filename large_stringlengths 51 65 | text large_stringlengths 1 13.6k |
|---|---|
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_29880.txt | Early Settlements (2)
Click on the correct answer
Seventeenth century English settlers of New England differed from those in Virginia by?:
living shorter lives because of the harsh climate.
importing large numbers of slaves.
settling on isolated farms.
living in tightly clustered communities.
having large families.
In the 17c, the Great Migration refers to the?:
settlement of the Puritans in Massachusetts Bay and other colonies.
trade in slaves between West Africa and the West Indies.
immigration of Irish to the colonies.
expansion of white settlement across the Appalachian Mountains.
settlement of French-speaking Acadians in Louisiana.
The New England colonies were more successful and stable than the Chesapeake Bay colonies for all of the following reasons EXCEPT?:
New England colonists tended to arrive in family units while the vast majority of Chesapeake Bay colonists were young single males who arrived as indentured servants.
the Chesapeake bay region had a much higher death rate among its colonists than did the New England region.
women were treated more as equals in the New England colonies than they were in the Chesapeake Bay region, making it more difficult to attract women to Chesapeake Bay.
the ratio of males to females in Chesapeake Bay was much more imbalanced than in New England, making it more difficult for males in Chesapeake Bay to find wives and start families.
the population increased faster in New England, allowing for the development of stable communities, than it did in the Chesapeake Bay region.
Which of the following colonies required each community of 50 or more families to provide a teacher of reading and writing?:
In founding the colony of Pennsylvania, William Penn's primary purpose was to?:
provide a refuge for persecuted English Quakers.
provide a refuge for persecuted Christians of all sects from all parts of Europe.
demonstrate the possibility and practicality of establishing truly friendly relations with the Indians.
make a financial profit.
provide a refuge for English debtors.
The Virginia House of Burgesses and the New England town meetings were similar in that they?:
originated in a New England colony.
were completely independent of colonial Governors.
were both responsible to the established church of the colony.
represented colonial participation in government.
A man's right to vote for governor and members of the General Court inn 17c Massachusetts was based on?:
length of residence in America.
In the early 1600s, migrants to New England differed from those who went to the Chesapeake in that?:
New England settlement was sponsored by individual proprietors.
New Englanders immigrated in family groups.
in the harsher climate of New England, new arrivals often succumbed to disease and death.
New England immigrants tended to be motivated by a desire for wealth.
The headright system adopted in the Virginia colony?:
determined the eligibility of a settler for voting and holding office.
toughened the laws applying to indentured servants.
encouraged the development of urban centers.
prohibited the settlement of single men and women in the colony.
gave 50 acres of land to anyone who would transport someone [like an indentured servant] to the colony.
One of the reasons for Roger William's banishment from Massachusetts Bay was his belief that?:
the king of England had no right to give away land belonging to the Indians.
the church and the state should be linked.
the covenant of grace was a false doctrine.
good works were essential to salvation. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_34969.txt | Printer friendly version
CHOMIK has taken the first step towards a Martian moon
28 April 2011
Space Research Centre (CBK)
The geological penetrator CHOMIK (Polish word for hamster), built at the Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences for the purpose of collecting a soil sample from one of the Martian moons, has completed the first stage of the journey. Following successful tests, the flight model has been handed over to Moscow. At the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences the device will be integrated with the manipulator of the Phobos Sample Return mission lander and will fly towards Mars in a few months.
Tests of the flight module of the CHOMIK instrument were concluded at the Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences (SRC PAS) at the beginning of April. The device, intended for geological studies and investigations in microgravity conditions, has just been handed over to the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. In Moscow, the instrument will be first connected to an automated manipulator and then integrated with the Phobos Sample Return probe. Next year, the mission lander will reach the surface of the Martian moon Phobos. CHOMIK will then collect a soil sample, which will reach the Earth in three years.
The Space Research Centre of the PAS signed the agreement concerning the construction of the CHOMIK instrument with the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Lavochkin Research and Production Association last year in March. “Such complex projects usually take five years to implement. We have managed to do it in less than a year. It was possible because CHOMIK is a second-generation instrument and we were able to draw on earlier experiences,” explains dr Jerzy Grygorczuk, engineer at SRC PAS, main constructor of the CHOMIK instrument and MUPUS penetrator for the Rosetta cometary mission.
The insertion of a geological penetrator under low gravity conditions requires caution. There are concerns that reaction forces could even knock the lander over. “Our design prevents this from happening,” says Marcin Dobrowolski, one of the constructors. “CHOMIK transmits very weak reaction forces to the lander. During digging, it relies on the friction between the ground and the walls of the inserted container.”
CHOMIK is a small instrument weighing only 1.4 kg, designed and built entirely at SRC PAS. It consists of three main components: a penetrator, an electronic control unit and a lock & release mechanism. The latter protects the instrument against vibration and overload during the take-off and the landing on Phobos.
The penetrator itself consists of an electromagnetic hammer and a long rod with a discardable casing at the end. The casing can take a few cubic centimeters of ground sample. The motion of the hammer will drive the casing into the regolith of Phobos. The appropriate shape of the container and special algorithms controlling the process of the insertion make it possible to collect material from rocky, porous and loose ground. Once the container with the sample is discarded, it will expose a pivot at the end of the penetrator and two sensors. The pivot will allow crushing rocks and preparing samples for other instruments of the lander and the sensors will measure the thermal properties of the soil of the Martian moon. Mechanical properties of the ground will be measured by analysis of the immersion growth after each stroke of the hammer.
Four models of CHOMIK were created at SRC PAS in the course of the project. The first one was a simplified structural and thermal model, which since September has been used by engineers in Moscow in works related to the integration of the device with the manipulator and the lander of the Phobos Sample Return probe. “Two subsequent qualification models were fully operational and we and our Russian colleagues used them for intensive electronic, vibration and thermal tests,” says Tomasz Kuciński, master's degree student, member of the project team. It is the forth model that will fly towards Mars.
The Russian Phobos Sample Return probe will be launched in November 2011 and will reach the Red Planet after several months. A week after the landing on Mars, the probe will launch a re-entry module containing a capsule with, among others, the soil sample encased in the Polish container. The capsule will land in Kazakhstan in mid-2014. After extracting the sample and following a period of quarantine, the container will return to the Space Research Centre of the PAS.
The Martian moon Phobos is an irregular body, 27×22×18 km in dimension, with a relatively small density. It is believed to be either highly porous or made up of ice and rocks. The escape velocity on the moon is close to that of a sprinter, which makes landing and take-off manoeuvres relatively easy. “Phobos is an immensely interesting object. It might be similar to bodies from the fringes of the Solar System forming the Kuiper belt beyond the orbit of Neptune," explains dr Joanna Gurgurewicz, and adds that a rival hypothesis holds that the moon was not captured by Mars but formed on its orbit. The measurements carried out by the CHOMIK instrument will help solve this mystery.
The CHOMIK project was financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education within the framework of a non co-financed international project “’CHOMIK’ instrument for the Phobos Sample Return Mission – scientific and exploratory research”, which includes the construction of a next, more powerful geological instrument.
Devices designed at the Space Research Centre PAS take part in high-level space missions. Sensors built at SRC PAS were, among others, part of the Huygens lander, which landed on the surface of Titan, a moon of Saturn, in 2005 – it was the farthest landing in the history of mankind. The MUPUS penetrator installed on the Rosetta mission lander will soon insert itself into the nucleus of the 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko comet. A cutting-edge instrument KRET (Polish word for mole) has also been built at SRC PAS, with future geological investigations of the Moon in mind.
A qualification model of the CHOMIK instrument during tests at the Space Research Centre of the PAS in Warsaw. In the picture: Karol Seweryn, PhD, one of the constructors. (Source: SRC PAS/Grzegorz Krzyżewski) |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_7837.txt | PROPERLY FOLDING MISFOLDED DISEASE PROTEINS
Amicus Therapeutics (Cranbury, NJ) found itself in the news earlier this month when the FDA agreed to review the company’s new drug application for their investigational therapy to treat Fabry’s disease. The drug under consideration, migalastat, has already been approved by the European Medicines Agency. It belongs to a small, but growing class of therapeutics known as pharmacological chaperones that properly fold improperly folded proteins that cause disease.
Let’s take a look at which chaperones are on the dance floor and find out the steps they are taking to treat disease caused by proteins.
TERM OF THE WEEK: CHAPERONE PROTEIN
Chaperone proteins are proteins that assist in the correct folding and assembly of other proteins. Many of the proteins produced by our cells require chaperone proteins to ensure their correct molecular structure.
A pharmacological chaperone is a small molecule drug that targets specific misfolded proteins and encourages them to fold correctly.
Protein misfolding plays a role in many different rare diseases, including enzyme deficiencies like Fabry’s and the related Niemann-Pick disease, as well as Huntington’s disease, and some cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Some of the mutations in the genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF) involve misfolded proteins. Diseases caused by misfolded proteins that disrupt cellular function are sometimes called proteopathies, where proteo = protein, pathy = disease.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: FABRAZYME
A type of lysosomal storage disorder, Fabry’s disease involves the inability to process certain types of lipids (fats), because they lack functional versions of critical enzymes, resulting in a range of symptoms, including kidney, heart, and skin disorders. The enzyme in question here, galactosidase, helps to break down glycolipids — lipids with a carbohydrate attached. Production of functional galactosidase enzyme is limited because of mutations in the galactosidase gene that cause the enzyme to be misfolded and therefore non-functional.
The only Fabry’s disease treatment on the market in the U.S. is Fabrazyme, which is made by Genzyme (Cambridge, MA). Fabrazyme is an enzyme-replacement therapy: since the patients don’t make enough functional galactosidase enzyme, scientists produce it in the lab using cells that have been genetically engineered to produce the enzyme, which is then purified and injected into patients.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: MIGALASTAT
Amicus’ drug migalastat, if approved, would be the first small molecule treatment for Fabry’s. The potential availability of swallowing a drug (vs. injecting) would give those with Fabry’s another drug delivery option.
In the lab, migalastat binds to and inhibits galactosidase. In the body, this high affinity is taken advantage of by migalastat binding to mutated galactosidase during the process of folding, where it then shifts the folding towards the correct conformation. The now correctly folded protein makes its way to a cellular compartment known as the lysosome, where it carries out its job of digesting lipids. The inside of the lysosome has an acidic pH, which causes migalastat to disassociate, leaving behind a functional galactosidase enzyme for the body to pick up and use.
Fabry’s is caused by a variety of different mutations within the galactosidase gene; not all of them are amenable to treatment with migalastat. Amicus scientists estimate that between 35% to 50% of patients will be responsive to migalastat.
MECHANISM OF ACTION: LUMACAFTOR
Another disease that can be traced to protein misfolding is cystic fibrosis. CF is a genetic disease caused by one of several possible mutations in the gene encoding the “cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator” (CTFR) protein. The CTFR protein is critical for the production of sweat, digestive fluids, and mucus.
The most common mutation, responsible for about two-thirds of CF cases, results in a protein that is so misfolded, it never makes it to the cell surface where it is required to do its job. Vertex Pharmaceuticals’ (Boston, MA) drug lumacaftor serves as a pharmacological chaperone for these proteins, assisting them with correct folding so that they can make it to the cell surface. Lumacaftor is one piece of the CF puzzle; it is often used in combination with other therapies to fight various aspects of the disease.
MORE DANCE CHAPERONES
Instead of creating pharmacological chaperones, another approach to getting mutated proteins to fold correctly is to stimulate diseased cells to produce greater amounts of natural chaperone proteins. This can be done by identifying small molecules that induce cells to express heat shock proteins, a common class of cellular chaperones (described below). Two companies following this approach are Orphazyme (Copenhagen, Denmark) and Chaperone Therapeutics (Research Triangle Park, NC).
Orphazyme’s lead product, arimoclomal, has completed Phase II clinical testing for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) associated with mutations in the gene for superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) enzyme; sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM), a rare muscular atrophy disease; and Niemann-Pick disease, a lysosomal storage disorder similar to Fabry’s disease.
Chaperone Therapeutics has a drug in preclinical development for Huntington’s disease, which is associated with disordered folding of the huntingtin protein.
COCKTAIL FODDER: SHOCKING THE CHAPERONE
The largest family of naturally-occurring chaperone proteins are called “heat shock proteins” because they were first discovered as part of a cellular response to heat shock — exposure to a higher than normal temperature. These proteins were later discovered to be induced in response to other types of cellular stress such as ultraviolet light exposure or wound healing. It’s thought that these cellular stressors can disrupt protein folding, and the production of heat shock protein chaperones can help to counteract the disruption.
Pharmacological chaperones that activate or mimic these protective proteins may prove to be the fresh new approach that can make a difference in a whole range of different diseases. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_20977.txt | The Macintosh was released to the public in 1984 and changed the way we interact with our computers. The Macintosh operating system gave the Mac a competitive edge in the computer market.
Before the Mac, people used their computers by typing commands at a command prompt. The Mac changed all that. The Mac brought the Graphical User Interface (GUI) to the masses.
The first place users began to interact with their Macs was on the Desktop. From the Desktop users could access their files and move items to the Trash to be thrown away. The desktop metaphor appealed to both novice and advanced computer users because it represented items that were used in an everyday office.
Let’s see what exactly made System 1 so great. I’ll show you around the operating system and point out things that have changed throughout the years. I created the screen shots for this article using Mini vMac. To learn how to set up Mini vMac, see Operating System Nostalgia.
Starting with the desktop of System 1, one of the most glaring differences is the lines on the Trash. You may have never noticed that the lines on the Trash usually face the right. Seeing them pointing toward the left looks strange – probably because you are so used to seeing them facing the right.
The first time that the lines in the Trash faced the right was in System 4. This appears to make the Trash look a little more natural.
Also, if you put a file in the Trash, it won’t bulge. This feature wasn’t added until System 7. Also, each time you turn off the Mac, all the files in the Trash are deleted. This was also normal until System 7.
Take a look at the floppy disk icon. The shutter on the disk is black, and the hole in the shutter is very rounded. Apple changed the color on the shutter of the floppy disk icon to white in System 2.
Looking at the Menu Bar you notice that there is no Label menu. Labels weren’t invented until System 6. Of course, labels aren’t very helpful on a black and white monitor.
Also, there is no clock. The Menu Bar clock was not introduced until System 7.5. There is no Guide menu either, because there is no online help for System 1. Also, there is no Application menu, because System 1 didn’t include multitasking.
When you open an application or folder, the spring loaded action is a little different. The outline of the icon first moves to the center of the screen and then expands. I think Apple eliminated that because it takes a couple milliseconds longer for an application to open.
The folder icon in System 1 is different from System 6. The edges of the folders are very square, and the tab is at the very edge of the folder. Also, the edges of the tab are more rounded than they are in System 6.
Taking a look at the File Menu, you will notice that there is no New Folder command. System 1 uses the Macintosh File System (MFS). Under MFS you duplicate the folder “Empty Folder” and then name the new copy whatever you like.
Here’s an interesting trick. There is no keyboard shortcut next to “Open” in the File Menu, but pressing Command-O will open and launch a selected file.
The Edit Menu has remained unchanged through System 6, but the View Menu doesn’t include the Small Icons command. Finder 1 could only show large icons.
One of the most glaring omissions from the Special Menu is that it does not contain a shutdown command. The Shutdown command was not added until System 2. When you were done with your computer, you just switched it off under System 1. This could sometimes result in file corruption, which prompted Apple to add the Shutdown command to System 2.
Here’s an interesting little bit of trivia. Finder 1.1g was the only version of the Finder to show the mountain background of Silicon Valley when you chose the About the Finder command from the Apple Menu. In the System 7 Finder you have to hold down the Command key when you select About the Finder to see this mountain scene.
The System 1 Apple Menu only shows the currently installed Desk Accessories or DAs. It wasn’t until System 7 that you could add Aliases to the Apple Menu.
Let’s take a look at what DAs were included with System 1.
First is the Alarm Clock, which remained unchanged through System 6. It was finally removed in System 7, and many people sought to replace its functionality with the Menubarlet SuperClock!, which was integrated into System 7.5.
As you can see, the year digit in the date only says 5, instead of 05. I guess that the programmers had no intention of anybody using the Alarm Clock in the year 2000 and above.
The Alarm Clock also provides a quick way to change the date and time without having to go into the Control Panel. Unfortunately, the alarm feature is rather useless. The alarm only beeps once when it goes off. After it beeps, the Apple Menu flash to let you know that the alarm has already gone off. In order to make it stop flashing, you have to launch the Alarm Clock.
The Calculator is another useful desk accessory.
Here’s a Calculator “Easter Egg”. At the very bottom right corner is a black pixel that you can click and hold on to move the calculator around, just as if you were moving it by clicking on the Menu Bar. This is very handy if you don’t want to close the calculator but want to move part of it off screen above the Menu Bar.
Next is the Control Panel. Unlike System 6, you can’t add snap-ins into the Control Panel.
At first, the Control Panel looks confusing due to the lack of text labels to describe its functions. On the very left is the volume control slider. At the top right is the place to adjust the date and time. Next to the date and time you can control how many times a Menu Command blinks after you select it.
In the middle are the controls for the keyboard. The top set of numbers with the turtle and rabbit is for controlling how fast a key repeats itself when pressed. Below that is another set of numbers with a picture of a key being pressed by a finger. This is where you control how long of a delay there is before a key repeats itself.
To the right of that you can adjust how fast the cursor blinks in a word processing document. At the bottom on the far left is the control for how fast the mouse cursor moves on the screen.
Next to the mouse control is the desktop pattern control. You can make your own desktop pattern by clicking in the square on the left, or you can choose a pre-made pattern by clicking on the Menu Bar in the small representation of the desktop to the right.
Next to the desktop pattern is the control for how fast the computer recognizes a double click.
Key Caps is a fairly useless DA. It’s useless because when you press a modifier key (Shift, Command, or Option), Key Caps doesn’t change to show you the special characters associated with that modifier.
The Note Pad, Puzzle, and Scrapbook DAs remained unchanged through System 6.
The Eject button ejects the current disk, and the Drive button changes the current disk drive. This button is grayed out if you only have one disk mounted.
The strangest thing you’ll probably notice is the absence of a place to choose what folder to save your document to. This is because under MFS all documents are stored at the root level of the drive. Even though the Finder has folders that you can put files into, these folders don’t actually exist on the disk. All the files are stored in one gigantic list.
The Open dialog is also very different from what we are used to seeing. It also has only four buttons: Open, Cancel, Eject, and Disk.
All in all, System 1 is a very good operating system. Even though it doesn’t have any color, it was more stable than Windows 1.0.
One of the most important features that System 1 had was the ability to overlap windows. This feature wasn’t introduced in Windows until version 2.0. System 1 provided many of the basic features that still make the Mac OS special today.
- We have been unable to find a link that will allow you to download System 1.0 for use with Mini vMac or a Mac 128K.
- System 1.0 Headquarters, Dan Vanderkam
- System 1.0/Finder 1.0, Mac512k.com
- Mac System History: Mac OS 1-5, Andy Mesa, MacKiDo
- The Early Mac OS, Apple Museum, Dr Bott
- History of the Mac OS and System 1, Wikipedia
Keywords: #system1 #macsystem1 #macintoshsystem1
Short link: http://goo.gl/4Gl11O
searchwords: system1, macsystem1, macintoshsystem1 |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_28433.txt | A year after the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed the value of diverse learning environments but struck down formulaic or points-based approaches to undergraduate admissions, AAAS issued this report to clarify legally defensible options for protecting diversity in science and engineering programs.
Emerging from a recent invitation-only think-tank sponsored by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, Standing Our Ground provides legal guidance on two Michigan rulings that affirmed the importance of a diverse learning environment, but struck down the use of race as a quantitative "plus factor" in undergraduate admissions decisions. The mixed Grutter and Gratz messages, issued in June 2003, triggered confusion among academic, non-profit, and federal institutions seeking to extend the benefits of education to all.
Standing Our Ground also features a "legal primer" to help guide university counsels in interpreting the Grutter and Gratz rulings. It also describes eight "design principles" that may serve as a checklist.
To request a hard copy of Standing Our Ground, email email@example.com
The report may be reproduced in whole or part without AAAS permission. However, the authors would appreciate notification of such reproduction through the e-mail address below.
Select Data Compendium
B. Conference Agenda
Setting the Stage - Timeline
The Beauty of Diverse Talent - Shirley Ann Jackson
Science, Technology, and America's Future - C.M. Vest
C. Background Readings
Reprint: "The Long Road to Race-Blindness" (Science, vol. 302, Oct. 24, 2003) - Thomas J. Kane; Part 1 ; Part 2
Authors’ Biosketches
D. Responses to Freedom of Information Act Requests
Please note that the Adobe Acrobat Reader program must be installed on your computer to do this. Adobe Acrobat Reader is free software that lets you view and print Adobe Portable Document Format (PDF) files on all major computer platform.
See also news release, "New AAAS/NACME Study Details Latest Options for Protecting Diversity in S&T Fields ." |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_6148.txt | Golfer’s elbow, also known as medial epicondylitis can be a debilitating condition that affects many different types of athletes, not just golfers. Golfers elbow is an overuse injury that occurs with gripping, excessive rotation of the arm, and/or excessive wrist flexion.
The overuse can be a result of many factors such as decreased flexibility, decreased strength, and/or poor biomechanics with a specific sport or recreational activity.
Many people have heard of tennis elbow, also known as lateral epicondylitis, which is similar to golfers elbow. It should be known that you can get golfers elbow with other activities other than golf.
For instance, a tennis player can get golfers elbow from playing tennis. The big difference between golfers elbow and tennis elbow is that golfers elbow is felt on the inside of the elbow and tennis elbow is felt on the outside of the elbow.
This is because your wrist flexors, which are what is inflamed with golfers elbow, originate on the inside of the elbow. Whereas your wrist extensors, which are what is inflamed with tennis elbow, originate on the outside of the elbow.
Typically Golfer’s elbow is initially treated by addressing the inflammation associated with the injury. This typically includes things such as rest, ice, and over the counter NSAIDs.
Sometimes inflammation cannot be reduced with over the counter NSAIDs and prescribed anti-inflammatory medications are required.
In some instances patients try newer treatments such as PRP injections or Medical Laser to help reduce inflammation and aid in the inflammatory process.
Once inflammation begins being addressed treatment typically consists of physical therapy or occupational therapy focused on improving wrist and forearm flexibility and strength in order to reduce the stress to the tendons of the wrist.
A common treatment that may aid in improving flexibility is Graston Technique which is focused on reducing scar tissue formation and reducing myofascial restrictions in order to promote optimal tissue mobility and range of motion.
With strengthening, exercises would be focused on improving wrist and forearm strength in order to allow for activities without increased stress to the tendons of the forearm/wrist resulting in inflammation.
In the later stages of physical therapy or occupational therapy biomechanics specific to the sport or recreational activity may be analyzed in order to determine if there are any deficits which may be contributing to golfer’s elbow outside of general strength and flexibility deficits in the elbow, forearm, and/or wrist.
For instance, with a golfer, their golf swing may be analyzed for any deficiencies.
Although Golfer’s elbow can be a debilitating injury which can limit tolerance of ADL's, recreational activities, and sports, it should be known that there are many successful conservative treatment options to return one to these activities without limitations and reduced risk of injury/re-injury. If you would like to learn more from the Jacksonville Orthopedic Institute, call JOI-2000 |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_11208.txt | The Food and Drug Administration officially banned BPA from use in baby bottles and sippy cups. However, manufacturing companies who make these products had already stopped using the contentious estrogen-mimicking chemical years ago.
According to The New York Times, the FDA made its decision to ban BPA in bottles and sippy cups based on a request from the American Chemistry Council. The Council had determined that all bottle and sippy cup manufacturers had already stopped using BPA.
Michael Taylor, deputy commissioner for foods at the FDA, explained that the choice, "solidifies legally that the use will not happen again in the future" in baby bottles and toddler cups. However, the FDA, "has been looking hard at BPA for a long time, and based on all the evidence, we continue to support its safe use."
NPR's food blog, The Salt, reports that there has been confusion about the lingering presence of BPA in products for children despite manufacturers' unanimous decision to discontinue use. The subject, "had become an unnecessary distraction to consumers, legislators, and state regulators," stated Steven Hentges, a spokesperson for the FDA.
While the new ban provides absolute certainty for consumers about the two products in question, many are quick to criticize the FDA because it was already voluntarily in effect. Additionally, the FDA refused to ban BPA from all food packaging in March 2012. The agency continues to do research on the chemical, but still supports its safe use despite voicing "some concern" about the impact of the chemical.
According to the Associated Press, BPA easily gets into food from its packaging and is present in 90 percent of Americans' urine. The FDA continues to state that the agency still isn't sure what the exact effects of BPA are in humans, but the chemical has been shown to cause problems with reproductive and nervous system development in rodents and other animals.
Many organic and health conscious companies have already made the switch to BPA-free packaging. Even large manufacturers like
Campbell's have recently decided to use BPA-free cans to appease customers who no longer consume products that are stored in packaging made with BPA.
Do you think BPA should be banned from all food packaging?
Find more great food content on Delish:
Search for the perfect recipe from our homepage
Find out the latest food news
Get a recipe book to save your favorite dishes
Sign up for our free newsletters
Check us out on Facebook, Pinterest, and Twitter |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_41581.txt | NEW SMYRNA BEACH, Fla. (AP)— Two rare white sea turtles have been found along Florida’s east coast.
One was found at Guana Tolomato Matanzas National Estuarine Research Reserve along the coast of Flagler and St. Johns counties. The other in New Smyrna Beach.
The Daytona Beach News-Journal reports (http://bit.ly/QtSOG1 ) the unusual coloration of the two turtle hatchlings is known as leucistic, or a lack of pigment. Mike Walsh with the University of Florida’s College of Veterinary Medicine says such animals have some pigment — unlike albinos — either in their skin, feathers or eyes.
Bonnie Breitbeil with the Central Florida Zoo and Botanical Gardens says leucistic animals are uncommon in the wild. She notes that they can become easy targets for prey since they lack the natural coloring to help them blend into their surroundings.
(© Copyright 2012 The Associated Press. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.) |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_38181.txt | It’s never too early to talk about the importance of education. As part of our local American Graduate project, we want to encourage all learners – even the youngest – to think about who or what champions them on the path to graduation!
This this to use at home, in a daycare setting, or in PreK/Kindergarten. Ask guiding questions such as: “Going to school is important because…” and “These people believe in me…” to help you & your little one think more deeply about school and motivating factors. Feel free to paraphrase: “Why do kids need to go to school? How is it good for them?” and “Who thinks you are very special?”.
This activity works best when a grown-up talks one on one with a child and writes in their responses. Kids are encouraged to decorate the graduate to look like themselves!
Check out our ‘Raising Readers’ Pinterest board for lists of age-appropriate books about going to school and graduation. These will pair well with the activity!
We want students of all ages to share their champion with us! Check out the full call-out for K-12 students here. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_44610_2.txt | makes the poison". Although he did not say this precisely, it seems that Paracelsus was indeed well aware of the principle (see discussion on Toxicology above).
Many books mentioning Paracelsus also cite him as the origin of the word "bombastic" to describe his often arrogant speaking style, which the following passage illustrates:
I am Theophrastus, and greater than those to whom you liken me; I am Theophrastus, and in addition I am monarcha medicorum and I can prove to you what you cannot prove...I need not don a coat of mail or a buckler against you, for you are not learned or experienced enough to refute even a word of mine...As for you, you can defend your kingdom with belly-crawling and flattery. How long do you think this will last?...Let me tell you this: every little hair on my neck knows more than you and all your scribes, and my shoe buckles are more learned than your Galen and Avicenna, and my beard has more experience than all your high colleges.
— Paracelsus, Selected Writings
However, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the origin of the word "bombastic" is not a play on Paracelsus's middle name, Bombastus. Instead, that dictionary cites "bombast": an old term for cotton stuffing.
Published during his lifetime
- Die große Wundarzney Ulm, 1536 (Hans Varnier); Augsburg (Haynrich Stayner (=Steyner)), 1536; Frankfurt/ M. (Georg Raben/ Weygand Hanen), 1536.
- Vom Holz Guaico, 1529.
- Vonn dem Bad Pfeffers in Oberschwytz gelegen, 1535.
- Prognostications, 1536.
- Wundt unnd Leibartznei. Frankfurt/ M., 1549 (Christian Egenolff); 1555 (Christian Egenolff); 1561 (Chr. Egenolff Erben).
- Von der Wundartzney: Ph. Theophrasti von Hohenheim, beyder Artzney Doctoris, 4 Bücher. (Peter Perna), 1577.
- Von den Krankheiten so die Vernunfft Berauben. Basel, 1567.
- Kleine Wundartzney. Basel (Peter Perna), 1579.
- Opus Chirurgicum, Bodenstein, Basel, 1581.
- Huser quart edition (medicinal and philosophical treatises), Basel, 1589.
- Chirurgical works (Huser), Basel, 1591 und 1605 (Zetzner).
- Straßburg edition (medicinal and philosophical treatises), 1603.
- Kleine Wund-Artzney. Straßburg (Ledertz) 1608.
- Opera omnia medico-chemico-chirurgica, Genevae, Vol3, 1658.
- Philosophia magna, tractus aliquot, Cöln, 1567.
- Philosophiae et Medicinae utriusque compendium, Basel, 1568.
- Liber de Nymphis, sylphis, pygmaeis et salamandris et de caeteris spiritibus
Selected English translationsEdit
- The Hermetic And Alchemical Writings Of Paracelsus, Two Volumes, translated by Arthur Edward Waite, London, 1894. (in Google books), see also a revised 2002 edition (preview only) Partial contents: Coelum Philosophorum; The Book Concerning The Tincture Of The Philosophers; The Treasure of Treasures for Alchemists; The Aurora of the Philosophers; Alchemical Catechism.
- The Archidoxes of Magic by Theophrastus Paracelsus, translated by Robert Turner. Facsimile reprint of the 1656 edition with introduction by Stephen Skinner, Ibis Publishing, 2004.
- Digital library, University of Braunschweig
- Zürich Paracelsus Project
- Dana F. Sutton, An Analytic Bibliography of Online Neo-Latin Texts, Philological Museum, University of Birmingham — A collection of "digital photographic reproductions", or online editions of the Neo-Latin works of the Renaissance.
- Paracelsus is mentioned in Plate 22 of William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell.
- Paracelsus is the main character of Jorge Luis Borges's short story, The Rose of Paracelsus.
- The German drama film Paracelsus was made in 1943, directed by Georg Wilhelm Pabst. Pabst was later sharply criticized for having produced this film in Nazi Germany, subject – like all German films at the time – to the supervision of Goebbels and the considerations of Nazi propaganda.
- The CBS television series Beauty and the Beast had a recurring villain named Paracelsus who like his historical namesake was adept at creating drugs and medicines.
- In the Visual Novel Animamundi: Dark Alchemist, the character Jan van Ruthberg mentions Paracelsus as the creator of the Philosopher's Stone.
- He is mentioned as a wizard in the Harry Potter universe, and appears as a Chocolate Frog Card in the protagonist's first train trip to Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.
- He is mentioned in the second chapter of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley's Frankenstein along with Cornelius Agrippa and Albertus Magnus.
- He is mentioned in the 92nd chapter of Herman Melville's Moby Dick.
- In Haunting Ground, "Aureolus" is a reference to Paracelsus.
- Paracelsus appears as "Bombastus" in the Facebook game Assassin's Creed: Project Legacy. He is an acquintance of the Assassin Order and helps Giovanni Borgia study a Crystal Skull the latter retrieved from Mexico.
- In the Capcom Playstation game Resident Evil 3: Nemesis, the experimental weapon used to destroy the Nemesis at the end of the game is named "Paracelsus' Sword" (hence it being a tool to purge infections such as those created by the T-Virus)
- In the anime/Light novel To Aru Majutsu no Index, Paracelsus is the ancestor of the alchemist Aureolus Izzard.
- In the anime Maburaho, the main character is informed early on that he is descended from Paracelsus, as well as several other famous figures from history. This explains why his magical abilities are so valuable.
- In the Guilty Gear fighting game series, the name given to A.B.A's sentient key-shaped weapon is "Paracelsus."
- Hiromu Arakawa, creator of Fullmetal Alchemist, uses his name for her character, Van Hohenheim, in said series
- An excerpt from Paracelsus' book, Liber de nymphis, sylphis, pygmaeis et salamandris et de caeteris spiritibus, is read out loud in the first episode of Dantalian no Shoka
- ↑ Allen G. Debus, "Paracelsus and the medical revolution of the Renaissance"—A 500th Anniversary Celebration from the National Library of Medicine (1993), p. 3.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Read J (1961). Through alchemy to chemistry, Bell and Sons.
- ↑ (1935) "Introduction" Celsus A Cornelius De Medicina (On Medicine), Loeb Classical Library.
- ↑ Habashi, Fathi. Discovering the 8th metal (PDF), International Zinc Association..
- ↑ Hefner Alan G. Paracelsus.
- ↑ David H. Barlow and Vincent Mark Durand (2004). Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach. p. 11
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Template:BBKL
- ↑ (2005). Rediscovery of the Elements: Paracelsus. The Hexagon of Alpha Chi Sigma (Winter): 71–8.
- ↑ Conner Clifford D (2005). A peoples history of science, 306, Nation Books.
- ↑ Alex Wittendorff, Claus Bjørn, Ole Peter Grell, T. Morsing, Per Barner Darnell, Hans Bjørn, Gerhardt Eriksen, Palle Lauring, Kristian Hvidt (1994). Tyge Brahe (in Danish), Gad. p44-45
- ↑ p. 435, Verkehrsmedizin: Fahreignung, Fahrsicherheit, Unfallrekonstruktion, B. Madea, F. Mußhoff, and G. Berghaus, Köln: Deutscher Ärzte-Verlag, 2007, ISBN 3-7691-0490-0.
- ↑ Paracelsus, Selected Writings, ed. with an introduction by Jolande Jacobi, trans. Norbert Guterman, (New York : Pantheon, 1951), p. 79-80
- ↑ NY Times: Paracelsus. NY Times. URL accessed on 2009-09-13.
- Pagel, Walter (1982). Paracelsus: An Introduction to Philosophical Medicine in the Era of the Renaissance. Karger Publishers, Switzerland. ISBN 380553518X.
- The Devil's Doctor, Philip Ball, ISBN 978-0-09-945787-9 (Arrow Books, Random House)
- Paracelsus Medicine, Magic and Mission at the End of Time, Charles Webster, ISBN |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_32516.txt | Professor John Bowman's genetic-level research with moss has reaped an unexpected harvest. Photo: Meredith O'Shea
By tinkering with the reproductive life of moss - and solving one of the fundamental questions about plant evolution - a Melbourne researcher has accidentally discovered a possible gateway to feeding an increasingly hungry world.
Monash University geneticist John Bowman - in collaboration with researchers in Japan - went in search of what the common ancestor of all land plants might look like, at a genetic level.
In solving part of that puzzle, Professor Bowman has taken a step closer to finding one of the holy grails of agriculture - a process called apomixis - in which high-yield, drought-resistant plants would clone themselves via their seeds.
''It would make new crop varieties both cheaper and more widely available,'' Professor Bowman said.
Seeds normally contain two sets of chromosomes - one from the female parent and the other from the male parent. Cloning would mean the seeds would contain chromosomes only from the mother plant - and so the resulting plant would be a genetic copy of the mother. It would be akin to producing a human baby with no sex.
If achievable, it would mean that complex hybrid agriculture, relying on buying new hybrid seeds every year, would be a thing of the past. The big winners would include Third World farmers.
''It's a breakthrough that would be highly beneficial in developing countries,'' Professor Bowman said.
He and his collaborator, Dr Keiko Sakakibara - formerly of the Monash School of Biological Sciences and now at Hiroshima University - were not setting out to save the world. In a study published in Science, they describe for the first time a particular gene that regulates the transition between stages of the life cycle in land plants.
Apart from the obvious, plants are different from animals.
In humans, each cell in the body has two sets of DNA. This is called a diploid state. The tiny single-cell sperm and eggs that we produce contain only the male or female DNA. This is called the haploid state.
''In contrast, plants have large complex bodies in both haploid and diploid generations,'' Professor Bowman said.
In the natural order, plants take on these different forms in alternating generations - in one generation they have a single set of genes (haploid), in the next they have two sets (diploid).
Professor Bowman and Dr Sakakibara upset the natural order by removing a gene, known as KNOX2, from moss.
They found this caused the diploid generation to develop as if it were a haploid. ''The equivalent mutations in humans would be if our entire bodies were transformed into either eggs or sperm,'' Professor Bowman said.
On the pure science front, the study provides insights into how land plants evolved these two complex generations, strongly supporting a theory that the original land plants had a complex body with a single set of genes - and that the diploid state later evolved.
The potential for feeding the world lies in genetic engineering - similar to that achieved in the lab by Professor Bowman - that would cause plants to skip a generation, produce seeds that are clones of the mother, and therefore keep the high-yielding traits intact. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_31428.txt | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
A view inside – A fish in the NMR
What goes through a fish’s head when it swims through acidic water? This question has been occupying the biologist Matthias Schmidt for some time. As part of his doctorate at the Alfred Wegener Institute he is investigating how the blood flow of a fish alters as the carbon dioxide concentration increases in the water. With the assistance of magnetic resonance imaging he is able to peer into the workings of a fish.
A red and white triangle with a large exclamation mark hangs on the heavy safety door to the MRT laboratory on the ground floor of the Alfred Wegener Institute, warning against strong magnetic fields and danger! A second sign warns that metallic objects near the magnets make for dangerous projectiles. People with pacemakers and other metallic implants may not even enter the laboratory – all others must wait until someone behind the closed door hears the knocking.
Matthias Schmidt opens the door to the large laboratory room only a little later. In his white coat, the young biologist looks like an X-ray assistant. A glance at the apparatus and equipment in the background to which a seeming chaos of cables, pipes and houses are attached, are reminiscent of an intensive care unit. And yet Matthias Schmidt has never examined a patient – his test objects are fish. For his doctorate, he is researching into how warming and acidification of the oceans impact Arctic and Antarctic fish species.
His special interest is focused on the fish brain. Australian scientists determined three years ago that young clown fish did not flee in acidic water but swam straight towards their enemy. In subsequent tests, where the water was acidified, the juvenile fish were careless along their home reef, removed themselves further from their hideaways, saw and heard less well and within a few days over 70 per cent of the animals had been eaten. Matthias Schmidt now wishes to investigate whether fish in the polar regions react in a similar manner to ocean acidification with the assistance of NMR which is known as an MRT in hospitals.
The NMR offers scientists many advantages. One of the greatest is that the animal can be examined “in vivo”, i.e. alive. Biologists such as Matthias Schmidt can therefore observe in real time how the acidic water and rising temperatures impact a fish through into the cells. They concentrate for example on the blood flow, i.e. the speed at which the heart pumps blood through the body. “Nobody really knows what acidification triggers in the brains of fish," explains Matthias Schmidt. He is looking for answers to questions that so far no one has asked. The research area the scientist dares to enter is therefore highly topical.
He is very well equipped for this challenge in the NMR laboratory of the Alfred Wegener Institute. The existing NMR equipment with a magnetic field strength of 4.7 Tesla exceeds the Earth’s magnetic field by approx. 100,000 times. The resolution of the image required by the scientists for their studies basically results from this field strength. By comparison, the MRT in hospitals usually reach strengths of between one and three Tesla for routine examinations on patients. However, the trend is towards ever larger magnets so that magnetic field strengths of 9.4 Tesla are no longer rare in experimental medical research.
Only a few research institutions have comparable investigation possibilities. But the real finesse of the system is the so-called swim tunnel. The “in vivo” NMR research group developed and built it together with the workshop of the Alfred Wegener Institute. This worldwide unique channel permits Matthias Schmidt to set different water speeds and observe the fish directly in the NMR. He can therefore conduct a kind of fitness test with the fish: the faster the water flows through the tunnel, the faster the fish has to swim. A separate feed and extraction system also enables him to regulate the carbon dioxide concentration in the water. Instead of increasing the resistance as on a treadmill, the biologist opens the carbon tap and makes the water more acidic.
In this way, Matthias Schmidt can examine whether the carbon dioxide content in the water influences how fast the fish can swim. “The faster the fish swims, the faster the heart must also pump the blood to the brain. We suspect that fish in acidic water reach their physical limits more quickly," he explains.
The biologist walks toward a chamber the size of a garage in the centre of the room and glances inside. This is where the NMR system is. The device looks like the MRT apparatus known in hospitals but the diameter of the examination tube is smaller. No human would fit inside. The magnetic coil of the NMR unit is located in a beige-coloured cylindrical housing. It floats here in liquid helium which in its turn is surrounded by liquid nitrogen and finally a vacuum. “The liquid gases cool the magnetic coil to approximately minus 270 Grad Celsius, i.e. just under absolute zero. Only then does the so-called supra conductivity occur in some metals, i.e. a current line virtually without resistance. Only in this way can a magnetic field of this kind be generated," explains Matthias Schmidt.
His current test subject is an Antarctic Black Rockcod. The day before the biologist collected the fish from the Institute’s aquarium and brought it into the laboratory in a cold box filled with water. The biologist firstly had to slightly stun the animal because if the fish struggles it delays not only the experiment but primarily damages itself. After sedation, Matthias Schmidt had ten minutes to position his test subject such that it can survive experiments in the chamber over several days well and such that the scientist gets the best possible images. Precisely polar fish have such a small energy requirement that the animals can easily survive for several days without food.
When the fish comes around it finds itself in a dark container at zero degrees Celsius. Matthias Schmidt gives the fish twelve hours to become accustomed to its new environment. “We try to offer the fish conditions which are as similar to its usual environment as possible. In this case, this means that the fish should feel as comfortable as in our aquarium. After twelve hours, we can assume that it is no longer in a stressed state and only then do we start our experiments," says the biologist.
He closes the door to the chamber and sits down at the computer. From here he can observe precisely what is happening in the NMR and how the test subject is. Then he starts the first test. The NMR starts to knock and hammer. The chamber dampens the sound for those outside. But what does the fish feel like in the tube? “We have no indication that the fish is stressed. We can neither observe that it breathes quicker nor that it moves more. All records would lead us to believe that the noises do not cause any physiological stress with the fish," explains Matthias Schmidt pointing to his displays on the screen.
The first black and white specimen image of the fish brain appears on the computer screen. Matthias Schmidt is satisfied. “In the centre of the image we can see the brain. The dark areas signalise that the blood is flowing more slowly here and the lighter an area is, the faster the blood is flowing.” The biologist will be making just under 1500 measurements with the Black Rockcod and will analyse the results to determine how the fish reacted to the higher carbon dioxide concentrations in the water. 3D software will help him to analyse the recordings made. It simulates the brain of the fish and permits the biologist once again to take a closer look at any possible changes. The fish finally returns to the aquarium after the test where it is fed and where the next test subject is already waiting for Matthias Schmidt. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_20914.txt | The Rise of the Sunbelt
NBER Working Paper No. 13071
In the last 50 years, population and incomes have increased steadily throughout much of the Sunbelt. This paper assesses the relative contributions of rising productivity, rising demand for Southern amenities and increases in housing supply to the growth of warm areas, using data on income, housing price and population growth. Before 1980, economic productivity increased significantly in warmer areas and drove the population growth in those places. Since 1980, productivity growth has been more modest, but housing supply growth has been enormous. We infer that new construction in warm regions represents a growth in supply, rather than demand, from the fact that prices are generally falling relative to the rest of the country. The relatively slow pace of housing price growth in the Sunbelt, relative to the rest of the country and relative to income growth, also implies that there has been no increase in the willingness to pay for sun-related amenities. As such, it seems that the growth of the Sunbelt has little to do with the sun.
Document Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3386/w13071
Published: Edward L. Glaeser & Kristina Tobio, 2008. "The Rise of the Sunbelt," Southern Economic Journal, Southern Economic Association, vol. 74(3), pages 610-643, January.
Users who downloaded this paper also downloaded these: |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_52017.txt | Quarter* ♒ Aquarius
Moon phase on 23 October 2039 Sunday is Waxing Crescent, 6 days young Moon is in Capricorn.Share this page: twitter facebook linkedin
Previous main lunar phase is the New Moon before 5 days on 17 October 2039 at 19:09.
Moon rises in the morning and sets in the evening. It is visible toward the southwest in early evening.
Moon is passing about ∠17° of ♑ Capricorn tropical zodiac sector.
Lunar disc appears visually 1.8% wider than solar disc. Moon and Sun apparent angular diameters are ∠1964" and ∠1929".
Next Full Moon is the Hunter Moon of October 2039 after 8 days on 31 October 2039 at 22:36.
There is low ocean tide on this date. Sun and Moon gravitational forces are not aligned, but meet at big angle, so their combined tidal force is weak.
The Moon is 6 days young. Earth's natural satellite is moving from the beginning to the first part of current synodic month. This is lunation 492 of Meeus index or 1445 from Brown series.
Length of current 492 lunation is 29 days, 10 hours and 37 minutes. This is the year's shortest synodic month of 2039. It is 9 minutes shorter than next lunation 493 length.
Length of current synodic month is 2 hours and 7 minutes shorter than the mean length of synodic month, but it is still 4 hours and 2 minutes longer, compared to 21st century shortest.
This lunation true anomaly is ∠321.1°. At the beginning of next synodic month true anomaly will be ∠340.7°. The length of upcoming synodic months will keep decreasing since the true anomaly gets closer to the value of New Moon at point of perigee (∠0° or ∠360°).
3 days after point of perigee on 20 October 2039 at 05:11 in ♏ Scorpio. The lunar orbit is getting wider, while the Moon is moving outward the Earth. It will keep this direction for the next 12 days, until it get to the point of next apogee on 5 November 2039 at 04:29 in ♊ Gemini.
Moon is 364 913 km (226 746 mi) away from Earth on this date. Moon moves farther next 12 days until apogee, when Earth-Moon distance will reach 405 534 km (251 987 mi).
2 days after its descending node on 21 October 2039 at 04:37 in ♐ Sagittarius, the Moon is following the southern part of its orbit for the next 11 days, until it will cross the ecliptic from South to North in ascending node on 3 November 2039 at 19:55 in ♊ Gemini.
15 days after beginning of current draconic month in ♊ Gemini, the Moon is moving from the second to the final part of it.
At 01:02 on this date the Moon is meeting its South standstill point, when it will reach southern declination of ∠-25.344°. Next 13 days the lunar orbit will move in opposite northward direction to face North declination of ∠25.428° in its northern standstill point on 6 November 2039 at 03:44 in ♋ Cancer.
After 8 days on 31 October 2039 at 22:36 in ♉ Taurus, the Moon will be in Full Moon geocentric opposition with the Sun and this alignment forms next Sun-Earth-Moon syzygy. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_29601_6.txt | 1878: And all the days of Seth were (Moses 6:16)
1888: All the days of Seth were
Changes that appear to be accidental include these:
OT1, OT2, 1878: and a vagabond shalt thou be (Moses 5:37)
1888: and a vagabond shall thou be
OT1, OT2, 1878: his offering thou didst accept (Moses 5:38)
1888: his offering thou didst except
OT1, OT2, 1878: so will I come in the last days, in the days of wickedness (Moses 7:60)
1888: so will I come in the last days of wickedness
In some cases it is not clear whether a change was intentional, as these examples illustrate:
OT1, OT2, 1878: the evening and the morning were the second day (Moses 2:8)
1888: the evening and morning were the second day
OT2, 1878: sware unto him with an oath (Moses 7:51)
1888: sware unto him an oath
OT1, OT2, 1878: mighty men which are like unto them of old (Moses 8:21)
1888: mighty men which are like unto men of old
The 1888 printing of the Book of Moses would be of limited interest historically were it not for the fact that it is a direct ancestor of today’s Book of Moses. Most of its changes were discovered during the preparation of the 1902 edition and were corrected. Only a few continue in today’s Pearl of Great Price.
The 1902 Pearl of Great Price
The 1902 edition of the Pearl of Great Price was not a minor updating but a major revision. The most noticeable features are that it deleted material already found in the Doctrine and Covenants (thus it included only what is in the Pearl of Great Price today), and it contained chapters and verses for the first time. It also added headings and cross-referencing foot-notes. It was in the 1902 edition that the Pearl of Great Price took on most of the form in which we recognize it now. The 1902 edition also gave us a reworked text of the Book of Moses, a text that has not changed significantly since then.
Joseph Smith’s death in 1844 disconnected the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from the New Translation of the Bible. The Prophet was the last Church leader to see the original manuscripts and the only president of the Church ever to be involved in any way with them. No one who worked on the New Translation came west with the Saints, and subsequent Church leaders probably had limited knowledge of it. Over the decades, the absence of information allowed much misunderstanding about the New Translation to make its way into Latter-day Saint culture, a process that would continue into the 1970s. No Latter-day Saint edition of the Book of Moses was prepared with any access to the original JST manuscripts. That placed the Church at a significant disadvantage when it decided to provide a corrected edition in 1902. It is likely that by then, Church leaders had limited knowledge of how our own text of the Book of Moses had been obtained, except in the general understanding that it came from Joseph Smith’s Bible translation. It is likely that few, if any, knew then that the Book of Moses came from the RLDS Inspired Version, and if so, it is likely that no one knew why. Thus when the 1902 edition was prepared, Church leaders did not have a standard against which they could judge the accuracy of the text.
The preparation of the new Pearl of Great Price, including the revised text of the Book of Moses, was assigned to Professor James E. Talmage of the University of Utah. He used as his beginning text a copy of the 1888 printing, which unfortunately was not carefully done and included both typographical errors and other changes. His work on the new edition is documented in his 1888 copy. On its pages he edited the text, writing corrections to errors in the printing and inserting many new wordings. It was from his copy that the compositors set the type for the 1902 edition. A comparison of the available evidence shows the following process at work. In an effort to produce the best text of the Book of Moses possible, Dr. Talmage edited his 1888 copy against earlier printings that he apparently felt were better than what was preserved in the then-current text. Taking in hand the early texts from The Evening and the Morning Star and the Times and Seasons, as well as an 1879 Pearl of Great Price, he edited his text backwards to match many of the wordings in those printings. He had no way of knowing what was on the original manuscripts, and it is likely that he believed that because the newspaper texts were older and were published during the lifetime of Joseph Smith, they contained a more accurate or authoritative text than that used by Elder Orson Pratt in 1878. Probably no one living in Salt Lake City at that time could have known that the 1878 edition was much closer to the words on Joseph Smith’s original documents. In all, Dr. Talmage made about seventy changes that were based on the earlier printings. Following are some examples:
James E. Talmage Journal, February 2, 1900, detail, recording his assignment from the First Presidency to prepare a new edition of the Pearl of Great Price.
James E. Talmage's 1888 Pearl of Great Price, pages 4-5, showing his editing in preparation for the 1902 edition, including inserted verse numbers and letters for cross-reference footnotes; Moses 1:20-35
OT1, OT2: and as Moses beheld the world (Moses 1:8)
TS, 1902: and Moses beheld the world
OT1, OT2: his glory has been upon me, and it is glory unto me, wherefore (Moses 1:18)
TS, 1902: his glory has been upon me, wherefore
OT1, OT2: Depart hence, Satan (Moses 1:20)
TS, 1902: Depart from me, Satan
OT1, OT2: he beheld again his glory, for it rested upon him (Moses 1:25)
TS, 1902: he beheld his glory again, for it was upon him
OT1, OT2: among even as many as shall believe (Moses 1:41)
TS, 1902: among as many as shall believe
OT1, OT2: Go forth to this people (Moses 7:10)
EMS, 1902: Go to this people
OT1: land out of the depths of the sea (Moses 7:14)
EMS, 1902: land out of the depth of the sea
OT2: and thou art there (Moses 7:30)
EMS, 1902: and yet thou art there
OT2: has pled before my face (Moses 7:39)
EMS, 1902: hath plead before my face
OT1: he saw great tribulation (Moses 7:66)
EMS, 1902: he saw great tribulations
In addition to the changes made to match earlier publications of Book of Moses material, Professor Talmage made over thirty revisions that are not based on any previous printing or any known manuscript. A few of those changes correct the grammar or bring the wording more in line with contemporary style:
OT1, OT2, 1878: Behold I, send me (Moses 4:1)
1902: Behold, here am I, send me
OT1, OT2: see thou show them unto no man (Moses 4:32)
1878: see thou showest them unto no man
1902: see thou show them unto no man
OT1, OT2, 1878: the Lord cursed . . . all they that had covenanted with Satan (Moses 5:52)
1902: the Lord cursed . . . all them that had covenanted with Satan
OT1, OT2, 1878: and an Hell have I prepared (Moses 6:29)
1902: and a Hell have I prepared
Most changes show editorial preferences that differ from the wording Joseph Smith dictated to his scribes:
James E. Talmage’s 1888 Pearl of Great Price, pages 38–39, showing his editing in preparation for the 1902 edition, including inserted verse numbers and letters for cross-reference footnotes; Moses 7:18–32
OT2, 1878: and beheld the earth, yea, even all the face of it (Moses 1:27)
1902: and beheld the earth, yea, even all of it
OT1, OT2, 1878: the glory of God was upon Moses (Moses 1:31)
1902: the glory of the Lord was upon Moses
OT1, OT2, 1878: Adam called upon the name of the Lord, and Eve also, his wife (Moses 5:4)
1902: Adam and Eve, his wife, called upon the name of the Lord
OT1, 1878: yea and millions of earths (Moses 7:30)
1902: yea millions of earths
OT1, OT2, 1878: How is it that thou canst weep? (Moses 7:31)
1902: How is it thou canst weep?
OT1, OT2, 1878: and Enoch saw Noah, also, and his family (Moses 7:42)
1902: and Enoch also saw Noah, and his family
OT1, OT2 |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_25188.txt | Data from NASA's Cassini spacecraft reveal complex organic molecules originating from Saturn's icy moon Enceladus, strengthening the idea that this ocean world hosts conditions suitable for life. Research results show much larger, heavier molecules than ever before.
Powerful hydrothermal vents mix up material from the moon's water-filled, porous core with water from the moon's massive subsurface ocean - and it is released into space, in the form of water vapor and ice grains. A team led by Frank Postberg and Nozair Khawaja of the University of Heidelberg, Germany, continues to examine the makeup of the ejected ice and has recently identified fragments of large, complex organic molecules.
Previously, Cassini had detected small, relatively common organic molecules at Enceladus that were much smaller. Complex molecules comprising hundreds of atoms are rare beyond Earth. The presence of the large complex molecules, along with liquid water and hydrothermal activity, bolsters the hypothesis that the ocean of Enceladus may be a habitable environment for life.
The results are published today in Nature.
Such large molecules can be created by complex chemical processes, including those related to life, or they can come from primordial material in some meteorites.
At Enceladus, it's most likely they come from hydrothermal activity driving complex chemistry in the core of the moon, Postberg said.
"In my opinion, the fragments we found are of hydrothermal origin; in the high pressures and warm temperatures we expect there, it is possible that complex organic molecules can arise," Postberg said.
The organic material is injected into the ocean by hydrothermal vents on the floor of Enceladus' ocean - something akin to the hydrothermal sites found at the bottom of the oceans on Earth, which are one of the possible environments that scientists investigate for the emergence of life on our own planet.
On Enceladus, bubbles of gas, rising through miles of ocean, could bring up organic material from depths, where they could form a thin film floating on the ocean surface and in cracks of vents, in the interior of the moon, beneath its icy shell.
After rising near the top of the ocean, the bubbles may burst or otherwise disperse the organics, where they were detected by Cassini.
"Continuing studies of Cassini data will help us unravel the mysteries of this intriguing ocean world," said Cassini Project Scientist Linda Spilker of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California.
The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, ESA (European Space Agency) and the Italian Space Agency. NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of Caltech in Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. The Cassini spacecraft deliberately plunged into Saturn on Sept. 15, 2017. JPL designed, developed and assembled the Cassini orbiter. The radar instrument was built by JPL and the Italian Space Agency, working with team members from the U.S. and several European countries.
News Media ContactGretchen McCartney
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif.
Dwayne Brown / JoAnna Wendel
NASA Headquarters, Washington
202-358-1726 / 202-358-1003
firstname.lastname@example.org / email@example.com
ESA Science and Robotic Exploration Communication Officer
+31 71 565 6799 / Mob: +31 61 594 3 954 |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_10455.txt | Technical Market Support » Metallurgical Coal
Assessment of increasingly subtle changes in coal quality, either potential improvements or deteriorations, is clouded by the deficiencies in drum tests routinely conducted on pilot scale coke. When coking tests are performed on coke produced at the small scale (8kg feed coal) the comparison between relatively small differences in coke strength of different coals is tenuous. This project demonstrates that a coke strength index (JKCSI) developed by Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre (JKMRC) and determined from drum testing can aid in the evaluation of coke quality. The objectives of the project were to:
· Test the applicability of the JKCSI model to cokes that exhibit adhesion controlled breakage;
· Extend the modelling of breakage to include coke produced in the small scale coke oven (8kg) where the strength of the coke is determined by the modified Micum or the I-Drum tests;
· Recommend a suitable method for the preparation of coke from small scale coke testing for the NSC Reactivity test.
To achieve these objectives JKMRC undertook a series of tasks on coke samples supplied by ALS Coal.
In the project, the JKCSI model developed from data on strong cokes in ACARP Project C20009 was applied to a weak coke produced from lower volatile coal that undergo adhesion controlled breakage. It was proved that the JKCSI model can work for both strong and weak cokes with equally good model fitting qualities. From the data in this project the transition point between adhesion controlled to porosity controlled breakage occurs when the JKCSI decreases below 200. There is insufficient data to extend this finding to small scale data. While the data in this report does indicate there is a sharp transition from adhesion control to porosity control breakage there is insufficient data in this transition region to categorically state that there is fixed transition point.
The use of JKCSI in routine testing will assist coal producers to better understand the coke quality and identify if the coke breakage is dominantly controlled by adhesion or porosity. This will allow producers to formulate better blending strategies to improve coke quality.
Work demonstrated that the JKCSI can be determined from small scale coke using a modified Micum test conducted at least two revolutions or from an I-Drum test conducted at least two revolutions. The determination of JKCSI on small scale coke should add to the understanding of the coke quality of small scale results. On the limited small scale coke data on two coals examined in this project the JKCSI does indicate the expected changes in coke quality due to coking conditions.
The inclusion of a modified Micum test on small scale coke has been shown to effectively stabilise the coke thus ensuring the influences of fissures on coke breakage are minimised. This should lead to greater consistency in small coke testing especially for weaker cokes. Stabilisation had a greater effect on the CSR of the weakest coke compared to the stronger coke.
ALS Coal aims to implement the calculation of JKCSI from routine pilot scale drum testing data. This will allow validation of the different drum indices and give the client a useful parameter to better track how coal quality may be influencing coke quality.
The JKCSI could be applied to reduce the number of the routine drum tests to determine coke strength indices for pilot scale cokes. ALS Coal has a large data set of drum test results. This data set could be used to statistically examine the predicted results of a range of drum tests based on the JKCSI determined on suitable input drum test data.
There is also a potential to use a small amount of coke sample generated from a small oven and test with a new procedure to acquire the equivalent JKCSI measured by the standard drum tests. There are two issues to be addressed before this is feasible. Firstly, better understanding of how the coke quality differs between the small scale and pilot scale ovens. Second, clarification that the JKCSI as determined by modified Micum accurately predicts standard drum tests. To demonstrate the possible benefit of determining JKCSI on small scale coke it is recommended that the completed data sets from ACARP projects looking coking conditions (C22039) and stamp charging (C22035), where suitable modified Micum data exists for determination of JKCSI, be further evaluated. This evaluation will demonstrate if the JKCSI aids in a better understanding on how coking conditions can impact on the coke quality of small scale coke and if the small scale data can be used to predict standard drum test results. As this is a limited data set the above work will only demonstrate that prediction of standard drum indices from small scale coking is feasible. A large data set would be required to determine the statistical significance of the predictions. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_49089.txt | A number of English words are spelled the same way and pronounced the same way, but have different meanings.
tinneis), 15– tennis. ... The word baseball, for instance, is a compound that combines base and ball, two objects central to the game.
Table tennis meaning, definition, what is table tennis: an indoor game played on a table by two ...: Learn more.
Rewrite the sentence with the available words so that meaning doesn't change : 1.My brother can play table tennis very well
Definition of tennis noun in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary.
The man hit the tennis ball with his tennis racket.
The vocabulary of tennis and the terms we use in talking about it.
10.Playing badminton is difficult,but playing tennis is more dificult.
Meaning of ace in English. ... SMART Vocabulary: related words and phrases.
playing /Tuan /play /table tennis /with/ interesting /finds / he /best friends/ because /it/can. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_45041_2.txt | more of a product is consumed! B. decreases as more of a product is consumed! C. is zero when total utility is maximum! D. is equal to total utility divided by number of units consumed!
! 38. Slope of indifference curve shows! A. Marginal product! B. Marginal revenue! C. Marginal cost! D. Marginal rate of substation!
! 39. Which of the following is not a property of indifference curves?! A. Curves closer to origin represent lower levels of satisfaction!
Friday, September 12, 2014 B. They are upsloping! C. They cannot intersect each other! D. They are convex to the origin!
! 40. When MU is positive, the TU! A. increases! B. decreases! C. at max! D. 0!
! 41. Law of diminishing MU implies that as a person consumes more and more of a given good! A. Marginal utility will decline! B. TU will fall and rise! C. MU becomes negative! D. TU will decline!
! 42. When the price of X is 5 and the price of Y is 4, if you have an income of 25, which of the following bundles is the affordable set?! A. (0,7)! B. (3,3)! C. (3,2)! D. (2,4)!
! 43. When plotting marginal and average product curves, the _________ product curve always crosses the ___________ product curve at its ___________! A. average variable; marginal; maximum! B. average variable; average total; minimum! C. marginal; average total; maximum! 9
Friday, September 12, 2014 D. marginal; average variable; maximum!
! 44. When total product is maximum, marginal product is! A. Positive! B. Negative! C. Zero! D. Maximum!
! 45. When average product curve is rising, ! A. Marginal product curve lies above the average product curve! B. MPC lies below the APC! C. MPC cuts the APC! D. None of the above!
! 46. In the short run, product curves have all the following characteristics except! A. Total products begin to decrease when average products begin to increase!
! 47. It is impossible for the total production to be ______ when the marginal product is _________! A. decreasing; positive! B. increasing; decreasing! C. increasing; increasing! D. positive; negative!
! 48. Which of the following is most likely a variable cost?! A. Property insurance premiums! B. Interest on bonded indebtedness! C. Rental payments on IBM equipment!
Friday, September 12, 2014 D. Payment for raw materials purchased!
! 49. Assume that in the short run a firm which is producing 100 units of output has average total costs of RM200 and AVC of RM150. The firms total fixed cost is! A. RM5000! B. RM500! C. RM0.50! D. RM50!
! 50. As output increases, AFC! A. Fall! B. Increase! C. Remain constant! D. Fall, and increase!
! 51. If a firm decides to produce no outputs in the short run, its cost will be____! A. zero! B. its fixed cost! C. its variable cost! D. marginal cost!
! 52. When average cost is equal to marginal cost, ! C. The average cost is at its minimum!
! 53. Which of the following curves are not U-shaped! B. AFC!
! 54. Relationship between SRAC and LRAC curves is that!
Friday, September 12, 2014 A. All of the SRACs are tangent to the LRAC and lie above it |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_31498.txt | Cotton is grown on every continent, in a broad range of environmental conditions and under widely disparate conditions of production. It is an important raw material for a highly varied and profitable value creation chain, and it is traded on commodities markets throughout the world. Cotton is at the center of the dispute surrounding agricultural subsidies, and it is an important tool in development aid. International chemical companies have just as much interest in it as do the advocates of ecological farming, since it consumes more water, fertilizer, and pesticides than any other crop.
Cotton was already traveling around the world from producer to consumer in colonial times; all that has changed today is the routes it follows. Thus in one common scenario, cotton fibers from Texas are sent to China to be processed, then wend their way to the fashion runways of Paris, and finally travel as old clothes to Africa, where they are worn as secondhand fashion.
Hans Peter Jost has created a photographic portrait of cotton on his trips to India, China, Brazil, America, Uzbekistan, Mali, and Tanzania, documenting the lives and working conditions of cotton farmers and the cultivation, harvesting, processing, and marketing of cotton.
Christina Kleineidam, who accompanied the photographer on his travels, describes what they saw and offers background information on the specific problems of the individual countries. The economist Pietra Rivoli explains the global realities of the cultivation and marketing of cotton in her foreword.
Author(s): Christina Kleineidam, Hans Peter Jost
Foreword by Pietra Rivoli
With photographs by Hans Peter Jost
With contributions by Christina Kleineidam
Design: Integral Lars Müller |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_6073.txt | A recent report by the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) suggests that low doses of vitamin D up to 400 IU daily and calcium supplements up to 1000 mg daily are not effective in reducing the risk of fracture in healthy people (that is, people without osteoporosis or fractures).
The report expresses concerns that the use of calcium and vitamin D supplements may increase the risk of kidney stones in certain individuals and that for some, the potential benefit may not justify the potential harm.
Further research is needed to better determine the benefits and risks of calcium and vitamin D supplementation in healthy low risk adults. Based on all research to date, Osteoporosis Canada still recommends that those who are 50 years of age or more take 1200 mg of elemental calcium daily, preferably from dietary sources, and 800-2000 IU of a vitamin D supplement daily. Those who are under 50 and at high risk (with osteoporosis, multiple fractures, or conditions affecting vitamin D absorption) also require 800 – 2000 IU of a vitamin D supplement daily.
Along with exercise, good nutrition, and in some cases medication (for those who have an increased risk of fracture), dietary calcium and vitamin D supplementation are important components of a comprehensive plan to maintain your bone health.
Osteoporosis Canada urges all individuals to get the recommended amounts of calcium and vitamin D to protect their bone health.
It is important to talk to and work with your doctor to determine your fracture risk and to ensure that you have the bone health plan that is right for you.
Osteoporosis Canada’s rapid response team, made up of members of the Scientific Advisory Council, creates position statements as news breaks regarding osteoporosis. The position statements are used to inform both the healthcare professional and the patient. The Scientific Advisory Council (SAC) is made up of experts in Osteoporosis and bone metabolism and is a volunteer membership. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_11865.txt | Western Turkey forms the eastern part of the Aegean extensional province. In the 1980s it was accepted that vertical crustal motions in this region are caused solely by this active normal faulting, with footwall localities uplifting and hanging-walls subsiding. The presence of marine sediments, interpreted as Pliocene, at altitudes in excess of 400 m in some hanging-wall localities provided-in the late 1980s-the first clear evidence of Pliocene-Quaternary regional surface uplift. However, it has since been argued that the incision of river gorges in this region has been caused instead by localized uplift in normal-fault footwalls. We review the available geomorphological and sedimentary evidence from the Denizli area, within the drainage catchment of the Buyuk Menderes river, in support of similar to400 m of Plio-Quaternary regional surface uplift We also examine the gorge reach of the Gediz river near Usak, where a staircase of four high terraces, formed of cemented fluvial gravel at similar to360, similar to330, similar to255, and similar to225 m above river level, is identified. Farther downstream, a similar terrace, similar to200 m above this river and so tentatively correlated with the similar to225 m terrace upstream, was also identified within the Quaternary volcanic field around Kula. Nearby, a slightly lower (similar to190 m) terrace gravel is capped by basalt, K-Ar dated to similar to1.2 Ma; below this, other similar terraces form a lower-level staircase. We interpret this evidence as indicating uplift rates of similar to0.1 mm a(-1) or more in the latest Pliocene, when the staircase of cemented high terraces appears to have formed, relative stability for much of the Early Pleistocene, but renewed uplift at rates approaching similar to0.2 mm a(-1) in the Middle and Late Pleistocene. The resulting uplift history resembles what is observed in other regions, and has been modelled as the isostatic response to changing rates of surface processes linked to global environmental change, with no direct relationship to the crustal extension occurring in western Turkey. Our results thus suggest that the present, often deeply-incised, landscape of western Turkey has largely developed from the Middle Pleistocene onwards, for reasons not directly related to the active normal faulting, the local isostatic consequences of which are superimposed onto this 'background' of regional surface uplift. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_3739.txt | MORE AIR POLLUTION
MORE WATER POLLUTION
The NJ TRANSITGRID Project is a proposed gas-fired power plant to be built on a polluted Superfund site.
Amount of Superstorm Sandy taxpayer money that would be used to build a resiliency project in a FLOOD ZONE!
of greenhouse gases every year, in an era of rising sea levels.
"MONSTER OF POLLUTION"
These types of plants are monsters of air pollution in New Jersey emitting heavy metals and chemicals like ammonia and nitrogen oxide.
This would be built on a flood-prone Superfund site
More pollution disproportionately impacting low-income communities in Kearny, Newark, and Jersey City adds to public health costs.
will provide clean energy without adding greenhouse gases that are triggering sea level rise, flooding, and giant storms that are the threats to our transit system.
- Go to your municipal council meeting and ask your council and mayor
to pass a resolution opposing the “NJ TRANSITGRID” Power Plant in Kearny.
- Write, call and visit your county, state and federal representatives.
- Ask Governor Murphy to put a moratorium on new gas plants in New Jersey because we need to stop the proliferation of dirty fossil fuels across our state.
- Volunteer to help inform your neighbors and community members!
- Download Nextdoor and tell all your neighbors.
or text “TRANSIT” to the number 69866 |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_22706.txt | 1 Answer | Add Yours
In Shakespeare's play, Julius Caesar, Cassius and Brutus have shown different motivations in killing Caesar. They have argued with one another while each tries to follow his own vision.
First, the relationship between Brutus and Cassius is based on a lie. Brutus was concerned that if Caesar became king, it would change him which would harm Rome. Brutus, with all his faults, put the good of Rome before all else.
Cassius, on the other hand, approaches Brutus to join the conspirators in assassinating Caesar. Brutus is not sure, but Cassius plans to falsify papers that will prove Caesar has committed crimes against the state of Rome. Ultimately, Brutus joins. Cassius, however, does not share the noble reasoning that governs Brutus' actions: Cassius hates Caesar because he once saved Caesar's life and believes he has not been rewarded enough—that he is treated the same as every other citizen of Rome. His reasons for killing Caesar are completely selfish.
It is, therefore, not surprising that the two would fight. At one point, the two fight because Cassius believes that Brutus has mistakenly judged one of Cassius' men for "taking bribes." What sits at the center of their fighting, though, is the level of "love and honesty" the men have for each other—at least from Cassius' perspective. Even as they make plans to got into battle, they cannot agree upon their strategy.
Cassius is the one behind the plot to kill Caesar. He is an excellent judge of men, their strengths, weaknesses, etc. However his is not completely honest with Brutus, and he also fails to take a stand against Brutus when he does not agree with him, something he would probably not do with another man. (Cassius might resent this.) Cassius tricks Brutus into joining the plot, though he cannot prove any of the criticisms he has of Caesar. The best Cassius can do is criticize Caesar's physical shortcomings; he cannot admit that Caesar's leadership and superior military strategies have allowed him to be so successful as Rome's leader. Cassius agrees with some of Brutus' decisions, though his heart does not agree. For instance, Cassius wants to kill Mark Antony and Caesar, but Brutus disagrees, wanting them to be guilty only of "sacrifice" with Caesar, but not "butchery" which Brutus believes would be the case if they kill Antony.
Later the two men have a terrible fight, where Cassius accuses Brutus of no longer loving him; Brutus says he does not like Cassius' faults. Cassius says that if Brutus no longer loves him, he would prefer Brutus to kill him there. Cassius says:
There is my dagger,
And here my naked breast; within, a heart (110)
Dearer than Pluto's mine, richer than gold.
If that thou best a Roman, take it forth;
I, that denied thee gold, will give my heart.
Strike, as thou didst at Caesar, for I know,
When thou didst hate him worst, thou lovedst him better (115)
Than ever thou lovedst Cassius.
In some ways Cassius seems rather pitiful in his approach to Brutus; Brutus comments that Cassius too quickly becomes angry and then becomes calm again. The men brush aside their differences and they are of one mind again. Brutus then admits that his wife, Portia, has killed herself.
Perhaps the murder of Caesar begins to take its toll. Cassius will never truly be able to battle his sense of insecurity, as he felt with Caesar, and Brutus is an honorable man who killed the leader he loved. Now his wife is dead. It is no wonder the two have grown apart.
We’ve answered 330,379 questions. We can answer yours, too.Ask a question |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_45175.txt | This study was undertaken to first quantify the effect of heat stress on milk yield and components of Tarentaise in comparison to Holstein cows. A dataset of 16,143 monthly individual records of production traits was collected for 435 Tarentaise and 543 Holstein cows from 21 farms in Tunisia (2009 to 2014). This dataset was merged with meteorological data from 5 public stations relative to the 21 farms. The temperature-humidity index (THI), calculated as a combination of ambient temperature and relative humidity, was used to characterize heat stress. When the THI increased from an average value of 53.7 in winter to 75.4 in summer, the Holstein and Tarentaise cows decreased their milk production by 0.93 and 0.15 kg/day, respectively. Milk fat, protein, and urea content decreased similarly in both breeds (−2.20 g/kg, −1.40 g/kg, and −14 mg/L, respectively), and the milk somatic cell count increased for Holstein cows (+352,000/mL) while decreased for Tarentaise cows (−160,000/mL). The second aim of this study was to describe the relationship between the variations of the milk yields between the summer and the winter (Δ milk yields) and some barn characteristics during the hot season. A survey carried out on 19 of the 21 previous farms permitted to conclude that the closed buildings led to a higher decrease in milk yield between the summer and winter than the open buildings (−1.13 vs. −0.27 kg/day). A metallic roof had a more negative impact on Δ milk yields than the other roof types (−1.04 vs. −0.15 kg/day).
International Journal of Biometeorology – Springer Journals
Published: Feb 2, 2017
It’s your single place to instantly
discover and read the research
that matters to you.
Enjoy affordable access to
over 18 million articles from more than
15,000 peer-reviewed journals.
All for just $49/month
Query the DeepDyve database, plus search all of PubMed and Google Scholar seamlessly
Save any article or search result from DeepDyve, PubMed, and Google Scholar... all in one place.
Get unlimited, online access to over 18 million full-text articles from more than 15,000 scientific journals.
Read from thousands of the leading scholarly journals from SpringerNature, Elsevier, Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford University Press and more.
All the latest content is available, no embargo periods.
“Hi guys, I cannot tell you how much I love this resource. Incredible. I really believe you've hit the nail on the head with this site in regards to solving the research-purchase issue.”Daniel C.
“Whoa! It’s like Spotify but for academic articles.”@Phil_Robichaud
“I must say, @deepdyve is a fabulous solution to the independent researcher's problem of #access to #information.”@deepthiw
“My last article couldn't be possible without the platform @deepdyve that makes journal papers cheaper.”@JoseServera |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_48818.txt | Signs of Bed Bug Activity
Recognizing The Signs of Bed Bugs
When bed bugs are suspected, sleeping and resting areas should be thoroughly inspected. Keep in mind that bed bugs (especially nymphs and eggs) can fit into the tiniest cracks and crevices. Rule of Thumb: “If a business card could fit so can a bed bug”. Bed bugs are very elusive critters. This makes detecting the presence of bed bugs–particularly in the early stag–very difficult even for pest professionals. Hence the introduction of bed bug canine detecting dogs. On the other hand, bed bugs do not have a way of cleaning up after themselves. They eventually leave telltale signs behind that are dead giveaways of their existence. In any event, here are some things to look for if you suspect that you have bed bugs.
Bed Bug Bites
Reactions to bed bug bites vary from person to person–even two people sharing the same bed. Bites are very similar to mosquito bites and other blood sucking insects, however, bed bug bites are usually patterned in a row (½” to an inch apart) or in clusters–similar to a rash-like appearance. In most cases, bites consist of raised, red bumps, swelling, serious rashes, flat welts even blisters and are often accompanied by intense itching (as a result of an allergic reaction to the anesthesia contained in the saliva that bed bugs inject into the blood of its victims). Itching may not start until minutes, hours even days after the bite. Bites may become immediately visible or take days to appear. 20-30% of all people exhibits no sign of having been bitten by a bed bug whatsoever—greatly increasing the difficulty of confirming the existence of infestations until it’s in the moderate to severe stage. Also, because of the desparity in bite reactions and appearances, bed bug bites can rarely be identified by the appearance alone. That’s why it is important to obtain a specimen (dead or alive) or look for other telltale signs as bites on the skin are poor indicators of a bed bug infestion as bed bug bites can look like bites from other insects, rashes–even hives.
Live Bed Bugs
Bed bugs look vastly different during each stage of development. For instance, nymphs (aka: first instar or first hatchling) have similar heads, mouthparts and bodies as adult bed bugs, but on a smaller scale and their coloration is very different. They are tan in color and their bodies are translucent. The bed bugs at the bottom of the picture on the left, is an adult male. Adult bed bugs are reddish-brown, flightless insects around 1/4″ long. They’re flat when unfed and football-shaped when engorged with blood. When a bed bug molt to adult stage, they are sometimes waxy in appearance and more orange in color. To give an a size reference, the adult male bed bug at the bottom of the picture is next to grains of rice and there is an egg located to the left and right of the bed bug.
Dead Bed Bugs/Bed Bug Castings
Bed bugs go through five stages of development before reaching maturity. Bed bugs will molt (shed or cast its skin) once during each stage of development leaving an amber-color, shell of itself behind. Bed bugs must take a blood meal in order to advance to another stage of development. Shed skin or casing can be found in bed bug harborages.
Picture Taken by: Dr. Harold Harlan of AFPMB.org Bed bug eggs are visible to the naked eye. They are very small (approximately 1/32 of an inch long); milky-white in color, cylindrical in shape (one end rounded the other flat, hatched-like). When the first instar emerges, it emerges from the flat side. Hatched eggs appear hollow and will have the flat, hatch top like end opened (as seen the picture on the left). Eggs can hatch in a little as 3-5 days in optimal temperatures. Eggs are usually found in clusters in cracks and crevices and on rough surfaces. Eggs are coated with a sticky substance which adheres rather well to the surface where they are laid. Because of this, it is doubtful that eggs of any significant number can be successfully vacuumed. As the first instars emerge from egg capsules, the capsules become dry, hard, yellow in color and are easier to be removed with a vacuum cleaner from surfaces they were adhered to than if they were viable eggs
Fecal Spots of Fecal Stains
Picture Taken by: Dr. Harold Harlan of AFPMB.org Beg bugs excrete digested blood as fecal liquid that produces spots or stains. Fecal stains may be found where bed bugs travel and hide. Because of this, fecal stains cold be the most prevelant sign of bed bug activity. Fecal spots or excrement look like brownish-black bumps on hard surfaces (like in the picture above) or may bleed on fabric like a marker would (like in picture to the left). Fecal stains on hard surfaces will run when sprayed with water and fecal stains on soft surfaces, i.e., sheets, will smear when sprayed or wiped with a damp cloth. You may also find blood stains/smears on the bedding and mattress from bed bugs being crushed. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_45189_1.txt | The Esselen are a Native American people belonging to a linguistic group in the hypothetical Hokan language family, who were indigenous to the Central California coast and the coastal mountains, including what is now known as the Big Sur region in Monterey County, California. The members of this tribe are currently scattered, but many still live in the Monterey Peninsula and nearby regions. Historically, they were one of the smallest native American populations in California and due to their proximity to three Spanish Missions they were likely one of the first whose culture was severely repressed as a result of European contact and domination.
Archaeological and linguistic evidence indicates that the original people's territory once extended much farther north, into the San Francisco Bay Area, until they were displaced by the entrance of Ohlone people. Based on linguistic evidence, Richard Levy places the displacement at around AD 500. Breschini and Haversat place the entry of Ohlone speakers into the Monterey area prior to 200 B.C. based on multiple lines of evidence. Carbon dating of excavated sites places the Esselen in the Big Sur since circa 2630 BCE. Recently, however, researchers have obtained a radiocarbon date from coastal Esselen territory in the Big Sur River drainage dated prior to 6,500 years ago (archeological site CA-MNT-88).
The Esselen resided along the upper Carmel and Arroyo Seco Rivers, and along the Big Sur coast from near present-day Hurricane Point to the vicinity of Vicente Creek in the south. Carbon dating tests of artifacts found near Slate Hot Springs, presently owned by Esalen Institute, indicate human presence as early as 3500 BC. With easy access to the ocean, fresh water and hot springs, the Esselen people used the site regularly, and certain areas were reserved as burial grounds. The Esselen's territory extended inland through the Santa Lucia Mountains as far as the Salinas Valley. In early times, they were hunter-gatherers who resided in small groups with no centralized political authority. The coastal area along the Central California coast between Carmel and San Luis Obispo is mostly rugged with high, steep cliffs and rocky shores, interrupted by small coastal creeks with occasional, small beaches. The coastal Santa Lucia Mountains are very rugged except for the narrow canyons. This makes the area relatively inaccessible, long-term habitation a challenge, and limited the size of the native population. Rainfall varies from 16 to 60 inches (410 to 1,520 mm) throughout the range, with the most on the higher mountains in the north; almost all precipitation falls in the winter. During the summer, fog and low clouds are frequent along the coast up to an elevation of several thousand feet. Surface runoff from rainfall events is rapid, and many streams dry up entirely in the summer, except for some perennial streams in the wetter areas in the north.
Due to the relative abundance of food resources, the Esselen people never developed agriculture and remained as hunter-gatherers. They followed local food sources seasonally, living near the coast in winter, where they harvested rich stocks of mussels, abalone and other sea life.
Within the tribe's area at that time there were five distinct Esselen groups: Excelen, Eslenahan, Imunahan, Ekheahan, and Aspasniahan. Each group had several villages that were occupied on a seasonal basis depending on the availability of resources such as food, water, shelter, and firewood. In the summer and fall they moved inland to harvest acorns gathered from the Black Oak, Canyon Live Oak and Tanbark Oak, primarily on upper slopes above the narrow canyons.:270
A large boulder, known as a bedrock mortar, is located in Apple Tree Camp on the southwest slope of Devil's Peak, north of the Camp Pico Blanco. More than 9 feet (2.7 m) across, it contains a dozen or more deep mortar bowls worn into it over several generations. The holes were hollowed out by Native Americans who used it to grind the acorns into flour. Other mortar rocks have also been found within the Pico Blanco Boy Scout camp at campsites 3 and 7, and slightly upstream from campsite 12, while a fourth is found on a large rock in the river, originally above the river, between campsites 3 and 4.
Archeological evidence of settlements have been found throughout Esselen territory. Artifacts found at a site in the Tassajara area (archeological site CA-MNT-44) included bone awls, antler flakers, projectile points including Desert side-notched points, and scrapers. Excavation at a second site at the mouth of the Carmel River (archeological site CA-MNT-63) found more projectile points, a variety of cores and modified flakes, bone awls, a bone tube, a bone gaming piece, and manos and pestles.
Dress and living standards
Prior to European contact, the people wore little clothing. The men were naked year-round and the women wore a small apron. In cold weather they may have covered themselves with mud or rabbit or deerskin capes. Pedro Fages described their dress in an account written before 1775:
Nearly all of them go naked, except a few who cover themselves with a small cloak of rabbit or hare skin, which does not fall below the waist. The women wear a short apron of red and white cords twisted and worked as closely as possible, which extends to the knee. Others use the green and dry tule interwoven, and complete their outfit with a deerskin half tanned or entirely untanned, to make wretched underskirts which scarcely serve to indicate the distinction of sex, or to cover their nakedness with sufficient modesty.
Traders and sharers, they bartered acorns, fish, salt, baskets, hides and pelts, shells and beads. Their diet consisted primarily of acorns, which they first put through soaking to leach out the tannins and then cooked into a mush or baked as bread. From the Pacific, they caught and gathered fish, abalone, and mussels. And from the sloping, grassy Big Sur hills, they hunted deer.
The Esselen left hand prints on rock faces in several locations, including the Pine Valley area and a site a few miles east of Tassajara where about 250 hand prints are located in a rock shelter and elsewhere in the Tassajara Valley.
The Esselen believed that because rocks held memory, when they put their hand into a hand that was carved on the rock, they could tune into everything that ever happened at the site. (This claim is not supported by the ethnographic literature.) The Esselen people gave names to everything, including individual trees, large rocks, paths, even different portions of a path. They believed everything, including the stars, moon, breeze, ocean, streams, trees, and rocks, were alive and had power, emotion, intelligence, and memory.
A peak dominated by a prominent limestone cap named Pico Blanco splits the north and south forks of the Little Sur River. It was sacred in the native traditions of the Rumsien and the Esselen, who revered the mountain as a sacred place from which all life originated. Although widely cited currently, no references to this mountain being sacred can be found in the early ethnographic literature.
Father Junipero Serra first established the original mission in Monterey on June 3, 1770, near the native village of Tamo. In May 1771, the viceroy approved Serra's petition to relocate the mission to its current location near the Carmel River and present-day town of Carmel-by-the-Sea and named it Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo. Serra's goal was to put some distance between the mission's neophytes and the Presidio of Monterey. The Presidio was the headquarters of Pedro Fages, who served as military governor of Alta California between 1770 and 1774. Fages and Serra were engaged in a heated power struggle.
Serra established the new mission within a short distance of the Rumsen Ohlone villages of Tucutnut and Achasta. The latter village may have been founded after Mission San Carlos was relocated to Carmel. The mission was about 10 miles (16 km) from the nearest Esselen territory, Excelen. On May 9, 1775, Junípero Serra baptized what appears to be the first Esselen, Pach-hepas, who was the 40-year-old chief of the Excelen. His baptism took place at Xasáuan, 10 leagues (about 26 miles (42 km)) southeast of the mission, in an area now named Cachagua, a close approximation of the Esselen name.
Baptisms and forced labor
Under Spanish law, the Esselen were technically free men, but they could be compelled by force to labor without pay. More correctly, upon baptism they were considered to be part of a monastic order, subject to the rules of that order. This placed them, by Spanish law, under the direct authority of the padres.
King Charles V of Spain issued the New Laws (in Spanish, Leyes Nuevas, or "New Laws of the Indies for the Good Treatment and Preservation of the Indians") on November 20, 1542. These were replaced around the beginning of the 17th century with Repartimiento, which entitled a Spanish settler or official to the labor of a number of indigenous workers on their farms or mines. The Spanish state based its right over the land and persons of the Indies on the Papal charge to evangelize the indigenous population. This motivated the Jesuits to build missions across California.
The priests baptized a number of Esselen during 1776, most of them children, and a few more in the following years. The priests allowed the children after baptism to continue to live with their parents in their village until they reached the "age of reason," which was about nine years old. In 1783, the |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_39901.txt | Pesticides could cost rice farmers in the Philippines more in medical bills than they earn from the extra rice they harvest, warned a group of agricultural economists last week.
Farmers who sprayed pesticides on their fields were twice as likely to suffer from kidney or respiratory ailments, and had a fivefold increase in eye problems. They also suffered more from skin complaints, and cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neurological and haematological problems. 'The value of crops lost to pests is invariably lower than the cost of treating pesticide-caused disease,' say Agnes Rola of the University of the Philippines and Prabhu Pingali of the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) in the Philippines.
The results of the Philippines study were presented in Washington DC at the annual meeting of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), a network of research centres, including IRRI, supported by government donations.
The government of the Philippines is actively ...
To continue reading this article, subscribe to receive access to all of newscientist.com, including 20 years of archive content. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_23339_3.txt | 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Volume 32, Issue 1, March 2012, Pages 49-66
Jane Mendle | Joseph Ferrero
Though often discussed as a discrete event, puberty comprises one segment of a larger developmental continuum and is notable for rapid transformation across a multitude of domains. While an earlier timing of puberty relative to peers stands as one of the most well-replicated antecedents of adolescent difficulties for girls, findings have been less consistent for boys' development. The current review synthesizes the research on pubertal timing and psychosocial development in adolescent boys. Results are evaluated in the context of three theoretical perspectives by which precocious development is believed to affect the emergence of adverse outcomes: biological, psychosocial and selection. © 2011 Elsevier Inc..
Volume 30, Issue 2, June 2010, Pages 176-202
Deborah L. Linebarger | Sarah E. Vaala
The abilities to understand and use language represent two of the most important developmental competencies that children must master during the first 3 years of life. Over the past decade, screen media content directed at infants and toddlers has dramatically increased. As a result, infants' and toddlers' time spent with media has also notably increased (i.e., 1-2 h per day). At present, there is limited empirical knowledge regarding how screen media influence infants' and toddlers' language development. In this review, we contend that infants and toddlers are capable of learning from screen media. This learning is dependent upon the confluence of three distinct but interrelated factors: attributes of the child; characteristics of the screen media stimuli; and the varied environmental contexts surrounding the child's screen media use. To examine these interrelated factors, we have adopted an ecological framework in which a young child's language skills develop from the reciprocal transactions between the child and the broader environmental contexts in which a child is situated or operates. Screen media effects are dependent on the degree to which media content resembles infants' and toddlers' real-life experiences including the use of simple stories and familiar objects or routines. Repeated exposure also helps infants and toddlers learn both the format and the content of screen media and can even ameliorate negative effects associated with viewing particular content. Finally, the presence of a competent co-viewer appears to boost babies' language learning from screen media, much like the ways these processes facilitate learning in live scenarios. © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Volume 32, Issue 4, December 2012, Pages 360-387
Sam V. Wass | Gaia Scerif | Mark Henry Johnson
Authors have argued that various forms of interventions may be more effective in younger children. Is cognitive training also more effective, the earlier the training is applied? We review evidence suggesting that functional neural networks, including those subserving attentional control, may be more unspecialised and undifferentiated earlier in development. We also discuss evidence suggesting that certain skills such as attentional control may be important as 'hub' cognitive domains, gating the subsequent acquisition of skills in other areas. Both of these factors suggest that attentional training administered to younger individuals ought to be relatively more effective in improving cognitive functioning across domains. We evaluate studies that have administered forms of cognitive training targeting various subcomponents of attention and the closely related domain of working memory, and we contrast their reported transfer to distal cognitive domains as a function of the age of the participants. Although negative findings continue to be common in this literature we find that cognitive training applied to younger individuals tends to lead to significantly more widespread transfer of training effects. We conclude that future work in this area should concentrate on understanding early intensive training, and discuss a number of practical steps that might help to achieve this aim. © 2012 Elsevier Inc.
Volume 30, Issue 4, December 2010, Pages 384-402
Vinaya Raj | Martha Ann Nn Bell
Episodic memories contain various forms of contextual detail (e.g., perceptual, emotional, cognitive details) that need to become integrated. Each of these contextual features can be used to attribute a memory episode to its source, or origin of information. Memory for source information is one critical component in the formation of episodic memories. Likewise, the establishment of episodic memories also requires binding, which reflects the process of encoding the relations among stimuli and provides the experience that certain features of a memory episode belong together. The aims of the present review are to explore the roles of (1) cognitive and neural mechanisms involved in source memory and binding and how the development of these cognitive processes relates to episodic memory formation in childhood and (2) other higher-order cognitive processes, namely executive functioning, in early episodic memory development. We conclude by examining the challenges within this field of research, highlighting the role of other cognitive processes (e.g., sense of self, language, use of strategies) that may contribute to episodic memory formation, addressing areas that can be improved with additional research, and exploring directions for future work. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Volume 31, Issues 2-3, September 2011, Pages 119-150
Robert B. Ricco | Willis F. Overton
Many current psychological models of reasoning minimize the role of deductive processes in human thought. In the present paper, we argue that deduction is an important part of ordinary cognition and we propose that a dual systems Competence ←-→ Procedural processing model conceptualized within relational developmental systems theory offers the most coherent and productive framework for integrating and explaining the sometimes conflicting findings on the development of deductive reasoning across the lifespan. This model invokes a distinction that is quite similar to, though not identical with, the system 2-system 1 dichotomy employed in other dual systems models. In addition, the Competence ←-→ Procedural processing model maintains the more specific distinction between algorithmic and reflective subsystems of system 2. In this account, the algorithmic system is represented as a kind of mental logic while the reflective system is the seat of practical and epistemic self-regulation, including emergent epistemic and metalogical norms. While the proposed systems of mind often appear as split-off component features in other dual systems models, relational developmental systems theory conceives of them as the highly complex and relationally integrated outcome of a self-organizing and self-regulating adaptive developmental process. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Volume 31, Issues 2-3, September 2011, Pages 151-179
Dual-process theories have become increasingly influential in the psychology of reasoning. Though the distinction they introduced between intuitive and reflective thinking should have strong developmental implications, the developmental approach has rarely been used to refine or test these theories. In this article, I review several contemporary dual-process accounts of conditional reasoning that theorize the distinction between the two systems of reasoning as a contrast between heuristic and analytic processes, probabilistic and mental model reasoning, or emphasize the role of metacognitive processes in reflective reasoning. These theories are evaluated in the light of the main developmental findings. It is argued that a proper account of developmental phenomena requires the integration of the main strengths of these three approaches. I propose such an integrative theory of conditional understanding and argue that the modern dual-process framework could benefit from earlier contributions that made the same distinction between intuition and reflective thinking, such as Piaget's theory. © 2011 Elsevier Inc.
Volume 30, Issue 3, September 2010, Pages 308-330
Derek E. Montgomery | Timothy E. Koeltzow
The day-night task is a widely used measurement of interference control in young children between ages 3 and 7. This integrative review examines the development of interference control by describing day-night task performance. We outline essential task demands and task variants, describe theoretical explanations of performance, highlight key methodological concerns relevant to future research, and speculate upon the neural events that likely correspond to distinct components of task performance. The review concludes with suggestions for future investigation. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.
Volume 30, Issue 2, June 2010, Pages 116-127
Ellen A. Wartella | Rebekah A. Richert | Michael B. Robb
Baby media have exploded in the past decade, and children younger than 2 are showing increased use of these baby media. This paper examines the historical evidence of babies' use of television since the 1950s as well as the various factors that have given rise to the current increase in screen media for babies. We also consider the ubiquitous role of television in American families, the impact of evidence regarding the educational benefits of educational television on preschoolers, and positive parental beliefs about the usefulness of such educational media in preparing young children for schooling. Finally, we examine the theoretical issues of importance for guiding research into the interactions between media exposure and cognitive development, including the role of media in changing the context of children's development and constraints on the kinds of things babies can learn from screen media. Lastly, we suggest that screen media may indeed be changing the nature of children's development. © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_6091.txt | Nerve conduction studies (NCS) measure how well and how fast nerves can send electrical impulses. An electromyogram (EMG) measures the electrical activity of muscles both at rest and during contraction.
During an exam, a doctor may find a weakness in a specific muscle of the arm or leg. Back and neck NCS/EMG studies help to identify why this muscle may be weak and pinpoint where a nerve blockage may be occurring. Muscles cannot contract well if they do not have full nerve flow, and this may limit your ability to function normally. The test is based on placing needles into the arm or leg and measuring the length of time required for an electrical signal to pass down the nerve root.
Nerve conduction studies are most commonly performed for conditions that cause symptoms in the arms or legs. Some of the diagnoses include radicular symptoms, herniated disc, stenosis and nerve root compression. Testing can also evaluate for non-spinal causes of limb pain and weakness such as carpal tunnel syndrome and peripheral neuropathy. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_2863.txt | Use the nine “Avalanche Problems” to understand avalanche types. Learn to approach the mountain with an eye toward current avalanche conditions and avalanche problems to assist in making wise terrain choices.Avalanche Problems Toolbox Read More
Published by the Utah Avalanche Center. The best way to learn about avalanches and how to avoid them is to take an avalanche class from a qualified instructor. You can get a good introduction to understanding avalanches by studying avalanche articles, books, and videos. It’s also important to keep your skills current.
These resources provide a great way to brush up on skills and keep up with the latest technology, theory, and professional practice.Utah Avalanche Center – Tutorials Read More
“In Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain, 3rd Edition, acclaimed snow and avalanche expert Bruce Tremper provides easy-to-understand avalanche safety tips and skills, including the latest snow research and techniques for evaluating snowpack, as well how to rescue companions in the event of an avalanche.“Staying Alive in Avalanche Terrain, 3rd Edition Read More
“Avalanche Essentials is for everyone who wants to learn the fundamentals of avalanche awareness, focusing on systems and checklists, step-by-step procedures, decision-making aids, visual terrain and weather cues, rescue techniques, gear, and more.”Avalanche Essentials: A Step-by-Step System for Safety and Survival Read More
“Follow Piper the border collie and her canine classmates through a season of avalanche rescue training. As they learn the skills they need to become snow rescue dogs, you’ll learn about the work these amazing canines do and about avalanche safety.”Avalanche Dog Heroes: Piper and Friends Learn to Search the Snow Read More
Avalanche.org connects the public to avalanche information and education in the United States. Avalanche.org is a partnership between the American Avalanche Association (A3) and the US Forest Service National Avalanche Center (NAC). The site consolidates data from professional forecast centers to provide real-time avalanche information.Avalanche Basics from Avalanche.org Read More
Know Before You Go is a free avalanche awareness program. Not much science, no warnings to stay out of the mountains, no formulas to memorize. In 1 hour, you will see the destructive power of avalanches, understand when and why they happen, and how you can have fun in the mountains and avoid avalanches. The Know Before You Go program is non-profit and depends on grants and donations. KBYG is a program of the Utah Avalanche Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.Know Before You Go – Avalanche Education Read More |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_4930.txt | There are three basic types of phobias:
1. Agoraphobia is the intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of a variety of non-specific situations where escape is difficult or help might be unavailable if a panic attack occurs.
2. Specific phobia is the intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of a specific object or situation (e.g., flying, heights, injections, animals).
3. Social phobia, or Social Anxiety Disorder, is the intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of social situations where there is the potential of being scrutinized or negatively judged by others. Exposure to the phobic object or situation will usually precipitate cued (expected) panic attacks, and subsequently lead to avoidance. In children, the fear and anxiety may be expressed by crying, tantrums, freezing, or clinging to caregivers. The fear must be considered within a cultural context and must be out of proportion to any actual danger or threat. Some children and some adults recognize their fear is excessive or unrealistic. Others do not. To meet diagnostic criteria, the symptoms must be persistent, usually lasting at least 6 months or more.
Specific Phobias involve an excessive fear or anxiety that is triggered by the anticipation or exposure to a particular object or situation. There is a quick response to the stimulus; usually cued (expected) panic attacks, or limited symptom panic attacks. Children may express this fear as crying, tantrums, freezing, or clinging to caregivers.
Specific Phobias are divided into five types. They are listed here in order of frequency in adults, beginning with the most common:
1. Situational Type (bridges, boats, airplanes, etc.);
2. Natural Environment Type (thunderstorms, heights, etc.);
3. Blood-Injury-Injection Type (seeing blood, getting an injection, etc.);
4. Animal Type (dogs, snakes, rats, etc.);
5. Other Type (clowns, fear of vomiting, etc.).
It is not unusual to have more than one phobia. Having one phobia increases the chances of having another.
The phobic object or situation nearly always provokes an immediate fearful or anxious response. The fear and anxiety is out of proportion to any real danger, or it is more intense than needed. For instance, fear of certain objects such as snakes, or certain situations such as the dark, are quite common. However, an intense fear of snakes in an environment populated by poisonous snakes, or the fear of darkness in high crime areas might not be out of proportion to the real danger. In these cases, the diagnostic criteria might not be met. Therefore, context and culture must be considered.
It is important to keep in mind that a diagnosis is not warranted if there is no marked impairment in functioning or significant distress. For example, having an irrational fear of kangaroos would not be diagnosed as a phobia if someone does not live in the Australian Outback since it is unlikely to cause impairment in functioning.
To meet diagnostic criteria, the symptoms must be persistent, usually lasting at least 6 months or more. Treatment for Specific Phobia is found in the treatment section.
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia) is an excessive, intense fear of public performance, or social situations. People with this disorder are highly fearful of public embarrassment. They have an intense fear of appearing foolish, weak, or otherwise inadequate. Like all phobias, cued (expected) panic attacks are a common symptom. Also like other phobias, phobic situations are avoided or tolerated with great distress. Blushing, trembling, or difficulty speaking are frequently evident during cued (expected) panic attacks. In children, the symptoms may be expressed as crying, tantrums, freezing, clinging to caregivers, shrinking away from social interactions, or a failure to speak in social situations. Children must demonstrate these symptoms in peer settings, not just during interactions with adults. The fearful or anxious response must persistently occur in reaction to, or anticipation of, most social situations.
Clearly, culture determines social norms. Therefore, symptoms must be considered within a cultural context. For example, in some cultures it is impolite to make direct eye contact. Furthermore, it is quite normal to become highly anxious when other people attempt to make direct eye contact. Therefore, a person who exhibits this behavior does not meet the diagnostic criteria because the fear is not excessive or extreme for that culture.
Social Phobia typically includes fear of: 1) public performance or other observation by others, 2) social interactions. Public performance anxiety occurs in the context of public speaking. Some examples are a teacher calling upon a student in class, or an employee making a sales presentation at work. People with public performance anxiety are typically worried that others will notice their shaking hands and trembling voice. They fear they will be dreadfully embarrassed and negatively judged by others. Children and adults with this disorder may also be afraid to eat or drink in front of others because they fear people will notice their shaking hands, or that they will do something embarrassing (such as spill their drink).
Social interaction anxiety occurs in the context of social events. Some examples are birthday parties, office parties, wedding receptions, or any gathering of people such as a nightclub. It also includes having conversations with others, and meeting unfamiliar people. People with this type of anxiety have excessive concerns about negative judgment, ridicule, or embarrassment.
In children, typical symptoms include being very shy in unfamiliar places; staying close to familiar individuals (like their parents); and turning down playgroups; or being the outsider of the group. Unlike adults, children usually cannot avoid these situations and can have a hard time understanding why they are anxious. Signs may include refusing to go to school, or avoiding participation in activities appropriate for their age. In older children and teens, some temporary social avoidance or anxiety can be normal. However, this diminishes after a short period of time. For instance, a preteen boy goes through a phase where he avoids speaking with girls his own age. In order to meet the diagnostic criteria, children and teens must demonstrate diminished functioning (when compared to their prior level of functioning), or fail to meet generally accepted standards of functioning for their age group and culture.
To meet diagnostic criteria, the symptoms must be persistent, usually lasting at least 6 months or more. Treatment for Social Phobia is found in the treatment section. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_45296.txt | Religion has long been a significant part of the varied socio-cultural practices enacted in the Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalaya. However, religious practice in daily life is perceptibly different and more diverse than the scripturally and institutionally regulated forms, sometimes even being contrary to them. These “cross-cultural explorations and comparisons of different religious imaginations of nature” prevalent in Darjeeling are neither strictly outside codes and cannons nor within. These are negotiated in terms of observances and practices in the ecological context in which they are carried out. Mostly these are accepted, adopted, and adapted both at the individual and community levels. This is more conspicuous in terms of water usage, as a public good and as a critical ingredient in the day-to-day religious practices.
In recent times, certain castes and ethnic groups that constitute the Nepali community have begun asserting their respective cultural values, practices, institutions and norms, fearing that these are being eroded. In the process, many everyday practices of the past have once again become the focus of community attention in the form of ‘revival,’ ‘reform,’ or even survival.
The Business of Water
The water supply system of Darjeeling municipality comes from the catchment area of the Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary built in 1910 and 1930. A rapid rise of the population and a huge tourist influx puts tremendous stress on the water supply, especially for drinking water. Even in peak monsoon, Darjeeling experiences serious water crisis. There are more than 32 natural springs in Darjeeling town . These springs are community managed with open access provisions, and individually managed with restricted access. Individuals and families survive with very little water and the same water is utilized for repeated functions.
Scarcity of water has led to the marketization and privatization of water. Darjeeling today has a thriving water business, with a fleet of 105 trucks plying three or four trips a day carrying 5500 to 6500 liters of water on each run. Each truck load of water is sold at an average of Rs. 1000 per truck.
Different religious and ethno-cultural groups express the ever pervasive presence of sacredness of water. through the concept of chokho pani, meaning pure, sacred, or clean water. It usually refers to fresh and flowing water from a spring or a small rivulet. Its sacredness is intrinsically ingrained in oral traditions as well as religious texts and practices, where science is to a large extent secondary and faith is primary. The purity of such water derives from its connection to gods of major religions, to a local deity or spirit, or even to the sanctity of a particular location. chokho pani is used in rituals, prayers, and offerings on a daily basis, and also in the ceremonies related to birth and death.
The concept of chokho pani includes an indigenous practice that conserves water sources by planting specific plants and protecting green cover around its source. In Darjeeling town, people offer chokho pani fetched from nearby springs and also from the municipality system. The reverence for this water is so strong that it can be used in times of ritual as a replacement for Ganga jal, or even holy water used by the Christian population. Over the years, as the scarcity of water in Darjeeling became widely prevalent, people have begun compromising on the quality of chokho pani, to now include any potable water. They still call it chokho – without bothering to verify the water’s source. This ultimately undermines the value of true choko pani collected from Darjeeling’s springs.
Role of Samaj
Despite the rapid socio-cultural changes, a traditional community institution known as a samaj is working to maintain some of the older practices, while focusing on both social welfare and environmental conservation, including water management. The samaj has a long historical context. Samaj today are predominantly geographical entities, mostly crisscrossing administrative villages. They come together and serve the community and families living within a samaj in times of need: births, sicknesses, marriages, deaths, disaster management, and conflict resolution. There are over 150 samaj in Darjeeling town itself.
The samaj also throw light on the fragile interplay and complex interconnections between everyday religion and environmental sustainability in the Himalaya. These samaj have evolved based on the needs of the new environmental situation, where different religious groups, ethnicities, and castes live in relative harmony. They have broken barriers and restrictions by reworking traditions. The samaj exhibit an amalgamation of various religious traditions at the individual family and community levels. The diversity of beliefs is seen in the varied use of chokho pani at Darjeeling’s springs.
Many samaj have installed idols and sacred images at the springs and hold religious ceremonies regularly. Every spring is also associated with naga, sacred snakes that live in the sub-surface, that in Hindu beliefs are known as patal. Naga like a clean environment, so it is essential to pray to the naga and offer them milk. The association of water sources with naga in Darjeeling prevails irrespective of the ethnic community one belongs to.
Everyone believes in chokho pani as it connects all life, yet it has no demonstrated collective social presence. It is a silent observance and private expression, mostly at individual and household levels. Interestingly, many of the springs and other water sources are choked with household and commercial waste. Most of the time, the same chokho pani is used to wash away the waste of Darjeeling. Jhora (waterways) are where people roll their waste down the hill, thereby affecting and polluting springs in low lying areas. Downstream of the springs, temples and houses also have waste flowing in the jhora. This contradiction arises as the waste management system is inadequate and unscientific in one of the oldest municipalities of India. Here, chokho pani is directly polluted by human actions, yet no one is willing to take up collective waste management action,
This means that the strong belief in the sacredness of waters is gradually waning in the quickly changing urban locale of Darjeeling, thereby compromising on polluted water sources and waterways. The co-existence of the sacred with the profane is conspicuous and real. People explain this contradiction and compromise as being the result of rapid urbanization, failed governance, a lack of space, and increasing negligence of civic duty among the people. This was never the case in Darjeeling before, which was once celebrated as the Queen of the Hills.
In many situations, rituals and beliefs are being adapted. A Lepcha commented that “Lepchas use bamboo, banana leaves and spring water for their prayers. My parents want to continue the prayers but I do not see the completeness of the prayers when we do not have access to …… (Because of this) we still go to the confluence of Teesta-Rangeet rivers once a year to offer our prayers. A third generation resident stated “Bengali funerals end with a bath but since the spring in the crematorium in Darjeeling cannot be depended upon to have continuous flow of water , a water tanker follows the funeral procession so that we can have a bath at the crematorium after the cremation”. Another person observed that “we require flowing water to cleanse ourselves at the time of mourning, but since we do not have a spring or river nearby we attach a pipe to a tank uphill and use that water as flowing water to cleanse ourselves during the 13 day mourning”.
These comments reiterate how Darjeeling town, with its mix of cultures and religious practice, is adapting to water stress and concept of Chokho pani.
Mahendra P Lama
[This excerpt is based on the article co-authored with Roshan P Rai and published in the 2016 issue of HIMALAYA. Lama is at present a High End Expert in Institute of South Asian Studies, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China] |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_17476.txt | In response, the Fed says that an audit would interfere with its “independence”.
However, the Constitution does not empower a central bank. And Congress – which created the Federal Reserve in 1913 and which has the power to create credit and money – certainly has the power to audit, dissolve, or do whatever it likes with the central bank (including stripping it of the power to create credit).
I have previously demonstrated that the Fed has done a terrible job of managing the economy, keeping unemployment low, and regulating banks.
And I have previously pointed out that the the independence argument is a red herring.
Indeed, the whole idea of independence means that the Fed should be shielded from political pressure to artificially pump up the economy with easy money right before elections. Congress never intended Fed “independence” to mean independence from Congressional oversight to ensure that the Fed is acting within its mandate and in the best interests of the country. These are two totally different concepts, and the Fed and its boosters are being disingenuous when they argue that an audit will interfere with independence from pressure to pump up the economy right before elections.
Now, in an interview this weekend with Der Spiegel, Paul Volcker – while trying to support the Fed’s argument for independence – actually undermines it:
SPIEGEL: Lawmakers on Capitol Hill are thinking about tougher controls over the Federal Reserve.
Volcker: I think the loss of independence and authority of the Federal Reserve would be a very serious matter for the United States. Not just in terms of monetary policy but in terms of our place in the world. People look to strong, credible institutions and I think the Federal Reserve has been such an institution. If that’s lost or too hamstrung by legislation I think we will regret it.
SPIEGEL: But is the Fed still the same kind of institution as during your tenure as chairman? Or is it now more of a governmental instrument? The Fed is managing the TARP program and is also buying government bonds.
Volcker: In some sense the Federal Reserve is always an instrument of the government. It is a government body but it is independent within government. But you are right in the sense that part of the concern is that they have involved themselves quantitatively in entering markets and in that process, you are supporting some markets and not others. That is an area in which the Federal Reserve has never wanted to get into and one that most central banks don’t want to get into. If you are going to maintain your independence you have to avoid that. To intervene in particular sectors of the market is not the proper role for the central bank over time. It could be justified only by extreme emergency.
Intervening and supporting some market players (Goldman, AIG, etc.) and not others (Lehman, etc.) is precisely what Bernanke has been doing. Whatever can be said for the Fed in the past, picking winners and losers is “not the proper role for the central bank”, in Volcker’s words. Without an audit, we will never know which “winners” were saved and which “losers” were left to die, or why. Nor do we really currently know which bailouts and other actions were truly performed under emergency conditions – to stave off catastrophe – and which were done to help out financial companies for other reasons.
As former Federal Reserve economist William Bergman wrote (he sent me this by email; it was previously published in article form, but is not available on the Web):
One of the principal laws governing audits in the Federal Reserve was passed in 1978, the Federal Banking Agency Audit Act. This law established audit authority in the Comptroller General of the United States, who leads today’s General Accountability Office (GAO). The GAO conducts audits and surveys for a wide range of Federal Reserve activities, with over 100 conducted since 1978. Audit authority also resides in the Federal Reserve Board’s Office of Inspector General, who can audit Board programs as well as Reserve Bank operations when carrying out functions delegated by the Board.
The Federal Reserve’s financial statements are audited every year. The Board of Governor’s financial statements are audited by an independent auditor selected by the Board’s Office of Inspector General. The Reserve Banks’ statements are also subjected to outside audits, conducted by firms retained by the Board of Governors. These latter audits must have been an interesting exercise this year, given the massive expansion in Reserve Bank balance sheets in 2008. In turn, more generally, the Board of Governors conducts a wide range of reviews of Reserve Bank operations as part of its mandated oversight authority.
In this brief review of the Fed audit landscape, it’s worth noting that things haven’t always been this way. From the early 1930s to the early 1950s, for example, one of the shoes was on the other foot, as audit teams from the Reserve Banks examined the Board of Governors books. The GAO was actually precluded by law, law passed by Congress, from audit responsibility for the Fed, at least until the 1978 act referred to above. The main lesson here is that the structure of reporting and audit authority has changed in the past, and it can change again in the future.
But today, authority for auditing the Fed is in place. So why do so many people think we need an Audit the Fed Act?
Well, for one thing, the appearance of extensive auditing authority doesn’t mean audits are effective. Good auditing requires the willingness and ability of auditors to do their jobs. Some people view the Inspectors General, generally, and the Federal Reserve Board’s Office of Inspector General, specifically, as less than effective or independent in pursuing their mandates. In turn, some people question whether the Board’s oversight of the Reserve Banks, including the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, might be less than arms-length. More fundamentally, from the point of view of the supporters of the recently introduced legislation, there are a variety of restrictions on the ability of the GAO to audit the Fed. There are significant exceptions for monetary policy and transactions with foreign central banks and international organizations like the Bank for International Settlements and the IMF. The law proscribes GAO inspections of ‘deliberations, decisions, or actions on monetary policy,’ for example, as well as ‘transactions made under the direction of the Federal Open Market Committee.’ The proposed legislation under H.R. 1207 and S. 604 would remove those exceptions.
Why are the exceptions there in the first place? Well, a widespread mantra has it that Federal Reserve independence is crucial in allowing it to effectively pursue the statutory goals of maximum employment and stable prices. If we let politicians start mucking around in that arena too much, Fed leaders and supporters stress, we aren’t going to see very effective monetary policy. At a ‘town hall’ meeting last weekend, while addressing the audit issue, Fed Chairman Bernanke said ‘I don’t think people want Congress making monetary policy.’ But these audit bills don’t call for the Congress to make monetary policy. They call for broader authority for an independent audit of the Fed, from the General Accountability Office. Supporters feel it this authority would allow the Congress to do a better job of overseeing the performance of an entity to which the Congress has delegated the authority to ‘coin money, and regulate the value thereof,’ under Article I of the U.S. Constitution.
How independent is the Fed, right now, to begin with? The Fed is not an apolitical beast. It has had politicians working there in formal leadership positions as well as staffing roles. The Fed’s regulatory performance matters for the conduct of monetary policy, and the Fed’s relationships with the banks it regulates and bails out deserve scrutiny. Recently, we’ve been through a financial calamity, and have endured the biggest spike in the unemployment rate since World War II. Investment returns crumbled in 2007 and 2008, and Federal Reserve monetary and other regulatory policy played a significant role in this calamity. Looking back a little further, how effective has the ‘independent’ Fed been as source of stable prices? Congress passed the law first mandating ‘stable prices’ as a goal for Fed monetary policy in 1977, and the CPI has tripled since then.
The debate over curtailing the current legal restriction on GAO audits for ‘transactions made under the direction of the Federal Open Market Committee’ makes for a good case in point. This provision, on the surface, helps insulate monetary policy from Congressional oversight and/or second-guessing, promoting independent policymaking. But the FOMC conducts monetary policy under authority delegated by the Congress. It seems reasonable to allow for some form of stronger inquiry in this area, especially after the worst financial and economic crisis since the Great Depression. One facet of a possible future investigation could deal with individual monetary policy ‘transactions.’ Under the quantitative easing posture adopted by the Fed in recent years, with a wider range of financial instruments bought to liquify the banking system and promote monetary and credit growth, the question arises – at what price were those instruments bought? Were they ‘market’ prices, or were they another way to apply public resources to overpay for bad assets and help large financial firms that got into trouble?
That may or may not be a valid avenue of inquiry, but it seems like we could benefit greatly from learning about the broader range of issues that could be tackled.
Audit the Fed? Sounds good to me. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_19074.txt | One of the mysteries of the English language finally explained.
The process of removing salt from seawater.‘the newly constructed plant for the desalination of seawater remains inoperative’as modifier ‘the water supply comes from desalination plants’
- ‘Desalination is for many hopefuls at least one technological solution to the impending crisis.’
- ‘What about the waste by-product from the desalination process, the saltwater concentrate that's left over?’
- ‘Skeptics, however, say nuclear-powered desalination is just a pipe dream.’
- ‘The island features a 1,500 foot airstrip, underground wiring and a desalination facility.’
- ‘Improvements in utility services, road networks, sewage treatment, and water desalination have resulted in a better quality of life.’
- ‘He believes desalination is part of the answer to Australia's water shortage.’
- ‘He said the desalination project was the only way for long-term water supply for Namibia's west coast.’
- ‘Australia makes very limited use of the process of water desalination.’
- ‘If desalination technology can be embraced and developed, arid regions can be liberated from worries about water provision.’
- ‘Reverse osmosis is best known for its use in desalination, the process of turning sea water into drinking water.’
Top tips for CV writingRead more
In this article we explore how to impress employers with a spot-on CV. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_12979.txt | For more info: 021 55734344
The experimental unit generates cold and hot air with the aid of ordinary compressed air. The central element of the experimental unit is a vortex cooling device also known as a vortex tube. In the vortex tube the tangentially incoming compressed air is moved in rapid rotation. This creates a cold and hot air flow in the vortex tube which leaves the vortex tube at opposite ends.
A vortex cooling device does not have any moving parts, is maintenance-free and immediately ready for operation.
The vortex cooling device is used for the convective cooling of high-speed tools, the air conditioning of protection suits and the cooling of switch cabinets. It is particularly suited for use in explosive environments. One benefit here is that the vortex cooling device does not require an electric power supply.
The inlet pressure is measured using a manometer. The compressed air volume and the outlet volume of the hot air flow are each measured using a rotameter. The inlet temperature of the compressed air and the outlet temperatures of the cold and hot air flows are displayed digitally.
The well-structured instructional material sets out the fundamentals and provides a step-by-step guide through the experiments.
Learning Objectives / Experiments
- function and operation of a vortex cooling device
- air flow distribution dependent on the temperature of the cold air flow
- effect of the inlet pressure on heating and refrigeration capacity
functional model for cold air generation using a vortex cooling device (vortex tube) with the aid of compressed air
experimental unit with clear design of all components at the front
simple design, no moving components, wear-free
measuring of the compressed air inlet pressure by manometer
flow rate measurement of compressed air and exhaust hot air by rotameters
digital displays for inlet temperature and outlet temperature of cold and hot air
Vortex cooling device
- inlet pressure: 5,5bar
- air consumption: max. 420L/min
- refrigeration capacity: max. 267W (230kcal/h)
- minimum temperature: -40°C
- maximum temperature: 110°C
- temperature: 3x -50...150°C
- pressure: 0...10bar
- flow rate: 2...25m³/h
Dimensions and Weight
Weight: approx. 50kg Required for Operation 230V, 50/60Hz, 1 phase or 120V, 60Hz, 1 phase
Compressed air: min. 6bar, 25m³/h
Scope of Delivery
1 experimental unit
1 set of accessories
1 set of instructional material |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_542.txt | Warren G. Harding
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Warren Gamaliel Harding (November 2, 1865 – August 2, 1923) was the 29th President of the United States (1921–1923), when he became the sixth president to die in while president. He most likely died because of heart disease.
- "America's present need is not heroics, but healing; not nostrums, but normalcy; not revolution, but restoration; not agitation, but adjustment; not surgery, but serenity; not the dramatic, but the dispassionate; not experiment, but equipoise; not submergence in internationality, but sustainment in triumphant nationality."
- About the quote: Many people think that Harding was the first person to use the word "normalcy" in this speech, but the word was written as early as the 1850s as alternative to "normality"."
- Simple: What America needs right now is not people acting like heroes, but healing; not simple medicines, but normality; not big changes, but rebuilding; not pushing hard, but making small changes; not surgery (doctors fixing people by cutting) but calmness; not very emotional things, but without too much emotion; not experiment, but balance; not getting lost in being international, but staying steady in proud nationality.
- "Practically all we know is that thousands of native Haitians have been killed by American Marines, and that many of our own gallant men have sacrificed their lives at the behest of an Executive department in order to establish laws drafted by the Assistant Secretary of the Navy. ... I will not empower an Assistant Secretary of the Navy to draft a constitution for helpless neighbors in the West Indies and jam it down their throats at the point of bayonets borne by US Marines."
- About the quote: Speech during Warren Harding's 1920 presidential campaign, criticizing Woodrow Wilson's Haitian policies.
- "Let the black man vote when he is fit to vote; prohibit the white man voting when he is unfit to vote."
- Simple: Allow people who are black to vote if they are good people; do not allow white people to vote if they are bad.
- About the quote: Speech delivered to segregated people at Woodrow Wilson Park in Birmingham, Alabama on the occasion of the city's 50 year anniversary.
- Warren G. Harding on Wikipedia
- Warren G. Harding on Wikimedia Commons
- Works by Warren G. Harding on the English Wikisource
Presidents of the United States of America
|Washington · J. Adams · Jefferson · Madison · Monroe · J. Q. Adams · Jackson · Van Buren · W. H. Harrison · Tyler · Polk · Taylor · Fillmore · Pierce · Buchanan · Lincoln · A. Johnson · Grant · Hayes · Garfield · Arthur · Cleveland · B. Harrison · Cleveland · McKinley · T. Roosevelt · Taft · Wilson · Harding · Coolidge · Hoover · F.D. Roosevelt · Truman · Eisenhower · Kennedy · L. B. Johnson · Nixon · Ford · Carter · Reagan · G. H. W. Bush · Clinton · G. W. Bush · Obama| |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_25337_2.txt | placed within a pair of columns themselves, on the other hand one of the columns may only be placed within members that are known class-separately from the others. A given pair of columns can represent a multi-class data set as a triplet with a color in bar-colors, for example, on the first pixel, each of the columns (and their dependencies) must be a column of the data set that has the class-separate label color than, their dependencies, and so on.
Homework On Python
However, where a given parameter has a categorical value, in other words, a parameter may be a categorical variable or a dichotomous variable which either mean or value information from a wide enough range, or are itself variables. This causes a constraint problem in constructing the data set, which may result in the existence of only *4* degrees of freedom, thus the assignment of a specific color format to each of the data sets, that is, the color used. This is not a very perfect data structure consisting of the data sets but is also one of the other problems like that, if there are multiple sets of data points, if only one image data set would be arranged in place while three or more are the sum of the pairings. This is why there are two main categories of problem. Let the parameters represent a pair. These parameters are then encoded linked here a data set of color-color relationships. That is, an image of a pair can be represented by a color component with an intensity of color in bar-colors with the desired color, color degree but the intensity does not for any other colors.
Hire Someone to do Python Homework
Either color representations are used without reference for the rest of data (here colors are from YU-colors) The color encoding for the pair is illustrated in the figure below. Every pair of images is the maximum of color-color relationships, there are more colors than pairs such as red, green, blue. The data sets of data set A which consists in red, green and blue are shown in the left below: Tabel II. A Stereolithography Example, Fourty-Sixteen(12) at 42 Illustrations of Color Attribute Definition These are not the same as having a color but different degrees of color of each pair depending on what color you are searching for.(I am only computing its content here, but I’m obviously not going to touch the identity here.) Tabel III. A Stereolithography Example, Five-Sixteen (1) at 37 Illustrations With Data Table It may be that a real world problem such as a color representation is to be created while the user has the flexibility to choose exactly color/value for all three bar-colors and the corresponding information for the rest of data (shown in the right-below two for example).
Python Project Ideas Book Pdf
If so, then selecting the basic color representation to choose is a really more powerful way of creating the data set. Conversely, this problem is made more difficult when a user has not a sufficient variety of colors, they need different color schemes, and they want to understand how this data set can be written. If that would be the case, then |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_36820.txt | DATE: Monday 10 February 2020: 4pm (1hr)
Monday 27 April 2020 4pm (1hr)
ABOUT THIS WEBINAR
Provide your students with a final boost in their exam preparation, with this focused one-hour webinar on the specific requirements of Pearson Edexcel A Level History Paper 1.
This webinar includes a set of notes which will be sent in advance for teachers to use with their students and which students will be able to use after the webinar to improve their examination revision.
BENEFITS OF THIS WEBINAR
- Understanding of how to approach interpretations
- Focus on what makes an excellent Breadth essay – and pitfalls to avoid
- An insight in the standards expected by the examiners with specific references to recent Examiner Reports
- Practical tips on how to plan answers
- Ideas on how to write detailed, yet concise essays in examination conditions.
Welcome, introductions and sound check
Part 1: Dealing with interpretations
- Definition time! ‘Interpretations’ and ‘Convincing’
- Effective structures in timed conditions: writing frames, sentence starters and judgements
- Looking at the validity of historical arguments
Part 2: Breath essays
- What makes an outstanding essay
- Ensuring you have made a judgment and supported it throughout.
- Avoiding common pitfalls in your answer
WHO SHOULD ATTEND
All students of Pearson Edexcel A-level History
Alana is an experienced examiner and Head of History, with ten years experience as Head of Department and over twenty years teaching experience in range of educational contexts. She is a Senior Examiner with a leading examination board in addition to being a moderator and examiner for various boards. She has acted as a Subject Reviewer for the CCEA and Ofqual, and has presented at GCSE student conferences. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_45359_1.txt | Much Ado About Nothing
Much Ado About Nothing is a comedic play by William Shakespeare thought to have been written in 1598 and 1599, as Shakespeare was approaching the middle of his career. The play was included in the First Folio, published in 1623. Much Ado About Nothing is generally considered one of Shakespeare's best comedies, because it combines elements of robust hilarity with more serious meditations on honor, shame, and court politics. Like As You Like It and Twelfth Night, Much Ado About Nothing, though interspersed with darker concerns, is a joyful comedy that ends with multiple marriages and no deaths.
By means of "noting" (which, in Shakespeare's day, sounded the same as "nothing," and which is gossip, rumour, and overhearing), Benedick and Beatrice are tricked into confessing their love for each other, and Claudio is tricked into rejecting Hero at the altar on the erroneous belief that she has been unfaithful. At the end, Benedick and Beatrice join forces to set things right, and the others join in a dance celebrating the marriages of the two couples.
- 1 Characters
- 2 Synopsis
- 3 Sources
- 4 Date and text
- 5 Analysis and criticism
- 6 Performance history
- 7 Adaptations
- 8 References
- 9 External links
- 10 Related information
- Benedick, A lord and soldier from Padua; companion of Don Pedro
- Don Pedro, Prince of Aragon.
- Don John, "the Bastard Prince," brother of Don Pedro.
- Claudio, of Florence; a count, companion of Don Pedro, friend to Benedick.
- Leonato, governor of Messina; Hero's father.
- Antonio, brother of Leonato.
- Balthasar, attendant on Don Pedro, a singer.
- Borachio, follower of Don John.
- Conrade, follower of Don John.
- Innogen, a ghost character in early editions as Leonato's wife
- Beatrice, niece of Leonato.
- Hero, daughter of Leonato
- Margaret, waiting-gentlewoman attendant on Hero.
- Ursula, waiting-gentlewoman attendant on Hero.
- Dogberry, the constable in charge of Messina's night watch.
- Verges, the Headborough, Dogberry's partner
- Friar Francis, a priest.
- A Sexton, the judge of the trial of Borachio
- A Boy, serving Benedick
- The Watch, watchmen of Messina
- Attendants and Messengers
At Messina, a messenger brings news that Don Pedro, a Spanish prince from Aragon, will return this night from a successful battle, Claudio being among his soldiers. Beatrice, Leonato's niece, asks the messenger about Benedick, and makes sarcastic remarks about his ineptitude as a soldier. Leonato explains that "There is a kind of merry war betwixt Signior Benedick and her."
Upon the arrival of the soldiers, Leonato welcomes Don Pedro and invites him to stay for a month, Benedick and Beatrice resume their "merry war", and Pedro's illegitimate brother Don John is introduced. Claudio's feelings for Hero, Leonato's only daughter, are rekindled upon seeing her, and Claudio soon announces to Benedick his intention to court her. Benedick, who openly despises marriage, tries to dissuade his friend but Don Pedro encourages the marriage. Benedick swears that he will never get married. Don Pedro laughs at him and tells him that when he has found the right person he shall get married.
A masquerade ball is planned in celebration of the end of the war, giving a disguised Don Pedro the opportunity to woo Hero on Claudio's behalf. Don John uses this situation to get revenge on his brother Don Pedro by telling young Claudio that Don Pedro is wooing Hero for himself. A furious Claudio confronts Don Pedro, but the misunderstanding is quickly resolved and Claudio wins Hero's hand in marriage.
Meanwhile, Benedick disguises himself and dances with Beatrice. Beatrice proceeds to tell this "mystery man" that Benedick is "the prince's jester, a very dull fool." Benedick, enraged by her words, swears he will have revenge. Don Pedro and his men, bored at the prospect of waiting a week for the wedding, harbour a plan to match-make between Benedick and Beatrice. They arrange for Benedick to overhear a conversation in which they declare that Beatrice is madly in love with him but afraid to tell him; that their pride is the main impediment to their courtship. Meanwhile, Hero and her maid Ursula ensure Beatrice overhears them discuss Benedick's undying love for her. The tricks have the desired effect: both Benedick and Beatrice are delighted to think they are the object of unrequited love, and both accordingly resolve to mend their faults and reconcile.
Meanwhile Don John plots mischief, hoping to prevent the wedding, embarrass his brother, the Prince, and wreak misery on Pedro's friends Leonato and Claudio. He informs Don Pedro and Claudio that Hero is unfaithful, and arranges for them to see John's associate Borachio enter her bedchamber where he has an amorous liaison (actually with Margaret, Hero's chambermaid). Claudio and Don Pedro are taken in, and Claudio vows to humiliate Hero publicly.
At the wedding the next day, Claudio denounces Hero before the stunned guests and storms off with Don Pedro. Hero faints. Her humiliated father Leonato expresses the wish that she would die. The presiding friar intervenes, believing Hero to be innocent. He suggests the family fake Hero's death in order to extract the truth and Claudio's remorse. Prompted by the day's harrowing events, Benedick and Beatrice confess their love for each other. Beatrice then asks Benedick to slay Claudio as proof of his devotion, since he has slandered her kinswoman. Benedick is horrified and at first denies her request. Leonato and his brother Antonio blame Claudio for Hero's apparent death and challenge him to a duel. Benedick then does the same.
Luckily, on the night of Don John's treachery, the local Watch apprehended Borachio and his ally Conrade. Despite the comic ineptness of the Watch (headed by constable Dogberry, a master of malapropisms), they have overheard the duo discussing their evil plans. The Watch arrest the villains and eventually obtain a confession, informing Leonato of Hero's innocence. Though Don John has fled the city, a force is sent to capture him. Claudio, stricken with remorse at Hero's supposed death, agrees to her father's demand that he marry Antonio's daughter, "almost the copy of my child that's dead" and carry on the family name.
At the wedding, the bride is revealed to be Hero, still living. Claudio is overjoyed. Beatrice and Benedick, prompted by their friends' interference, finally and publicly confess their love for each other. As the play draws to a close, a messenger arrives with news of Don John's capture – but Benedick proposes to postpone his punishment to another day so that the couples can enjoy their new-found happiness.
Stories of lovers deceived into believing each other false were common currency in northern Italy in the sixteenth century. Shakespeare's immediate source could have been one of the Novelle ("Tales") by Matteo Bandello of Mantua, dealing with the tribulations of Sir Timbreo and his betrothed Fenicia Lionata in Messina after King Piero's defeat of Charles of Anjou, perhaps through the translation into French by François de Belleforest. Another version featuring lovers Ariodante and Ginevra, with the servant Dalinda impersonating Ginevra on the balcony, appears in Book V of Orlando Furioso by Ludovico Ariosto, published in an English translation in 1591. The character of Benedick too has a counterpart in a commentary upon marriage in Orlando Furioso, but the witty wooing of Beatrice and Benedick is original.
Date and text
The earliest printed text states that Much Ado About Nothing was "sundry times publicly acted" prior to 1600 and it is likely that the play made its debut in the autumn or winter of 1598–1599. The earliest recorded performances are two that were given at Court in the winter of 1612–1613, during the festivities preceding the marriage of Princess Elizabeth with Frederick V, Elector Palatine (14 February 1613). The play was published in quarto in 1600 by the stationers Andrew Wise and William Aspley. This was the only edition prior to the First Folio in 1623.
Analysis and criticism
The play is one of the few in the Shakespeare canon where the majority of the text is written in prose. The substantial verse sections, nevertheless, are used to achieve both courteous decorum, on the one hand, and impulsive energies, on the other.
Much Ado About Nothing is set in Messina, a port on the island of Sicily, which is next to the toe of Italy. Sicily was ruled by Aragon at the time the play was set. The action of the play takes place mainly at the home and on the grounds of Leonato's Estate.
Themes and motifs
Benedick and Beatrice quickly became the main interest of the play, to the point where they are today considered the leading roles, even though their relationship is given equal or lesser weight in the script than Claudio and Hero's situation. Charles II even wrote 'Benedick and Beatrice' beside the title of the play in his copy of the Second Folio. The provocative treatment of gender is central to the play and should be considered in its Renaissance context. While this was reflected and emphasised in certain plays of the period, it was also |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_30315.txt | The future cleanliness of the Washington region’s drinking water has unexpectedly become a central concern in the national debate over the controversial natural-gas drilling method known as “fracking.”
The gas industry is pushing to allow fracking in the George Washington National Forest, despite fears that it could threaten the cleanliness of the Potomac River. It’s the sole source of drinking water for more than 4 million people in our area.
It’s no surprise that environmental groups are pushing hard to ban fracking in the forest, which includes the Potomac’s headwaters in the Appalachian Mountains.
But I’ve been struck by the strong positions taken by more neutral parties, notably major local water utilities. The D.C. Water and Sewer Authority, the Washington Aqueduct and the Fairfax County Water Authority all oppose fracking in the forest — at least until the dangers are better understood.
“If we permitted it and we were wrong, it would be a catastrophic problem for the nation’s capital,” D.C. Water General Manager George Hawkins said.
“When you consider the risks to a headwater stream in a pristine national forest . . . this is a case where you would err on the side of caution,” he said.
Numerous cities and counties in western Virginia near the forest also are supporting a ban.
A decision by the federal government is expected in the next few months. The sensible thing is to wait two or three years, when we’ll know more about the risks.
The Environmental Protection Agency is doing a major scientific study of whether fracking (the common term for horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing) contaminates water supplies.
The report should be complete by 2016 or 2017. It will be the most thorough, authoritative examination of the issue.
We don’t need the gas right away. There’s lots of fracking yet to be done in spots in Pennsylvania, West Virginia and elsewhere that don’t sit in the highlands of a heavily populated watershed.
Both sides make persuasive arguments about the rewards or risks of fracking. It involves injecting millions of gallons of water, sand and chemicals into the earth under high pressure to fracture shale rock and release gas.
The gas industry argues that it has used the technique safely for decades. It stresses that the surge in fracking in recent years has dramatically increased U.S. natural gas production. That’s a plus, because we rely less on the Middle East for energy and because natural gas is cleaner to burn than coal.
Citing those advantages, Hawkins says D.C. Water is “not ideologically opposed to fracking.”
But critics worry that toxic chemicals could leak or spill during the mining or in the disposal afterward of vast amounts of waste fluids. They note that fracking is now taking place on a larger scale and closer to population centers than in the past.
It doesn’t help that the drilling companies won’t disclose all of the chemicals they shoot into the ground. They say that’s a commercial secret.
It also doesn’t help that fracking is exempted from meeting some standards of the Safe Drinking Water Act. That’s known as the “Halliburton loophole,” in honor of the giant oil field services company once headed by Dick Cheney. He was vice president in 2005 when the provision was adopted.
The George Washington forest case is critical mainly because of an accident of timing. The forest is about to adopt a new, 15-year management plan. So the decision could influence what happens in other national forests.
“Is this the beginning of, ‘Let’s just ban this on all federal lands’? I’m more concerned about that than anything else,” Greg Kozera, president of the Virginia Oil and Gas Association, said.
Technically, a U.S. Forest Service regional official in Atlanta will make the choice. The matter is so politically sensitive that either the Agriculture Department, which oversees the Forest Service, or the White House will decide.
The debate over fracking has been raging for years. Until now, however, it has not had such potential to affect the Washington region directly.
As a result, environmentalists have begun an effort to raise grass-roots awareness. A public meeting at the Arlington Central Library drew 50 people Monday.
“It’s our turn to consider the risks of fracking,” said Dusty Horwitt, a senior analyst at Earthworks, who helped organize the forum.
If the EPA and local water authorities conclude that we can drill for the forest’s natural gas without fouling our water or creating other serious problems, then go for it. But it’s only common sense to be sure beforehand.
For previous columns, go to washingtonpost.com/mccartney. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_8101.txt | The research group from the University of Virginia reported in 2009 a new form of delayed anaphylaxis to red meat related to IgE antibodies to the oligosaccharide galactose-α-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal). Most of these patients had tolerated meat for many years previously. They suspected that some exposure in adult life had stimulated the production of the IgE antibodies. The research focused on tick bites, which are common in the region.
3 patients showed an increase in levels of IgE to alpha-gal of 20-fold or greater after tick bites. IgE antibodies were common in areas where the tick Amblyomma americanum is common.
There was a correlation between IgE antibodies to alpha-gal and IgE antibodies to proteins derived from A americanum.
The results provided evidence that tick bites are a cause, possibly the only cause, of IgE specific for alpha-gal in this area. This is supposedly the first example of a response to an ectoparasite giving rise to an important form of food allergy.
The senior author of the article, Dr. Thomas Platts-Mills, has said during allergy society meetings that he has the alpha-gal issue himself.
The A. americanum tick is associated with subsequent delayed reactions to beef/pork via alpha-gal. There is cat-pork syndrome, which is related to IgE to Fel d2 (cat albumin), which cross-reacts with pork, dog and beef albumin.
Most patients allergic to red meat are sensitized to gelatin. Alpha-Gal IgE might be the target of reactivity to gelatin (JACI, 2012).
In this interview, JACI Associate Editor Dr. Scott Sicherer talks to author Dr. Scott Commins regarding his article "Delayed clinical and ex vivo response to mammalian meat in patients with IgE to galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose":
The reactions are delayed. There is a commercial test for diagnosis. This represents a paradigm in shift in food allergy for 2 reasons:
- reactions are not immediate, they are delayed, despite the presence of IgE antibody. Most IgE-mediated food allergic reactions are immediate.
- the antigen is carbohydrate. Most food allergies are triggered by protein antigens.
The relevance of tick bites to the production of IgE antibodies to the mammalian oligosaccharide galactose-α-1,3-galactose. Commins SP, James HR, Kelly LA, Pochan SL, Workman LJ, Perzanowski MS, Kocan KM, Fahy JV, Nganga LW, Ronmark E, Cooper PJ, Platts-Mills TA. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Mar 29.
Anaphylactic reactions to oligosaccharides in red meat: a syndrome in evolution http://goo.gl/qQXxe
Ectoparasite-induced Galactose-α-1,3-Galactose–Specific IgE Is Associated with Anaphylaxis but Not Asthma http://goo.gl/tq86r
"Ticks causing mysterious meat allergy" story hits the mainstream with CNN report: http://goo.gl/cDOLM
Image source: Giant Microbes Tick (Ixodes Scapularis) Plush Toy.
A Strange Itch, Trouble Breathing, Then Anaphylactic Shock http://nyti.ms/2D79in4 - mammalian meat allergy (M.M.A.) can be confirmed with a blood test that identifies antibodies to alpha-gal
Comments from Twitter:
Nathan Hare M.D. @AllergyTalk: @Allergy Nice summary! |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_32067.txt | Water Facts Man’s very existence depends on water. Water is the major basic commodity of our lives, it sustains all life and is crucial to our existence. Roughly 2/3 of our planet is water but less than 1% is drinking water, found in our freshwater lakes, streams and wells. Nature has its own method of purifying water called the Hydrologic Cycle, but “water is best as nature provides it,” is a common misconception. Practically all natural water needs refinement or treatment to make it safe to drink or more satisfactory to use.
Water Contaminants Contaminants pour into our water resources at a rate of 500,000 tons per day. The earth’s water supply cycle starts in the upper cloud layers. As it falls to the earth as rain or snow, it picks up impurities and gases from the atmosphere. Landing on earth, it seeps over and through the ground, dissolving earth minerals. Passing through limestone, it dissolves calcium and magnesium, the hardness minerals. Iron deposits impart iron to the water. Acidity and sediments are other water issues. Municipal water supplies come from surface reservoirs, such as lakes and rivers, or from underground reservoirs. Usually, municipalities chlorinate the water to make it safe to drink. Sediment is removed by filtration. Tastes and odors are reduced or eliminated. The water is conditioned to comply with certain specifications. However, hardness minerals, tastes and odors are not always reduced to the most desirable levels. Underground reservoirs provide our private water supplies. Because the water is raw and untreated, it can have varying amounts of hardness, iron, tastes, odors, acidity, or combinations of these. Different localities and water levels affect mineral content.
The Hydrologic Cycle The hydrologic cycle is the earth’s natural method of cleansing water. The earth, sun and atmosphere all work together imitating a distiller. It is the largest water purification system known to man. In this cleaning process, surface water evaporates from streams, lakes, etc. and rises to the sky in the form of vapor. The vapor condenses into clouds. When the condensation in the clouds are heavy enough, it falls to earth as rain, snow etc. About 70% of the water will evaporate again. The remaining 30% will replenish surface water. Throughout the hydrologic cycle, water changes from pure to impure and back to pure again.
- Evaporation Surface water is heated by sunlight and evaporates into vapor that ascends into the atmosphere. This is the purest naturally occurring water.
- Condensation When water vapor condenses in the atmosphere, it forms a cloud. The cloud becomes increasingly ‘dirtier’ by picking up impurities – usually in the form of dissolved gases. This atmospheric water is acidic and aggressive. ‘Acidic’ water tends to dissolve virtually all minerals it comes in contact with.
- Precipitation The acidic water returns to earth as precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, etc.).
- Infiltration The water picks up sediment and dissolved minerals as it seeps through the soil becoming hard, brackish and contaminated to varying degrees.
- Evaporation The water eventually heats again and the cycle repeats. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_24812.txt | Price on request
About the artist:
Growing up in a genteel family in New York City, Rockwell Kent was a member of the rugged realist school of landscape painters as well as a popular illustrator and printmaker. His 1930 illustrations for 'Moby Dick' are among his most lasting achievements. He was the first American artist to have work exhibited in the Soviet Union, a reflection of his Communist Party sympathies, which earned him the Lenin Peace Prize in 1967. This espousal of radical politics caused his career to suffer badly in the '50s because his leftist views caused him disdain among many Americans. However, his work, reflecting both realism and modernism, has earned increasing attention from American art historians. His subject matter is wide-ranging including scenes of Maine's Monhegan Island, the Adirondack Mountains, book illustrations, and commercial art renderings for companies including General Electric, Rolls Royce, and Westinghouse. Although his first love was painting, in addition to illustration, he also did fabric, ceramic, and jewelry designs, and spent time as a dairy farmer, carpenter, home builder, and lobster fisherman. His father, Rockwell Kent, Sr. was a partner in a prominent New York City law firm and an entrepreneur in Central American mining investments. His mother, Sara Ann Holgate, was the niece and surrogate daughter of James and Josephine Banker, one of New York's first-millionaire families. Young Rockwell's early childhood was divided between Hudson River Valley, Long Island, and New York City homes, each brimming with cultured surroundings and distinguished persons. However, that comfortable life came to an abrupt end in 1887 with the death from typhoid fever of Rockwell Kent, Sr., which left the mother with Rockwell Jr., age 5, and another son, and a daughter who was born shortly after the father's death. Now in a readjusted circumstance of genteel poverty, Kent was encouraged in his art talent by an aunt, Josie Banker who was a successful ceramic decorator and with whom he traveled in Europe. He studied mechanical drawing and woodworking at the Horace Mann School in New York, and this experience gave him a life-long respect for craftsmanship that is evident in his paintings and drawings. It was also during these years that he developed his understanding of discrepancies between social classes. He later recalled: "When I was a young fellow, I was very much disturbed by seeing some people with lots of money and lots of people with no money" (Smithsonian, 8/2000 by Scott Ferris). From 1900-1903, he joined William Merritt Chase's classes at Shinnecock and then entered the New York School of Art studying with Robert Henri and becoming close friends with George Bellows and Edward Hopper. His special mentor, however, was Abbott Thayer with whom he painted in New Hampshire and whose home was a place of wide-ranging discussion about topics including German lieder and Nordic sagas. All of this encouraged Kent to travel extensively. Later Kent married Kathleen Whiting, the niece of Thayer, and they had five children, but the infidelities and long absences of the artist eventually led to divorce. He was married two other times. He was an inveterate traveler whose wanderlust created subjects from a wide variety of locations and which caused him to be literally the starving artist, dependent upon outside sources for money. One of his supporters was Duncan Phillips, founder of the Phillips Collection in Washington D.C. who for nine years gave Kent $300. a month in exchange for first selection of two paintings a year. Much influenced in Ireland by Thayer, Kent's artistic focus became landscape painting and the relationship between nature and humanity. He spent much time on Monhegan Island in Maine, a place he first visited in 1905 at the suggestion of Robert Henri. Although Kent stayed only until 1910, the place became closely associated with his name. Between 1915 and 1935, he visited Newfoundland, Alaska, Tierro del Fuego, France, Ireland, and Greenland. He also wrote designed, and illustrated a number of travelogues. In 1927, after his marriage to Frances Lee, he settled into a parcel of farmland near Ausable Forks, New York, where he built a studio and felt at home for the first time during his painting career. There he and his wife hosted numerous gatherings of prominent New York people including the Pulitzers, Putnams, and Paul Robeson, Pete Seeger, and John Dos Passos. In 1907, his first exhibition was held in New York, and he also exhibited with George Bellows and John Steuart Curry and members of The Eight before 1920. From 1918, he did numerous wood engravings and lithographs, and he left eighty-six paintings and hundreds of drawings, now scattered among museums. In Fall, 1998, the Monhegan Museum held a retrospective of his oil and ink paintings.
Growing up in a genteel family in New York City, Rockwell Kent was a member of the rugged realist school of landscape painters as well as a popular illustrator and printmaker. His 1930 illustrations for 'Moby Dick' are among his most lasting
Price on request |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_18766.txt | Recently at the Duke University studies have shown a stark and significant relation between the coronary heart diseases and the prostate cancer. The study shows that these two problems might have some common group of the causes and that the two can be closely related. It has been found that the heart diseases are a big risk factor for the prostate cancer cases and the effect it has can be balanced and fought by bringing about certain changes in the lifestyle like weight loss programs, exercises and also having a healthy diet plan. These changes are well known to keep heart diseases at bay and hence are being considered to ward off prostate cancer as well.
The studies hence reveal that all that is good for the heart will eventually turn out to be good for the prostate as well. Coronary attacks have been known to take away the maximum number of lives in the US than any other such like disease. It accounts for approximately 25 per cent of the total death toll there. The risk factors can indeed be many like the obesity, high blood pressure problem, inactivity, and cholesterol; and also cigarette smoking and diabetes as well. In much a similar manner prostate cancer is majorly responsible for so many deaths across the country.
It is just second in line after the lung cancer deaths. Currently the duke team performed a data analysis to test the reduction in the rates of prostate cancer by the usage of a drug called dutasteride. Among these people some even had a history of coronary heart diseases with more problems like hypertension and high cholesterol and diabetes. These were found to be highly likely to develop problems of the prostate as well. Hence it was clearly shown that having a coronary disease does increase the risk of having prostate cancer by up to 35 percent. Though the reason behind this fatal link is yet to be known in detail still the findings quite vindicate the connection. There are hence definitely some short comings in the finding as it relied on the data from a trial that was conducted long time back and which had totally ignored the factors of diet, physical activity and the seriousness and the severity of the heart diseases that could have influenced the results. Hence this provides for a way to work upon next and would turn into the main focus of the research group soon. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_34268.txt | Beware the Pumpkins
Carefully carve letters or words into a pumpkin for a spooky take on a traditional jack-o'-lantern.
Letters or words carved into your pumpkins send your guests a spooky message with our Text Tower. Carve one letter or word per pumpkin. Stack the pumpkins on a dowel to create a tower or line them up along an entryway to spread out your greeting.
Cut the bottoms off the pumpkins (choose one pumpkin per letter) and scrape the interiors clean. Using the photograph at right as an example, freehand-draw a letter onto each pumpkin, using a sewing tracing wheel or sharp poking tool. Use a gouge or scraping tool to remove the skin, scraping only the pumpkin surface without cutting through to the interior.
When all the pumpkins are carved with letters, remove the pumpkin stems and drill a hole in the center top of the tower's lowest and middle pumpkins. Wrap battery-powered lights around a dowel; run the dowel through the holes and into the ground to secure the tower. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_16580_2.txt | , based on the original assumption that the fullness of God’s being dwelt bodily in the life of Jesus.This new ‘theology from below’ was inspired as much by encountering Jesus in the midst of the personal and human struggle for faith on the part of the members of his congregation, as by the narrative of God’s struggle for the redemption of humanity through Christ.15
In Dr. Anderson’s book, The shape of Practical Theology he develops concepts of ministry for the Church. As the chapters unfold we begin to see a view on a complex hermeneutic, based on postmodern thought and the life of Christ. Anderson writes:
Despite the problems with many forms of postmodern thought – its tendency toward to relativism, objective pluralism and continued traces of modernism – the postmodern vision of reality approaches more closely the biblical view than the vision of the so-called modern period. Doing practical theology in the present culture, in which modern and postmodern thought vie for allegiance, calls for critical and cautious reflection on the hermeneutics of divine revelation. To subsume divine revelation under the banner of modern thought with its claim to universal truth is outright arrogance from a theological standpoint. On the other hand, to allow culture and convention to determine what is normative apart from the compelling and convicting reality of God’s self-revelation is only a thinly disguised form of modernism.16
From this line of thinking Anderson states: “While the Bible clearly gives authoritative status to the will of God as a determining factor in theological ethics applied through pastoral care, the Bible cannot be seen primarily as an ethical textbook, whether prescriptively, instructively or illustratively. There is a wrong use of the Bible in attempts to discern God’s will in critical pastoral situations, as well as a right use.”17
Dr. Anderson uses Barth’s teaching and views throughout his book including a chapter entitled, “The Concept of Neighbor in the Ethics of Karl Barth.” It is from Barth’s views that Dr. Anderson develops the concept of Christopraxis in which he states: “Christopraxis as I have attempted to present it, upholds the full authority and objectivity of the divine Word as written in holy Scriptures but only because Scripture itself is contingent on the being of God as given to us through the incarnate Word.”18 This comment along with the following begins to reflect the views of Barth’s belief that the Scriptures have errors and we must see the word through Christ. “But because Scripture is a form of Christopraxis, its infallibility is located in the Christ of Scripture as the only true Word of God and not merely in Scripture as a product of inspiration that could somehow be detached from Christ.”19
It is within this line of thinking we are in danger of losing the only true revelation from God, that which is revealed to us in the Cannon of Scripture. If we say that only what Christ says, and does, is the only “Word of God” we have, then, we are contradicting Christ teachings.
If you abide in Me, and My words abide in you, ask whatever you wish, and it shall be done for you. By this is My Father glorified, that you bear much fruit, and so prove to be My disciples. Just as the Father has loved Me, I have also loved you; abide in My love. If you keep My commandments, you will abide in My love; just as I have kept My Father’s commandments, and abide in His love. These things I have spoken to you, that My joy may be in you, and that your joy may be made full. “This is My commandment, that you love one another, just as I have loved you.”Greater love has no one than this, that one lay down his life for his friends. You are My friends, if you do what I command you. No longer do I call you slaves, for the slave does not know what his master is doing; but I have called you friends, for all things that I have heard from My Father I have made known to you. “You did not choose Me, but I chose you, and appointed you, that you should go and bear fruit, and that your fruit should remain, that whatever you ask of the Father in My name, He may give to you.20
It is evident from this passage, that the central theme of Christ life was His Father in heaven. The revelation that has come to us is not Christ’s, but the Fathers,’ and if we do not except historical theology, then how do we know the Father’s will or concepts for everyday living? According to the Scriptures, it is the Father that communicates His will to man.
Then Miriam and Aaron spoke against Moses because of the Cushite woman whom he had married (for he had married a Cushite woman); and they said, “Has the LORD indeed spoken only through Moses? Has He not spoken through us as well?” And the LORD heard it. (Now the man Moses was very humble, more than any man who was on the face of the earth.) And suddenly the LORD said to Moses and Aaron and to Miriam, “You three come out to the tent of meeting.” So the three of them came out. Then the LORD came down in a pillar of cloud and stood at the doorway of the tent, and He called Aaron and Miriam. When they had both come forward, He said, “Hear now My words:
If there is a prophet among you,
I, the LORD, shall make Myself known to him in a vision. I shall speak with him in a dream. “Not so, with My servant Moses,
He is faithful in all My household;
With him I speak mouth to mouth,
Even openly, and not in dark sayings, And he beholds the form of the LORD.
Why then were you not afraid
To speak against My servant, against Moses?”
So the anger of the LORD burned against them and He departed.21
This passage should not be viewed just as revelation, but direct communication with man. Yet if we reject the historical claims of the Scriptures then we loose all direct communication we have from God and that would eliminate just about all of the Pentateuch. In light of the New Testament, we have Christ teaching his disciples, who then wrote many of the books of the New Testament. What do we do with this revelation taught directly by God in Christ? Should we ignore this as well? What do we do with the two concepts the Scriptures teach about themselves?
But evil men and impostors will proceed from bad to worse, deceiving and being deceived. You, however, continue in the things you have learned and become convinced of, knowing from whom you have learned them; and that from childhood you have known the sacred writings which are able to give you the wisdom that leads to salvation through faith which is in Christ Jesus. All Scripture is inspired by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction, for training in righteousness; that the man of God may be adequate, equipped for every good work.22
For the word of God is living and active and sharper than any twoedged sword, and piercing as far as the division of soul and spirit, of both joints and marrow, and able to judge the thoughts and intentions of the heart.23
Should these principles be ignored? Dr. Anderson’s concept of Christopraxis has merit and his chapter on forgiveness is outstanding, but all of this can be developed without the forfeit of inspiration. And without inspiration, where do we go for an authoritative word for everyday living or for true knowledge about God? Is there another book or work out there claiming to speak for God with the same authority and power as the Holy Scriptures? If we, as Christian leaders, cannot offer the world an authoritative word from God besides the claims of the Pope or other men, then the world will remain wondering and lost until Christ returns.
To conclude this discussion I find the comments of John Feinberg fitting.
Karl Barth would never grant that theological and religious language is meaningless. On the other hand, he felt that if theology is possible, it is not because one can find evidence for God in the empirical world. In fact, Barth rejected one line of empirical evidence, history, as irrelevant to verifying God’s existence. History was rejected out of fear that one could never be certain about the truth of historical claims, since one has no access to past events. Something so important as God’s existence and one’s eternal destiny could not be allowed to rest on the uncertainties of history.
Despite positivist concerns and his own fears about resting anything significant on history, Barth still believed that it is possible to obtain and verify theological truth. He simply believed that one must attain such knowledge in a different way, a supra-rational way. According to Barth, the key is not what man can discover about God, but that God himself takes the initiative to encounter man. Barth called this encounter with God revelation. The person who encounters God has immediate proof of God’s existence, and no amount of empirical evidence or rational argument against God’s existence can persuade that person that God does not exist. In fact, argument is also irrelevant to establishing God’s existence for someone who has encountered God. Having experienced God, one directly knows He is there. No further argument is necessary. Of course, there is no way (empirical or otherwise) for others to test whether it was God or something else one encountered, but that did not seem to bother Barth. Nor did he seem to be concerned by the thought that possibly one’s own subjectivity led one to think it was God who was encountered when it was not.Van Huysteen’s response to all of this is that Barth’s answer to the question of theology’s rationality was as positivistic as the positivism he rejected. That is, just as the positivists thought a scientist could directly, objectively, and accurately observe the empirical world, so Barth thought the Christian could directly and accurately experience God. The problem, of course, is that contrary to positivism’s approach, no one else could possibly test out (and thus, verify |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_24006_2.txt | circumstances and the financial environment can change, thus adaptability and flexibility are essential for long-term success.
Setting up a budget for your home is a big step toward getting your finances under control. With these blog posts' tips and advice, you can make a budget that works for you and your family and helps you reach your financial goals.
Making a budget can be hard, but it's worth it in the end. You can get a handle on your money and reach your financial goals if you make a budget and stick to it.
Feel free to leave a comment below if you have any questions about making a budget for your home. We're always ready to help. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_8070.txt | Your child may be away from you when disaster strikes, so it’s important teach to him or her how to stay safe during emergencies. To make disaster preparedness fun for youth, Save the Children and Scholastic created the following resources for parents and teachers to share with kids.
Keep the Herd Safe is a fun-filled activities page for children in grades 1-3 to encourage disaster planning and to teach them how to stay connected in the event of an emergency! Parents and teachers can also help children complete In Case of Emergency (ICE) Cards featuring characters from the new animated film “Ice Age: Collision Course.”
Get Ready, Get Safe! Do your children know how to do the Prep Step? Save the Children’s Prep Step video combines valuable safety tips with fun dance moves to get kids excited about preparedness. You can also download the Prep Step song for children to listen to while on the go. Download today and get moving!
Making preparedness fun and easy for kids is one of the best ways to get them involved in their own safety. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_50831_1.txt | Many external flashes support the automatic (or A) mode. What is this Automatic mode? It is explained on the Flash Exposure Control page. With the automatic mode, a user provides the flash with an aperture and ISO value for correct exposure. Then, the camera triggers the flash, which uses its on-board flash sensor to measure the scene illumination and cut off its power when the scene illumination becomes sufficient based on the given aperture and ISO settings. Thus, the illumination measurement of the flash is independent of the camera light meter. You can easily determine if a particular external flash is capable of the automatic mode by checking its manual or by examine its front panel to find a small hole that houses the flash sensor. The following image shows the location of flash sensor of four external flashes. They are, clock-wise starting from the lower-left corner, Sunpak DS20, Nikon SB-80DX, Sunpak PZ5000AF and Nikon SB22s.
|Flash sensors: Nikon 22s, Nikon SB-28 and Sunpak Digital Flash|
The automatic mode requires two user input: aperture and ISO sensitivity. The ISO sensitivity is easy to understand because it is exactly the ISO value used by the camera. The aperture is a little confusing to many beginners. In general, the flash aperture (i.e., the aperture used by a flash) is the aperture used by the camera. However, we do not have to follow this rule precisely, and, as a result, it is important to understand the meaning of an aperture on a flash. An aperture, say Fx.y, on a flash indicates the maximum available flash output that the flash will be used to illuminate the scene. The reason the word maximum is used is that the flash sensor may cut off flash power early before the maximum power is reached when it "sees" the scene illumination is sufficient, and, hence, the actual flash output may be lower than that of the preset Fx.y. For example, suppose the flash aperture is set to F8.0. Due to some reason such as the scene is illuminated well by ambient, the flash power may be cut off early, say F6.0, before it can reach F8.0.
If the camera and flash both use F8.0, the flash must prepare an illumination that can go as high as F8.0. The power for F8.0 is twice the power of that for F5.6 because the opening for aperture F8.0 is 50% of the opening of the aperture F5.6, and to maintain the same amount of illumination the flash must send out twice the power of F5.6 for the F8.0. Therefore, a small aperture used on a flash causes the flash sends out more flash power, and the flash output for F8.0 is twice of the flash power of F5.6, which, in turn, has a output power twice of the F4.0. We shall use various sample shots to illustrate this fact.
It is easy to use the Automatic mode with your FZ-10. The following is a possible procedure of using an external flash that supports the automatic mode and has an aperture setting capability.
Your external flash may not be powerful enough to illuminate the scene with a given aperture. Recall that the guide number of a flash is equal to the product of flash-subject distance and aperture. Therefore, if the selected aperture is small (resp., large), the flash-subject distance must be short (resp., long) to properly illuminate the scene.
For example, suppose we use ISO 100 and a flash of GN 50. If we choose to use F8.0, the flash-subject distance should be less than or equal to 50/8 = 6.25 ft. If the flash-subject distance is larger than this value, the image will be under-exposed. Should this happen, use a larger aperture or move your flash closer to the subjects.
Moreover, each external flash has its own minimum power output. If the flash-subject distance is too short, it is possible that the flash will not be able to reduce the power further to match the selected large aperture, then you will have an over-exposed image. Should this happens, use a smaller aperture and/or move away from your subject to increase the flash-subject distance.
Let us use a few examples to illustrate this procedure. The first one uses Nikon's SB-22s, a small external flash. Although we use a Nikon SB-22s, most flashes should share the same procedure. The vertical slide in the left edge of the back panel is for choosing the ISO speed. In the left image below the ISO speed is set to 100. Many flashes do not permit to choose an arbitrary aperture in the Automatic mode. Instead, they provide a number of pre-selected apertures. In the case of SB-22s, there are four such selections as shown in the top part of the image (i.e., four positions under the letter A). The slide is positioned at the second aperture setting from the right. Note that the flash is in the A mode. With this setting, the flash selects F5.6, which is highlighted. Then, the horizontal scale next to 5.6 provides the effective range of using F5.6. In the image, it is 2 ft to 15 ft. Therefore, as long as the flash-subject distance is within this range, the subject will be properly illuminated. What we need to do is to set the camera to use aperture F5.6 in the aperture-priority mode, and take the shot. Note that if the flash-subject distance is larger (resp., shorter) than 15 ft (resp., 2 ft), you will likely get under- (resp., over-) exposed results. Note also that what is important is the flash-subject distance rather than the camera-subject distance. Hence, as long as the flash-subject distance is within the indicated range, it does not matter how large or how small the camera-subject distance is. Well, at least in theory!
|Nikon 22s's back panel|
On the other hand, we can also use flash-subject distance to find an aperture. Suppose the flash-subject distance is slightly larger than 20 ft. From the 20 ft vertical line as shown in the right image above, we see that aperture F2.8 is needed. Hence, both the flash and camera are set to use F2.8 and ISO 100.
The second example uses a high power flash, Sunpak PZ5000AF. The following is the back panel of a Sunpak PZ5000 AF. It shows that the ISO speed and aperture are 100 and F2.0, respectively, and the focal length is 50mm. The scale indicates under F2.0 the effective distance is about 7 ft to 52 ft. Thus, as long as your subjects are within this range, the A mode will illuminate the scene properly.
|Sunpak PZ5000AF's back panel|
The third example uses Nikon's SB-28. The following is the back panel of a Nikon SB-28. It shows that the ISO speed is 100, the aperture used is F2.8, the focal length is set to 24mm, and the effective flash-subject distance is approximately 1 meter (3 ft) and 10 meter (30 ft). Thus, as long as the subject is within 3 ft and 30 ft from the flash, the exposure should be a correct one.
|Nikon SB-28's back panel|
It is possible that your flash unit does not allow you to set the aperture. In this case, the procedure discussed in the previous section may not work. However, you still can use the Automatic mode, if your flash supports it. Here is a modified procedure:
Let us take a look at an example. Most non-TTL flashes have some kind of "exposure" table on their back panel. The form may vary; but, the idea is to incorporate the relation of ISO speed, aperture, and flash-subject distance into an easy-to-read table. The following is the table on the back panel of Sunpak's Digital Flash. (The Sunpak DS 20 has the same table.) This is a generic non-TTL flash that can be used in the automatic mode, manual mode and slave mode. Other flashes may have a table different from this one; but, in general, the way of using it should be similar. The ISO speed is represented as south-west to north-east diagonal lines (shown in red). On each diagonal, there are a number of combinations of aperture (shown in blue) and its corresponding flash-subject distance (shown in green). Suppose we intend to use ISO speed 100. Then, we should look up the diagonal starting with the corresponding ISO speed. In the figure this diagonal is shown in red. If the selected aperture is F8.0, we should trace the horizontal line starting with F8.0, shown in blue, until it intersects the diagonal. The vertical line through the intersection point, shown in green, gives the flash-subject distance 6.6 ft. On the other hand, if the position of the flash is chosen first at some distance, say 13 ft, then we should trace the vertical line starting with 13 ft until it intersects the diagonal. The horizontal line through the intersection point gives the corresponding aperture. In this case, the aperture is F4.0.
|Sunpak Digital Flash's back panel|
The following is another way of presenting the ISO, aperture, and flash-subject distance information. Suppose the ISO speed is 100. The row of 100 shows the relationship between aperture and its corresponding flash-subject distance. For example, if the flash-subject distance is 16 (resp |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_29396.txt | Artificial sweeteners or sugar substitutes are synthetic chemicals that offer the sweetness of sugar to your food without adding calories. Though, generally thought as safe or even healthy, consumption of these food additives for long period of time is found associated with weight gain, impaired glucose tolerance and development of type 2 diabetes.
In diabetes, people suffer from abnormal blood sugar control due to lack of insulin and/or insulin resistance. As, artificial sweeteners don’t affect blood sugar levels, these are considered “free foods” (with < 20 calories or < 5 gm of carbohydrates) on a diabetes exchange and considered safe alternatives to table sugar for diabetics.
Foods made with artificial sweeteners are marketed as “light”, “low calorie”, “low carb”, “sugar free”, “diet foods” or “health foods”. Though, substituting sugar-sweetened foods with artificially sweetened ones may look like a healthy choice, these products have their downsides too, especially when these are consumed regularly and in large amounts, to shed weight and prevent long-term chronic diseases like diabetes.
Do artificial sweeteners affect diabetes?
As more and more people are eating and drinking sugar-free foods and beverages (such as diet soft drinks, non-carbonated soft drinks, baked goods, frozen desserts, candy, light yogurt, chewing gum) and using sugar substitutes in cooking and baking, following are the main concerns about long-term “safety” of consuming artificially sweetened food products:
- Research suggest that there is a “rebound” effect, where people misperceive sugar-free foods as healthy and consume more of an unhealthy type of food, which leads to weight gain and increased risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease.
- In a 2009 study of 6,800 subjects a positive association was found between consumption of diet drinks and metabolic syndrome (high blood sugar, cholesterol and blood pressure levels). Infact, this study states that daily consumption of diet soda may increase risk of type 2 diabetes by whopping 67%.
- Artificial sweeteners aren’t “metabolically inert” and may interfere with normal metabolic processes and body’s ability to control glucose levels in the blood. Regular consumption of these can make body’s cells resistant to the insulin, which leads to both elevated blood sugar and insulin levels.
- Besides, changes in body’s response to sugar with exaggerated post-meal glucose levels, in high habitual non-caloric artificial sweeteners (NAS) users the gut peptides, which prevent the surge of blood glucose levels after eating and drinking were found impaired. This adds on to the increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
- In 2014, another study from Israel found that artificial sweeteners (saccharin, sucralose and aspartame) raised blood sugar levels dramatically and impaired blood-sugar tolerance by changing the microbiotic makeup of the intestine.Can your doctor cure diabetes?
There is a reason for these bad effects of artificial sweeteners. In nature sweetness of any food represents presence of calories in it and sweetness intensity is directly proportional to energy present in it. Diet foods and artificial sweeteners trigger weight gain and increase risk of diabetes because the sweetness in them fools body’s metabolism into believing that more calories are being consumed, when they are not.
Your Body’s Insulin Response to Artificial Sweeteners
This explains the change in body’s insulin response with artificial sweeteners, as physiologically artificial sweeteners react with receptors on the tongue to give sensation of tasting something sweet, this detection triggers brain and gut to stimulate pancreas for releasing insulin to control blood sugar levels, but in this case that glucose spike never comes, so the whole process of blood glucose control through insulin release gets disrupted. As a result, a lower caloric artificially sweetened drink actually triggers a greater metabolic response than a higher caloric natural drink.
In natural foods sweetness and calories are matched, so calories metabolized are registered by the brains reward circuits. Whenever, there is a mismatch in the calories and sweetness, food fail to trigger appropriate metabolic response and brain’s reward circuits fail to register consumed calories. Thus, this unpredictable result of artificial sweeteners on blood glucose levels, besides causing bad effects on health can even trigger unhealthy eating patterns. Studies suggest that artificial sweeteners interfere with body’s innate ability to stop eating when it is full. The mismatch of calories and sweetness in artificially sweetened products, trigger your brain and gut to seek those calories elsewhere, leading to overeating and weight gain. Also, artificial sweeteners are much sweeter than table sugar, so over-reliance on these artificially sweetened foods distorts the taste buds to desire much sweeter foods and tongue to perceive naturally sweetened foods such as fresh fruits and honey as unappealing and bland.
Concerns Over The Safety and Long Term Use of Artificial Sweeteners
Though, in U.S. five artificial sweeteners are approved by FDA as human food additives. Concerns over the safety and long term health effects of these, made FDA to set “acceptable daily limits” of consumption for each of these i.e. saccharin and sucralose – 5 mg per day; acesulfame K – 15 mg per day; neotame – 18 mg per day; and aspartame – 50 mg per day. However, if you consume only artificially sweetened food products, you may cross these acceptable daily limits easily and consume these synthetic sweeteners at a level that are not “safe”.
All artificial sweeteners are not same chemically and structurally, so different sweeteners will have different metabolic effects. For example, sugar alcohols (erythritol, isomalt, lactitol, xylitol or other sugar alcohols) are reduced-calorie sweeteners with about half the calories of table sugar but food manufacturers are allowed to label and market foods containing these sugar alcohols as “sugar-free” or “no-added sugar”. This means even if product is labelled sugar-free, it has some amount of sugar and will affect blood glucose levels. Besides, artificially sweetened processed foods are often high on “empty calories”, as these are nutritionally poor, full of trans fat and refined carbohydrates, so even with sugar-free labels these are not a healthy addition to your diet.
There are other concerns regarding the safety of diet sodas, including phosphoric acid (which creates a more acidic environment in the body), coloring and flavoring agents of questionable safety, residue of aluminum and plastic BPA from the containers, etc.
Some experts today are recommending avoidance of all or most carbohydrate foods, including fruits, whole grains, and legumes. These whole foods have a near flawless track record in scientific literature of enhancing health. Fruit improves health. Fruit juice is more concentrated in sweets and missing the “matrix” of the fiber. Eat foods in as close to their natural state as possible. This guideline means that fruit is good for you, but diet soda is not.
In the long-run, to lose weight or keep blood glucose levels stable, you must aim to lower the consumption of artificially sweetened foods and eat balanced diet predominantly based on vegetables, fruits and whole grains and using natural sweeteners (Stevia, Truvia, Monk Fruit) as an “occasional” treat. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_21803.txt | Mental Health Challenges With Distance Learning
Mental Health Challenges With Distance Learning Sitting on the sofa in your pajamas and staring at the monitor for several hours is not the typical student-classroom experience. But in light of the pandemic, distance learning has become part of our new normal. More than a year since the start of the pandemic, most countries around the world have employed isolation and containment protocols to minimize the spread of disease. One of these protocols includes closure of educational institutions, from the kindergarten level up to the universities. As a result, education has changed drastically, with the transition from traditional school-based learning […]Read More
What To Do When Consequences Don’t Work
Rethinking Punishment: What To Do When Consequences Don’t Work Enforcing accountability is a typical rigid parenting method used by millions worldwide. It usually involves rewarding children when they behave well and punishing them for bad behavior. Though theoretically, it may seem logical to teach children that actions have consequences, it is anything but fail-safe. We expect children to form a natural aversion to bad behavior by punishing them. However, as most parents know too well, children sometimes don’t respond as well to such punishments. They get stuck in negative behavior patterns like refusing to study after school or getting ready […]Read More
Emotional Needs Of Children With Learning Disabilities
Emotional Needs Of Children With Learning Disabilities Parents and teachers play a big role in the lives of children by shaping their personality and polishing their skills. Every child has some emotional needs that need to be met. However, when a child is diagnosed with a learning disability, academic success typically becomes parents’ and teachers’ primary goal. While this is equally important and promotes the child’s well-being, understanding how the learning disability affects the child’s emotions is also essential. The emotional state of children with learning disabilities hugely depends on the support networks available for them – not all exhibit […]Read More
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children It is normal for children to have occasional episodes of trouble focusing and behaving. However, persistent behavioral problems with children, pervasive inattention, and hyperactivity maybe something different. What is Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder? Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or ADHD is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders. ADHD is often first noticed and diagnosed in childhood and can persist throughout adulthood. Oftentimes, children have episodes of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that can interfere with their functioning and development. How Common is ADHD? ADHD is quite a common occurrence among children. It carries a high rate of comorbid […]Read More
Anxiety Disorders in Children
Anxiety Disorders in Children Growing up means facing new challenges and this can lead to uncertain and nerve-wracking situations that bring about anxiety in children. What is Anxiety? An article published in the Cambridge University Press defined anxiety as an uncomfortable experience characterized by emotional (unease, distress), cognitive (fears, worries, helplessness), physiological (muscle tension), and behavioral (avoidance) changes. Anxiety is a normal emotion that everyone experiences at some point in their lives. It manifests with a variety of behavioral, affective, and cognitive responses. Just like adults, even children experience anxiety and it is regarded as a normal part of childhood. […]Read More
How to Manage Autism Meltdowns
How to Manage Autism Meltdowns, Tantrums, and Aggression All parents have been through the phase when their child breaks into tears, rage, and throws tantrums at home, at the park, at other places. However, having an autistic child means you witness these tantrums and meltdowns more often. For someone unaware, an autistic child having a breakdown might look like a child having a temper issue, but the situation is often more complicated than what appears. Those who have or look after a child with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) know that dealing with a meltdown is different and requires knowledge about […]Read More
Parenting an ADHD Child: How to Keep Your Hyperactive Kid Focused?
Is your child hyperactive? Are you looking for sustainable ways to parent your child with ADHD? There are several natural ADHD treatments available. So, what exactly is ADHD? Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder linked to the likelihood of impulsive behaviors due to excessive hyperactivity. You may encounter your child’s inability to focus on one thing at a time – engendering issues with prioritizing, following through, or finishing tasks altogether. Hence, organization may not be their best suit. It also means that they experience restlessness; it is strenuous for them to sit motionless, in one spot, for […]Read More
Play Therapy: What Is Play Therapy, How Does Sand Play Work, and How Would It Benefit My Child?
Children are indeed a gift for the world. Who doesn’t love those cute giggling faces and innocent minds? These little humans are often more susceptible to changes in their environment or people’s attitude towards them than adults. When a child unusually goes quiet and shy, it is a red alert that something is wrong. More often than not, parents find it extremely difficult to understand the emotions of their children. Identifying the problem your child faces with professional help is crucial in such cases. Parents love their children the most, but not being able to communicate with them is a […]Read More |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_14247.txt | Since the nuremberg trials of the holocaust, no perpetrator had been convicted for that crime in june 2006, human rights groups urged the tribunal to also address war crimes and crimes against humanity alleged to have been committed by the tutsi rwandan patriotic army during reprisals following the genocide. Armenia to rwanda - genocide in the 20th century - has humanity learnt anything speech by dr sev ozdowski oam, human rights commissioner at the armenian genocide commemorative lecture, nsw parliament theatrette, thursday 29 april 2004. The united nations genocide convention and the geneva convention on the laws and customs of war were formed as a result of the nuremberg trials, explains the history channel the universal declaration of human rights also emerged as a result of the trials the nuremberg trials were a series of.
The rise of human rights always comes from deprivation the signs of genocide start early the nuremberg trials and codifying our rights the rwandan genocide. Samantha power, director of the human rights initiative at the kennedy school of government at harvard university, is writing a book, again and again, on american responses to genocide since the. Response10the nuremberg trials thus applied the familiar paradigm of war crimes onto the events of world war ii in a way that obscured the war's new and distinc- tive crime, namely genocide, and ultimately failed to prosecute it.
Genocide: the deliberate denial of the right of existence and destruction of an entire ethnic group at the international criminal tribunal for rwanda, the first since the nuremberg trials. The writer is a former executive director of human rights watch a version of this article appears in print on , on page a 20 of the new york edition with the headline: crime and punishment in the. The nuremberg model has influenced the conduct of contemporary trials of human rights violators in emerging democracies and is being put to the test in the former yugoslavia and rwanda, where prosecutors must do their work in the midst of ongoing.
The rwandan genocide and its ongoing ramifications is an international atrocity, but one that is now rarely discussed in western media adopted daughter of a british international human rights. The un adopts the convention of the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide the un general assembly adopts the universal declaration of human rights , the primary international articulation of the fundamental and inalienable rights of all human beings and the first comprehensive agreement among nations with regards to the specific. Nuremberg trials effects genocide is a crime under international law, contrary to the spirit and aims of the united nations and condemned by the civilized world.
In december of 1948, the united nations genocide convention was adopted by the united nations general assembly, signing into effect what has become a cornerstone of international law the. But it was not until lemkin coined the term and the prosecution of perpetrators of the holocaust at the nuremberg trials genocide in rwanda human rights. Will be on the crime of genocide and the rwandan experience of resulted in the nuremberg trials doctrine of human rights and duties under international law. War crime: war crime, in the commission's report recommended that war crimes trials be in november 1994 the un responded to charges of genocide in rwanda by.
Fromrwanda and genocide in the twentieth the definition of what constitutes a crime against humanity was established at the nuremberg trials however, despite the significance of this, the. Email a copy of the holocaust and human rights: lessons learned and actions to be taken to a friend and more recently the rwandan genocide, so unspeakable, is not only the horror of the. The issue of intent in the genocide convention and its effect on the prevention and punishment of after the nuremberg trials, many were concerned with the gap in. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_42371.txt | Exercise 38: Doing Things to Lists
You have learned about lists. When you learned about while-loops you "appended" numbers to the end of a list and printed them out. There were also Study Drills where you were supposed to find all the other things you can do to lists in the Python documentation. That was a while back, so review those topics if you do not know what I'm talking about.
Found it? Remember it? Good. When you did this you had a list, and you "called" the function append on it. However, you may not really understand what's going on so let's see what we can do to lists.
When you write mystuff.append('hello') you are actually setting off a chain of events inside Python to cause something to happen to the mystuff list. Here's how it works:
- Python sees you mentioned mystuff and looks up that variable. It might have to look backward to see if you created with =, if it is a function argument, or if it's a global variable. Either way it has to find the mystuff first.
- Once it finds mystuff it reads the . (period) operator and starts to look at variables that are a part of mystuff. Since mystuff is a list, it knows that mystuff has a bunch of functions.
- It then hits append and compares the name to all the names that mystuff says it owns. If append is in there (it is) then Python grabs that to use.
- Next Python sees the ( (parenthesis) and realizes, "Oh hey, this should be a function." At this point it calls (runs, executes) the function just like normally, but instead it calls the function with an extra argument.
- That extra argument is ... mystuff! I know, weird, right? But that's how Python works so it's best to just remember it and assume that's the result. What happens, at the end of all this, is a function call that looks like: append(mystuff, 'hello') instead of what you read which is mystuff.append('hello').
For the most part you do not have to know that this is going on, but it helps when you get error messages from Python like this:
$ python Python 2.6.5 (r265:79063, Apr 16 2010, 13:57:41) [GCC 4.4.3] on linux2 Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information. >>> class Thing(object): ... def test(hi): ... print "hi" ... >>> a = Thing() >>> a.test("hello") Traceback (most recent call last): File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module> TypeError: test() takes exactly 1 argument (2 given) >>>
What was all that? Well, this is me typing into the Python shell and showing you some magic. You haven't seen class yet but we'll get into that later. For now you see how Python said test() takes exactly 1 argument (2 given). If you see this it means that Python changed a.test("hello") to test(a, "hello") and that somewhere someone messed up and didn't add the argument for a.
This might be a lot to take in, but we're going to spend a few exercises getting this concept firm in your brain. To kick things off, here's an exercise that mixes strings and lists for all kinds of fun.
What You Should See
$ python ex38.py Wait there are not 10 things in that list. Let's fix that. Adding: Boy There are 7 items now. Adding: Girl There are 8 items now. Adding: Banana There are 9 items now. Adding: Corn There are 10 items now. There we go: ['Apples', 'Oranges', 'Crows', 'Telephone', 'Light', 'Sugar', 'Boy', 'Girl', 'Banana', 'Corn'] Let's do some things with stuff. Oranges Corn Corn Apples Oranges Crows Telephone Light Sugar Boy Girl Banana Telephone#Light
What Lists Can Do
Let's say you want to create a computer game based on Go Fish. If you don't know what Go Fish is, take the time now to go read up on it on the internet. To do this you would need to have some way of taking the concept of a "deck of cards" and put it into your Python program. You then have to write Python code that knows how to work this imaginary version of a deck of cards so that a person playing your game thinks that it's real, even if it isn't. What you need is a "deck of cards" structure, and programmers call this kind of thing a "data structure".
What's a data structure? If you think about it, a "data structure" is just a formal way to structure (organize) some data (facts). It really is that simple, even though some data structures can get insanely complex, all they are is just a way to store facts inside a program so you can access them in different ways. They structure data.
I'll be getting into this more in the next exercise, but lists are one of the most common data structures programmers use. They are simply ordered lists of facts you want to store and access randomly or linearly by an index. What?! Remember what I said though, just because a programmer said "list is a list" doesn't mean that it's any more complex than what a list already is in the real world. Let's look at the deck of cards as an example of a list:
- You have a bunch of cards with values.
- Those cards are in a stack, list, or list from the top card to the bottom card.
- You can take cards off the top, the bottom, the middle at random.
- If you want to find a specific card, you have to grab the deck and go through it one at a time.
Let's look at what I said:
- "An ordered list"
- Yes, deck of cards is in order with a first, and a last.
- "of things you want to store"
- Yes, cards are things I want to store.
- "and access randomly"
- Yes, I can grab a card from anywhere in the deck.
- "or linearly"
- Yes, if I want to find a specific card I can start at the beginning and go in order.
- "by an index"
- Almost, since with a deck of cards if I told you to get the card at index 19 you'd have to count until you found that one. In our Python lists the computer can just jump right to any index you give it.
That is all a list does, and this should give you a way to figure out concepts in programming. Every concept in programming usually has some relationship to the real world. At least the useful ones do. If you can figure out what the analog in the real world is, then you can use that to figure out what the data structure should be able to do.
When to Use Lists
You use a list whenever you have something that matches the list data structure's useful features:
- If you need to maintain order. Remember, this is listed order, not sorted order. Lists do not sort for you.
- If you need to access the contents randomly by a number. Remember, this is using cardinal numbers starting at 0.
- If you need to go through the contents linearly (first to last). Remember, that's what for-loops are for.
Then that's when you use a list.
- Take each function that is called, and go through the steps for function calls to translate them to what Python does. For example, more_stuff.pop() is pop(more_stuff).
- Translate these two ways to view the function calls in English. For example, more_stuff.pop() reads as, "Call pop on more_stuff." Meanwhile, pop(more_stuff) means, "Call pop with argument more_stuff." Understand how they are really the same thing.
- Go read about "object-oriented programming" online. Confused? I was too. Do not worry. You will learn enough to be dangerous, and you can slowly learn more later.
- Read up on what a "class" is in Python. Do not read about how other languages use the word "class." That will only mess you up.
- Do not worry If you do not have any idea what I'm talking about. Programmers like to feel smart so they invented object-oriented programming, named it OOP, and then used it way too much. If you think that's hard, you should try to use "functional programming."
- Find 10 examples of things in the real world that would fit in a list. Try writing some scripts to work with them.
Common Student Questions
- Didn't you say to not use while-loops?
- Yes, so just remember sometimes you can break the rules if you have a good reason. Only idiots are slaves to rules all the time.
- Why does join(' ', stuff) not work?
- The way the documentation for join is written doesn't make sense. It does not work like that and is instead a method you call on the inserted string to put between the list to be joined. Rewrite it like ' '.join(stuff).
- Why did you use a while-loop?
- Try rewriting it with a for-loop and see if that's easier.
- What does stuff[3:5] do?
- That extracts a "slice" from the stuff list that is from element 3 to element 4, meaning it does not include element 5. It's similar to how range(3,5) would work. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_11528_4.txt | as to the character of the Bill. Why all the hurry and scurry, and why the Governor-General's approval in advance? Other Bills are passed and approved by the Governor, yet they do not come into operation until some given day -- the beginning of the next calendar year, or of the next financial year. But the Natives' Land Act became law and was operating as soon as it could be promulgated. After desperately protesting, with individual members of Parliament and with Cabinet Ministers, and getting nothing for their pains, the delegates from the Native Congress wrote Lord Gladstone, from an office about two hundred yards distant from Government House, requesting His Excellency to withhold his assent to the Natives' Land Bill until the people mostly concerned (i.e. the Natives) had had a chance of making known to His Majesty the King their objection to the measure. His Excellency replied that such a course "was not within his constitutional functions." Thereby the die was cast, and the mandate went forth that the land laws of the Orange "Free" State, which is commonly known as "the Only Slave State", shall be the laws of the whole Union of South Africa. The worst feature in the case is the fact that, even with the Governments of the late Republics, the Presidents always had the power to exempt some Natives from the operation of those laws, and that prerogative had been liberally used by successive Presidents. Now, however, without a President, and with the prerogative of the King (by the exercise of which the evils of such a law could have been averted) disowned by the King's own Ministers on the spot, God in the heavens alone knows what will become of the hapless, because voteless, Natives, who are without a President, "without a King", and with a Governor-General without constitutional functions, under task-masters whose national traditions are to enslave the dark races.
Back to top
Next chapter (4)
This work (Sol Plaatje, Native Life in South Africa) is out of copyright, but see the Project Gutenberg legal notice. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_20883_1.txt | Three Eras in Man's History
The Bible speaks of three specific ages in man's history. The first is the period before the Flood, from the time of Adam to Noah. It is called in the Bible "the world that then existed." We read in 2 Peter 3:6 that "the world that then existed perished, being flooded with water."
The second age includes the time after the Flood until Christ's second coming. It is called in Scripture "this present evil age" (Galatians 1:4). Jesus' disciples wanted to know when this period would end. They asked Him: "Tell us, when will these things be? And what will be the sign of Your coming and of the end of the age?" (Matthew 24:3).
The third age of man will begin at Christ's second coming and is referred to in God's Word as "the world to come" (Hebrews 2:5). The third era will start with the resurrection of the righteous at Jesus' return to earth.
Speaking of this resurrection, the book of Revelation states: "Blessed and holy is he who has part in the first resurrection. Over such the second death has no power, but they shall be priests of God and of Christ, and shall reign with Him a thousand years" (Revelation 20:6).
So, strictly speaking, the end time refers to a specific period just before Christ returns that will bring "this present evil age" to a close. It is the end of the age of Satan's dominance over humanity.
Prophecies from the Old Testament
Some think the subject of the end time in the Bible is mainly confined to the New Testament. But beginning in Genesis, the first book of the Bible, the Scriptures look beyond our present evil age to the time of the establishing of God's Kingdom. Old Testament scriptures have much to say about events that take place during the 31/2-year time of the end and the following "world to come."
In the Garden of Eden, God revealed that a time would come when Satan's earthly reign and influence would end. To Satan God said: "I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your seed and her Seed [Christ]; He shall bruise your head, and you shall bruise His heel" (Genesis 3:15).
Although Satan was destined to harm the Savior (by instigating His crucifixion), the devil could not prevent Jesus from coming back to life and cannot prevent Christ from ultimately defeating him.
Paul referred to this prophecy when he wrote to Church members in Rome, "And the God of peace will crush Satan under your feet shortly" (Romans 16:20). It is comforting to know that at Christ's second coming Satan will at last be vanquished and imprisoned (Revelation 20:1-3).
So, from the earliest beginnings of humanity, God revealed there would be an end to this Satan-led world, a definite time for the devil and his forces to be soundly defeated.
Righteous men mentioned in the Old Testament, such as Enoch, knew that God ultimately would intervene to carry out His judgment on earth. "Now Enoch, the seventh [generation] from Adam, prophesied about these men also, saying, 'Behold, the Lord comes with ten thousands of His saints, to execute judgment on all, to convict all who are ungodly among them of all their ungodly deeds which they have committed in an ungodly way, and of all the harsh things which ungodly sinners have spoken against Him" (Jude 14-15).
After the Flood other faithful men such as Abraham, Isaac and Jacob looked beyond our present evil age to the time when God's Kingdom would be established. "By faith Abraham obeyed when he was called to go out to the place which he would receive as an inheritance. And he went out, not knowing where he was going. By faith he dwelt in the land of promise as in a foreign country, dwelling in tents with Isaac and Jacob, the heirs with him of the same promise; for he waited for the city which has foundations, whose builder and maker is God" (Hebrews 11:8-10).
The patriarchs knew God would one day establish His Kingdom. They lived and died confident He would fulfill His promises and include them in His Kingdom.
"These all died in faith, not having received the promises, but having seen them afar off were assured of them, embraced them and confessed that they were strangers and pilgrims on the earth. For those who say such things declare plainly that they seek a homeland. And truly if they had called to mind that country from which they had come out, they would have had opportunity to return. But now they desire a better, that is, a heavenly country [God's Kingdom]. Therefore God is not ashamed to be called their God, for He has prepared a city for them" (verses 13-16).
These men were not imagining or guessing about the future. They were directly inspired by God. As Peter explained, "prophecy never came by the will of man, but holy men of God spoke as they were moved by the Holy Spirit" (2 Peter 1:21).
We find many prophecies about end-time events in the book of Psalms. Psalm 2 reveals the nations will oppose the rule of Christ: "Why do the nations rage, and the people plot a vain thing? . . . I will declare the decree: The Lord has said to Me, 'You are My Son, today I have begotten You. Ask of Me, and I will give You the nations for Your inheritance, and the ends of the earth for Your possession. You shall break them with a rod of iron; You shall dash them to pieces like a potter's vessel' " (Psalm 2:1, 7-9).
(Other mentions of end-time events are in Psalm 9:5-15; 10:3-18; 11:1-7; 12:3-5; 21:8-12; 46:8-10; 47:1-4; 75:7-8; 76:7-9; 96:10-13; 97:1-6; 98:1-3; 99:1-5; and 110:1-6).
The end time: a theme of the prophets
Although prophecies relating to the end time are only occasionally found in the early books of the Old Testament, they are a major theme of the prophets who wrote several centuries later. Peter explains that these prophets were "searching what, or what manner of time the Spirit of Christ which was in them did signify, when it testified beforehand the sufferings of Christ [the time of His first coming], and the glory that should follow [His second coming]" (1 Peter 1:11, King James Version).
Isaiah is a prime example of how often God spoke about end-time conditions and the coming Kingdom Jesus Christ would establish at His return. The period of upheaval and transition from man's rule to God's rule is also frequently referred to as "the day of the Lord," "the latter days," "the last days" or simply "that day." Here are a few examples that show this recurring theme in Isaiah:
"Now it shall come to pass in the latter days, that the mountain of the Lord's house shall be established on the top of the mountains, and shall be exalted above the hills; and all nations shall flow to it. Many people shall come and say, 'Come, and let us go up to the mountain of the Lord, to the house of the God of Jacob; He will teach us His ways, and we shall walk in His paths.'
"For out of Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem. He shall judge between the nations, and rebuke many people. They shall beat their swords into plowshares, and their spears into pruning hooks; nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war anymore" (Isaiah 2:2-4).
"Enter into the rock, and hide in the dust, from the terror of the Lord and the glory of His majesty. The lofty looks of man shall be humbled, the haughtiness of men shall be bowed down, and the Lord alone shall be exalted in that day. For the day of the Lord of hosts shall come upon everything proud and lofty, upon everything lifted up—and it shall be brought low . . . They shall go into the holes of the rocks, and into the caves of the earth, from the terror of the Lord and the glory of His majesty, when He arises to shake the earth mightily" (Isaiah 2:10-12, 19).
"In that day the Branch of the Lord [Jesus Christ] shall be beautiful and glorious; and the fruit of the earth shall be excellent and appealing for those of Israel who have escaped. And it shall come to pass that he who is left in Zion and remains in Jerusalem will be called holy—everyone who is recorded among the living in Jerusalem" (Isaiah 4:2-3).
"For unto us a Child is born, unto us a Son is given; and the government will be upon His shoulder. And His name will be called Wonderful, Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace. Of the increase of His government and peace there will be no end. Upon the throne of David and over His kingdom, to order it and establish it with judgment and justice from that time forward, even forever" (Isaiah 9:6-7).
"There shall come forth a Rod [Jesus Christ] from the stem of Jesse [father of King David], and a Branch shall grow out of his roots. The Spirit of the Lord shall rest upon Him . . . He shall strike the earth with the rod of His mouth, and with the breath of His lips He shall slay the wicked" (Isaiah 11:1-4).
|
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_40691_3.txt | usual lianes. The shrubs are sparse, and the floor is clothed mainly with exotic species, of which Poa pratensis, Holcus lanatus, and Dactylis glomerata are the chief. Where the undergrowth is dense the grass covering is replaced by Poly-stichum vestitum and odd seedlings, mainly parsonsias, Suttonia australis, Griselinia littoralis, Pittosporum tenuifolium.
(1.) Milled Forest.—Forest that has been milled has two characteristic features : (i) The entry of various aliens, especially those of the “berried” type—e.g., Hypericum Androsaemum and Rubus fruticosus; (ii) the rapid growth of certain of the smaller trees and shrubs. Aristotelia serrata often forms thickets of slender stems 5–6 m. tall, Fuchsia excorticata also increases greatly, while Wintera colorata and Carpodetus serratus grow into small trees. Lianes often increase greatly and convert the forest into an almost impenetrable mass. Hoheria angustifolia does not increase markedly in such forest. Where cattle enter milled forest
open spaces increase and the forest becomes separated into clumps. Of especial attraction to cattle are Uncinia spp., Carex spp., and to a less extent Microlaena avenacea. Certain shrubs—e.g., Schefflera digitata, Nothopanax arboreum—are also fed on. Where cattle do not penetrate, seedling podocarps and other species of the original forest become established, and the forest progresses towards its previous condition.
(2.) Succession to Podocarpus dacrydioides.—The succession from swamp to Podocarpus dacrydioides may be traced in places adjacent to the adult podocarp association. P. dacrydioides and Griselinia littoralis establish themselves in the swamp, which has Olearia avicenniaefolia, Coprosma spp. on its margin, and in some cases Olearia virgata var. and O. lineata are members of the swamp community. P. dacrydioides becomes dominant and forms thickets. The following description of the progress of such thickets is taken direct from my notes: The P. dacrydioides are here some 30–50 cm. apart, have a basal diameter of ± 12 cm., and a height of 9–14 m. The tall slender trunks are sparsely clad with short branches, and end in a small canopied head of foliage. The shrubs are few and poorly developed, and include Suttonia divaricata, Coprosma rotundifolia, Wintera colorata, C. parviflora, Pseudopanax crassifolium var unifoliolatum (juvenile), with rather larger Griselinia littoralis. These occur only on the patches of rather drier ground. Beneath is much Carex secta (Blechnum capense on it), Astelia nervosa, and, where the shrubs occur, some Polystichum vestitum. On the outskirts Rubus australis climbs to the top of the trees. Between the herbs of the floor are pools of water, slow-flowing streams, or boggy ground.
(3.) Succession to Hoheria angustifolia.—There are occurring on the felled areas two distinct successions—to Poa caespitosa grassland, and to IIoheria angustifolia thickets. The former is in a very early stage, the tussock grassland forming at present only clumps of varying size scattered here and there on the artificial grassland. The second is a characteristic feature of the grassland. The scattered clumps of Hoheria angustifolia are found in all stages from an open community of juvenile plants of the usual divaricating form to groves of adult trees in closed association. By the time the hoherias are assuming adult form above the community becomes so dense as to form thickets, in which seedlings of the following species become more or less common: podocarps, Edwardsia microphylla, Pennantia corymbosa, Elaeocarpus Hookerianus, Fuchsia excorticata, with various coprosmas. As these develop, the groves assume the form of young mixed forest. This stage is especially well developed as a defined margin to the existing forests in certain places. Polystichum vestitum, a relic from the original forest, increases greatly in amount, and other ferns and the lianes become plentiful. On the low-lying damper areas Podocarpus dacrydioides enters with the Hoheria, and early on becomes physiognomically important. On the drier stony ground sheep penetrate the clumps as the divaricating stage passes away, use them as camping-places, destroy the undergrowth, and induce a grassy ground-vegetation.
(c.) The Forest of the Mountain-Slopes.
The mixed podocarp forest gradually merges into the forest that clothes the slopes and fills the gullies of Little Mount Peel up to about 600 m. As one ascends, Podocarpus dacrydioides disappears almost at once, soon followed by P. spicatus; but occasional examples of P. totara occur through-out—large by stream-sides, dwarfed on slopes and ridges. The general
groundwork is made up of the following species in greater or less abundance: Griselinia littoralis, Nothopanax arboreum, Pittosporum tenuifolium, P. eugenioides, Edwardsia microphylla, Aristotelia serrata, Hoheria angusti-folia, Melicytus ramiflorus, Leptospermum ericoides, Metrosideros lucida, Fuchsia excorlicata, Pseudopanax crassifolium var. unifoliolatum, Suttonia australis, Olearia avicenniaefolia. The most common shrubs of the undergrowth are Wintera colorata, Nothopanax simplex, Suttonia australis, Suttonia divaricata, Coprosma rotundifolia, C. rhamnoides, C. linariifolia. All the lianes occur except Senecio sciadophilus, Rubus australis being usually in great abundance. The chief floor-plants are Polystichum vestitum, Blech-num discolor, B. capense, Asplenium bulbiferum, Polypodium diversifolium, Uncinia uncinata, U. riparia, Astelia nervosa. Seedlings of the common trees are usually numerous.
By stream-sides there is a greater variety and abundance of ferns, and Schefflera digitata, Aristotelia serrata, Fuchsia excorticata become prominent, the latter often being so plentiful as to be of distinct physiognomic importance, especially in its leafless winter condition. Hebe salicifolia var. communis and Gaya ribifolia are almost confined to the stream-side, and, as one ascends, Olearia arborescens, Nothopanax Colensoi, Senecio elaeagni-folius (as an open spreading small tree) become noteworthy. Pittosporum eugenioides is rare in or absent from the stream-side vegetation. Along the actual stream Hymenophyllum spp. are specially abundant, and here occur Epilobium rotundifolium, E. linnaeoides, Erechtites glabrescens, Myosotis Forsteri, Australina pusilla, Pratia angulata, Corysanthes macrantha. Steep banks are clad in sheets of Blechnum Patersoni, B. capense, Hymenophyllum demissum, H. multifidum, and H. peltatum. In places occur numerous Hemitelia Smithii, and logs, trunks of trees, and shrubs are clothed in epiphytes, mainly Hymenophylla and various ferns, liverworts, and mosses. Locally Alsophila Colensoi is prominent among great sheets of Blechnum capense.
The streams of the Lynn Valley are characterized by abundance of Helichrysum glomeratum. Hebe leiophylla, Veronica Lyallii, and the presence of Notospartium torulosum, Veronica linifolia, Olearia fragrantissima and in places much Senecio bellidioides. Stream-side rocks and rocky walls have Hymenophyllum pulcherrimum and Lycopodium Billardieri in addition to the ferns already mentioned. Where small rocky outcrops occur on the forest-floor Polypodium diversifolium, Cyclophorus serpens, and Rubus australis are common, and, if the crevices contain much soil, Asplenium Hookerianum, A. flabellifolium, A. Richardi.
Vertical rock-surfaces exposed to sun and wind have scattered Olearia avicenniaefolia, Helichrysum Selago, Hebe amplexicaulis, Danthonia setifolia, Coprosma brunnea, Notospartium torulosum, Dichelachne crinita, Agropyron scabrum var., not always all together. Some shaded rock-surfaces are clad in Angelica montana, Lycopodium Billardieri, Veronica Lyallii, and green tussocks of Schoenus pauciflorus, or breadths of Corysanthes macrantha among moss, where water drips.
Spurs and ridges are either occupied by the subassociations later described, or have as the most numerous plants Leptospermum ericoides, Suttonia australis, Metrosideros lucida, Nothopanax arboreum, Coprosma linariifolia, a large-leaved form of Myrtus pedunculata and Edwardsia microphylla. The undergrowth is mainly Suttonia australis, Coprosma rhamnoides, and in the upper portions Nothopanax simplex. The floor is rather sparsely clothed, mainly with Blechnum capense (st |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_32583.txt | No Free Lunch, the sequel to mathematician and philosopher William Dembski’s Cambridge University Press book The Design Inference, explores key questions about the origin of specified complexity. A Senior Discovery Institute Fellow, Dembski explains that the Darwinian search mechanism of random mutation coupled with natural selection is incapable of generating novel complex, specified information (CSI).
This observation translates into “No Free Lunch” (NFL) theorems, which Dembski explains are inherent constraints upon natural systems. Natural Darwinian mechanisms can shuffle this information around, but only intelligence can generate novel CSI. In other words, when it comes to generating truly novel biological complexity, Darwin can have no free lunch.
Some critics have asserted that he has never applied his model for detecting design to any real biological systems. The latter half of this book debunks this fallacious objection, and provides a detailed calculation of the CSI found in the bacterial flagellum. Dembski assesses the complexity of the flagellum on various levels, including its protein parts and its assembly instructions, finding that the amount of CSI contained in the flagellum vastly outweigh the probabilistic resources available in the history of the universe to construct such a structure, absent intelligent design.
No Free Lunch demonstrates that design theory shows great promise of providing insight in the field of evolutionary computation. If Dembski is right, then the ability of genetic algorithms to solve complex problems is a function of the amount of intelligent design inputted by their programmers.
In No Free Lunch, William Dembski gives the most profound challenge to the Modern Synthetic Theory of Evolution since this theory was first formulated in the 1930s. I differ from Dembski on some points, mainly in ways which strengthen his conclusion.Frank J. Tipler, professor of mathematical physics, Tulane University; coauthor of The Anthropic Cosmological Principle; and author of The Physic
In this book, William Dembski takes his statistical work on inferring design and translates it into an information-theoretic apparatus relevant to understanding biological fitness. In doing so, he has brought his argument for intelligent design into a domain that overlaps current work in evolutionary biology. As I see it, this is a landmark for intelligent design theory because, for the first time, it makes it possible to objectively evaluate the claims of evolutionary biology and intelligent design on common ground.Martin Poenie, associate professor of biology, University of Texas at Austin
Dembski lays the foundations for a research project aimed at answering one of the most fundamental scientific questions of our time: What is the maximal specified complexity that can be reasonably expected to emerge (in a given time frame) with and without various design assumptions?Moshe Koppel, professor of mathematics, Bar-llan University, Israel
This sequel to The Design Inference further enhances the credibility of Intelligent Design as a sound research program. Through solid historical and philosophical arguments, Dembski succeeds in showing how specified complexity reliably detects design. His critique of Darwinian and other naturalistic accounts of evolution is built on a set of powerful and lucid arguments; his formulation of an alternative to these accounts is simply compelling.Muzaffar Iqbal, author of Islam and Science and founder-president of the Center for Islam and Science (CIS)
The valid philosophical arguments and historical examples make the study really agreeable to a large audience.Auss
I disagree strongly with the position taken by William Dembski. But I do think that he argues strongly and that those of us who do not accept his conclusions should read his book and form our own opinions and counterarguments. He should not be ignored.Michael Ruse, Florida State University
No Free Lunch is written for scholars and is filled with equations and careful technical definitions. Much of the text, however, is accessible for a broad audience and the book should prove useful to anyone wishing to explore the degree to which intelligent design can be formulated in a mathematically rigorous way.Research News and Opportunities In Science and Theology |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_14705.txt | It's no surprise that Windows applications are filled with arcane icons, buttons, and menu options. But the dizzying array of esoteric symbols on digital cameras makes deciphering your computer icons seem like child's play. That's because digital cameras pack dozens of features into a miniature gadget. Complex concepts must be translated into single icons, such as an eyeball-shaped one that signifies automatic red-eye reduction. Here's a crib sheet for figuring out the meaning of the most common icons adorning your camera's settings dial.
A Key to Camera Icons: Making Sense of the Symbols
Auto Mode: When you want to take snapshots without worrying about the mechanics of photography, leave this setting on Auto. This mode sets all exposure levels automatically, and it usually locks you out of making any minor adjustments manually.
Manual Mode: This mode gives you total control. You use buttons on the camera's body to set both shutter speed and aperture size. Remember, though, that you're working without a safety net--the camera won't protect you from under- or overexposure.
Aperture Mode: When you set the size of the aperture, your camera automatically provides the right shutter speed to deliver a correct exposure. Rely on this mode to blur the background or to keep the entire image in sharp focus.
Shutter Mode: This setting is your best option for taking action photography. Shutter priority allows you to freeze the scene or artistically blur the picture. All the while, the camera keeps the exposure matched to the aperture.
Program Mode: Like Auto mode on steroids, this mode automatically sets aperture size and shutter speed for a perfect exposure--but it also lets you tweak settings, giving you more creative control. You can change white balance and exposure compensation, for instance, and even nudge shutter speed up or down a bit.
Movie Mode: Many cameras let you record MPEG or QuickTime videos to the same memory card storing your photos. The videos aren't sharp enough for DVD, but they're great for e-mail.
Macro Mode: To focus on extremely close subjects--say, within a few inches of the lens--choose the tulip. You can take life-size pictures of insects, flowers, and other small subjects in this mode, but the focus range at such distances is very narrow.
Landscape Mode: In this mode, your camera picks the best aperture and shutter settings for the depth of field that you want when taking pictures of landscapes and other outdoor tableaux.
Sand and Snow: Brightly colored or glaring backgrounds can trick the camera into underexposing the subject. This mode overexposes the scene to gain details that would otherwise be lost.
Action: The Action (sometimes called Sports) mode sets the camera to the highest possible shutter speed, increasing your odds of getting a clear shot of squirming kids, for example.
Night: This mode lets you capture nighttime scenes by combining a flash, which freezes people in the foreground, with a slow shutter speed, which allows lights from buildings, cars, and other elements to show in the background.
This story, "Photo Tips: What Are All Those Camera Icons?" was originally published by PCWorld. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_8890.txt | What a cats eyes show us about vision and stress and what you can do to relax.
Have you ever wondered how looking at the horizon makes you feel relaxed?
You know those times when you’re watching the sunset, or you’re sitting staring outside the window across the landscape on a bus or train. Why is it that you start to feel sleepy, and time perception seems to alter?
Could it just be the power of nature?
Well, yes, nature is a powerful relaxant. However, there’s more to it, something more unique and less well known that alters your level of arousal unconsciously, and that thing lies within your eyes.
Whether it’s narrow or wide, your focus or vision plays a role in raising your alertness or bringing you down to a state of deep calm.
Have you ever seen a cat when it sees a mouse run along the floor or a bird fly past in the sky?
That cat’s predator instinct is activated. What is the one thing that you notice?
The cat’s eyes lock on its target without a blink or letting it go out of sight. This action increases brain chemicals such as epinephrine, dopamine, and acetylcholine, which are the chemicals released for focus, attention, and the stress response. This process, in turn, increases arousal levels into that fight or flight state, priming the body for movement. However, we are no longer out in the wild and therefore, could this evolutionary biological process now be damaging to our health?
The mobile phone is designed in such a way to keep your attention; it’s captivating and small so that we have to focus and pay attention to what’s going on. Similarly, at work in the office, how many people are sitting all day staring at one spot on their screen for hours on end, heightening their stress level?
Is this bad for our health and one of many contributors to the ever-growing concern of stress-related diseases such as anxiety, hypertension and cardiovascular disease?
In short – potentially, as you will find out in this post later.
Creating a broad lens focus with our vision can activate our nervous system’s relaxation parts to reduce the state of stress and fear. Amazingly this concept is the foundation of a commonly used psychotherapist therapy for trauma and PTSD called Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR).
One day in 1987, Francine Shapiro, a California psychologist, went for a walk in the woods. She had been preoccupied with a host of disturbing thoughts. Yet, she discovered that her anxiety lifted after moving her eyes back and forth while observing her surroundings. Intrigued, Shapiro tried out variants of this procedure with her clients and found that they, too, felt better. EMDR was born.
EMDR enables people to heal from the symptoms and emotional distress resulting from disturbing life experiences. Repeated studies show that by using EMDR therapy, people can experience the benefits of psychotherapy that once took years to make a difference. It is widely assumed that severe emotional pain requires a long time to heal. EMDR therapy shows that the mind can heal from psychological trauma much as the body recovers from physical trauma. When you cut your hand, your body works to close the wound. If a foreign object or repeated injury irritates the damage, it festers and causes pain. Once the block is removed, healing resumes. EMDR therapy demonstrates that a similar sequence of events occurs with mental processes. The brain’s information processing system naturally moves toward mental health. If the system is blocked or imbalanced by the impact of a disturbing event, the emotional wound festers and can cause intense suffering. Once the block is removed, healing resumes. Using the detailed protocols and procedures learned in EMDR therapy training sessions, clinicians help clients activate their natural healing processes.
The basis of the above protocol is to utilise eye movement as a mean to activate parts of the nervous system that relax people so they can process trauma and previous past experiences where the memories are stuff in the brain and nervous system.
So if Eye movement can support our wellbeing, then a lack of eye movement could well be a contributing factor to stress, anxiety and poor health outcomes. So how can you use this knowledge in your day to day life to potentially improve your mindset and wellbeing?
Move more often, or at least move your eyes more often.
Next time you feel anxious or a little worked up, change your eyes focus to a broader lens. Ie. Allow yourself to see your own body in front of you and become aware of the items around you; notice them in your peripheral view. Move your eyes back and forth ( up and down ) for a few moments doesn’t have to be fast; do this twenty times with a few minutes rests x 3 -5 rounds should be enough and allow yourself to relax. Even better, go for a walk and become an observer of the cars moving by, notice the trees as you walk past them and look around, scanning your environment for moving objects.
This incredibly undervalued concept is just one of many ways to use our body and physiology to create a more relaxed state. I aim to bring those to you in an educational and informative manner – so keep your eyes peeled and follow me on my social media @performancethroughhealth for more snippets of info like this.
Performance Through Health |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_14655.txt | What is SYN Flood attack and how to prevent it?
A SYN flood is a form of denial-of-service attack in which an attacker sends a progression of SYN requests to an objective’s framework trying to consume enough server assets to make the framework inert to authentic activity.
TCP three-way handshake
Typically, when a customer begins a TCP connection with a server, the customer and server trade a progression of messages which regularly runs this way:
1) The customer asks for a connection by sending a SYN (synchronize) message to the server.
2) The server recognizes this request by sending SYN-ACK back to the customer.
3) The customer reacts with an ACK, and the connection is built up.
This is known as the TCP three-way handshake, and is the establishment for each connection set up utilizing the TCP protocol.
Working of SYN flood attack
A SYN flood attack works by not reacting to the server with the normal ACK code. The pernicious customer can either basically not send the normal ACK, or by satirizing the source IP address in the SYN, bringing about the server to send the SYN-ACK to a distorted IP address – which won’t send an ACK on the grounds that it “knows” that it never sent a SYN.
The server will sit tight for the affirmation for quite a while, as straightforward system clog could likewise be the reason for the missing ACK. In any case, in an attack, the half-open connections made by the pernicious customer tie resources on the server and may in the long run surpass the resources accessible on the server. By then, the server can’t be access by any customers.
Security against SYN Flood Attacks
There are various surely understood countermeasures including:
2) Increasing Backlog
3) TCP half-open: The term half-open alludes to TCP associations whose state is out of synchronization between the two potentially because of an accident on one side. A connection which is being set up is otherwise called a embryonic connection. The absence of synchronization could be because of malignant purpose. A TCP connection is alluded to as half-open when the host toward one side of that TCP association has slammed, or has generally evacuated the attachment without informing the flip side. In the event that the rest of the end is inert, the association may stay in the half-open state for unbounded time frames. These days, the term half-open association is regularly used to portray an embryonic connection, i.e. a TCP connection which is being set up.
The TCP convention has a three state framework for opening a connection. To begin with, the beginning endpoint (A) sends a SYN bundle to the destination (B). A is currently in an embryonic state (particularly, SYN_SENT), and anticipating a reaction. B now redesigns its portion data to demonstrate the approaching connection from A, and conveys a request to open a channel back (the SYN/ACK bundle). Now, B is additionally in an embryonic state (particularly, SYN_RCVD). Note that B was put into this state by another machine, outside of B’s control.
Under typical conditions (see foreswearing of-administration attack for conscious disappointment cases), A will get the SYN/ACK from B, overhaul its tables (which now have enough data for A to both send and get), and send a last ACK back to B. When B gets this last ACK, it additionally has adequate data for two-way correspondence, and the connection is completely open. Both endpoints are currently in an established state.
4) Firewalls and Proxies
5) Reducing SYN-RECEIVED Timer
6) SYN Cache
7) Recycling the Oldest Half-Open TCP
8) Hybrid Approaches
9) SYN cookies: SYN cookie is a strategy used to oppose SYN surge assaults. Daniel J. Bernstein, the procedure’s essential creator, characterizes SYN treats as “specific decisions of beginning TCP arrangement numbers by TCP servers”. The utilization of SYN treats permits a server to abstain from dropping associations when the SYN line tops off. Rather, the server carries on as though the SYN line had been amplified. The server sends back the suitable SYN+ACK reaction to the customer yet disposes of the SYN line section. In the event that the server then gets a resulting ACK reaction from the customer, the server can reproduce the SYN line section utilizing data encoded as a part of the TCP succession number.
If you need any further assistance please contact our support department. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_27746.txt | Acer barbatum Michx.
Southern sugar maple, Florida maple, Caddo maple, Rock maple
Aceraceae (Maple Family)
Synonym(s): Acer barbatum var. longii, Acer barbatum var. villipes, Acer floridanum, Acer floridanum var. longii, Acer floridanum var. villipes, Acer nigrum var. floridanum, Acer saccharinum var. floridanum, Acer saccharum ssp. floridanum, Acer saccharum var. floridanum, Saccharodendron barbatum, Saccharodendron floridanum
USDA Symbol: ACBA3
A small, spreading tree, Florida maple or Southern sugar maple is smaller in all parts but otherwise similar to A. saccharum, the sugar maple of the northeastern U.S. Its fall color is usually yellow and not as vibrant as the northern form. It grows 20-25 ft. tall.
From the Image Gallery
Plant CharacteristicsDuration: Perennial
Leaf Retention: Deciduous
Leaf Arrangement: Opposite
Leaf Complexity: Simple
Leaf Margin: Lobed
Size Notes: Medium sized tree to 60 feet, elliptical crown.
Leaf: Green above, paler and fuzzy below.
Autumn Foliage: yes
Flower: Small flowers hang from a long (1 to 2 inches) stalk in clusters of a few flowers.
Fruit: Samara 3/4 inch long, mature in mid-summer.
Size Class: 36-72 ft.
Bloom InformationBloom Color: Yellow , Green
Bloom Time: Apr
DistributionUSA: AL , AR , FL , GA , IL , LA , MO , MS , NC , SC , TN , TX , VA
Native Distribution: Piedmont & Coastal Plain areas of VA to FL, w. to southeast Kansas, eastern OK, & eastern TX
Native Habitat: Stream, river banks
Growing ConditionsWater Use: Medium
Light Requirement: Part Shade
Soil Moisture: Dry
CaCO3 Tolerance: Medium
Cold Tolerant: yes
Soil Description: Sandy, Sandy Loam, Medium Loam, Clay Loam, Clay, Rich, moist soils.
Conditions Comments: Southern sugar maple is resistant to wind and ice.
PropagationPropagation Material: Seeds
Description: Propagation is possible by seed.
Seed Collection: The winged fruit of maples is called a samara. Seed is usually not extracted from the samara.
Seed Treatment: For maximum germination, most maple species require a period of warm-moist stratification followed by cool stratification.
Commercially Avail: yes
From the National Organizations DirectoryAccording to the species list provided by Affiliate Organizations, this plant is on display at the following locations:
Texas Discovery Gardens - Dallas, TX
Crosby Arboretum - Picayune, MS
Georgia Native Plant Society - Atlanta, GA
Mt. Cuba Center - Hockessin, DE
BibliographyBibref 1620 - Gardening with Native Plants of the South (Reprint Edition) (2009) Wasowski, S. with A. Wasowski
Bibref 318 - Native Texas Plants: Landscaping Region by Region (2002) Wasowski, S. & A. Wasowski
Search More Titles in Bibliography
Additional resourcesUSDA: Find Acer barbatum in USDA Plants
FNA: Find Acer barbatum in the Flora of North America (if available)
Google: Search Google for Acer barbatum
MetadataRecord Modified: 2015-07-22
Research By: TWC Staff |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_13494.txt | Doctrine: Vaisheshika and Nyaya
Vaisheshika, another orthodox school, was founded by Kanada (circa 600 BCE). In much the same way as the Greeks, he describes the elements, their characteristics and their interrelations. He mentions atoms and molecules and infers the existence of the atmanthrough specific symptoms. Despite a philosophical approach, he stresses dharma as a means to both prosperity and liberation, and prescribes many traditional practices such as fasting, celibacy, and service to the guru.
Kanada states that since all material objects are constructed from atoms, they are products rather than causes, and the causes are the irreducible particles themselves. He introduces the principle of adrishta, an unknown invisible cause. Although Kanada’s philosophy is non-theistic, later doctrines built upon the notion of adrishta to propose God as the remote cause of everything: it is God who orchestrates the dynamic interrelations between the innumerable atoms.
Nyaya systems trace their beginnings back to the disputations of Vedic scholars. At the time of the Upanishads, debate was cultivated as an art, following prescribed rules in which the elements of logical proof were contained. The school of Nyaya attempts to define a system of logic as a way to truth and liberation. It is a discipline aimed at reversing the folly and mistaken notions that bind the soul.The Navya-Nyaya (New School of Logic) developed from the twelfth century and specialised in epistemology. It acknowledges four legitimate means of obtaining knowledge:
- pratyaksha – sense perception
- anumana – inference or deduction
- upamana – analogy
- shabda – literally “sound,” referring to scriptural authority
These four are all considered valid, but without shabda the others are considered unreliable and potentially misleading. This rationale forms much of the foundation for the epistemological authority granted to Vedic writings.
Nyaya has also developed a sophisticated syllogism that has five stages as opposed to the three of Aristotle. Unique to Indian philosophy, and found in Nyaya texts, are arguments for the existence of Ishvara (God). Many of the currently popular theistic schools draw significantly from Nyaya. Of all the Hindu systems, Nyaya enjoys the greatest respect from Western philosophers, who are beginning to realise the subtleties and intricacies of Indian logic.
Related Values and Issues
- Stating our case/opinion reasonably
- Faith and reason |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_37672.txt | Business Leaders: Thomas Edison
American inventor Thomas Alva Edison was born in Milan, Ohio in 1847. As one of the most influential inventors in the world, Edison's creations have become the basis for much of the technology that exists in modern society. His passion for creating helped to spread the use of electricity and lighting at a time when electrical lighting was a rarity. From his youth to the time of his death in 1931, Edison had obtained 1,093 patents for his inventions. Of those, his contributions to electricity made up roughly 356 of these patents.
His Early Years
Thomas was the youngest child born to his middle class parents, Samuel and Nancy Edison. Although his parents had seven children, three of them had passed away before Thomas' birth. Edison himself was a sickly child growing up, even fighting a case of Scarlet Fever. He had three living siblings, two brothers and a sister.
In 1854, Samuel Edison moved his family to Port Huron, Michigan, where he got a job as a lumber worker. While attending school in Port Huron, Edison's teacher found his extremely curious nature and active behavior unacceptable. The teacher claimed that Edison was “addled” or simple-minded. This comment led Thomas' mother to remove him from school. Believing that her son was highly intelligent, Nancy Edison began home schooling him instead.
This departure from school eventually led 12 year old Edison to work at the Grand Trunk Railroad to Denver in 1859, where he sold newspapers and eventually began printing his own newspaper from the baggage car that also doubled as his laboratory. It was during this time that Edison lost most of his hearing. There are a number of different stories about the actual cause of his hearing loss. Some believe that it occurred after being hit in the ear by a conductor following an accidental fire in the baggage car. Others believe it stemmed from his battle with scarlet fever. Despite the loss of his hearing, Thomas learned how to use the railroad telegraph. This new skill found him working telegraph jobs around the country from 1863 to 1869. By 1869 his love of invention led him to quit his most recent job so that he could devote time to his innovations.
Edison started Pope, Edison and Co. in October of 1869. That year he had his first patented invention, which was an electric voting machine. Unfortunately, his invention was not well received by politicians at the time. One year later he merged his company with Gold and Stock Telegraph Co. and started another company to manufacture stock printers, called the Newark Telegraph Works. During this time he made and patented many improvements to telegraphs and even created an electric pen in 1875. The electric pen had declining success until 1880 when others produced electric pens that did not require a battery as Edison's invention did.
In 1877, as the result of experimentation with the telephone and telegraph, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph. This led to the establishment of the Edison Speaking Phonograph Company in 1878. The creation of the device also earned him the nickname “The Wizard of Menlo Park.” Edison eventually set aside his work on the phonograph in favor of other inventions for nearly 10 years. His interest in the device returned in 1887 after others made improvements to the machine. This led Edison to make his own improvements to the device.
Thomas Edison's most famous inventions revolved around electricity. He is known as the creator of the incandescent light bulb and bringing electric light to the streets and homes. In 1879, after experimenting with numerous types of lighting elements called filaments at his Menlo Park lab, he developed a lamp that used a carbon conducting element which received an electric current to produce light inside of a globe-shaped glass container. The resulting light bulb proved to be stable, lasting over 13 hours. A few months after he received a patent for this invention, he found other materials that would allow a bulb to last for hundreds of hours. While he did not invent the world's first light bulb, he did invent the incandescent type; this technology was the first to make incandescent light bulbs useful in homes. Eventually, it also led to his invention of the electric chandelier. He also invented a new type of generator which, while later proven to be inefficient, was shown at the Paris Electrical Exposition of 1881 and hailed at the time as a technological wonder. Edison then created the world's first electric power station for public use in London, England in 1882. In the same year, he established a power station on Manhattan's Pearl Street to generate electricity for New York street lights and homes. Only five years later there were more than a hundred stations in America alone, which Edison owned and operated.
In 1888, Edison began working on a motion picture device that would “do for the eye what the phonograph does for the ear.” In 1891, he applied for patents for the kinetograph and the kinetoscope. The kinetograph was the first motion picture camera and the kinetoscope was a small box like device that allowed a single person to view movies when looking through it. The kinetoscope eventually evolved into the kinetoscope projector, which allowed many people to view movies at one time. Later, he developed a kinetophone to synchronize sound with film, but had little success. By 1918, the growing film industry no longer held interest for Edison and he removed himself from the motion picture industry.
Edison significantly slowed his creation of inventions and in 1911, he reorganized his many company's under a single organization called Thomas A. Edison, Inc. When the United States faced the threat of World War I, Edison became the head of the Naval Consulting Board in 1915. During this time, he performed research for the navy, much of which involved submarine detection. Throughout the 1920s, Edison's health began to decline. Despite his illness, he began working on an alternative rubber source. He was continuing this research when he went into a coma on October 14, 1931. Four days later, Edison passed away. On October 21 of that year, President Hoover asked that all electric lights around the United States dim for one minute in honor of Edison and him many achievements and advancements in electricity.
Check out these Resources on Thomas Edison to learn more:
Edison Biography: The National Park Service biography on Thomas Edison. This is a one page overview of his life and accomplishments
The Life of Thomas A. Edison: A breakdown of the stages of Thomas Edison. The article can be read in it's entirety or the reader can click to view specific sections.
- Edison's Story: A section by section breakdown of Edison's life and accomplishments.
Disk Phonograph: This website page discusses the disk phonograph and Edison's contributions to it.
The Wizard of Menlo Park: A brief introduction to Thomas Edison and his many works.
Thomas Alva Edison: Electric Light Bulb: A web page that covers Thomas Edison's invention of the incandescent light bulb and the events surrounding it.
Continuum of Greatness: Thomas Alva Edison: A PDF of Thomas Alva Edison's life accomplishments. This includes lists of some of his greatest business ventures and inventions.
Edison Battery: An overview of Edison's car battery and it's contributions to the automotive industry.
Thomas A. Edison: A Thomas Edison biography. This web page is broken into sections, including Edison's childhood, Menlo Park and his middle to late years.
The Making of Modern America – The Wizard of Menlo Park: A digital history biography of Edison's life, inventions and contributions to modern society.
Edison Birthplace Museum: Discusses Thomas Edison's origins. This includes his family and his birthplace.
Thomas Edison Biography: An in-depth biography on Thomas Edison's life and inventions by Bio.com. This eight page bio covers his life accomplishments in detail.
National Archives: Thomas Edison's patent application for the lightbulb.
Lighting a Revolution: A discussion on Thomas Edison's patent for the incandescent light bulb. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_14087.txt | Silicosis is a form of occupational lung disease caused by workers inhaling crystalline silica dust found in concrete, bricks, sandstone and granite. It is most prevalent in occupations which include sandblasting, stone cutting, hard surface grinding and excavation. These occupations release particles of silica into the air which are inhaled by the worker. Our team at Your Claim Lawyers are equipped to pursue valid silicosis claims to ensure you are compensated in accordance with the law.
The Cancer Council says that in 2011 about 587,000 workers were exposed to silica dust and of these some 5,700 will develop lung cancer in the future.
Signs and symptoms of silicosis can occur quite quickly after exposure or may take many years to develop. Symptoms include shortness of breath, a cough, fatigue, chest pain and fever. This can lead to chronic bronchitis, obstructed airflow, autoimmune disease and many other complications.
Silicosis is not new and the existence of it and causes have been well known around the world for many years. Despite this many workers in Queensland have recently been diagnosed with silicosis and it is expected that in coming years many more workers will suffer from and be diagnosed with this work-related disease.
Silicosis can be prevented and prevention methods have been well known for many years but, despite this, some employers do not adopt full prevention methods which include wearing protective masks, utilising tools with vacuums, wetting down surfaces being worked on and vacuuming work areas.
If you have been diagnosed with silicosis or believe you may be suffering from silicosis Your Claim Lawyers can assist with silicosis claims. To find out more, please call us at any time on 1800 968 725 or 0400 839 314. Your Claim Lawyers is on your side. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_41694.txt | The Golden Age of Islam
Norah Nowarah | Toronto, Canada As a Muslim in North America, I have never faced trouble finding harmful news reporting on Islam, and how Muslims have brought nothing but trouble to the West. Growing up, especially during my early teenage years, I wanted to distance myself from my religion in order to ‘fit in’ and make friends. However, the more my family and I travel to our homeland of Palestine, the more I understand how fortunate I am to relate to another culture and religion across the globe. That is when I began to educate myself on the history of Islam and the Middle East. With this, I grew extremely proud of my identity, allowing me to express and share it with the world comfortably. But most importantly, I can point out the inaccuracy of the previously mentioned reports, as this article will highlight simply a fraction of what Islam has offered the world we know today. So, what is the Islamic Golden Age? The Islamic Golden Age was a historic time of fascinating scientific, cultural, and economic thriving within the history of Islam, which dated from the 8th to 13th century (“Islamic Golden Age”). This period initially began during the reign of Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786 to 809 A.D.),and Muslims were able to establish one of the largest empires in history ("Islamic Golden Age | Islamic History"). During the time, caliphs (Islamic successors and leaders) established the hub of the Abbasid caliphate (the third Islamic caliphate which succeeded Prophet Muhammed (phuh)) in Baghdad, Iraq ("The Golden Age Of Islam"). Within Baghdad, al-Rashid established the House of Wisdom; an intellectual center and public academy ("House Of Wisdom") which increased in use during the reign of al-Rashid’s son, Al-Ma’mun. This is due to Al-Ma’mun’s persistent effort in recruiting scholars of all faiths and backgrounds, greatly encouraging
intellectual pursuit ("The Golden Age Of Islam"). Specifically, Al-Ma’mun initiated the Translation Movement; where scholars would translate the works and findings of the world into the Arabic language. These findings originated from Ancient Mesopotamia, Rome, China, India, Persia, Egypt, Greece and Byzantine civilizations, making it to Baghdad through the sponsorship of Al-Ma’mun. Simultaneously, other Muslim dynasties, such as the Umayyads of Al-Andalusand the Fatimidsof Egypt, were rivalling Baghdad with their own major intellectual centers, such as Cairo and Cordoba. Those translations were kept in the House of Wisdom, including thousands of scholarly books of discoveries, inventions, philosophies, etc. That being said, the Islamic empire was named the first civilization, bringing people as diverse as the Chinese, the Indians, Europeans, Africans, and people of the Middle East and North Africa together for the mainpurpose of academic evolvement ("Islamic Golden Age | Islamic History"). What was discovered and invented during the Islamic Golden Age? For a glimpse into the many innovations which were discovered at the time, I have provided the names of some of the most significant Islamic scholars of the time (also mentioned in the video), as well as their contributions to which allowed us to reach the level of scientific, economic, culturaland religious knowledge we currently hold. Al-Razi: considered the greatest physician of the Islamic world or the ‘doctor’s doctor’, al-Razi was a celebrated alchemist, being the first to classify minerals into 6 categories and discovered chemicals such kerosene and alcohol. Al-Razi wrote over 200 books; half of them being medial books. His book, Kitab al-Mansouri, is amongst the most influential medical books of the medieval ages ("Top 20 Greatest Muslim Scientists And Their Inventions"). Ibn al-Haytham: also called Alhazen in Latin and the ‘father of optics’, Ibn al-Haythm was a mathematician, physicist, and astronomer best known for his work in the field of optics, particularly visual perception. His book, Kitāb al-Manāẓir, proved that vision first bounces of an object before being directed to the eyes through various experiments. While conducting these experiments, heinvented the world’s firstcamera, the pinhole camera. Al-Haytham’s work led to the development of eyeglasses, microscopes, and telescopes ("Top 20 Greatest Muslim Scientists And Their Inventions"). Al-Khwarizmi:named the ‘father of algebra’, being the mathematician who introduced the world to the concept of algebra. As he worked in the House of Wisdom, he published his renowned book, Al-Kitāb al-mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-jabrwal-muqābala, from which the term ‘algebra’ was derived (al-jabr). Furthermore, he introduced the Hindu-Arabic numbers (whole numbers) ("Top 20 Greatest Muslim Scientists And Their Inventions"). Al-Zahrawi: born in modern-day Spain, Al-Zahrawi was as a surgeon, physician, and a chemist, considered to be the best surgeon of the middle ages or the ‘father of modern surgery’. His celebratedwork, Kitab al-Tasrif, is a thirty-volume medical encyclopedia based on the operations he performed. This book became a standard textbook in Europe for over 500 years, after being translated into Latin. Al-Zahrawi was the first to describe abnormal pregnancy and hemophilia (a genetic disorder impairing the body’s ability to form blood clots). In addition, he introduced over 200 surgical instruments which have shaped the tools used in surgery today and emphasized the importance of a positive doctor-patient bond ("Al-Zahrawi"). Al-Battani:nicknamed the ‘Ptolemyof Arabs’, Al-Battani was a mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer who introduced several trigonometric relations (sine, cosine, and tangent), and his book, Kitāb az-Zīj, greatly included the astronomy known today ("Al-Battani"). Al-Battani cataloged 489 starts and calculated a year to be 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes and 24 seconds; being only two minutes and 22 seconds off (99% accuracy)("Top 20 Greatest Muslim Scientists And Their Inventions"). How did the Islamic Golden Age end? There are many factors which led to the decline of innovation at the time. After Genghis Khan established a powerful dynasty amongst Mongols in 1206, the Mongol Empire (13th- 4th century) conquered most Eurasian lands, including most of the Islamic caliphate. In 1258, Khan’s son, Hulagu Khan, seized and destroyed Baghdad, burning down the House of Wisdom alongside it. This is considered to have marked the end of the Islamic Golden Age by numerous historians (“Islamic Golden Age”). In addition, other invading forces and colonial powers played a role in the decline, such as the 11th century Crusades and the 15thcentury Reconquista. Other factors include political mismanagement (10th century onwards). Essentially, all stated political and economic factors to have caused the decline ("Islamic Golden Age | Islamic History"). Interested in learning more about the Islamic Golden Age? As previously mentioned, my interest in learning about my religion, culture, and their history led me to explore and utilizes resources to gain knowledge about this period of history. For instance, I purchased numerous books and watched various videos online. One book which I really enjoyed and strongly recommend reading was National Geographic’s, 1001 Inventions: The Enduring Legacy of Muslim Civilization,which essentially “takes readers on a journey through years of forgotten Islamic history to discover one thousand fascinating scientific and technological inventions still being used throughout the world today” ("1001 Inventions: The Enduring Legacy Of Muslim Civilization"). I have added a link to the book on Amazon below. Furthermore, I have also linked a group of videos available on YouTube which touch on this remarkable era and the scientists mentioned in my article as well. Link to Book (Amazon): Links to Additional Videos: The Medieval Islamicate World: Crash Course History of Science #7: Science in a Golden Age - Al-Razi, Ibn Sina and the Canon of Medicine: Untold History - Al-Andalus - Islamic Golden Age: Science in a Golden Age - Al-Khwarizmi: The Father of Algebra: Science in a Golden Age - Optics: The True Nature of Light: Science in a Golden Age - Chemistry: The Search for the Philosopher's Stone: Science in a Golden Age - Astronomy: The Science of the Stars: Works Cited "1001 Inventions: The Enduring Legacy Of Muslim Civilization". Amazon.Com, 2019, Accessed 24 Mar 2019. "Al-Battani". En.Wikipedia.Org, 2019, Accessed 24 Mar 2019. "Al-Zahrawi". En.Wikipedia.Org, 2019, Accessed 24 Mar 2019. "House Of Wisdom". En.Wikipedia.Org, 2019, Accessed 22 Mar 2019. "Islamic Golden Age". En.Wikipedia.Org, 2019, Accessed 24 Mar 2019. "Islamic Golden Age | Islamic History". Islamichistory.Org, golden-age/. Accessed 24 Mar 2019. "The Golden Age Of Islam". Khan Academy, age-of-islam. Accessed 24 Mar 2019. "Top 20 Greatest Muslim Scientists and Their Inventions". Listographic, 2017, Accessed 24 Mar 2019. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_22251.txt | Antipsychotic medications can reduce or relieve symptoms of psychosis, such as delusions (false beliefs) and hallucinations (seeing or hearing something that is not there). Formerly known as major tranquilizers and neuroleptics, antipsychotic medications are the main class of drugs used to treat people with schizophrenia. They are also used to treat people with psychosis that occurs in bipolar disorder, depression and Alzheimer’s disease. Other uses of antipsychotics include stabilizing moods in bipolar disorder, reducing anxiety in anxiety disorders and reducing tics in Tourette’s syndrome.
Antipsychotic medications can help to calm and clear confusion in a person with acute psychosis within hours or days, but can take up to four or six weeks to reach their full effect. These medications can help to control symptoms, but they do not cure the underlying condition. When taken over a longer term, antipsychotics can help to prevent further episodes of psychosis.
While antipsychotic medications can help some people with psychosis and mood disorders, at the same time these drugs can have serious side-effects. The aim of medication treatment is to reduce and control symptoms while keeping side-effects at a minimum.
Combining antipsychotic medication with other therapy and support can help people to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Family therapy, peer support, school and job counselling and housing and employment supports can all be helpful. Some therapists now offer cognitive-behavioural therapy to help people cope with voices.
Taking care of your physical health is especially important if you take antipsychotic medication. Both schizophrenia and the medications used to treat it can increase the risk of diabetes and other serious health problems. Getting regular checkups and medical care can help you to have good physical health. Eating a nutritious diet, exercising regularly and getting enough sleep can also help you to get and stay well.
* Do I need treatment?
* What do antipsychotics do?
* Types of antipsychotics
* Starting and stopping antipsychotics
* Antipsychotics, other drugs and driving
* Antipsychotics, sexuality and pregnancy
* Is age an issue?
* Where can I get more information about antipsychotics?
* How can I find treatment or a support group?
You may read this guide online here |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_24883.txt | Seymour Haden (akaFrancis Seymour-Haden)
British (1818 - 1910) Primary
Sunset on the Thames1865
5 1/2 in. x 8 1/2 in. (13.97 cm x 21.59 cm)
Bryn Mawr College
This object has the following keywords:
- British - Refers to the culture of the modern nation of the United Kingdom. It also refers to the cultures of historical nations that had Great Britain as the central ruling power. For the culture of the ancient Britons, who were those tribes that spoke the Celtic (Brythonic) language, use "Ancient British."
- drypoints - Prints made using the drypoint process, whereby a sharp needle scratches the plate creating a burr.
- etchings - Prints made from an etched printing plate, which is a metal plate on which a design is made by coating the plate with an acid-resistant substance, creating a design in the coating, and then exposing the plate to acid, which etches the plate where the metal is exposed. For designs incised directly into a copper plate using a burin or graver, use "engravings (prints)."
- seascapes and water scenes
- Prints of Whistler and Haden from the Bryn Mawr College Collections Bryn Mawr College , Mar 14, 1988 – Mar 30, 1988
- Plate Dimensions: 5 1/2 x 8 1/2 in. (13.97 x 21.59 cm)
Your current search criteria is: Agent is "Angelica Livingstone" and [Object]Culture-Nationality is "British".View current selection of records as: |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_8986.txt | Election of 1928
- Danny Kim, Kyle Miller, Alex Edens and Indrajeet Chauhan
Herbert Hoover - 444 electoral votes, 40 states carried, 24127123 popular votes (58.2%), Running mate was Charles Curtis.
Al Smith - 87 electoral votes, 8 states carried, 15015464 popular votes (40.8%), running mate was Joseph Robinson.
The leading candidates were Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover, former Illinois Governor Frank Orren Lowden and Senate Majority Leader Charles Curtis. In the few primaries that mattered, Hoover did not perform as well as expected, and it was thought that the president or Vice-President Charles G. Dawes might accept a draft in case of a deadlock, but Lowden withdrew just as the convention was about to start, paving the way for a Hoover victory. The Republican platform promised reduction of the national debt, tax reduction, retention of the protective tariff, opposition of cancellation of foreign debts, settlement of claims from World War I from foreign governments, continuation of the Coolidge foreign policy, support of arbitration treaties, civil service protection, a tariff for agricultural protection and continued farm exports, aid to the coal-mining industry, continued appropriations for highway construction, the right to collective bargaining, regulation of railroads, a continued independent American merchant marine, government supervision of radio facilities, construction of waterways to help transportation of bulk goods, support for war veterans, federal regulation of public utilities, conservation, vigorous law enforcement, honest government, continued reclamation of arid lands in the West, improvement of air-mail service, restricted immigration and naturalization of foreign immigrants in America, continued enforcement of the Washington Naval Treaty, continued status of territory status for Alaska and Hawaii and called for more women in public service, right of the President to draft defense material resources and services, creation of an Indian Commission, an Anti-Lynching Law and promised continued Home-Rule for the American Citizen. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_25042.txt | Scientists may have to rethink their views on risk factors for heart disease thanks to an unlikely source: ancient mummies.
Researchers who studied CT scans of mummies from four different parts of the world found that hardening of the arteries, an important sign of heart disease, was common among ancient people long before the advent of Big Macs.
Story Continues Below Advertisement
Oxford Instruments Healthcare, is a leading ISO 9001 & 13485-certified organization, that specializes in providing quality after-market GE CT and MRI systems, service and parts - at prices you can afford.
Overall, the team found signs of atherosclerosis in 35 percent of the mummies they studied.
The findings, presented on Sunday at the American College of Cardiology Scientific Sessions and published in the medical journal Lancet, were especially significant because researchers studied mummies from a wide variety of geographies, lifestyles and diets.
The team conducted a study in 2011 that found hardened arteries in Egyptian mummies, but since Egyptian elites were probably sedentary and ate a diet high in fat it was difficult to make general observations based on this evidence alone.
For its expanded study the team studied 137 mummies including Egyptians, Peruvians, Aleutian Islanders and ancestors of the Pueblo people in the American Southwest. Diets ranged widely from group to group. For example the Peruvians grew corn, potatoes and beans while Aleutian Islanders ate sea urchins, seals, otters and whales.
With these findings researchers now say that the underlying cause of heart disease may depend less on diet and lifestyle than previously thought.
"This disease is an inherent part of human aging," said Dr. Randall Thompson, Saint Luke's Mid America Heart Institute in Kansas City, who led the study.
Most surprisingly the study found hardened arteries in three of the five mummies from the Aleutian Islands who lived as hunter gatherers — a group whose varied diet and high daily level of exercise would lower their risk of artery disease, conventional logic would suggest.
"Much of what we think we know is wrong," said Dr. L. Samuel Wann, study author and director of cardiology at the Wisconsin Heart Hospital in Milwaukee.
So do these findings give us license to smoke, drink alcohol and indulge in fried foods without fear? Alas, study authors say no. "This is all the more reason for patients today to address the factors they can control," Thompson said.
When pressed about plans for further research, Wann said, "This has already gone in directions we didn't predict. I think we'll do some more imaging from more populations. Beyond imaging there are other modes of investigation that we're going to adapt." Back to DOTmed News |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_20585_2.txt | of wits, and doubtless the most delightful of companions over a respectable Puritan bottle. I have only Two Comforts to Live upon, Increase Mather reported him as saying; The one is in the Perfections of Christ; The other is in The Imperfections of all Christians.
It is the caustic criticism of female fashions, and the sharp attack upon all tolerationists who would hang Gods Bible at the Devils girdle, that have caught the attention of later readers of the
but it was as a subtile statesman that Ward impressed himself upon his own generation, and it is certainly the political philosophy which gives significance to his brilliant essay. Trained in the law before he forsook it for the ministry, he had thought seriously upon political questions, and his conclusions hit to a nicety the principles which the moderate Presbyterians in Parliament were developing to offset the Stuart encroachments. The insufficiency of the old checks and balances to withstand the stress of partisanship was daily becoming more evident as the struggle went forward. There must be an overhauling of the fundamental law; the neutral zones must be charted and the several rights and privileges exactly delimited. What was needed was a written constitution. Hitherto God hath taken order, that ill Prerogatives, gotten by the Sword, should in time be fetcht home by the Dagger, if nothing else will doe it: Yet I trust there is both day and means to intervent this bargaine. To preserve a just balance between rival interests, and to bring all parties to a realization of their responsibility to God, were the difficult problems with which Wards crotchety lucubrations mainly concern themselves.
Authority must have power to make and keep people honest; People, honesty to obey Authority; both, a joynt-Councell to keep both safe. Moral Lawes, Royall Prerogatives, Popular Liberties, are not of Mans making or giving, but Gods: Man is but to measure them out by Gods Rule: which if mans wisdome cannot reach, Mans experience must mend: And these Essentials, must not be Ephorized or Tribuned by one or a few Mens discretion, but lineally sanctioned by Supreame Councels.
occurrences, which cannot be foreseen; Diets, Parliaments, Senates, or accountable Commissions, must have power to consult and execute against intersilient dangers and flagitious crimes prohibited by the light of Nature: Yet it were good if States would let People know so much beforehand, by some safe woven
that grosse Delinquents may tell no tales of Anchors and Buoyes, nor palliate their presumptions with pretense of ignorance. I know no difference in these Essentials, between Monarchies, Aristocracies, or Democracies .
He is a good King that undoes not his Subjects by any one of his unlimited Prerogatives: and they are a good People, that undoe not their Prince, by any one of their unbounded Liberties, be they the very least. I am sure either may, and I am sure neither would be trusted, how good soever. Stories tell us in effect, though not in termes, that over-risen Kings, have been the next evills to the world, unto fallen Angels; and that over-franchised people, are devills with smooth snaffles in their mouthes I have a long while thought it very possible, in a time of Peace for disert Statesmen, to cut an exquisite thred between Kings Prerogatives, and Subjects Liberties of all sorts, so as
might have his due and People their share, without such sharpe disputes. Good Casuists would case it, and case it, part it, and part it; now it, and then it, punctually.
Nathaniel Ward was no democrat and therefore no Congregationalist. For Church work, I am neither Presbyterian, nor plebsbyterian, but an Interpendent, he said of himself. But his Interpendency was only an individualistic twist of Presbyterianism. For the new radicals who were rising out of the turmoil of revolution, he had only contempt; and for their new-fangled notion of toleration, and talk of popular liberties, he felt the righteous indignation of the conservative who desires no altering of the fundamental arrangements of society. Only the Word of God could justify change; and so when he was commissioned to write a body of liberties for the new commonwealth, he presented as harsh and rigid a code as the sternest theocrat could have wished, a strange compound of the brutalities of the old common law and the severities of the Mosaic rule. He was too old a man to fit into the new waysa fact which he recognized by returning to England to die, leaving behind him as a warning to Congregationalism the pithy quatrain:
The upper world shall Rule,
While Stars will run their race:
The nether world obey,
While People keep their place.
The more one reads in the literature of early New England the more one feels oneself in the company of men who were led by visions, and fed upon Utopian dreams. It was a day and a world of idealists, and of this number was John Eliot, saintly apostle to the Indians, who, in the midst of his missionary dreams and the arduous labours of supplying the bread of life to his native converts, found time to fashion his brick for the erection of that temple which the Puritans of the Protectorate were dreaming of. The idols had been broken under the hammer of Cromwell; the malevolent powers that so long had held sway at last were brought low; it remained now only for the people of God to enter into a solemn covenant to establish a commonwealth after the true divine model. That no mistake should be made in so important a matter, John Eliot sent out of the American wilderness the plan of a Christian Utopia, sanctioned by Mosaic example and buttressed at every point by chapter and verse, which he urged upon the people of England as a suitable guide to their feet.
Naked theocracy is nowhere more uncompromisingly delineated than in the pages of
The Christian Commonwealth.
At the base of Eliots political thinking were the two germinal conceptions which animated his theocratic brethren generally: the conception that Christ is King of Kings, before whom all earthly authority must bow, and the conception that the Scriptures alone contain the law of God. There is undoubtedly a forme of civil Government instituted by God himself in the holy Scriptures . We should derogate from the sufficiency and perfection of the Scriptures, if we should deny it. From these main premises he deduced a system that is altogether remarkable for its thorough-going simplicity. Since the law has been declared once for all, perfect and complete, there is no need for a legislative branch of government; and since Christ is the sole overlord and king, there is no need for an earthly head of the state; it remains only to provide a competent magisterial system to hear causes and adjudicate differences. Society is concerned wholly with duties and not at all with rights; government therefore begins and ends with the magistrate. In order to secure an adequate magistracy, Eliot proposed to divide society into groups of tens, fifties, hundreds, and thousands, each of which should choose its rulers, who in turn should choose their representatives in the higher councils; and so there was evolved an ascending series of magistrates until the supreme council of the nation was reached, the decisions of which should be final.
The duties of all the Rulers of the civil part of the Kingdom of Christ, are as followeth to govern the people in the orderly and seasonable practice of all the Commanders of God, in actions liable to Political observations, whether of piety and love to God, or of justice, and love to man with peace.
Far removed as
The Christian Commonwealth
was from the saner thought of the Army democrats, it is the logical culmination of all theocratic dreams. The ideal of social unity, of relentless conformity, according to which the rebel is a social outlaw to be silenced at any cost, dominates this Christian Utopia as mercilessly as it dominated the policy of Laud. In setting up King Jesus for King Charles, there was to be no easing of the yoke upon the rebellious spirit; and in binding society upon the letter of the Scripture there was to be no room for the democratic aspirations of the leveller. Curious as this little work istestifying rather to the sincerity of Eliots Hebraism than to his political intelligence or to his knowledge of menit is characteristic of the man who consecrated his life to the dream of an Indian mission. How little disturbed he was by the perversities and limitations of facts, is revealed anew in the polity which he laid down for his Indian converts:
And this VOW I did solemnly make unto the Lord concerning them; that they being a people without any forme of Government, and now to chuse; I would endeavour with all my might, to bring them to embrace such Government, both civil and Ecclesiastical, as the Lord hath commanded in the holy Scriptures; and to deduce all their Lawes from the holy Scriptures, that so they may be the Lords people, ruled by him alone in all things.
Which vow, considering the state of the Indian tribes to whom it was to apply, may serve to throw light upon the causes of the scant success of the Saints in dealing with the Indians.
Despite the logic of the theocrats, unanimity of opinion among the Saints was sadly lacking; and the peace of the new Canaan was troubled and the patience of the leaders sorely tried by pious malcontents, who were not content that God should rule through John Cotton, but themselves desired to be the Lords vicegerents. The democrats were constantly prodding the ruling coterie of gentlemen; and the democratic conception of a commonwealth of free citizens intruded more and more upon the earlier conception of a kingdom of God. Capable leaders of the new radicalism were not lacking; and if we would comprehend the dissension and heart-burnings of those |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_49425.txt | A p value of 0.01 means that there is a 1% chance that the difference between treatments is due to random chance rather than to a real difference between the treatments (the two colors of mice on either soil). This 1% value is usually taken to mean that the difference between treatments is quite significant, the statistical test confirms confidence in the result.
Work Step by Step
Statistical tests are designed to produce a probability that the experimental differences between treatments are not just due to random variation/chance. It is common to use 1%, 5%, or 10% as criteria for deciding that results are confirmed/differences are real. Just be careful to realize that these probability levels are just predictions, not magic lines in the sand. 4.9% isn't much different from 5%, even though some scientists choose not to acknowledge it. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_251_1.txt | Separation of powers
The separation of powers is a representation for the governance of a state. Under this model, a state's government is divided into branches, each with separate, independent powers and responsibilities so that powers of one branch are not in conflict with those of the other branches. The typical division is into three branches: a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary, which is the trias politica model. It can be contrasted with the fusion of powers in parliamentary and semi-presidential systems, where the executive and legislative branches overlap.
Separation of powers, therefore, refers to the division of responsibilities into distinct branches of government by limiting any one branch from exercising the core functions of another. The intent of separation of powers is to prevent the concentration of power by providing for checks and balances.
The separation of powers model is often imprecisely and metonymically used interchangeably with the trias politica principle. While the trias politica model is a common type of separation, there are governments that have greater or fewer than three branches, as mentioned later in the article.
Aristotle first mentioned the idea of a "mixed government" or hybrid government in his work Politics, where he drew upon many of the constitutional forms in the city-states of Ancient Greece. In the Roman Republic, the Roman Senate, Consuls and the Assemblies showed an example of a mixed government according to Polybius (Histories, Book 6, 11–13).
Early modern mixed governmentEdit
John Calvin (1509–1564) favoured a system of government that divided political power between democracy and aristocracy (mixed government). Calvin appreciated the advantages of democracy, stating: "It is an invaluable gift if God allows a people to elect its own government and magistrates." In order to reduce the danger of misuse of political power, Calvin suggested setting up several political institutions that should complement and control each other in a system of checks and balances.
In this way, Calvin and his followers resisted political absolutism and furthered the growth of democracy. Calvin aimed to protect the rights and the well-being of ordinary people.[need quotation to verify] In 1620 a group of English separatist Congregationalists and Anglicans (later known as the Pilgrim Fathers) founded Plymouth Colony in North America. Enjoying self-rule, they established a bipartite democratic system of government. The "freemen" elected the General Court, which functioned as legislature and judiciary and which in turn elected a governor, who together with his seven "assistants" served in the functional role of providing executive power. Massachusetts Bay Colony (founded 1628), Rhode Island (1636), Connecticut (1636), New Jersey, and Pennsylvania had similar constitutions – they all separated political powers. (Except for Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony, these English outposts added religious freedom to their democratic systems, an important step towards the development of human rights.) Books like William Bradford's Of Plymouth Plantation (written between 1630 and 1651) were widely read in England. So the form of government in the colonies was well known in the mother country, including to the philosopher John Locke (1632–1704). He deduced from a study of the English constitutional system the advantages of dividing political power into the legislative (which should be distributed among several bodies, for example, the House of Lords and the House of Commons), on the one hand, and the executive and federative power, responsible for the protection of the country and prerogative of the monarch, on the other hand. (The Kingdom of England had no written constitution.)[need quotation to verify]
During the English Civil War, the parliamentarians viewed the English system of government as composed of three branches - the King, the House of Lords and the House of Commons - where the first should have executive powers only, and the latter two legislative powers. One of the first documents proposing a tripartite system of separation of powers was the Instrument of Government, written by the English general John Lambert in 1653, and soon adopted as the constitution of England for few years during The Protectorate. The system comprised a legislative branch (the Parliament) and two executive branches, the English Council of State and the Lord Protector, all being elected (though the Lord Protector was elected for life) and having checks upon each other.
A further development in English thought was the idea that the judicial powers should be separated from the executive branch. This followed the use of the juridical system by the Crown to prosecute opposition leaders following the Restoration, in the late years of Charles II and during the short reign of James II (namely, during the 1680s).
Montesquieu's separation of powers systemEdit
The term "tripartite system" is commonly ascribed to French Enlightenment political philosopher Baron de Montesquieu, although he did not use such a term but referred to "distribution" of powers. In The Spirit of the Laws (1748), Montesquieu described the various forms of distribution of political power among a legislature, an executive, and a judiciary. Montesquieu's approach was to present and defend a form of government whose powers were not excessively centralized in a single monarch or similar ruler (a form known then as "aristocracy"). He based this model on the Constitution of the Roman Republic and the British constitutional system. Montesquieu took the view that the Roman Republic had powers separated so that no one could usurp complete power. In the British constitutional system, Montesquieu discerned a separation of powers among the monarch, Parliament, and the courts of law.
In every government there are three sorts of power: the legislative; the executive in respect to things dependent on the law of nations; and the executive in regard to matters that depend on the civil law.
By virtue of the first, the prince or magistrate enacts temporary or perpetual laws, and amends or abrogates those that have been already enacted. By the second, he makes peace or war, sends or receives embassies, establishes the public security, and provides against invasions. By the third, he punishes criminals, or determines the disputes that arise between individuals. The latter we shall call the judiciary power, and the other simply the executive power of the state.
Montesquieu argues that each Power should only exercise its own functions. He was quite explicit here:
When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty; because apprehensions may arise, lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws, to execute them in a tyrannical manner.
Again, there is no liberty, if the judiciary power be not separated from the legislative and executive. Were it joined with the legislative, the life and liberty of the subject would be exposed to arbitrary control; for the judge would be then the legislator. Were it joined to the executive power, the judge might behave with violence and oppression.
There would be an end of everything, were the same man or the same body, whether of the nobles or of the people, to exercise those three powers, that of enacting laws, that of executing the public resolutions, and of trying the causes of individuals.
Separation of powers requires a different source of legitimization, or a different act of legitimization from the same source, for each of the separate powers. If the legislative branch appoints the executive and judicial powers, as Montesquieu indicated, there will be no separation or division of its powers, since the power to appoint carries with it the power to revoke.
The executive power ought to be in the hands of a monarch, because this branch of government, having need of despatch, is better administered by one than by many: on the other hand, whatever depends on the legislative power is oftentimes better regulated by many than by a single person.
But if there were no monarch, and the executive power should be committed to a certain number of persons selected from the legislative body, there would be an end then of liberty; by reason the two powers would be united, as the same persons would sometimes possess, and would be always able to possess, a share in both.
Montesquieu actually specified that the independence of the judiciary has to be real, and not merely apparent. The judiciary was generally seen as the most important of the three powers, independent and unchecked.
Checks and balancesEdit
The principle of checks and balances is that each branch has power to limit or check the other two, which creates a balance between the three separate branches of the state. This principle induces one branch to prevent either of the other branches from becoming supreme, thereby securing political liberty.
Immanuel Kant was an advocate of this, noting that "the problem of setting up a state can be solved even by a nation of devils" so long as they possess an appropriate constitution to pit opposing factions against each other. Checks and balances are designed to maintain the system of separation of powers keeping each branch in its place. The idea is that it is not enough to separate the powers and guarantee their independence but the branches need to have the constitutional means to defend their own legitimate powers from the encroachments of the other branches. They guarantee that the branches have the same level of power (co-equal), that is, are balanced, so that they can limit each other, avoiding the abuse of power. The origin of checks and balances, like separation of powers itself, is specifically credited to Montesquieu in the Enlightenment (in The Spirit of the Laws, 1748). Under this influence it was implemented in 1787 in the Constitution of the United States.
The following example of the separation of powers and their mutual checks and balances from the experience of the United States Constitution is presented as illustrative of the general principles applied in similar forms of government as well:
But the great security against a gradual concentration of the several powers in the same department, consists in giving to those who administer each department the necessary constitutional means and personal motives to resist encroachments of the others. The provision for defense must in this, as in all other cases, be made commensurate to the danger of attack. Amb |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_52457_1.txt | Please do not reproduce or redistribute any information found in TheHistoricFoodie’s blog without written permission. Thank you.
The subject of food history is a massive one. It encompasses the planting, growing, harvesting, preservation, and cooking of countless fruits and vegetables; the raising of barnyard fowl, pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, etc.; and the harvesting of wild game, game-birds, fish, and shellfish, all of which were, because of one factor or another, also somewhat seasonal. The wise housewife and helpmate dried, pickled, potted, smoked, cured, brined, or otherwise preserved those for the lean times.
This treatise will deal with a little known method of preservation which was once of primary importance – potting. It involves sealing a food, usually some type of meat, although cheese was also potted, in butter or other fat to eliminate exposure to air which would cause it to go bad. Potted meats were kept for weeks or months, providing there was a relatively cool place in which to store them. Storage facilities might have been a root cellar, a spring house, or any location that would remain cooler than the temperature inside the home.
A more familiar term for a similar process may be confit. Confit is a French term for preserving food, usually meat, in fat. The fat may be duck fat or in the absence of sufficient quantity or in the case of pork confit it may be bacon fat. The most common types are duck, goose, and pork.
If properly done, the meat will keep well for three to five months in the refrigerator, perhaps longer.
Liver pate’ is also covered in butter to protect it from the air.
Pots were beginning to replace the heavy paste crusts, also known as cofyns”, by the 1600’s. The heavy pastes of former years were meant to be containers to encase the fillings and protect them while sealing out air that hastened spoilage, and were not always meant to be consumed.
Documenting this method is relatively easy through the 18th and 19th centuries because enough cookery books have survived to give a valuable insight into this and other preservation methods. With a little more diligent search, one can find plenteous mention of these methods many centuries earlier.
Some do use to parboil their Fowl, after they have taken out the garbage, and then do dip them in Barrowsgreace [lard], or clarified butter, till they have gotten a new garment over them, and then they lay them one by one in stone pots, filling the stone pots up to the brim with Barrowsgreace or clarified butter. – Sir Hugh Plat, 1607.
Sir Hugh’s account describes potted fowl as it was prepared in the sixteenth century.
Sir Kenelm Digby’s book published in 1669 contained five receipts for potted meat. His account instructs in the use of pots as opposed to preparing the mixture in heavy paste which was the rule earlier and which was still an option in some books.
No matter what type of meat was being potted, the method was the same. The meat was cut into pieces, baked with a quantity of fresh butter or other fat (usually with spices and seasonings), pounded with mortar and pestle (or ground), packed into earthenware pots, heated, cooled, and then sealed with a layer of clarified butter. The exception was small birds which were sometimes potted whole.
Very little water was used in cooking the meats and they were baked at high temperatures to kill any organisms that could cause spoilage, or at least capture them underneath the layer of hard fat where they were not exposed to the air. The layer of fat also prevented the entry of airborne contaminants that could cause spoilage.
Many early receipts specify using fresh butter because if the butter was on its way to going bad prior to being used to seal the pots of meat or cheese, the quality of the ingredients was affected and their shelf life was much shorter.
A few receipts can be found for potting previously boiled meats after removing all the skin, muscle, and other unappetizing bits. Prior to covering with butter the meat was re-seasoned and packed into pots in the usual manner.
Many cooks, after putting the meat-paste into pots, place the latter for a few minutes in a hot oven, for the purpose of condensing the meat as much as possible, and thereby exuding the air. – Hill, Georgiana. The Breakfast Book. 1865. London.
Receipts from the 18th century involve potting beef, venison, ox-cheek, tongue, rabbit, ham, veal, chicken, salmon, mackerel, trout, eels, pike, smelts, pigeons, lamprey, char, moor-game, hare, oysters, ducks, herrings, and a variety of small birds.
Game birds which were routinely potted included woodcocks, partridges, ortolains, grouse, quails, etc.
To pot the birds, they were plucked, singed, and drawn before being seasoned and baked with a quantity of butter after which the meat was packed into a pot, covered with clarified butter, and tied down with heavy paper, a skin, or bladder.
One source instructed that the heads of moor-game* should not be concealed underneath the butter, and that the pinions and feet of pigeons and partridges should be removed before covering the birds with butter.
To pot a hare, it was cut up, placed in a deep dish with the liver and plenty of fresh butter, tied down with heavy oiled paper, and baked until tender. It was then drained, and when cold, the meat was picked from the bones, skin, and sinew. The meat was pounded in a mortar to a paste along with a little of the cooking liquid and packed into pots, pressed well down, covered with clarified fresh butter, and the pots tied down tight.
The best parts of older, therefore tougher, rabbits, usually haunches and loins were treated similarly. For young tender rabbits, they were larded with bacon fat, ham, or tongue, seasoned with salt, pepper, and nutmeg, and either potted in the traditional manner, or the meat made into rolls, tied to secure them, and then packed with herbs, spices, and garlic. They were covered with clarified butter or olive oil, and when using the latter were said to, “keep well for a length of time”. – Hill, Georgiana. The Breakfast Book. 1865. London.
Tongues were boiled until tender with wine and spices then the tough outer covering peeled off and discarded. The remaining meat was cut up, pounded with spices (usually salt, pepper, nutmeg, and mace), and finished off as usual.
Potting was of such value in preserving food, that Sarah Harrison included 16 distinct receipts in her book published in 1739. A cook with the ability to think for herself, was able to use those methods as a guide for putting away any number of meats or combinations of meats. – The Housekeeper’s Pocket-Book.
A thorough perusal of primary sources indicates that early cooks often kept a potted meat past its prime yet refused to waste it. Such was evidenced by Hannah Glasses’ instructions (1777 and 1787). This is not surprising in a time when cookbooks usually contained instructions for freshening meat that had been kept too long in a non-preserved state.
Glasse said, “I have seen potted birds that have come a great way, often smell so bad, that nobody could bear the smell of the rankness of the butter”. Her method of remedying the problem was to take all the birds, or pieces of birds, out of the pot, dip them for half a minute into a pot of boiling water to remove the butter, dry them, return them to the pot, and again pour fresh clarified butter over them to seal out the air.
While few of us would want to go that far with the process, potted meat and cheese are excellent tidbits which need only crusty bread to make a meal which was considered quite pleasing in former times.
Inns that took pride in the service they provided weary travelers kept potted meats, fish, and cheeses on hand so that a good quality tasty meal was always at hand when a hungry patron arrived, and ships captains stocked potted foods to be consumed on long sea voyages.
Potted meats were put up in pots that held a pint, a quart, or sometimes two quarts. Some receipts instruct putting it up in a firkin which was a wooden vessel or tub used to hold butter or lard. – Table Talk. No. 3. March 1888.
Potted meat obviously wasn’t always the nasty canned product sold by that name today made from meat by-products and mechanically separated chicken. Meat by-products are everything but the hair, horns, and hooves and mechanically separated chicken refers to a paste made by forcing chicken through a sieve to separate the bones from the tissue, obviously wasting nothing.
Quite the contrary in former times, when better cuts of meat were used for potting so that when the product was served it was tasty and nutritious and could as easily be featured on the tea table as on the dinner table.
Hill, Georgiana. The Breakfast Book. 1865. London.
Webster, Thomas & Parkes, Mrs. The American Family Encyclopedia of Useful Knowledge. 1856.
W. Kent & Co., publishers. The Household Encyclopedia. 1859. London
Lee, N.M.K. The Cook’s Own Book. 1832 and 1840. Boston.
Mason, Charlotte. The Ladies’ Assistant. 1777 and 1787. London.
Harrison, Sarah. The Housekeeper’s Pocket-Book. 1739. London.
Carter, Charles. The London and Country Cook. 1749. London.
Young, Arthur. A Six-Months Tour Through the North of England. 1770. London.
Glasse, Hannah. The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy. 1774 and 1788. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_5364.txt | Although Ellis argues that "television consists of series and established formats" and has "become routinized," Caldwell challenges that argument with the emergence of "televisuality." Ellis states that the reason for television being routinized is because "watching television has become such a central part of everyday life" (276). More and more people are watching television because as Ellis states in his article, it becomes society's security blanket for the audience and the entertainment industry. Routinized television is catching on like wild fires on a daily basis. It is clear that with the emergence of new channels and new shows every day, television is becoming without a doubt customized.
Because television consists of formatted elements, the audience is aware of how the show is played out. Games shows, soap operas, and sitcoms all consist of both routines and televisuality. Take Seinfeld, for example, Jerry's living room is always the same and Kramer always comes through the door in the exact same way. The audience thrives on "knowing" what comes next. Televisuality puts on an emphasis on style and that is where the weird camera angles and different lighting setups come into play. In MTV's The Real World, the houses are always elaborate and the camera angles never fail to be "in your face" and "real." All of these shows have a very rigid structure and are clearly routinized.
Ellis says that routinisation has both advantages and disadvantages. One advantage is that it brings certainties to the production process. Basically, it means that it consists of a basic "framework of common understandings" (Ellis 276). An example is the game show, Jeopardy, which everyone knows that since it is filmed in a studio that it will consist of a live audience and contestants.
Televisuality can be defined as the "highly excessive stylistic emergence of television techniques that have changed the look of television" (Caldwell 294). An example of...
Please join StudyMode to read the full document |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_25814.txt | What's a great gift for the cyclist who already has a digital speedometer, ultra-light aluminum frame, rear-view mirror, and horn? How about a "smart" bike that will find the right gear, no matter what the incline, or what the cyclist's energy level.
Just as many cars have automatic instead of manual transmission, so the bicycle built by a group of University of Rochester undergraduates shifts automatically. The bike can even learn the nuances of a cyclist's riding style and customize the shifting accordingly. The bike is on display at the University this week as part of National Engineers Week.
The "brains" behind the operation -- besides the students -- is a computer chip similar to those found in microwave ovens or air bag safety systems. The students programmed the chip to measure wheel speed and how fast the cyclist is pedaling. An algorithm uses these numbers to determine whether the chain is under tension or not, an important factor in shifting.
The cyclist decides how fast he or she wants to pedal, and programs the information into the chip by pressing a few buttons. The chip then "remembers" how fast the cyclist is supposed to be pedaling. When the bike rider tires and begins to pedal slower, the bike automatically shifts to a lower, easier gear. And when the cyclist pedals faster going down hill, the bike shifts to a higher gear.
"Many people wait until they're pedaling too fast to shift up, and they don't shift down until they're working too hard," says senior Ezra Gold, a mechanical engineering major and one of the bike's developers. "This lets the rider keep the right cadence, which can be adjusted by pushing a couple of buttons.
"It's also easier to ride," says Gold, a cyclist himself. "The bike automatically puts you in the right gear, so you can ride further faster. But it is weird to keep reaching for a lever that's not there."
The bike has six speeds, but more can be added. While there are a few automatic shifting bicycles on the market, their complex and sometimes jerky mechanical features, as well as added weight and cost, have discouraged most riders. Computer- controlled shifting is virtually unheard of. Student Emily Hackett did a patent search to see what systems had already been developed. "There were tons of ways to do this mechanically -- just about every way imaginable," says Hackett, a mechanical engineering major. "But there were only a couple of systems that tried to use computers to help control the shifting."
The chip and shifting system run on two small 7.2-volt batteries. Instead of a cable that adjusts the rear derailleur, the chip triggers a motor that moves a screw, sending the bike into a higher or lower gear.
The main difference from a conventional bike, says Gold, is that when the cyclist stops pedaling, the chain keeps turning so that the bike can continue to shift.
The chip, motor and batteries are contained in a small box that weighs between one and two pounds and sits below the rider. The students say the control box could be much more compact and light to make it commercially viable. The unit would probably add about $200 to the cost of a bike, say the students. Besides Gold and Hackett, the project team included former students Mark Spencer, Gregory Lukins, and Frank Duver.
"There were a lot of people who didn't believe we could do this well, without adding much weight," says Gold. "But it hasn't failed once."
The project was the idea of Bruce Arden, William F. May Professor of Engineering, vice provost for computing, and an avid bicyclist who makes the 15-mile commute to work by bike whenever possible. And it's commuters like himself, says Arden, who would get the most benefit.
"This makes the most sense for commuters, since they're the ones who start and stop the most often," says Arden. "If you're a bicycling fanatic, you'll probably want to manually shift gears, just as some people prefer a car they can shift manually." |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_49158.txt | Trillions of Allies Underground
New-to-Portland author Kristin Ohlson is doing a reading/talk about her book The Soil Will Save Us: How Scientists, Farmers and Foodies are Healing the Soil to Save the Planet at Powell’s on Burnside on March 27 at 7:30.
The book introduces readers to the ancient partnership between plants and soil microorganisms that created our lush planet, discusses how humans have interfered with that partnership to our peril, and shows how visionaries around the world are healing soil and landscapes.
Much good comes from this healing—more productive farms, more nutritious food, cleaner air and water, and greater resilience in the face of both drought and flood. And then there’s the biggie: we’ve lost 80 billion tons of soil carbon from bad farming and other land practices over thousands of years, a loss intensified by modern industrial agriculture, and much of that carbon is now in our atmosphere. Even if we stopped all fossil fuel emissions today, that legacy load of carbon would continue warming the planet. Ohlson says our great green hope lies in restoring the partnership between plants and soil microorganisms, healing soils, and putting that carbon back in the ground.
“We don’t hear a lot of good news about the environment,” Ohlson says, “but I think this is good news: we have trillions of allies underground and people are finally figuring out how to let them do their job.”
What people are saying about the book:
“This will surely be called an important book. Ohlson conveys her information in the lively manner of writers such as Michel Pollan and Rowan Jacobsen, making complicated ideas easily accessible to the reader, so that we see the ground at our feet not as dead dirt but rather as, in her words, a “coral reef” teeming with life, a ‘massive biological machine’ on which the health of our species depends. We’re lucky to have this account.”—Michael Ruhlman, author of The Soul of a Chef
“On the long list of things we have to do to fight climate change, learning to pay attention to soil again is near the top. It’s not just dirt, it’s not just something that holds plants upright—as this book points out, it’s pretty damned vital.”—Bill McKibben, author of Earth: Making a Life on a Tough New Planet
“At last, soil has been included in the conversation about food. And you don’t need a degree in soil sciences to see how the web of life below the surface that infuses soil—is soil—is strongly affected by the various webs of life that occur aboveground, for better and worse. . . . This book is eminently readable, well-researched, and important.”—Deborah Madison, author of The New Vegetarian Cooking for Everyone
Powell’s on Burnside
Thanks for sharing |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_50447.txt | What is Turbinate Hypertrophy?
Turbinates are two spongy curled bones that protrude into the nasal passages. They are located bilaterally on both sides of the nasal cavity and are separated by the nasal septum. Turbinates are covered by respiratory epithelium covering a thick layer of vascular tissue. Anatomically, the structures are layered from near the floor of the nose to the top of the nasal cavity and are referred to as the inferior, middle and superior turbinates. The inferior turbinate is the largest and functionally most important turbinate.
Turbinates are responsible for conditioning the inhaled air
The turbinates are responsible for directing the airflow inside the nasal cavity. The name “turbinate” actually comes from the word turbulence- meaning the irregular flow of water or air. Respiratory epithelium covering the turbinates plays an important role in humidifying, heating and filtering the inhaled air. Humid air helps to prevent potential damage to delicate olfactory receptors located in the nasal cavity. These receptors are responsible for recognition of odors. The epithelium also represents a first line of immunological defense providing access to the lymphatic system. This is a place where immune-competent cells reside. The cells trigger quick immune response in the form of an inflammatory reaction at the signs of microbial or chemical irritation.
Turbinate hypertrophy can develop in response to various environmental factors and infections
Mucosal membranes covering the turbinates contain a large supply of blood vessels and can easily shrink or swell in response to various factors. As a result, turbinates can expand due to allergies, chemical or physical irritants, temperature changes, or acute sinus infections which will congest the nose. This enlargement is reversible and turbinates normally will return back to normal size. However, persistent inflammation, allergic reactions and exposure to various environmental irritants may lead to the chronic swelling of the turbinates (usually inferior turbinates), resulting in a condition referred to as turbinate hypertrophy. Enlargement of the turbinates results in difficulty breathing through the nose. Troubles with breathing at night and snoring are common in such cases. Also, turbinate hypertrophy is associated with chronic sinus infections and nosebleeds that can potentially stem from an untreated deviated septum.
Septal deviation can lead to turbinate hypertrophy
The nasal septum is a structure made of bone and cartilage that sits between the two nostrils and separates the nasal cavities into a left and right side. A perfectly straight nasal septum is rarely ever seen. Significant deformity of the nasal septum, either congenital or traumatic, can lead to compensatory turbinate hypertrophy on the opposite side of the deviation. It is rather common for doctors to see patients who have one side of the nose blocked due to a deviated septum, and the other side obstructed due to hypertrophy of inferior turbinate.
Treatment of turbinate hypertrophy
Removal of irritating factors or treatment of underlying allergies can diminish the swelling of turbinates. Nasal steroid sprays can reduce mucosal inflammation and improve nasal breathing caused by turbinate hypertrophy.
However, when the bony structure of turbinates is enlarged, a surgery addressing the underlying problem may be required. Turbinoplasty (turbinate reduction) aims to reduce the size of the turbinates to help open the nasal airways. It can be performed in conjunction with rhinoplasty (correction or reconstruction of the nose) or septoplasty (straightening of the septum).
There are several surgical techniques that can be used to reduce the size of the turbinates. Some methods involve the removal of some of the turbinates’ bony structure, while others help to achieve the shrinkage of turbinates by reducing the existing soft tissue. One of the commonly used techniques, radio-frequency reduction, relies on heating up a part of turbinates using a special electrical device. The heated tissue gradually become scarred which helps in reducing the size of turbinates. Another technique is stereotactic image-guided surgery, which uses non invasive three dimensional diagramming.
Turbinoplasty involves making an incision at the mucosa lining of the turbinates, and removing a section of the bony structure. A device called microdebrider is commonly used for this procedure. This device drastically reduces the surgical time needed. A partial turbinectomy involves surgically removing the forward end of the inferior turbinate, thereby removing a portion of both the bone and mucosa.
References and comments:
- This Wikipedia article provides a detailed description of the structure and function of turbinates. The article also contains relevant illustrations.
- This article analyses the connection between septal deviations of different origin and the inferior turbinate hypertrophy. Findings support the excision of inferior turbinates in conjunction with septoplasty.
- Detailed analysis of medical and surgical management of turbinate dysfunction. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_33443.txt | A chemical element or substance required in trace amounts for the normal growth and development of living organisms.
- However, what are known as micronutrients - vitamins and trace elements - can poison if taken in excessive quantities.
- The third group of essential elements are called micronutrients because they are required by the plant in small amounts.
- The dietary intake of carbohydrate, protein, lipids, micronutrients and phytochemicals will change based on the dietetic habits of the population.
Definition of micronutrient in:
What do you find interesting about this word or phrase?
Comments that don't adhere to our Community Guidelines may be moderated or removed. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_38597.txt | COMPUTER AND ITS COMPONENTS
|Previous Page||Home Page||Next Page|
<mm>Components.mm</mm> <mindmap>Components.mm</mindmap> <mm>Computer_Languages.mm</mm> <mindmap>Computer_Languages.mm</mindmap>
A computer system consists of mainly four basic units; namely input unit, storage unit, central processing unit and output unit. Central Processing unit further includes Arithmetic logic unit and control unit, as shown in the figure:. A computer performs five major operations or functions irrespective of its size and make. These are
• it accepts data or instructions as input,
• it stores data and instruction
• it processes data as per the instructions,
• it controls all operations inside a computer, and
• it gives results in the form of output.
Desktop Computer System
a. Input Unit: This unit is used for entering data and programs into the computer system by the user for processing.
Basic Computer Organisation
b. Storage Unit: The storage unit is used for storing data and instructions before and after processing.
c. Output Unit: The output unit is used for storing the result as output produced by the computer after processing.
d. Processing: The task of performing operations like arithmetic and logical operations is called processing. The Central Processing Unit (CPU) takes data and instructions from the storage unit and makes all sorts of calculations based on the instructions given and the type of data provided. It is then sent back to the storage unit. CPU includes Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit (CU)
• Arithmetic Logic Unit: All calculations and comparisons, based on the instructions provided, are carried out within the ALU. It performs arithmetic functions like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and also logical operations like greater than, less than and equal to etc.
• Control Unit: Controlling of all operations like input, processing and output are performed by control unit. It takes care of step by step processing of all operations in side the computer.
Computer’s memory can be classified into two types; primary memory and secondary memory
a. Primary Memory can be further classified as RAM and ROM.
• RAM or Random Access Memory is the unit in a computer system. It is the place in a computer where the operating system, application programs and the data in current use are kept temporarily so that they can be accessed by the computer’s processor. It is said to be ‘volatile’ since its contents are accessible only as long as the computer is on. The contents of RAM are no more available once the computer is turned off.
ROM or Read Only Memory is a special type of memory which can only be read and contents of which are not lost even when the computer is switched off. It typically contains manufacturer’s instructions. Among other things, ROM also stores an initial program called the ‘bootstrap loader’ whose function is to start the operation of computer system once the power is turned on.
b. Secondary Memory
RAM is volatile memory having a limited storage capacity. Secondary/auxiliary memory is storage other than the RAM. These include devices that are peripheral and are connected and controlled by the computer to enable permanent storage of programs and data.
- CD ROM
Secondary storage devices are of two types; magnetic and optical. Magnetic devices include hard disks and optical storage devices are CDs, DVDs, Pen drive, Zip drive etc.
• Hard Disk
Hard disks are made up of rigid material and are usually a stack of metal disks sealed in a box. The hard disk and the hard disk drive exist together as a unit and is a permanent part of the computer where data and programs are saved. These disks have storage capacities ranging from 1GB to 80 GB and more. Hard disks are rewritable.
• Compact Disk
Compact Disk (CD) is portable disk having data storage capacity between 650-700 MB. It can hold large amount of information such as music, full-motion videos, and text etc. CDs can be either read only or read write type.
• Digital Video Disk
Digital Video Disk (DVD) is similar to a CD but has larger storage capacity and enormous clarity. Depending upon the disk type it can store several Gigabytes of data. DVDs are primarily used to store music or movies and can be played back on your television or the computer too. These are not rewritable.
Input / Output Devices:
These devices are used to enter information and instructions into a computer for storage or processing and to deliver the processed data to a user. Input/Output devices are required for users to communicate with the computer. In simple terms, input devices bring information INTO the computer and output devices bring information OUT of a computer system. These input/output devices are also known as peripherals since they surround the CPU and memory of a computer system.
An input device is any device that provides input to a computer. There are many input devices, but the two most common ones are a keyboard and mouse. Every key you press on the keyboard and every movement or click you make with the mouse sends a specific input signal to the computer.
• Keyboard: The keyboard is very much like a standard typewriter keyboard with a few additional keys. The basic QWERTY layout of characters is maintained to make it easy to use the system. The additional keys are included to perform certain special functions. These are known as function keys that vary in number from keyboard to keyboard.
• Mouse: A device that controls the movement of the cursor or pointer on a display screen. A mouse is a small object you can roll along a hard and flat surface. Its name is derived from its shape, which looks a bit like a mouse. As you move the mouse, the pointer on the display screen moves in the same direction.
• Trackball: A trackball is an input device used to enter motion data into computers or other electronic devices. It serves the same purpose as a mouse, but is designed with a moveable ball on the top, which can be rolled in any direction.
• Touchpad: A touch pad is a device for pointing (controlling input positioning) on a computer display screen. It is an alternative to the mouse. Originally incorporated in laptop computers, touch pads are also being made for use with desktop computers. A touch pad works by sensing the user’s finger movement and downward pressure. • Touch Screen: It allows the user to operate/make selections by simply touching the display screen. A display screen that is sensitive to the touch of a finger or stylus. Widely used on ATM machines, retail point-of-sale terminals, car navigation systems, medical monitors and industrial control panels.
• Light Pen: Light pen is an input device that utilizes a light-sensitive detector to select objects on a display screen.
• Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR): MICR can identify character printed with a special ink that contains particles of magnetic material. This device particularly finds applications in banking industry.
• Optical mark recognition (OMR): Optical mark recognition, also called mark sense reader is a technology where an OMR device senses the presence or absence of a mark, such as pencil mark. OMR is widely used in tests such as aptitude test.
• Bar code reader: Bar-code readers are photoelectric scanners that read the bar codes or vertical zebra strips marks, printed on product containers. These devices are generally used in super markets, bookshops etc.
- Scanner is an input device that can read text or illustration printed on paper and translates the information into a form that the computer can use. A scanner works by digitizing an image. (Fig. 1.7)
Output device receives information from the CPU and presents it to the user in the desired from. The processed data, stored in the memory of the computer is sent to the output unit, which then converts it into a form that can be understood by the user. The output is usually produced in one of the two ways – on the display device, or on paper (hard copy).
•Monitor: is often used synonymously with “computer screen” or “display.” Monitor is an output device that resembles the television screen (fig. 1.8). It may use a Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) to display information. The monitor is associated with a keyboard for manual input of characters and displays the information as it is keyed in. It also displays the program or application output. Like the television, monitors are also available in different sizes. • Printer: Printers are used to produce paper (commonly known as hard copy) output. Based on the technology used, they can be classified as Impact or Non-impact printers.
Impact printers use the typewriting printing mechanism wherein a hammer strikes the paper through a ribbon in order to produce output. Dot-matrix and Character printers fall under this category.
Non-impact printers do not touch the paper while printing. They use chemical, heat or electrical signals to etch the symbols on paper. Inkjet, Deskjet, Laser, Thermal printers fall under this category of printers.
• Plotter: Plotters are used to print graphical output on paper. It interprets computer commands and makes line drawings on paper using multi colored automated pens. It is capable of producing graphs, drawings, charts, maps etc. • Facsimile (FAX): Facsimile machine, a device that can send or receive pictures and text over a telephone line. Fax machines work by digitizing an image.
• Sound cards and Speaker(s): An expansion board that enables a computer to manipulate and output sounds. Sound cards are necessary for nearly all CD-ROMs and have become commonplace on modern personal computers. Sound cards enable the computer to output sound through speakers connected to the board, to record sound input from a microphone connected to the computer, and manipulate sound stored on a disk.
|Previous Page||Home Page||Next Page| |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_13970.txt | Hello, and welcome to "Word Wednesday"! Today we'll talk about vocabulary related to a special event that literally happens only once every four years. It's called "leap year."
As you have probably noticed, today is February 29th. You probably also noticed that February normally has 28 days, but that every four years we add an extra day to the month. When that happens, we say that it's a leap year, as in "2012 is a leap year" or "I was born in a leap year (1980)." Leap rhymes with jeep, sheep, and cheap. Sometimes today is referred to as "leap day."
When I was a kid I always wondered what happened to people who were born on February 29th, especially regarding their birthdays --did they only turn a year older every four years? When I was 12 years old, were a few unlucky classmates technically only 3? Apparently, most people born on leap day simply celebrate their birthdays on February 28th or March 1st, but that's not quite as mysterious or interesting!
So why does a year normally have 365 days, but every four years it has 366 days? You can read here for a detailed explanation, but basically it's because the Earth's revolution around the sun lasts a little bit more than 365 days, so if we didn't have leap years, eventually all the seasons would gradually shift to different times of the year.
It's also a good time to note that in English we generally use ordinal numbers for dates, not cardinal numbers. So, instead of saying "
Today is February twenty-nine," we say "Today is February twenty-ninth." In a future post I'll write more about when we use ordinal and cardinal numbers.
Here are some useful vocabulary words for talking about leap year and calendars in general:
leap year - a year that has 366 days instead of 365, by adding February 29th
leap day - February 29th
solar calendar - a calendar based on the sun, like the Gregorian calendar (the one we most often use in the USA and most of the western world)
lunar calendar - a calendar based on the moon, like the one used in much of the Islamic world
cardinal numbers - "normal" numbers; one, two, three, etc.
ordinal numbers - numbers used to "order" or rank things; first, second, third, etc.
(to) turn + (age) - a phrase used to talk about your birthday and your age. For example, "Jane's birthday is tomorrow; she's turning 13." or "He turned 22 on January 18th."
seasons - the different times of year, characterized by changes in weather and day length; the four seasons are winter, spring, summer, and fall/autumn
"thirty days hath September..." - the beginning of a rhyme that children learn to remember the number of days in each month; most children only remember the beginning: "thirty days hath September, April, June, and November"
So, that's it for the moment. Thanks for reading, and have a great leap day and and even better leap year! |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_23731.txt | Walking is the most natural form of exercise. It doesn’t require any equipment and can be practiced anywhere, anytime; all you need is a pair of comfortable shoes or sandals.
In our grandparents’ generation, everybody walked—it was the most common mode of transport. Today, with our sedentary lifestyles, we walk much less, favouring cars over our feet! But walking is great for your health and helps burn calories—around 130 every 30 minutes, if you power walk (for a person weighing 70 kg).
According to Kino-Québec, which promotes a physically active lifestyle, walking is an easy and accessible way to get the recommended 30 minutes of physical exercise every day. You can even walk in three blocks of 10 minutes and enjoy the same health benefits. Brisk walking, like any physical activity, can help improve your sleep, increase your energy, tone your muscles, reduce stress, strengthen your bones and reduce the risk of developing health problems such as hypertension, diabetes and osteoporosis. Physical activity, along with eating a healthy diet and making sure you get enough sleep, can help protect your body’s natural defences. So there are numerous benefits to walking regularly.
To reap the many rewards of walking, you should always walk at a good pace—enough to increase your heart rate and notice a difference in your breathing. You should power walk ideally four to five times per week. A good guideline is that you should be able to talk but not sing.
So how can you get motivated to walk every day?
- Buy a pedometer and aim to reach 10,000 steps per day.
- Find a partner to walk with on your lunch break or after dinner. Going on family walks is another good option, to encourage your kids to stay active as well.
- Park your car a few blocks from the office, or get off the bus or train a few stops before your destination.
- Take the stairs instead of the elevator or escalator when you can.
- If you need the motivation of a group, take a Nordic walking course, join a walking group or go on weekend-long hiking trips.
- Take your dog for a walk, several times a day if possible. This is a great way to combine business with pleasure!
You should also read
1Fitting in scheduled fitness times can be tough. Between work, family and social obligations it can be hard to squeeze in gym visits. Mornings with kids are more about running out the door than going... Read more
0It’s a darn good question and one we’ve all asked: Is it best to eat before or after a workout? And, once that’s sorted out, which foods are best? Most of us will experiment with... Read more |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_19014.txt | How Does Nuclear Energy Work?
Nuclear energy is simply the energy from the center, or nucleus, of an atomic atom. Atoms are very small, tiny units that makeup everything in the entire universe, including plants and animals. A nuclear generator, or nuclear power plant, is simply a set of machinery that is used to generate electricity by using the nuclear force to split the atom’s nucleus into two or more neutrons. This splitting of the atoms produces energy, which is then sent through wires to power buildings and factories. The energy created by these plants can be used to heat water and provide lighting, as well as producing heat for running electrical appliances.
Nuclear energy can be used to heat any object
when the atomic nucleus of the object is forced to join together and create energy. This creates what is known as nuclear fusion. When this happens, the nucleus of the atom becomes very stable, like a solid, and has no chance of breaking free and liberating the energy it contains. For this process to occur, two kinds of atoms must join, and both need to be very close in proximity to one another.
To create nuclear energy
one kind of atom must absorb neutrons from another, until such time that an energy beam of a nuclear power plant is pointed at them. Once these atoms absorb the neutrons, they give off energy. After this chain reaction, radioactivity occurs, meaning that the amount of radioactivity is directly proportional to how many neutrons have been absorbed. One gram of nuclear waste is composed of 100 neutrons, so if you were to attempt to melt down and make nuclear energy, you would be consuming a lot of nuclear waste.
There are three different methods for creating this energy
which are nuclear fission, solar power, and molten salt. With fission, you take a nucleus, like the atom of a regular atom, and add a little bit of heat, splitting the atom and releasing the energy. For this process to occur, something has to trigger a chain reaction; for this to happen, the neutrons are split by an unstable isotope, resulting in energy released in the form of heat. Solar power is similar, except that instead of the nuclear material splits into neutrons and electrons, power is created by the sun’s radiation. Molten salt is used in both nuclear fission and solar power plants, but because the temperature is extremely low, it is much more difficult to release the created energy.
Once an element forms
whether through nuclear fission or nuclear energy, it begins to gain its own neutrons. Atoms gain their neutrons from a process called decays. The number of neutrons that exist in a given atom is equal to the total number of protons in that atom – a positively charged atom is negatively charged, while a negatively charged atom is positively charged. Neutrons can only gain one spin per year, which is why nuclear energy is classified as permanent. Unlike other types of energy, nuclear energy cannot be destroyed, only altered.
There are two different ways
that we produce electricity with nuclear energy; we use nuclear fission or fusion to create electricity, and we use solar power to generate electricity. During the fusion process, atoms split apart, gaining one or more neutrons. These neutrons are paired with an element to form a new atom, which starts a chain reaction that produces energy. When using solar power, the actual process is reversed: Instead of using light to create electricity, the light is used to split one of the particles in a solar panel into neutrons and electrons. This creates a flow of electricity, which is then routed to a battery to store energy for use in your home. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_42414.txt | The emergence of Google has led to the opening of multiple new dimensions. We never knew something called SEO (Search Engine Optimization) before Google created its significance in our lives. (Google baba na hote toh aaj aap ye article bhi nahi padh rahe hote shayad!)
We never knew something called Digital Marketing before Google brought advertisements in search results. As both SEO and Digital Marketing have acquired great positions in our lives, Google has brought another new and mysterious concept - predicting user’s behaviour based on history. (Aap kahan jate hai, kya khate hai, kya kharidte hai, kya khojte hai, ye sab Google baba record krte hai aur phir aapko waqt bewaqt suggestions dete hai!)
Now it is time, to become accustomed to a whole new term, with wider dimensions than that can imagined – Big Data. It is called Big Data, but it is actually, Smart Data. Let us breakdown the big data into an understandable format for beginners like you and me.
We live in a world that is getting digitized at a very fast pace.
And so, there is no doubt that our world is driven by data. Where ever we check in, whatever we like, whatever we search for, whatever time we spend for respective activities, etc. is being recorded every moment spent online by each one of us. (Sirf Google baba hi nahi, Facebook chacha, Instagram mama, Youtube dada, aur unke bandhu bhi data record karte rehte hai.)
In simple words, Big Data is the term that defines the large volumes of data, both structured and unstructured, that is collected, analyzed and studied, for creating business strategies on a weekly basis, if not on a day to day basis.
You must understand that Big Data (recorded data from users) is useless and meaningless, if it cannot be interpreted and turned into useful insights. The true value of data lies in its application to a business process, which makes it Smart Data. (Jab big data se future decisions ya strategies ban jaye, to wo smart data ban jata hai! Waise hi jaise kachre se aap koi statue bana de!)
Big Data Analytics has gripped every aspect of our lives.
Each and every website and mobile application that we browse or use, respectively, records our interests and behaviors, for which they seek permission beforehand only. We agree to this collection of data, unknown to the fact, what happens with data collected on the website?
This helps the websites/mobile apps to modify their processes and potentially mine business gains. They know what customer and business challenges they have to overcome and they act accordingly. (Agar e-commerce site pr ladies kurti zyada bikte hai, toh website par ladies kurti ki variety badhane par profit hoga! Isse profit badhega!)
Data Science and Big Data Analytics are nothing but innovation in the way we treat data.
Big Data can be simply understood as the digitalization of pen and paper surveys, which were conducted when someone used to visit people at their home.
Big Data has removed the shortcomings of traditional surveys.
Pen and paper surveys, in which people usually lied about their preferences, interests, behaviors, health, etc., have gone obsolete now. They never gave reliable results, for people pretended and lied while filling out the survey. (Jaise ki har product unko suit karta hai, aur unhe kabhi kisi brand se shikayat nahi hui.)
Also, the pen and paper surveys, which collected big amounts of data, had a predefined size of sample, say 100 people, which restricted a lot of demographics. So, these surveys were restricted to a certain age group, certain gender, certain profession, or certain consumer style.
Big Data Analytics overcomes both these shortcomings. Since we never know, when and what data is being recorded for the sample, we give honest and genuine information about our preferences, interests, behaviors, health, etc. via the websites and mobile applications that we use, unknowingly. (Big data ke changul se bachna impossible hai.)
Sample size used in Big Data Analytics is also huge.
We are also unaware of the sample size, of which we are being a part of, by spending time online. But its huge, really huge in its population size. To understand why big data is so big, you must read about the 5Vs of Big Data. (Agle article mein is par charcha hogi!)
Big Data bifurcates the restrictions imposed by demographics, as you have multiple types of information recorded simultaneously. For example, age, gender, profession, liking, etc. of a user are recorded all at once.
Therefore, a lot of results, for a particular demographic or a set of demographics can be deduced with the help of Big Data. For example, if you want to find out the percentage of people in a certain age group who have liking for a specific product, you can find it out with the help of big data.
With the increasingly vast amounts of data that are collected (for example through Google searches), we can go beneath the surface and find out what’s behind. We can zoom in on a subset of the data sample and reliably extract information from it. Or we can zoom out to the main set and analyze the patterns. Big Data is a world full of possibilities!
Behind The Curtains of Big Data
The clue is in the name itself. Big Data is so large that it is beyond the capability of human brain to comprehend it. You actually need computational powers to recognize the patterns but the paradox is, its intuitive behavior. Even if you are able to draw conclusions, you must know that it is a predicted stat and might not be true for many people.
It can be understood better based if we take it into our daily life scenarios. We always tend to analyze the people in our surroundings - to draw conclusions about their interests, behaviors, likings, preferences, tastes, etc. (Is store mein ye offer acha chal raha hai, us dukaan mein samaan buri quality ka milta hai, wagerah wagerah! )
Having done so, we eventually believe that because a vast majority goes for a particular thing, it must be something great. The analysis we do is actually from the big amounts of data that we collect from our surroundings. And if you now realize that you do the same, even you are a data scientist!
Big Data Analytics can always provide new information.
Google is a good example of how Big Data can constantly provide new information. In simple terms, Google has redefined the collection of data by making it useful to both small and big business organizations. (Sabzi wale ko bhi pata hota hai ki kis mausam mein kaunsi sabzi kitni bikegi!)
Following Google, social media sharing platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Youtube and Twitter, have also joined the race for computing patterns and supplying predictions from user demographics. And that’s what we target the audience through in digital advertisements! (Aapka relationship status tak ek targeting option hota hai!)
We struggle each day to find the correlations between things. And yes, correlations do exist. Salary and expenses are linked. Food and diseases are linked. Efforts and success are linked. (Jo log beemar hai, unhe toh doctor ki zaroorat hogi, aur jo fit hai, unhe ghumne tehene ki!)
These correlations can be found with the help of Big Data with randomly collected data and utilized for desired purpose.
Big Data Is So Big That It Can Not Be Flawless
If one is able utilize the collected data in the most fruitful manner, growth is unstoppable. This was the secret behind Google’s giant growth, and it can be the secret behind your growth too. Youtube, Facebook, Instagram, and other big technology companies are also using Big Data for maximising profits.
However, the biggest limitation that comes with big data is working on data sets that come with multiple variables. You can never get a perfect result with the help of Big Data Analytics, because it always refers to a group of individuals. (Zyada options ka ye matlab nahi ki saari bhavishyavani sahi ho!)
For the same reason, the Government should not target individuals based on the results of Big Data. These correlations might also be the reason for their downfall, in contrast to their expected rise. (USA jaisa kuch bhi na karne ki koshish kare!)
Big data can help in providing tailored suggestions or results to users, browsing the websites or using mobile applications, but there is no cent percent guarantee that user will engage with it.
The real time interests, behaviours and preferences of users might not match with that predicted by big data. Yet, it is an important tool to maximise user engagement, multiply profits and overcome the present day business challenges.
This is how big is big data! This is how smart is big data!! |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_14983.txt | FREE MINDFULNESS MEDITATION RESOURCES
We run regular mindful meditation group courses at the Institute for Healthy Living. Developing mindfulness skills allows us to respond to life’s challenges in calmer, less critical way. It is a scientifically researched and empirically supported approach to cultivating clarity, insight, and understanding of ourselves and our behaviour. Below are some guided meditations made by clinical psychologist Alysha Coleman for use within the course. Past participants can use these to keep up with their practice, while others can use them to learn about some of the techniques covered in the course.
Develop your mindfulness skills by learning to observe without judgement and with an accepting, open attitude. This meditation is a good introduction for beginners.
The breath is an anchor to the present moment. Develop your mindfulness skills by learning to observe your breath in a particular way. This meditation is great for those with anxiety or worry.
A brief meditation to help you connect to the present moment when you might be feeling overwhelmed by painful thoughts or feelings.
Mindfulness of thoughts
This meditation helps you to change your relationship with your thoughts.
The observing self
Rather than reacting to and identifying with your painful experience, learn to identify with yourself as an observer. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_538.txt | what is a vortex flow meter ?
A vortex flow meter is a flow measurement device best suited for flow measurements where the introduction of moving parts presents problems. They are available in industrial grade, brass or all plastic construction. Sensitivity to variations in the process conditions are low and with no moving parts have relatively low wear compared to other types of flow meters.
Vortex flow meters operate under the vortex shedding principle, where an oscillating vortexes occur when a fluid such as water flow past a bluff (as opposed to streamlined) body. The frequency that the vortexes are shed depend on the size and shape of the body. It is ideal for applications where low maintenance costs are important. Industrial size vortex meters are custom built and require appropriate sizing for specific applications. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_1592.txt | The Transylvanian Saxon Fortified Church Of Birthälm (Biertan)
The Transylvanian Saxon fortified church of Birthälm (Romanian: Biserica fortificată din Biertan) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Transylvania, Romania. Along with six other fortified churches (five Saxon ones and a Székely one), it is part of UNESCO’s list of ‘Villages with fortified churches in Transylvania’.
The inscription of these medieval landmarks to UNESCO dates back to 1993 and the extended list with seven of the best preserved fortified churches in Transylvania was successfully submitted in 1999. These fortified churches consist each of a UNESCO World Heritage site along with the neighbouring village.
In the case of the fortified church of Birthälm, located in the county of Sibiu (German: Kreis Hermannstadt), the church along with the commune of the same name (in Romanian known as Biertan and in the Transylvanian Saxon dialect known as Bierthalm) is part of a UNESCO World Heritage Site, one of the first of its kind to be submitted to UNESCO as early as 1993.
Founded by the German settlers known as the Transylvanian Saxons during the 15th and 16th centuries, the church features a Late Gothic predominant architectural style with Romanesque elements. Initially Roman Catholic, the church turned Evangelical Lutheran when the Saxons of Transylvania decided to become Lutherans after the Reformation.
In the proximity of the fortified church there are Franconian-styled houses built by the same Saxons. Additionally, Birthälm was the see of the Transylvanian Lutheran Church for roughly three centuries, namely from 1572 to 1867.
This archaeological artefact is an evidence of the usage of the Latin language by a Romance population that emerged from the Romanisation of the Dacians in the former Roman province of Dacia after the withdrawal of the Roman administration and military. This artefact is exhibited at the Brukenthal National Museum in Hermannstadt (Romanian: Sibiu), the seat of the same county in which Birthälm/Biertan is located.
Documentation sources and external links: |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_48981.txt | Poland’s relationship with the West has become a centerpiece of European geopolitics since the end of the Cold War. Through its inclusion into NATO and the EU, Poland became the largest easternmost member of these organizations, thus elevating its perceived importance within them. Just as Poland seeks to acquire certain tangible benefits from these alliances, the West also envisions certain profits from the Polish side. In fact, the West has more to gain from Poland than Poland has to gain from it, presenting an imbalanced asymmetrical relationship of need that has historically resulted in negative dividends for Polish interests.
The article will briefly examine various periods of history and explain the West’s motivations in supporting or betraying Poland each time. The objective is to illustrate how Poland has been of enormous use for the West in fulfilling its geopolitical goals against Russia, yet ironically, Poland has seen little if any positive results from purposely ‘playing the fool’ and going along with its ‘partners’’ will (stated or implied). What it ultimately comes down to is that Poland is an important low-cost, long-term strategic investment for the West that, whenever geopolitical calculations backfire, can be discarded with as little loss as possible.
“The Good ‘Ole Days”
Poland was experiencing the zenith of its power during the late-16th and early-17th centuries. Its combined Commonwealth with Lithuania saw it projecting power and influence deep into the lands of the former Kievan Rus, seized during the period of Russian weakness that came after the Mongol Invasions. The Great Schism between Western and Eastern Christianity had already occurred nearly half a millennium earlier in 1054, but Poland and Russia were still on opposing ends of this rivalry. The question of the Pope’s absolute authority was at the heart of the split, and the Papacy’s power had only increased in the time since then. In the regional context, it wanted to see Catholicism forcibly proselytized as far east as possible, with Poland leading the crusade to convert the remaining resistant Slavs (Russians) under the pane of death. The short-lived Polish occupation of Moscow and the unsuccessful attempts at regime change there (possibly the first historical instance of this occurring in Eastern Europe) in 1610-1612 represented the height of Polish power.
Had Poland been successful, it would have more than quintupled its size, become the largest country in the world, and eliminated the Orthodox faith, all of which would have served Western interests. The Papacy’s control would have expanded past the Urals via its Polish proxy, and Poland could have led a renewed wave of crusades against the Turks, and possibly even the Persians. Alas, this did not occur, and in the following two centuries, Russia would steadily liberate its formerly Orthodox brethren (forcibly converted to Catholicism by the Commonwealth generations ago) and restore the Kievan Rus that had been occupied by Poland. The West, once having supported Poland wholeheartedly, quickly lost interest and abandoned it without a second thought. Western European power struggles and New World colonial rivalries were seen as more dynamically pressing for the elites than fixing a dull, old tool that was obviously approaching the point of obsolesce.
Partition One to Divide All
The next major period of Poland’s history dealt with its partition between Prussia, Austria-Hungary, and the Russian Empire. Although Prussia and Austria-Hungary represented the West to varying degrees and at different times of their history, they also were rivals of France and the UK, neither of which wanted to see them achieve continental hegemony (even while they competed amongst themselves for this). Also, the Western European empires (France and the UK) were powerless to directly influence
events in that corner of Europe, and Poland wasn’t seen as being anywhere near important enough to go to war over (a trope that will repeat itself a century and a half later). Actually in the long term (whether or not it was explicitly recognized at the time), the Polish partitions served Western European interests, since the trans-imperial Polish ethnos would serve to destabilize all three Empires administrating it.
As a case in point, the Poles waged bloody uprisings against their rulers, all in an attempt to revive their dead state. Most of these were against the Russian Empire (such as the January Uprising, which Pope Pious IX ordered all Catholics to pray for to support), although the Greater Polish Uprising of 1848 against Prussia and Austria-Hungary marked a notable exception. One can thus observe that the Poles had become the first transborder threat in modern European history, working to weaken the cohesion of the empires that administered them. Additionally, even though Prussia and Austria-Hungary used to support Russia in quelling the Polish rebellions, near the beginning of World War I, they began to promote Polish secessionism there. Austria-Hungary allowed Josef Pilsudski’s terrorist organization to receive training on its territory after 1910, and in 1914 it established the Polish Legions for deployment against Russia. Germany took things a step further and created the Kingdom of Poland puppet state during World War I, showing the importance that it placed on an ‘independent’ non-Russian-administered Poland. The country’s partition thus served as a geopolitical convenience for the West, since it helped foster near-endless problems both between the administrating empires and the Poles, and amongst one another.
The First “Geopolitical Israel”
The rebirth of the Polish state, now officially termed the Second Polish Republic, was a geopolitical godsend for the West. This new country was positioned in the strategic space between Germany and the USSR. In its early days, Poland fought successful wars against all of its eastern neighbors (Ukraine, Lithuania, and the Soviet Union), which then allowed it to expand its territory and forcibly modify the Versailles Treaty’s borders, in a pattern that would later be emulated by revisionist 1930s Germany. Since Poland was artificially and surreptitiously resurrected (Lenin ceded the territory in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the Germans and Austrians were not militarily defeated by the Poles there prior to their surrender) in a geostrategic landscape, it can be termed the first “geopolitical Israel”.
By this, it is meant that Poland’s externally constructed existence immediately created problems with its neighbors, against whom it then fought a series of violent wars that led to a legacy of bitter animosity. Pilsudski, who was now in charge of Poland, attempted to pursue a policy of Prometheism against the Soviet Union, which was by then a ‘rogue state’ to the West. The idea was to foster cultural and national divisions within the USSR which would eventually lead to its self-implosion into numerous entities that Poland could then influence. Interestingly, this serves not only as the ideological precursor to Brzezinski’s ‘Eurasian Balkans’ concept, but also to Israel’s Yinon Plan of creative destruction, both of which are being exercised in their respective regions today. Anyhow, the policy was eventually unsuccessful, but it reminded Western policymakers of Poland’s geostrategic location and ambitious anti-Russian national identity. These could be seen as motivations for French and British arms shipments to Poland and France’s attempts to turn the country into a satellite state against Germany and the Soviet Union. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_44848.txt | , NAIROBI, Kenya, June 19 – As the world tries to curb infant mortality especially in Africa, experts have emphasised on the importance of ultra- sound screening for pregnant throughout their term.
Ultra – sound screening is the use of high frequency waves to make an image and in pregnancy it gives an image of the baby while in the womb.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) statistics show that a child’s risk of dying is highest in the neonatal period, the first 28 days of life.
In a pregnant woman it’s always best to do the initial ultra-sound eight to 12 weeks into pregnancy so as to detect any abnormalities in the foetus and seek the necessary medical attention.
The accuracy of the test however is dependant on the expertise of the medical practitioner and thus it is key that they get the best training to be able to give accurate results.
On Wednesday Royal Phillips in partnership with Gertrude’s Foundation unveiled a free maternity ultra- sound screening camp in the Githogoro slum, neighbouring Nairobi’s affluent Runda Estate.
“The ultra- sound initiative is aimed at detecting early abnormalities in women. Also women who have complications can visit the gynaecologist to have their cases examined and treatment administered,” General Manager Phillips Healthcare Africa Peter van de Ven said.
Gertrude’s Foundation manager Carol Murithi said “this clinic was founded after community leaders approached us due to the high mortality rates. Many women also gave birth in unsanitary conditions because they had miscalculated their due dates and not booked themselves into a hospital in advance.”
“We have trained some physicians and medical students on how to use the machines and the importance of the procedure and we hope that the skills they have acquired will be used to help women and salvage the lives of the unborn babies,” said Ulrich Klous, the Business Development Manager for the Ultra – sound initiative.
The organisers asked the women to pass the message to other pregnant mothers after noticing a low turn out. Some of those with complications were scheduled for a gynaecological check later on.
Women were given a picture of their ultra-sound to take home. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_39989.txt | Patients seeking preventative care may wonder what steps are involved in detecting cancer early, what options are available to them and what risks are involved with cancer screening. There are different types of cancer screening tests for different types of cancer, ranging from bladder cancer to testicular cancer. What type of cancer screening is appropriate for the patient is a decision that the patient can make with the assistance of his or her doctor.
Generally, screening for cancer involves tests to detect cancer in its initial stages, well before any symptoms manifest. By detecting any abnormalities early on, a doctor can intervene to treat cancer sooner rather than later. However, it is very important to keep in mind that cancer screening does not diagnose cancer, but only detects abnormalities that may result in additional testing, such as a biopsy, which actually can diagnose cancer.
Tests and techniques utilized by a doctor to screen for cancer include getting a detailed medical history and physical exam to identify potential indicators of disease, such as lumps. Additionally, a doctor may order various laboratory tests, such as blood or urine tests, genetic tests and imaging procedures. It is important, however, for patients to understand that as is the case with any procedure, cancer screening carries with it some risk; the screening test itself could potentially harm a patient. For instance, in the case of colon cancer, a doctor has to perform a colonoscopy, which is an invasive procedure that could potentially damage or tear the lining of the colon and result in bleeding and other complications.
Furthermore, there is the chance that cancer screening can result in either a false-positive or a false-negative. In a false-positive result, something may be abnormal, but it may not be due to cancer. A false-negative occurs when everything may seem normal, but there is cancer present. In such misdiagnosis cases, a patient with a false-positive result may suffer undue anxiety and be unnecessarily subjected to more invasive procedures, thus causing him or her to be put at risk. On the other hand, a false-negative result may worsen the condition of the patient who has cancer, since that patient is likely to delay seeking treatment. In both false-positive and false-negative cases, harm may come to a patient due to the misdiagnosis.
Source: National Cancer Institute, “What Is Cancer Screening?” accessed Sept. 23, 2014 |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_8856.txt | For decades, scientists’ quest to discover the cause of Alzheimer’s disease has remained as elusive as its treatment. Many studies have suggested a role for various pathogens—a bacterium or virus—that may jumpstart the process that leads to the disease. But after hundreds of analyses, no concrete associations or plausible mechanisms between bacterial or viral pathogens had emerged.
But now: Researchers have made a major step forward.
In the search for answers, scientists had already established that sticky clumps of plaques known as beta-amyloid in the brain are a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease. Yet the unanswered question remained—why do some people develop those bits of plaque and others do not? Solving this mystery has long been considered the holy grail in developing prevention strategies to spare millions of adults the ravages of Alzheimer’s.
To address this question, researchers at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City examined more than 600 samples of brain tissue from deceased donors both with and without Alzheimer’s disease. One of the goals was to find evidence of viral strains within the brain tissue samples. Along with that, the researchers analyzed the influence of various viruses on genes and proteins that are involved in the development of Alzheimer’s disease.
Study results: Human herpes virus strains 6A and 7, which cause the common childhood illness roseola (characterized by high fever and a rash), were found in levels nearly twice as high in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease than in those without the brain disorder. Like many other viruses, after the acute infection during childhood, this virus remains dormant in the body. These findings were then confirmed with additional donated brain tissue from other research organizations.
Bottom line: The viruses are not suspected to cause Alzheimer’s disease, but the researchers suggest that somehow herpes virus strains 6A and 7 may promote an immune response that leads to the deposits of beta-amyloid plaque in the brain.
“This is the most compelling evidence ever presented that points to a viral contribution to the cause or progression of Alzheimer’s,” said one of the study’s authors, Samuel E. Gandy, MD, PhD, professor of neurology and psychiatry and director of the Center for Cognitive Health and NFL Neurological Care at Mount Sinai.
This study suggests that certain viruses may play a role in the Alzheimer’s process. It’s too early to know what these findings mean in terms of prevention or treatment. But further research will likely lead to better understanding and then major steps forward. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_44186.txt | Your browser is not able to view Flash content. Since the resource listed below uses Flash, you will likely have a less than optimal experience if you choose to view that site on this computer or mobile device.
GradesK to 12
1 Favorites 1 Comments
Use this Interactive whiteboard screen to keep score of student teams right and wrong answers for whole class quiz games. Enter the names of the 4 teams. Quiz scorer does ...more
Use this Interactive whiteboard screen to keep score of student teams right and wrong answers for whole class quiz games. Enter the names of the 4 teams. Quiz scorer does not load or retain any actual questions. Use the up and down arrows to add and remove points from teams in accordance to how you choose to quiz students. View the teacher notes for information on how to use.
In the ClassroomUse this site in ways to maximize student involvement. For example, assign the creation of quiz questions for units and chapters to the students. Use these questions for quizzing of the entire class. Reinvent your role in this process by not being the reader of the question. Instead, take the role of the judge panel needed to arbitrate when judgement calls are required. Provide the top student who has earned the right to skip quizzing to be the emcee. This job can also be rotated among all students (the role of the emcee could also be to explain why answers are right or wrong.) Be sure to have students reflect on correct and incorrect answers to identify misconceptions and correct knowledge.
This will be great to use in the classroom prior to taking a quiz or test.Veronica, NC, Grades: 5 - 12 |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_21705.txt | With California’s final cap-and-trade budget including funding for agricultural land conservation, it is increasingly important to understand the dynamics of farmland trends in the state. The more we know about land use trends, the more we can work to ensure that threatened farmland is adequately protected through the most appropriate tools and policies.
The Farmland Conservation Strategy Act, AB 1961, aimed to do just that. Co-sponsored by CalCAN, the Community Alliance with Family Farmers, and American Farmland Trust, the bill would have required counties with significant agricultural resources to inventory their farmland, define their goals and policies to conserve farmland and mitigate for its loss, and publish that information on the county website. However, heavy opposition from the California Building Industry Association led to AB 1961’s failure to get out of the Assembly Appropriations Committee.
Despite this setback, a state program provides critical data on the status of farmland in the state. The California Department of Conservation (DoC) recently released the 2008-2010 Farmland Conversion Report. This report collects data from the Farmland Mapping and Monitoring Program (FMMP), which uses geographic information systems (GIS) mapping to document changes in the location and extent of California’s farmland.
Here, we summarize some of the report’s findings and consider their implications for California agriculture.
Urbanization Linked to Farmland Conversion
About 70 square miles (44,504 acres) of farmland was impacted by urban development between 2008 and 2010, 39 percent fewer than was seen during the 2006-2008 period and the lowest recorded in the FMMP’s history. Slowed urbanization in most counties reflects the impacts of the recession; the next lowest two-year rate of urban development occurred during a significant 1990s recession.
In Southern California, urbanization slowed by 45 percent–but the region still accounted for nearly 44 percent of statewide urbanization. Riverside County led the state in overall urbanization, followed by San Diego and Los Angeles. However, leading the state in acreage converted from irrigated farmland to urban uses was Kern County, followed by Tulare and Fresno, three key agricultural counties in the San Joaquin Valley.
30 percent of the land converted to urban uses was previously used for dryland farming and grazing, and some of it might have previously been left idle. Meanwhile, one-quarter (11,104 acres) of the land converted to urban uses had previously been classed as irrigated farmland. Of the irrigated acreage converted to urban uses, Prime Farmland was impacted at more than twice the rate of other farmland categories. The remaining 45 percent of new urban land was converted from either natural vegetation or vacant lands.
Irrigated Land Converted to Dry Farming and Left Idle
According to the DoC, California lost 168,039 acres of irrigated farmland from 2008 to 2010, 61 percent of which was classified as Prime Farmland. This includes loss from urbanization, land idling, habitat conversion, as well as low density rural development. Fresno County, home to more than 2,000 farms, led the state in the conversion of nearly 46,000 acres of agricultural land, and Kern County, another top agricultural county, followed with a loss of 29,000 acres.
Land idling and the conversion of highly-productive agricultural land to dry land grain production played the largest roles in irrigated land conversion, which points to water scarcity issues. The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and southern San Joaquin Valley counties exhibited the largest impact from land idling.
The discrepancy between the Census and DoC numbers is likely because of differences in reporting methodologies and what lands are included in the Census categories. DoC uses aerial imagery and county-reported land management data, while the Census of Agriculture collects self-reported data.
During the development slowdown brought on by the 2008-2010 Great Recession, farmland conversion was dominated by land idling and the reversion of irrigated agriculture to dry farming techniques. Trends point to water availability as a prominent driver of agricultural land use change.
Conversion disproportionately impacts Prime Farmland, which is characterized by the highest-quality soils and is fundamental to California’s food production. Between 1984, when the FMMP began collecting data, and 2010, Prime Farmland losses were nearly 662,000 acres, larger than the size of Yolo County.
Although it only accounted for 6.5 percent of the total irrigated farmland lost between 2008 and 2010, urbanization accounts for the vast majority of farmland lost since data collection began. Between 1984 and 2010, 1.1 million acres of farmland have been lost to urbanization. The DoC attributes the slowed rate of urban development to the recession, which indicates that urbanization will pose a larger threat to farmland conservation as the economy recovers and revitalizes development. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_27758.txt | Coffee Basics: The importance of water quality to your cup of coffee
In history, alchemists used a blend of science and magic to search for a way to transform base materials into something more valuable. In the spirit of alchemy, we look at the importance of water in creating the perfect cup of coffee.
Water typically makes up 98% of a cup of coffee so, naturally, it follows that the quality of water you use has a major influence on the taste of your coffee.
Fortunately, in the UK, tap water is chemically treated to kill dangerous bacteria - but it still contains many substances that affect its taste. In fact, the chemicals that are used to treat our water can sometimes leave a strong odour and taste behind.
Then there are minerals, such as calcium and magnesium, which are deposited in water when it runs through limestone and chalk. The higher the mineral content of the water, the ‘harder’ it is; while ‘soft’ water is relatively low in minerals. This is important to coffee brewing as hot water acts like a solvent, extracting the flavours from the ground coffee beans; the amount of minerals in the water can affect the way this process takes place, which in turn affects the taste of the coffee.
According to author James Hoffman in his book, The World Atlas of Coffee, “the water hardness strongly influences the way the hot water and the ground coffee interact. Hard water seems to change the rate at which the solubles in the coffee go into solution, essentially changing the way the coffee brews at a chemical level. To summarise; it seems a small amount of hardness is desirable, but anything from moderate to hard water does a poor job of brewing coffee, producing a cup lacking in nuance, sweetness and complexity.”
Fortunately, here at De'Longhi we realise that our customers' water hardness varies significantly, so we include a water hardness tester with every coffee machine. This ensures you can easily set your machine to the water-hardness in your area, and ensure you de-scale your machine when you need to. Reducing the amount of limescale minimises the maintenance your coffee machine requires.
Filtering your water
Many De'Longhi Bean to Cup machines also come with a water filter included in the box which, when fitted to the water reservoir, ensures the water used by the machine is free of unwanted minerals and deposits. In exceptionally hard water areas, filtering may not be enough to remove all the minerals – in this case, bottled water may be the best choice for making your coffee. Whichever way you choose to filter your water, make sure you clean your coffee machine according to the manufacturer’s instructions. This will remove mineral build up, helping your coffee to taste better and your machine to function properly for the long term.
Can I use distilled water to make coffee?
In a word, no! Distilled water has gone through a purification process that removes contaminants, but also removes magnesium and calcium. A small amount of these minerals is important for a smooth and balanced coffee – with no mineral content at all, you’re likely to get a flat-tasting or over-extracted coffee.
The temperature of your water
The perfect temperature for brewing coffee is thought to be between 83° Celcius and 92° Celsius. The exact temperature within the range depends on personal preference, although coffee connoisseurs believe the more complex flavours of the coffee come out at the lower end of the scale. Some experts also say you should never pour boiling water onto your ground coffee, as you’ll ‘burn’ the coffee, damaging the flavour.
Hopefully we’ve convinced you of the importance of water quality to making the perfect cup of coffee. While it might take a little more effort, the results will speak for themselves. Happy brewing! |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_33710.txt | In Blue Back Square in West Hartford, Connecticut, there stands a towering tribute to Noah Webster. The Connecticut native is known as a pioneer of American English spelling and is credited with creating the first American dictionary. His stern-faced statue peers over those passing by the public library, which was named after him.
The statue was sculpted in the early 1940s and was gifted to the town by its creator, Korczak Ziolkowski (the man who went on to create South Dakota’s iconic Crazy Horse Memorial). When Blue Back Square, a shopping center that was named for the famous “Blue-Back Speller,” was completed in 2007, the statue was relocated to its current location.
The town unveiled a three-dimensional mural centering around the alphabet to accompany the statue of Webster. The artwork contains tiles that use the letters of the alphabet to highlight different aspects of the local area, like “E” for the Elmwood neighborhood; “K” for Kilkenny Rock; and “O” for Old Center Cemetery.
However, there was a slight problem with the original mural—there was a glaring typo, right beneath the marble nose of one of the most renowned grammar snobs. Old Center Cemetery, where Webster’s parents are buried, was originally spelled “Old Center Cemetary.”
People quickly noticed that the statue of Webster looked grave and angry. Many in the community jokingly suggested it was because his disapproval at the misspelling could not be hidden from his chiseled features.
After much public mockery, the town finally fixed the error and once again the homage to spelling is accurate and complete. Sadly for the poor statue, it wasn’t the first controversy to surround it. Webster’s pointed, marble finger has attracted some unwanted attention as well. It’s been stolen, had condoms put on it, and allegedly even offended high society West Hartford ladies who thought it looked too phallic. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_33581.txt | Regular Health Watch readers know that I always try to bring you the best natural remedies. They often work better than drugs. And they don’t put you at risk for nasty side effects.
I recently found a natural option for autoimmune diseases that hasn’t been tested in clinical trials. But it still shows so much promise that I think it’s worth bringing to you.
A new study found it may be effective against many inflammatory illnesses, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis.1
The best part? There are no side effects. And it costs very little. There is no downside to trying it.
It has been used as a home remedy for heartburn for decades. Now, recent findings show that this kitchen staple may have other, more powerful, health effects.
The study was conducted by scientists at the Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University. They tested a daily solution of baking soda on rats. Then they tested it on people.
Specifically, they looked at how it affected mesothelial cells. These cells line internal organs. They play a major role in inflammation.
Mesothelial cells are alerted when there is a potentially dangerous substance—like germs or toxins–entering the body. This causes them to launch an immune response that leads to inflammation.
In people with autoimmune illnesses, this process is too sensitive. Mesothelial cells cause inflammation even when there is no foreign substance in the body.
The researchers asked subjects to drink a bottle of baking soda-infused water daily for two weeks. Each day they tested their blood for markers of inflammation.2
‘From Inflammatory to Anti-Inflammatory’
They found that drinking the solution lowered inflammation. Baking soda seemed to send calming signals to the mesothelial cells in the spleen. These cells usually lead the charge in creating white blood cells, a major cause inflammation.
The calming effect lasted for at least four hours, said the researchers.
The scientists don’t fully understand the mechanism behind baking soda’s anti-inflammatory effect. They theorize that baking soda is involved in cell signaling that tells mesothelial cells “to take it easy,” said the researchers. The cells then hold off launching an inflammation-causing immune response.
Dr Paul O’Connor is a renal physiologist at Medical College of Georgia. He led the study.
After a person drinks baking soda water, “the shift from inflammatory to anti-inflammatory is happening everywhere,” he said. “We saw it in the kidneys. We saw it in the spleen. We see it in the blood. It’s potentially a really safe way to treat inflammatory disease.”
The researchers recently published their work in The Journal of Immunology.3
The Baking Soda Anti-Inflammatory Solution
Baking soda is also known as sodium bicarbonate. It has not yet been tested clinically. But if you suffer from any type of inflammation, there is nothing to lose in trying it.
Twice a day, simply dissolve a half teaspoon of baking soda in a glass of water and drink it down.
You can increase the dosage, but don’t exceed more than 4 teaspoons a day.4
And if you are battling arthritis, there is an added bonus. People with arthritis often have PH levels in their body that are more acidic than normal. The alkalinity of baking soda can neutralize this, which helps relieve pain.5
One note of caution: If you are on a low-sodium diet you should know that one teaspoon of baking soda has about 900 mg of sodium. By comparison, a teaspoon of table salt has 2,350 mg.
Editor’s Note: There are other powerful, natural solutions that can help you conquer inflammation.
Discover the ocean oil that one study found cut inflammation in half after one month… The desert herb that may replace pain prescriptions for both osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis… And the “magic” formula—with just three ingredients—that helped almost 70% of patients become pain-free in three months. Get all the details HERE.
Like this Article? Forward this article here or Share on Facebook. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_45479.txt | If You Take a Mouse To School
by Laura Numeroff Illustrated by Felicia Bond
Reviewed by Isabel I. (age 5)
Isabel I. is a student in Mrs. Barrera's Reading Club
In this book the mouse was going to school on a bus. He's sleeping and then he brushes his teeth. He goes to school and plays basketball. He learns about science and cleans. He gets a lot of papers. He wrote a book. He runs and runs and plays basketball and football. He plays with a skateboard and eats cookies.
I like it because the mouse is funny. He was messy when he woke up and had to wash his hair. When I wake up I'm messy too. My favorite part in the book is when the mouse is playing in the toys. It looked fun.
I felt happy because the mouse was like me. I would want other children to read this book because it is funny. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_24625.txt | “White nationalist, white supremacist, Western civilization—how did that language become offensive?” the Iowa congressman Steve King inquired of a Times reporter last month. After the remark blew up, King explained that by “that language” he was referring to “Western civilization.” He also said that he condemned white nationalism and white supremacy as an “evil and bigoted ideology which saw in its ultimate expression the systematic murder of six million innocent Jewish lives.” (It’s unclear whether King thinks of Jews as nonwhite.)
However, to answer the congressman’s original question: only after a long struggle. Seventeen states had laws banning interracial marriage, which is pretty much the heart of the doctrine of white supremacy, until 1967, when the Supreme Court declared them unconstitutional. From the Compromise of 1877, which ended Reconstruction, to the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, American race relations were largely shaped by states that had seceded from the Union in 1861, and the elected leaders of those states almost all spoke the language of white supremacy. They did not use dog whistles. “White Supremacy” was the motto of the Alabama Democratic Party until 1966. Mississippi did not ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, which outlawed slavery, until 1995.
How did this happen? How did white people in a part of the country that was virtually destroyed by war contrive to take political control of their states, install manifestly undemocratic regimes in them, maintain those regimes for nearly a century, and effectively block the national government from addressing racial inequality everywhere else? Part of the answer is that those people had a lot of help. Institutions constitutionally empowered to intervene twisted themselves every which way to explain why, in this matter, intervention was not part of the job description. One such institution was the Supreme Court of the United States.
The case of Martha Lum is typical. She was the daughter of Jeu Gong Lum, who came to the United States from China in 1904. After being smuggled across the Canadian border by human traffickers, he made his way to the Mississippi Delta, where a relative ran a grocery store. In 1913, he married another Chinese immigrant, and they opened their own store. They had three children and gave them American names.
In 1923, the family moved to Rosedale, Mississippi, and Martha, then eight years old, entered the local public school. According to Adrienne Berard, who tells the Lums’ story in “Water Tossing Boulders” (2016), nothing seemed amiss for the first year, but when Martha returned to school after the summer the principal relayed the news that the school board had ordered her to be expelled. Public schools in Mississippi had been racially segregated by law since 1890, and her school educated only whites. The board had decided that Martha was not white and, consequently, she could not study there.
The Lums engaged a lawyer, who managed to get a writ of mandamus—an order that a legal duty be carried out—served on the school board. The board, which must have been very surprised, contested the writ, and the case went to the Supreme Court of Mississippi, which ruled that the board had the right to expel Martha Lum on racial grounds. That part was not so surprising.
The court acknowledged that there was no statutory definition of the “colored race” in Mississippi. But it argued that the term should be construed in the broadest sense, and cited a case it had decided eight years earlier, upholding the right of a school board to expel from an all-white school two children whose great-aunts were rumored to have married nonwhites.
That decision, the court said, showed that the term “colored” was not restricted to “persons having negro blood in their veins”—apparently since the children involved were in fact white. Martha Lum did not have “negro blood,” either, but she was not white. She could attend a “colored” school. Mississippi’s separate-schools law, the court explained, was enacted “to prevent race amalgamation.” Then why place an Asian-American child in a school with African-American children? Because, according to the court, the law was intended to serve “the broad dominant purpose of preserving the purity and integrity of the white race.”
The Lums appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court. At issue was the Fourteenth Amendment, which had been ratified in 1868. The first clause of that amendment is the most radically democratic clause in the entire Constitution, much of which was designed to limit what the Founders considered the dangers of too much democracy. It decrees that any person born in the United States is a citizen, and that states may not abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens; nor deprive them of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; nor deny them the equal protection of the laws. The United States has two founding documents: the Constitution, which is a legal rule book, and the Declaration of Independence, a manifesto with no force of law. The Fourteenth Amendment constitutionalized the Declaration.
The U.S. Supreme Court decision in the case, Lum v. Rice, was handed down in 1927, three years after Congress passed the Johnson-Reed immigration act, which barred all Asians from entering the United States. Was Martha Lum a citizen? The Supreme Court said she was. Was she being denied the equal protection of the laws? The Court said that she was not, and cited a series of precedents in which courts had upheld the constitutionality of school segregation.
It was true, the Court conceded, that most of those cases had involved African-American children. But it couldn’t see that “pupils of the yellow races” were any different, and the decision to expel such pupils was, it held, “within the discretion of the state in regulating its public schools, and does not conflict with the Fourteenth Amendment.” Even though the Mississippi court had stated that the purpose of the school-segregation law was to preserve “the purity and integrity of the white race,” it was not a denial of equal protection to nonwhites. The Lums, of course, knew from firsthand observation what it meant to be classified as “colored” in Mississippi, and they did what a lot of African-American Mississippians were also doing—they left the state. |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_2813_2.txt | the living; and the survivors will be known for Egyptians by their tongue alone, but in their actions they will seem to be men of another race.
0 Egypt, Egypt, of thy religion nothing will remain but an empty tale, which thine own children in time to come will not believe; nothing will be left but graven words, and only the stones will tell of thy piety. And in that day men will be weary of life, and they will cease to think the universe worthy of reverent wonder and of worship. And so religion, the greatest of all blessings, for there is nothing, nor has been, nor ever shall be, that can be deemed a greater boon, will be threatened with destruction; men will think it a burden, and will come to scorn it. They will no longer love this world around us, this incomparable work of God, this glorious structure which he has built, this sum of good made up of things of many diverse forms, this instrument whereby the will of God operates in that which be has made, ungrudgingly favouring man's welfare, this combination and accumulation of all the manifold things that can call forth the veneration, praise, and love of the beholder.
Darkness will be preferred to light, and death will be thought more profitable than life; no one will raise his eyes to heaven ; the pious will be deemed insane, and the impious wise; the madman will be thought a brave man, and the wicked will be esteemed as good. As to the soul, and the belief that it is immortal by nature, or may hope to attain to immortality, as I have taught you, all this they will mock at, and will even persuade themselves that it is false., No word of reverence or piety, no utterance worthy of heaven and of the gods of heaven, will be heard or believed.
And so the gods will depart from mankind, a grievous thing!, and only evil angels will remain, who will mingle with men, and drive the poor wretches by main force into all manner of reckless crime, into wars, and robberies, and frauds, and all things hostile to the nature of the soul. Then will the earth no longer stand unshaken, and the sea will bear no ships; heaven will not support the stars in their orbits, nor will the stars pursue their constant course in heaven; all voices of the gods will of necessity be silenced and dumb; the fruits of the earth will rot; the soil will turn barren, and the very air will sicken in sullen stagnation. After this manner will old age come upon the world. Religion will be no more; all things will be disordered and awry; all good will disappear.
But when all this has befallen, Asclepius, then the Master and Father, God, the first before all, the maker of that god who first came into being, will look on that which has come to pass, and will stay the disorder by the counterworking of his will, which is the good. He will call back to the right path those who have gone astray; he will cleanse the world from evil, now washing it away with waterfloods, now burning it out with fiercest fire, or again expelling it by war and pestilence. And thus he will bring back his world to its former aspect, so that the Kosmos will once more be deemed worthy of worship and wondering reverence, and God, the maker and restorer of the mighty fabric, will be adored by the men of that day with unceasing hymns of praise and blessing. Such is the new birth of the Kosmos; it is a making again of all things good, a holy and awe-striking restoration of all nature; and it is wrought in the process of time by the eternal will of God. For Gods will has no beginning; it is ever the same, and as it now is, even so it has ever been, without beginning. For it is the very being of God to purpose good.
Note: The remainder is a philosophical treatise which is highly interesting. It sets forth in high literary form the ancient cosmology of the universe as an endless return of of cycles. Destiny, prophecy, and desire are all clearly related in this cosmic wheel of necessity.
Is will then, Trismegistus, summed up in purpose?
Will, Asclepius, issues from purpose; and from will issues each several acts of will. Not without effect does God will a thing, for he is fully supplied with all things; and all things that he wills are good. He has all things which he wills, and wills the things which he has; and all that he purposes and wills is good.
Such is God. The Kosmos is Gods image; and since God is good, the Kosmos also is good.
Do you say, Trismegistus, that the Kosmos is good?
Yes, Asclepius; and I will show you that it is so. God dispenses and distributes goods, namely, sense, soul, and life, to all kinds of beings in the Kosmos; and in like manner, the Kosmos gives and supplies all things which seem good to mortals, namely, the succession of births in time, the formation, growth, and ripening of the fruits of the earth, and the like. For you must deem the Kosmos a second god, Asclepius, a god who governs all living things, both those which have souls and those which are soulless. For if the Kosmos has been and is and will be a living and ever-living being, nothing in the Kosmos is mortal. It is the everlasting life of each of its several parts that makes the Kosmos what it is; and seeing that the Kosmos is ever one, and is a living and ever-living being, mortality can have no place in it. It must therefore be filled with life, and with eternal life, if it needs must live for ever.
It is God then that everlastingly governs all the sources of life in the Kosmos; he is the eternal dispenser of life itself. But when life has once been dispensed to all the (intracosmic) sources of life, the supply of it is maintained in accordance with eternal law; and the manner of its maintenance I will proceed to explain. The Kosmos moves within the very life of eternity and is contained in that very eternity whence all life issues, and for this reason it is impossible that it should at any time come to a stand, or be destroyed, since it is walled in and bound together, so to speak, by eternal life.
And the Kosmos is itself the dispenser of life to all things in it here below, and the place in which are contained all things which are subject to control beneath the sun. The movement is of the Kosmos itself consists of a twofold working; life is infused into the Kosmos from without by eternity; and the Kosmos infuses life into all things that are within it, distributing all things according to fixed and determined relations of number and time, by the operation of the sun and the movements of the stars. The process of time is wholly determined by Gods law ; but the lapse of terrestrial time is marked by the changing states of the atmosphere, and the variations of heat and cold; while that of celestial time is marked by the return of the heavenly bodies to their former positions as they move in their periodic revolutions.
The Kosmos is that in which time is contained; and it is by the progress and movement of time that life is maintained in the Kosmos. The process of time is regulated by a fixed order and time in its ordered course renews all things in the Kosmos by alternation. All things being subject to this process, there is nothing that stands fast, nothing fixed, nothing free from change, among the things which come into being, neither among those in heaven nor among those on earth.
God alone stands unmoved, and with good reason; for he is self-contained, and self-derived, and wholly self-centered, and in him is no deficiency or imperfection. He stands fast in virtue of his own immobility, nor can he be moved by any force impinging on him from without, seeing that in him are all things, and that it is he alone that is in all things; unless indeed one should presume to say that. he moves (not in time, but) in eternity.
But it should rather be said that eternity also is motionless; into eternity all movements of time go back; and from eternity all movements of time take their beginning. God then stands unmoved; and eternity likewise is ever changeless, containing in itself a Kosmos which is without beginning, even that Kosmos which we rightly call imperceptible to senses. This (sensible) Kosmos has been made in the image of that other Kosmos, and reproduces eternity in a copy. Now time, though it is ever in movement, possesses a faculty of stability peculiar to itself, in that its return into itself is determined by necessity. And accordingly, though eternity is stable, fixed, and motionless, yet since time is mobile, and its movement ever goes back into eternity, it results from this that eternity also, though motionless in itself, appears to be in motion, on account of its relation to time; for eternity enters into time, and it is in time that all movement takes place.
Hence it follows that on the one hand eternity, stable though it be, is also mobile, and on the other hand, time, mobile though it be, is rendered stable by the immutability of the law by which its movement is determined. And in this way it is possible to hold that God also moves within himself, though God, like eternity, is motionless; for the movement of God, being made stable by his greatness, is no movement, inasmuch as his greatness is necessarily motionless. The being, then, of which I speak, whether it is to be called God, or eternity, or both, and |
dataset_txts_15GB_1_splitted/shard_00042/shard_00042_23816.txt | The history of science in India has not focused on the nature of legacy of scientific institutions. Overly absorbed in critically evaluating Bhabha’s scientific leadership of India’s Atomic Energy Programme, historians of science in India have not paid attention to Bhabha’s institution-building practices at TIFR, the older and more significant Institute he had founded. As a result there has been very little historical understanding of the nature of Bhabha’s legacy. What elements of that legacy defined TIFR as an institution? This talk will reflect on the nature of the Nehruvian scientific vision as well as the nature and significance of institutional practices that Bhabha put in place at TIFR by analyzing archival records and oral histories. In what ways did colonialism shaped institutions created in postcolonial India? How do we understand the residual effects of colonialism within nationalism and internationalism? Through the excavation and analysis of stories of institution building this paper will offer alternative ways of understanding histories of scientific institutions. |