people with lots of money and lots of people with no money" (Smithsonian, 8/2000 by Scott Ferris). From 1900-1903, he joined William Merritt Chase's classes at Shinnecock and then entered the New York School of Art studying with Robert Henri and becoming close friends with George Bellows and Edward Hopper. His special mentor, however, was Abbott Thayer with whom he painted in New Hampshire and whose home was a place of wide-ranging discussion about topics including German lieder and Nordic sagas. All of this encouraged Kent to travel extensively. Later Kent married Kathleen Whiting, the niece of Thayer, and they had five children, but the infidelities and long absences of the artist eventually led to divorce. He was married two other times. He was an inveterate traveler whose wanderlust created subjects from a wide variety of locations and which caused him to be literally the starving artist, dependent upon outside sources for money. One of his supporters was Duncan Phillips, founder of the Phillips Collection in Washington D.C. who for nine years gave Kent $300. a month in exchange for first selection of two paintings a year. Much influenced in Ireland by Thayer, Kent's artistic focus became landscape painting and the relationship between nature and humanity. He spent much time on Monhegan Island in Maine, a place he first visited in 1905 at the suggestion of Robert Henri. Although Kent stayed only until 1910, the place became closely associated with his name. Between 1915 and 1935, he visited Newfoundland, Alaska, Tierro del Fuego, France, Ireland, and Greenland. He also wrote designed, and illustrated a number of travelogues. In 1927, after his marriage to Frances Lee, he settled into a parcel of farmland near Ausable Forks, New York, where he built a studio and felt at home for the first time during his painting career. There he and his wife hosted numerous gatherings of prominent New York people including the Pulitzers, Putnams, and Paul Robeson, Pete Seeger, and John Dos Passos. In 1907, his first exhibition was held in New York, and he also exhibited with George Bellows and John Steuart Curry and members of The Eight before 1920. From 1918, he did numerous wood engravings and lithographs, and he left eighty-six paintings and hundreds of drawings, now scattered among museums. In Fall, 1998, the Monhegan Museum held a retrospective of his oil and ink paintings.
Growing up in a genteel family in New York City, Rockwell Kent was a member of the rugged realist school of landscape painters as well as a popular illustrator and printmaker. His 1930 illustrations for 'Moby Dick' are among his most lasting
Price on request |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_18766.txt | Recently at the Duke University studies have shown a stark and significant relation between the coronary heart diseases and the prostate cancer. The study shows that these two problems might have some common group of the causes and that the two can be closely related. It has been found that the heart diseases are a big risk factor for the prostate cancer cases and the effect it has can be balanced and fought by bringing about certain changes in the lifestyle like weight loss programs, exercises and also having a healthy diet plan. These changes are well known to keep heart diseases at bay and hence are being considered to ward off prostate cancer as well.
The studies hence reveal that all that is good for the heart will eventually turn out to be good for the prostate as well. Coronary attacks have been known to take away the maximum number of lives in the US than any other such like disease. It accounts for approximately 25 per cent of the total death toll there. The risk factors can indeed be many like the obesity, high blood pressure problem, inactivity, and cholesterol; and also cigarette smoking and diabetes as well. In much a similar manner prostate cancer is majorly responsible for so many deaths across the country.
It is just second in line after the lung cancer deaths. Currently the duke team performed a data analysis to test the reduction in the rates of prostate cancer by the usage of a drug called dutasteride. Among these people some even had a history of coronary heart diseases with more problems like hypertension and high cholesterol and diabetes. These were found to be highly likely to develop problems of the prostate as well. Hence it was clearly shown that having a coronary disease does increase the risk of having prostate cancer by up to 35 percent. Though the reason behind this fatal link is yet to be known in detail still the findings quite vindicate the connection. There are hence definitely some short comings in the finding as it relied on the data from a trial that was conducted long time back and which had totally ignored the factors of diet, physical activity and the seriousness and the severity of the heart diseases that could have influenced the results. Hence this provides for a way to work upon next and would turn into the main focus of the research group soon. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_34268.txt | Beware the Pumpkins
Carefully carve letters or words into a pumpkin for a spooky take on a traditional jack-o'-lantern.
Letters or words carved into your pumpkins send your guests a spooky message with our Text Tower. Carve one letter or word per pumpkin. Stack the pumpkins on a dowel to create a tower or line them up along an entryway to spread out your greeting.
Cut the bottoms off the pumpkins (choose one pumpkin per letter) and scrape the interiors clean. Using the photograph at right as an example, freehand-draw a letter onto each pumpkin, using a sewing tracing wheel or sharp poking tool. Use a gouge or scraping tool to remove the skin, scraping only the pumpkin surface without cutting through to the interior.
When all the pumpkins are carved with letters, remove the pumpkin stems and drill a hole in the center top of the tower's lowest and middle pumpkins. Wrap battery-powered lights around a dowel; run the dowel through the holes and into the ground to secure the tower. |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
No dataset card yet
- Downloads last month
- 45