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mineral is generally harvested between May and September; under ideal conditions, a harvest can yield 20 metric tonnes (22 U.S. tons). The salt harvesters allow seawater to collect in the shallow pans, whereupon the scorching summer sun starts the evaporation process, eventually leaving only snowflake-like crystals behind. Salt farmers then methodically sweep the mineral into piles and, later, into burlap sacks. The family’s shop is across the street, built into a golden rock formation that’s been eroded by the wind and sea over time. The spot is about one mile from the town of Marsalforn, a good place for swimming.
Frommer's chose Malta as one of the Best Places to Go in 2018! To discover our other selections, click here. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_38987_2.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
This is the reason why the project wins Sparebanken Vest and Bergen Technology Transfer Idea Competition 2018. The prize is worth a total of 500 000 NOK.
The Sitka spruce gives great shelter for wind and weather, and that´s why you find it many places along the Norwegian coast. The tree, which was imported from North America and planted in Western Norway in the late 1800s, produces large amounts of seeds and therefore grows quickly. Sitka spruce propagate so well that it outperforms all other species in areas where it has a foothold.
This makes the Sitka spruce a threat to biodiversity in Norway. The tree has therefore ended on the Norwegian Fremmedartslisten. On this list you will find almost 200 plant species that are considered by the Artsdatabanken to constitute a potentially high to very high ecological risk.
– The plants on the list are so-called invasive species – that is, plants that spread to an area beyond their natural range and affect other organisms. The Norwegian authorities have defined that all plants that were in the country before the 19th century are Norwegian. Those who have come to the country afterwards are defined as non-Norwegian and have been assessed on the Fremmedartslisten, says Heidi Lie Andersen, Associate Professor in Botany at the University of Bergen.
Few options and little knowledge
Despite the fact that fighting invasive species costs Norway up to four billion NOK every year, we still plant, sell, import and produce these species. The reason for this is that there are few Norwegian legal alternatives, the knowledge about Norwegian alternatives are limited and it is therefore relatively easy to get a dispensation from the regulations.
– In our project we will create sustainable Norwegian plant alternatives. The Botanical garden is a unique combination of different science areas that meet. By combining science with knowledge of plant production we have already identified several Norwegian native plants that can be produced and thus provide legitimate alternatives to the invasive species on the Fremmedartslisten, says the Idea Competition winner.
– The challenges we face are international and increasingly relevant because of climate change. This project wants to develop a sustainable alternative to preserve the biodiversity of the planet, Andersen continues.
Based on this innovative idea, Heidi Lie Andersen wins Sparebanken Vest and Bergen Teknologioverføring Idea Competition for 2018 and is awarded 500 000 NOK. The award was handed out on Bergen Chamber of Commerce and Industry’s annual conference, Friday 16th of November.
– It is amazing to win this award. It is very unexpected. I´m excited about the continuation. I´m now working together with BTO to find different business models for the idea. There are several exciting opportunities that have been opened, Andersen finishes.
A tangible and sustainable solution
The Idea Competition received 17 contributions from the research institutions in Bergen. The jury finds it likely that the winner will contribute greatly to addressing environmental challenges related to the displacement of biological diversity in Norwegian flora or extinction of alien species introduced from other countries. The jury writes:
“The winner of the Idea Competition 2018 has presented a tangible solution that can contribute to improve a significant problem. The group of researchers from the University of Bergen is in forefront on its field of research. They also show a good understanding of the commercial development needed for the idea; from planning through product development to production, sales and communication. In other words, all the phases of success in the industrial ecosystem.”
BTO congratulates Heidi Lie Andersen and her team!
Members of the jury:
Aslak Sverdrup, Avinor (Chairman of the Jury)
Dag Skansen, Entrepreneur and Investor
Margunn Aas Minne, Sparebanken Vest
Jone Engelsvold, Regionalt forskingsfond Vestlandet
Nils-Eivind Holmedal, Bergen Teknologioverføring (Secretary of the jury)
Background of the Idea Competition
Sparebanken Vest and Bergen Teknologioverføring has conducted eight Idea Competitions since 2010. The purpose of the competition is to stimulate commercialization of research results, to enlighten the research and commercializing environment, and to generate attention for the need of innovation and research. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_38988.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
An Alaska Department of Fish and Game study has found that mountain goat populations at the Kensington Gold Mine dropped 45 percent between 2006 and 2011.
The decline is most likely related to harsh winters, ADF&G wildlife biologist Kevin White said, although the department has yet to conduct a comprehensive analysis. The site’s goat numbers for 2012 and 2013 have yet to be finalized, he said.
The department has been performing the study since 2005 in partnership with Coeur Alaska, which operates the mine and funds the research, White said. Coeur Alaska has funded the project at about $40,000 for the past two years, and will continue to do so through 2015, company spokesperson Jan Trigg said.
The mine is required by the U.S. Forest Service to conduct and fund environmental impact studies to make sure development is not negatively affecting surrounding wildlife, ADF&G habitat biologist Kate Kanouse said.
Kanouse leads fish-related environmental studies at the mine, testing and tracking the composition of algae, marine insects and fish in Slate Creek and Sherman Creek to make sure the habitat remains healthy. For the past two years, ADF&G has had a contract with Coeur Alaska to monitor the mine’s nearby water and fish, a project that was funded by the company at about a quarter of a million dollars this year, Kanouse said.
As far as the mine’s land animals go, “mountain goats qualified as the top one for terrestrial wildlife,” White said. White and other scientists have studied the goats closely, outfitting them with GPS-enabled collars and monitoring their habitat selection and migration patterns. The team determines population size, the proportion of goats that die and the females’ estimated reproductive rate.
Along Lynn Canal, where ADF&G began monitoring goats years ago in preparation for the former Juneau Access Project, White has found the same thing — mountain goats are dying off. The entire eastern Lynn Canal population dropped from about 1,130 goats in 2006 to about 600 in 2010, White said. This consistency suggests the Kensington Mine goats’ struggles are probably related to weather, rather than development, White said. “Three particularly severe winters” have occurred since the study began, he said, “including the biggest winter on record since records were kept — the winter of 2006 and 2007.” The influence of development has not been thoroughly examined yet, he said.
A control area near the mine has experienced a similar decline in mountain goat population in the same time period, White said.
“Winter severity is important to mountain goat survival,” he said. “We also documented a comparable level of decline of the moose population over the same time. The decline is probably mostly related to severe winters rather than the acute effect of the mine. We can’t rule out that there aren’t additive effects of the mine.”
White said the department will continue to study the goats to determine exactly why their numbers are dropping. Trigg said Coeur Alaska will support goat monitoring at the mine through 2015.
“There is scientific evidence that mountain goats are sensitive to industrial development,” White said. “We want to understand the extend of those effects.”
For more information on the goat study, visit www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=goatresearch.main.
• Contact reporter Katie Moritz at 523-2294 or at firstname.lastname@example.org. Follow her on Twitter @katecmoritz. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_38989.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
I have a problem which I am confident that I can solve by dynamic methods but I want to solve it by using conservation of energy to check that my answer is correct. I tried posting on the physics site but got no response.
Consider a submarine near to the surface. It has an internal pressure of 0 Gauge and an internal buoyancy control tank also at 0 Gauge. The submarine is stationary so its average density is equal to the density of water.
The submarine subsequently dives (very slowly), as it dives the hull is compressed thus reducing in length and diameter. Water is pumped out of the buoyancy tank to maintain the average density equal to that of water (must be done during decent to avoid buildup of kinetic energy).
WHAT I CAN CALCULATE
1. Reduction of hull diameter at any depth
2. Reduction of hull length at any depth
3. Volume of water pumped out at each depth (and hence energy required to do this)
4. Energy stored in the steel hull due to the deformation of the steel (three components, radial, axial and circumferential)
5. Checked that energy required to pump out the water matched energy stored in the steel hull.
WHAT I CAN'T DO
I think that I should be able to examine the starting state and the end state without taking any notice of how, or at what depth the buoyancy water was pumped out. I should be able to show that the total energy at the beginning of the study is equal to that at the start.
However, if I do this then the energy stored in the steel appears to come from no where.
START OF STUDY
There is a submarine sized item near to the surface with gpe=mgh
There is a equivalent submarine sized volume of water near the bottom with no energy gpe=0
END OF STUDY
There is a submarine sized volume of water near the surface with gpe=mgh
There is a submarine sized item near to the bottom with gpe=0
There is a volume of water matching the change in submarine volume near the bottom with gpe=0
There is a strained metallic tube with pressure energy. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_38990.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
To help students overcome the “but it made sense in class” conundrum, Judith Leatherman, PhD, flipped her approach—and started producing lessons on video.
Associate Professor of Biology ,University of Northern Colorado in Greeley
PhD in Cell and Molecular Biology, BS in Biology and Chemistry
Like many of the sciences, genetics involves working through mathematical problems, such as the probability of certain traits being passed from parent to offspring. When Judy Leatherman, PhD, first started teaching the subject, she expected that students would be able to listen to a lecture, then apply their learnings to their homework. “I might have done one problem on the board, but I didn’t have them do any problems in class,” she says.
Then students began to comment that, even when material seemed clear in class, they drew a blank when trying to do problems on their own. “They were mystified by why this happened, so I decided to spend more time problem-solving in class,” she says. “But I found that I was running out of time for lecture.”
It was 2016 and Leatherman had heard of the flipped-classroom approach, where students watch videotaped lectures as homework to free up class time for things like active learning, group work, and problem-solving. As she made the move to this format, her students responded enthusiastically—especially the students who had been struggling the most. “Now they can watch the videos two or three times,” she says. The format also appeals to the top 10% of the class, she adds, because they can speed through or skip over content that they already understand.
Four years on, her flipped teaching game is as strong as ever. Here, Leatherman shares the most important lessons she learned throughout the process.
“When reading a textbook, it’s hard for students because they have to make that judgment call about what’s important versus what’s not important. Now my students know what to study, because it is all on the videos that I made for them.”
-Judith Leatherman, PhD
Course: Bio 220 Genetics
Course description: Study fundamental laws of heredity, the molecular structure and function of genes, and emerging genetic technologies.
5 lessons Leatherman learned from flipping her genetics class
Here, Leatherman shares her best practices on flipped classes and video lectures.
1. Explain the process of problem-solving
Many textbooks and educators scaffold learning in terms of teaching foundational concepts, then building on them. The same concept is important when explaining how to solve problems, says Leatherman. “When I do a problem in class now, I talk through my thinking process out loud and explain the logic of how I would approach the problem,” she says. “I have to teach students how to do the problems, not just give them the background.”
2. Be ready for long lectures to become short videos
When Leatherman first flipped the classroom, she says she tried to pack too much information into each video. She has found that a good length is 12 to 15 minutes, which is typically all it takes to convey what she normally covered in a 50-minute classroom lecture. This is because in-class lectures tend to get interrupted by students asking questions and making comments. “Now, if a student needs an explanation after watching a video, we can do that at the beginning of class,” she says. “Students really appreciate that I respect their time by making the videos shorter than a [typical] lecture.”
3. Embrace imperfection—for sanity’s sake
When she first started making videos, Leatherman found that aiming for perfection made it impossible to actually complete a video. “[When reviewing the video] I’d think, ‘Oh, I want to do that part over again,’ or ‘I should not have gone off on that tangent.’ So I would clip out that tangent, but then the video will not flow well, so then I would have to do the whole thing over again,” she says. Ultimately, Leatherman found that these imperfect details do not matter to students. “They’ll just appreciate that you created the video,” she says.
4. Offer incentive for students watch the videos
Leatherman uses the first day of class to set ground rules and expectations. “I tell them that if they come to class without watching the videos, they are hurting themselves because they’re not going to be ready when it comes time to join a group to start working on problems in class.” Before the class for which the video is assigned, students must take an online quiz on the content, which is worth a few points. “When students don’t watch [the videos], their grades suffer and they realize they need to come to class more prepared,” she adds.
5. Have resources ready in addition to the videos
Even though each video works for most of Leatherman’s students, she has found that sometimes her explanations do not gel for an individual. When that happens, she encourages them to read about the topic in another source, such as the textbook, or ask for a TA to explain it in their own words during class.
“To understand a difficult topic, sometimes you need different explanations,” she says. “It really depends on what is going to make sense to the student. It’s about how their brain works and how they think about things.” | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_38991.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Tutorial - Measuring your PD
Monocular PD versus Binocular PD
There are two primary methods for PD measurement: single PD and dual PD.
Binocular PD (or single PD) is the measurement from pupil to pupil between each eye. It is a single number, between 48-72 usually.
Monocular PD (or dual PD) is the measurement from your nose bridge to each eye. It is listed as two numbers, usually separated with slash (31/32 for example).
Monocular PD is believed to be the most accurate since many people may find their nose-to-pupil measurement is not equidistant on both sides.
PD is especially critical when fitting glasses with progressive lenses (PAL), which requires precise lens-to-pupil alignment to ensure comfortable vision at all distances.
How to measure pupillary distance
Your eye doctor typically measures PD as part of your eye exam using a pupillary distance ruler or pupillometer, calibrated specifically to each eye.
Watch video of how to take the PD Measurement below. If you need a pupillary ruler you can download here. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_38993.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Grades: Kindergarten to 1st Grade
Summary: Set the colors to music.
I think it's from the LeapFrog book series. I teach my kids the color songs for red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and purple, so I'm not really familiar with the rest. This is the first year I did 6 songs- and my first graders could spell each of the color words by the end of each day. (even the ones who couldn't recognize the letters!)
Here's the ones I use:
RED Tune: Happy Birthday
R-E-D spells red. R-E-D spells red. I know how to spell red. R-E-D spells red.
ORANGE Tune: 1 Little, 2 Little, 3 Little Indians
O-R-A-N-G-E, O-R-A-N-G-E, O-R-A-N-G-E, orange is what that spells. Jack-O'-lanterns are always orange, carrots are always orange, oranges are always orange, O-R-A-N-G-E.
YELLOW Tune: If You're Happy and You Know It
Y-E-L-L-O-W spells yellow. Y-E-L-L-O-W spells yellow. I like the smiley face that's yellow, he is such a happy fellow, Y-E-L-L-O-W spells yellow.
GREEN Tune" Row, Row, Row Your Boat
G-R-E-E-N, G-R-E-E-N, I know how to spell green, G-R-E-E-N.
BLUE Tune: The Farmer in the Dell
B-L-U-E spells blue, B-L-U-E spells blue. Hi Ho, did you know? B-L-U-E spells blue.
PURPLE Campton Races (Doo Dah, Doo Dah song)
P-U-R-P-L-E, purple, purple, P-U-R-P-L-E, purple is what that spells.
There are second verses to all of these, but I only taught (and therefore know) the one for orange. The kids loved them, and the parents were very impressed!
Submitted by: Kristin K2FINE@email-removed | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_38994.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Mid Autumn Festival
The Mid-Autumn Festival, 中秋节 zhōng qiū jié, is the second most important festival to Chinese people after the Chinese New Year or Spring Festival, 春节 chūn jié. In 2015, Mid-Autumn Festival is on September 27. Every year, Chinese people will go home from every corner of the country and the world for family reunions. On Mid-Autumn night the harvest moon is supposed to be the brightest and fullest of the year, so the festival is also known as the “Day of Reunion” and the “Moon Festival“. Chinese people believe that the full moon is a symbol of peace, prosperity, and family reunion.
To wish someone a happy Mid-Autumn Festival you can say 中秋快乐, zhōng qiū kuài lè or 中秋节快乐, zhōng qiū jié kuài lè. To celebrate this holiday I am sharing a must read picture book called: 爸爸,你能给我月亮吗? (bà ba, nǐ néng gěi wǒ yuè liang ma?), Papa, Can You Give Me The Moon? This is a beautiful story about a Father’s love for his son with a heartwarming ending. Simply hover over a Chinese character that you don’t know to see its definition in English and pinyin. Click here to read this picture book about how a Father will move heaven and earth for his son! | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_38995.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
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A.Word.A.Day--plebeianPronunciation: WAV or RealAudio
plebeian (ple-BEE-uhn) adjective
1. Of or relating to the common people of ancient Rome: a plebeian magistrate.
2. Of, belonging to, or characteristic of commoners.
3. Unrefined or coarse in nature or manner; common or vulgar: plebeian tastes.
1. One of the common people of ancient Rome.
2. A member of the lower classes.
3. A vulgar or coarse person.
[From Latin plebius, from plebs, pleb-, the common people.]
"AMADEUS abounds with skillfully played supporting roles - Roy Dotrice as the austere, forbidding Leopold Mozart, Jeffrey Jones as the amusingly vapid Emperor Joseph II, a man of plebeian tastes whose judgments nevertheless sway public opinion - and each frame is filled with colorful faces which add to the flavor and atmosphere of the scenes." AMADEUS, Magill's Survey of Cinema, 15 Jun 1995.
This week's theme: words that violate the "i before e" rule.
X-BonusWe cannot be more sensitive to pleasure without being more sensitive to pain. -Alan Watts | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_38996.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Ever hear the term "Tonal Finishing?" We attempt to sort it all out here.
Just what is "Tonal Finishing"? It is a process that has been around for centuries and is practiced by organ builders worldwide. Also known as "voicing" or "regulating", the process is meant to meld together the sounds of the various pipes and ranks in the instrument to create a series of gorgeous ensembles.
Tonal finishing takes place at the end stages of building or refurbishing an organ, and is clearly the most important step in achieving perfection. An organ cannot be properly regulated at the factory. The effects of the size of the organ, the resonance of the chambers, the size of the venue, and the acoustics of the building all come into play.
Once the initial installation or refurbishment of an organ is complete, what you really have is sets (ranks) of tin, wood, and sometimes brass whistles operated by an air turbine, and controlled by a console. An exact tuning of every pipe and rank in the instrument will enable the playing of music, but what will the music sound like? Unless you are unusually lucky, Not Much!
In addition to regulating each rank, note by note, to ensure even volume within the rank, the volume or power must be adjusted so that the ranks blend and complement each other, and one does not drown the other out. Building a set of "terraced” ensemble volume levels in the organ that are each coherent, yet work together to build larger ensembles, is the ultimate goal in organ tonal finishing. In addition, the speech or tonal color of many ranks can be adjusted, particularly the reeds, to vary the brightness of the tone from mellow to raspy. Ranks can also be "contoured" so that the sound varies from the bass register up to the treble.
Voicing Reed Pipes:
Reeds have two major parts that determine the overall tone and volume. The first is the resonator, the familiar pipe tube that is sometimes cylindrical (clarinets, krumets), sometimes conical (tubas, trumpets), and sometimes capped (vox humanas, French horns). The second, and hidden part, is the reed (also known as the “tongue”) and the shallot on which it is held. This assembly is at the bottom of the pipe (resonator) and is contained in the block where the resonator ends. The mechanism of reed and shallot is mounted into the block and housed in the boot of the pipe, which can be removed to allow the technician to work on the reed.
The sound of a reed pipe is the result of a combination of factors including the shape and style of the resonator, its harmonic length, and the metal out of which it is made. (For example, Wurlitzer used brass for its trumpet resonators because they felt that it had a better, more orchestral sound.) Also contributing to the sound of the pipe is the reed and shallot. The reed is a thin piece of metal (brass or phosphor bronze) whose thickness is measured in thousandths of an inch. (The reed takes its name from the bamboo reed used in the common clarinet or saxophone.) The shallot is the hollow brass tube with a flattened face and an opening in that face against which the reed vibrates. The physical configuration of the shallot affects the type of sound produced as does the shape of the reed. A thinner reed tongue generally gives a brighter sound. A thicker tongue, especially one with added weights (like a high pressure tuba), gives a darker sound. The amount the reed moves away from, and back to the shallot in its vibration is the reed's amplitude and causes the pipe to be either louder or softer. The greater the amplitude of the reed, the louder the pipe will be when it is in pitch. Adding "curve" or decreasing "curve" at the bottom of the reed, changes its amplitude. The voicer adjusts the reed with a specially shaped tool called a curving block (a heavy piece of metal with one or several different curve forms in it). He/she puts the reed on the block, and applies "curve" (or decreases it) by rubbing the reed with a burnishing tool.
The tuning wire, which moves up and down the reed to allow for tuning, also allows the amplitude to be changed to some extent. The further down the wire is on the reed, the less amplitude and vice versa. Changing the amplitude also changes the pitch or frequency of the reed however, so the voicer, when changing the volume of the pipe, will first set the volume with the amount of curve or the tuning wire, either increasing (louder) or decreasing (softer) the amplitude of the reed, and then tune the pipe with the slide or scroll at the top of the resonator to either lengthen or shorten the resonator to put it in pitch. The shorter the pipe, the higher the pitch, the longer the pipe, the lower the pitch. Once the pipe is voiced, the process of tuning the pipe is usually just a matter of moving the tuning wire slightly to allow the reed to be put back where the voicer wanted it when he tuned and voiced it originally. Voicers leave marks on reed pipes to help put things back where they wanted it. These marks are usually just small lines made with a sharp knife. There is a voicer mark to indicate where the slide at the top of the resonator should be, and also another one on the shallot to tell how far in the shallot is to be inserted in the block of the pipe. (Note: Some reed pipes, like a Wurlitzer brass trumpet, have no scrolls or slides. On these pipes the whole body of the pipe slides up a small tube at the base and is held in place by a small clamp. Still other pipes, like a Wurlitzer English post horn have no resonator adjustment at all. On these pipes all the changes to volume must be done with the reed alone.)
Reed voicing is complicated and involves delicate parts. Reeds are easily bent, twisted or creased by well-meaning amateurs. It's best to leave the process to the experts or at least to someone who is very experienced. Those who wish to learn the craft should find a professional to study with, and practice on some old unwanted pipes from a broken set.
Voicing Flue Pipes:
A flue pipe is really just a whistle, and as such responds to greater or less wind pressure to determine its volume. Flue pipes include the string, diapason and tibia/flute ranks in the organ. The way a voicer works on a flue pipe is much less complicated than on a reed pipe. Although the upper lip, the languid (the flat bottom of the mouth area inside the pipe), and windway (the little slot that allows the air to pass up from the bottom of the pipe and blow across the upper lip) are sometimes adjusted for proper speech, the majority of voicing is done just with the toe hole at the very bottom of the pipe - the larger the hole, the more wind and the greater the pressure in the pipe, making a sound wave with a bigger amplitude, therefore creating a greater sound volume. The voicer has a special tool for making the size of the hole bigger (a toe reamer) and one for hammering the toe closed (a cone shaped hammer that looks like an egg cup).
Pipe Toe Reamers
Pipe Toe Cones
Wooden pipes, like tibias and concert flutes, have a lead toe to allow changes to be made one way or the other. If you open it too much, you can just hammer it closed again. Some large wood pipes have a built-in adjustment gate at the bottom so that you don't have to remove the pipe to change the amount of wind. When you change the opening in the toe, you have to retune the pipe by making it longer or shorter accordingly. For instance, if you blow into a whistle and increase the pressure, the pitch goes up. The same thing happens with an organ pipe. So when you open the toe, you need to make the pipe longer (with a slide at the top or stopper if the pipe is a stopped pipe) to compensate to lower the pitch. In the inverse, if you decrease the amount of opening, lowering the pressure in the pipe, you have to shorten the pipe to raise the pitch.
Voicing is an extensive process of trial and error to determine what characteristics blend together best for the particular instrument being voiced. Voicers spend years learning the process, and obtaining an experienced professional for your organ is the key to success. But, the world of music is driven by personal taste, and even professional voicers can disagree as to the best sound.
Theatre Organs have an additional set of variables that give us that “lush sound that wraps itself all around you”, namely the tremulants. Different ranks can be controlled by different tremulant mechanisms. The speed and depth of tremulation can be adjusted from a light trem to a deep vibrato. Again, personal taste enters the mix.
Finally, some organs are built with "celeste" ranks. A celeste is the duplication of an existing rank. Celestes can be found in several pipe ranks including string, flute, quintadena, and dulciana. The celeste rank is tuned slightly sharp or slightly flat relative to its twin. When a "celeste" stop is chosen, both ranks play, creating a unique delightful sound. Of course, that sound must meld with the rest of the ensemble!
Bottom line: When a Theatre Pipe Organ installation is complete and the instument tuned, are you done? Absolutely not!! Voicing by a professional is necessary to bring the instrument to its full potential, creating a concert caliber installation. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_38997.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Malta is an archipelago in the central Mediterranean between Sicily and the North African coast. It's a nation known for historic sites related to a succession of rulers including the Romans, Moors, Knights of Saint John, French and British. It has numerous fortresses, megalithic temples and the Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum, a subterranean complex of halls and burial chambers dating to circa 4000 B.C.
1. The development of modern Maltese cultureThe culture of modern Malta has been described as a "rich pattern of traditions, beliefs and practices," which is the result of "a long process of adaptation, assimilation and cross fertilization of beliefs and usages drawn from various conflicting sources. Malta is very unique culture because they still keep traditional culture in modern era.
2. Contemporary culture of MaltaMalta has always been a maritime nation, and for centuries, there has been extensive interaction between Maltese sailors and fishermen and their counterparts around the Mediterranean and into the Atlantic Ocean. More significantly, by the mid-19th century the Maltese already had a long history of migration to various places, including Egypt, Tripolitania, Tunisia, Algeria, Cyprus, the Ionian Islands, Greece, Sicily and Lampedusa. Intermarriage with other nationals (especially Italians and Sicilians) was not uncommon. Migrants would periodically return to Malta, bringing with them new customs and traditions that over time have been absorbed into mainstream Maltese culture.
3. Highly developed transportation and industrial hubCar ownership in Malta is the fourth highest in Europe, given the small size of the islands. Like in the UK, traffic drives on the left. The old Maltese buses, formerly ex-British Armed forces vehicles, were Malta's main domestic mode of transportation until 2011. From then onwards bus services were run by Arriva. There has also been a railway in the past between Valletta and the Mtarfa army barracks. A regular ferry system connects the two main Maltese islands, via the harbours of Ċirkewwa and Marsamxett in Malta, and Mġarr in Gozo. There are also regular ferry services between the Grand Harbour and neighbouring Sicily. A busy cruise liner terminal has been developed on the Valletta side of Grand Harbour; however, Malta's primary connection to the outside world is its airport at Luqa.
4. Culture and history hidden in the industrialized stateThe Maltese economy is dependent on foreign trade, manufacturing especially electronics, and pharmaceuticals, and tourism. Malta adopted the Euro currency on 1 January 2008. Tourist arrivals and foreign exchange earnings derived from tourism have steadily increased since 1987. Following the September 11 attacks, the tourist industry suffered a temporary setback. With the help of a favorable international economic climate, the availability of domestic resources, and industrial policies that support foreign export-oriented investment, the economy has been able to sustain a period of rapid growth.
5. World's major gourmet town Maltese cuisine is the result of a long relationship between the Islanders and the many civilisations who occupied the Maltese Islands over the centuries. This marriage of tastes has given Malta an eclectic mix of Mediterranean cooking. Although the restaurant scene is a mix of speciality restaurants, there are many eateries that offer or specialise in local fare, serving their own versions of specialities. Traditional Maltese food is rustic and based on the seasons. Look out for Lampuki Pie (fish pie), Rabbit Stew, Bragioli (beef olives), Kapunata, (Maltese version of ratatouille), and widow's soup, which includes a small round of Gbejniet (sheep or goat's cheese). On most food shop counters, you'll see Bigilla, a thick pate of broad beans with garlic. The snacks that must be tried are ‘hobz biz-zejt' (round of bread dipped in olive oil, rubbed with ripe tomatoes and filled with a mix of tuna, onion, garlic, tomatoes and capers) andpastizzi (flaky pastry parcel filled with ricotta or mushy peas).
6. Unique city in Malta Malta's capital, the World Heritage City of Valletta, and the medieval fortified towns of Mdina and Cittadella in Gozo, are the Islands' historical highlights. Tas-Sliema, Bugibba, Qawra and St. Julian's in Malta and Marsalforn and Xlendi in Gozo are the main resorts. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_38999.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Parasitic skin diseases are a common skin problem for dogs. When confronted with skin issues always check for parasites as this is often the root of many skin issues.
Skin mite is not visible with the naked eye but they live on the skin of the infected dog. If your dog scratches itself excessively and has a thicker skin than usual it can indicate that it has skin mites. In order to determine the type of skin mite, you can go to your local vet to get a biopsy of the skin. Sarcoptic mite and Cheyletiella mite are easy to treat. Demodex mite is more difficult to treat and require a special bath product.
Fleas are the most common skin parasites. They vary between 1-3 mm in size depending on the type of flea. Almost every type of flea can settle in the fur of your Chi so it is very important to check the fur often. Fleas are visible with the naked eye. Adult fleas settle between the hairs of your dog and can lay hundreds of eggs that fall on the floor into carpets. This is why fleas are highly contagious. In order to get rid of fleas, you can use an anti-flea product that has to be applied directly on the skin of your Chihuahua. This is often not enough because eggs can be present in the house and/or on the pillows, carpets, etc… You can put these outside during the night if it freezes or there are products which you spray on your carpet to get rid of the eggs.
Lice can sometimes be found in the fur of your Chi. They are around 1mm to 2mm in size. They cause irritation and some types of lice can suck blood. Lice can be easily treated with anti-parasitic products.
This tiny parasite is transmitted through mites and sandflies. This parasite attacks the immune cells of your dog and causes a wide range of problems. If your dog has scabs and is losing weight without a change in diet it is possible that it has been infected with Leishmaniasis. This parasite can be fatal and is transmittable to humans. In order to prevent this parasite avoid endemic areas and wear clothes that cover up.
Ear mites are a common parasite for dogs that can irritate the ear. You can determine that your Chi has ear mites if it has a lot of irritation on its ears and if there’s a dark brownish discharge from its ears. In order to treat for ear mites, you have to apply ear drops during two weeks. Otherwise, you risk the infection coming back.
Ticks can be found most often in damp forested areas and agricultural areas. They crawl on your dog as it passes by, they dig their teeth into its skin and suck blood. Tics don’t really cause skin irritation but you can easily locate them as the are around the bit gets red and swollen. They are dangerous as they can bring infections into the bloodstream such as the disease of Lyme. There are anti-tic products but it is most effective to check your dog after a walk through a forest or high grassed area. try to remove the tic as soon as possible before it digs deeper into the skin. If you spot a tick you remove them yourself with tweezers. You first soak the tick with some alcohol and afterwards you can grab them with tweezers. Try to grab as close to the skin as possible with the tweezers to avoid pulling the tick in two. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_390.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Finnish Forest Association cooperates with schools and teachers in primary education. The goal of the cooperation is to ensure that everyone living in Finland has a basic understanding and skills about forests and related livelihoods, culture and conservation.
We organise courses for teachers about forests and their use; the subjects range from forestry practises to forestry’s combatibility with reindeer herding, multiple use of forests and new products. We also produce and publish teaching materials for schools. All our materials aimed at schools follow the Finnish curricula.We organise also forest trips and visits for school children in cooperation with our partners. The annual Forest Quiz has been organized for over 30 years.
Four of the association’s employees work with forest education – please feel free to contact us! | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_3900.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Digital media, as defined in a document that lays out the government’s framework to regulate online content, will cover digitised content that can be transmitted over the internet or computer networks.
Digital media includes intermediaries such as Twitter and Facebook, and publishers of news and current affairs content. It also includes so-called curators of such content.
Govt rules for online media to include takedown power
Digital media, as defined in a document that lays out the government’s framework to regulate online content, will cover digitised content that can be transmitted over the internet or computer networks. The stategovernment wants to treat online news media publishers at par with traditional media publishers, such as newspapers and news channels, and also bring them under the ambit of section 69(A) of the Information Technology Act that gives takedown powers to the government, according to new guidelines yet to be put in force.
Digital media, as defined in a document that lays out the government’s framework to regulate online content, will cover digitised content that can be transmitted over the internet or computer networks. It includes intermediaries such as Twitter and Facebook, and publishers of news and current affairs content. It also includes so-called curators of such content.
So far, online news media has not been unregulated, with the information & broadcasting ministry brining it under its ambit last year, but not yet formalizing rules for it. Nor are intermediaries, especially social media companies that take refuge in their intermediary status when it comes to owing up responsibility for content. According to the guidelines titled Information Technology (Guidelines for intermediaries and digital media ethics code) Rules, 2021, digital news media publishers will need to follow rules that apply to print and electronic media.
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All legal disputes are subject to under Mohali Court Jurisdiction. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39000.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Music, Your GPS Voice, and the Science of Timbre
Exploring the color of sound
Posted Nov 01, 2013
"The timbre of his voice went into that low register that made my insides curl in on themselves—it was like my uterus was tapping out a happy dance on the rest of my organs." ~Cora Carmack, Losing It
"Timbre" is a rather difficult-to-define yet hard-to-ignore concept. When it comes to musical timbre, I have described it before as the color of sound. It's the quality of the sound we hear that helps us differentiate between a flute, a violin, and a tuba.
Much of the research on timbre has explored the acoustical qualities that contribute to timbral perception. For example, there are consistent attempts to quantify ways in which different sounds are perceived as different through identifying the qualities that make a sound unique (e.g. the slight "thump" and damp sound that ends a harpsichord sound). There are spectral qualities that influence our perception of timbre and temporal qualities. And to add to the complexity of timbre perception, individuals differ in how much they rely on the spectral and temporal qualities (McAdams & Giordano, 2009).
In other words, there is no one way to perceive timbre.
Other researchers have started exploring the neural mechanisms underlying timbre processing. For example, researchers at Johns Hopkins University developed a computerized mathematical model that would simulate how the brain processes timbre. Their particular model correctly identified an instrument based on its timbral qualities 98.7% of the time.
Why this interest in timbre? As a music therapist, understanding timbre informs my research and clinical work through its connection to emotions. I consider the music-emotion connection to be one of the primary mechanisms underlying why music therapy works. Music therapists learn to manipulate timbre as a way to connect with clients, influence them emotionally, grab their attention, and help them sustain their focus. Timbre can help build and release tension (McAdams & Giordano, 2009), it can impact emotional expressions and perceptions (Gabrielsson & Lindström, 2010; Juslin & Timmers, 2010), and it can even be manipulated with our youngest clients as we are born with a capability to perceive timbre (Trehub, 2003).
Although my understanding of timbre is from a music-biased perspective, it would not surprise me if understanding timbre processing translates to non-musical sounds as well. The timbre of a baby laughing compared with the timbre of a baby crying elicits completely different emotional responses. Same with the color of a kitten purring verses that of a lion roaring. And what about choosing what type of voice you prefer your GPS be set to? I imagine there's a reason some prefer the deep British-sounding male voice over the higher, Siri-sounding female voice (and vice versa).
So why take an interest in understanding timbre? It seems to me it goes beyond pure scholarly and scientific reasons. Our quest to understand timbre may be part of a larger exploration in understanding and making sense of the colors of all the sounds we live around.
Follow me on Twitter @KimberlySMoore for daily updates on the latest research and articles related to music, music therapy, and music and the brain. I invite you also to check out my website, www.MusicTherapyMaven.com, for additional information, resources, and strategies.
Gabrielsson, A. & Lindström, E. (2010). The role of structure in the musical expression of emotions. In P. Juslin & J. Sloboda (Eds.), Handbook of music and emotion: Theory, research, applications (pp. 367-400). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Juslin, P. N. & Timmers, R. (2010). Expression and communication of emotion in music performance. In P. Juslin & J. Sloboda (Eds.), Handbook of music and emotion: Theory, research, applications (pp. 453-489). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McAdams, S. & Giordano, B. L. (2009). The perception of musical timbre. In S. Hallam, I. Cross, & M. Thaut (Eds.) The Oxford handbook of music psychology (pp. 72-80). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Trehub, S. (2003). Musical predispositions in infancy: An update. In I. Peretz & R. Zatorre (Eds.) The cognitive neuroscience of music (pp. 3-20). Oxford: Oxford University Press. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39001.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
New Software Detects Lies by Analysing Words and Gestures
Friday, December 11, 2015
Researchers from the University of Michigan are developing a lie detecting software that analyses the words and gestures of the speaker, unlike a polygraph test wherein the machine is supposed to touch the speaker in order to function.
Michigan scientists, for this purpose, are studying high profile court cases wherein they found out that those who lied moved their hands more and looked into questioners’ eye for a longer duration than those who spoke the truth. It was also observed that those who lied spoke with more vocal fill such as ‘umm’.
The machine had an accuracy rate of about 75 percent in detecting who was being deceptive (defined in the final outcome of a case) when compared to humans’ score of just 50 percent. Scientists are using machine learning techniques to train the software on a set of 120 video clips from the media coverage of actual trials. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39002.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
During National Lightning Safety Awareness Week in 2021, we reviewed a journal article detailing lightning at the U.S. national parks.
The United States National Park Service (NPS) administers more than 400 parks, monuments, and other recreation areas around the country. The NPS reported more than 297 million visitors in 2021. Among the most recognizable areas that the NPS maintains are the national parks, with Great Smoky Mountain, Zion, Yellowstone, Grand Canyon, and Rocky Mountain being the five most visited parks.
Many of the visits to the national parks occur in the spring and summer months, when thunderstorms are most common, so lightning safety is important to the NPS. But as we wrote last year, each park has different amounts of lightning and different spatial patterns of lightning. This is due to the climate of each park, different topographic features in each park, and the random nature of lightning and thunderstorms.
By looking at where lightning occurs over multiple years and creating lightning density maps, we can begin to see regions of more and less lightning activity. Lightning density maps smooth the random nature of thunderstorms and help park operators know where their lightning hotspots are and where to focus more attention on lightning safety efforts. Today, we release a first-of-its-kind lightning density atlas for the U.S. national parks.
We plotted every in-cloud pulse and cloud-to-ground stroke detected by the National Lightning Detection Network NLDN between 2015 and 2021 within national park boundaries. From these more than 5.8 million events, we created lightning density maps on a 2 km x 2 km grid for each of the 51 national parks in the continental United States – available to download as an atlas.
In future versions of the National Park Lightning Density Atlas, we will include parks in Alaska, Hawaii, and other U.S. territories, as well as National Monuments.
Download the National Park Lightning Density Atlas. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39003.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
ze. The Conversation. (January 9, 2020). Retrieved April 6, 2022, from https://theconversation.com/fitness-gurus-and-muscular-christianity-how-victorian-britain-anticipated-todays-keep-fit-craze-129522
Wells, K. 8 Fun Ways to Exercise as a Family. Wellness Mama. (March 26, 2019). Retrieved April 6, 2022, from https://wellnessmama.com/motherhood/family-exercise/
Wherrell, J. The World History of Gyms. My House Fitness. (February 8, 2017). Retrieved April 6, 2022, from https://myhousefitness.com/the-history-of-gyms/
6 Ways to Celebrate Family Health & Fitness Day. Geisinger. (August 27, 2019). Retrieved April 6, 2022, from https://www.geisinger.org/health-and-wellness/wellness-articles/2019/08/27/15/29/6-ways-to-celebrate-family-health-and-fitness-day | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39004_2.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
In this section
What is the auditory system?
The auditory system performs the functions of hearing. The sense of hearing is a fine-tuned, intricate process. A sound wave is collected by the outer ear and sent through the middle ear into the inner ear where auditory hair cells are located. Once auditory hair cells in the inner ear are stimulated via sound waves, an electrical signal is generated and transmitted from these hair cells to the auditory nerve (also called cranial nerve VIII). From the auditory nerve, this signal is finally sent to the brain and subsequently processed. Hearing loss may be present if a part of the outer, middle, or inner ear or auditory nerve is damaged or missing.
What hearing abnormalities can be seen in children with PHACE syndrome?
Hearing loss is a relatively new finding associated with PHACE syndrome. The hearing loss is most often unilateral (on one side) and ipsilateral (the same side) to the hemangioma located on a child's face. Radiologic imaging studies have attributed this hearing loss in PHACE syndrome to intracranial hemangiomas affecting various auditory structures (see Intracranial Hemangioma section).
The 3 types of hearing loss associated with PHACE syndrome are conductive, sensorineural and mixed hearing loss.
- Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound is not conducted efficiently through the outer ear canal to the eardrum and the tiny bones, or ossicles, of the middle ear. The most common cause in PHACE syndrome is an intracranial hemangioma that occludes the eustachian tube (part of the middle ear). Conductive hearing loss usually involves a reduction in sound level or loss of the ability to hear faint sounds.
- Sensorineural hearing loss occurs when there is damage to the inner ear or to the nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain. An intracranial hemangioma that affects the auditory nerve can lead to this type of hearing loss in PHACE syndrome. Sensorineural hearing loss is usually permanent.
- Mixed hearing loss is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. Although this has been seen in PHACE syndrome, it is thought to be caused by factors other than the PHACE syndrome itself (i.e. coincidence).
How are hearing abnormalities diagnosed and treated?
Children with PHACE syndrome will generally pass their initial newborn hearing screen, but may develop problems during the first year of life. Suspicions of hearing loss should be brought to the attention of the primary care physician. A referral to an otolaryngologist (ear-nose-throat doctor) or audiologist (hearing specialist) may be needed. If a child has hemangiomas on or around the ear and has been diagnosed with PHACE syndrome, a hearing test should be repeated during the first year of life.
If hearing loss is determined to be attributed to an intracranial hemangioma in the child, treatment to minimize the growth of the hemangioma can be started. Assistive devices are also available to improve hearing. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39005.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
An Asian mosquito that somehow caught a ride to Minnesota is moving across the metro and will start nibbling on people in the east and north suburbs this summer.
What is it? The japonicus, or Japanese rock pool mosquito. The japonicus is a durable species that lays eggs that can survive a Minnesota winter, and like other species can carry LaCrosse encephalitis and West Nile viruses, said Mike McLean of the Metropolitan Mosquito Control District.
Where did it come from? The japonicus, native to the colder northern parts of Japan and Korea, hitchhikes in tires and other containers that trap water.
Great, another mosquito species. Are we doomed? Minnesota now has an estimated 51 mosquito species, many of them "exotics" that travel from distant habitats. "I don't think the average person will notice more mosquito bites per hour because of this," McLean said.
How widespread is it? The species was found last year in large numbers in Ramsey and Dakota counties, and it showed up in other areas south of the metro in the past couple of years. It was found last fall in northern Washington County and is moving west into Anoka County, McLean said.
Is it dangerous? "Like anything else, when you introduce a species you have to pay attention to it awhile to see how it behaves," McLean said. "It doesn't really raise any big red flags, but it is something we want to pay attention to." While the japonicus species isn't considered a primary carrier of the West Nile virus, it can be a nuisance, he said.
So what's the big deal? Because the species is new to Minnesota -- and suddenly appearing in county after county -- it's attracting attention from scientists. "From a biological standpoint, this is a really interesting occurrence," McLean said. "We can study it to see how it spreads. How fast does it move from one month to the next?"
How do we keep it away? Samples last summer and fall were found in storm-water ponds, water gardens and other places where water collects. "They do really well in the sort of junk people leave laying around, tires and debris," McLean said. "Dump the water out of things once a week in the summertime and you'll prevent them in yards and neighborhoods from being a problem."
Kevin Giles • 612-673-4432 | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39006.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
This is an 1100+ slide PowerPoint presentation on the Environment / Environmental Studies with built-in class notes (red slides), challenge questions with answers, built-in activities / projects, video links, four page homework sheet, modified version, lesson notes, project info, and 117 slide end of the lesson PowerPoint Review game with answer and template.
Note to Buyer: This unit paints a clear message that the environment and its life sustaining systems are in a state of peril. It will also describe that our current relationship with the environment is out of balance. The unit will highlight a number of environmental problems, provide solutions / alternatives, challenge current systems, and discuss the importance of achieving sustainable systems. Everything arrives editable. Please read the description below.
This unit focuses on key themes in environmental studies. This lesson bundle begins discussing how matter can be recycled but energy cannot. The Law Conservation of Matter is then described and student volunteers head up to the board for some step by step readings about the topic. The idea that most of our products go from cradle to grave is described. A neat class activity has the students find an item and then trace the energy and raw materials required to extract, transport, manufacture and deliver the item to the students. Students create mini posters to describe the whole process. Environmental Studies is then described (red slides = important notes). Some environmental case studies are described (hydraulic fracturing, Love Canal, Pincher Oaklahoma, Coltan in the Congo). Tragedy of the Commons is then addressed. The teacher gets the class together on the floor and then without instructions drops candy in the middle. A few grab most of the resource. This activity moves into the tragedy of the commons and the takers of the common resource are highlighted. Lots of discussion will emerge. The lesson moves into the essential question if greed is good? Resource Allocation is described. Over consumption is addressed throughout as are electricity vampires. The 4 R's are addressed and some wasteful packaging highlighted. A neat project has your students showcase wasteful packaging or the creative reuse of an existing product. Frugality and strategies of frugality are then described. Human Population growth is then addressed as is carrying capacity. Some nice video links are provided. Students then see the expanse of cities and urbanization (East Coat Megaopolis). This leads into a neat project that has your students design a sustainable home. All of the requirements to the project are provided in the slideshow and handouts. I have the students use Google Sketch-up which most will enjoy. Solar passive design as well as other renewable forms of energy go into the design. The 11th hour is mentioned and teacher can purchase or visit the link to watch using the internet (Optional but recommended). The Lesson ends discussing renewable forms of energy in a step by step approach. This is a very powerful and discussion creating lesson bundle that covers much more than described above. If you are looking for a lesson with waffles, this is not it.
Also included... is a waffle free Climate Change / Global Warming Lesson Bundle. Please read the description below.
This PowerPoint begins with a saddened student in the hall and a report card. The issue of why care about climate change is addressed as adolescents have so much else to worry about. Slides then address that climate change will impact everybody's lives. A step by step sequence of slides (I try to only have one focus point per slide) shows how climate change deals with the cryosphere, the oceans, the land, and the atmosphere. Branches of science that are also involved in the study of climate change are addressed. A definition of anthropogenic (human created) climate change is provided. Reference to how climate change has to do with the Carbon atom is shown. A link to Part I of a five part series about Carbon Todd "It's all about carbon" is provided. This is a really good segment about global warming. Each part is about 3.5 minutes and I break up the whole video into segments spread throughout the PowerPoint. Carbon reservoirs are pointed out in a series of slides. Natural and unnatural sources of greenhouse gases and factors that can control climate change are described with supportive images. Some history associated with the human species and fuel use from our origins until now is shown. Fossil fuels are addressed as is carbon (borrowed light) from millions of years ago locked underground. Part II of the Carbon Todd Link is provided. The Earth's natural carbon cycling is addressed. A series of challenge slides help students review photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Differences in hemispheres (land masses) and seasonally variations in global CO2 is described. A link for Part III of the Carbon Todd "It's all about Carbon" is provided. Another link to a website that has students calculate their carbon footprint / how many Earth's would the world need if everyone on the planet lived like you is provided. The Greenhouse Effect is then described in a series of slides. A few challenge based activities have students demonstrate an understanding and then a demonstration is provided where the teacher places two bottles in the light, one is covered, the other is not. Temperature differences are recorded. A Link to Part IV and V of the Carbon Todd Series is provided. Next, students create three cartoon characters of three guest speakers from an NPR radio broadcast (link provided). They then listen to the interviews and record information about the speakers next to the cartoon character. (The interviews are really neat) Lot's of graphs and step by step visuals show increasing carbon dioxide levels and are followed by temperature. Images of Ice Caps then and now are shown. The big negative impacts of climate change are described in a series of slides including sea-level rise. This section of the PowerPoint covers a lot. A link is provided to listen to the opposition for a bit. (An interesting segment listening to the founder of the Weather Channel) A really neat activity looks at who do we blame. Teacher brings in a cake, passes out note cards with countries names on them (PowerPoint includes directions). The PowerPoint then describes how much of a cake (The Climate Change Problem) they are responsible for. The Unites States only has one card, and gets a large slice of the cake. Asia gets the largest slice of the cake, but is shared by many etc. A final message about picking two lottery tickets plays out the future and has the students choose some future scenarios. A link to "An Inconvenient Truth" is provided. A hidden box games concludes the PowerPoint where Carbon Todd is revealed after each slide removes parts of the boxes hiding him. Students try and guess the picture as boxes are being removed. This is a really neat PowerPoint that dives deep into Climate Change but is not overwhelming. This PowerPoint does describe other factors that may control climate other than human emissions but is clear in its message that enhanced climate change is a real and serious issue.
Some Areas of focus in this PowerPoint include: Thermodynamics, Industrial Processes, Environmental Studies, The 4 R's, Sustainability, Human Population Growth, Carrying Capacity, Green Design, Renewable Forms of Energy, Greenhouse Effect, Climate Change, and much more.
This PowerPoint includes critical notes (Red Slides), exciting visuals, challenge questions, activities with directions and more. Text is usually placed at the top of the slide so it can be read from all angles of a classroom. Color coded slides, as well as a shade technique to increase student focus and allows the teacher to control the pace of the lesson. These PowerPoints are meant to be interactive as possible and ask many questions, provides built-in review opportunities, explains directions to activities, and much more. Transition effects are rarely used.
Please visit my other posting on TpT called The Matter, Energy, and the Environment Unit which includes this PowerPoint within the 3500+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 14 page bundled homework / assessment, 8 page modified assessment, detailed answer keys, and 20 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance that chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. This larger file also includes three PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 29 videos, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, and much more. Everything arrives in editable format and can be modified to fit any curriculum or time requirement.
Matter, Energy and the Environment Unit (3,500 Slides) on TpT
Matter, Energy, and the Environment Unit
This unit includes all of the lessons below in one organized folder....
-Matter, Energy and the Environment Homework, Lesson Notes, Answer Keys, and PowerPoint Freebies
-Matter, States of Matter, Phase Change, Physical Change, Chemical Change (500 Slides, HW, Notes, and more)
-Matter and Phase Change PowerPoint Review Game
-Gases, Gas Laws, and Much More (394 Slides, HW, Notes and more)
Viscosity Olympics Lesson
-Forms of Energy Lesson (400 Slides, HW, Notes, and more)
-Heat Transfer Lesson, Convection, Conduction, and Radiation Lesson
-Electricity and Magnetism Lesson (540 Slides, HW, Notes and more)
-The Electromagnetic Spectrum, Particles, Waves, and more (900 Slides, HW, Notes, and more)
-Energy, EM Spectrum, Forms of Energy Review Game
-Matter and Energy Crossword Puzzle with Solution
-About the Environment Lesson (900 Slides, HW, Notes and much more)
-Environmental Studies Review Game a>
Entire 4 year Science Curriculum, 20 Full Units (50,000 Slides) HW, Notes, and much more
Areas of Focus within the Matter, Energy, and the Environment Unit.
Matter, Elements and Compounds, States of Matter, Solids, Liquids, Gases, Plasma, Law Conservation of Matter, Dark Matter, Physical Change, Chemical Change, Gas Laws, Charles Law, Avogadros Law, Ideal Gas Law, Pascals Law, Viscosity, Archimedes Principle, Buoyancy, Seven Forms of Energy, Nuclear Energy, Electromagnet Spectrum, Waves / Wavelengths, Light ( | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39007_1.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Visible Light), Refraction, Diffraction, Lens, Convex / Concave, Radiation, Electricity, Lightning, Static Electricity, Magnetism, Coulomb's Law, Conductors, Insulators, Semi-conductors, AC and DC current, Amps, Watts, Resistance, Magnetism, Faradays Law, Compass, Relativity, Einstein, and E=MC2, Energy, First Law of Thermodynamics, Second Law of Thermodynamics,Third Law of Thermodynamics, Industrial Processes, Environmental Studies, The 4 Rs, Sustainability, Human Population Growth, Carrying Capacity, Green Design, Renewable Forms of Energy.
I also sell all 20 Middle-Level Science Units as a hard good on TpT and this is mailed on an 8GB USB drive ($20 Value) free shipping. This includes all 19 units (35,000 slides), in Life, Earth, and Physical Science for students in grades 5-10, This also includes 300+ pages of bundled homework / assessment that chronologically follows each unit, 200+ pages of modified assessments, 350+ pages of answer keys, 300+ pages of unit notes, 40+ PowerPoint review games (5000+ slides), hundreds of lab activities with questions and answers, hundreds of project ideas, 315 videos, hundreds of pages of handouts, First Day PowerPoint, Guidebook, and Four Year Curriculum Guide and classroom license.
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Best wishes.
Ryan Murphy M.Ed | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39007_2.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
More than a decade has passed since the dot-bomb implosion, and many of us are still amazed that so many investors got sucked into such an insane speculative financial mania.
The thing is, it has happened many times before.
For instance, in the mid-1600s Holland literally drove itself to ruin over flowers – tulips, to be precise.
Referred to today as Tulip Mania, Tulipomania, or Tulpewoerde, it was the first recorded speculative mania in modern history.
Indeed, the financial frenzy that unfolded between 1634 and 1637 crashed so hard that it actually helped smash the Dutch economy, transforming one of the world's first superpowers into an economic backwater.
Writing nearly 200 years later in his classic work, "Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds," historian Charles MacKay said:
"In 1634, the rage among the Dutch to possess [tulip bulbs] was so great that the ordinary industry of the country was neglected, and the population, even to its lowest dregs, engaged in the tulip trade. As the mania increased, prices augmented, until in the year 1635, many persons were known to invest a fortune of 100,000 florins for the purchase of 40 roots."
For some context, the annual income of a middle-class urban family in Holland was 200 to 1,000 florins. (University of Kansas Prof. Mark Hirschey estimated that peak prices for tulip bulbs ranged between $17,000 and $76,000 apiece in today's money.)
Tulip Madness Takes Hold
Like most manias, Tulip Madness took hold during a period of prosperity, when credit was easy to obtain. The Netherlands had the world's most powerful navy, accounted for half the world's shipping trade, was a center of science and, with artists like Vermeer, was also the cultural center of Europe.
The country was newly affluent and tulips, which had come to Europe in the late 1500s, were difficult to obtain and became a way to flaunt that wealth.
Naturally, the DeVries wanted to keep up with the Van Dijks, and tulip prices began their upward march.
It wasn't long before tulips with variegated color patterns (caused, ironically, by a nonlethal virus), became the most valued. Cultivators scoured their gardens hoping for "a strike," which was akin to hitting the lottery.
As MacKay relates, it wasn't long before the business of Holland became, well, tulip bulbs.
By 1636 regular tulip "marts" were established on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, and in such centers as Rotterdam, Harlaem, Leyden, Alkmar and Hoorn. Grading systems were established – the more striking the pattern, the higher the price.
Theft became a problem. And so did market manipulation.
The get-rich crowd descended on the "market" – the stock jobbers, promoters and profiteers, who goosed prices just like the pump-and-dumpers do with worthless penny stocks today.
Market riggers would even sometimes release specially trained animals (pigs were a favorite) into rivals' tulip fields to dig up, eat and flat-out destroy tulip bulbs – eradicating competition and creating sudden shortages.
Serious tulip "investors" employed messengers to deliver updates on marketplace changes.
Futures markets were created and speculators wrote contracts they had no intention of honoring; they'd just flip the contract to the next "Greater Fool" and pocket the profit.
The rich and the regular speculated together, with some selling homes and farms – often at fire-sale levels – to raise cash for tulip speculation.
All the while, prices rose – even soared. At one point, tulip prices were doubling every day.
No More "Greater Fools"
Needless to say, this couldn't continue. With most of the country's population all in, there were no more "Greater Fools" to sell to.
In the early autumn of 1636, the prudent – or perhaps the "insiders" – began to sell their tulip holdings. Prices hesitated, fell a bit, seemed to stabilize, and then fell some more.
The decline steepened, and finally prices collapsed – dropping about 90% in six weeks. Defaults, margin calls and liens were the order of the day.
Traders beseeched the government to step in, but the request was met with an order to "settle it amongst yourselves." When no agreement could be reached, leaders agreed that all contracts negotiated at the mania's height were null and void.
Prices continued to fall, and the courts refused to honor tulip-related debts, since these were actually viewed as gambling debts, and therefore weren't liabilities in the eyes of the law.
Stock jobbers tried to reignite Tulip Mania, first in Holland and then in other places in Europe, but were unable to do so.
The Netherlands was never again the world leader it had once been.
One final footnote: As Prof. Hirschey noted in a research paper "How Much is a Tulip Worth?" the price paid for a single Viceroy tulip bulb at the height of the mania was $34,584. Today, horticulturists purchasing bulbs of particularly rare varieties of tulip might pay 30 cents to 40 cents each – or what the bulbs sold for after the collapse of Tulip Madness.
I wanted to tell you this story today because it's one of my favorite investing lessons.
My co-author – top-tier money manager Anthony Gallea – and I wrote about Tulip Mania in our 1998 book "Contrarian Investing: How to Buy and Sell When Others Won't and Make Money Doing It."
It's a great story because of the valuable lessons to be learned.
The most important: Avoid being the "Greater Fool" by searching out solid investments and constructing a well-thought-out portfolio.
That's our mission here at Private Briefing where we've already shown more than 14,000 investors how to invest and profit – but without becoming the next "Greater Fool." To learn how you can join our group, just click here.
With the benefit of hindsight, it's easy to see that the most disastrous mistakes that investors make – like laying out your life savings for a tulip bulb, or an Internet stock – should be the easiest to avoid.
But in the heat of the moment – in the pursuit of profits – it becomes surprisingly difficult.
We can show you how to reach life's destinations – richer and less stressed.
Related Articles and News:
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We're Not Saber Rattling, We're Simply Connecting the Dots
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With Internet Traffic Set to Zoom, Here's the Stock You Need to Buy
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Don't Let Wall Street Play You For a "Fool"
About the Author
Before he moved into the investment-research business in 2005, William (Bill) Patalon III spent 22 years as an award-winning financial reporter, columnist, and editor. Today he is the Executive Editor and Senior Research Analyst for Money Morning. With his latest project, Private Briefing, Bill takes you "behind the scenes" of his established investment news website for a closer look at the action. Members get all the expert analysis and exclusive scoops he can't publish... and some of the most valuable picks that turn up in Bill's closed-door sessions with editors and experts. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39009.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
A patient aged 64 years presented with complaints of thickened toenails for the past 2 years. He denied other medical problems.
Submit your diagnosis to see full explanation.
Onychomycosis is a term that encompasses all fungal infections of the nail plate by fungal dermatophytes and non-dermatophytes, whereas tinea unguium refers specifically to an infection of the nail unit by dermatophytes.
Tinea unguium occurs worldwide. The most common pathogen is T. rubrum. The other two most common causes are T. mentagrophytes and E. floccosum.
There are three classic patterns of onychomycosis based upon the point of fungal entry into the nail.
The first type, distal/lateral subungual, is due to invasion of the fungus through the hyponychium and is most commonly caused by T. rubrum.
The third type, proximal subungual onychomycosis, is due to invasion under the proximal nail fold and is most commonly caused by T. rubrum and may be an indication of immunosuppression such as from HIV/AIDS.
Onychomycosis can have a variety of presentations. Most classically, T. rubrum induced onychomycosis starts at the distal corner of the nail and involves the junction of the nail and its bed. A yellowish discoloration may occur at the junction, which then spreads proximally at a streak in the nail.
As the infection progresses, subungual hyperkeratosis (scaling under the hyponychium) occurs and spreads until the entire nail is affected. The entire nail may eventually become brittle and separate from the bed because of the build-up of subungual keratin.
Toenail infections are more common than fingernail infections, and fingernail infections are rarely present without concomitant toenail infections. In most cases, multiple nails are involved in both hands and feet. Both fingernails and toenails present similarly, and the skin of the soles are usually afflicted as well, with characteristic scaling and erythema.
While some patients consider onychomycosis as only a mild cosmetic concern, some patients complain of discomfort and pain associated with nail trimming, running, and other activities. In patients diagnosed with diabetes or immunocompromised diseases, serious complications such as cellulitis can result.
The diagnosis of onychomycosis can be made by demonstrating fungus in clippings or curetting of dystrophic subungual debris by microscopic exam or by culture. Rapid in-office diagnostics can be performed on very thin shavings or curetting samples examined with potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution.
A variety of stains such as chlorazol black E can be used to improve diagnostic yield. Histopathologic examination of formalin-fixed PAS-stained nail plates demonstrating hyphae is a quick and reliable method for diagnosing onychomycosis and has proved more sensitive than either KOH or culture. While histologic examination is quicker than cultures, identification of the specific pathogen can only be performed with culture.
The current standard of treatment still recommends oral systemic therapy with oral terbinafine being the most effective medication. Recurrent disease after successful treatment, especially in the toenails, is common.
Clinicians should always recommend preventative measures such as breathable footwear and cotton socks, antifungal or absorbent powders, and frequent nail clippings. Patients with asymptomatic onychomycosis may not seek treatment.
Christopher Chu, BS, is a medical student at Baylor College of Medicine.
Adam Rees, MD, a graduate of the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, practices dermatology in Los Angeles.
- Bolognia J, Jorizzo J, and Rapini R. “Chapter 77 – Fungal Diseases.” Dermatology. [St. Louis, Mo.]: Mosby/Elsevier, 2008. Print.
- James W, Berger T, Elston D, and Odom R. “Chapter 15 – Diseases Resulting from Fungi and Yeast.” Andrews’ Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2006. Print. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_3901.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Hispanics of Mexican Origin in the United States, 2010
An estimated 32.9 million Hispanics of Mexican origin resided in the United States in 2010, according to the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. Mexicans in this statistical profile are people who self-identified as Hispanics of Mexican origin; this means either they themselves are Mexican immigrants or they trace their family ancestry to Mexico. Mexicans are the largest population of Hispanic origin living in the United States, accounting for nearly two-thirds (64.9%) of the U.S. Hispanic population in 2010.1
This statistical profile compares the demographic, income and economic characteristics of the Mexican population with the characteristics of all Hispanics and the U.S. population overall. It is based on tabulations from the 2010 American Community Survey by the Pew Hispanic Center, a project of the Pew Research Center.2 Key facts include:
- Immigration status. More than one-third (36%) of Mexicans in the United States are foreign born compared with 37% of Hispanics and 13% of the U.S. population overall. About two-in-three immigrants from Mexico (65%) arrived in the U.S. in 1990 or later. Less than one-quarter of Mexican immigrants (23%) are U.S. citizens.
- Language. Nearly two-thirds (64%) of Mexicans ages 5 and older speak English proficiently.3 The other 36% of Mexicans report speaking English less than very well, compared with 35% of all Hispanics.
- Age. Mexicans are younger than both the U.S. population and Hispanics overall. The median age of Mexicans is 25; the median ages of the U.S. population and all Hispanics are 37 and 27, respectively.
- Marital status. Mexicans are about as likely as Hispanics overall to be married—46% versus 44%.
- Fertility. More than two-fifths (44%) of Mexican women ages 15 to 44 who gave birth in the 12 months prior to the survey were unmarried. That was less than the rate for all Hispanic women—45%—and greater than the overall rate for U.S. women—38%.
- Regional dispersion. More than half of Mexicans live in the West (52%), mostly in California (36%), and another 35% live in the South, mostly in Texas (25%).
- Educational attainment. Mexicans have lower levels of education than the Hispanic population overall. Some 9% of Mexicans ages 25 and older—compared with 13% of all U.S. Hispanics—have obtained at least a bachelor’s degree.
- Income. The median annual personal earnings for Mexicans ages 16 and older were $20,000 in 2010, the same as for U.S. Hispanics in total.
- Poverty status. The share of Mexicans who live in poverty, 27%, is higher than the rate for the general U.S. population (15%) and slightly above the rate for Hispanics overall (25%).
- Health Insurance. One-third of Mexicans (34%) do not have health insurance compared with 31% of all Hispanics and 16% of the general U.S. population. Additionally, 16% of Mexicans younger than 18 are uninsured.
- Homeownership. The rate of Mexican homeownership (50%) is higher than the rate for all Hispanics (47%) but lower than the 65% rate for the U.S. population as a whole.
About the Data
This statistical profile of Hispanics of Mexican origin is based on the Census Bureau’s 2010 American Community Survey (ACS). The ACS is the largest household survey in the United States, with a sample of about 3 million addresses. The data used for this statistical profile come from 2010 ACS Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS), representing a 1% sample of the U.S. population.
Like any survey, estimates from the ACS are subject to sampling error and (potentially) measurement error. Information on the ACS sampling strategy and associated error is available at http://www.census.gov/acs/www/methodology/methodology_main/. An example of measurement error is that citizenship rates for the foreign born are estimated to be overstated in the Decennial Census and other official surveys, such as the ACS (see Jeffrey Passel. “Growing Share of Immigrants Choosing Naturalization,” Pew Hispanic Center, Washington, D.C. (March 28, 2007)). Finally, estimates from the ACS may differ from the Decennial Census or other Census Bureau surveys due to differences in methodology and data collection procedures (see, for example, http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Downloads/methodology/ASA_nelson.pdf, http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/laborfor/laborfactsheet092209.html and http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/about/datasources/factsheet.html). | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39010.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Air pollution is not a problem just faced by one country but by many, crossing borders. In the ASEAN region, we must all do our part to address air pollution and mitigate climate change
With a better understanding of the many benefits of coordinated air pollution and climate change mitigation strategies, ASEAN countries strengthened their commitment to collaboratively address regional air quality issues during a three-day Clean Air Asia capacity building workshop in Manila.
The “Realizing Co-benefits through Air Pollution Reduction Strategies and Climate Change Policies” workshop from November 22-24, supported by the Canada Fund for Local Initiatives and in partnership with the ASEAN Secretariat, brought together 27 people from eight ASEAN countries to harmonize and align air quality initiatives and climate change policies, which in turn will enable cities in the region to capitalize on multiple economic, environmental and health returns.
The workshop provided a venue for the participants – representatives of the ASEAN Working Group of Environmentally Sustainable Cities and the ASEAN Working Group on Climate Change – to interact, share experiences and identify areas of potential synergy.
This was particularly important given that Southeast Asia is one of the world’s fastest growing regions and home to up to 580 million city dwellers, with that growth largely fueled by the rapid rate of urban expansion. And while that expansion presented a range of sustainability challenges, there also existed opportunities to develop and implement policies that simultaneously improved air quality and helped to offset the impacts of climate change.
“This training is particularly relevant for ASEAN given the pace of urbanization in key cities in the region, making them into fast-growing sources of air pollution and greenhouse gases,” said Clean Air Asia Executive Director Bjarne Pedersen.
“Recognizing co-benefits can potentially save resources and time for governments and will enable ASEAN countries and cities to not only attract new flows of carbon and development financing, but also to reduce the region’s vulnerability to climate change impacts. For these reasons, ASEAN countries and cities are well positioned to capitalize on the quantification and integration of co-benefits into policies.”
The workshop also included a site visit to the Asian Development Bank to introduce participants to some of its climate change initiatives and the opportunities that exist for governments in the region to access climate funding and support, and to demonstrate how greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced through the adoption of more efficient and greener technologies.
Among those in attendance at the workshop were Canadian Ambassador to the Philippines John Holmes and Canadian Ambassador to ASEAN Marie-Louise Hannan, both of whom praised the regional commitment to address climate change and the worsening air pollution problem plaguing Southeast Asia.
“Air pollution is not a problem just faced by one country but by many, crossing borders,” Ms. Hannan said. “In the ASEAN region, we must all do our part to address air pollution and mitigate climate change.
“It is very clear that there is much commitment in the region to this difficult problem. It is easy for Canada to support these initiatives as a clean environment is important to all of us but a difficult problem to solve. I admire and thank the people for their commitment and dedication to find solutions to the problem, which is critical for Asia and the world.”
The workshop complemented Clean Air Asia’s current partnership with the ASEAN Secretariat, which began with the Train-for-Clean-Air (T4CA) Programme in 2014. T4CA is a regional training approach adopted by GIZ’s “Clean Air for Smaller Cities in the ASEAN Region” Project, which wound up in 2015, that was aimed at assisting cities in the development and implementation of clean air plans and in making informed air quality policies and decisions. The co-benefits course was developed in 2014 by the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, with support from the Ministry of Environment of Japan, under Clean Air Asia’s Integrated Programme for Better Air Quality in Asia (IBAQ Programme).
Since 2014, Clean Air Asia has been the Regional Training Hub on Air Quality under the framework of ASEAN Working Group for Environmentally Sustainable Cities. T4CA is comprised of six courses aimed at different city-level stakeholders: The Strategic Framework for Air-Quality Management (AQM) for High-Level Decision-Makers; AQ Monitoring for Smaller Cities; Emissions Inventories for Smaller Cities; Awareness-Raising for Media and Civil Society Groups; Developing Effective AQM Communication Strategy; and Curbing Emissions from the Transport Sector. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39011.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Every year, we hear of a child or pet dying as a result of heat stroke after being left to sit in a motor vehicle.
Yet most people don’t realize their car can act like a lethal “oven” when the outside temperature reaches 90 degrees Fahrenheit.
That’s because cars function like miniature “greenhouses” and are great about letting heat in but poor in pushing heat out.
As a result, the interior of their cars can quickly reach temperatures above 120 degrees, even if the windows were open “just a crack” to make sure the kids or pets “got a little air.”
So why are children “left” in the car? There seem to be three main reasons for infants and young children being left behind:
(1) The child was “forgotten” or overlooked by their caregiver.
(2) The child was playing in an unattended vehicle.
(3) The child was “briefly” left by an adult while running errands.
Children are not able to regulate their internal temperatures as well as adults. Their systems are still getting used to knowing how to adjust to extreme heat.
In fact, they are so sensitive to high temperatures that their bodies warm up to five times faster than an adult’s.
Unless they are kept hydrated and protected from this heat danger, they can develop a serious heat-related illness very quickly.
WHEN CARS ACT LIKE OVENS
On a 90-degree day (even with windows open a “crack”):
(1) In 10 minutes, the inside of a car reaches 109 degrees (19 degrees warmer than outside).
(2) In 20 minutes, the inside of a car reaches 119 degrees (29 degrees warmer than outside).
(3) In 30 minutes, the inside of a car reaches 124 degrees (34 degrees warmer than outside). At this temperature, the car is a death trap.
(4) In 60 minutes, the inside of a car reaches 133 degrees (43 degrees warmer than outside).
(5) In 90 minutes, the inside of a car reaches 138 degrees (48 degrees warmer than outside).
Of note, a dark dashboard or seat can quickly reach temperatures in the range of 180 to more than 200 degrees F. This can easily cause burns of the skin.
What the numbers are telling us is the internal temperature of a parked car can heat up to dangerous levels.
And it is important to know that even if parked in the shade, the temperature inside your car can rise to potentially deadly levels for those left behind.
According to KidsandCars.org, the number of deaths in infants and young children has averaged 38 a year since 1998.
And, as of June 21, 2013, the number of child vehicular heat stroke deaths already was at 14.
For the previous four years, the statistics are as follows:
n Child vehicular heat stroke deaths for 2012: 32.
n Child vehicular heat stroke deaths for 2011: 33.
n Child vehicular heat stroke deaths for 2010: 49.
n Child vehicular heat stroke deaths for 2009: 33.
I know these may sound pretty simple, but safety doesn’t always happen and a child or pet is accidentally left behind:
(1) Never leave a child unattended in a car, even if the windows are left open.
(2) Lock your car after making sure all children are out, including the quiet and sleeping infants.
(3) Teach the children the trunk is not a place to play.
(4) Keep car keys out of children’s reach so they cannot enter the car without your presence.
(5) If a child is missing, check the car, including the trunk.
(6) “Look before you leave” and check all back seats before closing the door.
(7) Don’t leave pets in the car, even if only for a few minutes. In this high heat and humidity, they can quickly die.
(8) Call 911 if you happen to pass a car or truck with a child or pet left unattended.
(9) Busy parents have a lot on their mind. A suggestion is to leave your purse or wallet or some other item that you will need next to the sleeping infant in the back seat. This will serve as a double-check to ensure all are out of the car before you leave.
Sadly, as the numbers from KidsandCars.org tell us, cars may be great for travel, but they make horrible baby sitters. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39012.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
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My Word Book helps students start making the link between words and images by learning the "labels" for familiar objects in their world. The process of adding words that are relevant and personally meaningful engages students in learning and remembering. It also facilitates differentiated instruction by enabling each student to add words appropriate for that student. As students expand the collection of words they recognize and use correctly, they gain confidence and a sense of ownership of our language. Grades K-1.
Vendor: Educators Publishing Service | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39013.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
One major challenge teachers face, is how to effectively and efficiently teach students with varying educatonal needs. The solution, is blended learning. One of the benefits of blended learning is that it allows teachers to step back and take an observatory approach that supplements the lessons they are administering. It provides insight on when to step in if students need more help, and when to step back when it seems students have mastered a skill.
Here are two blended learning models, that have been used effectively in K-12 classrooms, to increase student reading levels:
1. Station Rotation
This model aims to keep students engaged with learning that is focussed and individualized, by having teachers at established stations where they will work with a small number of students at a time. Not all stations require technology (thus, the blend of technology with tradition). Here are some examples of stations:
A computer station where students receive a somewhat self-paced session on foundational reading skills. Teachers at this station can address student needs accordingly. For students who are require more time and instruction, teachers can recycle lesson plans that are at the same level, to provide a simple but still effective lesson. For students who are catching on quickly, teachers can provide them with the next lesson. This ensures no student is being rushed onto the next stage before they are ready, or prolonged in a stage they have already mastered.
A reading station where students can be pre-assigned books to match their reading level, and be given reading comprehension questions as a follow-up.
A video station that provides grammar and spelling lessons. Teachers can introduce new words weekly or bi-weekly, and assign writing assignments where students must include the new words to prove they understand their meaning.
An examination station, designed to “check-up” on a student’s progress, and determine where in the reading level they fall. This is essentially a student assessment.
Based on the assessments that teachers assign, they can group students who are at similar reading levels, and provide the necessary lessons for each group accordingly.
2. Lab Rotation
This model is set in a computer lab, mediated and supervised by a teacher, where they can administer engaging assessments on what is being taught in class. This allows students to test their new skills, and teachers to determine whether the students are ready to move on to the next lesson. This model also allows teachers to pinpoint which students could use more help in which areas, so they can then provide the relevant resources and education to assist.
Posted on Lambda Solutions Blog on: Feb 10, 2016 07:00:00 AM PST
|Nimritta is a Marketing Coordinator at Lambda Solutions| | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39014.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Al-Araqib—one of forty-five Palestinian Bedouin villages in the Bir al-Sabi‘ district (the Negev/Naqab) that are deemed “illegal” by the Israeli government—is representative of Palestinian Bedouin communities that have been engaged in a struggle with the Israeli government over land ownership and housing rights since 1948. These villages (sometimes referred to as unrecognized villages) have populations ranging between 300 and 5,000; they are denied public services and infrastructure, including roads, electricity, and running water and are subject to demolition. The “illegality” of these villages stems from Israeli legal-political policies and practices of displacement, dispossession, and denial of land rights of non-Jewish residents and lack of zoning and planning in areas in which they reside.
Since 1948, the Israeli authorities have sought to concentrate the Bedouin in three townships. An estimated 13,000 (out of 90,000) Palestinian Bedouin remained within Israel when the state was created in 1948; many were later forcibly moved to a triangular area covering 1.5 million dunams northeast of Bir al-Sabi’ known as the siyāj (“fenced”), where some Bedouin villages were located. The existing and relocated villages grew in size over the years but remained excluded from state zoning plans. Israeli planning authorities who drew up master plans at the national, district, and local levels did not acknowledge the existence of the villages and zoned their sites as national parks and reserves, agricultural, or military areas, rather than residential. Because Israel denies Bedouin land ownership, these villages are considered to be built over “state land” and their residents are deemed trespassers.
However, between the late 1960s and early 1990s, Israel planned and granted legal status to seven townships that house half of the Palestinian Bedouin population in Bir al-Sabi’. The other half continue to live in the unrecognized villages. In addition, after 2000, the Israeli government decided to grant “recognition,” mostly partial, to eleven villages, most of which remain, however, without significant change. Within this context, al-Araqib testifies to the Israeli policies of concentration, displacement and dispossession and symbolizes the Bedouins’ struggle.
Al-Araqib refers historically to a hilly area between Bir al-Sabi’ and Rahat that includes two cisterns and an Islamic cemetery that dates back to 1914. Two large families, al-Uqbi and al-Turi (Tayaha), lived there until 1948. With the occupation of al-Araqib, most of the families were expelled to the Dhahriya area (south of the West Bank), but some were allowed to return in 1949. In 1951 the Israeli government ordered the residents to leave their homes for six months under the pretext of military training in the area; they were then not allowed to return and most of their land was confiscated in 1954 under the 1953 Land Acquisition Law. Most members of al-Turi family ended up resettling near the town of Rahat, whereas the al-Uqbi family were resettled near Hura. Both families have filed claims for land ownership in the 1970s, requesting that all lands they have possessed and cultivated be registered under their name. These land claims, like 3,220 others that were filed, were frozen. The claimants refused to accept any state-proposed compensation; instead, they initiated the registration of their lands in court and have waged a legal battle with the state since 2006. Al-Uqbi claimed various land parcels in al-Araqib and in Zhiliqa (1,251 dunams) that had already been claimed in 1972-73 by Sheikh Suleiman al-Uqbi. Both the Beersheba District Court and (later) the Israeli Supreme Court dismissed the al-Uqbi case; al-Turi family members are still engaged in legal proceedings to prove their property rights over 1,600 dunams.
In 1998, around fifty Bedouin families decided to return to al-Araqib to live on their land when it became clear that the Jewish National Fund intended to plant trees in the area. The confrontation between the residents and the state escalated over time. At first, Israeli authorities destroyed village crops, but on 27 July 2010 they demolished the entire village, which consisted of 46 structures, including 30 houses, and accommodated around 300 persons. By June 2017, al-Araqib had witnessed over one hundred demolitions (which typically targeted all structures, shacks, tents, mobile homes, hens, and water tanks). Al-Araqib was rebuilt after each demolition, but the number and the quality of the structures decreased over time. Dozens of residents continue to live near the village’s cemetery in very precarious conditions. Construction material, such as metal and wood, was many times taken or buried by the state in order to prevent residents from reusing it to rebuild the structures. Further, the demolitions resulted in injuries and arrests, and the state authorities sued the families for more than one million NIS to cover the cost of the demolitions.
Al-Araqib’s situation has attracted media attention, and has been highlighted in a 2011 report addressed by James Anaya, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, to the UN Human Rights Council. The response of the Israeli government to the issues raised by Anaya, reflected Israel’s political and legal position toward al-Araqib and the rest of the Bedouins in the Negev. It rejected their classification as an indigenous people, denied their longstanding presence in the country and pretended that “the so-called El-Arkib village was simply an act of squatting on state owned land. The individuals never had ownership over this land.”
The struggle of al-Araqib has mobilized a coalition of local and international activists and organizations, The community of al-Araqib is supported by a number of NGOs and associations, including the Negev Coexistence Forum for Civil Equality, the Regional Council for the Unrecognized Villages, and Adalah, and by various political parties and movements. The village has come to represent the struggle of the Palestinians in Israel against land dispossession and discrimination and mainly against the Judaization of the Negev. In 2011, the Palestinian political parties and leadership in Israel decided to hold the main Land Day activities in al-Araqib, a symbol of resilience and somoud par excellence whose residents have insisted on their right to live on their lands and have repeatedly rebuilt their village despite the heavy monetary and psychological costs.
Amara, Ahmad. “The Negev Land Question: Between Denial and Recognition.” Journal of Palestine Studies 42, no.3 (2013): 27–47.
Amara, Ahmad, Ismael Abu-Saad, and Oren Yiftachel, eds. Indigenous (In)Justice: Human Rights Law and Bedouin Arabs in the Naqab/ Negev. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012.
Nasasra, Mansour. The Naqab Bedouins: A Century of Politics and Resistance. New York: Columbia University Press, 2017.
Nasasra, Mansour, Sophie Richter-Devroe, Sarab Abu-Rabia-Queder, and Richard Ratcliffe, eds. The Naqab Bedouin and Colonialism: New Perspective. London: Routledge, 2015.
Negev Coexistence Forum for Civil Equality “Enforcing Distress: House Demolition Policy in the Bedouin Community in the Negev,” 2016; dukium.org
Zochrot. “Remembering al –‘Araqib”; zochrot.org
“Report by the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Anaya.” UN Human Rights Council (A/HRC/18/35/Add.1); ohchr.org | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39015.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
As human societies evolve into knowledge-based and technology-driven entities, regrettably, various socio-economic and cultural conditions emerge, which increase the vulnerability of young people to negative life outcomes. Consequently, while knowledge acquisition and application remains critical to sustaining positive development outcomes, adopting proper approach to knowledge gain becomes imperative, and such is what mentoring affords.
Mentoring is simply the systematic introduction of new ideas and thought processes to engender intellectual and behavioural changes in individuals (mentees). It involves deliberate and pragmatic approach to talent development and character-moulding of the mentee, whereby, the character and expertise of the mentor is perfectly inculcated in the mentee. Mentoring, whether formal or informal, provides positive support to youths’ aspirations, inspiring new possibilities and creating robust and advantageous social linkages.
Ultimately, mentoring of youths yields youth empowerment, reinforcing in them positive perceptions, self-esteem, self-worth and integrity consciousness, building the intellectual, social and financial capacities of youth to enable them secure sustainable livelihoods and contribute meaningfully to societal development. The Role of Mentoring in Youth Empowerment and Employment Generation
Unarguably, every aspect of our national life needs talent grooming and inter-generational skills transfer to maintain a robust pipeline of skilled human resources. Youths obviously constitute the muscle for national development, whose talents and energies must be positively harnessed. This however demands that they be empowered intellectually and otherwise, and diversified but sector-specific mentoring provides such an avenue.
Primarily, mentoring, research reveals, promotes academic excellence (arguably the most essential empowerment tool), ensuring that students jettison juvenile delinquencies and study hard so as to fit gainfully into the largely knowledge-based and innovation-driven society. It equally affords students the opportunity of meeting industry professionals and securing internship programmes capable of sharpening their skills in line with industry requirements, thereby enhancing their employability. Importantly too, mentoring is a powerful tool for eliminating gender-based discrimination (a structural barrier to women empowerment). In Nigeria today, investment in intellectual empowerment of girl-children is low due to discrimination, early marriage, teenage pregnancies etc. leaving yawning disparities in enrollment of both sexes in educational institutions. However, with proper mentoring designed to eliminate these underlying cultural barriers, young women will have equal opportunity of intellectually empowering themselves and maximally harnessing their potential.
Equally, mentoring is critical to empowering youths in science and technology development and application, essential to Nigeria’s industrial revolution. Indeed, it is through grooming of youths in science and technology, that our research culture will be resuscitated and local technological solutions developed to enhance the deployment of modern productivity tools capable of transforming our economy; reducing import; expanding local industries and creating jobs.
Health-wise, mentoring affords youths the opportunity of imbibing healthy lifestyles, shunning substance abuse, promoting environmental hygiene and abstaining from casual sex, thereby reducing their vulnerability to diseases capable of ruining their future. Besides, effective mentoring of health workers is essential to improve health care delivery, increase life expectancy and reduce the huge resources spent on foreign medical trips.
Agriculture is currently the most employment-intensive sector. Mentoring programmes like extension exercises which can grant youths hands-on experience on practical agriculture and the privilege of sharing from the wealth of experience of successful farmers, learning the challenges and opportunities inherent in the profession is therefore critical to employment expansion. Furthermore, youth apathy to agriculture, attributable to widespread misconceptions can be reversed with proper information-sharing between agro-practitioners and prospective agriculturists. With such misconception dispelled, and vibrant knowledge transfer mechanism engendered, more youths will get involved and readily adopt modern technologies to advance agriculture, thereby, expanding employment opportunities. Furthermore, with expanded agro-productivity and technological innovation, agro-processing cottage industries will spring-up, providing off-farm job opportunities, while enhancing food security and creating wealth, thereby, increasing youths’ access to financial empowerment.
Art and craft is one cultural trade with immense employment potentials, besides preserving the people’s cherished cultural heritage. However, it demands effective mentoring and talent development to maintain competitiveness. This trade, coupled with cultural festivals, carnivals and expos can enhance tourism development, thereby, further expanding opportunities for youths.
In the media/entertainment industry, mentoring facilitates the emergence of star actors, singers, presenters etc. by providing sound platform for acquisition and perfection of relevant skills. Performing arts and creative industry demands intensive on-the-job mentoring for young minds to be groomed and sharpened to break new frontiers and compete with their counterparts globally.
Business-wise, mentoring provides ample opportunity for youths to develop greater confidence, resilience and decision-making abilities imperative for business prosperity. It creates platforms for new business ideas and innovative technologies to be shared to aspiring business men/women. Youths properly mentored develop good communication skills and learn how to discover and analyze business opportunities, draw-up concrete business plans and access funding options for their businesses. Besides, as global economic societies become increasingly ICT-based, youths mentored on computer skills stand a greater chance of maximally harnessing the vast opportunities offered by the information superhighway to promote their businesses and capture international markets, thereby expanding employment opportunities, reducing the spate of violence and crime and rebuilding ladders of peace and security.
Politically, mentoring on public affairs and human rights can empower youths with core leadership abilities, enabling them participate effectively in mainstream political process. Over time, youth involvement in electoral malpractices has created negative stereotype, limiting the political space youths occupy and undermining agitation for more youth-oriented policies. However, with an effective, youth-focused mentoring exercise, youths will be adequately empowered and encouraged to participate positively and effectively in policy formulation and implementation to ensure that youths’ interests are well captured. This will ensure that capacity development and employment expansion programmes for youths are vigorously pursued.
Finally, sports undoubtedly provide vast opportunities for youths to secure gainful livelihoods. However, becoming a sports icon demands painstaking grooming. For instance, a young talented footballer mentored diligently by a coach is empowered with competitive football skills, which will earn him both substantial livelihood and national and international fame while uplifting his country’s image.
Categorically, mentoring is critical to result-oriented youth empowerment and accelerated employment generation.
1Dryfoos, J (1998), “Safe Passage: Making it Through Adolescence in a Risky Society”, New York, Oxford University Press, http://www.thirteen.org/openmind/education/safe-passages-making-it-through-adolescence-in-a-risky-society/375/
2“Mentoring Together: Empowering Youth and Integrating Communities”, Sambhava, July 24,2012, http://sambhava.org/2012/07/24/mentor-together-empowering-youth-and-integrating-communities/
3“4-H Youth Mentoring” Michigan 4-H Youth Development, April 30, 2013, http://4h.msue.msu.edu/programs/mentoring
4Tierney, J. & J Grossman (with Resch, N.) (2000), Making a difference: An impact Study of big brothers/Big Sisters, Philadelphia, Public/Private Ventures
5“The Value of Mentoring”, MENTOR, National Mentoring Partnership, http://www.mentoring.org/about_mentor/value_of_mentoring/
6Losciuto, L., A. Rajala, T.Townsend & A. Taylor (1996), “An Outcome Evaluation of Across Ages: An Intergenerational Mentoring Approach to Drug Prevention”, Journal of Adolescent Research 11, pg. 116-129
7“Mentoring Programmes and Youth Development: A Synthesis”, The National Re-entry Resource Centre, http://csgjusticecenter.org/nrrc/?src=rss
8“Youth Mentoring: An Investment in a Youth’s Future”, Goodwill Industries of the Valleys, http://www.goodwillvalleys.com/work-and-training-services/youth-services/youth-mentoring-2/
9“Empowering Youth to Become Leaders Through One-on-one Mentorship with Adult Newcomers”, Toronto Community Foundation, http://www.tcf.ca/stories/toronto-centre-community-learning-development-youth-empowering-parents
Additional information obtained from:
Rhodes, J. (2001), “Youth Mentoring in Perspective” http://www.infed.org/learningmentors/youth_mentoring_in_perspective.htm
“Helping Youth Take Advantage of Mentorship Programs”, Centre for Youth Development and Mentoring Services, www.cydms.org/mentorship-programs | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39017.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Ovarian Cancer Prevention
Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer. Avoiding cancer risk factors such as smoking, being overweight, and lack of exercise may help prevent certain cancers. Increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking, eating a healthy diet, and exercising may also help prevent some cancers. Talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer.
The following risk factors may increase the risk of ovarian cancer:
Family history of ovarian cancer
A woman whose mother or sister had ovarian cancer has an increased risk of ovarian cancer. A woman with two or more relatives with ovarian cancer also has an increased risk of ovarian cancer.
The risk of ovarian cancer is increased in women who have inherited certain changes in the following genes:
Hormone replacement therapy
- BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.
- Genes that are linked to hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC; Lynch syndrome).
The use of estrogen -only hormone replacement therapy (HRT) after menopause increases the risk of ovarian cancer. The longer estrogen replacement therapy is used, the greater the risk may be. It is not clear whether the risk of ovarian cancer is increased with the use of HRT that has both estrogen and progestin.
The use of fertility drugs may be linked to an increased risk of ovarian cancer.
The use of talc may increase the risk of ovarian cancer. Talcum powder dusted on the perineum (the area between the vagina and the anus) may reach the ovaries by entering the vagina.
Having too much body fat, especially during the teenage years, is linked to an increased risk of ovarian cancer. Being obese is linked to an increased risk of death from ovarian cancer.
The following protective factors may decrease the risk of ovarian cancer:
The use of oral contraceptives (“the pill”) lowers ovarian cancer risk. The longer oral contraceptives are used, the lower the risk may be. The decrease in risk may last up to 25 years after a woman has stopped using oral contraceptives.
Taking oral contraceptives increases the risk of blood clots. This risk is higher in women who also smoke. There may be a slight increase in a woman’s risk of breast cancer during the time she is taking oral contraceptives. This risk decreases over time.
Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Pregnancy and breastfeeding are linked to a decreased risk of ovarian cancer. Ovulation stops or occurs less often in women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Some experts believe that women who ovulate less often have a decreased risk of ovarian cancer.
Bilateral tubal ligation or hysterectomy
The risk of ovarian cancer is decreased in women who have a bilateral tubal ligation (surgery to close both fallopian tubes) or a hysterectomy (surgery to remove the uterus).
Some women who have a high risk of ovarian cancer may choose to have a prophylactic oophorectomy (surgery to remove both ovaries when there are no signs of cancer). This includes women who have inherited certain changes in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes or in the genes linked to hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC). (See the PDQ summary on Genetics of Breast and Ovarian Cancer for more information.)
It is very important to have a cancer risk assessment and counseling before making this decision. These and other factors should be discussed:
The drop in estrogen levels caused by removing the ovaries can cause early menopause. Symptoms of menopause include the following:
- Hot flashes.
- Night sweats.
- Trouble sleeping.
- Mood changes.
- Decreased sex drive.
- Heart disease.
- Vaginal dryness.
- Osteoporosis (decreased bone density).
These symptoms may not be the same in all women. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may be needed to lessen these symptoms.
Risk of ovarian cancer in the peritoneum: Women who have had a prophylactic oophorectomy continue to have a small risk of ovarian cancer in the peritoneum (thin layer of tissue that lines the inside of the abdomen). This may occur if ovarian cancer cells had already spread to the peritoneum before the surgery or if some ovarian tissue remains after surgery.
Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer.
Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to lower the risk of developing certain types of cancer. Some cancer prevention trials are conducted with healthy people who have not had cancer but who have an increased risk for cancer. Other prevention trials are conducted with people who have had cancer and are trying to prevent another cancer of the same type or to lower their chance of developing a new type of cancer. Other trials are done with healthy volunteers who are not known to have any risk factors for cancer.
The purpose of some cancer prevention clinical trials is to find out whether actions people take can prevent cancer. These may include eating fruits and vegetables, exercising, quitting smoking, or taking certain medicines, vitamins, minerals, or food supplements.
New ways to prevent ovarian cancer are being studied in clinical trials.
Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about clinical trials can be found in the Clinical Trials section of the NCI Web site. Check for clinical trials in NCI's PDQ Cancer Clinical Trials Registry for ovarian cancer prevention trials that are now accepting patients.
"Ovarian Cancer Prevention." National Cancer Institute 07/29/2011: 3. Web. 09/15/2011. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39018.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
The Museumsinsel – A World Heritage Site
Leaving the small agglomeration of cottages one approaches a swampy meadow. To the east the river Spree splits into two streams which reunite only a few hundred meters downstream. The meadow is thus embraced by the slowly running river. Trees seam the waterside and sheep graze on the lush vegetation. Apart from some villagers who occasionally collect fallen fruits or try a catch a fish in the murky waters the meadow is not touched by the inhabitants of the nearby town.
This might have been the scenery a visitor of Cölln perceived in the 13th century. Then, nobody would have thought that the swampy meadow would one day host a number of internationally recognized museums and some the worlds finest collections of art and antiquities.
Over the centuries the cottages on the southern side of the tiny island in the spree river develop ed into the town of Cölln, which became one of the two cities to form the German capital Berlin. For a long time the northern part of the Spreeinsel (the island surrounded by the river Spree) remained a meadow. It was only in the 17th century that the electors of Brandenburg started to drain the swamps and built the Stadtschloss, which became the seat of the of the electors of Brandeburg, the kings of Prussia and the German emperors. The northern part of the island was a princely pleasure garden until the „Soldier King“ Frederick William I converted it into a reloading point for local trade. In 1797 the archeologist Aloys Hirt suggested to erect a pavilion to showcase treasures of antique and modern art. Thus the idea for public art collection in Berlin was born.
In 1822 Karl Friedrich Schinkel, one of Prussia’s most influential architects who significantly shaped Berlin as it is today, devised the plans for a complete rearrangement of the northern half of the Spreeinsel. A complex of museums and several bridges, to connect the arising complex were envisaged. Wilhelm von Humboldt, together with his brother Alexander one of the most defining personalities of the German cultural history, was named chairman of the Commission of the Erection of the Museum. In 1830 the Alte Museum opened its doors. It was the first museum on the island and the first public museum in Prussian history. To this a day it hosts an enormous collections of antiquities. One hundred years later the Pergamonmuseum became the final addition the building complex.
But the construction works did not stop then. The Nazi regime planed to add four vast buildings, which among others should have hosted a Germanic and Egyptian museum. The planed buildings were so huge that the Monbijou Palace would have had been teared down to create space for the megalomaniac plans of Albert Speer. It came differently. During World War II 70 percent of the museums were destroyed and partly left in ruin for the coming decades. The Neue Museum was the last building to be renovated. It reopened in 2009 and the famous Nefertiti Bust returned to its ancestral home. The last addition to the complex is planed to be finished in 2020. Almost 200 years after the Alte Museum was completed.
Today the Alte Museum, Neue Museum, Pergamonmuseum, Alte Nationalgalerie and Bode Museum host works of ancient egyptian, greek and roman masters, tableaux of Caspar David Friedrich and Hans Holbein the younger, the Ishtar Gate and the Pergamon Altar, coins and medals from the middle ages. They cover a period of more than 3000 years. When visiting Berlin mosts tourists stop to marvel at the classical architecture and the cultural treasures in it.
While the museums look back on a history of more than 150 years the term Museumsinsel is much younger. Only in the 1870s it became the common designation of the northern Spreeinsel. It was also then, that it was decided that this part of the island should only be home to art and architecture. The swampy meadows of old Cölln made thus way for a unique collection of 3000 years of human heritage. The UNESCO decided to honor the Museumsinsel as a world heritage side with particular cultural significance in 1999.
http://www.gounesco.com/museumsinsel-world-heritage-site/http://gounesco.com.s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/09151506/2016-06-30_577593d942736_IMG_8630-1024x768.jpghttp://gounesco.com.s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/09151506/2016-06-30_577593d942736_IMG_8630-150x150.jpgInterpretationPhoto StoriesWorld Heritage Sitesgounesco,Museumsinsel,Museumsinsel; Berlin,paul.marquardt,travel,world heritage travel | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39019.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
The World Health Organization's (WHO) standardized questionnaire for assessing infant and young child feeding practices does not include commercial baby cereals (CBC), which are derived from several food groups and are fortified with micronutrients. We examined how different scenarios for classifying CBC affect estimates of the quality of complementary feeding in children ages 6−23 months in Vietnam in 2014 (n = 4811). In addition to the WHO standardized 24‐h recall questionnaire for infant and young child feeding, we asked mothers about the consumption of CBC. The five resulting scenarios were S1 – omitted CBC; S2 – CBC classified as grains; S3 – as grains and dairy; S4 – as grains, dairy and fruit/vegetables; and S5 – as grains, dairy, fruit/vegetables and any others. Including CBC resulted in 4−11 percentage points higher in the prevalence of children who were fed each of the six food groups compared with what was reported in the WHO standardized questionnaire. Minimum dietary diversity (% fed ≥ 4 out of the 7 food groups) was higher in S5 (90%) than in S1 (84%), S2 (84%), S3 (85%) and S4 (86%). Minimum acceptable diet was also higher in scenarios S5 (80%) than in S1 (74%), S2 (75%), S3 (75%) and S4 (77%). Consumption of iron‐rich foods was 94% when CBC was accounted, which was higher than the alternative scenario (89%). In summary, when CBC were included, population‐level estimates of dietary quality were higher than when CBC were omitted. Guidance is required from the WHO about how to account for the consumption of CBC when estimating the quality of complementary feeding.
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
Published in Maternal & Child Nutrition, Volume 13, Issue 2, 2016, pages e12295-.
© 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Tuan, N., Withers, M., Frongillo, E., & Hajeebhoy, N. (2016). Estimates of the quality of complementary feeding among Vietnamese infants aged 6−23 months varied by how commercial baby cereals were classified in 24-h recalls. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 13(2), e12295. doi: 10.1111/mcn.12295 | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39020.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) uses noble metal substrates to enhance the inherently weak Raman signal from analytes. In some cases, the enhancement stems from two different mechanisms: a physical enhancement that comes from excitation of the metal surface plasmons and a chemical enhancement arising from charge transfer between the metal surface and an adsorbed molecule.
Up until now, theoretical SERS models have tended to treat these mechanisms separately. However, Duan and colleagues point out that this simplification is not always valid since plasmonic properties can be significantly affected by adsorbed molecules. Using state-of-the-art density functional models, they have revealed the connection between the two mechanisms, allowing more accurate modelling of SERS spectra.
To learn more about how Duan’s team have implemented this model, download the ChemComm article.
Also of interest:
- Evidence of a surface plasmon-mediated mechanism in the generation of the SERS background, C. Farcau and S. Astilean, Chem. Commun., 2011, 47, 3861.
- Scanned chemical enhancement of surface-enhanced Raman scattering using a charge-transfer complex, J. R. Lombardi et al., Chem. Commun., 2011, 47, 2426.
Visit the ChemComm Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy web theme issue for more articles.
Posted on behalf of Iain A. Larmour, ChemComm web writer. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39021.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Clan Allardice History
Variations of the name include Allardyce and Allardes. The name originates from the old barony of Allardice in the parish of Arbuthnott, Kinkardineshire. The recipient of a charter of William the Lion of the lands of Alrethis took his name from the area. It is thought that it gained it’s name from the Middle English “aller” (Olde English pre 7th Century “alor”), alder, and an uncertain second element, thought to be the Gaelic “deas”, south (facing). “It is not a very common name, but all who hold it believe in their descent from the old family which was settled for so long a period on the banks of the Bervie Water”.
The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of Alexander de Allyrdas, which was dated 1294, in the “Episcopal Register of Aberdeen”, during the reign of John Balliol, Ruler of Scotland, 1292 – 1296. Alexander de Allyrdas who witnessed a charter of the lands of Glack around 1294 is likely the same Alisaundre de Allerdashe of the county of Kinkardyn who rendered homage in 1296. Walter de Allerdas also rendered homage in the same year.
The Castle of Allardice is situated one mile north west of Bervie, the L-plan tower house of the Allardice family was built at the end of the 16th century on a terrace surrounded on three sides by a deep river meander. When the castle passed to the Barclays of Urie by marriage in the late 18th century, it declined into a farmhouse. It was damaged by fire in the 1970s but restored by William Cowie, an Aberdeen architect, whose home it remains. The castle was probably built for John Allardyce (d. c.1606), who married a daughter of the 3rd Earl Marischal. His great-great-grandson, Sir John Allardice (1641-76), married a sister and co-heir of the 8th Earl of Menteith and 2nd Earl of Airth, giving rise to a family claim on these earldoms, and giving the family lineal descent from King Robert II of Scotland. Although well known in the 18th century, the claim was not pursued until the 19th century largely because Sir George Allardyce left the family in debt and the funds to fight the claim were not readily available. The cost of proceedings also hampered the three unsuccessful claims which were made by later generations in the House of Lords between 1834 and 1907.
Sir George Allardyce (1672-1709), was an MP and Master of the Mint in Scotland in the early 18th century, and extended the castle about 1695. His grandson, James Allardice, died in 1765 leaving an only daughter and heir, who by her marriage to Robert Barclay carried the Allardice name and estates into that family. Her son, Capt. Robert Barclay-Allardice (1779-1854) achieved some fame as ‘the celebrated pedestrian’, for various feats of endurance walking in the early 19th century. It was he who first pursued the claim to the family’s Scottish earldoms, in 1834. His daughter and heir, Margaret Barclay-Allardice (1816-1903) was apparently born before her parents’ marriage, but under Scottish law was legitimated by it. She settled in America and sold the Barclay and Allardice family estates at Ury and Allardice in 1854, but this did not prevent her also perusing the claim to the earldoms in 1870. She married twice and on both occasions resumed her maiden name after the death of her husband. A final attempt to claim the earldoms was made in 1907 by her elder son, Robert Barclay-Allardice (b. 1841), who made money as a stockbroker in New York and retired to Cornwall, where he became mayor of Lostwithiel 1898-1900 and 1904-06. In 1909 he married his housemaid, Beatrice Jeffrey, and shortly afterwards they had a daughter, the last member of the family to live in England. In 1910 he was declared bankrupt and although still alive in 1914 it is likely that he died shortly afterwards, probably overseas, as no record of his death has been found in the UK.
Clan Allardice Posts | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39022.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Quest to harness fusion energy
THE boxy, galvanized-steel building at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is an unlikely looking workshop for ''cathedral'' builders. Yet this unprepossessing building is part of modern physics' most Promethean dream - the attempt to duplicate a star's fire to provide power for the 21st century.
''The fusion program is really remarkable in our society. It is like the gothic cathedrals that took a century or more to construct, in that people committed resources to something they will never see completed. It is an investment for future generations,'' says Harry Dreicer, director of the fusion program at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
rr Five stories high and the size of a football field, Lawrence Livermore's contribution to the ''cathedral'' is filled with scaffolding and large, stainless-steel cylinders. In an adjacent lot, massive, twisted 30-foot stainless steel magnets stand like a modern sculpture. These magnets will generate part of the magnetic bottle that will hold a sausage of electrically charged gas called a plasma. The plasma, with little more substance than a vacuum, will be heated to tens of millions of degrees.
When a mixture of two varieties (isotopes) of hydrogen gas is heated to a high enough temperature and maintained at sufficient pressure for a long enough time, scientists say they can trigger a fusion reaction. In this reaction, atoms of hydrogen are transmuted into helium. And in the process, small amounts of mass are converted into large amounts of energy.
The relativistic conversion of mass into energy is also at the heart of nuclear fission, the process that powers today's nuclear reactors. Fission and fusion bear the same relationship as the atomic and hydrogen bomb. The fission chain reaction involves splitting the heaviest of atoms: uranium, thorium, and plutonium. This is easier to achieve than fusion but releases less energy and creates more radioactivity. Fusion is cleaner and it unleashes tremendous amounts of energy. But it needs stellar conditions to ignite. Thus, all thermonuclear warheads are detonated by atomic bombs.
For more than 30 years several thousand scientists in the United States, the Soviet Union, Europe, and Japan have been trying to recreate the conditions required to ignite this reaction under controlled conditions. Earlier this year, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology reached this regime for the first time. But because their machine lacks adequate radiation shielding, the scientists did not use the correct hydrogen mixture for ignition.
''While this was only twice what had been achieved before, it passed a magic number and we all breathed a sigh of relief,'' says Stephen O. Dean, president of the Fusion Power Associates, a nonprofit group incorporated to aid in the commercialization of fusion technology.
The first machine expected to get as much energy out of the fusion reaction as is required to create it is the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) at Princeton University. Tokamak is a combination of Russian words meaning a toroidal magnetic chamber. This mid-1960s Soviet design, which holds plasma in a doughnut-shaped magnetic bottle, was the key to the current progress toward the demonstration that controlled fusion is scientifically possible.
To get this far has taken a world effort and more than $14 billion. Gerald L. Kulcinski, a professor of nuclear engineering at the University of Wisconsin who has headed a number of fusion-reactor design studies, estimates that $50 billion will be spent before fusion power contributes a single watt to the world's electricity supply.
''These are sobering figures. They make you stop and ask, 'What is the purpose of this investment?' '' he says.
THE cathedral analogy has also been adopted by fusion's critics. Commercial design studies have generally concluded that, even when scaled two to five times larger than current fission reactors, the cost of electricity they might produce would be twice the cost of that produced from current sources. This has led critics to characterize fusion reactors as useless ''superconducting cathedrals, '' superconducting because such machines require magnets made of material that, when cooled to under 200 degrees Celsius below zero, loses nearly all of its electrical resistance.
The fact that tokamak-type devices appear unlikely ever to produce energy at competitive prices has not greatly discouraged the scientists involved. They feel that with increased knowledge of the fusion process, it should prove possible to create an energy technology fundamentally superior to any the world has experienced.
The reasons for this optimism are the intrinsic qualities of the fusion process. The source of one type of hydrogen fuel, deuterium, is seawater. The fuel, tritium, can be transmuted from the common metal, lithium, in the reactor itself.
Although the fusion reaction emits radiation, large amounts of radioactive materials are not intrinsic to the process. According to Charles C. Baker, director of the Argonne National Laboratory's fusion efforts, such a reactor built of current materials would contain an inventory of radioactive material 100 times less biologically hazardous than a typical fission reactor. And, with further development, this could be reduced by 10 to 100 times more.
Finally, the ''ash'' of fusion is helium, an inoffensive gas. It does not produce carbon dioxide, a gas created by burning wood and fossil fuels, which is building up in the atmosphere. Climatologists believe CO2 is subtly altering the climate by driving up the average world temperature. Balanced against these potential advantages, however, are engineering challenges every bit as formidable as the scientific obstacles that have been overcome.
''We still have an enormous task ahead of us. Engineering feasibility may be even harder to achieve than scientific feasibility. It is likely to be much harder than many imagine,'' says Harold K. Forsen, of the construction company Bechtel National.
The fusion effort remains dominated by physicists, although in recent years a number of nuclear engineers have deserted fission for fusion. The various world programs have single-mindedly focused on achieving ignition. As this goal comes ever nearer, concern is gradually shifting to consideration of the requirements fusion must meet to be a viable and attractive energy source. There is concern that when the feasibility of fusion power is established, the federal government will lose interest if a strong argument cannot be made that fusion can be made economical as well.
''We are entering a period of engineering realism,'' says Robert W. Conn, a professor of nuclear engineering at the University of California at Los Angeles. ''We know what we must do. We know we need smaller-size reactors. We know we need simplicity and reliability to make fusion power attractive.''
The question is how to accomplish this. So far, all the engineering work has consisted of paper studies in the attempt to determine the critical issues. Now, there is need for actual engineering studies to determine such issues as radiation damage on various materials, corrosion and thermal shock, how to construct blankets where lithium is converted in tritium, and so on.
BUT, at least in the US, there is little money for such efforts. In October 1980, then-President Carter signed an act outlining an ambitious fusion program. But when President Reagan took office he proclaimed the energy crisis over. As a result, his administration has largely ignored the fusion program, allowing it to continue at the same level but not approving major new efforts.
As a result ''it could easily take 25 years or more to develop fusion into a commercial energy source,'' estimates UCLA's Dr. Conn. ''If we could take the gloves off, in 15 years we could find out whether fusion is real,'' he says. Current discussions about fusion's potentials and drawbacks are based on little more than ''cartoons,'' the engineer objects, adding, ''People are trying to decide at way too early a date.''
Engineering considerations have led the US program to place a major emphasis on a concept called tandem mirrors. The largest machine of this design is the one under construction here at Livermore. It consists of a length of circular magnets, plugged at each end by a pair of large, ''yin yang'' magnets shaped like pinched seams on a baseball.
These are known as mirrors because they reflect the plasma much like an ordinary mirror reflects light. This machine, known as the Mirror Fusion Test Facility, will begin operating in 1987 but is not large enough to achieve ignition.
Beyond this there are a number of advanced concepts under study. ''The most intriguing concepts are the ones we know the least about,'' comments Harold P. Furth, director of Princeton's Plasma Physics Laboratory.
One of these, called the reverse field pinch, has a number of proponents. It creates a much higher density plasma than the tokamak.
As a result, it can be made much smaller than the other approaches. For equivalent sized reactors, the reverse pinch would take up 1/30th of the space and require 1/23rd the material. This could translate into substantially lower cost.
Then there is another, radically different approach. The tokamak and the other concepts already discussed all use magnetic bottles to confine the heated gas. They are called magnetic confinement fusion. These are conceived as continuously burning fusion furnaces. The other approach, called inertial confinement, is more like an internal combustion engine. It is powered by a series of explosions. Only in this case, the detonations are micro-hydrogen-bomb blasts.
IN another building on Livermore's ''back forty,'' the world's most powerful laser, called Nova, is being built for this purpose.
Two-story racks of 30-inch tubes and mirrors route the 10 beams of this monster laser through the portals in a large steel sphere. Within this sphere, these fiery beams of green light converge on a microscopic pellet of deuterium-tritium. This pellet is coated with a layer of material, called rocket fuel, that explodes outward when hit by the laser blast. This applies pressures on the pellet core of 10 to 20 million atmospheres. For an instant, the pellet material becomes the most dense matter on Earth. And this should be enough to detonate a small thermonuclear explosion.
''Inertial confinement fusion can make a high-density reactor of remarkable simplicity,'' argues Michael Monsler, vice-president of KMS Fusion Inc, a company that has been at the forefront of this research.
The Nova machine will push | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39024_1.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
to the very boundary of the conditions needed to trigger a fusion explosion. ''There is some concern that it will achieve ignition, so no one is promising,'' explains Robert L. McCrory, director of the University of Rochester's laser laboratory.
As with magnetic confinement, experts say, inertial confinement's biggest obstacle is economics.
Substantially less engineering work has been done on laser fusion than on magnetic confinement. This is in part because laser fusion's origins are in nuclear weapons research. The basic physics of what happens when a pellet and a nuclear bomb explodes are the same. So US work in this area is funded entirely out of the Department of Energy's weapons program and 90 percent of the work is classified. According to the scientists involved, the Soviets have led the way in declassifying results in this field, not the US.
''Progress in the last three to four years has been spectacular. However, we can't talk about it because it is classified,'' Dr. Emmett complains. ''If we are to continue to make progress, we need a broader range of intellectual talent than we have today.'' | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39024_2.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Research from Britain’s Nottingham University suggests that higher levels of sexual activity by men during their late 20s and 30s may lead to an increased risk of prostate cancer in later life.
The study interviewed approximately 800 males questioning their sexual habits in particular the frequency with which they had sex.
According to the findings of the most sexually active young men are those that then go on to the more inclined towards the development of prostate cancer in later years.
The researchers believe that those who indulged more frequently and did so partly because of increased levels of male sex hormones, which in turn produced a greater level of sex drive.
The prostate gland produces a key element in semen, leading to the theory that more continuous semen production may in turn affect the prostate and somehow assist in the beginnings of cancer of the prostate.
The small study was led by scientist Dr Polyxeni Dimitropoulou, whose team interviewed approximately 800 men. 50% of these men had already received a positive prostate cancer result.
The other half of the men had been recently tested and were considered to be free of the disease. They were all questions about their levels of sexual activity from puberty through to middle-age.
The findings suggest that the group who were positive for cancer were found to be more sexually active over their lifetime. The researchers did concede that this small group was not sufficient to be conclusive but did point to the need for more study. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39025.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Almost everyone has gotten the message that exercise is important for health. Yet most who start exercise programs stop. Perhaps, researchers say, the way to persuade more people to exercise is to study those rare individuals who love it.
What makes someone a committed exerciser? And how motivating are the much vaunted improvements to health?
Gina Kolata on exercise.
Recently these questions have became more urgent. This month, a group of exercise researchers published an analysis of five rigorous studies reporting that about 10 percent of people have an “adverse response” to exercise. In them, at least one cardiovascular risk factor got worse instead of better.
Some exercise and public health experts worried that people might use the findings as an excuse not to exercise. But that assumes that exercisers are motivated largely by health concerns to begin with.
“When a physician tells a patient, ‘You need to make a change for your health,’ that can be motivating, especially if the person has a health problem,” said Rodney Dishman, director of the exercise psychology laboratory at the University of Georgia. “But it usually wanes over time. People don’t feel their bones getting stronger, they don’t feel lipids changing, they don’t feel their blood pressure changing.”
Most who start exercising say the goal is to lose weight or improve their health. But those who begin on the promise of imperceptible health effects often stop, Dr. Dishman said, saying they do not have time, or are too tired after work, or they just lost interest.
And there are no good studies investigating why people keep exercising. Dr. Dishman and others suspect the motivation is sheer pleasure — feeling energized, a boost in mood, feeling restless and uncomfortable without exercise. And you may not be able to will yourself to have this response.
Biological traits, Dr. Dishman says, “seem to play a bigger role in both the choice to be active and the outcomes of being active than folks — namely public health advocates— have been willing to admit.”
Dr. Dishman cites himself as an example of someone who craves exercise. Until about five years ago, he was an avid runner. Then his knee failed him — severe osteoarthritis — and he has not been able to run since. He still has dreams that he is running.
But instead of giving up on exercise, he rides a stationary bike simply because working out feels so good to him.
“If I can feel better after 30 minutes of riding in my office, alone, going nowhere, it has got to be something about exercise,” he said. But for him, as for many others, slow, moderate exercise does not bring the same physical pleasure. It must be hard exercise, meaning it has to require real effort, the sort of workout that makes people breathe hard and drip with sweat, Dr. Dishman says.
Many scientists and doctors who are avid exercisers — and who know and understand the medical science — say they were never motivated by the thought of improving their heart risk factors.
Barry Zirkin, a reproductive biologist at Johns Hopkins University’s Bloomberg School of Public Health, craves his sport — basketball — to the point that three partial tears in each Achilles’ tendon did not keep him from it.
His orthopedist told him to stop. “He knew I wouldn’t stop,” Dr. Zirkin said. “And I haven’t.”
“I almost define a part of me by that game,” Dr. Zirkin added. “Actually, I do define a part of me by the jock part. It’s ridiculous, I know. But it is what it is.”
Dr. Christine Lawless, a chairwoman of the American College of Cardiology’s Sports and Exercise Cardiology Council, was a competitive figure skater until she was in her late 40s. She was motivated by competition, by wanting to win.
Then she broke her left leg during a bad jump. She could not exercise for six months.
“I was so depressed,” Dr. Lawless said. “I knew I wasn’t going to skate again. I really had to change my mindset. I had to think about other ways to motivate myself.”
Dr. Lawless, who is now 59, exercises for about an hour a day five days a week, through yoga and walking and lifting weights. She says her motivation now is a desire to stay active and flexible for the rest of her life. But for her, like Dr. Dishman and Dr. Zirkin, exercise also is an innate pleasure, important to her sense of well-being.
“I feel like I haven’t had a good day unless I exercise,” Dr. Lawless said.
Perhaps it is wrong to think that the way to encourage people to exercise is to emphasize the benefits to their health, Dr. Dishman said. But what about a medical scientist who actually has heart disease? Would an adverse exercise response make a difference?
That’s him, says Dr. Robert Green of Harvard Medical School. He used to run, but eventually his joints could not take it. So he rides a bicycle and swims instead.
Adverse effects, he said, would not deter him. What does it actually mean to say your blood pressure goes up by a few points with exercise, he asks. There are no data on long-term health effects, like heart attacks and strokes, in exercisers who have adverse responses.
So he simply does not care. Exercise makes him feel good. And if he were to have an adverse effect, like a rise in blood pressure?
“I’d keep exercising.” | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39026.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
The size and weight of the ring suggest that it was most likely worn by a man. It weighs over 32 grams and we know from X-ray fluorescence analysis at the British Museum that the metal is over 95% gold, the rest being silver and copper.
That’s fairly common for gold of this date, to be a good standard. Vikings were very concerned with the purity of the metal. On silver coins you sometimes find little nicks made with a knife blade where they were testing that they’d got decent quality silver.
It’s got a little bit of damage – probably hit by a plough or something in the thousand years that it’s been buried – but it’s our policy to preserve the ring as found and not try to restore it to ‘as new’ condition.
The ring was made by twisting two strands of gold wire and then twisting these with two tapering gold rods to form a hoop. The thin ends of the rods and wires were joined at the back of the hoop by beating them together into a flat, diamond-shaped plate. The plate is decorated with tiny punched circles…Read More (Culture24.org.uk) | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39027.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
The Namib-Naukluft National Park is one of the largest conservation areas in the world. Covering an area of 50,000 square kilometers, it dwarfs many other wildlife sanctuaries across the globe. Picture the Namib-Naukluft National Park as a destination with sand dunes, canyons, river areas along with amazing scenery and you would develop a fine idea of what a heavenly national park looks like.
Apart from its beauty, the Namib-Naukluft National Park protects one of the oldest planets on earth, the Namib Desert as well. The only prerequisite to visiting this park is to have plenty of time on your sleeves. You will have to stop for photographs, picnics, wildlife, stunning scenery, and much more along the way. Therefore, with so much excitement in one place, there is a need to explore every inch of heaven on earth.
The History of Namib-Naukluft National Park
The history of Namib-Naukluft National Park dates back to 1907 when the German Colonial Administration undertook three game reserves situated in German southwest Africa. The Namib-Nukluft National Park of today was actually the ‘Game Reserve No.3’. Then in 1941, the Sandwich Harbor was added followed by the addition of Swakop River Valley and the Kuiseb Canyon. The park was renamed the Namib Desert Park in 1968. The year 1979, saw the addition of Diamond area No.2 that included the Sossusvlei and Sesriem area as well. By joining them to the Naukluft Park, the Namib-Naukluft National Park came into being.
The Naukluft Mountains
The first feature of the Namib-Naukluft National Park that you will observe are the Naukluft Mountains. Back in 1968, these mountains were protected and were a part of the Naukluft Mountain Zebra Park. This was done to protected and conserve a very special breed of Hartmann’s mountain zebra. Then, after a short period of time, it was decided that a corridor be formed. Therefore, the land existing to the West was bought as well, which linked the mountains into the Namib National Park. As a result, animals like zebra and oryx could migrate between the two areas, and in 1979, the parks came into being formally and became a part of the Namib-Naukluft National Park.
Fauna & Flora of the Naukluft
If you were to visit the deeper kloofs, you shall come across permanent springs where vegetation is completely different in terms of being more lush and green. Most animals will graze here and feed on buffalo thorn, spot camelthorn, and shepherd trees while drinking water at the same time. The best part of the Naukluft Mountains is that it consists of many large mammals but it could be difficult to spot them. Since most of them are shy and sensitive, you could only catch a glimpse from a distance. Klipspringer, mountain zebra, and oryx are some examples.
The Naukluft National Park is home to many streams and springs. Furthermore, it regularly receives heavy rainstorms each year, during the summer season. This fills up these streams and springs, which help produce a variety of fauna & flora in Naukluft. The mountainsides and high plateau areas tend to consist of plant species that specialize in storing water for years. Since there is nearly any soil, the animal species that live in this area tend to rely on them as a source of both food and water. It is estimated that around 200 species of birds could be found in the Namin-Naukliftpark. Keep an eye out for brubru, wetter kloofs, karoo robin, African black ducks, and much more. There are mammals here too and the inspiring black and taupe, spiralled-horned oryx is master of the vast shade-less wilderness.
Springbok are also able to endure for long periods without water, as long as they can find food with a dampness content of no less than 10%.
The lagoon also supports numerousvanishing Red Data species such asblacknecked grebe,chestnutbanded plover, and white pelican .
Tourists visiting Namib-Naukluft National Park wish to visit the desert area as well. This Sossuvlei&Sesriem area features mammoth apricot dunes with graceful ridges. The area rests on the Tsauchab River, which is one of the two large rivers.
The Sesriem Canyon is a place to relax and snap thousands of pictures while you are swimming in cold water. This Canyon was used by people who settled here decades ago to draw water using six lengths of hiding rope called reims. Hence, the name sesreims. Furthermore, it is an easily accessible place but it is suggested that you swim only when the water is moving and not stagnant. Other than the large frogs that are stationed here, you do not need to be concerned about anything else.
Where to stay?
For a place such as the Namib-Naukluft National Park, you need a special place to stay. Regardless of where you choose to stay, the beauty of the park could be witnessed from every angle. However, the best play according to tourists is the Kuala Desert Lounge. Although, it is a long drive to get there but you can expect excellent quality and service.
If you are looking for a better location, consider staying at Sossu Dune Lodge, which allows you to access the area both before and after the gates are shut. Perhaps the best thing about this lodge is that it is both affordable and moderate in size. You will have fantastic views of the scenery, offered in abundance by the park.
Ballooning in the Namib Desert
Ballooning in the Namib Desert is something you cannot miss. If you are not afraid of heights, book a balloon flight over the Namib Desert. You will travel with the wind and witness the oldest desert come to life with sunrise. Once you land, a champagne breakfast will be waiting along with flight certificates presented by the pilot.
On rare instances when it rains, the desert answersincredibly quickly, creating a miracle of yellow flowers, green leaves and sprouting grasses.
Rain usually falls in late summer from February to April, but according to a 8 year study, most showers in the southern Namibia (Sossusvlei area), occurred in the months of December, March and April with an average rainfall of 63mm per annum. However, rainfall is unpredictable and the high summer temperatures causequicks evaporation. As a result the Namib is categorized by international standards as ‘hyper-arid’.
From November through to March the daytime temperatures hardly peak below 95°F (35°C) or drop lower than 59°F (15°C) at night. From April to October daytime temperatures range between a very pleasant 77°F (25°C) to 95°F (35°C), with June, July and August recording the lowest night-time temperatures around 41°F (5°C).
The Namib-Naukluft could be visited at any time during the year. However, if you wish to visit during summer seasons, be aware of the heavy downpours. These downpours could continue for days but the end result is stunning. Lush green vegetation with dark-colored mountains and freshly watered running springs and streams will make you admire one of the most beautiful creations of Mother Nature.
The only way to do justice to the Namib-Naukluft National Park is to explore the dunes and mountains properly. Split your days and provide a major chunk of your time to the Naukluft Mountains and Sesriem area. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39028.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
The leading causes of death in the EU are:
- cardiovascular diseases
- respiratory diseases
These diseases are often preventable – which means reliable data on causes of death can improve health policies, promote good health and reduce health inequalities.
The Commission's role is to provide policymakers and the public with useful tools to monitor mortality statistics. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39030.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Something Good – Negro Kiss
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What makes this film so remarkable is the non-caricatured representation and naturalistic performance of the couple. As they playfully and repeatedly kiss, in a seemingly improvised performance, Suttle and Brown constitute a significant counter to the racist portrayal of African Americans otherwise seen in the cinema of its time. This film stands as a moving and powerful image of genuine affection, and is a landmark of early film history.—Dr. Allyson Nadia Field, University of Chicago
According to scholars and archivists, the 29-second film Something Good – Negro Kiss (discovered in the late-2010s) may represent the earliest example of African-American intimacy on-screen. American cinema was a few years old by 1898 and distributors struggled to entice audiences to this new medium. Among their gambits to find acceptable "risqué" fare, the era had a brief run of "kissing" films. Most famous is the 1896 Edison film The Kiss, which spawned a rash of mostly inferior imitators. However, in Something Good, the chemistry between vaudeville actors Saint Suttle and Gertie Brown was palpable.
Also noteworthy is this film's status as the earliest known surviving Selig Polyscope Company film. The Selig Company had a good run as a major American film producer from its founding in 1896 until its ending around 1918. Something Good exists in a 19th-century nitrate print from the University of Southern California Hugh Hefner Moving Image Archive. USC Archivist Dino Everett and Dr. Allyson Nadia Field of the University of Chicago discovered and brought this important film to the attention of scholars and the public.
This page has no trope entries and desperately needs them. You can help this wiki by adding those trope entries. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39031.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
They were brought in after spending an average of six hours a day on their phones, talking, texting or playing games.
Their parents became concerned that the children, aged 12 and 13, were unable to carry out normal activities without their handsets. They were failing at school and deceiving relatives in an attempt to obtain more money for phone cards.
However, it may take a year to wean them off the "drug", said Dr Maite Utgès, director of the Child and Youth Mental Health Centre in Lleida, north-east Spain, where they have been treated for the past three months.
"It is the first time we have used a specific treatment to cure a dependence on the mobile phone," she said.
"They both showed disturbed behaviour and this exhibited itself in failure at school. They both had serious difficulties leading normal lives."
Both children had had their own phones for 18 months and were not controlled by their parents.
"One paid for their phone by getting money from the grandmother and other family members, without explaining what they were going to do with it," said Dr Utgès.
At least two cases of phone addiction have been reported in Britain where young people who were obsessed with their phones and became depressed when the number of incoming calls or messages dropped. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39032.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
ECE6004: Analyze how language and literacy operate as complex and contextual social acts that create and sustain power relations: Language and Literacy in Early Childhood Assignment, VU, Australia
|University||Victoria University [VU]|
|Subject||ECE6004 Language and Literacy in Early Childhood|
- Analyze how language and literacy operate as complex and contextual social acts that create and sustain power relations.
- Articulate ways multi-literacies are generated by capable young children and how they contribute to how young children engage with literacy and language.
- Demonstrate an understanding of supporting children’s language and literacy learning in rich environments, including children with English as an additional language.
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Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology /Genetic modification (GM)
Recombinant DNA technology (rDNA) involves the manipulation of an organism’s DNA by cutting it and recombining it in order to change the characteristics of an organism. This can be:
- To introduce a new trait by inserting DNA from another organism or,
- To remove an undesirable characteristic by preventing the expression of a gene.
Introduction of a foreign gene using rDNA technology involves a number of steps as follows:
- An organism that carries the gene of interest is identified: The desired gene can be sourced from any organism including bacteria, fungi, plant or animal species. Unlike conventional breeding methods, rDNA technology presents the opportunity of breaking species boundaries. This means genes can be transferred even between non-related species where this would be near impossible with conventional techniques.
- Isolation and cloning of the gene of interest: Following identification of a donor that carries the gene of interest, DNA is extracted from the individual and the gene of interest isolated. Genes are isolated using enzymes called restriction enzymes. These are enzymes that recognize specific sequences of DNA and cut the molecule at those sequences. Once the gene has been isolated, multiple copies are then produced (i.e. the gene is cloned).
- A transgene construct is developed to include the following:
i. A promoter sequence: This acts as an “on switch” indicating to the machinery of the cell where and when the gene will be expressed. It also acts as a regulator determining how much protein will be produced (expression). The most widely used promoter to date is CaMV35S obtained from the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus. This promoter enables high levels of expression in all plant cells all the time. Another promoter that has been used is Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase promoter. This promoter only gives expression in the leaves.
ii. The coding region / gene of interest: The coding sequence determines what protein (product) will be produced. This is determined by the sequence of nucleotide bases in the DNA.
iii. A terminator sequence: This acts as an “off switch” indicating to the machinery of the cell that the end of the gene has been reached.
iv. A marker gene: A marker gene makes it easy to identify individuals that have successfully taken up the gene i.e. transformed. Traditionally, antibiotic resistance has been used as a marker. The most widely used markers genes are for antibiotic resistance. Examples here include Kanamycin and Neomycin resistance genes.
Another marker gene that has been used is the luciferase gene. This gene is isolated from insects that glow in the dark. In this case, individuals that have successfully been transformed would show this trait.
- Introduction of the gene into the desired organism using a suitable method:
A number of methods can be used to introduce the transgene construct into the recipient cell. These include:
i. Use of biolistics/ particle bombardment: The transgene construct can be coated with a heavy metal such as tungsten and shot into the recipient cell using a biolistics gun.
ii. Agrobacterium mediated transfer: A naturally occurring bacterium called Agrobacterium tumefaciens can be used. This bacterium is known to infect plants causing them to develop tumors called crown galls. The reason it does this is that it contains a tumour inducing plasmid (Ti plasmid). To use A. tumefaciens for gene transfer, the virulent part of the plasmid is disarmed and replaced with the transgene then allowed to “infect” the plants.
iii. Microinjection: This refers to direct injection of DNA into cells using a fine pipette.
- Selection of transformed individuals: Individuals in which the transgene has been successfully integrated will express the trait associated with the marker gene. These will then be selected for use in a breeding programme to integrate the gene through conventional crossing and backcrossing. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39036.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Issues Affecting Rural Telephone Service
RCED-87-74: Published: Mar 17, 1987. Publicly Released: Mar 30, 1987.
- Full Report:
In response to a congressional request, GAO reviewed: (1) the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) efforts to track and evaluate the effects of its regulatory decisions on telephone service to rural areas; and (2) the key issues and problems facing rural telephone companies and subscribers.
GAO found that, although FCC issued regulatory decisions designed to price telephone service more competitively, major rural telephone issues concerned whether: (1) local rates would increase due to shifts of certain costs from long-distance to local service; (2) long-distance rates would increase in rural areas if costs were no longer averaged; (3) subscribers would benefit from the competition of long-distance companies; and (4) technological improvements would lower the costs of telephone service. These issues have not significantly affected the small telephone companies that GAO studied. Through 1985, the companies were financially healthy and less concerned with their present situation than with future developments. FCC recognized the special needs of rural telephone subscribers and for universal telephone service at affordable rates. GAO believes that FCC needs to improve its federal and state monitoring of small rural telephone companies to ensure that federal and state regulatory decisions do not have unintended consequences. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39037.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Chiggers are the larvae (babies) of harvest mites or Trombiculidae. Closely related to ticks, these mites are arachnids, part of the same family that includes spiders and scorpions.
Chiggers like legs. They are repelled by DEET, so spray it on (it's found in many bug repellents). This picture of fresh chigger bites shows how socks and shoes are nothing compared to good bug spray for preventing chigger bites.
Have a spider bite you want to share? Submit a picture of your spider bite.
Want to talk about spider bites? Ask others and see more bites on the First Aid Forum. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39038.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
By the book, sexual harassment is any unwanted or unwelcome sexual attention or advance. But what does that mean? It means that if someone is paying attention to you, like asking you on dates or saying things about your body or touching you in way that makes you feel uncomfortable it is called sexual harassment. That may seem pretty clear cut but it can be kind of difficult to tell the difference between flirting and sexual harassment. Here are some clues.
Flirting: Usually involves laughing, making jokes, perhaps feeling shy or nervous but also excited and happy. Is mutual- both people take part. Feels good to both people involved.
Sexual Harassment: Is one sided, only one person feels good or participates. Makes people feel uncomfortable, sad, or bad about themselves. Is unwelcome and unwanted.
So the biggest indicator of sexual harassment is how you, as the recipient, feel about what is being said or done. Sometimes attention that is exciting and good from one person is unwanted from another. If someone knows their attention is unwanted or unwelcome and they continue it is sexual harassment.
Some important facts about sexual harassment
- Sexual harassment is not about attraction or sexuality. Boys harass girls, girls harass boys, boys harass boys and girls harass girls. It has nothing to do with sexual orientation; it’s about making others feel small in order to feel powerful.
- The recipient of the statement or action determines sexual harassment. Tell someone if they say or do something that makes you feel uncomfortable. If they don’t stop, tell a trusted adult.
- Sexual harassment is against the law. You have a right to feel comfortable and safe.
- If you feel uncomfortable about the way someone is acting towards you it is not your fault.
- Telling someone about sexual harassment is not tattling. It is making the school or workplace safer and preventing people from getting hurt. Let’s face it, words do hurt.
Quick ways to tell if it’s sexual harassment
- Would I say or do these actions if an authority figure or adult I respect were here?
- Are my actions respectful of the other person? Are their actions respectful of me?
- Does this feel good or uncomfortable? Am I making the other person feel good or uncomfortable?
If you’re being sexually harassed it can be really difficult to know how to handle the situation. You might feel like it’s somehow your fault that you’re being targeted and that if you could just change something about yourself you could avoid being mistreated. Sexual harassment may cause you to want to skip school, avoid social situations or feel sick more often than usual. These are normal feelings but it’s important to remember that the harassment is not your fault. People who harass other people want to feel powerful and superior. It is wrong for them to hurt you. Sexual harassment won’t just go away. Even if they stop bothering you the harasser will probably start targeting someone else. Try to think of an adult you really trust and tell them what’s going on. Many times people don’t want to get the harasser into trouble but it is important for the person who’s harassing you to learn that their actions won’t be tolerated. You can also devise safety strategies with your friends such as someone walking with you to a class or eating lunch in a different place. Parents and teachers may be able to change your class schedule or locker.
There are also lots of things you can do to help your friends. Walking with a friend to class might be enough to stop harassment. Saying, “That’s not funny” when someone makes a rude or hurtful comment can also be very helpful and empowering. If you think someone is being sexually harassed you can ask them privately about it and then try to think of ways to help. You can also organize a group to educate other students about sexual harassment and why it is unacceptable. These are just a few ways to take a stand against sexual harassment. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39039.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Dates30/04/1904 - 01/12/1904
ThemeCelebration of the centennial of the Louisiana Purchase
Official DesignationLouisiana Purchase Exposition
Expo 1904 in St. Louis was known as the Louisiana Purchase Exposition as it celebrated the 100th anniversary of the American purchase of the territory of Louisiana on 30 April 1803 from France. The Expo stretched from Forest Park to the west of St. Louis over an area of 500 hectares, making it one of the three largest World Expos ever organised.
The opening of the Expo was delayed by one year to allow for final preparations, with the site finally opening to the public on 30 April 1904. This delay also allowed more time to attract international participants, with a total of 60 countries having a presence, including China’s first formal participation in a World Expo.
The Expo site was so large that it took visitors an entire week to see all of it: 1,500 buildings were erected around the site and 75 km of walkways and railways were laid to move around the site. To encourage visits from further afield, reasonable train prices were made available, and city’s hotel and accommodation facilities were improved so that it had the largest capacity in the United States for the period of the Expo.
The Pike was a 2km section of the Expo that contained all the amusements, with the aim of informing, surprising and entertaining visitors. For example, visitors could visit a replica of a Paris fashion show, view a re-enactment of the Galveston Flood, or submerge themselves in the scenery of Constantinople and Cairo. Foreign pavilions were designed to replicate well-known monuments from their country, with the French pavilion being a replica of the Trianon at Versailles.
The Texas pavilion was one of the most impressive buildings of the Expo: it was shaped like a five pointed star topped by a dome to symbolise the state of Texas. The pavilion’s entrance was reached by an 8-metre flight of stairs, with enormous columns and porches at the corners of the star.
The Festival Hall was another staple of the Expo in St. Louis, featuring the largest dome in the world at the time. The building featured three water cascades draining into the Fountain of Liberty, which was adorned with statues personifying Liberty (the largest of the statues), Genius and Inspiration.
The Palace of Agriculture was the Expo’s largest building, and is remembered for its unusual monuments made out of edible products, like the Louisiana statue made of sugar, a statue of President Roosevelt made entirely of butter and an almost six-metre high lighthouse made of salt. Agricultural resources of each state were shown on a map covering two hectares and presented the crops growing in each state of the nation to visitors.
The three main scientific achievements that were showcased at Expo 1904 - automobiles, wireless technology and aeronautics - were exhibited in white palaces dubbed “the Ivory City”. One very popular exhibit in this section was the De Forest Wireless Telegraph Tower, where visitors queued up to send wireless telegraph messages to Chicago.
Visitors could also follow the competition for the best aeronautic achievement to date, which took place on the 5-hectare aeronautic field, and featured balloons, kites, planes, a gliding machine, and airships.
Although the St. Louis Expo did not reach its target of 30 million visitors, the organisers were satisfied by the final tally of 19 million. As the majority of the pavilions were built to be temporary, few legacies remain today. However, the Palace of Visual Arts still stands in its place, and now serves as the Museum of Arts of St. Louis, one of the largest arts museum in the United States. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_3904.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
What you can do although sexual content can be found in many different forms of popular media, limiting how much your children are exposed to can help ensure that they are not learning incorrect information about sexual behavior from the movies, video games, books, magazines and tv shows they interact with. Children and television essays: over 180,000 children and television essays, children and television term papers, children and television research paper, book reports 184 990 essays, term and research papers available for unlimited access. Free essay: television is a big part of today’s society everybody watches television, including the children there is a potential problem with letting. The cause and effect of television on kids february 22, 2011 by (quotations on media and children )” tv watching is probably one of the most important things.
Children and adolescents spend almost 22-28 hours per week watching television this is a sad fact because this is the largest amount of hours spent on any activity in your child’s life, aside from sleeping. Ielts television and children essays written by students practicing for the test. The impact of television on children - with a free essay review - free essay reviews.
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Argumentative essay: is television a bad influence on children children love to watch tv and prefer to stay “glued” to the tv screen all day. Television is good for young childrenour topic was is television good for young children obviously i say yes its good for young childrentelevision helps to develop the young children's mental health. Read this psychology essay and over 88,000 other research documents violence on tv and children a child is watching his favorite. Parents should regulate the amount of television their children watch use the outline below, which is based on the five–paragraph essay model. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39041.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
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