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mineral is generally harvested between May and September; under ideal conditions, a harvest can yield 20 metric tonnes (22 U.S. tons). The salt harvesters allow seawater to collect in the shallow pans, whereupon the scorching summer sun starts the evaporation process, eventually leaving only snowflake-like crystals behind. Salt farmers then methodically sweep the mineral into piles and, later, into burlap sacks. The family’s shop is across the street, built into a golden rock formation that’s been eroded by the wind and sea over time. The spot is about one mile from the town of Marsalforn, a good place for swimming.
Frommer's chose Malta as one of the Best Places to Go in 2018! To discover our other selections, click here. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_38987_2.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
This is the reason why the project wins Sparebanken Vest and Bergen Technology Transfer Idea Competition 2018. The prize is worth a total of 500 000 NOK.
The Sitka spruce gives great shelter for wind and weather, and that´s why you find it many places along the Norwegian coast. The tree, which was imported from North America and planted in Western Norway in the late 1800s, produces large amounts of seeds and therefore grows quickly. Sitka spruce propagate so well that it outperforms all other species in areas where it has a foothold.
This makes the Sitka spruce a threat to biodiversity in Norway. The tree has therefore ended on the Norwegian Fremmedartslisten. On this list you will find almost 200 plant species that are considered by the Artsdatabanken to constitute a potentially high to very high ecological risk.
– The plants on the list are so-called invasive species – that is, plants that spread to an area beyond their natural range and affect other organisms. The Norwegian authorities have defined that all plants that were in the country before the 19th century are Norwegian. Those who have come to the country afterwards are defined as non-Norwegian and have been assessed on the Fremmedartslisten, says Heidi Lie Andersen, Associate Professor in Botany at the University of Bergen.
Few options and little knowledge
Despite the fact that fighting invasive species costs Norway up to four billion NOK every year, we still plant, sell, import and produce these species. The reason for this is that there are few Norwegian legal alternatives, the knowledge about Norwegian alternatives are limited and it is therefore relatively easy to get a dispensation from the regulations.
– In our project we will create sustainable Norwegian plant alternatives. The Botanical garden is a unique combination of different science areas that meet. By combining science with knowledge of plant production we have already identified several Norwegian native plants that can be produced and thus provide legitimate alternatives to the invasive species on the Fremmedartslisten, says the Idea Competition winner.
– The challenges we face are international and increasingly relevant because of climate change. This project wants to develop a sustainable alternative to preserve the biodiversity of the planet, Andersen continues.
Based on this innovative idea, Heidi Lie Andersen wins Sparebanken Vest and Bergen Teknologioverføring Idea Competition for 2018 and is awarded 500 000 NOK. The award was handed out on Bergen Chamber of Commerce and Industry’s annual conference, Friday 16th of November.
– It is amazing to win this award. It is very unexpected. I´m excited about the continuation. I´m now working together with BTO to find different business models for the idea. There are several exciting opportunities that have been opened, Andersen finishes.
A tangible and sustainable solution
The Idea Competition received 17 contributions from the research institutions in Bergen. The jury finds it likely that the winner will contribute greatly to addressing environmental challenges related to the displacement of biological diversity in Norwegian flora or extinction of alien species introduced from other countries. The jury writes:
“The winner of the Idea Competition 2018 has presented a tangible solution that can contribute to improve a significant problem. The group of researchers from the University of Bergen is in forefront on its field of research. They also show a good understanding of the commercial development needed for the idea; from planning through product development to production, sales and communication. In other words, all the phases of success in the industrial ecosystem.”
BTO congratulates Heidi Lie Andersen and her team!
Members of the jury:
Aslak Sverdrup, Avinor (Chairman of the Jury)
Dag Skansen, Entrepreneur and Investor
Margunn Aas Minne, Sparebanken Vest
Jone Engelsvold, Regionalt forskingsfond Vestlandet
Nils-Eivind Holmedal, Bergen Teknologioverføring (Secretary of the jury)
Background of the Idea Competition
Sparebanken Vest and Bergen Teknologioverføring has conducted eight Idea Competitions since 2010. The purpose of the competition is to stimulate commercialization of research results, to enlighten the research and commercializing environment, and to generate attention for the need of innovation and research. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_38988.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
An Alaska Department of Fish and Game study has found that mountain goat populations at the Kensington Gold Mine dropped 45 percent between 2006 and 2011.
The decline is most likely related to harsh winters, ADF&G wildlife biologist Kevin White said, although the department has yet to conduct a comprehensive analysis. The site’s goat numbers for 2012 and 2013 have yet to be finalized, he said.
The department has been performing the study since 2005 in partnership with Coeur Alaska, which operates the mine and funds the research, White said. Coeur Alaska has funded the project at about $40,000 for the past two years, and will continue to do so through 2015, company spokesperson Jan Trigg said.
The mine is required by the U.S. Forest Service to conduct and fund environmental impact studies to make sure development is not negatively affecting surrounding wildlife, ADF&G habitat biologist Kate Kanouse said.
Kanouse leads fish-related environmental studies at the mine, testing and tracking the composition of algae, marine insects and fish in Slate Creek and Sherman Creek to make sure the habitat remains healthy. For the past two years, ADF&G has had a contract with Coeur Alaska to monitor the mine’s nearby water and fish, a project that was funded by the company at about a quarter of a million dollars this year, Kanouse said.
As far as the mine’s land animals go, “mountain goats qualified as the top one for terrestrial wildlife,” White said. White and other scientists have studied the goats closely, outfitting them with GPS-enabled collars and monitoring their habitat selection and migration patterns. The team determines population size, the proportion of goats that die and the females’ estimated reproductive rate.
Along Lynn Canal, where ADF&G began monitoring goats years ago in preparation for the former Juneau Access Project, White has found the same thing — mountain goats are dying off. The entire eastern Lynn Canal population dropped from about 1,130 goats in 2006 to about 600 in 2010, White said. This consistency suggests the Kensington Mine goats’ struggles are probably related to weather, rather than development, White said. “Three particularly severe winters” have occurred since the study began, he said, “including the biggest winter on record since records were kept — the winter of 2006 and 2007.” The influence of development has not been thoroughly examined yet, he said.
A control area near the mine has experienced a similar decline in mountain goat population in the same time period, White said.
“Winter severity is important to mountain goat survival,” he said. “We also documented a comparable level of decline of the moose population over the same time. The decline is probably mostly related to severe winters rather than the acute effect of the mine. We can’t rule out that there aren’t additive effects of the mine.”
White said the department will continue to study the goats to determine exactly why their numbers are dropping. Trigg said Coeur Alaska will support goat monitoring at the mine through 2015.
“There is scientific evidence that mountain goats are sensitive to industrial development,” White said. “We want to understand the extend of those effects.”
For more information on the goat study, visit www.adfg.alaska.gov/index.cfm?adfg=goatresearch.main.
• Contact reporter Katie Moritz at 523-2294 or at firstname.lastname@example.org. Follow her on Twitter @katecmoritz. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_38989.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
I have a problem which I am confident that I can solve by dynamic methods but I want to solve it by using conservation of energy to check that my answer is correct. I tried posting on the physics site but got no response.
Consider a submarine near to the surface. It has an internal pressure of 0 Gauge and an internal buoyancy control tank also at 0 Gauge. The submarine is stationary so its average density is equal to the density of water.
The submarine subsequently dives (very slowly), as it dives the hull is compressed thus reducing in length and diameter. Water is pumped out of the buoyancy tank to maintain the average density equal to that of water (must be done during decent to avoid buildup of kinetic energy).
WHAT I CAN CALCULATE
1. Reduction of hull diameter at any depth
2. Reduction of hull length at any depth
3. Volume of water pumped out at each depth (and hence energy required to do this)
4. Energy stored in the steel hull due to the deformation of the steel (three components, radial, axial and circumferential)
5. Checked that energy required to pump out the water matched energy stored in the steel hull.
WHAT I CAN'T DO
I think that I should be able to examine the starting state and the end state without taking any notice of how, or at what depth the buoyancy water was pumped out. I should be able to show that the total energy at the beginning of the study is equal to that at the start.
However, if I do this then the energy stored in the steel appears to come from no where.
START OF STUDY
There is a submarine sized item near to the surface with gpe=mgh
There is a equivalent submarine sized volume of water near the bottom with no energy gpe=0
END OF STUDY
There is a submarine sized volume of water near the surface with gpe=mgh
There is a submarine sized item near to the bottom with gpe=0
There is a volume of water matching the change in submarine volume near the bottom with gpe=0
There is a strained metallic tube with pressure energy. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_38990.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
To help students overcome the “but it made sense in class” conundrum, Judith Leatherman, PhD, flipped her approach—and started producing lessons on video.
Associate Professor of Biology ,University of Northern Colorado in Greeley
PhD in Cell and Molecular Biology, BS in Biology and Chemistry
Like many of the sciences, genetics involves working through mathematical problems, such as the probability of certain traits being passed from parent to offspring. When Judy Leatherman, PhD, first started teaching the subject, she expected that students would be able to listen to a lecture, then apply their learnings to their homework. “I might have done one problem on the board, but I didn’t have them do any problems in class,” she says.
Then students began to comment that, even when material seemed clear in class, they drew a blank when trying to do problems on their own. “They were mystified by why this happened, so I decided to spend more time problem-solving in class,” she says. “But I found that I was running out of time for lecture.”
It was 2016 and Leatherman had heard of the flipped-classroom approach, where students watch videotaped lectures as homework to free up class time for things like active learning, group work, and problem-solving. As she made the move to this format, her students responded enthusiastically—especially the students who had been struggling the most. “Now they can watch the videos two or three times,” she says. The format also appeals to the top 10% of the class, she adds, because they can speed through or skip over content that they already understand.
Four years on, her flipped teaching game is as strong as ever. Here, Leatherman shares the most important lessons she learned throughout the process.
“When reading a textbook, it’s hard for students because they have to make that judgment call about what’s important versus what’s not important. Now my students know what to study, because it is all on the videos that I made for them.”
-Judith Leatherman, PhD
Course: Bio 220 Genetics
Course description: Study fundamental laws of heredity, the molecular structure and function of genes, and emerging genetic technologies.
5 lessons Leatherman learned from flipping her genetics class
Here, Leatherman shares her best practices on flipped classes and video lectures.
1. Explain the process of problem-solving
Many textbooks and educators scaffold learning in terms of teaching foundational concepts, then building on them. The same concept is important when explaining how to solve problems, says Leatherman. “When I do a problem in class now, I talk through my thinking process out loud and explain the logic of how I would approach the problem,” she says. “I have to teach students how to do the problems, not just give them the background.”
2. Be ready for long lectures to become short videos
When Leatherman first flipped the classroom, she says she tried to pack too much information into each video. She has found that a good length is 12 to 15 minutes, which is typically all it takes to convey what she normally covered in a 50-minute classroom lecture. This is because in-class lectures tend to get interrupted by students asking questions and making comments. “Now, if a student needs an explanation after watching a video, we can do that at the beginning of class,” she says. “Students really appreciate that I respect their time by making the videos shorter than a [typical] lecture.”
3. Embrace imperfection—for sanity’s sake
When she first started making videos, Leatherman found that aiming for perfection made it impossible to actually complete a video. “[When reviewing the video] I’d think, ‘Oh, I want to do that part over again,’ or ‘I should not have gone off on that tangent.’ So I would clip out that tangent, but then the video will not flow well, so then I would have to do the whole thing over again,” she says. Ultimately, Leatherman found that these imperfect details do not matter to students. “They’ll just appreciate that you created the video,” she says.
4. Offer incentive for students watch the videos
Leatherman uses the first day of class to set ground rules and expectations. “I tell them that if they come to class without watching the videos, they are hurting themselves because they’re not going to be ready when it comes time to join a group to start working on problems in class.” Before the class for which the video is assigned, students must take an online quiz on the content, which is worth a few points. “When students don’t watch [the videos], their grades suffer and they realize they need to come to class more prepared,” she adds.
5. Have resources ready in addition to the videos
Even though each video works for most of Leatherman’s students, she has found that sometimes her explanations do not gel for an individual. When that happens, she encourages them to read about the topic in another source, such as the textbook, or ask for a TA to explain it in their own words during class.
“To understand a difficult topic, sometimes you need different explanations,” she says. “It really depends on what is going to make sense to the student. It’s about how their brain works and how they think about things.” | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_38991.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Tutorial - Measuring your PD
Monocular PD versus Binocular PD
There are two primary methods for PD measurement: single PD and dual PD.
Binocular PD (or single PD) is the measurement from pupil to pupil between each eye. It is a single number, between 48-72 usually.
Monocular PD (or dual PD) is the measurement from your nose bridge to each eye. It is listed as two numbers, usually separated with slash (31/32 for example).
Monocular PD is believed to be the most accurate since many people may find their nose-to-pupil measurement is not equidistant on both sides.
PD is especially critical when fitting glasses with progressive lenses (PAL), which requires precise lens-to-pupil alignment to ensure comfortable vision at all distances.
How to measure pupillary distance
Your eye doctor typically measures PD as part of your eye exam using a pupillary distance ruler or pupillometer, calibrated specifically to each eye.
Watch video of how to take the PD Measurement below. If you need a pupillary ruler you can download here. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_38993.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Grades: Kindergarten to 1st Grade
Summary: Set the colors to music.
I think it's from the LeapFrog book series. I teach my kids the color songs for red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and purple, so I'm not really familiar with the rest. This is the first year I did 6 songs- and my first graders could spell each of the color words by the end of each day. (even the ones who couldn't recognize the letters!)
Here's the ones I use:
RED Tune: Happy Birthday
R-E-D spells red. R-E-D spells red. I know how to spell red. R-E-D spells red.
ORANGE Tune: 1 Little, 2 Little, 3 Little Indians
O-R-A-N-G-E, O-R-A-N-G-E, O-R-A-N-G-E, orange is what that spells. Jack-O'-lanterns are always orange, carrots are always orange, oranges are always orange, O-R-A-N-G-E.
YELLOW Tune: If You're Happy and You Know It
Y-E-L-L-O-W spells yellow. Y-E-L-L-O-W spells yellow. I like the smiley face that's yellow, he is such a happy fellow, Y-E-L-L-O-W spells yellow.
GREEN Tune" Row, Row, Row Your Boat
G-R-E-E-N, G-R-E-E-N, I know how to spell green, G-R-E-E-N.
BLUE Tune: The Farmer in the Dell
B-L-U-E spells blue, B-L-U-E spells blue. Hi Ho, did you know? B-L-U-E spells blue.
PURPLE Campton Races (Doo Dah, Doo Dah song)
P-U-R-P-L-E, purple, purple, P-U-R-P-L-E, purple is what that spells.
There are second verses to all of these, but I only taught (and therefore know) the one for orange. The kids loved them, and the parents were very impressed!
Submitted by: Kristin K2FINE@email-removed | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_38994.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Mid Autumn Festival
The Mid-Autumn Festival, 中秋节 zhōng qiū jié, is the second most important festival to Chinese people after the Chinese New Year or Spring Festival, 春节 chūn jié. In 2015, Mid-Autumn Festival is on September 27. Every year, Chinese people will go home from every corner of the country and the world for family reunions. On Mid-Autumn night the harvest moon is supposed to be the brightest and fullest of the year, so the festival is also known as the “Day of Reunion” and the “Moon Festival“. Chinese people believe that the full moon is a symbol of peace, prosperity, and family reunion.
To wish someone a happy Mid-Autumn Festival you can say 中秋快乐, zhōng qiū kuài lè or 中秋节快乐, zhōng qiū jié kuài lè. To celebrate this holiday I am sharing a must read picture book called: 爸爸,你能给我月亮吗? (bà ba, nǐ néng gěi wǒ yuè liang ma?), Papa, Can You Give Me The Moon? This is a beautiful story about a Father’s love for his son with a heartwarming ending. Simply hover over a Chinese character that you don’t know to see its definition in English and pinyin. Click here to read this picture book about how a Father will move heaven and earth for his son! | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_38995.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
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A.Word.A.Day--plebeianPronunciation: WAV or RealAudio
plebeian (ple-BEE-uhn) adjective
1. Of or relating to the common people of ancient Rome: a plebeian magistrate.
2. Of, belonging to, or characteristic of commoners.
3. Unrefined or coarse in nature or manner; common or vulgar: plebeian tastes.
1. One of the common people of ancient Rome.
2. A member of the lower classes.
3. A vulgar or coarse person.
[From Latin plebius, from plebs, pleb-, the common people.]
"AMADEUS abounds with skillfully played supporting roles - Roy Dotrice as the austere, forbidding Leopold Mozart, Jeffrey Jones as the amusingly vapid Emperor Joseph II, a man of plebeian tastes whose judgments nevertheless sway public opinion - and each frame is filled with colorful faces which add to the flavor and atmosphere of the scenes." AMADEUS, Magill's Survey of Cinema, 15 Jun 1995.
This week's theme: words that violate the "i before e" rule.
X-BonusWe cannot be more sensitive to pleasure without being more sensitive to pain. -Alan Watts | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_38996.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Ever hear the term "Tonal Finishing?" We attempt to sort it all out here.
Just what is "Tonal Finishing"? It is a process that has been around for centuries and is practiced by organ builders worldwide. Also known as "voicing" or "regulating", the process is meant to meld together the sounds of the various pipes and ranks in the instrument to create a series of gorgeous ensembles.
Tonal finishing takes place at the end stages of building or refurbishing an organ, and is clearly the most important step in achieving perfection. An organ cannot be properly regulated at the factory. The effects of the size of the organ, the resonance of the chambers, the size of the venue, and the acoustics of the building all come into play.
Once the initial installation or refurbishment of an organ is complete, what you really have is sets (ranks) of tin, wood, and sometimes brass whistles operated by an air turbine, and controlled by a console. An exact tuning of every pipe and rank in the instrument will enable the playing of music, but what will the music sound like? Unless you are unusually lucky, Not Much!
In addition to regulating each rank, note by note, to ensure even volume within the rank, the volume or power must be adjusted so that the ranks blend and complement each other, and one does not drown the other out. Building a set of "terraced” ensemble volume levels in the organ that are each coherent, yet work together to build larger ensembles, is the ultimate goal in organ tonal finishing. In addition, the speech or tonal color of many ranks can be adjusted, particularly the reeds, to vary the brightness of the tone from mellow to raspy. Ranks can also be "contoured" so that the sound varies from the bass register up to the treble.
Voicing Reed Pipes:
Reeds have two major parts that determine the overall tone and volume. The first is the resonator, the familiar pipe tube that is sometimes cylindrical (clarinets, krumets), sometimes conical (tubas, trumpets), and sometimes capped (vox humanas, French horns). The second, and hidden part, is the reed (also known as the “tongue”) and the shallot on which it is held. This assembly is at the bottom of the pipe (resonator) and is contained in the block where the resonator ends. The mechanism of reed and shallot is mounted into the block and housed in the boot of the pipe, which can be removed to allow the technician to work on the reed.
The sound of a reed pipe is the result of a combination of factors including the shape and style of the resonator, its harmonic length, and the metal out of which it is made. (For example, Wurlitzer used brass for its trumpet resonators because they felt that it had a better, more orchestral sound.) Also contributing to the sound of the pipe is the reed and shallot. The reed is a thin piece of metal (brass or phosphor bronze) whose thickness is measured in thousandths of an inch. (The reed takes its name from the bamboo reed used in the common clarinet or saxophone.) The shallot is the hollow brass tube with a flattened face and an opening in that face against which the reed vibrates. The physical configuration of the shallot affects the type of sound produced as does the shape of the reed. A thinner reed tongue generally gives a brighter sound. A thicker tongue, especially one with added weights (like a high pressure tuba), gives a darker sound. The amount the reed moves away from, and back to the shallot in its vibration is the reed's amplitude and causes the pipe to be either louder or softer. The greater the amplitude of the reed, the louder the pipe will be when it is in pitch. Adding "curve" or decreasing "curve" at the bottom of the reed, changes its amplitude. The voicer adjusts the reed with a specially shaped tool called a curving block (a heavy piece of metal with one or several different curve forms in it). He/she puts the reed on the block, and applies "curve" (or decreases it) by rubbing the reed with a burnishing tool.
The tuning wire, which moves up and down the reed to allow for tuning, also allows the amplitude to be changed to some extent. The further down the wire is on the reed, the less amplitude and vice versa. Changing the amplitude also changes the pitch or frequency of the reed however, so the voicer, when changing the volume of the pipe, will first set the volume with the amount of curve or the tuning wire, either increasing (louder) or decreasing (softer) the amplitude of the reed, and then tune the pipe with the slide or scroll at the top of the resonator to either lengthen or shorten the resonator to put it in pitch. The shorter the pipe, the higher the pitch, the longer the pipe, the lower the pitch. Once the pipe is voiced, the process of tuning the pipe is usually just a matter of moving the tuning wire slightly to allow the reed to be put back where the voicer wanted it when he tuned and voiced it originally. Voicers leave marks on reed pipes to help put things back where they wanted it. These marks are usually just small lines made with a sharp knife. There is a voicer mark to indicate where the slide at the top of the resonator should be, and also another one on the shallot to tell how far in the shallot is to be inserted in the block of the pipe. (Note: Some reed pipes, like a Wurlitzer brass trumpet, have no scrolls or slides. On these pipes the whole body of the pipe slides up a small tube at the base and is held in place by a small clamp. Still other pipes, like a Wurlitzer English post horn have no resonator adjustment at all. On these pipes all the changes to volume must be done with the reed alone.)
Reed voicing is complicated and involves delicate parts. Reeds are easily bent, twisted or creased by well-meaning amateurs. It's best to leave the process to the experts or at least to someone who is very experienced. Those who wish to learn the craft should find a professional to study with, and practice on some old unwanted pipes from a broken set.
Voicing Flue Pipes:
A flue pipe is really just a whistle, and as such responds to greater or less wind pressure to determine its volume. Flue pipes include the string, diapason and tibia/flute ranks in the organ. The way a voicer works on a flue pipe is much less complicated than on a reed pipe. Although the upper lip, the languid (the flat bottom of the mouth area inside the pipe), and windway (the little slot that allows the air to pass up from the bottom of the pipe and blow across the upper lip) are sometimes adjusted for proper speech, the majority of voicing is done just with the toe hole at the very bottom of the pipe - the larger the hole, the more wind and the greater the pressure in the pipe, making a sound wave with a bigger amplitude, therefore creating a greater sound volume. The voicer has a special tool for making the size of the hole bigger (a toe reamer) and one for hammering the toe closed (a cone shaped hammer that looks like an egg cup).
Pipe Toe Reamers
Pipe Toe Cones
Wooden pipes, like tibias and concert flutes, have a lead toe to allow changes to be made one way or the other. If you open it too much, you can just hammer it closed again. Some large wood pipes have a built-in adjustment gate at the bottom so that you don't have to remove the pipe to change the amount of wind. When you change the opening in the toe, you have to retune the pipe by making it longer or shorter accordingly. For instance, if you blow into a whistle and increase the pressure, the pitch goes up. The same thing happens with an organ pipe. So when you open the toe, you need to make the pipe longer (with a slide at the top or stopper if the pipe is a stopped pipe) to compensate to lower the pitch. In the inverse, if you decrease the amount of opening, lowering the pressure in the pipe, you have to shorten the pipe to raise the pitch.
Voicing is an extensive process of trial and error to determine what characteristics blend together best for the particular instrument being voiced. Voicers spend years learning the process, and obtaining an experienced professional for your organ is the key to success. But, the world of music is driven by personal taste, and even professional voicers can disagree as to the best sound.
Theatre Organs have an additional set of variables that give us that “lush sound that wraps itself all around you”, namely the tremulants. Different ranks can be controlled by different tremulant mechanisms. The speed and depth of tremulation can be adjusted from a light trem to a deep vibrato. Again, personal taste enters the mix.
Finally, some organs are built with "celeste" ranks. A celeste is the duplication of an existing rank. Celestes can be found in several pipe ranks including string, flute, quintadena, and dulciana. The celeste rank is tuned slightly sharp or slightly flat relative to its twin. When a "celeste" stop is chosen, both ranks play, creating a unique delightful sound. Of course, that sound must meld with the rest of the ensemble!
Bottom line: When a Theatre Pipe Organ installation is complete and the instument tuned, are you done? Absolutely not!! Voicing by a professional is necessary to bring the instrument to its full potential, creating a concert caliber installation. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_38997.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Malta is an archipelago in the central Mediterranean between Sicily and the North African coast. It's a nation known for historic sites related to a succession of rulers including the Romans, Moors, Knights of Saint John, French and British. It has numerous fortresses, megalithic temples and the Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum, a subterranean complex of halls and burial chambers dating to circa 4000 B.C.
1. The development of modern Maltese cultureThe culture of modern Malta has been described as a "rich pattern of traditions, beliefs and practices," which is the result of "a long process of adaptation, assimilation and cross fertilization of beliefs and usages drawn from various conflicting sources. Malta is very unique culture because they still keep traditional culture in modern era.
2. Contemporary culture of MaltaMalta has always been a maritime nation, and for centuries, there has been extensive interaction between Maltese sailors and fishermen and their counterparts around the Mediterranean and into the Atlantic Ocean. More significantly, by the mid-19th century the Maltese already had a long history of migration to various places, including Egypt, Tripolitania, Tunisia, Algeria, Cyprus, the Ionian Islands, Greece, Sicily and Lampedusa. Intermarriage with other nationals (especially Italians and Sicilians) was not uncommon. Migrants would periodically return to Malta, bringing with them new customs and traditions that over time have been absorbed into mainstream Maltese culture.
3. Highly developed transportation and industrial hubCar ownership in Malta is the fourth highest in Europe, given the small size of the islands. Like in the UK, traffic drives on the left. The old Maltese buses, formerly ex-British Armed forces vehicles, were Malta's main domestic mode of transportation until 2011. From then onwards bus services were run by Arriva. There has also been a railway in the past between Valletta and the Mtarfa army barracks. A regular ferry system connects the two main Maltese islands, via the harbours of Ċirkewwa and Marsamxett in Malta, and Mġarr in Gozo. There are also regular ferry services between the Grand Harbour and neighbouring Sicily. A busy cruise liner terminal has been developed on the Valletta side of Grand Harbour; however, Malta's primary connection to the outside world is its airport at Luqa.
4. Culture and history hidden in the industrialized stateThe Maltese economy is dependent on foreign trade, manufacturing especially electronics, and pharmaceuticals, and tourism. Malta adopted the Euro currency on 1 January 2008. Tourist arrivals and foreign exchange earnings derived from tourism have steadily increased since 1987. Following the September 11 attacks, the tourist industry suffered a temporary setback. With the help of a favorable international economic climate, the availability of domestic resources, and industrial policies that support foreign export-oriented investment, the economy has been able to sustain a period of rapid growth.
5. World's major gourmet town Maltese cuisine is the result of a long relationship between the Islanders and the many civilisations who occupied the Maltese Islands over the centuries. This marriage of tastes has given Malta an eclectic mix of Mediterranean cooking. Although the restaurant scene is a mix of speciality restaurants, there are many eateries that offer or specialise in local fare, serving their own versions of specialities. Traditional Maltese food is rustic and based on the seasons. Look out for Lampuki Pie (fish pie), Rabbit Stew, Bragioli (beef olives), Kapunata, (Maltese version of ratatouille), and widow's soup, which includes a small round of Gbejniet (sheep or goat's cheese). On most food shop counters, you'll see Bigilla, a thick pate of broad beans with garlic. The snacks that must be tried are ‘hobz biz-zejt' (round of bread dipped in olive oil, rubbed with ripe tomatoes and filled with a mix of tuna, onion, garlic, tomatoes and capers) andpastizzi (flaky pastry parcel filled with ricotta or mushy peas).
6. Unique city in Malta Malta's capital, the World Heritage City of Valletta, and the medieval fortified towns of Mdina and Cittadella in Gozo, are the Islands' historical highlights. Tas-Sliema, Bugibba, Qawra and St. Julian's in Malta and Marsalforn and Xlendi in Gozo are the main resorts. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_38999.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Parasitic skin diseases are a common skin problem for dogs. When confronted with skin issues always check for parasites as this is often the root of many skin issues.
Skin mite is not visible with the naked eye but they live on the skin of the infected dog. If your dog scratches itself excessively and has a thicker skin than usual it can indicate that it has skin mites. In order to determine the type of skin mite, you can go to your local vet to get a biopsy of the skin. Sarcoptic mite and Cheyletiella mite are easy to treat. Demodex mite is more difficult to treat and require a special bath product.
Fleas are the most common skin parasites. They vary between 1-3 mm in size depending on the type of flea. Almost every type of flea can settle in the fur of your Chi so it is very important to check the fur often. Fleas are visible with the naked eye. Adult fleas settle between the hairs of your dog and can lay hundreds of eggs that fall on the floor into carpets. This is why fleas are highly contagious. In order to get rid of fleas, you can use an anti-flea product that has to be applied directly on the skin of your Chihuahua. This is often not enough because eggs can be present in the house and/or on the pillows, carpets, etc… You can put these outside during the night if it freezes or there are products which you spray on your carpet to get rid of the eggs.
Lice can sometimes be found in the fur of your Chi. They are around 1mm to 2mm in size. They cause irritation and some types of lice can suck blood. Lice can be easily treated with anti-parasitic products.
This tiny parasite is transmitted through mites and sandflies. This parasite attacks the immune cells of your dog and causes a wide range of problems. If your dog has scabs and is losing weight without a change in diet it is possible that it has been infected with Leishmaniasis. This parasite can be fatal and is transmittable to humans. In order to prevent this parasite avoid endemic areas and wear clothes that cover up.
Ear mites are a common parasite for dogs that can irritate the ear. You can determine that your Chi has ear mites if it has a lot of irritation on its ears and if there’s a dark brownish discharge from its ears. In order to treat for ear mites, you have to apply ear drops during two weeks. Otherwise, you risk the infection coming back.
Ticks can be found most often in damp forested areas and agricultural areas. They crawl on your dog as it passes by, they dig their teeth into its skin and suck blood. Tics don’t really cause skin irritation but you can easily locate them as the are around the bit gets red and swollen. They are dangerous as they can bring infections into the bloodstream such as the disease of Lyme. There are anti-tic products but it is most effective to check your dog after a walk through a forest or high grassed area. try to remove the tic as soon as possible before it digs deeper into the skin. If you spot a tick you remove them yourself with tweezers. You first soak the tick with some alcohol and afterwards you can grab them with tweezers. Try to grab as close to the skin as possible with the tweezers to avoid pulling the tick in two. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_390.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Finnish Forest Association cooperates with schools and teachers in primary education. The goal of the cooperation is to ensure that everyone living in Finland has a basic understanding and skills about forests and related livelihoods, culture and conservation.
We organise courses for teachers about forests and their use; the subjects range from forestry practises to forestry’s combatibility with reindeer herding, multiple use of forests and new products. We also produce and publish teaching materials for schools. All our materials aimed at schools follow the Finnish curricula.We organise also forest trips and visits for school children in cooperation with our partners. The annual Forest Quiz has been organized for over 30 years.
Four of the association’s employees work with forest education – please feel free to contact us! | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_3900.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Digital media, as defined in a document that lays out the government’s framework to regulate online content, will cover digitised content that can be transmitted over the internet or computer networks.
Digital media includes intermediaries such as Twitter and Facebook, and publishers of news and current affairs content. It also includes so-called curators of such content.
Govt rules for online media to include takedown power
Digital media, as defined in a document that lays out the government’s framework to regulate online content, will cover digitised content that can be transmitted over the internet or computer networks. The stategovernment wants to treat online news media publishers at par with traditional media publishers, such as newspapers and news channels, and also bring them under the ambit of section 69(A) of the Information Technology Act that gives takedown powers to the government, according to new guidelines yet to be put in force.
Digital media, as defined in a document that lays out the government’s framework to regulate online content, will cover digitised content that can be transmitted over the internet or computer networks. It includes intermediaries such as Twitter and Facebook, and publishers of news and current affairs content. It also includes so-called curators of such content.
So far, online news media has not been unregulated, with the information & broadcasting ministry brining it under its ambit last year, but not yet formalizing rules for it. Nor are intermediaries, especially social media companies that take refuge in their intermediary status when it comes to owing up responsibility for content. According to the guidelines titled Information Technology (Guidelines for intermediaries and digital media ethics code) Rules, 2021, digital news media publishers will need to follow rules that apply to print and electronic media.
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All legal disputes are subject to under Mohali Court Jurisdiction. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39000.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Music, Your GPS Voice, and the Science of Timbre
Exploring the color of sound
Posted Nov 01, 2013
"The timbre of his voice went into that low register that made my insides curl in on themselves—it was like my uterus was tapping out a happy dance on the rest of my organs." ~Cora Carmack, Losing It
"Timbre" is a rather difficult-to-define yet hard-to-ignore concept. When it comes to musical timbre, I have described it before as the color of sound. It's the quality of the sound we hear that helps us differentiate between a flute, a violin, and a tuba.
Much of the research on timbre has explored the acoustical qualities that contribute to timbral perception. For example, there are consistent attempts to quantify ways in which different sounds are perceived as different through identifying the qualities that make a sound unique (e.g. the slight "thump" and damp sound that ends a harpsichord sound). There are spectral qualities that influence our perception of timbre and temporal qualities. And to add to the complexity of timbre perception, individuals differ in how much they rely on the spectral and temporal qualities (McAdams & Giordano, 2009).
In other words, there is no one way to perceive timbre.
Other researchers have started exploring the neural mechanisms underlying timbre processing. For example, researchers at Johns Hopkins University developed a computerized mathematical model that would simulate how the brain processes timbre. Their particular model correctly identified an instrument based on its timbral qualities 98.7% of the time.
Why this interest in timbre? As a music therapist, understanding timbre informs my research and clinical work through its connection to emotions. I consider the music-emotion connection to be one of the primary mechanisms underlying why music therapy works. Music therapists learn to manipulate timbre as a way to connect with clients, influence them emotionally, grab their attention, and help them sustain their focus. Timbre can help build and release tension (McAdams & Giordano, 2009), it can impact emotional expressions and perceptions (Gabrielsson & Lindström, 2010; Juslin & Timmers, 2010), and it can even be manipulated with our youngest clients as we are born with a capability to perceive timbre (Trehub, 2003).
Although my understanding of timbre is from a music-biased perspective, it would not surprise me if understanding timbre processing translates to non-musical sounds as well. The timbre of a baby laughing compared with the timbre of a baby crying elicits completely different emotional responses. Same with the color of a kitten purring verses that of a lion roaring. And what about choosing what type of voice you prefer your GPS be set to? I imagine there's a reason some prefer the deep British-sounding male voice over the higher, Siri-sounding female voice (and vice versa).
So why take an interest in understanding timbre? It seems to me it goes beyond pure scholarly and scientific reasons. Our quest to understand timbre may be part of a larger exploration in understanding and making sense of the colors of all the sounds we live around.
Follow me on Twitter @KimberlySMoore for daily updates on the latest research and articles related to music, music therapy, and music and the brain. I invite you also to check out my website, www.MusicTherapyMaven.com, for additional information, resources, and strategies.
Gabrielsson, A. & Lindström, E. (2010). The role of structure in the musical expression of emotions. In P. Juslin & J. Sloboda (Eds.), Handbook of music and emotion: Theory, research, applications (pp. 367-400). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Juslin, P. N. & Timmers, R. (2010). Expression and communication of emotion in music performance. In P. Juslin & J. Sloboda (Eds.), Handbook of music and emotion: Theory, research, applications (pp. 453-489). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
McAdams, S. & Giordano, B. L. (2009). The perception of musical timbre. In S. Hallam, I. Cross, & M. Thaut (Eds.) The Oxford handbook of music psychology (pp. 72-80). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Trehub, S. (2003). Musical predispositions in infancy: An update. In I. Peretz & R. Zatorre (Eds.) The cognitive neuroscience of music (pp. 3-20). Oxford: Oxford University Press. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39001.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
New Software Detects Lies by Analysing Words and Gestures
Friday, December 11, 2015
Researchers from the University of Michigan are developing a lie detecting software that analyses the words and gestures of the speaker, unlike a polygraph test wherein the machine is supposed to touch the speaker in order to function.
Michigan scientists, for this purpose, are studying high profile court cases wherein they found out that those who lied moved their hands more and looked into questioners’ eye for a longer duration than those who spoke the truth. It was also observed that those who lied spoke with more vocal fill such as ‘umm’.
The machine had an accuracy rate of about 75 percent in detecting who was being deceptive (defined in the final outcome of a case) when compared to humans’ score of just 50 percent. Scientists are using machine learning techniques to train the software on a set of 120 video clips from the media coverage of actual trials. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39002.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
During National Lightning Safety Awareness Week in 2021, we reviewed a journal article detailing lightning at the U.S. national parks.
The United States National Park Service (NPS) administers more than 400 parks, monuments, and other recreation areas around the country. The NPS reported more than 297 million visitors in 2021. Among the most recognizable areas that the NPS maintains are the national parks, with Great Smoky Mountain, Zion, Yellowstone, Grand Canyon, and Rocky Mountain being the five most visited parks.
Many of the visits to the national parks occur in the spring and summer months, when thunderstorms are most common, so lightning safety is important to the NPS. But as we wrote last year, each park has different amounts of lightning and different spatial patterns of lightning. This is due to the climate of each park, different topographic features in each park, and the random nature of lightning and thunderstorms.
By looking at where lightning occurs over multiple years and creating lightning density maps, we can begin to see regions of more and less lightning activity. Lightning density maps smooth the random nature of thunderstorms and help park operators know where their lightning hotspots are and where to focus more attention on lightning safety efforts. Today, we release a first-of-its-kind lightning density atlas for the U.S. national parks.
We plotted every in-cloud pulse and cloud-to-ground stroke detected by the National Lightning Detection Network NLDN between 2015 and 2021 within national park boundaries. From these more than 5.8 million events, we created lightning density maps on a 2 km x 2 km grid for each of the 51 national parks in the continental United States – available to download as an atlas.
In future versions of the National Park Lightning Density Atlas, we will include parks in Alaska, Hawaii, and other U.S. territories, as well as National Monuments.
Download the National Park Lightning Density Atlas. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39003.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
ze. The Conversation. (January 9, 2020). Retrieved April 6, 2022, from https://theconversation.com/fitness-gurus-and-muscular-christianity-how-victorian-britain-anticipated-todays-keep-fit-craze-129522
Wells, K. 8 Fun Ways to Exercise as a Family. Wellness Mama. (March 26, 2019). Retrieved April 6, 2022, from https://wellnessmama.com/motherhood/family-exercise/
Wherrell, J. The World History of Gyms. My House Fitness. (February 8, 2017). Retrieved April 6, 2022, from https://myhousefitness.com/the-history-of-gyms/
6 Ways to Celebrate Family Health & Fitness Day. Geisinger. (August 27, 2019). Retrieved April 6, 2022, from https://www.geisinger.org/health-and-wellness/wellness-articles/2019/08/27/15/29/6-ways-to-celebrate-family-health-and-fitness-day | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39004_2.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
In this section
What is the auditory system?
The auditory system performs the functions of hearing. The sense of hearing is a fine-tuned, intricate process. A sound wave is collected by the outer ear and sent through the middle ear into the inner ear where auditory hair cells are located. Once auditory hair cells in the inner ear are stimulated via sound waves, an electrical signal is generated and transmitted from these hair cells to the auditory nerve (also called cranial nerve VIII). From the auditory nerve, this signal is finally sent to the brain and subsequently processed. Hearing loss may be present if a part of the outer, middle, or inner ear or auditory nerve is damaged or missing.
What hearing abnormalities can be seen in children with PHACE syndrome?
Hearing loss is a relatively new finding associated with PHACE syndrome. The hearing loss is most often unilateral (on one side) and ipsilateral (the same side) to the hemangioma located on a child's face. Radiologic imaging studies have attributed this hearing loss in PHACE syndrome to intracranial hemangiomas affecting various auditory structures (see Intracranial Hemangioma section).
The 3 types of hearing loss associated with PHACE syndrome are conductive, sensorineural and mixed hearing loss.
- Conductive hearing loss occurs when sound is not conducted efficiently through the outer ear canal to the eardrum and the tiny bones, or ossicles, of the middle ear. The most common cause in PHACE syndrome is an intracranial hemangioma that occludes the eustachian tube (part of the middle ear). Conductive hearing loss usually involves a reduction in sound level or loss of the ability to hear faint sounds.
- Sensorineural hearing loss occurs when there is damage to the inner ear or to the nerve pathways from the inner ear to the brain. An intracranial hemangioma that affects the auditory nerve can lead to this type of hearing loss in PHACE syndrome. Sensorineural hearing loss is usually permanent.
- Mixed hearing loss is a combination of conductive and sensorineural hearing loss. Although this has been seen in PHACE syndrome, it is thought to be caused by factors other than the PHACE syndrome itself (i.e. coincidence).
How are hearing abnormalities diagnosed and treated?
Children with PHACE syndrome will generally pass their initial newborn hearing screen, but may develop problems during the first year of life. Suspicions of hearing loss should be brought to the attention of the primary care physician. A referral to an otolaryngologist (ear-nose-throat doctor) or audiologist (hearing specialist) may be needed. If a child has hemangiomas on or around the ear and has been diagnosed with PHACE syndrome, a hearing test should be repeated during the first year of life.
If hearing loss is determined to be attributed to an intracranial hemangioma in the child, treatment to minimize the growth of the hemangioma can be started. Assistive devices are also available to improve hearing. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39005.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
An Asian mosquito that somehow caught a ride to Minnesota is moving across the metro and will start nibbling on people in the east and north suburbs this summer.
What is it? The japonicus, or Japanese rock pool mosquito. The japonicus is a durable species that lays eggs that can survive a Minnesota winter, and like other species can carry LaCrosse encephalitis and West Nile viruses, said Mike McLean of the Metropolitan Mosquito Control District.
Where did it come from? The japonicus, native to the colder northern parts of Japan and Korea, hitchhikes in tires and other containers that trap water.
Great, another mosquito species. Are we doomed? Minnesota now has an estimated 51 mosquito species, many of them "exotics" that travel from distant habitats. "I don't think the average person will notice more mosquito bites per hour because of this," McLean said.
How widespread is it? The species was found last year in large numbers in Ramsey and Dakota counties, and it showed up in other areas south of the metro in the past couple of years. It was found last fall in northern Washington County and is moving west into Anoka County, McLean said.
Is it dangerous? "Like anything else, when you introduce a species you have to pay attention to it awhile to see how it behaves," McLean said. "It doesn't really raise any big red flags, but it is something we want to pay attention to." While the japonicus species isn't considered a primary carrier of the West Nile virus, it can be a nuisance, he said.
So what's the big deal? Because the species is new to Minnesota -- and suddenly appearing in county after county -- it's attracting attention from scientists. "From a biological standpoint, this is a really interesting occurrence," McLean said. "We can study it to see how it spreads. How fast does it move from one month to the next?"
How do we keep it away? Samples last summer and fall were found in storm-water ponds, water gardens and other places where water collects. "They do really well in the sort of junk people leave laying around, tires and debris," McLean said. "Dump the water out of things once a week in the summertime and you'll prevent them in yards and neighborhoods from being a problem."
Kevin Giles • 612-673-4432 | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39006.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
This is an 1100+ slide PowerPoint presentation on the Environment / Environmental Studies with built-in class notes (red slides), challenge questions with answers, built-in activities / projects, video links, four page homework sheet, modified version, lesson notes, project info, and 117 slide end of the lesson PowerPoint Review game with answer and template.
Note to Buyer: This unit paints a clear message that the environment and its life sustaining systems are in a state of peril. It will also describe that our current relationship with the environment is out of balance. The unit will highlight a number of environmental problems, provide solutions / alternatives, challenge current systems, and discuss the importance of achieving sustainable systems. Everything arrives editable. Please read the description below.
This unit focuses on key themes in environmental studies. This lesson bundle begins discussing how matter can be recycled but energy cannot. The Law Conservation of Matter is then described and student volunteers head up to the board for some step by step readings about the topic. The idea that most of our products go from cradle to grave is described. A neat class activity has the students find an item and then trace the energy and raw materials required to extract, transport, manufacture and deliver the item to the students. Students create mini posters to describe the whole process. Environmental Studies is then described (red slides = important notes). Some environmental case studies are described (hydraulic fracturing, Love Canal, Pincher Oaklahoma, Coltan in the Congo). Tragedy of the Commons is then addressed. The teacher gets the class together on the floor and then without instructions drops candy in the middle. A few grab most of the resource. This activity moves into the tragedy of the commons and the takers of the common resource are highlighted. Lots of discussion will emerge. The lesson moves into the essential question if greed is good? Resource Allocation is described. Over consumption is addressed throughout as are electricity vampires. The 4 R's are addressed and some wasteful packaging highlighted. A neat project has your students showcase wasteful packaging or the creative reuse of an existing product. Frugality and strategies of frugality are then described. Human Population growth is then addressed as is carrying capacity. Some nice video links are provided. Students then see the expanse of cities and urbanization (East Coat Megaopolis). This leads into a neat project that has your students design a sustainable home. All of the requirements to the project are provided in the slideshow and handouts. I have the students use Google Sketch-up which most will enjoy. Solar passive design as well as other renewable forms of energy go into the design. The 11th hour is mentioned and teacher can purchase or visit the link to watch using the internet (Optional but recommended). The Lesson ends discussing renewable forms of energy in a step by step approach. This is a very powerful and discussion creating lesson bundle that covers much more than described above. If you are looking for a lesson with waffles, this is not it.
Also included... is a waffle free Climate Change / Global Warming Lesson Bundle. Please read the description below.
This PowerPoint begins with a saddened student in the hall and a report card. The issue of why care about climate change is addressed as adolescents have so much else to worry about. Slides then address that climate change will impact everybody's lives. A step by step sequence of slides (I try to only have one focus point per slide) shows how climate change deals with the cryosphere, the oceans, the land, and the atmosphere. Branches of science that are also involved in the study of climate change are addressed. A definition of anthropogenic (human created) climate change is provided. Reference to how climate change has to do with the Carbon atom is shown. A link to Part I of a five part series about Carbon Todd "It's all about carbon" is provided. This is a really good segment about global warming. Each part is about 3.5 minutes and I break up the whole video into segments spread throughout the PowerPoint. Carbon reservoirs are pointed out in a series of slides. Natural and unnatural sources of greenhouse gases and factors that can control climate change are described with supportive images. Some history associated with the human species and fuel use from our origins until now is shown. Fossil fuels are addressed as is carbon (borrowed light) from millions of years ago locked underground. Part II of the Carbon Todd Link is provided. The Earth's natural carbon cycling is addressed. A series of challenge slides help students review photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Differences in hemispheres (land masses) and seasonally variations in global CO2 is described. A link for Part III of the Carbon Todd "It's all about Carbon" is provided. Another link to a website that has students calculate their carbon footprint / how many Earth's would the world need if everyone on the planet lived like you is provided. The Greenhouse Effect is then described in a series of slides. A few challenge based activities have students demonstrate an understanding and then a demonstration is provided where the teacher places two bottles in the light, one is covered, the other is not. Temperature differences are recorded. A Link to Part IV and V of the Carbon Todd Series is provided. Next, students create three cartoon characters of three guest speakers from an NPR radio broadcast (link provided). They then listen to the interviews and record information about the speakers next to the cartoon character. (The interviews are really neat) Lot's of graphs and step by step visuals show increasing carbon dioxide levels and are followed by temperature. Images of Ice Caps then and now are shown. The big negative impacts of climate change are described in a series of slides including sea-level rise. This section of the PowerPoint covers a lot. A link is provided to listen to the opposition for a bit. (An interesting segment listening to the founder of the Weather Channel) A really neat activity looks at who do we blame. Teacher brings in a cake, passes out note cards with countries names on them (PowerPoint includes directions). The PowerPoint then describes how much of a cake (The Climate Change Problem) they are responsible for. The Unites States only has one card, and gets a large slice of the cake. Asia gets the largest slice of the cake, but is shared by many etc. A final message about picking two lottery tickets plays out the future and has the students choose some future scenarios. A link to "An Inconvenient Truth" is provided. A hidden box games concludes the PowerPoint where Carbon Todd is revealed after each slide removes parts of the boxes hiding him. Students try and guess the picture as boxes are being removed. This is a really neat PowerPoint that dives deep into Climate Change but is not overwhelming. This PowerPoint does describe other factors that may control climate other than human emissions but is clear in its message that enhanced climate change is a real and serious issue.
Some Areas of focus in this PowerPoint include: Thermodynamics, Industrial Processes, Environmental Studies, The 4 R's, Sustainability, Human Population Growth, Carrying Capacity, Green Design, Renewable Forms of Energy, Greenhouse Effect, Climate Change, and much more.
This PowerPoint includes critical notes (Red Slides), exciting visuals, challenge questions, activities with directions and more. Text is usually placed at the top of the slide so it can be read from all angles of a classroom. Color coded slides, as well as a shade technique to increase student focus and allows the teacher to control the pace of the lesson. These PowerPoints are meant to be interactive as possible and ask many questions, provides built-in review opportunities, explains directions to activities, and much more. Transition effects are rarely used.
Please visit my other posting on TpT called The Matter, Energy, and the Environment Unit which includes this PowerPoint within the 3500+ slide PowerPoint roadmap, 14 page bundled homework / assessment, 8 page modified assessment, detailed answer keys, and 20 pages of unit notes for students who may require assistance that chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. The answer keys and unit notes are great for support professionals. This larger file also includes three PowerPoint review games (110+ slides each with Answers), 29 videos, lab handouts, activity sheets, rubrics, materials list, templates, guides, and much more. Everything arrives in editable format and can be modified to fit any curriculum or time requirement.
Matter, Energy and the Environment Unit (3,500 Slides) on TpT
Matter, Energy, and the Environment Unit
This unit includes all of the lessons below in one organized folder....
-Matter, Energy and the Environment Homework, Lesson Notes, Answer Keys, and PowerPoint Freebies
-Matter, States of Matter, Phase Change, Physical Change, Chemical Change (500 Slides, HW, Notes, and more)
-Matter and Phase Change PowerPoint Review Game
-Gases, Gas Laws, and Much More (394 Slides, HW, Notes and more)
Viscosity Olympics Lesson
-Forms of Energy Lesson (400 Slides, HW, Notes, and more)
-Heat Transfer Lesson, Convection, Conduction, and Radiation Lesson
-Electricity and Magnetism Lesson (540 Slides, HW, Notes and more)
-The Electromagnetic Spectrum, Particles, Waves, and more (900 Slides, HW, Notes, and more)
-Energy, EM Spectrum, Forms of Energy Review Game
-Matter and Energy Crossword Puzzle with Solution
-About the Environment Lesson (900 Slides, HW, Notes and much more)
-Environmental Studies Review Game a>
Entire 4 year Science Curriculum, 20 Full Units (50,000 Slides) HW, Notes, and much more
Areas of Focus within the Matter, Energy, and the Environment Unit.
Matter, Elements and Compounds, States of Matter, Solids, Liquids, Gases, Plasma, Law Conservation of Matter, Dark Matter, Physical Change, Chemical Change, Gas Laws, Charles Law, Avogadros Law, Ideal Gas Law, Pascals Law, Viscosity, Archimedes Principle, Buoyancy, Seven Forms of Energy, Nuclear Energy, Electromagnet Spectrum, Waves / Wavelengths, Light ( | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39007_1.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Visible Light), Refraction, Diffraction, Lens, Convex / Concave, Radiation, Electricity, Lightning, Static Electricity, Magnetism, Coulomb's Law, Conductors, Insulators, Semi-conductors, AC and DC current, Amps, Watts, Resistance, Magnetism, Faradays Law, Compass, Relativity, Einstein, and E=MC2, Energy, First Law of Thermodynamics, Second Law of Thermodynamics,Third Law of Thermodynamics, Industrial Processes, Environmental Studies, The 4 Rs, Sustainability, Human Population Growth, Carrying Capacity, Green Design, Renewable Forms of Energy.
I also sell all 20 Middle-Level Science Units as a hard good on TpT and this is mailed on an 8GB USB drive ($20 Value) free shipping. This includes all 19 units (35,000 slides), in Life, Earth, and Physical Science for students in grades 5-10, This also includes 300+ pages of bundled homework / assessment that chronologically follows each unit, 200+ pages of modified assessments, 350+ pages of answer keys, 300+ pages of unit notes, 40+ PowerPoint review games (5000+ slides), hundreds of lab activities with questions and answers, hundreds of project ideas, 315 videos, hundreds of pages of handouts, First Day PowerPoint, Guidebook, and Four Year Curriculum Guide and classroom license.
If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Best wishes.
Ryan Murphy M.Ed | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39007_2.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
More than a decade has passed since the dot-bomb implosion, and many of us are still amazed that so many investors got sucked into such an insane speculative financial mania.
The thing is, it has happened many times before.
For instance, in the mid-1600s Holland literally drove itself to ruin over flowers – tulips, to be precise.
Referred to today as Tulip Mania, Tulipomania, or Tulpewoerde, it was the first recorded speculative mania in modern history.
Indeed, the financial frenzy that unfolded between 1634 and 1637 crashed so hard that it actually helped smash the Dutch economy, transforming one of the world's first superpowers into an economic backwater.
Writing nearly 200 years later in his classic work, "Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds," historian Charles MacKay said:
"In 1634, the rage among the Dutch to possess [tulip bulbs] was so great that the ordinary industry of the country was neglected, and the population, even to its lowest dregs, engaged in the tulip trade. As the mania increased, prices augmented, until in the year 1635, many persons were known to invest a fortune of 100,000 florins for the purchase of 40 roots."
For some context, the annual income of a middle-class urban family in Holland was 200 to 1,000 florins. (University of Kansas Prof. Mark Hirschey estimated that peak prices for tulip bulbs ranged between $17,000 and $76,000 apiece in today's money.)
Tulip Madness Takes Hold
Like most manias, Tulip Madness took hold during a period of prosperity, when credit was easy to obtain. The Netherlands had the world's most powerful navy, accounted for half the world's shipping trade, was a center of science and, with artists like Vermeer, was also the cultural center of Europe.
The country was newly affluent and tulips, which had come to Europe in the late 1500s, were difficult to obtain and became a way to flaunt that wealth.
Naturally, the DeVries wanted to keep up with the Van Dijks, and tulip prices began their upward march.
It wasn't long before tulips with variegated color patterns (caused, ironically, by a nonlethal virus), became the most valued. Cultivators scoured their gardens hoping for "a strike," which was akin to hitting the lottery.
As MacKay relates, it wasn't long before the business of Holland became, well, tulip bulbs.
By 1636 regular tulip "marts" were established on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, and in such centers as Rotterdam, Harlaem, Leyden, Alkmar and Hoorn. Grading systems were established – the more striking the pattern, the higher the price.
Theft became a problem. And so did market manipulation.
The get-rich crowd descended on the "market" – the stock jobbers, promoters and profiteers, who goosed prices just like the pump-and-dumpers do with worthless penny stocks today.
Market riggers would even sometimes release specially trained animals (pigs were a favorite) into rivals' tulip fields to dig up, eat and flat-out destroy tulip bulbs – eradicating competition and creating sudden shortages.
Serious tulip "investors" employed messengers to deliver updates on marketplace changes.
Futures markets were created and speculators wrote contracts they had no intention of honoring; they'd just flip the contract to the next "Greater Fool" and pocket the profit.
The rich and the regular speculated together, with some selling homes and farms – often at fire-sale levels – to raise cash for tulip speculation.
All the while, prices rose – even soared. At one point, tulip prices were doubling every day.
No More "Greater Fools"
Needless to say, this couldn't continue. With most of the country's population all in, there were no more "Greater Fools" to sell to.
In the early autumn of 1636, the prudent – or perhaps the "insiders" – began to sell their tulip holdings. Prices hesitated, fell a bit, seemed to stabilize, and then fell some more.
The decline steepened, and finally prices collapsed – dropping about 90% in six weeks. Defaults, margin calls and liens were the order of the day.
Traders beseeched the government to step in, but the request was met with an order to "settle it amongst yourselves." When no agreement could be reached, leaders agreed that all contracts negotiated at the mania's height were null and void.
Prices continued to fall, and the courts refused to honor tulip-related debts, since these were actually viewed as gambling debts, and therefore weren't liabilities in the eyes of the law.
Stock jobbers tried to reignite Tulip Mania, first in Holland and then in other places in Europe, but were unable to do so.
The Netherlands was never again the world leader it had once been.
One final footnote: As Prof. Hirschey noted in a research paper "How Much is a Tulip Worth?" the price paid for a single Viceroy tulip bulb at the height of the mania was $34,584. Today, horticulturists purchasing bulbs of particularly rare varieties of tulip might pay 30 cents to 40 cents each – or what the bulbs sold for after the collapse of Tulip Madness.
I wanted to tell you this story today because it's one of my favorite investing lessons.
My co-author – top-tier money manager Anthony Gallea – and I wrote about Tulip Mania in our 1998 book "Contrarian Investing: How to Buy and Sell When Others Won't and Make Money Doing It."
It's a great story because of the valuable lessons to be learned.
The most important: Avoid being the "Greater Fool" by searching out solid investments and constructing a well-thought-out portfolio.
That's our mission here at Private Briefing where we've already shown more than 14,000 investors how to invest and profit – but without becoming the next "Greater Fool." To learn how you can join our group, just click here.
With the benefit of hindsight, it's easy to see that the most disastrous mistakes that investors make – like laying out your life savings for a tulip bulb, or an Internet stock – should be the easiest to avoid.
But in the heat of the moment – in the pursuit of profits – it becomes surprisingly difficult.
We can show you how to reach life's destinations – richer and less stressed.
Related Articles and News:
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We're Not Saber Rattling, We're Simply Connecting the Dots
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With Internet Traffic Set to Zoom, Here's the Stock You Need to Buy
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Don't Let Wall Street Play You For a "Fool"
About the Author
Before he moved into the investment-research business in 2005, William (Bill) Patalon III spent 22 years as an award-winning financial reporter, columnist, and editor. Today he is the Executive Editor and Senior Research Analyst for Money Morning. With his latest project, Private Briefing, Bill takes you "behind the scenes" of his established investment news website for a closer look at the action. Members get all the expert analysis and exclusive scoops he can't publish... and some of the most valuable picks that turn up in Bill's closed-door sessions with editors and experts. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39009.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
A patient aged 64 years presented with complaints of thickened toenails for the past 2 years. He denied other medical problems.
Submit your diagnosis to see full explanation.
Onychomycosis is a term that encompasses all fungal infections of the nail plate by fungal dermatophytes and non-dermatophytes, whereas tinea unguium refers specifically to an infection of the nail unit by dermatophytes.
Tinea unguium occurs worldwide. The most common pathogen is T. rubrum. The other two most common causes are T. mentagrophytes and E. floccosum.
There are three classic patterns of onychomycosis based upon the point of fungal entry into the nail.
The first type, distal/lateral subungual, is due to invasion of the fungus through the hyponychium and is most commonly caused by T. rubrum.
The third type, proximal subungual onychomycosis, is due to invasion under the proximal nail fold and is most commonly caused by T. rubrum and may be an indication of immunosuppression such as from HIV/AIDS.
Onychomycosis can have a variety of presentations. Most classically, T. rubrum induced onychomycosis starts at the distal corner of the nail and involves the junction of the nail and its bed. A yellowish discoloration may occur at the junction, which then spreads proximally at a streak in the nail.
As the infection progresses, subungual hyperkeratosis (scaling under the hyponychium) occurs and spreads until the entire nail is affected. The entire nail may eventually become brittle and separate from the bed because of the build-up of subungual keratin.
Toenail infections are more common than fingernail infections, and fingernail infections are rarely present without concomitant toenail infections. In most cases, multiple nails are involved in both hands and feet. Both fingernails and toenails present similarly, and the skin of the soles are usually afflicted as well, with characteristic scaling and erythema.
While some patients consider onychomycosis as only a mild cosmetic concern, some patients complain of discomfort and pain associated with nail trimming, running, and other activities. In patients diagnosed with diabetes or immunocompromised diseases, serious complications such as cellulitis can result.
The diagnosis of onychomycosis can be made by demonstrating fungus in clippings or curetting of dystrophic subungual debris by microscopic exam or by culture. Rapid in-office diagnostics can be performed on very thin shavings or curetting samples examined with potassium hydroxide (KOH) solution.
A variety of stains such as chlorazol black E can be used to improve diagnostic yield. Histopathologic examination of formalin-fixed PAS-stained nail plates demonstrating hyphae is a quick and reliable method for diagnosing onychomycosis and has proved more sensitive than either KOH or culture. While histologic examination is quicker than cultures, identification of the specific pathogen can only be performed with culture.
The current standard of treatment still recommends oral systemic therapy with oral terbinafine being the most effective medication. Recurrent disease after successful treatment, especially in the toenails, is common.
Clinicians should always recommend preventative measures such as breathable footwear and cotton socks, antifungal or absorbent powders, and frequent nail clippings. Patients with asymptomatic onychomycosis may not seek treatment.
Christopher Chu, BS, is a medical student at Baylor College of Medicine.
Adam Rees, MD, a graduate of the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, practices dermatology in Los Angeles.
- Bolognia J, Jorizzo J, and Rapini R. “Chapter 77 – Fungal Diseases.” Dermatology. [St. Louis, Mo.]: Mosby/Elsevier, 2008. Print.
- James W, Berger T, Elston D, and Odom R. “Chapter 15 – Diseases Resulting from Fungi and Yeast.” Andrews’ Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier, 2006. Print. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_3901.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Hispanics of Mexican Origin in the United States, 2010
An estimated 32.9 million Hispanics of Mexican origin resided in the United States in 2010, according to the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey. Mexicans in this statistical profile are people who self-identified as Hispanics of Mexican origin; this means either they themselves are Mexican immigrants or they trace their family ancestry to Mexico. Mexicans are the largest population of Hispanic origin living in the United States, accounting for nearly two-thirds (64.9%) of the U.S. Hispanic population in 2010.1
This statistical profile compares the demographic, income and economic characteristics of the Mexican population with the characteristics of all Hispanics and the U.S. population overall. It is based on tabulations from the 2010 American Community Survey by the Pew Hispanic Center, a project of the Pew Research Center.2 Key facts include:
- Immigration status. More than one-third (36%) of Mexicans in the United States are foreign born compared with 37% of Hispanics and 13% of the U.S. population overall. About two-in-three immigrants from Mexico (65%) arrived in the U.S. in 1990 or later. Less than one-quarter of Mexican immigrants (23%) are U.S. citizens.
- Language. Nearly two-thirds (64%) of Mexicans ages 5 and older speak English proficiently.3 The other 36% of Mexicans report speaking English less than very well, compared with 35% of all Hispanics.
- Age. Mexicans are younger than both the U.S. population and Hispanics overall. The median age of Mexicans is 25; the median ages of the U.S. population and all Hispanics are 37 and 27, respectively.
- Marital status. Mexicans are about as likely as Hispanics overall to be married—46% versus 44%.
- Fertility. More than two-fifths (44%) of Mexican women ages 15 to 44 who gave birth in the 12 months prior to the survey were unmarried. That was less than the rate for all Hispanic women—45%—and greater than the overall rate for U.S. women—38%.
- Regional dispersion. More than half of Mexicans live in the West (52%), mostly in California (36%), and another 35% live in the South, mostly in Texas (25%).
- Educational attainment. Mexicans have lower levels of education than the Hispanic population overall. Some 9% of Mexicans ages 25 and older—compared with 13% of all U.S. Hispanics—have obtained at least a bachelor’s degree.
- Income. The median annual personal earnings for Mexicans ages 16 and older were $20,000 in 2010, the same as for U.S. Hispanics in total.
- Poverty status. The share of Mexicans who live in poverty, 27%, is higher than the rate for the general U.S. population (15%) and slightly above the rate for Hispanics overall (25%).
- Health Insurance. One-third of Mexicans (34%) do not have health insurance compared with 31% of all Hispanics and 16% of the general U.S. population. Additionally, 16% of Mexicans younger than 18 are uninsured.
- Homeownership. The rate of Mexican homeownership (50%) is higher than the rate for all Hispanics (47%) but lower than the 65% rate for the U.S. population as a whole.
About the Data
This statistical profile of Hispanics of Mexican origin is based on the Census Bureau’s 2010 American Community Survey (ACS). The ACS is the largest household survey in the United States, with a sample of about 3 million addresses. The data used for this statistical profile come from 2010 ACS Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS), representing a 1% sample of the U.S. population.
Like any survey, estimates from the ACS are subject to sampling error and (potentially) measurement error. Information on the ACS sampling strategy and associated error is available at http://www.census.gov/acs/www/methodology/methodology_main/. An example of measurement error is that citizenship rates for the foreign born are estimated to be overstated in the Decennial Census and other official surveys, such as the ACS (see Jeffrey Passel. “Growing Share of Immigrants Choosing Naturalization,” Pew Hispanic Center, Washington, D.C. (March 28, 2007)). Finally, estimates from the ACS may differ from the Decennial Census or other Census Bureau surveys due to differences in methodology and data collection procedures (see, for example, http://www.census.gov/acs/www/Downloads/methodology/ASA_nelson.pdf, http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/laborfor/laborfactsheet092209.html and http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/poverty/about/datasources/factsheet.html). | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39010.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Air pollution is not a problem just faced by one country but by many, crossing borders. In the ASEAN region, we must all do our part to address air pollution and mitigate climate change
With a better understanding of the many benefits of coordinated air pollution and climate change mitigation strategies, ASEAN countries strengthened their commitment to collaboratively address regional air quality issues during a three-day Clean Air Asia capacity building workshop in Manila.
The “Realizing Co-benefits through Air Pollution Reduction Strategies and Climate Change Policies” workshop from November 22-24, supported by the Canada Fund for Local Initiatives and in partnership with the ASEAN Secretariat, brought together 27 people from eight ASEAN countries to harmonize and align air quality initiatives and climate change policies, which in turn will enable cities in the region to capitalize on multiple economic, environmental and health returns.
The workshop provided a venue for the participants – representatives of the ASEAN Working Group of Environmentally Sustainable Cities and the ASEAN Working Group on Climate Change – to interact, share experiences and identify areas of potential synergy.
This was particularly important given that Southeast Asia is one of the world’s fastest growing regions and home to up to 580 million city dwellers, with that growth largely fueled by the rapid rate of urban expansion. And while that expansion presented a range of sustainability challenges, there also existed opportunities to develop and implement policies that simultaneously improved air quality and helped to offset the impacts of climate change.
“This training is particularly relevant for ASEAN given the pace of urbanization in key cities in the region, making them into fast-growing sources of air pollution and greenhouse gases,” said Clean Air Asia Executive Director Bjarne Pedersen.
“Recognizing co-benefits can potentially save resources and time for governments and will enable ASEAN countries and cities to not only attract new flows of carbon and development financing, but also to reduce the region’s vulnerability to climate change impacts. For these reasons, ASEAN countries and cities are well positioned to capitalize on the quantification and integration of co-benefits into policies.”
The workshop also included a site visit to the Asian Development Bank to introduce participants to some of its climate change initiatives and the opportunities that exist for governments in the region to access climate funding and support, and to demonstrate how greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced through the adoption of more efficient and greener technologies.
Among those in attendance at the workshop were Canadian Ambassador to the Philippines John Holmes and Canadian Ambassador to ASEAN Marie-Louise Hannan, both of whom praised the regional commitment to address climate change and the worsening air pollution problem plaguing Southeast Asia.
“Air pollution is not a problem just faced by one country but by many, crossing borders,” Ms. Hannan said. “In the ASEAN region, we must all do our part to address air pollution and mitigate climate change.
“It is very clear that there is much commitment in the region to this difficult problem. It is easy for Canada to support these initiatives as a clean environment is important to all of us but a difficult problem to solve. I admire and thank the people for their commitment and dedication to find solutions to the problem, which is critical for Asia and the world.”
The workshop complemented Clean Air Asia’s current partnership with the ASEAN Secretariat, which began with the Train-for-Clean-Air (T4CA) Programme in 2014. T4CA is a regional training approach adopted by GIZ’s “Clean Air for Smaller Cities in the ASEAN Region” Project, which wound up in 2015, that was aimed at assisting cities in the development and implementation of clean air plans and in making informed air quality policies and decisions. The co-benefits course was developed in 2014 by the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, with support from the Ministry of Environment of Japan, under Clean Air Asia’s Integrated Programme for Better Air Quality in Asia (IBAQ Programme).
Since 2014, Clean Air Asia has been the Regional Training Hub on Air Quality under the framework of ASEAN Working Group for Environmentally Sustainable Cities. T4CA is comprised of six courses aimed at different city-level stakeholders: The Strategic Framework for Air-Quality Management (AQM) for High-Level Decision-Makers; AQ Monitoring for Smaller Cities; Emissions Inventories for Smaller Cities; Awareness-Raising for Media and Civil Society Groups; Developing Effective AQM Communication Strategy; and Curbing Emissions from the Transport Sector. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39011.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Every year, we hear of a child or pet dying as a result of heat stroke after being left to sit in a motor vehicle.
Yet most people don’t realize their car can act like a lethal “oven” when the outside temperature reaches 90 degrees Fahrenheit.
That’s because cars function like miniature “greenhouses” and are great about letting heat in but poor in pushing heat out.
As a result, the interior of their cars can quickly reach temperatures above 120 degrees, even if the windows were open “just a crack” to make sure the kids or pets “got a little air.”
So why are children “left” in the car? There seem to be three main reasons for infants and young children being left behind:
(1) The child was “forgotten” or overlooked by their caregiver.
(2) The child was playing in an unattended vehicle.
(3) The child was “briefly” left by an adult while running errands.
Children are not able to regulate their internal temperatures as well as adults. Their systems are still getting used to knowing how to adjust to extreme heat.
In fact, they are so sensitive to high temperatures that their bodies warm up to five times faster than an adult’s.
Unless they are kept hydrated and protected from this heat danger, they can develop a serious heat-related illness very quickly.
WHEN CARS ACT LIKE OVENS
On a 90-degree day (even with windows open a “crack”):
(1) In 10 minutes, the inside of a car reaches 109 degrees (19 degrees warmer than outside).
(2) In 20 minutes, the inside of a car reaches 119 degrees (29 degrees warmer than outside).
(3) In 30 minutes, the inside of a car reaches 124 degrees (34 degrees warmer than outside). At this temperature, the car is a death trap.
(4) In 60 minutes, the inside of a car reaches 133 degrees (43 degrees warmer than outside).
(5) In 90 minutes, the inside of a car reaches 138 degrees (48 degrees warmer than outside).
Of note, a dark dashboard or seat can quickly reach temperatures in the range of 180 to more than 200 degrees F. This can easily cause burns of the skin.
What the numbers are telling us is the internal temperature of a parked car can heat up to dangerous levels.
And it is important to know that even if parked in the shade, the temperature inside your car can rise to potentially deadly levels for those left behind.
According to KidsandCars.org, the number of deaths in infants and young children has averaged 38 a year since 1998.
And, as of June 21, 2013, the number of child vehicular heat stroke deaths already was at 14.
For the previous four years, the statistics are as follows:
n Child vehicular heat stroke deaths for 2012: 32.
n Child vehicular heat stroke deaths for 2011: 33.
n Child vehicular heat stroke deaths for 2010: 49.
n Child vehicular heat stroke deaths for 2009: 33.
I know these may sound pretty simple, but safety doesn’t always happen and a child or pet is accidentally left behind:
(1) Never leave a child unattended in a car, even if the windows are left open.
(2) Lock your car after making sure all children are out, including the quiet and sleeping infants.
(3) Teach the children the trunk is not a place to play.
(4) Keep car keys out of children’s reach so they cannot enter the car without your presence.
(5) If a child is missing, check the car, including the trunk.
(6) “Look before you leave” and check all back seats before closing the door.
(7) Don’t leave pets in the car, even if only for a few minutes. In this high heat and humidity, they can quickly die.
(8) Call 911 if you happen to pass a car or truck with a child or pet left unattended.
(9) Busy parents have a lot on their mind. A suggestion is to leave your purse or wallet or some other item that you will need next to the sleeping infant in the back seat. This will serve as a double-check to ensure all are out of the car before you leave.
Sadly, as the numbers from KidsandCars.org tell us, cars may be great for travel, but they make horrible baby sitters. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39012.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
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My Word Book helps students start making the link between words and images by learning the "labels" for familiar objects in their world. The process of adding words that are relevant and personally meaningful engages students in learning and remembering. It also facilitates differentiated instruction by enabling each student to add words appropriate for that student. As students expand the collection of words they recognize and use correctly, they gain confidence and a sense of ownership of our language. Grades K-1.
Vendor: Educators Publishing Service | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39013.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
One major challenge teachers face, is how to effectively and efficiently teach students with varying educatonal needs. The solution, is blended learning. One of the benefits of blended learning is that it allows teachers to step back and take an observatory approach that supplements the lessons they are administering. It provides insight on when to step in if students need more help, and when to step back when it seems students have mastered a skill.
Here are two blended learning models, that have been used effectively in K-12 classrooms, to increase student reading levels:
1. Station Rotation
This model aims to keep students engaged with learning that is focussed and individualized, by having teachers at established stations where they will work with a small number of students at a time. Not all stations require technology (thus, the blend of technology with tradition). Here are some examples of stations:
A computer station where students receive a somewhat self-paced session on foundational reading skills. Teachers at this station can address student needs accordingly. For students who are require more time and instruction, teachers can recycle lesson plans that are at the same level, to provide a simple but still effective lesson. For students who are catching on quickly, teachers can provide them with the next lesson. This ensures no student is being rushed onto the next stage before they are ready, or prolonged in a stage they have already mastered.
A reading station where students can be pre-assigned books to match their reading level, and be given reading comprehension questions as a follow-up.
A video station that provides grammar and spelling lessons. Teachers can introduce new words weekly or bi-weekly, and assign writing assignments where students must include the new words to prove they understand their meaning.
An examination station, designed to “check-up” on a student’s progress, and determine where in the reading level they fall. This is essentially a student assessment.
Based on the assessments that teachers assign, they can group students who are at similar reading levels, and provide the necessary lessons for each group accordingly.
2. Lab Rotation
This model is set in a computer lab, mediated and supervised by a teacher, where they can administer engaging assessments on what is being taught in class. This allows students to test their new skills, and teachers to determine whether the students are ready to move on to the next lesson. This model also allows teachers to pinpoint which students could use more help in which areas, so they can then provide the relevant resources and education to assist.
Posted on Lambda Solutions Blog on: Feb 10, 2016 07:00:00 AM PST
|Nimritta is a Marketing Coordinator at Lambda Solutions| | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39014.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Al-Araqib—one of forty-five Palestinian Bedouin villages in the Bir al-Sabi‘ district (the Negev/Naqab) that are deemed “illegal” by the Israeli government—is representative of Palestinian Bedouin communities that have been engaged in a struggle with the Israeli government over land ownership and housing rights since 1948. These villages (sometimes referred to as unrecognized villages) have populations ranging between 300 and 5,000; they are denied public services and infrastructure, including roads, electricity, and running water and are subject to demolition. The “illegality” of these villages stems from Israeli legal-political policies and practices of displacement, dispossession, and denial of land rights of non-Jewish residents and lack of zoning and planning in areas in which they reside.
Since 1948, the Israeli authorities have sought to concentrate the Bedouin in three townships. An estimated 13,000 (out of 90,000) Palestinian Bedouin remained within Israel when the state was created in 1948; many were later forcibly moved to a triangular area covering 1.5 million dunams northeast of Bir al-Sabi’ known as the siyāj (“fenced”), where some Bedouin villages were located. The existing and relocated villages grew in size over the years but remained excluded from state zoning plans. Israeli planning authorities who drew up master plans at the national, district, and local levels did not acknowledge the existence of the villages and zoned their sites as national parks and reserves, agricultural, or military areas, rather than residential. Because Israel denies Bedouin land ownership, these villages are considered to be built over “state land” and their residents are deemed trespassers.
However, between the late 1960s and early 1990s, Israel planned and granted legal status to seven townships that house half of the Palestinian Bedouin population in Bir al-Sabi’. The other half continue to live in the unrecognized villages. In addition, after 2000, the Israeli government decided to grant “recognition,” mostly partial, to eleven villages, most of which remain, however, without significant change. Within this context, al-Araqib testifies to the Israeli policies of concentration, displacement and dispossession and symbolizes the Bedouins’ struggle.
Al-Araqib refers historically to a hilly area between Bir al-Sabi’ and Rahat that includes two cisterns and an Islamic cemetery that dates back to 1914. Two large families, al-Uqbi and al-Turi (Tayaha), lived there until 1948. With the occupation of al-Araqib, most of the families were expelled to the Dhahriya area (south of the West Bank), but some were allowed to return in 1949. In 1951 the Israeli government ordered the residents to leave their homes for six months under the pretext of military training in the area; they were then not allowed to return and most of their land was confiscated in 1954 under the 1953 Land Acquisition Law. Most members of al-Turi family ended up resettling near the town of Rahat, whereas the al-Uqbi family were resettled near Hura. Both families have filed claims for land ownership in the 1970s, requesting that all lands they have possessed and cultivated be registered under their name. These land claims, like 3,220 others that were filed, were frozen. The claimants refused to accept any state-proposed compensation; instead, they initiated the registration of their lands in court and have waged a legal battle with the state since 2006. Al-Uqbi claimed various land parcels in al-Araqib and in Zhiliqa (1,251 dunams) that had already been claimed in 1972-73 by Sheikh Suleiman al-Uqbi. Both the Beersheba District Court and (later) the Israeli Supreme Court dismissed the al-Uqbi case; al-Turi family members are still engaged in legal proceedings to prove their property rights over 1,600 dunams.
In 1998, around fifty Bedouin families decided to return to al-Araqib to live on their land when it became clear that the Jewish National Fund intended to plant trees in the area. The confrontation between the residents and the state escalated over time. At first, Israeli authorities destroyed village crops, but on 27 July 2010 they demolished the entire village, which consisted of 46 structures, including 30 houses, and accommodated around 300 persons. By June 2017, al-Araqib had witnessed over one hundred demolitions (which typically targeted all structures, shacks, tents, mobile homes, hens, and water tanks). Al-Araqib was rebuilt after each demolition, but the number and the quality of the structures decreased over time. Dozens of residents continue to live near the village’s cemetery in very precarious conditions. Construction material, such as metal and wood, was many times taken or buried by the state in order to prevent residents from reusing it to rebuild the structures. Further, the demolitions resulted in injuries and arrests, and the state authorities sued the families for more than one million NIS to cover the cost of the demolitions.
Al-Araqib’s situation has attracted media attention, and has been highlighted in a 2011 report addressed by James Anaya, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, to the UN Human Rights Council. The response of the Israeli government to the issues raised by Anaya, reflected Israel’s political and legal position toward al-Araqib and the rest of the Bedouins in the Negev. It rejected their classification as an indigenous people, denied their longstanding presence in the country and pretended that “the so-called El-Arkib village was simply an act of squatting on state owned land. The individuals never had ownership over this land.”
The struggle of al-Araqib has mobilized a coalition of local and international activists and organizations, The community of al-Araqib is supported by a number of NGOs and associations, including the Negev Coexistence Forum for Civil Equality, the Regional Council for the Unrecognized Villages, and Adalah, and by various political parties and movements. The village has come to represent the struggle of the Palestinians in Israel against land dispossession and discrimination and mainly against the Judaization of the Negev. In 2011, the Palestinian political parties and leadership in Israel decided to hold the main Land Day activities in al-Araqib, a symbol of resilience and somoud par excellence whose residents have insisted on their right to live on their lands and have repeatedly rebuilt their village despite the heavy monetary and psychological costs.
Amara, Ahmad. “The Negev Land Question: Between Denial and Recognition.” Journal of Palestine Studies 42, no.3 (2013): 27–47.
Amara, Ahmad, Ismael Abu-Saad, and Oren Yiftachel, eds. Indigenous (In)Justice: Human Rights Law and Bedouin Arabs in the Naqab/ Negev. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012.
Nasasra, Mansour. The Naqab Bedouins: A Century of Politics and Resistance. New York: Columbia University Press, 2017.
Nasasra, Mansour, Sophie Richter-Devroe, Sarab Abu-Rabia-Queder, and Richard Ratcliffe, eds. The Naqab Bedouin and Colonialism: New Perspective. London: Routledge, 2015.
Negev Coexistence Forum for Civil Equality “Enforcing Distress: House Demolition Policy in the Bedouin Community in the Negev,” 2016; dukium.org
Zochrot. “Remembering al –‘Araqib”; zochrot.org
“Report by the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Anaya.” UN Human Rights Council (A/HRC/18/35/Add.1); ohchr.org | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39015.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
As human societies evolve into knowledge-based and technology-driven entities, regrettably, various socio-economic and cultural conditions emerge, which increase the vulnerability of young people to negative life outcomes. Consequently, while knowledge acquisition and application remains critical to sustaining positive development outcomes, adopting proper approach to knowledge gain becomes imperative, and such is what mentoring affords.
Mentoring is simply the systematic introduction of new ideas and thought processes to engender intellectual and behavioural changes in individuals (mentees). It involves deliberate and pragmatic approach to talent development and character-moulding of the mentee, whereby, the character and expertise of the mentor is perfectly inculcated in the mentee. Mentoring, whether formal or informal, provides positive support to youths’ aspirations, inspiring new possibilities and creating robust and advantageous social linkages.
Ultimately, mentoring of youths yields youth empowerment, reinforcing in them positive perceptions, self-esteem, self-worth and integrity consciousness, building the intellectual, social and financial capacities of youth to enable them secure sustainable livelihoods and contribute meaningfully to societal development. The Role of Mentoring in Youth Empowerment and Employment Generation
Unarguably, every aspect of our national life needs talent grooming and inter-generational skills transfer to maintain a robust pipeline of skilled human resources. Youths obviously constitute the muscle for national development, whose talents and energies must be positively harnessed. This however demands that they be empowered intellectually and otherwise, and diversified but sector-specific mentoring provides such an avenue.
Primarily, mentoring, research reveals, promotes academic excellence (arguably the most essential empowerment tool), ensuring that students jettison juvenile delinquencies and study hard so as to fit gainfully into the largely knowledge-based and innovation-driven society. It equally affords students the opportunity of meeting industry professionals and securing internship programmes capable of sharpening their skills in line with industry requirements, thereby enhancing their employability. Importantly too, mentoring is a powerful tool for eliminating gender-based discrimination (a structural barrier to women empowerment). In Nigeria today, investment in intellectual empowerment of girl-children is low due to discrimination, early marriage, teenage pregnancies etc. leaving yawning disparities in enrollment of both sexes in educational institutions. However, with proper mentoring designed to eliminate these underlying cultural barriers, young women will have equal opportunity of intellectually empowering themselves and maximally harnessing their potential.
Equally, mentoring is critical to empowering youths in science and technology development and application, essential to Nigeria’s industrial revolution. Indeed, it is through grooming of youths in science and technology, that our research culture will be resuscitated and local technological solutions developed to enhance the deployment of modern productivity tools capable of transforming our economy; reducing import; expanding local industries and creating jobs.
Health-wise, mentoring affords youths the opportunity of imbibing healthy lifestyles, shunning substance abuse, promoting environmental hygiene and abstaining from casual sex, thereby reducing their vulnerability to diseases capable of ruining their future. Besides, effective mentoring of health workers is essential to improve health care delivery, increase life expectancy and reduce the huge resources spent on foreign medical trips.
Agriculture is currently the most employment-intensive sector. Mentoring programmes like extension exercises which can grant youths hands-on experience on practical agriculture and the privilege of sharing from the wealth of experience of successful farmers, learning the challenges and opportunities inherent in the profession is therefore critical to employment expansion. Furthermore, youth apathy to agriculture, attributable to widespread misconceptions can be reversed with proper information-sharing between agro-practitioners and prospective agriculturists. With such misconception dispelled, and vibrant knowledge transfer mechanism engendered, more youths will get involved and readily adopt modern technologies to advance agriculture, thereby, expanding employment opportunities. Furthermore, with expanded agro-productivity and technological innovation, agro-processing cottage industries will spring-up, providing off-farm job opportunities, while enhancing food security and creating wealth, thereby, increasing youths’ access to financial empowerment.
Art and craft is one cultural trade with immense employment potentials, besides preserving the people’s cherished cultural heritage. However, it demands effective mentoring and talent development to maintain competitiveness. This trade, coupled with cultural festivals, carnivals and expos can enhance tourism development, thereby, further expanding opportunities for youths.
In the media/entertainment industry, mentoring facilitates the emergence of star actors, singers, presenters etc. by providing sound platform for acquisition and perfection of relevant skills. Performing arts and creative industry demands intensive on-the-job mentoring for young minds to be groomed and sharpened to break new frontiers and compete with their counterparts globally.
Business-wise, mentoring provides ample opportunity for youths to develop greater confidence, resilience and decision-making abilities imperative for business prosperity. It creates platforms for new business ideas and innovative technologies to be shared to aspiring business men/women. Youths properly mentored develop good communication skills and learn how to discover and analyze business opportunities, draw-up concrete business plans and access funding options for their businesses. Besides, as global economic societies become increasingly ICT-based, youths mentored on computer skills stand a greater chance of maximally harnessing the vast opportunities offered by the information superhighway to promote their businesses and capture international markets, thereby expanding employment opportunities, reducing the spate of violence and crime and rebuilding ladders of peace and security.
Politically, mentoring on public affairs and human rights can empower youths with core leadership abilities, enabling them participate effectively in mainstream political process. Over time, youth involvement in electoral malpractices has created negative stereotype, limiting the political space youths occupy and undermining agitation for more youth-oriented policies. However, with an effective, youth-focused mentoring exercise, youths will be adequately empowered and encouraged to participate positively and effectively in policy formulation and implementation to ensure that youths’ interests are well captured. This will ensure that capacity development and employment expansion programmes for youths are vigorously pursued.
Finally, sports undoubtedly provide vast opportunities for youths to secure gainful livelihoods. However, becoming a sports icon demands painstaking grooming. For instance, a young talented footballer mentored diligently by a coach is empowered with competitive football skills, which will earn him both substantial livelihood and national and international fame while uplifting his country’s image.
Categorically, mentoring is critical to result-oriented youth empowerment and accelerated employment generation.
1Dryfoos, J (1998), “Safe Passage: Making it Through Adolescence in a Risky Society”, New York, Oxford University Press, http://www.thirteen.org/openmind/education/safe-passages-making-it-through-adolescence-in-a-risky-society/375/
2“Mentoring Together: Empowering Youth and Integrating Communities”, Sambhava, July 24,2012, http://sambhava.org/2012/07/24/mentor-together-empowering-youth-and-integrating-communities/
3“4-H Youth Mentoring” Michigan 4-H Youth Development, April 30, 2013, http://4h.msue.msu.edu/programs/mentoring
4Tierney, J. & J Grossman (with Resch, N.) (2000), Making a difference: An impact Study of big brothers/Big Sisters, Philadelphia, Public/Private Ventures
5“The Value of Mentoring”, MENTOR, National Mentoring Partnership, http://www.mentoring.org/about_mentor/value_of_mentoring/
6Losciuto, L., A. Rajala, T.Townsend & A. Taylor (1996), “An Outcome Evaluation of Across Ages: An Intergenerational Mentoring Approach to Drug Prevention”, Journal of Adolescent Research 11, pg. 116-129
7“Mentoring Programmes and Youth Development: A Synthesis”, The National Re-entry Resource Centre, http://csgjusticecenter.org/nrrc/?src=rss
8“Youth Mentoring: An Investment in a Youth’s Future”, Goodwill Industries of the Valleys, http://www.goodwillvalleys.com/work-and-training-services/youth-services/youth-mentoring-2/
9“Empowering Youth to Become Leaders Through One-on-one Mentorship with Adult Newcomers”, Toronto Community Foundation, http://www.tcf.ca/stories/toronto-centre-community-learning-development-youth-empowering-parents
Additional information obtained from:
Rhodes, J. (2001), “Youth Mentoring in Perspective” http://www.infed.org/learningmentors/youth_mentoring_in_perspective.htm
“Helping Youth Take Advantage of Mentorship Programs”, Centre for Youth Development and Mentoring Services, www.cydms.org/mentorship-programs | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39017.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Ovarian Cancer Prevention
Avoiding risk factors and increasing protective factors may help prevent cancer. Avoiding cancer risk factors such as smoking, being overweight, and lack of exercise may help prevent certain cancers. Increasing protective factors such as quitting smoking, eating a healthy diet, and exercising may also help prevent some cancers. Talk to your doctor or other health care professional about how you might lower your risk of cancer.
The following risk factors may increase the risk of ovarian cancer:
Family history of ovarian cancer
A woman whose mother or sister had ovarian cancer has an increased risk of ovarian cancer. A woman with two or more relatives with ovarian cancer also has an increased risk of ovarian cancer.
The risk of ovarian cancer is increased in women who have inherited certain changes in the following genes:
Hormone replacement therapy
- BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes.
- Genes that are linked to hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC; Lynch syndrome).
The use of estrogen -only hormone replacement therapy (HRT) after menopause increases the risk of ovarian cancer. The longer estrogen replacement therapy is used, the greater the risk may be. It is not clear whether the risk of ovarian cancer is increased with the use of HRT that has both estrogen and progestin.
The use of fertility drugs may be linked to an increased risk of ovarian cancer.
The use of talc may increase the risk of ovarian cancer. Talcum powder dusted on the perineum (the area between the vagina and the anus) may reach the ovaries by entering the vagina.
Having too much body fat, especially during the teenage years, is linked to an increased risk of ovarian cancer. Being obese is linked to an increased risk of death from ovarian cancer.
The following protective factors may decrease the risk of ovarian cancer:
The use of oral contraceptives (“the pill”) lowers ovarian cancer risk. The longer oral contraceptives are used, the lower the risk may be. The decrease in risk may last up to 25 years after a woman has stopped using oral contraceptives.
Taking oral contraceptives increases the risk of blood clots. This risk is higher in women who also smoke. There may be a slight increase in a woman’s risk of breast cancer during the time she is taking oral contraceptives. This risk decreases over time.
Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Pregnancy and breastfeeding are linked to a decreased risk of ovarian cancer. Ovulation stops or occurs less often in women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Some experts believe that women who ovulate less often have a decreased risk of ovarian cancer.
Bilateral tubal ligation or hysterectomy
The risk of ovarian cancer is decreased in women who have a bilateral tubal ligation (surgery to close both fallopian tubes) or a hysterectomy (surgery to remove the uterus).
Some women who have a high risk of ovarian cancer may choose to have a prophylactic oophorectomy (surgery to remove both ovaries when there are no signs of cancer). This includes women who have inherited certain changes in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes or in the genes linked to hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC). (See the PDQ summary on Genetics of Breast and Ovarian Cancer for more information.)
It is very important to have a cancer risk assessment and counseling before making this decision. These and other factors should be discussed:
The drop in estrogen levels caused by removing the ovaries can cause early menopause. Symptoms of menopause include the following:
- Hot flashes.
- Night sweats.
- Trouble sleeping.
- Mood changes.
- Decreased sex drive.
- Heart disease.
- Vaginal dryness.
- Osteoporosis (decreased bone density).
These symptoms may not be the same in all women. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may be needed to lessen these symptoms.
Risk of ovarian cancer in the peritoneum: Women who have had a prophylactic oophorectomy continue to have a small risk of ovarian cancer in the peritoneum (thin layer of tissue that lines the inside of the abdomen). This may occur if ovarian cancer cells had already spread to the peritoneum before the surgery or if some ovarian tissue remains after surgery.
Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to prevent cancer.
Cancer prevention clinical trials are used to study ways to lower the risk of developing certain types of cancer. Some cancer prevention trials are conducted with healthy people who have not had cancer but who have an increased risk for cancer. Other prevention trials are conducted with people who have had cancer and are trying to prevent another cancer of the same type or to lower their chance of developing a new type of cancer. Other trials are done with healthy volunteers who are not known to have any risk factors for cancer.
The purpose of some cancer prevention clinical trials is to find out whether actions people take can prevent cancer. These may include eating fruits and vegetables, exercising, quitting smoking, or taking certain medicines, vitamins, minerals, or food supplements.
New ways to prevent ovarian cancer are being studied in clinical trials.
Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the country. Information about clinical trials can be found in the Clinical Trials section of the NCI Web site. Check for clinical trials in NCI's PDQ Cancer Clinical Trials Registry for ovarian cancer prevention trials that are now accepting patients.
"Ovarian Cancer Prevention." National Cancer Institute 07/29/2011: 3. Web. 09/15/2011. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39018.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
The Museumsinsel – A World Heritage Site
Leaving the small agglomeration of cottages one approaches a swampy meadow. To the east the river Spree splits into two streams which reunite only a few hundred meters downstream. The meadow is thus embraced by the slowly running river. Trees seam the waterside and sheep graze on the lush vegetation. Apart from some villagers who occasionally collect fallen fruits or try a catch a fish in the murky waters the meadow is not touched by the inhabitants of the nearby town.
This might have been the scenery a visitor of Cölln perceived in the 13th century. Then, nobody would have thought that the swampy meadow would one day host a number of internationally recognized museums and some the worlds finest collections of art and antiquities.
Over the centuries the cottages on the southern side of the tiny island in the spree river develop ed into the town of Cölln, which became one of the two cities to form the German capital Berlin. For a long time the northern part of the Spreeinsel (the island surrounded by the river Spree) remained a meadow. It was only in the 17th century that the electors of Brandenburg started to drain the swamps and built the Stadtschloss, which became the seat of the of the electors of Brandeburg, the kings of Prussia and the German emperors. The northern part of the island was a princely pleasure garden until the „Soldier King“ Frederick William I converted it into a reloading point for local trade. In 1797 the archeologist Aloys Hirt suggested to erect a pavilion to showcase treasures of antique and modern art. Thus the idea for public art collection in Berlin was born.
In 1822 Karl Friedrich Schinkel, one of Prussia’s most influential architects who significantly shaped Berlin as it is today, devised the plans for a complete rearrangement of the northern half of the Spreeinsel. A complex of museums and several bridges, to connect the arising complex were envisaged. Wilhelm von Humboldt, together with his brother Alexander one of the most defining personalities of the German cultural history, was named chairman of the Commission of the Erection of the Museum. In 1830 the Alte Museum opened its doors. It was the first museum on the island and the first public museum in Prussian history. To this a day it hosts an enormous collections of antiquities. One hundred years later the Pergamonmuseum became the final addition the building complex.
But the construction works did not stop then. The Nazi regime planed to add four vast buildings, which among others should have hosted a Germanic and Egyptian museum. The planed buildings were so huge that the Monbijou Palace would have had been teared down to create space for the megalomaniac plans of Albert Speer. It came differently. During World War II 70 percent of the museums were destroyed and partly left in ruin for the coming decades. The Neue Museum was the last building to be renovated. It reopened in 2009 and the famous Nefertiti Bust returned to its ancestral home. The last addition to the complex is planed to be finished in 2020. Almost 200 years after the Alte Museum was completed.
Today the Alte Museum, Neue Museum, Pergamonmuseum, Alte Nationalgalerie and Bode Museum host works of ancient egyptian, greek and roman masters, tableaux of Caspar David Friedrich and Hans Holbein the younger, the Ishtar Gate and the Pergamon Altar, coins and medals from the middle ages. They cover a period of more than 3000 years. When visiting Berlin mosts tourists stop to marvel at the classical architecture and the cultural treasures in it.
While the museums look back on a history of more than 150 years the term Museumsinsel is much younger. Only in the 1870s it became the common designation of the northern Spreeinsel. It was also then, that it was decided that this part of the island should only be home to art and architecture. The swampy meadows of old Cölln made thus way for a unique collection of 3000 years of human heritage. The UNESCO decided to honor the Museumsinsel as a world heritage side with particular cultural significance in 1999.
http://www.gounesco.com/museumsinsel-world-heritage-site/http://gounesco.com.s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/09151506/2016-06-30_577593d942736_IMG_8630-1024x768.jpghttp://gounesco.com.s3-ap-southeast-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/09151506/2016-06-30_577593d942736_IMG_8630-150x150.jpgInterpretationPhoto StoriesWorld Heritage Sitesgounesco,Museumsinsel,Museumsinsel; Berlin,paul.marquardt,travel,world heritage travel | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39019.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
The World Health Organization's (WHO) standardized questionnaire for assessing infant and young child feeding practices does not include commercial baby cereals (CBC), which are derived from several food groups and are fortified with micronutrients. We examined how different scenarios for classifying CBC affect estimates of the quality of complementary feeding in children ages 6−23 months in Vietnam in 2014 (n = 4811). In addition to the WHO standardized 24‐h recall questionnaire for infant and young child feeding, we asked mothers about the consumption of CBC. The five resulting scenarios were S1 – omitted CBC; S2 – CBC classified as grains; S3 – as grains and dairy; S4 – as grains, dairy and fruit/vegetables; and S5 – as grains, dairy, fruit/vegetables and any others. Including CBC resulted in 4−11 percentage points higher in the prevalence of children who were fed each of the six food groups compared with what was reported in the WHO standardized questionnaire. Minimum dietary diversity (% fed ≥ 4 out of the 7 food groups) was higher in S5 (90%) than in S1 (84%), S2 (84%), S3 (85%) and S4 (86%). Minimum acceptable diet was also higher in scenarios S5 (80%) than in S1 (74%), S2 (75%), S3 (75%) and S4 (77%). Consumption of iron‐rich foods was 94% when CBC was accounted, which was higher than the alternative scenario (89%). In summary, when CBC were included, population‐level estimates of dietary quality were higher than when CBC were omitted. Guidance is required from the WHO about how to account for the consumption of CBC when estimating the quality of complementary feeding.
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
Published in Maternal & Child Nutrition, Volume 13, Issue 2, 2016, pages e12295-.
© 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Tuan, N., Withers, M., Frongillo, E., & Hajeebhoy, N. (2016). Estimates of the quality of complementary feeding among Vietnamese infants aged 6−23 months varied by how commercial baby cereals were classified in 24-h recalls. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 13(2), e12295. doi: 10.1111/mcn.12295 | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39020.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) uses noble metal substrates to enhance the inherently weak Raman signal from analytes. In some cases, the enhancement stems from two different mechanisms: a physical enhancement that comes from excitation of the metal surface plasmons and a chemical enhancement arising from charge transfer between the metal surface and an adsorbed molecule.
Up until now, theoretical SERS models have tended to treat these mechanisms separately. However, Duan and colleagues point out that this simplification is not always valid since plasmonic properties can be significantly affected by adsorbed molecules. Using state-of-the-art density functional models, they have revealed the connection between the two mechanisms, allowing more accurate modelling of SERS spectra.
To learn more about how Duan’s team have implemented this model, download the ChemComm article.
Also of interest:
- Evidence of a surface plasmon-mediated mechanism in the generation of the SERS background, C. Farcau and S. Astilean, Chem. Commun., 2011, 47, 3861.
- Scanned chemical enhancement of surface-enhanced Raman scattering using a charge-transfer complex, J. R. Lombardi et al., Chem. Commun., 2011, 47, 2426.
Visit the ChemComm Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy web theme issue for more articles.
Posted on behalf of Iain A. Larmour, ChemComm web writer. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39021.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Clan Allardice History
Variations of the name include Allardyce and Allardes. The name originates from the old barony of Allardice in the parish of Arbuthnott, Kinkardineshire. The recipient of a charter of William the Lion of the lands of Alrethis took his name from the area. It is thought that it gained it’s name from the Middle English “aller” (Olde English pre 7th Century “alor”), alder, and an uncertain second element, thought to be the Gaelic “deas”, south (facing). “It is not a very common name, but all who hold it believe in their descent from the old family which was settled for so long a period on the banks of the Bervie Water”.
The first recorded spelling of the family name is shown to be that of Alexander de Allyrdas, which was dated 1294, in the “Episcopal Register of Aberdeen”, during the reign of John Balliol, Ruler of Scotland, 1292 – 1296. Alexander de Allyrdas who witnessed a charter of the lands of Glack around 1294 is likely the same Alisaundre de Allerdashe of the county of Kinkardyn who rendered homage in 1296. Walter de Allerdas also rendered homage in the same year.
The Castle of Allardice is situated one mile north west of Bervie, the L-plan tower house of the Allardice family was built at the end of the 16th century on a terrace surrounded on three sides by a deep river meander. When the castle passed to the Barclays of Urie by marriage in the late 18th century, it declined into a farmhouse. It was damaged by fire in the 1970s but restored by William Cowie, an Aberdeen architect, whose home it remains. The castle was probably built for John Allardyce (d. c.1606), who married a daughter of the 3rd Earl Marischal. His great-great-grandson, Sir John Allardice (1641-76), married a sister and co-heir of the 8th Earl of Menteith and 2nd Earl of Airth, giving rise to a family claim on these earldoms, and giving the family lineal descent from King Robert II of Scotland. Although well known in the 18th century, the claim was not pursued until the 19th century largely because Sir George Allardyce left the family in debt and the funds to fight the claim were not readily available. The cost of proceedings also hampered the three unsuccessful claims which were made by later generations in the House of Lords between 1834 and 1907.
Sir George Allardyce (1672-1709), was an MP and Master of the Mint in Scotland in the early 18th century, and extended the castle about 1695. His grandson, James Allardice, died in 1765 leaving an only daughter and heir, who by her marriage to Robert Barclay carried the Allardice name and estates into that family. Her son, Capt. Robert Barclay-Allardice (1779-1854) achieved some fame as ‘the celebrated pedestrian’, for various feats of endurance walking in the early 19th century. It was he who first pursued the claim to the family’s Scottish earldoms, in 1834. His daughter and heir, Margaret Barclay-Allardice (1816-1903) was apparently born before her parents’ marriage, but under Scottish law was legitimated by it. She settled in America and sold the Barclay and Allardice family estates at Ury and Allardice in 1854, but this did not prevent her also perusing the claim to the earldoms in 1870. She married twice and on both occasions resumed her maiden name after the death of her husband. A final attempt to claim the earldoms was made in 1907 by her elder son, Robert Barclay-Allardice (b. 1841), who made money as a stockbroker in New York and retired to Cornwall, where he became mayor of Lostwithiel 1898-1900 and 1904-06. In 1909 he married his housemaid, Beatrice Jeffrey, and shortly afterwards they had a daughter, the last member of the family to live in England. In 1910 he was declared bankrupt and although still alive in 1914 it is likely that he died shortly afterwards, probably overseas, as no record of his death has been found in the UK.
Clan Allardice Posts | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39022.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Quest to harness fusion energy
THE boxy, galvanized-steel building at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is an unlikely looking workshop for ''cathedral'' builders. Yet this unprepossessing building is part of modern physics' most Promethean dream - the attempt to duplicate a star's fire to provide power for the 21st century.
''The fusion program is really remarkable in our society. It is like the gothic cathedrals that took a century or more to construct, in that people committed resources to something they will never see completed. It is an investment for future generations,'' says Harry Dreicer, director of the fusion program at Los Alamos National Laboratory.
rr Five stories high and the size of a football field, Lawrence Livermore's contribution to the ''cathedral'' is filled with scaffolding and large, stainless-steel cylinders. In an adjacent lot, massive, twisted 30-foot stainless steel magnets stand like a modern sculpture. These magnets will generate part of the magnetic bottle that will hold a sausage of electrically charged gas called a plasma. The plasma, with little more substance than a vacuum, will be heated to tens of millions of degrees.
When a mixture of two varieties (isotopes) of hydrogen gas is heated to a high enough temperature and maintained at sufficient pressure for a long enough time, scientists say they can trigger a fusion reaction. In this reaction, atoms of hydrogen are transmuted into helium. And in the process, small amounts of mass are converted into large amounts of energy.
The relativistic conversion of mass into energy is also at the heart of nuclear fission, the process that powers today's nuclear reactors. Fission and fusion bear the same relationship as the atomic and hydrogen bomb. The fission chain reaction involves splitting the heaviest of atoms: uranium, thorium, and plutonium. This is easier to achieve than fusion but releases less energy and creates more radioactivity. Fusion is cleaner and it unleashes tremendous amounts of energy. But it needs stellar conditions to ignite. Thus, all thermonuclear warheads are detonated by atomic bombs.
For more than 30 years several thousand scientists in the United States, the Soviet Union, Europe, and Japan have been trying to recreate the conditions required to ignite this reaction under controlled conditions. Earlier this year, researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology reached this regime for the first time. But because their machine lacks adequate radiation shielding, the scientists did not use the correct hydrogen mixture for ignition.
''While this was only twice what had been achieved before, it passed a magic number and we all breathed a sigh of relief,'' says Stephen O. Dean, president of the Fusion Power Associates, a nonprofit group incorporated to aid in the commercialization of fusion technology.
The first machine expected to get as much energy out of the fusion reaction as is required to create it is the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR) at Princeton University. Tokamak is a combination of Russian words meaning a toroidal magnetic chamber. This mid-1960s Soviet design, which holds plasma in a doughnut-shaped magnetic bottle, was the key to the current progress toward the demonstration that controlled fusion is scientifically possible.
To get this far has taken a world effort and more than $14 billion. Gerald L. Kulcinski, a professor of nuclear engineering at the University of Wisconsin who has headed a number of fusion-reactor design studies, estimates that $50 billion will be spent before fusion power contributes a single watt to the world's electricity supply.
''These are sobering figures. They make you stop and ask, 'What is the purpose of this investment?' '' he says.
THE cathedral analogy has also been adopted by fusion's critics. Commercial design studies have generally concluded that, even when scaled two to five times larger than current fission reactors, the cost of electricity they might produce would be twice the cost of that produced from current sources. This has led critics to characterize fusion reactors as useless ''superconducting cathedrals, '' superconducting because such machines require magnets made of material that, when cooled to under 200 degrees Celsius below zero, loses nearly all of its electrical resistance.
The fact that tokamak-type devices appear unlikely ever to produce energy at competitive prices has not greatly discouraged the scientists involved. They feel that with increased knowledge of the fusion process, it should prove possible to create an energy technology fundamentally superior to any the world has experienced.
The reasons for this optimism are the intrinsic qualities of the fusion process. The source of one type of hydrogen fuel, deuterium, is seawater. The fuel, tritium, can be transmuted from the common metal, lithium, in the reactor itself.
Although the fusion reaction emits radiation, large amounts of radioactive materials are not intrinsic to the process. According to Charles C. Baker, director of the Argonne National Laboratory's fusion efforts, such a reactor built of current materials would contain an inventory of radioactive material 100 times less biologically hazardous than a typical fission reactor. And, with further development, this could be reduced by 10 to 100 times more.
Finally, the ''ash'' of fusion is helium, an inoffensive gas. It does not produce carbon dioxide, a gas created by burning wood and fossil fuels, which is building up in the atmosphere. Climatologists believe CO2 is subtly altering the climate by driving up the average world temperature. Balanced against these potential advantages, however, are engineering challenges every bit as formidable as the scientific obstacles that have been overcome.
''We still have an enormous task ahead of us. Engineering feasibility may be even harder to achieve than scientific feasibility. It is likely to be much harder than many imagine,'' says Harold K. Forsen, of the construction company Bechtel National.
The fusion effort remains dominated by physicists, although in recent years a number of nuclear engineers have deserted fission for fusion. The various world programs have single-mindedly focused on achieving ignition. As this goal comes ever nearer, concern is gradually shifting to consideration of the requirements fusion must meet to be a viable and attractive energy source. There is concern that when the feasibility of fusion power is established, the federal government will lose interest if a strong argument cannot be made that fusion can be made economical as well.
''We are entering a period of engineering realism,'' says Robert W. Conn, a professor of nuclear engineering at the University of California at Los Angeles. ''We know what we must do. We know we need smaller-size reactors. We know we need simplicity and reliability to make fusion power attractive.''
The question is how to accomplish this. So far, all the engineering work has consisted of paper studies in the attempt to determine the critical issues. Now, there is need for actual engineering studies to determine such issues as radiation damage on various materials, corrosion and thermal shock, how to construct blankets where lithium is converted in tritium, and so on.
BUT, at least in the US, there is little money for such efforts. In October 1980, then-President Carter signed an act outlining an ambitious fusion program. But when President Reagan took office he proclaimed the energy crisis over. As a result, his administration has largely ignored the fusion program, allowing it to continue at the same level but not approving major new efforts.
As a result ''it could easily take 25 years or more to develop fusion into a commercial energy source,'' estimates UCLA's Dr. Conn. ''If we could take the gloves off, in 15 years we could find out whether fusion is real,'' he says. Current discussions about fusion's potentials and drawbacks are based on little more than ''cartoons,'' the engineer objects, adding, ''People are trying to decide at way too early a date.''
Engineering considerations have led the US program to place a major emphasis on a concept called tandem mirrors. The largest machine of this design is the one under construction here at Livermore. It consists of a length of circular magnets, plugged at each end by a pair of large, ''yin yang'' magnets shaped like pinched seams on a baseball.
These are known as mirrors because they reflect the plasma much like an ordinary mirror reflects light. This machine, known as the Mirror Fusion Test Facility, will begin operating in 1987 but is not large enough to achieve ignition.
Beyond this there are a number of advanced concepts under study. ''The most intriguing concepts are the ones we know the least about,'' comments Harold P. Furth, director of Princeton's Plasma Physics Laboratory.
One of these, called the reverse field pinch, has a number of proponents. It creates a much higher density plasma than the tokamak.
As a result, it can be made much smaller than the other approaches. For equivalent sized reactors, the reverse pinch would take up 1/30th of the space and require 1/23rd the material. This could translate into substantially lower cost.
Then there is another, radically different approach. The tokamak and the other concepts already discussed all use magnetic bottles to confine the heated gas. They are called magnetic confinement fusion. These are conceived as continuously burning fusion furnaces. The other approach, called inertial confinement, is more like an internal combustion engine. It is powered by a series of explosions. Only in this case, the detonations are micro-hydrogen-bomb blasts.
IN another building on Livermore's ''back forty,'' the world's most powerful laser, called Nova, is being built for this purpose.
Two-story racks of 30-inch tubes and mirrors route the 10 beams of this monster laser through the portals in a large steel sphere. Within this sphere, these fiery beams of green light converge on a microscopic pellet of deuterium-tritium. This pellet is coated with a layer of material, called rocket fuel, that explodes outward when hit by the laser blast. This applies pressures on the pellet core of 10 to 20 million atmospheres. For an instant, the pellet material becomes the most dense matter on Earth. And this should be enough to detonate a small thermonuclear explosion.
''Inertial confinement fusion can make a high-density reactor of remarkable simplicity,'' argues Michael Monsler, vice-president of KMS Fusion Inc, a company that has been at the forefront of this research.
The Nova machine will push | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39024_1.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
to the very boundary of the conditions needed to trigger a fusion explosion. ''There is some concern that it will achieve ignition, so no one is promising,'' explains Robert L. McCrory, director of the University of Rochester's laser laboratory.
As with magnetic confinement, experts say, inertial confinement's biggest obstacle is economics.
Substantially less engineering work has been done on laser fusion than on magnetic confinement. This is in part because laser fusion's origins are in nuclear weapons research. The basic physics of what happens when a pellet and a nuclear bomb explodes are the same. So US work in this area is funded entirely out of the Department of Energy's weapons program and 90 percent of the work is classified. According to the scientists involved, the Soviets have led the way in declassifying results in this field, not the US.
''Progress in the last three to four years has been spectacular. However, we can't talk about it because it is classified,'' Dr. Emmett complains. ''If we are to continue to make progress, we need a broader range of intellectual talent than we have today.'' | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39024_2.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Research from Britain’s Nottingham University suggests that higher levels of sexual activity by men during their late 20s and 30s may lead to an increased risk of prostate cancer in later life.
The study interviewed approximately 800 males questioning their sexual habits in particular the frequency with which they had sex.
According to the findings of the most sexually active young men are those that then go on to the more inclined towards the development of prostate cancer in later years.
The researchers believe that those who indulged more frequently and did so partly because of increased levels of male sex hormones, which in turn produced a greater level of sex drive.
The prostate gland produces a key element in semen, leading to the theory that more continuous semen production may in turn affect the prostate and somehow assist in the beginnings of cancer of the prostate.
The small study was led by scientist Dr Polyxeni Dimitropoulou, whose team interviewed approximately 800 men. 50% of these men had already received a positive prostate cancer result.
The other half of the men had been recently tested and were considered to be free of the disease. They were all questions about their levels of sexual activity from puberty through to middle-age.
The findings suggest that the group who were positive for cancer were found to be more sexually active over their lifetime. The researchers did concede that this small group was not sufficient to be conclusive but did point to the need for more study. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39025.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Almost everyone has gotten the message that exercise is important for health. Yet most who start exercise programs stop. Perhaps, researchers say, the way to persuade more people to exercise is to study those rare individuals who love it.
What makes someone a committed exerciser? And how motivating are the much vaunted improvements to health?
Gina Kolata on exercise.
Recently these questions have became more urgent. This month, a group of exercise researchers published an analysis of five rigorous studies reporting that about 10 percent of people have an “adverse response” to exercise. In them, at least one cardiovascular risk factor got worse instead of better.
Some exercise and public health experts worried that people might use the findings as an excuse not to exercise. But that assumes that exercisers are motivated largely by health concerns to begin with.
“When a physician tells a patient, ‘You need to make a change for your health,’ that can be motivating, especially if the person has a health problem,” said Rodney Dishman, director of the exercise psychology laboratory at the University of Georgia. “But it usually wanes over time. People don’t feel their bones getting stronger, they don’t feel lipids changing, they don’t feel their blood pressure changing.”
Most who start exercising say the goal is to lose weight or improve their health. But those who begin on the promise of imperceptible health effects often stop, Dr. Dishman said, saying they do not have time, or are too tired after work, or they just lost interest.
And there are no good studies investigating why people keep exercising. Dr. Dishman and others suspect the motivation is sheer pleasure — feeling energized, a boost in mood, feeling restless and uncomfortable without exercise. And you may not be able to will yourself to have this response.
Biological traits, Dr. Dishman says, “seem to play a bigger role in both the choice to be active and the outcomes of being active than folks — namely public health advocates— have been willing to admit.”
Dr. Dishman cites himself as an example of someone who craves exercise. Until about five years ago, he was an avid runner. Then his knee failed him — severe osteoarthritis — and he has not been able to run since. He still has dreams that he is running.
But instead of giving up on exercise, he rides a stationary bike simply because working out feels so good to him.
“If I can feel better after 30 minutes of riding in my office, alone, going nowhere, it has got to be something about exercise,” he said. But for him, as for many others, slow, moderate exercise does not bring the same physical pleasure. It must be hard exercise, meaning it has to require real effort, the sort of workout that makes people breathe hard and drip with sweat, Dr. Dishman says.
Many scientists and doctors who are avid exercisers — and who know and understand the medical science — say they were never motivated by the thought of improving their heart risk factors.
Barry Zirkin, a reproductive biologist at Johns Hopkins University’s Bloomberg School of Public Health, craves his sport — basketball — to the point that three partial tears in each Achilles’ tendon did not keep him from it.
His orthopedist told him to stop. “He knew I wouldn’t stop,” Dr. Zirkin said. “And I haven’t.”
“I almost define a part of me by that game,” Dr. Zirkin added. “Actually, I do define a part of me by the jock part. It’s ridiculous, I know. But it is what it is.”
Dr. Christine Lawless, a chairwoman of the American College of Cardiology’s Sports and Exercise Cardiology Council, was a competitive figure skater until she was in her late 40s. She was motivated by competition, by wanting to win.
Then she broke her left leg during a bad jump. She could not exercise for six months.
“I was so depressed,” Dr. Lawless said. “I knew I wasn’t going to skate again. I really had to change my mindset. I had to think about other ways to motivate myself.”
Dr. Lawless, who is now 59, exercises for about an hour a day five days a week, through yoga and walking and lifting weights. She says her motivation now is a desire to stay active and flexible for the rest of her life. But for her, like Dr. Dishman and Dr. Zirkin, exercise also is an innate pleasure, important to her sense of well-being.
“I feel like I haven’t had a good day unless I exercise,” Dr. Lawless said.
Perhaps it is wrong to think that the way to encourage people to exercise is to emphasize the benefits to their health, Dr. Dishman said. But what about a medical scientist who actually has heart disease? Would an adverse exercise response make a difference?
That’s him, says Dr. Robert Green of Harvard Medical School. He used to run, but eventually his joints could not take it. So he rides a bicycle and swims instead.
Adverse effects, he said, would not deter him. What does it actually mean to say your blood pressure goes up by a few points with exercise, he asks. There are no data on long-term health effects, like heart attacks and strokes, in exercisers who have adverse responses.
So he simply does not care. Exercise makes him feel good. And if he were to have an adverse effect, like a rise in blood pressure?
“I’d keep exercising.” | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39026.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
The size and weight of the ring suggest that it was most likely worn by a man. It weighs over 32 grams and we know from X-ray fluorescence analysis at the British Museum that the metal is over 95% gold, the rest being silver and copper.
That’s fairly common for gold of this date, to be a good standard. Vikings were very concerned with the purity of the metal. On silver coins you sometimes find little nicks made with a knife blade where they were testing that they’d got decent quality silver.
It’s got a little bit of damage – probably hit by a plough or something in the thousand years that it’s been buried – but it’s our policy to preserve the ring as found and not try to restore it to ‘as new’ condition.
The ring was made by twisting two strands of gold wire and then twisting these with two tapering gold rods to form a hoop. The thin ends of the rods and wires were joined at the back of the hoop by beating them together into a flat, diamond-shaped plate. The plate is decorated with tiny punched circles…Read More (Culture24.org.uk) | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39027.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
The Namib-Naukluft National Park is one of the largest conservation areas in the world. Covering an area of 50,000 square kilometers, it dwarfs many other wildlife sanctuaries across the globe. Picture the Namib-Naukluft National Park as a destination with sand dunes, canyons, river areas along with amazing scenery and you would develop a fine idea of what a heavenly national park looks like.
Apart from its beauty, the Namib-Naukluft National Park protects one of the oldest planets on earth, the Namib Desert as well. The only prerequisite to visiting this park is to have plenty of time on your sleeves. You will have to stop for photographs, picnics, wildlife, stunning scenery, and much more along the way. Therefore, with so much excitement in one place, there is a need to explore every inch of heaven on earth.
The History of Namib-Naukluft National Park
The history of Namib-Naukluft National Park dates back to 1907 when the German Colonial Administration undertook three game reserves situated in German southwest Africa. The Namib-Nukluft National Park of today was actually the ‘Game Reserve No.3’. Then in 1941, the Sandwich Harbor was added followed by the addition of Swakop River Valley and the Kuiseb Canyon. The park was renamed the Namib Desert Park in 1968. The year 1979, saw the addition of Diamond area No.2 that included the Sossusvlei and Sesriem area as well. By joining them to the Naukluft Park, the Namib-Naukluft National Park came into being.
The Naukluft Mountains
The first feature of the Namib-Naukluft National Park that you will observe are the Naukluft Mountains. Back in 1968, these mountains were protected and were a part of the Naukluft Mountain Zebra Park. This was done to protected and conserve a very special breed of Hartmann’s mountain zebra. Then, after a short period of time, it was decided that a corridor be formed. Therefore, the land existing to the West was bought as well, which linked the mountains into the Namib National Park. As a result, animals like zebra and oryx could migrate between the two areas, and in 1979, the parks came into being formally and became a part of the Namib-Naukluft National Park.
Fauna & Flora of the Naukluft
If you were to visit the deeper kloofs, you shall come across permanent springs where vegetation is completely different in terms of being more lush and green. Most animals will graze here and feed on buffalo thorn, spot camelthorn, and shepherd trees while drinking water at the same time. The best part of the Naukluft Mountains is that it consists of many large mammals but it could be difficult to spot them. Since most of them are shy and sensitive, you could only catch a glimpse from a distance. Klipspringer, mountain zebra, and oryx are some examples.
The Naukluft National Park is home to many streams and springs. Furthermore, it regularly receives heavy rainstorms each year, during the summer season. This fills up these streams and springs, which help produce a variety of fauna & flora in Naukluft. The mountainsides and high plateau areas tend to consist of plant species that specialize in storing water for years. Since there is nearly any soil, the animal species that live in this area tend to rely on them as a source of both food and water. It is estimated that around 200 species of birds could be found in the Namin-Naukliftpark. Keep an eye out for brubru, wetter kloofs, karoo robin, African black ducks, and much more. There are mammals here too and the inspiring black and taupe, spiralled-horned oryx is master of the vast shade-less wilderness.
Springbok are also able to endure for long periods without water, as long as they can find food with a dampness content of no less than 10%.
The lagoon also supports numerousvanishing Red Data species such asblacknecked grebe,chestnutbanded plover, and white pelican .
Tourists visiting Namib-Naukluft National Park wish to visit the desert area as well. This Sossuvlei&Sesriem area features mammoth apricot dunes with graceful ridges. The area rests on the Tsauchab River, which is one of the two large rivers.
The Sesriem Canyon is a place to relax and snap thousands of pictures while you are swimming in cold water. This Canyon was used by people who settled here decades ago to draw water using six lengths of hiding rope called reims. Hence, the name sesreims. Furthermore, it is an easily accessible place but it is suggested that you swim only when the water is moving and not stagnant. Other than the large frogs that are stationed here, you do not need to be concerned about anything else.
Where to stay?
For a place such as the Namib-Naukluft National Park, you need a special place to stay. Regardless of where you choose to stay, the beauty of the park could be witnessed from every angle. However, the best play according to tourists is the Kuala Desert Lounge. Although, it is a long drive to get there but you can expect excellent quality and service.
If you are looking for a better location, consider staying at Sossu Dune Lodge, which allows you to access the area both before and after the gates are shut. Perhaps the best thing about this lodge is that it is both affordable and moderate in size. You will have fantastic views of the scenery, offered in abundance by the park.
Ballooning in the Namib Desert
Ballooning in the Namib Desert is something you cannot miss. If you are not afraid of heights, book a balloon flight over the Namib Desert. You will travel with the wind and witness the oldest desert come to life with sunrise. Once you land, a champagne breakfast will be waiting along with flight certificates presented by the pilot.
On rare instances when it rains, the desert answersincredibly quickly, creating a miracle of yellow flowers, green leaves and sprouting grasses.
Rain usually falls in late summer from February to April, but according to a 8 year study, most showers in the southern Namibia (Sossusvlei area), occurred in the months of December, March and April with an average rainfall of 63mm per annum. However, rainfall is unpredictable and the high summer temperatures causequicks evaporation. As a result the Namib is categorized by international standards as ‘hyper-arid’.
From November through to March the daytime temperatures hardly peak below 95°F (35°C) or drop lower than 59°F (15°C) at night. From April to October daytime temperatures range between a very pleasant 77°F (25°C) to 95°F (35°C), with June, July and August recording the lowest night-time temperatures around 41°F (5°C).
The Namib-Naukluft could be visited at any time during the year. However, if you wish to visit during summer seasons, be aware of the heavy downpours. These downpours could continue for days but the end result is stunning. Lush green vegetation with dark-colored mountains and freshly watered running springs and streams will make you admire one of the most beautiful creations of Mother Nature.
The only way to do justice to the Namib-Naukluft National Park is to explore the dunes and mountains properly. Split your days and provide a major chunk of your time to the Naukluft Mountains and Sesriem area. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39028.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
The leading causes of death in the EU are:
- cardiovascular diseases
- respiratory diseases
These diseases are often preventable – which means reliable data on causes of death can improve health policies, promote good health and reduce health inequalities.
The Commission's role is to provide policymakers and the public with useful tools to monitor mortality statistics. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39030.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Something Good – Negro Kiss
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What makes this film so remarkable is the non-caricatured representation and naturalistic performance of the couple. As they playfully and repeatedly kiss, in a seemingly improvised performance, Suttle and Brown constitute a significant counter to the racist portrayal of African Americans otherwise seen in the cinema of its time. This film stands as a moving and powerful image of genuine affection, and is a landmark of early film history.—Dr. Allyson Nadia Field, University of Chicago
According to scholars and archivists, the 29-second film Something Good – Negro Kiss (discovered in the late-2010s) may represent the earliest example of African-American intimacy on-screen. American cinema was a few years old by 1898 and distributors struggled to entice audiences to this new medium. Among their gambits to find acceptable "risqué" fare, the era had a brief run of "kissing" films. Most famous is the 1896 Edison film The Kiss, which spawned a rash of mostly inferior imitators. However, in Something Good, the chemistry between vaudeville actors Saint Suttle and Gertie Brown was palpable.
Also noteworthy is this film's status as the earliest known surviving Selig Polyscope Company film. The Selig Company had a good run as a major American film producer from its founding in 1896 until its ending around 1918. Something Good exists in a 19th-century nitrate print from the University of Southern California Hugh Hefner Moving Image Archive. USC Archivist Dino Everett and Dr. Allyson Nadia Field of the University of Chicago discovered and brought this important film to the attention of scholars and the public.
This page has no trope entries and desperately needs them. You can help this wiki by adding those trope entries. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39031.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
They were brought in after spending an average of six hours a day on their phones, talking, texting or playing games.
Their parents became concerned that the children, aged 12 and 13, were unable to carry out normal activities without their handsets. They were failing at school and deceiving relatives in an attempt to obtain more money for phone cards.
However, it may take a year to wean them off the "drug", said Dr Maite Utgès, director of the Child and Youth Mental Health Centre in Lleida, north-east Spain, where they have been treated for the past three months.
"It is the first time we have used a specific treatment to cure a dependence on the mobile phone," she said.
"They both showed disturbed behaviour and this exhibited itself in failure at school. They both had serious difficulties leading normal lives."
Both children had had their own phones for 18 months and were not controlled by their parents.
"One paid for their phone by getting money from the grandmother and other family members, without explaining what they were going to do with it," said Dr Utgès.
At least two cases of phone addiction have been reported in Britain where young people who were obsessed with their phones and became depressed when the number of incoming calls or messages dropped. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39032.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
ECE6004: Analyze how language and literacy operate as complex and contextual social acts that create and sustain power relations: Language and Literacy in Early Childhood Assignment, VU, Australia
|University||Victoria University [VU]|
|Subject||ECE6004 Language and Literacy in Early Childhood|
- Analyze how language and literacy operate as complex and contextual social acts that create and sustain power relations.
- Articulate ways multi-literacies are generated by capable young children and how they contribute to how young children engage with literacy and language.
- Demonstrate an understanding of supporting children’s language and literacy learning in rich environments, including children with English as an additional language.
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Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology /Genetic modification (GM)
Recombinant DNA technology (rDNA) involves the manipulation of an organism’s DNA by cutting it and recombining it in order to change the characteristics of an organism. This can be:
- To introduce a new trait by inserting DNA from another organism or,
- To remove an undesirable characteristic by preventing the expression of a gene.
Introduction of a foreign gene using rDNA technology involves a number of steps as follows:
- An organism that carries the gene of interest is identified: The desired gene can be sourced from any organism including bacteria, fungi, plant or animal species. Unlike conventional breeding methods, rDNA technology presents the opportunity of breaking species boundaries. This means genes can be transferred even between non-related species where this would be near impossible with conventional techniques.
- Isolation and cloning of the gene of interest: Following identification of a donor that carries the gene of interest, DNA is extracted from the individual and the gene of interest isolated. Genes are isolated using enzymes called restriction enzymes. These are enzymes that recognize specific sequences of DNA and cut the molecule at those sequences. Once the gene has been isolated, multiple copies are then produced (i.e. the gene is cloned).
- A transgene construct is developed to include the following:
i. A promoter sequence: This acts as an “on switch” indicating to the machinery of the cell where and when the gene will be expressed. It also acts as a regulator determining how much protein will be produced (expression). The most widely used promoter to date is CaMV35S obtained from the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus. This promoter enables high levels of expression in all plant cells all the time. Another promoter that has been used is Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase promoter. This promoter only gives expression in the leaves.
ii. The coding region / gene of interest: The coding sequence determines what protein (product) will be produced. This is determined by the sequence of nucleotide bases in the DNA.
iii. A terminator sequence: This acts as an “off switch” indicating to the machinery of the cell that the end of the gene has been reached.
iv. A marker gene: A marker gene makes it easy to identify individuals that have successfully taken up the gene i.e. transformed. Traditionally, antibiotic resistance has been used as a marker. The most widely used markers genes are for antibiotic resistance. Examples here include Kanamycin and Neomycin resistance genes.
Another marker gene that has been used is the luciferase gene. This gene is isolated from insects that glow in the dark. In this case, individuals that have successfully been transformed would show this trait.
- Introduction of the gene into the desired organism using a suitable method:
A number of methods can be used to introduce the transgene construct into the recipient cell. These include:
i. Use of biolistics/ particle bombardment: The transgene construct can be coated with a heavy metal such as tungsten and shot into the recipient cell using a biolistics gun.
ii. Agrobacterium mediated transfer: A naturally occurring bacterium called Agrobacterium tumefaciens can be used. This bacterium is known to infect plants causing them to develop tumors called crown galls. The reason it does this is that it contains a tumour inducing plasmid (Ti plasmid). To use A. tumefaciens for gene transfer, the virulent part of the plasmid is disarmed and replaced with the transgene then allowed to “infect” the plants.
iii. Microinjection: This refers to direct injection of DNA into cells using a fine pipette.
- Selection of transformed individuals: Individuals in which the transgene has been successfully integrated will express the trait associated with the marker gene. These will then be selected for use in a breeding programme to integrate the gene through conventional crossing and backcrossing. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39036.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Issues Affecting Rural Telephone Service
RCED-87-74: Published: Mar 17, 1987. Publicly Released: Mar 30, 1987.
- Full Report:
In response to a congressional request, GAO reviewed: (1) the Federal Communications Commission's (FCC) efforts to track and evaluate the effects of its regulatory decisions on telephone service to rural areas; and (2) the key issues and problems facing rural telephone companies and subscribers.
GAO found that, although FCC issued regulatory decisions designed to price telephone service more competitively, major rural telephone issues concerned whether: (1) local rates would increase due to shifts of certain costs from long-distance to local service; (2) long-distance rates would increase in rural areas if costs were no longer averaged; (3) subscribers would benefit from the competition of long-distance companies; and (4) technological improvements would lower the costs of telephone service. These issues have not significantly affected the small telephone companies that GAO studied. Through 1985, the companies were financially healthy and less concerned with their present situation than with future developments. FCC recognized the special needs of rural telephone subscribers and for universal telephone service at affordable rates. GAO believes that FCC needs to improve its federal and state monitoring of small rural telephone companies to ensure that federal and state regulatory decisions do not have unintended consequences. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39037.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Chiggers are the larvae (babies) of harvest mites or Trombiculidae. Closely related to ticks, these mites are arachnids, part of the same family that includes spiders and scorpions.
Chiggers like legs. They are repelled by DEET, so spray it on (it's found in many bug repellents). This picture of fresh chigger bites shows how socks and shoes are nothing compared to good bug spray for preventing chigger bites.
Have a spider bite you want to share? Submit a picture of your spider bite.
Want to talk about spider bites? Ask others and see more bites on the First Aid Forum. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39038.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
By the book, sexual harassment is any unwanted or unwelcome sexual attention or advance. But what does that mean? It means that if someone is paying attention to you, like asking you on dates or saying things about your body or touching you in way that makes you feel uncomfortable it is called sexual harassment. That may seem pretty clear cut but it can be kind of difficult to tell the difference between flirting and sexual harassment. Here are some clues.
Flirting: Usually involves laughing, making jokes, perhaps feeling shy or nervous but also excited and happy. Is mutual- both people take part. Feels good to both people involved.
Sexual Harassment: Is one sided, only one person feels good or participates. Makes people feel uncomfortable, sad, or bad about themselves. Is unwelcome and unwanted.
So the biggest indicator of sexual harassment is how you, as the recipient, feel about what is being said or done. Sometimes attention that is exciting and good from one person is unwanted from another. If someone knows their attention is unwanted or unwelcome and they continue it is sexual harassment.
Some important facts about sexual harassment
- Sexual harassment is not about attraction or sexuality. Boys harass girls, girls harass boys, boys harass boys and girls harass girls. It has nothing to do with sexual orientation; it’s about making others feel small in order to feel powerful.
- The recipient of the statement or action determines sexual harassment. Tell someone if they say or do something that makes you feel uncomfortable. If they don’t stop, tell a trusted adult.
- Sexual harassment is against the law. You have a right to feel comfortable and safe.
- If you feel uncomfortable about the way someone is acting towards you it is not your fault.
- Telling someone about sexual harassment is not tattling. It is making the school or workplace safer and preventing people from getting hurt. Let’s face it, words do hurt.
Quick ways to tell if it’s sexual harassment
- Would I say or do these actions if an authority figure or adult I respect were here?
- Are my actions respectful of the other person? Are their actions respectful of me?
- Does this feel good or uncomfortable? Am I making the other person feel good or uncomfortable?
If you’re being sexually harassed it can be really difficult to know how to handle the situation. You might feel like it’s somehow your fault that you’re being targeted and that if you could just change something about yourself you could avoid being mistreated. Sexual harassment may cause you to want to skip school, avoid social situations or feel sick more often than usual. These are normal feelings but it’s important to remember that the harassment is not your fault. People who harass other people want to feel powerful and superior. It is wrong for them to hurt you. Sexual harassment won’t just go away. Even if they stop bothering you the harasser will probably start targeting someone else. Try to think of an adult you really trust and tell them what’s going on. Many times people don’t want to get the harasser into trouble but it is important for the person who’s harassing you to learn that their actions won’t be tolerated. You can also devise safety strategies with your friends such as someone walking with you to a class or eating lunch in a different place. Parents and teachers may be able to change your class schedule or locker.
There are also lots of things you can do to help your friends. Walking with a friend to class might be enough to stop harassment. Saying, “That’s not funny” when someone makes a rude or hurtful comment can also be very helpful and empowering. If you think someone is being sexually harassed you can ask them privately about it and then try to think of ways to help. You can also organize a group to educate other students about sexual harassment and why it is unacceptable. These are just a few ways to take a stand against sexual harassment. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39039.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Dates30/04/1904 - 01/12/1904
ThemeCelebration of the centennial of the Louisiana Purchase
Official DesignationLouisiana Purchase Exposition
Expo 1904 in St. Louis was known as the Louisiana Purchase Exposition as it celebrated the 100th anniversary of the American purchase of the territory of Louisiana on 30 April 1803 from France. The Expo stretched from Forest Park to the west of St. Louis over an area of 500 hectares, making it one of the three largest World Expos ever organised.
The opening of the Expo was delayed by one year to allow for final preparations, with the site finally opening to the public on 30 April 1904. This delay also allowed more time to attract international participants, with a total of 60 countries having a presence, including China’s first formal participation in a World Expo.
The Expo site was so large that it took visitors an entire week to see all of it: 1,500 buildings were erected around the site and 75 km of walkways and railways were laid to move around the site. To encourage visits from further afield, reasonable train prices were made available, and city’s hotel and accommodation facilities were improved so that it had the largest capacity in the United States for the period of the Expo.
The Pike was a 2km section of the Expo that contained all the amusements, with the aim of informing, surprising and entertaining visitors. For example, visitors could visit a replica of a Paris fashion show, view a re-enactment of the Galveston Flood, or submerge themselves in the scenery of Constantinople and Cairo. Foreign pavilions were designed to replicate well-known monuments from their country, with the French pavilion being a replica of the Trianon at Versailles.
The Texas pavilion was one of the most impressive buildings of the Expo: it was shaped like a five pointed star topped by a dome to symbolise the state of Texas. The pavilion’s entrance was reached by an 8-metre flight of stairs, with enormous columns and porches at the corners of the star.
The Festival Hall was another staple of the Expo in St. Louis, featuring the largest dome in the world at the time. The building featured three water cascades draining into the Fountain of Liberty, which was adorned with statues personifying Liberty (the largest of the statues), Genius and Inspiration.
The Palace of Agriculture was the Expo’s largest building, and is remembered for its unusual monuments made out of edible products, like the Louisiana statue made of sugar, a statue of President Roosevelt made entirely of butter and an almost six-metre high lighthouse made of salt. Agricultural resources of each state were shown on a map covering two hectares and presented the crops growing in each state of the nation to visitors.
The three main scientific achievements that were showcased at Expo 1904 - automobiles, wireless technology and aeronautics - were exhibited in white palaces dubbed “the Ivory City”. One very popular exhibit in this section was the De Forest Wireless Telegraph Tower, where visitors queued up to send wireless telegraph messages to Chicago.
Visitors could also follow the competition for the best aeronautic achievement to date, which took place on the 5-hectare aeronautic field, and featured balloons, kites, planes, a gliding machine, and airships.
Although the St. Louis Expo did not reach its target of 30 million visitors, the organisers were satisfied by the final tally of 19 million. As the majority of the pavilions were built to be temporary, few legacies remain today. However, the Palace of Visual Arts still stands in its place, and now serves as the Museum of Arts of St. Louis, one of the largest arts museum in the United States. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_3904.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
What you can do although sexual content can be found in many different forms of popular media, limiting how much your children are exposed to can help ensure that they are not learning incorrect information about sexual behavior from the movies, video games, books, magazines and tv shows they interact with. Children and television essays: over 180,000 children and television essays, children and television term papers, children and television research paper, book reports 184 990 essays, term and research papers available for unlimited access. Free essay: television is a big part of today’s society everybody watches television, including the children there is a potential problem with letting. The cause and effect of television on kids february 22, 2011 by (quotations on media and children )” tv watching is probably one of the most important things.
Children and adolescents spend almost 22-28 hours per week watching television this is a sad fact because this is the largest amount of hours spent on any activity in your child’s life, aside from sleeping. Ielts television and children essays written by students practicing for the test. The impact of television on children - with a free essay review - free essay reviews.
100% free papers on effects of tv on children essays sample topics, paragraph introduction help, research & more class 1-12, high school & college. The effects of watching tv essayswatching television is one of the most popular pastimes in the world almost all children do continue reading this essay continue. The effects of violence on tv did you hear about the recent jonesboro shootings in america where an 11-year-old and a 13-year-old shot down and killed four school mates and a teacher. Is television bad influence or not a lot of people argue about if tv is a good influence on kids or a bad influence on kids this essay is.
Short essay on television mili advertisements: but now, coloured pictures are seen in tv through television, modern man has conquered time and space. Tv and films influence children more than parents before we get deeper into the discussion let me ask you what is the purpose of being a parent.
Children and tv violence this essay children and tv violence and other 64,000+ term papers, college essay examples and free essays are available now on reviewessayscom autor: review • november 28, 2010 • essay • 392 words (2 pages). Even very young children in our society get a big daily kids & the media violence in the media — psychologists study tv. Television violence and its impact on society essay the exposure of children to violence leads to the development of negative behavioral patterns.
Free tv children papers, essays, and research papers. Advantages / disadvantages of watching television hope someone kind will read my essay and fix my parents must supervise their children ‘s tv.
Argumentative essay: is television a bad influence on children children love to watch tv and prefer to stay “glued” to the tv screen all day. Television is good for young childrenour topic was is television good for young children obviously i say yes its good for young childrentelevision helps to develop the young children's mental health. Read this psychology essay and over 88,000 other research documents violence on tv and children a child is watching his favorite. Parents should regulate the amount of television their children watch use the outline below, which is based on the five–paragraph essay model. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39041.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
THE PUZZLER IN POLIO EPIDEMICS
In an article in the June 28, 1947 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association, Dr. A. B. Sabin, a leading investigator in polio, discusses certain problems which have baffled students of the disease. I shall state some of the problems he mentions and shall attempt to throw some light on their solution.
1. Dr. Sabin states: "No circumstance in the history of poliomyelitis is so baffling as its change during the past 50 years from a sporadic to an epidemic disease."
An increasing consumption of sugar, as shown in the following table, helps explain this change in the incidence of the disease.
TABLE NO. 2
THE CONSUMPTION OF SUGAR IN THE UNITED STATES
Yearly Average Pounds per Capita
2. Dr. Sabin writes: "Another peculiar circumstance which may contain an important clue is that epidemics have occurred with greatest frequency and severity in the very countries in which sanitation and hygiene have undoubtedly made the greatest advances."
I offer the following explanation: Advanced sanitation and hygiene are, as a rule, to be found in the wealthier countries. Advanced sanitation and hygiene have helped prevent such diseases as typhoid fever, cholera, malaria, and tuberculosis, because the environment has been controlled by purification of water and milk, by drainage of swamps, by proper sewage disposal, and the organisms responsible for these diseases have been "kept away from our doors." The fact that polio has not been prevented by advanced sanitation and hygiene indicates that its incidence is controlled and influenced by factors quite different from the factors that bring about the spread of typhoid and the other diseases. As previously stated, advanced sanitation and hygiene are to be found in the richer countries, and one of the unfortunate evils that accompany wealth is the consumption of sugar in the form of luxury foods such as ice cream, candies, soft drinks, cakes, pies, pastries, and the like. Poor countries cannot afford luxury foods, sanitation and hygiene. That is how I would explain the greater incidence of polio in countries with advanced sanitation and hygiene. The following table shows the extreme differences in sugar consumption in various parts of the world and it will be readily noted that the countries with the lowest sugar consumption are most backward in sanitation and hygiene.
Thus we see that sugar consumption is by far the greatest in the richer countries where one would also expect to find advanced sanitation and hygiene. Epidemics have occurred with the greatest frequency and severity in the high sugar consuming countries. In fact, epidemics have never been reported in the natives of the low sugar consuming countries, such as China.
3. Dr. Sabin states: "In my opinion, one of the most important problems in the epidemiology of poliomyeitis* is the determination of factors relative to virus, host, and environment, which are different in cities like New York, Chicago, Minneapolis, Los Angeles, and Denver, and many others in the United States with histories of large outbreaks of the disease, and cities like Peiping, Tientsin and Shanghai, occupying the same latitude in China in which only rare sporadic cases have been reported thus far, despite the presence in these cities of western-trained physicians who could not have missed such outbreaks in the native population if they had occurred."
* The sum of what is known about polio epidemics.
TABLE NO. 3
SUGAR CONSUMPTION BY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS
(Crop Year Sept. 1, 1938, to Aug. 31, 1939)
Per Capita Consumption
Country (Pounds Raw Value
United States 103.2
Other North America 41.2
Other South America 28.8
United Kingdom 112.6
Japanese Empire 29.1
Java (Dutch East Indies) 11.6
Other Asia 13.0
Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia 44.4
British South African Union 58.6
Other Africa 37
Other Oceania 81.0
In line with the explanation offered to problem 2, I would state that here again the extreme differences in per capita sugar consumption between China (3.2 lbs.) and the United States (103.2 lbs.) afford a ready explanation for the occurrence of epidemics in the cities of the United States and the absence of epidemics in the cities of China.
4. Dr. Sabin tells how polio occurred among American troops in China, Japan, and in the Philippines, in spite of the fact that there were no outbreaks of polio at the time among the native children and adults in those areas in which the troops were located. A report on polio in the Philippines in 1936 stated that 16 of 17 patients with the disease in Manila were Americans. In 1945 there were 246 cases of polio with 52 deaths among American troops in the Philippines according to reports to the Office of the Surgeon General. A nd, since the end of combat in the Philippines, polio has been among the leading causes of death in American troops; but checks have revealed no outbreaks of polio among the surrounding native population. In fact, epidemics of polio have never been observed among the natives of the Philippines. Why has the disease been confined to the American troops in these countries?
Dr. Sabin also witnessed an outbreak of polio in the summer of 1946 among American marines stationed in the Tientsin area of North China. Four men died, one was severely paralyzed, and at least 25 others had nonparalytic attacks. There was no outbreak of polio among the natives at the time. Dr. Grice, a British physcician in Tientsin for 25 years, informed Dr. Sabin that while he not infrequently saw paralytic polio in children in the foreign colony he rarely saw the disease among the Chinese. The extraordinarily uncommon occurrence of polio among the yellow races living in North China was also reported by Zia in 1930.
I offer the following explanation for the occurrence of polio among American troops in China and the Philippines: The Americans took their dietary habits with them overseas. All during the war, as soon as local combat conditions permitted, ice cream, candies, soft drinks, cakes, and the like, became available to American troops. Ice cream manufacturing equipment followed soon after combat equipment. I saw American troops consume great quantities of candy bars when they lost their appetite for the monotonous K and C rations. It was felt that our men would feel at home, not get homesick, and have better morale if sweets were available. Thus, I submit, polio occurred among the Americans and not among the natives because the natives did not consume the amount of sugar the Americans did.
5. Dr. Sabin writes: "Intimate human contact .does not by itself explain the recurrent summer epidemics of paralysis .With the present high incidence of the disease among children of school age in the United States, it is remarkable that, unlike certain other infections of childhood, the epidemics of paralysis occur during the very months when the children are away from school."
I submit that this problem may be answered, in part, by stating that when children are away from school during the summer they have more time for physical activities which may at times be excessive and so they become predisposed to polio as previously discussed in the chapter on Physical Exertion and Polio. Also, during the summer they get hot and thirsty, consume more sweet cooling beverages and foods, and thereby run the risk of low blood sugar.
6. Dr. Sabin also states: "All this brings one back to another old question in the epidemiology of poliomyelitis, namely: do more people acquire the poliomyelitis virus during the summer and early autumn months, or is there only a difference in the ratio between the number exhibiting the paralytic and inapparent nonparalytic forms of the disease during the different times of the year? If there were only some way of answering this question by direct laboratory tests instead of by speculation, analogy or evaluation of probabilities, one could end the controversy between those who maintain that certain unknown changes in the host rather than increased dissemination of the virus, are responsible for epidemics and for the greater incidence of the disease Why does paralytic poliomyeitis, with only rare exceptions remain practically dormant during more than two thirds of each year, appearing in only an occasional person, and then seems to explode during the late summer and early autumn?"
In line with the ideas heretofore expressed, I would say that polio is more prevalent during the summer because of a change in the host. This change is a chemical one, namely, an increased incidence of low blood sugar brought on by an increased consumption of sugar in the form of cooling foods and beverages and, perhaps, a reduction in protein foods. Excessive physical exertion incidental to summer outings and vacations may further predispose to low blood sugar.
Dr. Sabin makes the following significant remarks regarding quarantine measures during polio epidemics: "Polio virus is present for a short time in the throat and more frequently and for a longer time in the intestinal tract and stools of certain apparently healthy people as well as of acutely paralyzed patients during an epidemic ..There is no evidence that the virus is ordinarily present in the nose or that droplets emitted from the respiratory tract play a significant role, if any, in the dissemination of the virus Measures designed to minimize spread by droplet infection such as closing of movies and churches are not warranted." | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39042.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Howard L. Apothaker
Monographs of the Hebrew Union College 28
Sifra is the earliest extant rabbinic commentary on the book of Leviticus. On a basic level, Sifra presents and validates rabbinic law, but this was done by creating a link between a proposition, halakhic or not, and a scriptural passage.
Scholars in the last few decades—including Neusner and Stemberger—have debated Sifra’s relationship to Mishnah-Tosefta. Howard Apothaker demonstrates that the set of rules in Dibbura deSinai on topics shared with Mishnah-Tosefta can be understood as an independent body of law. They share a common ancestor but represent different expressions of a similar worldview and with variant purposes. The framers of Sifra sought as their main objective to validate the essentiality, or non-superfluity, of every word of Scripture.
Apothaker’s analysis of the exegetical and rhetorical characteristics of Sifra in Sifra, Dibbura deSinai: Rhetorical Formulae, Literary Structures, and Legal Traditions builds on his translation of and commentary on the section of Dibbura deSinai which covers Leviticus 25–27. Analysis of Sifra’s highly formalized rhetoric yields insight concerning the general purpose(s) for which the framers created the work.
In a field of study that is rife with generalizations, the author performs the admirable and painstaking service of translating, analyzing, and cataloging one substantial unit of the Sifra’s text before drawing important conclusions with broad implications. – Steven Fraade, Yale University
Howard L. Apothaker earned his rabbinical ordination and Ph.D. in rabbinic literature at HUC-JIR, Cincinnati. He has served as Rabbi for Temple Beth Shalom of Columbus/New Albany, Ohio since 1980. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39043.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
A Swedish study has concluded that flashing, digital billboards often take a driver’s eyes off the road for more than two seconds, which could contribute to car accidents. The result of the study was recently published in the journal Traffic Injury Prevention.
In 2006, a study by Virginia Tech for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) found that anything that takes a driver’s eyes off the road for more than two seconds increases the risk of a crash. Researchers in this new study say the digital billboards are brighter, are visible from further away, and show changing advertisements, all contributing to holding a driver’s attention for longer.
A statement from Mary Tracy, president of Scenic America, a national nonprofit group that seeks to limit billboards, says that the new study validates the dangers of digital billboards. “Bright, constantly changing signs on the side of the road are meant to attract and keep the attention of drivers, and this study confirms that is exactly what they do.”
In 2007, the Federal Highway Administration (FHA) allowed digital signs for the first time after concluding they did not pose a significant danger to drivers. There are more than 1,800 digital billboards nationwide, more than double the number five years ago. The FHA requires states to regulate the distance between signs and how long one image can remain on screen before changing to another.
If the researchers in this study are correct, then digital billboards are one more item that can be added to the ever-growing list of things that distract drivers and may contribute to accidents. If you’ve been injured in an accident caused by a distracted driver, contact an experienced Austin personal injury attorney today to find out what compensation you may be entitled to for your injuries | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39044.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
10% of wild plant species secure in seed bank
Kew's Millennium Seed Bank partnership is celebrating collecting, banking and conserving 10% of the world's wild plant species by banking its 24,200th species – a pink, wild banana from China (Musa itinerans).
Musa itinerans is a wild banana species and closely related to edible banana cultivars. Its pink to light purple fruits are an important staple food for the wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and other wildlife in the tropical jungles. Its young flowers and pseudo-stem is a popular dish found at local restaurants in Southwest China and adjacent regions. It is an invaluable genetic resource for the tropical fruits industry and is a conservation pr iority for its food security value.
Musa itinerans, which, amongst other things, is increasingly under threat in the wild due to its jungle habitat being cleared for commercial agriculture, was collected in Southwest China by Kew 's local Millennium Seed Bank partner, the Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
The banking of some 10% of the world's flora is an important achievement under Target 8 of the GSPC, the plan to save the world's plant species, which is currently undergoing development to best direct plant conservation efforts post-2010.
When Kew 's Millennium Seed Bank partnership's 10% target was set in 2000, an estimate of 242,000 plant species in the world was used. Kew 's Millennium Seed Bank partnership has collected 24,200 species, hence 10%. More recent estimates of the world's flora average out at about 300,000 – approximately 2,000 new plant species are described around the world every year. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39045.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
What is the EPA’s January 2022 MATS Proposal?
The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) made an announcement on January 31, 2022, regarding the 2012 Mercury and Air Toxin Standards (MATS) for power plants. The announcement proposes to revoke a reconsideration step made by the agency in May of 2020 and affirms that it is appropriate and necessary to regulate hazardous pollutants for coal and oil-fired electric generating units (EGUs).
What is MATS?
In December of 2011, the EPA announced standards to limit mercury, acid gases, and other toxic pollution from power plants. These standards are known as the Mercury and Air Toxin Standards (MATS). There have been multiple revisions to the MATS rule over the last decade, including these revisions published in September 2020. More information about the MATS regulations can be found on the MATS page of the EPA website.
Revocation of Previous Finding
On May 22, 2020, the EPA announced that it found it was not appropriate and necessary to regulate coal and oil-fired electric utility-generating steam units. This finding contradicted another of the agency’s findings in April 2016.
Under an Executive Order by President Biden, the EPA was to review the May 2020 finding and consider an action to rescind it. After careful consideration, the EPA set to revoke the previous finding and announced a proposal on January 31, 2020. The proposal would leave the current emissions standards unchanged but ensure the continuation of public health protections provided by MATS requirements. “Sound science makes it clear that we need to limit mercury and toxins in the air,” said current EPA Administrator Michael S. Reagan.
Additionally, the EPA is reviewing the previously completed Residual Risk and Technology Review (RTR) from April 25, 2016, that established the current emissions standards for hazardous air pollutants (HAPs), which are published in the Federal Register. The RTR is the agency’s procedure to analyze the available scientific data related to a topic and determine the appropriate exposure levels for a new standard.
A copy of the January 2022 proposal can be found on the EPA’s website. As part of this rulemaking, the EPA is soliciting comments on all aspects of the proposal.
We Can Help with Your MATS Compliance
If you have any questions about how the MATS proposal might affect your air emissions compliance and monitoring processes, please contact the ESC Spectrum Regulatory Services team.
Interested in learning more about regulations and staying in compliance? Read our Definitive Guide to Air Emissions Regulations. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39046.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
The team of researchers from Columbia University Medical Center analysed the genetic code of 225 individuals, some of whom were affected by the condition and some of whom were not.
The results of the analysis showed mutations in 40 different genes which were linked to schizophrenia, even in cases which had not been inherited.
An individuals DNA is not a perfect copy of their parents and when the eggs and sperm are formed this is when the mutations tend to occur.
Head researcher Dr Maria Karayiorgou said that the fact the mutations were all from different genes is very interesting and suggests that many more mutations than initially suspected may contribute to schizophrenia.
”This is probably because of the complexity of the neural circuits that are affected by the disease; many genes are needed for their development and function.” She said.
Professor Bin Xi, a fellow researcher on the project said that the identification of these damaging mutations has transformed their understanding of the genetic basis of schizophrenia, and could provide an explanation as to the high global incidence of the mental illness despite variable environmental factors.
Mental health charity Rethink commented that scientific research looking into schizophrenia lagged behind that of research for other conditions. The charity’s chief executive Paul Jenkins said: “We welcome any research which helps develop a better insight of the causes of schizophrenia and ultimately brings us closer to finding new ways of preventing or treating the condition in the future.”
View the original BBC News article. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39047.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Philip Alley continues his series of messages about the Ten Commandments with this overview of the fifth, sixth and seventh Commandments. The first four Commandments, says Philip, deal with our attitude towards God, while the remaining six deal with our attitudes and actions towards each other. The fifth Commandment deals specifically with our attitude to parents, and Philip gives many Scripture references to reinforce this. Next, Commandment six instructs that we must not murder. Philip takes the listener to the passage in Scripture where Jesus states that to hate is the same as to murder. Then, similarly, Philip demonstrates that the seventh Commandment, “Do not commit adultery”, begins in the heart, with even the thought being sin. Philip brings many convincing verses of Scripture to graphically illustrate the truth and the intention of the Ten Commandments.
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Other Messages About: 10 Commandments Series, Exodus, Murder, Adultery, Law | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39048.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
on orders over $40
on orders over $40
You might see the terms "vector" and "raster" but unless you're in graphic design, the print industry, or something similar you probably don't know what they mean. I have no idea what they were until I got into the print industry and started setting up peoples art.
Raster is an image type and it's the one most people are familiar with because it's the most common type. A raster image includes file formats like JPG, PNG, TIFF, GIF, etc. Raster images are made up of pixels, when these images are enlarged these pixels grow which is what causes images to look low quality or pixelated. Because these images are a certain amount of pixels it's impossible to enlarge them beyond that without losing quality. Raster images are also flat and one solid piece, meaning if you try to manipulate the image you change the entire thing instead of just one piece.
Vector images are less commonly used outside of certain industries, they are typically saved as PDF, EPS, SVG, AI, etc. Unlike raster images, vector images are made up of lines, theses lines can be enlarged to any size without loosing quality. They can also be manipulated easily because they are typically made up of different line all of which can be changed individually.
What do these different image types have to do with rubber stamps?
Well there are 2 different types of stamps that are made, text stamps and custom design stamps. Text stamps are rubber stamps made up of only words, while custom design stamps would include anything else such as: logos, handwriting, etc. Whichever one is being made it needs to be vector, or converted into vector before we're able to make it into a stamp.
Text is vector by default, so unless it's converted to raster we are able to use it without have to recreate it. Images that are raster will have to be traced and converted to vector before we can use it, and images that are already vector just have to be converted to only black and white before we can use it.
Raster images that are traced might not retain as much fine detail as the original image, so it's always best to use a vector image when possible. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_3905.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Zachary is a sweet and lovable 4-year-old boy who is often timid around others. He’s generally happy, but he is easily overwhelmed and can become upset in noisy environments. After enrolling Zachary in the same preschool his sister attended and seeing him struggle, his parents wondered what they should do. What options should they consider? What would work best for Zachary? Would he be ready for kindergarten?
Zachary’s parents aren’t alone in their uncertainty over choosing a preschool for their child. The number of preschool choices in the Bay Area can be overwhelming for many parents. Here is some helpful information to keep in mind when making your decision:
Your Child’s Temperament and Behaviors
Each child is an individual with a unique pattern of strengths and weaknesses. Parents will often describe children as having a certain temperament, such as calm and mellow or fussy and sensitive. Some children are “observers” who seem to learn best by watching others whereas others are “explorers” who have to experiment with objects in their environment to learn. Temperaments are essentially patterns of behavior that give parents a strong sense of their child’s preferences and personality.
Your Family’s Values
You definitely want to keep your family’s values in mind. Do you want the preschool to be affiliated with a church or synagogue? Would you like your child to attend a bilingual preschool? What values are you trying to instill in your child, and how will the preschool that you choose help to reinforce those values?
Cost and Location
Your child’s preschool will become a part of your daily routine and monthly budget; it should fit comfortably within your family’s means. You should also think carefully about the location of the school. Would a preschool nearer to your home or to your office work best? Will the location of the preschool allow you to get there on time without creating stress for you and your child?
Preschools vary in their philosophies. Familiarize yourself with the guiding principles of different types of preschools, and then do some research to determine which schools in your area subscribe to the philosophies that interest you. Plan to visit those that fit your criteria. When you visit, trust your instincts about where you think your child will best be supported. Here is some basic information about six different preschool philosophies:
1. Reggio Emilio
- Philosophy: Children are active and competent learners who are curious and motivated to engage in exploration and problem-solving. Teachers are seen as partners and guides who develop a curriculum based on the students’ areas of interest.
- Curriculum: The curriculum is always evolving depending on children’s interests and will include a variety of materials and activities, including drawing, graphing, sculpting, dramatic play and writing.
- Possible classroom activity: If a child finds a bee on the playground and shows interest in it, the teacher might create a lesson plan that includes drawing a bee, describing what a bee is and discussing how honey is produced. The lesson plan is child-led and based on the interests and discoveries of the children in the class.
- Philosophy: Children are independent learners and will develop skills at a pace that is comfortable for them. The teacher is seen as a resource and a role model to support children as they engage in self-directed learning. Montessori preschools typically emphasize having a calm and structured environment and include more teacher-led activities, relative to Reggio Emilio preschools.
- Curriculum: Children are taught specific activities that match their developmental levels and are then introduced to new activities that build upon their previously learned skills. The learning materials are designed to activate all the senses to help children understand the world around them.
- Possible classroom activity: Children might transfer large objects from one bin to another using their hands. After mastering that task, they use a pincer grasp to move small objects between bins. These fine motor skills are taught before drawing or writing because they are seen as the precursors to pencil grasp.
- Philosophy: Children are deeply affected by what they touch, see and hear, and their minds, bodies and spirits need to be engaged and encouraged. This approach strives to cultivate a love of learning through artistic and creative endeavors. The teacher’s role is to support and encourage play. Exposure to electronic media is strongly discouraged as it is believed to dampen creativity and imagination.
- Curriculum: Experiential learning and imagination are emphasized. It is assumed that children develop an understanding of the world through free imaginative play.
- Possible classroom activity: Teachers engage in domestic, practical and artistic activities that children can readily imitate, such as baking, painting and gardening. Natural materials, such as pinecones and shells, and child-sized spaces, such as playhouses and small chairs, are used to encourage imaginative play.
- Philosophy: Success in school and life is dependent on a child’s ability to interact positively with peers and adults. The focus is on play and socialization rather than on academics.
- Curriculum: Play-based preschools promote learning concepts by providing rich opportunities to learn by playing and encouraging children to engage actively with others. Teachers create opportunities through play to practice social skills such as negotiating, appreciating the feelings of friends, taking turns, working through conflicts and sharing.
- Possible classroom activity: Rather than providing worksheets or more academic-based activities, such as writing out alphabet letters, teachers provide letter-based puzzles or shaving cream to write names and draw pictures.
5. Cooperative (Parent Participation Preschools)
- Philosophy: Children thrive when their parents are actively involved. Parent involvement is considered essential to all aspects of school life, from classroom lessons to fundraising and parent committees. A parent typically works in the classroom one morning or afternoon each week or month. And because parents are part of the staffing, cooperative preschools are often cost-effective.
- Curriculum and classroom activities: The curriculum of cooperative preschools relies heavily on the talents and interests of children and their parents.
6. Religious and Community-Based
- Many churches and synagogues offer religious preschools that might fit well with your family’s value system. Community-based preschools are also available through local community centers such as a YMCA or JCC or through a city’s social services department.
A Variety of Answers
Children can be successful in a variety of preschool settings. The right preschool varies according to each child. A child who is very curious, energetic and self-motivated might prefer a child-directed environment such as a Waldorf preschool. In contrast, a child who prefers a calm and structured environment might be more successful in a Montessori preschool. For a child with severe separation anxiety, a cooperative preschool might be a good choice. There is no one-size-fits-all answer when it comes to choosing a preschool.
Maturation and Changing Needs
Keep in mind that your children’s needs might change as they get older. For example, your daughter might start at a cooperative preschool at age three. After she has had positive experiences feeling independent at school and is more comfortable separating from you, you might feel that she is ready for less parental support at a Reggio Emilio, Montessori or Waldorf preschool. Alternatively, if family finances are restrictive, a community-based preschool might be more suitable.
The best or right preschool is the one that fits your family’s needs at any given time. If you find your child is unhappy, consider consulting with a professional who can observe your child in his current preschool and make a recommendation. Professionals who visit preschools frequently can give valuable insight into the variety of preschool possibilities based on your child’s needs.
Zachary’s parents were surprised that the play-based preschool their daughter loved didn’t seem to be working for their son. Because he has a more sensitive temperament than his older sister, Zachary needed something different. After visiting several preschools and then consulting with a child therapist, Zachary’s parents learned that busy, self-directed environments didn’t work well for their son. A Montessori school, with its emphasis on letting Zachary set his own pace, seemed like a much better option. Six months later, Montessori school is providing the support that Zachary needs to engage his inquisitive nature and connect with his teachers and fellow students.
Vivien Keil, Ph.D., is a neuropsychologist at Children’s Health Council (CHC) in Palo Alto. CHC helps kids and families with small and large challenges and offers free parent education as well as evaluation and therapeutic and educational services for children and teens. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39050.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Heart Monitoring May Prevent Some Strokes, Study Suggests
Irregular heartbeat that causes some attacks is often tough to detect, doctors say
By Dennis Thompson
WEDNESDAY, June 25, 2014 (HealthDay News) -- As many as four of every 10 stroke victims leave the hospital without a clue about what caused the stroke, their doctors hamstrung on how to prevent another one from occurring.
"You can imagine how unsettling this is," said Dr. Rod Passman, a professor of cardiology and preventive medicine at Northwestern University. "Stroke is among the most feared events in medicine, and to leave the hospital with no clear cause and no directed therapy will weigh on any patient."
But a pair of new studies has found that equipping patients with continuous heart monitors can root out one potential cause of these mystery strokes, a heart rhythm condition called atrial fibrillation.
Heart monitors either carried around by patients or implanted under their skin were able to detect atrial fibrillation in as many as 30 percent of those who had suffered a stroke of undetermined origin, said Passman, who co-authored the results of one of the clinical trials.
This discovery gave doctors an opportunity to further reduce patients' risk of stroke by placing them on more effective blood-thinning medications, Passman said.
"Finding atrial fibrillation, especially in someone who has already had a stroke, is vitally important," he said. "People with atrial fibrillation have a 500 percent increased chance of stroke, unless they receive proper treatment."
The results of both trials are published in the June 26 issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.
Atrial fibrillation is an electrical disorder that causes the upper chambers of the heart to contract quickly and irregularly. These herky-jerky contractions allow blood to pool and coagulate in the heart, forming clots that can cause a stroke if they break off and are carried into the brain.
Unfortunately, atrial fibrillation can be intermittent, making it hard for doctors to detect.
"You may not know you have it, and when you come in with your stroke you could be in a normal rhythm," Passman said. "They could watch you for several days and never detect an abnormal rhythm." | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39051.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Moon Light World Map
The map below shows where the Moon is visible from the Earth, depending on weather conditions and moon phases.
UTC time = Sunday, July 1, 2012 at 11:44:00 PM.
= The Sun's position directly overhead (zenith) in relation to an observer.
= The Moon's position at its zenith in relation to an observer (Moon phase is not shown).
Fraction of moon illuminated: 95%
|Previous phase||First Quarter||Wednesday, June 27, 2012 at 3:32 AM|
|Next phase||Full Moon||Tuesday, July 3, 2012 at 6:53 PM|
Position of the Moon
On Sunday, July 1, 2012 at 23:44:00 UTC the Moon is at its zenith at
The ground speed of the movement is currently 413.27 meters/second, 1487.8 km/hour, 924.5 miles/hour or 803.3 knots. The table below shows the Moon position compared to the time and date above:
|Time||Longitude difference||Latitude difference||Total|
|1 minute||0° 14' 22.5"||15.41 mi||West||0° 00' 00.6"||0.01 mi||South||15.41 mi|
|1 hour||14° 22' 33.4"||924.13 mi||West||0° 00' 31.5"||0.60 mi||South||924.11 mi|
|24 hours||14° 55' 02.2"||958.90 mi||East||0° 30' 56.2"||35.47 mi||North||961.26 mi|
Locations with the moon near zenith
The following table shows 10 locations with moon near zenith position in the sky.
|Jamestown||Sun 11:44 PM||1805 km||1122 miles||975 nm||ENE|
|Salvador||Sun 8:44 PM||2019 km||1255 miles||1090 nm||WNW|
|Recife||Sun 8:44 PM||2064 km||1283 miles||1115 nm||NW|
|Rio de Janeiro||Sun 8:44 PM||2210 km||1373 miles||1194 nm||W|
|São Paulo||Sun 8:44 PM||2563 km||1593 miles||1384 nm||W|
|Fortaleza||Sun 8:44 PM||2689 km||1671 miles||1452 nm||NW|
|Brasilia||Sun 8:44 PM||2827 km||1757 miles||1527 nm||W|
|Monrovia||Sun 11:44 PM||3320 km||2063 miles||1792 nm||NNE|
|Freetown||Sun 11:44 PM||3464 km||2153 miles||1871 nm||NNE|
|Abidjan||Sun 11:44 PM||3559 km||2211 miles||1922 nm||NE|
- Seasons Calculator
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- Event Time Announcer/Fixed Time – Show local times worldwide for your event. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39052.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Of course, we've all heard about videogames being used to train soldiers before they go into combat - but now it looks as though they may be able to help those returning from warzones. An interesting article on the Business Week website looks into a new treatment for Post-Traumatic Stress disorder being explored at the futuristic-sounding Virtual Reality Medical Center in San Diego.
Here, soldiers returning from the Middle East with PTSD symptoms are being guided through simulations of basic operations in Iraq. They start out on routine patrols through towns and villages but later progress to battle situations. This sounds rather harsh and even counter-productive, but the theory is that by facing traumatic situations in a safe environment, soldiers can be coaxed into managing their feelings. As the article explains:
"The aim is to get patients to draw on their meditation training to regain perspective - and stay calm - when a stimulus causes an emotional response. 'The idea being to be in the high-stimulus environment for a long period of time, maintaining low psycho-physiological arousal,' [Dr Dennis Wood] says. 'The person then can take that learning in the therapeutic environment and transport it out or generalize it to day-to-day life.'"
This therapy is part of a wider project instigated by the Office of Naval Research, which is currently funding several experiments in virtual reality treatment. Interestingly, the developer of training sim-turned-consumer videogame, Full Spectrum Warrior, is currently helping to create a specifically emotional simulation of the war experience, "incorporating the sounds, visuals, feelings, and smells from Iraq." You can read more about this project here.
It will be fascinating to see if this therapy provides new insights into bringing emotional resonance into games. Videogame designers have learned a lot from war - what, if anything, will they be willing to learn from its psychological aftermath? | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39054.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Copy and paste is a design error. David Parnas
The singly linked list contains a sequence of nodes which each node contains data and link to the next node. The last node points to the null value. Write a program to detect and remove the loop in the singly linked list. If the linked list does not contain any loop or cycle, print the appropriate message.
Linked List: 101-->201-->301-->401 Linked List is not cyclic, no loop or cycle found | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39055.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
The key economic idea undergirding this policy idea is something called aggregate demand, which, stated simply, is the total amount of spending in the economy. During a financial crisis, aggregate demand goes down, since newly unemployed workers have less money and people who manage to keep their jobs reduce their spending out of fear. When people spend less money, sales fall, and businesses are forced to lay off workers, who then spend even less money, and so on. In other words, money goes in circles: my spending is your income, and your spending is my income. If we all simultaneously cut back on our spending—if aggregate demand declines—then everybody’s income declines, too. That is, very crudely, what happened during the Great Depression, when there were millions of perfectly able workers desperate for jobs, while perfectly functional factories lay idle due to lack of customers. It’s also what has been happening, to a milder degree, in our economy since the 2008 crisis. Federal Grant Distribution Follows The Principle Of
Federal grants are an excellent source of college funding because they are guaranteed by the government and have stable disbursement amounts. Grants do not need to be repaid. Eligibility for grants is determined your Free Application for Student Aid, or FAFSA. Federal grants are primarily for undergraduates, although first-time graduate students can be considered for certain programs. Most federal grant money is for students with high financial need. Some grants have a minimum GPA requirement or other academic standards. Below is a list of available federal grants. Browse through our site for examples of different types of grants. Federal Grant Writing Classes
Federal grants are an excellent source of college funding because they are guaranteed by the government and have stable disbursement amounts. Grants do not need to be repaid. Eligibility for grants is determined your Free Application for Student Aid, or FAFSA. Federal grants are primarily for undergraduates, although first-time graduate students can be considered for certain programs. Most federal grant money is for students with high financial need. Some grants have a minimum GPA requirement or other academic standards. Below is a list of available federal grants. Browse through our site for examples of different types of grants. Canadian Federal Job Grant
For fiscal policy, increased government spending or decreased taxation is our accelerator; the opposite, austerity, is the brake. These work to add or subtract the amount of spending in the economy. For monetary policy, the federal funds rate can act as either an accelerator or a brake. U.S. banks are required to hold reserves at the Fed, which pays interest on them, similar to a normal checking account. For a bank to loan money to a real person, they must find someone willing to pay an interest rate above the Fed’s rate. So if the Fed jacks up the interest rate, it discourages lending, as banks are paid better to park their money at the Fed. Lowering the Fed rate does the opposite. The use of these tools is commonly expressed as a trade-off between unemployment and inflation. Try to push unemployment too low, and inflation will speed up as companies bid for scarce labor, pushing up wages and sending spending surging through the economy. Conversely, allow unemployment to get too high, and a collapse in spending can cause a collapse of prices, which will lead to more unemployment, which will lead to less spending, and so on. Federal Hud Grant
This is why income inequality is dangerous: it is a drag on aggregate demand. As inequality increases, as it has in the U.S., the drag grows commensurately. Stagnant wages mean that consumer borrowing must be steadily increased to keep the economy moving forward. Meanwhile, the fruits of growth flowing to the top mean a vast pile-up in savings and associated asset bubbles, and the recessions that follow are harder and harder to recover from. In other words, keeping an economy that suffers from galloping economic inequality pressurized and growing requires an economic policy regime that contains the seeds of its own destruction. And this leads us to where we are now: consumers today can’t stomach any more debt, interest rates have hit the floor, and a grinding, low-level depression is upon us. Welcome to 2014. Free Money Need For Speed Payback
But it didn’t last. As the ’70s transitioned into the ’80s, several structural developments in the larger economy caused a qualitative shift in how monetary policy worked. First, more and more people got access to credit, in the form of credit cards and home equity loans. This boom in consumer credit meant not only that households had new purchasing power but that a substantial chunk of spending was happening through a channel—borrowing—that was sensitive to the Fed’s interest rate mechanism. If inflation was getting out of hand, the Fed could simply tinker with interest rates and, suddenly, a huge chunk of the economy, including consumer spending, would respond in kind. For the central banker, this was something of a revelation: it was no longer necessary to provoke recessions—a messy, blunt instrument—in order to restrain inflation. Free Money Netspend
If you have eyes to watch videos, and thumbs to play games, then here’s one of the simplest free money apps on the market. TapCash lets you rack up rewards for – you guessed it! – playing games and watching videos, which you can then redeem for gift cards and PayPal cash. Gift card options include stores such as Amazon, Google Play, Amazon, and more. Free Money Links
Right now, Congress has the power to directly spend its way to full employment, but it’s not doing it. And neither are the state governments. In fact, since 2010, Congress and most of the states have been doing the exact opposite, sharply reducing spending. After the Great Depression, it took World War II to break the political deadlock and get Congress to dump money into the economy, but today, nothing similarly jarring is in sight. If the Fed took over, it would respond directly to the needs of the economy, without getting bogged down in endless politically charged debates about the virtues of austerity or the moral peril of government checks (recall how Senate “moderates” forced the Obama stimulus to be too small). Instead, it could respond, quickly and efficiently, to fluctuations in aggregate demand. Federal Government Grant Nz
The Weatherization Assistance Program Technical Assistance Center (WAPTAC) can connect you with state-specific grant programs for home improvements to reduce energy expenses. If you have children, a family member in the home with a disability, or are over age 60, you’ll get preference for approval. In fact, the DOE estimates that as many as 20-30 million homes are eligible for weatherization grants. Federal Pell Grant Utk
Federal and state grants frequently receive criticism due to what are perceived to be excessive regulations and not include opportunities for small business, as well as for often giving more money per person to smaller states regardless of population or need. These criticisms include problems of overlap, duplication, excessive categorization, insufficient information, varying requirements, arbitrary federal decision-making, and grantsmanship (a funding bias toward entities most familiar with how to exploit the system, rather than to those most in need).
If you have eyes to watch videos, and thumbs to play games, then here’s one of the simplest free money apps on the market. TapCash lets you rack up rewards for – you guessed it! – playing games and watching videos, which you can then redeem for gift cards and PayPal cash. Gift card options include stores such as Amazon, Google Play, Amazon, and more. Federal Grant Management System
Did you know you can make money simply by taking photos on your mobile phone? No, we’re not kidding! Clashot lets you publish and sell mobile photos through their app for anywhere between $0.50 to $80 a pop. Simply download the app and upload your high-quality photos into their database, where thousands of companies are looking to purchase promotional stock images.
On the straight economics, this solution is nearly identical to the 2008 Bush/Pelosi stimulus. In that case, Congress sent money to everyone and paid for it by issuing debt. Later, the Fed bought more than that amount’s worth of Treasury bonds. (In this case, we would simply avoid that two-step process: Congress would hand over the reins directly to the Fed.) This similarity leads many economists to be skeptical of the helicopter solution as redundant. “I’m all for fiscal and monetary stimulus,” Paul Krugman told me in late January. “But I don’t see helicopter money as adding anything substantive to the menu of policy tools, or as making the politics any easier.” Free Money Asap
Swagbucks allows you to earn points that can be redeemed for gift cards for retailers including Amazon and Walmart, or cash back through PayPal, just for doing various tasks online. Points can be earned for online shopping, watching videos, taking surveys or searching the web using Swagbucks as your search engine. When you sign up for Swagbucks, you’ll get a $10 bonus after spending $25 at a Swagbucks Shop store. Federal Grant Number
Federal funders generally prefer projects that serve as prototypes or models for others to replicate; local government funders require strong evidence of community support for a project. The majority of government grants are awarded to eligible nonprofit organizations, not to individuals. Government grants nearly always have stiff reporting requirements. Careful record keeping is a must, since an audit is always a possibility. Federal Grant Administration Training
If you are eligible for the Pell Grant you also qualify for the Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grant (FSEOG) program. This grant is for undergraduates with the greatest unmet financial need. Eligible students receive between $100 and $4,000 depending on their school and Expected Family Contribution. The grant is distributed by your college, but is awarded to the college by the Federal Government. To participate in the FSEOG program, colleges must contribute one dollar for every three dollars of federal money. The FAFSA determines your eligibility, and some schools do not participate in the program. Federal Grant Writers
Be careful to watch for scammers that falsely | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39056_1.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
use HHS symbols and language to trick you and others. Fraudsters in the past have used the words and letters of HHS programs to give the false impression that their costly seminars or pay-per-use grant application tools are approved, endorsed, or authorized by HHS. HHS never endorses or uses private companies or individuals for these purposes. Federal Grants Georgia
Additionally, you’ll earn an unlimited 1.5% cash back on all purchases. You can also take advantage of the introductory 0% APR offer on purchases and balance transfers made for the first 15 months. (Please note: There is a balance transfer fee of 5% of the total you transfer ($5 minimum), and balance transfers do not count toward earning your bonus.) Cash back rewards don’t expire as long as your account stays open, there is no annual fee, and you’ll also receive a free credit score that’s updated weekly. Federal Grant Practice Kenneth Allen
1. Go through your house and see what you may have laying around in a closet that you could sell for extra cash. We all accumulate a ton of stuff in our life that we only end up using once or twice. Turn that into money by listing it on Craigslist.com. Make sure to take a high-quality picture, post during daytime hours & respond quickly to inquiries so you can quickly sell your item at the best price. Free Money Bonus Online Casino
You will need thorough documentation of the problem your organization will address. No matter what you need the funding to accomplish—funding to help children succeed, funding to help the homeless, funding to help build healthy communities, funding for the arts, etc.—you’ll need lots of facts and figures that show what the situation you are concerned about looks like in your service area, why it is significant, and why it is happening. Start gathering data now and keep it current.
A Project Grant consists of funds distributed by the government for a specific "project" or area of research. Project grants are often given to members of the science, education and technology communities, provided that the applicants qualify and meet a few prerequisite guidelines. Generally, an applicant must have completed certain criteria or qualifications beforehand, (which is outlined in detail for the specific grant desired), and project grants generally have an end day when the funding discontinues. The average duration period for a project grant is around three years.
The National Science and Mathematics Access to Retain Talent (SMART) Grant picks up where the Academic Competitiveness Grant leaves off—providing funding for low-income third and fourth year college students. Eligible students must be Pell Grant recipients, academically talented and majoring in STEM fields or high need foreign languages. SMART Grant annual maximums are up to $4000 per qualified student. Us Federal Grant
The third policy option is known as nominal gross domestic product targeting, the major proponent of which is the economist Scott Sumner. The idea is all about self-fulfilling expectations. Recall that the central bank owns the printing press, so it can create arbitrary quantities of dollars. By making a pre-commitment to keep the economy on a particular spending trajectory, self-fulfilling collapses in spending would not happen. Something similar to this policy seems to have kept Australia and Israel out of the Great Recession. But in order to sustain such a policy, the Fed might have to intervene in the economy quite frequently, and then the distributional consequences could be serious. Quantitative easing, for example, helps push up asset prices (the stock market has regained all the ground lost since 2009 and then some), which disproportionately benefits the wealthy.
In the decades since the Great Depression, we’ve managed to avoid another economic catastrophe of that magnitude by using these two tools to prop up aggregate demand. So why can’t we just use them again to boost us out of the slump in which we find ourselves now? The answer has to do with the inequality that has steadily increased in our society since the 1980s. Free Money Design Home
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One of the titans of the Catholic Church in the Nineteenth Century in the United States was Archbishop John Ireland, the first Archbishop of Saint Paul, Minnesota. Future blog posts will cover his career as Archbishop. This blog post is focused on his service during the Civil War. Ordained a priest only a year, Father John Ireland at 24 in 1862 received permission of his bishop to join the Fifth Minnesota Volunteer Infantry. He joined the regiment immediately after the battle of Shiloh.
At the battle of Corinth on October 4, 1862 the Fifth Minnesota saved the day for the Union with a charge that stopped a Confederate breakthrough of the Union lines. Running short on ammunition, the troops received additional cartridges from Chaplain Ireland who ran down the line dispensing ammunition. When the fighting was over, the soldiers noted that their chaplain tirelessly tended the wounded and administered the Last Rites to soldiers whose wounds were beyond human aid.
The troops were very fond of their young priest and built him a portable altar from saplings. His sermons were popular with the men, being direct, blunt and brief. He was noted for his sunny disposition, quick wit and his courage. He was also an enthusiastic chess player, and would take on all comers in the evenings in camp.
Before battles he would hear the confessions of huge numbers of soldiers, with some Protestant soldiers often asking for admission to the Church. He was always ready to pray with any soldiers no matter their religion, and give them what comfort he could in reminding them that God was ever at their side during their time of peril. On one occasion he went to the side of an officer who had been shot and was bleeding to death and had asked for a chaplain. the Archbishop recalled the scene decades after the War. ‘Speak to me,’ he said, ‘of Jesus.’ He had been baptized — there was no time to talk of Church. I talked of the Savior, and of sorrow for sin. The memory of that scene has never been effaced from my mind. I have not doubted the salvation of that soul.”
Father Ireland was mustered out of service in March of 1863 due to ill-health, but he never forgot his time in the Union Army. He was ever active in the Grand Army of the Republic, the Union veterans’ organization, and would write about his experiences as a combat chaplain. Unlike most Catholics of his day, he was a firm Republican, the friend of Republican presidents including McKinley and Roosevelt, and never forgot why the Civil War had to be fought, as this statement by him regarding the rights of blacks indicates: | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39057.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Every ecosystem has biotic or living and abiotic or non-living components. A natural ecosystem can exist without any planned manipulations by humans. Complete answer: An ecosystem is of two types- Natural ecosystem and artificial ecosystem.
Is an ecosystem natural?
Natural Ecosystem – These are ecosystems which occur naturally and can survive without any intervention from human beings. Examples of natural ecosystems are forests, mountains, rivers etc.
Is the ecosystem artificial or natural?
An artificial ecosystem is a human-made system of plants, animals, and people living in an area together with their surroundings. Deserts, forests, and oceans are a few examples of naturally occurring ecosystems.
Differentiate between natural and artificial ecosystems.
|Natural ecosystem||Artificial ecosystem|
|Genetic diversity is very high.||Genetic diversity is very low.|
What is not an ecosystem?
Aquarium is not a natural ecosystem. An aquarium is a man-made ecosystem which is designed for faunal life mainly including fishes, snails, or other aquatic animals along with aquatic plants. An aquarium is used as a showpiece in house, mall, restaurant and etc.
Which of the following is natural ecosystem?
The correct answer is Forest. An ecosystem can be defined as a community where living beings co-exist in their physical environment and interact with each other to maintain the lifecycle and facilitate the flow of energy and nutrients. It consists of two main components – biotic and abiotic.
Which is not natural ecosystem?
Option B) Aquariums cannot be considered a natural ecosystem as they are man-made for recreational purposes. In general, it is known as an artificial ecosystem since it is man-made. The aquatic beings in an aquarium are removed from their natural aquatic ecosystem.
Is crop field a natural ecosystem?
Crops fields are known as artificial ecosystems because they are manmade where certain biotic and abiotic components are manipulated. … Farmers employ the relationship between the abiotic factors and producers.
What is the natural environment?
The natural environment or natural world encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally, meaning in this case not artificial. … This environment encompasses the interaction of all living species, climate, weather and natural resources that affect human survival and economic activity.
Which is not a natural is?
Difference Between Natural Numbers and Whole Numbers
|Natural Number||Whole Number|
|The smallest natural number is 1.||The smallest whole number is 0.|
|All natural numbers are whole numbers, but all whole numbers are not natural numbers.||Each whole number is a natural number, except zero.|
What is not an example of ecosystem?
Stars are NOT examples of ecosystems. Molten lava in a volcanic caldera is NOT an example of an ecosystem. The inside of a nuclear reactor vessel is NOT an example of an ecosystem. You can not separate a living organism from abiotic environmental factors, even if that organism is an internal parasite.
Is school a natural ecosystem?
A school is an ecosystem. One dictionary definition of ecosystem is: “a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.” If we believe that a school is an ecosystem, it has tremendous implications for how we organize schools and conduct ourselves within them.
Why forest is considered as a natural ecosystem?
Forests are considered a natural ecosystem because of the following reasons : (i) They have species of plants and animals that grow without human intervention. (ii) All these species interact with each other and are interdependent on each other. (iii) These are naturally sustainable.
What is true ecosystem?
An ecosystem is the structural and functional unit of the biosphere comprising biotic and abiotic components. Organisms can be classified into three main categories – producers, consumers and decomposers. In a true ecosystem, producers outnumber consumers. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39058.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Salter’s trilobite, a national fossil of Wales, is evidence for a young earth and biblical history
©Sam Gon III
Published: 12 July 2014 (GMT+10)
The following question from a correspondent is about a fossil described on a TV program they were watching. It’s answered by geologist Dr Tas Walker.
Last night I was watching a British programme “Coast” on SBS–TV. The presenter showed Salter’s fossil, a great trilobite, which was discovered around 150 years ago on the west coast of Wales.
Apparently the discovery of this fossil changed the view of the age of the earth. I cannot find a reference to it in your search engine, so I am asking whether this fossil is indeed as old as it is claimed to be. Can you give reasons for your answer please with particular reference to this fossil?
Thank you very much.
CMI’s Dr Tas Walker replies:
I Googled “Salters fossil Wales” and came up with an article about it on the website for National Museum Wales.1 From its description it is a remarkable fossil, being a very large trilobite over 50 cm long and incredibly well preserved. It was found by J.W. Salter in the rocks of Pembrokeshire, and called Paradoxides davidis.
The find of a fossil trilobite in itself would give no clue for the age of the earth. But the find could be used to convince people the world is old depending on the way the people of the day reported the find. For example, it would likely have been presented as a curiosity from a bygone era, a creature now extinct that existed eons of ages ago when the world was very different from ours. However, many, many fossils are the same as creatures alive today. These are often called ‘living fossils’, and they have the reverse effect, giving the impression that the past was not that different from today. (See Living fossils: a powerful argument for creation.)
The strata in Wales, in which the fossil was found, had been named Cambrian by Adam Sedgwick in 1835. So, if the fossil was described as belonging to the Cambrian era, people would have got the impression that it was eons of time ago. In other words, just the language used to report the find could have influenced people to imagine an old age for the earth.
The fossil was found in 1862, and the idea of an old earth had been increasingly popular since it was widely promoted in the writings of Charles Lyell some 30 years before. However, most people of that time still believed the biblical account of earth history, that the earth was only 6,000 years old, as do many people today. Lyell’s claim that the earth was eons old was not a discovery he had made but an assumption, and he was very persuasive in his writings. Lyell deliberately denied that Noah’s Flood had ever occurred in history as the Bible describes, and so he ignored the event and its catastrophic effects on the geology of the earth.
The trilobite fossil is actually stunning evidence for the catastrophe of Noah’s Flood because of its excellent preservation. Its intricate detail indicates that it was buried quickly before it was scavenged by other animals, as occurs so quickly today. In fact, the fossil is a problem for those who believe in long ages, because they have to postulate special conditions for how it was preserved so beautifully while it was waiting to be covered slowly by sediment.
When we interpret the fossil from a biblical perspective, it makes a lot of sense of the evidence. The Cambrian strata in Wales were deposited as the waters of Noah’s Flood were rising, about the middle of the first half of the Flood. That means the fossil is actually about 4,500 years old—one of the creatures that was alive before the Flood, and which perished in the cataclysm.
The fossil was found just three years after Charles Darwin published his Origin. Over the next 30 years there was considerable debate about the age of the earth with physicist Lord Kelvin saying it was about 20 to 40 million years old at the most. (His calculated result was far too old because he made wrong assumptions about what the earth was like when God first created it. See Western culture and the age of the earth.)
©Robin Lucas, geograph.org.uk, CC BY-SA 2.0
Porth-y-rhaw where W.J. Salter found the trilobite fossil.
Charles Darwin was distressed at Kelvin’s number because it was too small! Darwin said he needed a vast period of time before the Cambrian for his theory of evolution to work. In other words, an almost unimaginably huge age of the earth is something that the evolutionary scientists have been looking for in order for evolution to be at all plausible.
Apart from being evidence for rapid burial in the global Flood, the trilobite fossil is also remarkable evidence for design, which points to the Designer. Its body plan is especially suited for it to live, grow, and reproduce in the environment where it lived. The trilobite eye particularly is a masterpiece of precision optical design.
Trilobites are thought to be extinct, which is why they are of such interest. People are well aware today of the threats and causes of extinction because there are so many animals that are threatened or endangered. So, this trilobite fossil is also evidence that we live in a ‘fallen’ world, where death, suffering, disease and extinction are part of the landscape. The Bible explains how all that came about and it gives us the remedy for that problem, together with hope for the future, in the gospel of Christ.
In summary, there is nothing in Salter’s trilobite or where it was found that points to an old earth. However, this fossil provides stunning evidence for the reliability of the Bible. Its design demonstrates the power and wisdom of the Creator, its death and extinction the terrible consequence of sin, its preservation the reality of global judgment, and the provision of salvation as evidenced by Noah and his family, from whom we are all descended.
All the best,
References and notes
- https://www.museumwales.ac.uk/rhagor/article/2024/. Return to text.
Could not the horseshoe crab (commonly found here in the Atlantic off North America and other places be a so called "living fossil" and closely related to/in the same kind as the "trilobite"? Just asking your professional opinion.
The horseshoe crab is a living fossil, but it's quite different from a trilobite. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39059.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
According to the United States Department of Human and Health Services, over 10 million people misused prescription opioids in 2018. This was following the 2017 declaration of a public health emergency. While opioid-related deaths have slightly decreased in recent years, the rate of overdoses is still approximately four times higher than 20 years ago. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention defines opioids as “substances that work in the nervous system of the body or in specific receptors in the brain to reduce the intensity of pain.” Substance abuse seems to have originated in the late 1990s as the medical community prescribed opioids without knowing how highly addictive they were.
One of the consequences of this drastic increase in opioid abuse is the rise of women exposing their unborn children to these substances in utero, or in the womb. There is a good chance that at some point you have heard of a baby who has been born after being exposed to drugs in utero; these babies can experience withdrawal. Within the last ten years, the rate of babies withdrawing has significantly escalated from one every hour to one every 15 minutes, which is, unfortunately, the effects we will see as this epidemic intensifies.
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) is when primarily opioids, but any legal or illegal substance crosses the placenta and exposes the developing baby to those substances. This can cause the baby to experience symptoms of withdrawal.
Polysubstance abuse is when babies have multiple drug exposures and could have more withdrawal symptoms. It depends on the number of substances, the frequency of substance use, and the purity of the substance. These are all things that are accessed at birth.
In the NICU
Treatments in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) have progressed substantially over the last ten years, stated Kobi Tobin, a certified neonatal and pediatric nurse. Some symptoms of withdrawal include high-pitched crying, tremor, fast breathing, irritability, sneezing, and fevers that can affect both neurological and gastrointestinal systems. These symptoms of withdrawal are the components that then determine the need for nonpharmacological therapies, medication management, and adjusted medications.
If the baby has low scores of symptoms the NICU will start with nonpharmacological or nonmedicated therapies. Soothing techniques are also a common practice such as skin-to-skin contact, rooming with a primary caregiver, vertical rocking, and the use of pacifiers.
Rooming with the primary caregiver is one of the soothing methods that has shown to be the most beneficial of the nonpharmacological therapies. Even as caring and attentive as the NICU staff can be, it is not possible to have them in the room at all times. Rooming with the primary caregiver also promotes healthy bonding time and can meet the emotional needs of soothing and comfort.
Skin-to-skin contact—also known as kangaroo care—along with vertical rocking have been shown to have positive results of soothing, consoling, and decreased signs and duration of withdrawal. These are also forms of positive bonding time.
Swaddling has been shown to reduce signs of withdrawal and overstimulation of the senses as well. Loud sounds or other babies crying can stimulate the baby and cause a cycle of irritability and difficulty sleeping.
Higher calorie diets are needed to replenish the calories burned during withdrawals. The irritability, tremors, and excessive crying require the baby to use more calories and energy than normal, so the extra calories help meet the baby’s nutritional needs.
NICUs also utilize volunteer cuddlers, when available, to help comfort the babies and make sure the needs of the baby are met.
If symptoms persist after nonpharmacological therapies or if the baby scores high in the components for withdrawal, the use of pharmacological or medicated therapies may result. The primary medications used are methadone and morphine, which are both narcotics. Both also have standard methods of weaning. The process starts with a therapeutic dose and titrates based on the baby’s symptoms. Both methadone and morphine have a standard method of weaning that includes monitoring their signs of withdrawal. Some studies have shown that using methadone, which is a shorter-acting narcotic, can wean the baby faster so that the baby can ultimately be discharged sooner. Sometimes as the process comes to an end, the last dosage can be the most difficult part as the baby learns to live without the substance. Even after the last dosage, monitoring for several days is still necessary to ensure there are no further signs of withdrawal.
My Experience with Substance Abuse
I remember the exact moment I was informed of the drug usage of my son’s biological mother. I was shocked because, during a prior conversation, I specifically asked her if the baby had been exposed to any substance abuse. I reassured her that it was a safe place for her to be honest. I just wanted to prepare myself mentally for the journey that could be waiting for us. To be completely honest, I felt betrayed when I found out. I felt like I had given her my trust and she had no regard for it. I now understand her position though and how hard it would have been to be completely transparent with me. Knowing now the fear she may have felt facing possible legal consequences, guilt, and judgment for those actions, I understand that it could not have been easy to confront that reality. Unfortunately, we only found out the truth through the court because she was incarcerated and given a drug test. Even though it was not the way I would have liked to find out, I am glad I had accurate information.
When I got the phone call I was numb; I did not initially react. I just stared blankly at a wall in my parents’ pantry. My brother happened to be there too, and he just hugged me. I had no idea what lay ahead. I had no idea what to do, and I had no idea how to tell my husband. I did not know anything about the possible effects substance abuse could have on a baby. I only knew what I had seen on television. I was scared, but I knew this was something I was willing to pursue no matter the level of difficulty. I was already fully committed in my heart to this precious baby I had not even met yet.
My son is a happy, healthy, sweet little boy and fortunately did not experience any symptoms of withdrawal. There is nothing I would change about him. I cannot imagine what my life would be like if I had allowed the uncertainty and the unknown to deter my decision. I blindly accepted this journey; I was unaware of all the resources and current research that would have provided some comfort and knowledge.
It is important to know that it is not a criminal offense to use illegal substances while pregnant. It is optimal that there be a safe and healthy environment for the baby to develop, but hopefully, knowledge of the law will provide relief for women as well as honest and accurate information for their health care providers. This may also encourage them to seek proper prenatal care to ensure that the baby is getting the nutrients needed; it may even encourage mothers to seek addiction assistance.
Misconceptions About Substance Abuse
A very common misconception is that the baby is born addicted to drugs. Babies cannot be born addicted to drugs; they are instead born with a physical dependency. The difference is they cannot make conscious decisions to use drugs. Their little bodies are physically dependent on the substance or substances because the substances have been a consistent part of their development. This is why the substances have to be slowly removed from their bodies through therapy.
Understanding more about addiction cycles will help people to better understand the difference between a substance abuse disorder and a physical dependency on substances. Addiction is a chronic, primary disease connected to the reward centers of the brain which leads to the inability to control the use of substances. It can affect the brain and behavior. Again, these are actions and decisions babies are incapable of making.
Long-Term Effects of Substance Abuse
There are some long-term effects associated with specific substances. However, it is hard to fully know the long-term effects of NAS, especially considering how much their environment influences development.
Polysubstance abuse also makes it more difficult to determine if a specific substance is producing a long-term effect. It would be important to know what substances were introduced to the child in utero to monitor what possible side effects could exist. There are other factors, including genetics, that contribute to the response of the drug they were exposed to.
All the recent research, knowledge, and treatment of NAS should alleviate many of the fears and misunderstandings that might accompany previous opinions of babies born with NAS. Just like any child who was born biologically or who was adopted, you never know what challenges or obstacles they may face in the future. Even with the ideal in utero experience, children still have learning disabilities or fundamental delays. The environment makes a big impact on a child’s development and can make it incredibly difficult to differentiate the effects of nature versus nurture. It is hard to estimate what the developmental outcome would be if a child born with NAS were raised by his or her biological mother, who may or may not have continued her drug usage.
Although my son did not experience the stages of withdrawal, I do understand that specific fear of the unknown. I can identify with the insecurities and thoughts of failure of those mothers who may not be able to provide adequate care. I can understand the severity of the what-ifs. I know what it is like to anticipate the very worst while hoping for the very best. These feelings and fears are so familiar to me that I can empathize with anyone struggling with these thoughts and fears.
Again, it is hard to know what the long-term effects could be but, like with any child, noticing early signs of delay is important. There is not any concrete scientific proof that all children born with NAS will have future disabilities, disorders, or delays. There are therapies to treat any delays and early intervention is key. Getting familiar with your resources from your pediatrician or other health care providers is strongly suggested. Also, knowing what signs to look for would be beneficial for early detection and intervention. It is important to have these conversations with your pediatrician, ask questions, and know what developmental stages and milestones your child should be reaching according to his or her corresponding age.
The sad | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39060_1.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
reality is that until there are breakthroughs in the opioid crisis, we will continue to see babies affected by NAS. We have to rely on the growing research and trust that the research will provide enough education and resources to all of the neonatal intensive care units. The care given in the NICU by all the wonderful, caring staff gives these babies the beginning they deserve. All the different techniques and therapies provide comfort and relief that can help ensure that these babies can leave the hospital and live happy, healthy lives.
As potential adoptive parents approach the possibility of caring for a baby that has already endured so much, it is natural to have concerns for the future. Not knowing what challenges may arise in the upcoming years or feeling unequipped to meet the needs of the developing baby are hard fears to overcome. These concerns are certainly valid. The funny thing is that these are the same concerns and fears that parents face even when babies have a healthy in utero experience. This is the emotional roller coaster that every parent experiences initially when embarking on the journey of parenthood.
All parents of children who are biological or adopted have to be vigilant and flexible, and they have to learn to utilize their resources when an obstacle presents itself. Everyone enters parenthood with the highest expectations; many have also had to learn to quickly adapt. That is just what being a parent is all about.
*More information on this topic can be found on season one, episode six of reFramed titled, “Reframing Your Thoughts on Substance Abuse During Pregnancy.” | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39060_2.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Nine familiar games introduce children ages 10 and up to the mind-stretching possibility of a “multiconnected universe”. Games include: tic-tac-toe, mazes, crossword puzzles, word search puzzles, jigsaw puzzles, chess, pool, gomoku and apples. While playing the games, kids develop an intuitive visual understanding of a model universe that is finite yet has no boundary. Players who master the games in 2D may enjoy the extra challenge of solving 3D mazes and playing 3D tic-tac-toe in multiconnected 3D spaces. Even though the games were designed with kids in mind, adults interested in topology, geometry and cosmology have also found them enjoyable and enlightening.
|Languages||German, Greek, English, Spanish, Finnish, French, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Dutch, Portuguese, Russian, Vietnamese, Chinese (simplified), Chinese (traditional)|
|License||Freeware (GNU General Public License)|
|FAQ||Geometry Games FAQ|
25 January 2014 (Version 5.4)
Android version added
(Android, iOS, Mac) Two-finger scrolling
(Android, iOS) Optional difficulty levels
Torus Games for Android 4.0 or later (3.7 MB)
Torus Games for iOS 5 or later (4.0 MB)
Torus Games for Mac OS 10.7 or later — OpenGL 3 (3.9 MB)
Torus Games for Mac OS 10.6 or later — OpenGL 2 (4.1 MB)
Torus Games for Windows XP or later — more recent hardware (3.8 MB)
Torus Games for Windows XP or later — all hardware (3.1 MB)
Torus Games source code (7.9 MB)
Questions? Contact Jeff Weeks.
With deepest thanks to the translators: Frank Lutz and Christina Laternser, Σταύρος Παπαδόπουλος (Stavros Papadopoulos), Cristóbal Camarero Coterillo and Maria de la Paz Álvarez-Scherer, Jouko Koskinen, Jean-Philippe Uzan and Roland Lehoucq, Carlo Petronio, 竹内建 (Tatsu Takeuchi), 송현종 (Hyun-Jong Song), Sebas Eliëns and Jacobien Carstens, Atractor, Алексей и Ксения Пронины (Alexey and Kseniya Pronin), Nguyễn Văn Tân and 邹燕清 (Yanqing Zou)
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 1136261. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
[Return to Geometry Games home.] | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39061.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Strategies of Early Interventions on Academic Performance of Learners with Physical Disabilities in Primary and Secondary Schools in Two Selected Districts, Rwanda
MetadataShow full item record
The purpose of this study was to determine the strategies of early intervention on academic performance of learners with physical disabilities in special primary and secondary schools in Nyanza and Huye Districts in Southern Province of Rwanda. The study was guided by social learning theory. Descriptive survey researchwas used to find out teacher professional education level in providing EI in SNE, to determine EI strategies used by teachers at early childhood level and to identify materials used for providing EI in instructions. The target population of parents, learners and teachers was 1,673. The number of learners with physical disabilities was 1364 in primary and secondary levels. 86 and 223 parents. A sample size of 10 teachers from primary, 10 teachers from secondary, 25 learners from primary, 45 learners from secondary and 6 parents were selected for learners of primary and 6 parents for learners of secondary which gave a total of 102 respondents. In the study purposive and simple sampling techniques were used to select teachers and parents while stratified sampling was used in selecting learners. The sample was drawn from two selected special schools for learners with physical disabilities with their teachers and parents. Four instruments: questionnaires, interview guide, focus group discussion and observation checklists were used to collect data on the strategies of early intervention on academic performance of learners with physical disabilities. The pilot study pre-tested to two schools of selected districts for learners, teachers in ordinal levels and for home mates of learners used as guardians. Descriptive statistics was used to present and analyse the results of the study. Findings showed that professional background was good enough for the teachers to generate informed data but it was noted that educational programs were not delivered as effectively as expected because of the big number of teachers not qualified in the area of SNE. It was also noted that early interventions weren‟t provided as well due to the lack of experts in that area. The Ministry of Education should provide funds for organizing seminars and workshops in the area of the SNE to improve the number of teachers‟ qualification to be able to teach effectively and the policy would be implemented from the parents in terms of team collaboration to raise the services of infants and toddlers with physical disabilities. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39063.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
A Guide to the General Council Records, 1835, undated
The General Council was the legislative body of the Texas Provisional Government, established by the Consultation and operating from November 15, 1835, until March 1, 1836, during the Texas Revolution. The Provisional Government named Henry Smith as governor and James W. Robinson as lieutenant governor. Smith and Robinson were of the independence or war party, while most of the General Council belonged to the peace party. The Council met first in San Felipe de Austin and then at Washington-on-the-Brazos and were led by the president of the Council, James W. Robinson.
The different political parties of the General Council and of Gov. Smith and Lt. Gov. Robinson led to opposition and fighting within the government. When Gov. Smith ordered the Council to disband, the General Council responded by impeaching Smith and recognizing Robinson as acting governor. However, Smith continued to claim the governorship, and eventually the council members stopped attending meetings. A convention had already been called by the Council for March 1836, and the meeting took place at Washington-on-the-Brazos, essentially ending the General Council and provisional government.
Handbook of Texas Online, s.v. "General Council,"http://www.tshaonline.org /handbook/online/articles/GG/mbg1.html (accessed October 6, 2010).
Handbook of Texas Online, s.v. "Provisional government,"http://www.tshaonline.org /handbook/online/articles/PP/mzp1.html (accessed October 6, 2010).
The General Council Records, 1835, undated, contain meeting minutes from November 24, 1835, and undated meeting minutes with a copy of a letter from Governor Henry Smith. Each document discusses bills proposed by certain committees to be approved by the General Council, particularly the organization of a militia and navy, the establishment of the governor as commander-in-chief, and the appointment of a treasurer to the Provisional Government. In addition, they mention numerous other bills presented by the Committee on State Affairs and the Judiciary, Committee on Military Affairs, Committee on Land and Indian Affairs, and Special Committee. One of the undated meeting minutes includes a copy of a letter from Gov. Smith concerning his opinions and vetoes on certain bills, such as the establishment of the Navy and granting a letter of marque and reprisal.
This collection is open for research use.
General Council Records, 1835, undated, Dolph Briscoe Center for American History, The University of Texas at Austin.
Basic processing and cataloging of this collection was supported with funds from the National Historical Publications and Records Commission (NHPRC) for the Briscoe Center’s “History Revealed: Bringing Collections to Light project,” 2009-2011.
Detailed Description of the Papers | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39064.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
The abbreviation for Polyvinyl Chloride (C2H3Cl)n is PVC. It is the world's third most popular plastic. In the first place you will find Polyethylene (PE) and second place runner is Polypropylene (PP). You get rigid and soft PVC. People also call it vinyl, especially in the USA.
is used for construction material such as windows, doors, ceilings, gutters and down pipes. In addition it is widely used for water distribution (drain pipes, sanitary sewer and water systems).
is used for signage, clothing, flexible containers and tubing (healthcare), flooring products, consumer products (shower curtains, inflatables) and of course … PVC strip curtains.
Therefore you can say it is quite common in our daily lives. We can hardly imagine a day without Polyvinyl Chloride.
Properties of PVC
Polyvinyl Chloride shows good chemical resistance to bases, acids, salts, fats and alcohols. In addition PVC offers good electrical insulation although not as good as PE or PP. As a result it is used for low to medium voltage electrical cable insulation. Thanks to its high hardness and mechanical properties, it is extensive used in sanitary sewer systems. Heat stabilizers and manufacturing additives enhance its heat stability. PVC is a thermoplastic just like PE and PP which means its chemical composition doesn't change when heated and it offers good insulation.
Polyvinyl Chloride, like most synthetic plastics, are durable and degrade poorly. This is of concern when the product reaches its end of life (EOL). We cannot overemphasize the importance to discard PVC responsibly because it resists natural degradation. Look for the looping arrow triangle with the digit “3” to identify Polyvinyl Chloride. The good news, however, is that Polyvinyl Chloride (including PVC strip curtains) can be recycle 7 times giving it a life span of 140 years (under ideal conditions). You require less energy to make new PVC if you use recycled PVC.
Let's briefly look at Polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP) as well - given their sheer presence in modern day life.
is also a thermoplastic. In terms of features it is a good electrical insulator but it suffers in terms of hardness and rigidity when compared to PVC. The most common types of PE are HDPE (high density Polyethylene), MDPE (medium density Polyethylene) and LDPE (low density Polyethylene). Application of PE range from shopping bags, bubble wrap, containers (milk jugs, margarine tubs, juice bottles, dust bins), water pipes and film wrap. Even your popular Zip Lock bag. For recycling purposes, HDPE uses plastic recycle code 2 and LDPE uses code 4.
is slightly harder and more heat resistant than Polyethylene (PE) and belongs to the polyolefins group. It is also a thermoplastic as mentioned above although slightly harder and it can withstand more heat than PE. Polypropylene also offers good resistance to fatigue. This type of plastic can therefore be found in the Tic Tac container, plastic chairs, flower pots, DVD cases, food containers (microwavable), prescription bottles, laboratory tubes and clear bags. The code assigned to this plastic is the digit “5” inside the chasing arrow triangle. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39065.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
A good game always has something to teach us. Not as strictly imitating adult work as it was before, modern games still teach the concepts a future adult will need. And it has to be combined with joy, so a game is a break from duller learning at the same time.
While you might never have thought of some of them this way, here is the list (not definitive) of board games that are educational to a high extent. Not becoming a dull flashcard collection, any of these requires a special skill in logic, math, grammar, strategy, space and time, economy, or fine motor skill.
In order to read articles like this, one has to be literal. Literacy is fun with games like Scrabble, and its Junior version is simpler. It has a smaller board, and some letters are already on it. Words are easier to form, and parents or older kids can help the younger with spelling.
Another classical game in its Junior edition requires math skills and strategy just like its adult version. The kids still need to build and trade, make their way and make decisions in it.
And here comes another junior version of a famous title. Giving the basic concepts of economy, Monopoly Junior also makes them comprehensible for the youngest. It also teaches reading, as the objects are all named under the picture.
This one doesn’t even have to be adjusted for kids, because it operates with shapes and colors. Players have to design and build a palace with azulejos – colorful tiles. It teaches spatial reasoning, strategy, and basic calculations. In addition, it’s beautiful as heaven.
The basics of programming are more fun when colored and animal-styled. Playing the robot turtles through the board so they find the magic crystal the first is fun, and when it’s code-based it’s also educative.
Learning geography is like a card game with Continent Race. The gameplay requires that a player lays down cards with countries from various continents, knowing which is which. There are extra rules that make the game more fun. The strangest thing is that the game was created by a 6-year-old.
Friends & Neighbors: The Helping Game
In this game, kids need to find objects to help NPCs standing on the board. So they need to match their tokens with those needed by characters. The NPCs can be played by parents or older kids who explain how they feel and why exactly they need help. The pirate style of the game just contributes to its fun.
Blue Orange Games Planet Board Game
Make the world of your own! By filling the space on their planet maps, young players will learn about planet structures and ecosystems, biomes and particular species, climate and stuff about planets. And making their own one is so exciting!
A gamified take on math is a bit bingo-like, due to random cards and numbers. But instead of pure attention, Proof! Also requires players to calculate. The cards contain numbers that can go together as an equation; a player should combine and recognize these hidden equation. Due to its abstract character, Proof! can be among educational board games for teens and for preschoolers equally.
While in other games players have to think, this is one of the educational board games that teach to move and act. Welcome to a hunted mansion! And then get the elements of the game together to reach the treasure it conceals, getting through all the spooky obstacles.
Name Your Game!
Frankly speaking, it was hard to select just 10 top educational board games. There are certainly more. So it would be great if you add another title in comments and tell us why it’s great. There are never enough good educational games to play! | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39066.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Air conditioning curbs could save years’ worth of emissions – study
Up to eight years’ worth of global greenhouse gas emissions could be prevented over the next four decades by setting tougher standards for air conditioning, according to a study.
It found that improving the energy efficiency of cooling systems by using climate-friendly refrigerants could remove emissions equivalent to between 210bn and 460bn tonnes of carbon dioxide by 2060.
The peer-reviewed analysis by the United Nations Environment Programme (Unep) and the International Energy Agency (IEA) found that cutting the use of climate-warming refrigerants such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) alone could help avoid up to 0.4C of global warming by the end of the century.
Doubling the energy efficiency of air conditioning by 2050 would cut electricity use by 1,300 gigawatts, the equivalent of all the coal-fired power generation capacity in China and India in 2018, saving up to $2.9tn in electricity costs.
More efficient air conditioning would have other benefits too, according to the report, such as better access to life-saving cooling equipment for medicines and vaccines, improved air quality and reduced food loss and waste.
According to the report, an estimated 3.6bn cooling appliances are in use worldwide, and this could rise to 14bn by 2050 if cooling is provided to everybody who needs it rather than just those who can afford it.
Growing demand for cooling is contributing significantly to climate change by producing HFCs and carbon dioxide and often relying on electricity generated by fossil fuels. That demand is expected to grow faster in the years ahead in response to steadily rising global temperatures, creating a vicious circle of global heating.
Carbon emissions from the global energy industry in 2018 rose at the fastest rate in almost a decade, after extreme weather and surprise swings in global temperatures stoked the fastest increase in gas demand for 30 years.
The Unep/IEA report calls for action from governments to tackle the climate impacts of cooling as they roll out stimulus packages to deal with the economic and social impacts of the Covid-19 crisis.
It calls for all countries to adopt an amendment to the Montreal protocol, an international environmental treaty agreed in 2016 that calls for a drastic reduction in HFCs and was agreed in 2016.
Inger Andersen, Unep’s executive director, said climate-friendly cooling could help protect the natural environment and even reduce the risk of future pandemics while preventing runaway carbon emissions.
Dr Fatih Birol, the IEA’s executive director, said the Covid-19 pandemic offered governments “a unique opportunity to accelerate progress in efficient, climate-friendly cooling”, which he said was “one of the most effective tools governments have to meet energy and environmental objectives”.
He added: “By improving cooling efficiency, they can reduce the need for new power plants, cut emissions and save consumers money.” | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39067.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Germany is separated from the Galli, the Rhaeti, and Pannonii, by the rivers Rhine and Danube; mountain ranges, or the fear which each feels for the other, divide it from the Sarmatae and Daci. Elsewhere ocean girds it, embracing broad peninsulas and islands of unexplored extent, where certain tribes and kingdoms are newly known to us, revealed by war. The Rhine springs from a precipitous and inaccessible height of the Rhaetian Alps, bends slightly westward, and mingles with the Northern Ocean. The Danube pours down from the gradual and gently rising slope of Mount Abnoba, and visits many nations, to force its way at last through six channels into the Pontus; a seventh mouth is lost in marshes.
The Germans themselves I should regard as aboriginal, and not mixed at all with other races through immigration or intercourse. For, in former times, it was not by land but on shipboard that those who sought to emigrate would arrive; and the boundless and, so to speak, hostile ocean beyond us, is seldom entered by a sail from our world. And, beside the perils of rough and unknown seas, who would leave Asia, or Africa, or Italy for Germany, with its wild country, its inclement skies, its sullen manners and aspect, unless indeed it were his home? In their ancient songs, their only way of remembering or recording the past, they celebrate an earth-born god, Tuisco, and his son Mannus, as the origin of their race, as their founders. To Mannus they assign three sons, from whose names, they say, the coast tribes are called Ingaevones; those of the interior, Herminones; all the rest, Istaevones. Some, with the freedom of conjecture permitted by antiquity, assert that the god had several descendants, and the nation several appellations, as Marsi, Gambrivii, Suevi, Vandilii, and that these are genuine old names. The name Germany, on the other hand, they say, is modern and newly introduced, from the fact that the tribes which first crossed the Rhine and drove out the Gauls, and are now called Tungrians, were then called Germans. Thus what was the name of a tribe, and not of a race, gradually prevailed, till all called themselves by this self-invented name of Germans, which the conquerors had first employed to inspire terror.
They say that Hercules, too, once visited them; and when going into battle, they sing of him first of all heroes. They have also those songs of theirs, by the recital of which ("baritus", they call it), they rouse their courage, while from the note they augur the result of the approaching conflict. For, as their line shouts, they inspire or feel alarm. It is not so much an articulate sound, as a general cry of valour. They aim chiefly at a harsh note and a confused roar, putting their shields to their mouth, so that, by reverberation, it may swell into a fuller and deeper sound. Ulysses, too, is believed by some, in his long legendary wanderings, to have found his way into this ocean, and, having visited German soil, to have founded and named the town of Asciburgium, which stands on the bank of the Rhine, and is to this day inhabited. They even say that an altar dedicated to Ulysses, with the addition of the name of his father, Laertes, was formerly discovered on this same spot, and that certain monuments and tombs, with Greek inscriptions, still exist on the borders of Germany and Rhaetia. These statements I have no intention of sustaining by proofs, or of refuting; every one may believe or disbelieve them as he feels inclined.
For my own part, I agree with those who think that the tribes of Germany are free from all taint of inter-marriages with foreign nations, and that they appear as a distinct, unmixed race, like none but themselves. Hence, too, the same physical peculiarities throughout so vast a population. All have fierce blue eyes, red hair, huge frames, fit only for a sudden exertion. They are less able to bear laborious work. Heat and thirst they cannot in the least endure; to cold and hunger their climate and their soil inure them.
Their country, though somewhat various in appearance, yet generally either bristles with forests or reeks with swamps; it is more rainy on the side of Gaul, bleaker on that of Noricum and Pannonia. It is productive of grain, but unfavourable to fruit-bearing trees; it is rich in flocks and herds, but these are for the most part undersized, and even the cattle have not their usual beauty or noble head. It is number that is chiefly valued; they are in fact the most highly prized, indeed the only riches of the people. Silver and gold the gods have refused to them, whether in kindness or in anger I cannot say. I would not, however, affirm that no vein of German soil produces gold or silver, for who has ever made a search? They care but little to possess or use them. You may see among them vessels of silver, which have been presented to their envoys and chieftains, held as cheap as those of clay. The border population, however, value gold and silver for their commercial utility, and are familiar with, and show preference for, some of our coins. The tribes of the interior use the simpler and more ancient practice of the barter of commodities. They like the old and well-known money, coins milled or showing a two-horse chariot. They likewise prefer silver to gold, not from any special liking, but because a large number of silver pieces is more convenient for use among dealers in cheap and common articles.
Even iron is not plentiful with them, as we infer from the character of their weapons. But few use swords or long lances. They carry a spear (framea is their name for it), with a narrow and short head, but so sharp and easy to wield that the same weapon serves, according to circumstances, for close or distant conflict. As for the horse-soldier, he is satisfied with a shield and spear; the foot-soldiers also scatter showers of missiles, each man having several and hurling them to an immense distance, and being naked or lightly clad with a little cloak. There is no display about their equipment: their shields alone are marked with very choice colours. A few only have corslets, and just one or two here and there a metal or leathern helmet. Their horses are remarkable neither for beauty nor for fleetness. Nor are they taught various evolutions after our fashion, but are driven straight forward, or so as to make one wheel to the right in such a compact body that none is left behind another. On the whole, one would say that their chief strength is in their infantry, which fights along with the cavalry; admirably adapted to the action of the latter is the swiftness of certain foot-soldiers, who are picked from the entire youth of their country, and stationed in front of the line. Their number is fixed,—a hundred from each canton; and from this they take their name among their countrymen, so that what was originally a mere number has now become a title of distinction. Their line of battle is drawn up in a wedge-like formation. To give ground, provided you return to the attack, is considered prudence rather than cowardice. The bodies of their slain they carry off even in indecisive engagements. To abandon your shield is the basest of crimes; nor may a man thus disgraced be present at the sacred rites, or enter their council; many, indeed, after escaping from battle, have ended their infamy with the halter.
They choose their kings by birth, their generals for merit. These kings have not unlimited or arbitrary power, and the generals do more by example than by authority. If they are energetic, if they are conspicuous, if they fight in the front, they lead because they are admired. But to reprimand, to imprison, even to flog, is permitted to the priests alone, and that not as a punishment, or at the general's bidding, but, as it were, by the mandate of the god whom they believe to inspire the warrior. They also carry with them into battle certain figures and images taken from their sacred groves. And what most stimulates their courage is, that their squadrons or battalions, instead of being formed by chance or by a fortuitous gathering, are composed of families and clans. Close by them, too, are those dearest to them, so that they hear the shrieks of women, the cries of infants. They are to every man the most sacred witnesses of his bravery—they are his most generous applauders. The soldier brings his wounds to mother and wife, who shrink not from counting or even demanding them and who administer both food and encouragement to the combatants.
Tradition says that armies already wavering and giving way have been rallied by women who, with earnest entreaties and bosoms laid bare, have vividly represented the horrors of captivity, which the Germans fear with such extreme dread on behalf of their women, that the strongest tie by which a state can be bound is the being required to give, among the number of hostages, maidens of noble birth. They even believe that the sex has a certain sanctity and prescience, and they do not despise their counsels, or make light of their answers. In Vespasian's days we saw Veleda, long regarded by many as a divinity. In former times, too, they venerated Aurinia, and many other women, but not with servile flatteries, or with sham deification.
Mercury is the deity whom they chiefly worship, and on certain days they deem it right to sacrifice to him even with human victims. Hercules and Mars they appease with more lawful offerings. Some of the Suevi also sacrifice to Isis. Of the occasion and origin of | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39068_1.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
this foreign rite I have discovered nothing, but that the image, which is fashioned like a light galley, indicates an imported worship. The Germans, however, do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls, or to liken them to the form of any human countenance. They consecrate woods and groves, and they apply the names of deities to the abstraction which they see only in spiritual worship.
Augury and divination by lot no people practise more diligently. The use of the lots is simple. A little bough is lopped off a fruit-bearing tree, and cut into small pieces; these are distinguished by certain marks, and thrown carelessly and at random over a white garment. In public questions the priest of the particular state, in private the father of the family, invokes the gods, and, with his eyes towards heaven, takes up each piece three times, and finds in them a meaning according to the mark previously impressed on them. If they prove unfavourable, there is no further consultation that day about the matter; if they sanction it, the confirmation of augury is still required. For they are also familiar with the practice of consulting the notes and the flight of birds. It is peculiar to this people to seek omens and monitions from horses. Kept at the public expense, in these same woods and groves, are white horses, pure from the taint of earthly labour; these are yoked to a sacred car, and accompanied by the priest and the king, or chief of the tribe, who note their neighings and snortings. No species of augury is more trusted, not only by the people and by the nobility, but also by the priests, who regard themselves as the ministers of the gods, and the horses as acquainted with their will. They have also another method of observing auspices, by which they seek to learn the result of an important war. Having taken, by whatever means, a prisoner from the tribe with whom they are at war, they pit him against a picked man of their own tribe, each combatant using the weapons of their country. The victory of the one or the other is accepted as an indication of the issue.
About minor matters the chiefs deliberate, about the more important the whole tribe. Yet even when the final decision rests with the people, the affair is always thoroughly discussed by the chiefs. They assemble, except in the case of a sudden emergency, on certain fixed days, either at new or at full moon; for this they consider the most auspicious season for the transaction of business. Instead of reckoning by days as we do, they reckon by nights, and in this manner fix both their ordinary and their legal appointments. Night they regard as bringing on day. Their freedom has this disadvantage, that they do not meet simultaneously or as they are bidden, but two or three days are wasted in the delays of assembling. When the multitude think proper, they sit down armed. Silence is proclaimed by the priests, who have on these occasions the right of keeping order. Then the king or the chief, according to age, birth, distinction in war, or eloquence, is heard, more because he has influence to persuade than because he has power to command. If his sentiments displease them, they reject them with murmurs; if they are satisfied, they brandish their spears. The most complimentary form of assent is to express approbation with their weapons.
In their councils an accusation may be preferred or a capital crime prosecuted. Penalties are distinguished according to the offence. Traitors and deserters are hanged on trees; the coward, the unwarlike, the man stained with abominable vices, is plunged into the mire of the morass, with a hurdle put over him. This distinction in punishment means that crime, they think, ought, in being punished, to be exposed, while infamy ought to be buried out of sight. Lighter offences, too, have penalties proportioned to them; he who is convicted, is fined in a certain number of horses or of cattle. Half of the fine is paid to the king or to the state, half to the person whose wrongs are avenged and to his relatives. In these same councils they also elect the chief magistrates, who administer law in the cantons and the towns. Each of these has a hundred associates chosen from the people, who support him with their advice and influence.
They transact no public or private business without being armed. It is not, however, usual for anyone to wear arms till the state has recognised his power to use them. Then in the presence of the council one of the chiefs, or the young man's father, or some kinsman, equips him with a shield and a spear. These arms are what the toga is with us, the first honour with which youth is invested. Up to this time he is regarded as a member of a household, afterwards as a member of the commonwealth. Very noble birth or great services rendered by the father secure for lads the rank of a chief; such lads attach themselves to men of mature strength and of long approved valour. It is no shame to be seen among a chief's followers. Even in his escort there are gradations of rank, dependent on the choice of the man to whom they are attached. These followers vie keenly with each other as to who shall rank first with his chief, the chiefs as to who shall have the most numerous and the bravest followers. It is an honour as well as a source of strength to be thus always surrounded by a large body of picked youths; it is an ornament in peace and a defence in war. And not only in his own tribe but also in the neighbouring states it is the renown and glory of a chief to be distinguished for the number and valour of his followers, for such a man is courted by embassies, is honoured with presents, and the very prestige of his name often settles a war.
When they go into battle, it is a disgrace for the chief to be surpassed in valour, a disgrace for his followers not to equal the valour of the chief. And it is an infamy and a reproach for life to have survived the chief, and returned from the field. To defend, to protect him, to ascribe one's own brave deeds to his renown, is the height of loyalty. The chief fights for victory; his vassals fight for their chief. If their native state sinks into the sloth of prolonged peace and repose, many of its noble youths voluntarily seek those tribes which are waging some war, both because inaction is odious to their race, and because they win renown more readily in the midst of peril, and cannot maintain a numerous following except by violence and war. Indeed, men look to the liberality of their chief for their war-horse and their blood-stained and victorious lance. Feasts and entertainments, which, though inelegant, are plentifully furnished, are their only pay. The means of this bounty come from war and rapine. Nor are they as easily persuaded to plough the earth and to wait for the year's produce as to challenge an enemy and earn the honour of wounds. Nay, they actually think it tame and stupid to acquire by the sweat of toil what they might win by their blood.
Whenever they are not fighting, they pass much of their time in the chase, and still more in idleness, giving themselves up to sleep and to feasting, the bravest and the most warlike doing nothing, and surrendering the management of the household, of the home, and of the land, to the women, the old men, and all the weakest members of the family. They themselves lie buried in sloth, a strange combination in their nature that the same men should be so fond of idleness, so averse to peace. It is the custom of the states to bestow by voluntary and individual contribution on the chiefs a present of cattle or of grain, which, while accepted as a compliment, supplies their wants. They are particularly delighted by gifts from neighbouring tribes, which are sent not only by individuals but also by the state, such as choice steeds, heavy armour, trappings, and neckchains. We have now taught them to accept money also.
It is well known that the nations of Germany have no cities, and that they do not even tolerate closely contiguous dwellings. They live scattered and apart, just as a spring, a meadow, or a wood has attracted them. Their villages they do not arrange in our fashion, with the buildings connected and joined together, but every person surrounds his dwelling with an open space, either as a precaution against the disasters of fire, or because they do not know how to build. No use is made by them of stone or tile; they employ timber for all purposes, rude masses without ornament or attractiveness. Some parts of their buildings they stain more carefully with a clay so clear and bright that it resembles painting, or a coloured design. They are wont also to dig out subterranean caves, and pile on them great heaps of dung, as a shelter from winter and as a receptacle for the year's produce, for by such places they mitigate the rigour of the cold. And should an enemy approach, he lays waste the open country, while what is hidden and buried is either not known to exist, or else escapes him from the very fact that it has to be searched for.
They all wrap themselves in a cloak which is fastened with a clasp, or, if this is not forthcoming, with a thorn, leaving the rest of their persons bare. They pass whole days on the hearth by the fire. The wealthiest are distinguished by a dress which is not flowing, like that of the Sarmatae and Parthi, but is tight, and exhibits each limb. They also wear the skins of wild beasts; the tribes on the Rhine and Danube in a careless fashion, those of the interior with more elegance, as not obtaining other clothing by commerce. These select certain animals, the hides of which they strip off | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39068_2.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
gloomy aspect of their death-like host, strike terror into the foe, who can never confront their strange and almost infernal appearance. For in all battles it is the eye which is first vanquished.
Beyond the Ligii are the Gothones, who are ruled by kings, a little more strictly than the other German tribes, but not as yet inconsistently with freedom. Immediately adjoining them, further from the coast, are the Rugii and Lemovii, the badge of all these tribes being the round shield, the short sword, and servile submission to their kings. And now begin the states of the Suiones, situated on the Ocean itself, and these, besides men and arms, are powerful in ships. The form of their vessels is peculiar in this respect, that a prow at either extremity acts as a forepart, always ready for running into shore. They are not worked by sails, nor have they a row of oars attached to their sides; but, as on some rivers, the apparatus of rowing is unfixed, and shifted from side to side as circumstances require. And they likewise honour wealth, and so a single ruler holds sway with no restrictions, and with no uncertain claim to obedience. Arms are not with them, as with the other Germans, at the general disposal, but are in the charge of a keeper, who is actually a slave; for the ocean forbids the sudden inroad of enemies, and, besides, an idle multitude of armed men is easily demoralized. And indeed it is by no means the policy of a monarch to place either a nobleman, a freeborn citizen, or even a freedman, at the head of an armed force.
Beyond the Suiones is another sea, sluggish and almost motionless, which, we may certainly infer, girdles and surrounds the world, from the fact that the last radiance of the setting sun lingers on till sunrise, with a brightness sufficient to dim the light of the stars. Even the very sound of his rising, as popular belief adds, may be heard, and the forms of gods and the glory round his head may be seen. Only thus far (and here rumour seems truth) does the world extend. At this point the Suevic sea, on its eastern shore, washes the tribes of the Aestii, whose rites and fashions and style of dress are those of the Suevi, while their language is more like the British. They worship the mother of the gods, and wear as a religious symbol the device of a wild boar. This serves as armour, and as a universal defence, rendering the votary of the goddess safe even amidst enemies. They often use clubs, iron weapons but seldom. They are more patient in cultivating corn and other produce than might be expected from the general indolence of the Germans. But they also search the deep, and are the only people who gather amber (which they call "glesum"), in the shallows, and also on the shore itself. Barbarians as they are they have not investigated or discovered what natural cause or process produces it. Nay, it even lay amid the sea's other refuse, till our luxury gave it a name. To them it is utterly useless; they gather it in its raw state, bring it to us in shapeless lumps, and marvel at the price which they receive. It is however a juice from trees, as you may infer from the fact that there are often seen shining through it, reptiles, and even winged insects, which, having become entangled in the fluid, are gradually enclosed in the substance as it hardens. I am therefore inclined to think that the islands and countries of the West, like the remote recesses of the East, where frankincense and balsam exude, contain fruitful woods and groves; that these productions, acted on by the near rays of the sun, glide in a liquid state into the adjacent sea, and are thrown up by the force of storms on the opposite shores. If you test the composition of amber by applying fire, it burns like pinewood, and sends forth a rich and fragrant flame; it is soon softened into something like pitch or resin. Closely bordering on the Suiones are the tribes of the Sitones, which, resembling them in all else, differ only in being ruled by a woman. So low have they fallen, not merely from freedom, but even from slavery itself. Here Suevia ends.
As to the tribes of the Peucini, Veneti, and Fenni I am in doubt whether I should class them with the Germans or the Sarmatae, although indeed the Peucini called by some Bastarnae, are like Germans in their language, mode of life, and in the permanence of their settlements. They all live in filth and sloth, and by the intermarriages of the chiefs they are becoming in some degree debased into a resemblance to the Sarmatae. The Veneti have borrowed largely from the Sarmatian character; in their plundering expeditions they roam over the whole extent of forest and mountain between the Peucini and Fenni. They are however to be rather referred to the German race, for they have fixed habitations carry shields, and delight in strength and fleetness of foot, thus presenting a complete contrast to the Sarmatae, who live in waggons and on horseback. The Fenni are strangely beast-like and squalidly poor; neither arms nor homes have they; their food is herbs, their clothing skins, their bed the earth. They trust wholly to their arrows, which, for want of iron, are pointed with bone. The men and the women are alike supplied by the chase; for the latter are always present, and demand a share of the prey. The little children have no shelter from wild beasts and storms but a covering of interlaced boughs. Such are the homes of the young, such the resting place of the old. Yet they count this greater happiness than groaning over field-labour, toiling at building, and poising the fortunes of themselves and others between hope and fear. Heedless of men, heedless of gods, they have attained that hardest of results, the not needing so much as a wish. All else is fabulous, as that the Hellusii and Oxiones have the faces and expressions of men, with the bodies and limbs of wild beasts. All this is unauthenticated, and I shall leave it open.
Go to the Chronological List of all Early Christian Writings
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African Wild Dog
The African wild dog is canid as it lives in packs of 30 or more adults and pups.
Only a dominant pair will breed and have a litter of 10-12 pups after a gestation of 69-73 days but not just the mother looks after them, all the pack will protect and regurgitate food until the pups are old enough hunting skills when they are around one year old. The pack will also work together to hunt larger prey such as wildebeest, zebra and impala. This dog has long legs and a lean body frame with a relatively small head, big ears and a wide muzzle. Unusually it has 4 toes on each foot. The coat pattern varies and the muzzle is black of the tail tip white. This breed of canid can be from 76-110 cm long which is equivalent to 30-43 inches. They can be 30-41 cm high or 12-16 inches and weigh from 17-36 kg or 37-79lbs. This breed of dog s usually found more in the East of Africa.
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Friday, January 9, 2015
GENESIS 1:2 ...darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters
GENESIS 1:2 ...darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was
hovering over the waters
Fri, January 9, 2015 | link
is water and ice in space!
An article “Astronomers appraise the amount of water in the Orion Nebula In astrophysics”,
Research News, 7 February 2011 discusses this.
It makes a statement about water in the nebula as follows... “The astronomers report in their study that most water vapor originates near the
surface of the cloud, and does not extend into the cloud by more than about one hundredth of a light-year, probably because
it turns into ice.”
Water and ice exist in nebula’s!
In Genesis 1:2 we first find
the Earth to be formless and empty which is a good description of a nebula. Then when we investigate nebula’s and their
water, we find the water is part of this cloud.
Surely, it had to be if Earth was established from the nebula and we on Earth have 71%
of the surface covered with water. Here is some information
about how the water is distributed now days.
There is a lot of water on Earth!
|One estimate of global water
(Percents are rounded, so will not add to 100)
|Water source||Water volume, in cubic miles||Water volume, in cubic kilometers||Percent of|
Seas, & Bays||321,000,000||1,338,000,000||--||96.54|
|Ice caps, Glaciers, & Permanent Snow||5,773,000||24,064,000||68.7||1.74|
| Fresh||2,526,000||10,530,000||30.1|| 0.76|
| Saline||3,088,000||12,870,000||--|| 0.93|
|Ground Ice & Permafrost||71,970||300,000||0.86||0.022|
|Source: Igor Shiklomanov's
chapter "World fresh water resources" in Peter H. Gleick (editor), 1993, Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's
Fresh Water Resources (Oxford University Press, New York).|
We need to understand however there is a lot more of other
stuff as well. The Earth’s crust makes up about 1% of the earth and 1/40 of that is water so we have about 0.025% of
the whole Earth volume being water!
The reason we see so much of it, is the water is on top!
Our water probably came from the solar
nebula according to science. In fact to be more precise, it is a specific type of water in the solar nebula. Jessica Donaldson
wrote a paper explaining that it was crystalline water ice photodesorbed by UV photons.
“The high amounts of noble gases and volatiles in comets and Jupiter
have been a problem in the models of ice formation in the solar nebula. These gases are trapped by amorphous water ice, but
models show water ice forms at temperatures of 120-180 K, too high for the formation of amorphous ice. Now Ciesla has shown
that crystalline water ice that is photodesorbed by UV photons can reform as amorphous water ice in the cold outer regions
of the solar nebula. This process can produce enough amorphous water ice to trap volatiles and noble gases to explain the
volatile-rich atmosphere of Jupiter.”
Now another fact, Nebulae can be dark inside.
An article from Swimburne astronomy online describes this in the following way;
“Dark nebulae are interstellar clouds that contain a very high concentration of dust.
This allows them to scatter and absorb all incident optical light, making them completely opaque at visible wavelengths.”
are therefore large, ranging from millions of miles to hundreds of light years across.
Since a light second is about 300000 kilometers (186000 miles)
, multiply that by the seconds in a year (there are 31,536,000 seconds in a year) and you get the idea.
So when the bible says... darkness
was over the surface of the deep...and we look at it in science
terms we get an incredible perspective on God’s creation. A huge dark nebula containing water (probably about 0.025%
of it being water) and of huge depth and size, is our only conclusion.
Our solar system, the sun(a star) and all its planets and asteroids came from
a solar nebula.
Then, God just
frames this beautifully for us by stating “and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters”.
God is bigger!
A clear statement is
made of that, so that we are to be clear about this.
Hovering is what mothers do when
infants are around. A mother keeps watch to ensure the child can have their immediate attention should it be needing help.
The bible chooses that word “מְרַחֶ֖פֶת” me·ra·che·fet meaning “moving, hovering”.
God was taking care of the birth of Earth.
I like that God makes clear that Holy Spirit was involved,
we know Jesus was involved, because John 1:1-3 says “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word
was with God, and the Word was God. 2He was with God in the beginning. Through him all things were made;
without him nothing was made that has been made.” ...and we then find the “Word” refers to Jesus.
Genesis 1 speaks of God as “אֱלֹהִ֑ים” or Elohim which refers to a divine being with a multiple person composition. That is a God, that is somehow also god’s. Multiple
all aspects of his personality was part of the creation.
There was probably a nebula’s that was dark inside, with water within it and on it’s
surface, from which the earth was formed.
How would you explain that to simple man in 1400 BC?
Would the best description perhaps be “Now the earth was formless and empty,
darkness was over the surface of the deep”.
I think it’s a very good explanation, but like the next part even more “and the
Spirit of God was hovering over the waters”.
to think that science says we as humans are about 55% to 65% water. I love to consider that
every drop was watched over by God from the moment it existed.
God loves us, of that I am sure. Do you believe that?
Wednesday, January 7, 2015
GENESIS 1:1 Now the earth was formless and empty – how can that be?
GENESIS 1:2 Now the earth was
formless and empty – how can that be?
Wed, January 7, 2015 | link
There are mysteries which men can only guess at, which age by
age they may solve only in part. ~ Bram Stoker
They say around 4,5 billion years (take or give a bit), out of a huge interstellar hydrogen, dust,
ice and water cloud called a nebula, we get the original earth, according to science.
So let’s ask the question of what a nebula is. The word nebula
is Latin for “cloud”.
Are cloud’s formless and empty?
grab them, or draw around their edges. They have no fixed form.
Yet they do exist! We can see them can’t we? We distinguish them as different from the surroundings
Similar with the nebula! These are interstellar
clouds of dust, hydrogen gas, helium gas and other ionized gases.
These nebula are considered the birth material
of planets like our Earth. At the start, something
disturbs the cloud that then starts to clump together and due to gravity start to spin. Maybe some type of shockwave (did
God speak again).
dust that forms clouds of dust, gases, and moisture then spins into a fattened disk shape.
The middle becomes a central sun that comes together by gravity
in the center of the dust cloud. It is initially hidden from view, but as time goes on starts becoming visible through the
dust by blowing away the dust due to its solar radiation.
The dust clumps together randomly but as it gathers more and more, a planet
grows into being. When it gets big enough, gravity pulls it into a spherical shape.
So, that original cloud is basically empty. We would call
it part of the vacuum of space! Lots of emptiness! It also doesn’t really have edges, or a form. Like a fog bank doesn’t
have a form. It is sort of there! Hard to say where the edges are right?
good simple description for simpler man to remember would be “formless and empty”
When was Genesis written?
They say probably it was written
down about 1440 to 1400B.C. but it was passed on by word of mouth from much earlier, probably hundreds of
about nebula’s at that time.
first real understanding of a nebula occurred around 1790A.D.
Therefore by deduction, it is an amazing miracle that the bible got it right
that earth was created from a nebula isn’t it?
Would you have described our earth as formless and empty…it’s rather counter intuitive
I guess since
God created nebulae, so it’s not so amazing…provided you believe in God!
Tuesday, January 6, 2015
A new beginning – Genesis 1: Creating the Heavens and the Earth
A new beginning
– Genesis | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_3906_1.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Much of the public image that the Qajar dynasty (17791924) propagated involved techniques new to Persian art. Another important facet of the imperial image, however, relied on time-honored artistic practices and references to the ancient dynasties of the kingdom. Thus the art of Iran in the nineteenth century must be understood as comprising two divergent yet intertwined trends, a push for modernity and a continuation of indigenous traditions.
The Qajars reunified the country that had been torn apart and controlled by competing factions since the fall of the Safavids in 1722. To celebrate this achievement, the earliest Qajar shahs linked themselves with the Achaemenids (559330 B.C.) and the Sasanians (224651), the ancient kings who had established the foundations of the Persian nation and its culture. Fath cAli Shah (r. 17971834) commissioned rock-cut reliefs where these earlier kings had ordered carved reliefs with their own portraits. His additions were lifesize and located at generally accessible sites such as Taq-i Bustan and Rayy and were thus meant to publicly link the Qajars with their legendary predecessors. Fath cAli Shah commissioned his poet laureate, Fath cAli Khan Saba of Kashan (17651822/23) to compose the Shahanshahnama, modeled on Firdausi's great national epic the Shahnama, which celebrates the ancient and legendary kings of Persia. Several illustrated copies of the poem were made, and at least four were sent to foreign rulers as diplomatic gifts. The production of illustrated manuscripts, however, was limited at this time, as the popularity of oil paintings grew. Among the last manuscripts made in the royal workshops was a copy of the 1001 Nights for Nasir al-Din Shah. The lavish illustrations were by the celebrated court artist Abu'l Hasan Ghaffari, known as Sanic al-Mulk (ca. 18141866).
Court poets of this period also turned to earlier models for inspiration. The bazgasht, or "return" movement of literature, revived the simplicity and elegance of classical poetry of the tenth and eleventh centuries, while rejecting the florid and ornate poetic style of Safavid poetry (the Sabk-i Hindi). The nineteenth-century poets Fath cAli Khan Saba, Muhammad Shafic Vesal (17791846), and Nashat were among the followers of this movement.
Similarly, calligraphers of this period returned to earlier styles of script. The Vesal family of Shiraz, which includes at least three generations of artists, produced work that is closely affiliated with renowned Safavid calligraphers such as Ahmad Nairizi (active 16821739) and Mir cImad Hasani (?15541615). The Vesals are considered masters of revival naskh and nastacliq scripts and experimented with inks in an unprecedented spectrum of colors and unusual formats and compositional arrangements using multidirectional writing with overlapping letters.
In the late nineteenth century, artists demonstrated an interest in the painting and drawing styles of the Safavid period. Muhammad Davari Vesal (18221865), for example, looked to both early Safavid and late seventeenth-century models in his eclectic illustrations of the Davari Shahnama (completed 1855), while other artists looked to the drawings and calligraphic compositions of Aqa Riza (born ca. 1560, active until ca. 1621), Mucin Musavvir (active ca. 163897), and their followers for inspiration, as seen in the two drawings in the Metropolitan Museum collection (1979.518.1; 1979.461).
In the decorative arts, objects in lacquer and enamel enjoyed increasing popularity. The rose and nightingale (gul-o-bul-bul) motif, a cherished type of surface ornament since the seventeenth century, remains ubiquitous on all manner of decorative objects of the period. Outside forces also contributed to the continuation of traditions in the decorative arts. The European market for Persian ceramics, for instance, gave impetus to a revival of the luster technique and a renewed interest in traditional methods, as recorded in a treatise by the potter cAli Muhammad Isfahani (active 1870s1888), On the Manufacture of Modern Kashi Earthenware Tiles and Vases, published in Edinburgh in 1888. Europeans also continued collecting Persian carpets; it was during this period, for example, that the famous carpets from the Ardabil shrine left the country for foreign collections. As a result of this carpet mania, many weavers found business making traditional-style rugs for those who could not purchase the antique ones, though patterns were altered to suit European tastes and carpets resized to fit their houses.
Ekhtiar, Maryam and Marika Sardar. "Nineteenth-Century Iran: Continuity and Revivalism". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/crir/hd_crir.htm (October 2004)
Suggested Online Resources
Related exhibitions and online features | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_3907.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Two-thirds of cancer patients will have their disease spread to their bones. The spine is the most common site and it can mean severe pain as tumors grow and press on nerves. Now, there’s a new way to heat up and zap away the cancer.
A simple walk is a victory for Michaelene D’Ambrosio. Six months ago, she was diagnosed with stage IV breast cancer.
“70% of my breast tissue was tumor,” Michaelene told Ivanhoe.
That tumor had spread to her spine, causing severe pain.
“I couldn’t bend. I couldn’t reach. I couldn’t walk. The pain was just constant,” Michaelene said.
“It was heartbreaking,” Ashley Johnson, Michaelene’s granddaughter, told Ivanhoe.
Then Michaelene found Dr. Rakesh Donthineni who treats spinal tumors with STAR ablation.
“The goal is truly to kill the tumor,” Rakesh Donthineni, MD, Cancer Specialist for Spine and Extremities, told Ivanhoe.
First, he inserts a needle into the spine. Next, he ablates the tumor with heat that reaches 100 degrees or more. Then, he fills in the hole with cement. The ablation doesn’t carry the same side effects as traditional chemo or radiation, and 95 percent of patients report pain relief.
“You’re reducing the size of the tumors. You’re reducing the effects on improving the quality of life, and that’s the goal in these patients,” Dr. Donthineni told Ivanhoe.
“I have been pain-free since the surgery,” Michaelene said.
Now, pain doesn’t get in the way of spending precious time with her granddaughter Ashley.
The doctor says he can ablate multiple tumors at the same time. Patients may experience some back pain and there’s always a risk that the tumors can grow back. The procedure typically takes 45 minutes from start to finish.
BACKGROUND: A spinal tumor can affect the nerves surrounding the tumor and may lead to neurological problems such as paralysis. Spinal tumors may cause permanent disability even if the tumor is benign. Once the tumors grow, they can affect bones of the spine, nerve roots, blood vessels, and spinal cord cells. Leukemia, myeloma, and lymphoma are all types of tumors that can occur in the spine. (Source: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/spinal-tumor/DS00594 and http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001403.htm)
CAUSES: In most cases, it is unclear why spinal tumors are formed. Some doctors will say that genetics is a big underlying factor. For example, there have been cases where spinal tumors have been linked to inherited syndromes like von Hippel-Lindau disease and neurofibromatosis type 2. Spinal tumors affect the vertebrae, which are made up of small bones that are stacked on top of one another, protect the nerve root and spinal cord. The spinal cord is a long column of nerve fibers that carry messages to the brain. These parts of the spine are the most likely to be affected by spinal tumors. (Source: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/spinal-tumor/DS00594/DSECTION=causes)
SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of a spinal tumor vary depending on the location and type of the tumor. Typically, symptoms include:
• Back pain, often radiating to other parts of your body
• Decreased sensitivity to pain, heat and cold
• Difficulty walking, sometimes leading to falls
• Paralysis that may occur in varying degrees and in different parts of your body, depending on which nerves are compressed. (Source: http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/spinal-tumor/DS00594/DSECTION=causes)
NEW TECHNOLOGY: A radiofrequency (RF) ablation procedure performed with the STAR™ Tumor Ablation System is a dramatic step forward in the palliative treatment of metastatic spinal tumors. Accessing the tumor may only require local anesthesia with conscious sedation and a small incision. As with most surgical procedures, serious adverse events can occur. Risks can include: pain, infection, hematoma, hemorrhage, and nerve injury leading to radiculopathy, paresis, or paralysis, damage to surrounding tissue through iatrogenic injury, hemothorax or pneumothorax, unintended puncture wounds, and pulmonary embolism. (Source: http://www.dfineinc.com/physician/star-tumor-ablation-procedure)
FOR MORE INFORMATION, PLEASE CONTACT: | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39070.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Today’s post is written by Rudolf Van der Berg of the OECD’s Science, Technology and Industry Directorate
In 2012 the only submarine fibre optic cable that then connected Benin with global telecommunication networks and the Internet was cut for two weeks. International payments were not possible and the equivalent of 150,000 weekly salaries were not available in a country of 10 million people. The influence was particularly severe because most servers are located outside the country due to a lack of data centres and local-hosting facilities. Though similar cable cuts happen on average twice a week, their effects are generally less. This is due to the fact that most countries are connected to multiple submarine fibre-cables, connect overland to neighbouring countries, and have domestic data centres.
In OECD countries, networks look like a mesh with multiple paths that can act as each other’s backup. In developing countries, however, communication networks often resemble rivers, with small branches of regional networks delivering their traffic to a central national backbone that ends at one submarine fibre, making cable cuts a greater risk to the functioning of the economy.
A new OECD report – International cables, gateways, backhaul and IXPs – investigates developments in these networks and other essential components that are beyond a consumer’s “first mile” connection. Such networks are known as backhaul, backbone, regional, middle mile, core, trunk, or international networks. The report finds that there is still considerable investment in backbone and submarine fibre networks being made. The Baltic Sea submarine project between Finland and Germany, for example, aims to increase the operational reliability of networks in Finland, where currently traffic is routed via Sweden. In New Zealand, on the other hand, similar market initiatives to develop an alternative to the Southern Cross system, its only link to California and Australia, have not yet found the much greater commercial support that would be required.
Today, the decision to invest in a new cable can be due to a number of factors. It may, for example, be due to the need for shorter routes for high frequency trading. Here the few milliseconds gained in transmitting orders can result in a significant difference in the amounts of money earned (and in fact fibre-optic cables are too slow, so microwave networks are deployed between some stock exchanges). Nonetheless, all regions have to some extent benefited serendipitously from the initial over-investment in (inter-) regional networks between large cities during the dotcom bubble. Despite bankruptcies of the initial investors, the fibre is still present and has been bought and swapped, by telecommunication companies, cloud networks, Internet content providers and others. For example, Facebook and Google have both invested in submarine fibre projects and bought regional rings. By way of contrast, in other areas such as in many rural regions there is insufficient competition. Here, governments sometimes choose to regulate these monopolies to allow for competitive access.
Not all interventions in OECD countries, however, may be interpreted as stimulating the rollout of backhaul networks. In the United Kingdom, some believe the application of a “fibre tax” has a restrictive effect on deployment of backhaul networks. This property tax charges long distance network operators via a depreciating scale, based on the number of lit fibres (cables in use) that they have and on the length of those fibres, creating a competitive advantage for incumbents. It also requires operators to use more expensive equipment to employ multiple colours on a single fibre pair, instead of lighting unlit fibres.
It is not enough that countries are well connected through networks. The presence of data centres or other local facilities that can host Internet exchange points (IXPs) and servers is also essential. This allows local traffic to stay local. A new indicator of the number of websites under a country code top level domain name, a ccTLD such as .fr for France, hosted in the country, developed based on data provided by Pingdom, gives some insight into the functioning of the country’s hosting market. Just six OECD countries host more than half of their ccTLD domains outside that country, with Greece being the only country where two countries (Germany and the United States) host more of its ccTLD domains.
|Name||Hosted in Country||Total Sites||Sites in Country||cctld|
Econometric analysis of the extended global table, indicates that there is a strong positive correlation between the percentage of sites hosted in country and the reliability of a country’s energy network and ease of doing business in the country.
Local (blue) versus Foreign (Red) hosted content*
Source: OECD, Pingdom, Alexa
The new OECD report also looks at the issue of local infrastructure development and costs. The lack of locally hosted content sites makes it difficult for local IXPs to continue to develop, because a market for Internet traffic exchange (peering and transit) is weak. However, in some cases it is local players that refuse to exchange traffic locally. By not peering or buying transit locally, established networks force other ISPs and content providers to buy transit from them to reach customers in that country. If networks refuse to buy transit locally from these networks, but buy it from another transit provider, the traffic will be routed via an international link out of the country, to be exchanged elsewhere with the network. Forcing networks to peer (exchange traffic without settlement) has in the past not proven to be a successful solution. In exceptional circumstances an alternative could be to force networks to buy transit locally.
For more on Internet traffic exchange (peering and transit):
A 2014 report on “Connected television”, explains peering and transit decisions between first-mile networks and content providers.
A 2013 report on “Internet traffic exchange” explains peering and transit and shows that out of 144,000 agreements 99,5% are based on a handshake.
* This map is included herein without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39071.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Imagination lives in a garden shed. Many writers and authors have sought for a small intimate space to concentrate and produce their work. From Dylan Thomas’ bike shed study over a cliff in Wales, to Roald Dahl’s “gipsy hut” in the backyard of his house in Great Missenden, the garden shed is a shelter for creative freedom. Dahl built his hut with the help of Wally Saunders -a local builder and the actual inspiration for the BFG- to escape, in his own words, from a noisy house full of kids and vacuum cleaners. He would refer to the hut as his nest, a place to truly feel comfortable and get lost inside the magic world of the stories he was creating. Following a very specific routine that involved sharpening exactly six yellow pencils and brushing off the eraser shavings from his portable wooden lap desk, Dahl felt ready for a long working day, just a few steps away from everyday life.
But it was George Bernard Shaw who took an innovative step further in this typology by conceiving not only a primitive hideout, but also a performative building connected to the surroundings. His writing hut was able to provide him both intimacy and closeness to Nature, a condition very akin with his ideals of healthy life and outdoor living. The building is a cubic construction hidden behind trees in the garden of his property in Hertfordshire. Inside the barely 6 square meters wooden structure there is room just for a daybed and a writing table. Three windows on the front and one on the back ensure the visual connection with the surrounding greenery. Interestingly enough, he would name the hut “London” so that his wife wouldn’t have to lie to the unexpected visitors when she told them the author was at the moment away, precisely in London. But the most characteristic feature of the hut was the revolving mechanism placed underneath. Bernard Shaw was determined to keep the sun shining on him constantly. Every few hours, he would go out of the shed and push it around to get direct sunlight through the windows. He considered this not only as a way to maximize daylight and temperature comfort, but also an effective physical exercise to keep fit.
Hence the writing hut becomes much more than a hideout. It works as a device to relate the enclosed space of creativity with the exterior world of contingencies. The garden shed is a shelter for imagination but also a complete agency connecting mind and body, self and nature. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39072.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
This article was originally published on September 28, 2016 by Vermont Sports.
First, you might feel some tingling in the thumb.
You might think it’s normal and chalk it up to a long bike ride or a day climbing and bouldering. And it could be just that. However, with time, your hands may become weak and drop objects.
If that’s the case, it could be that you have an onset of one of two conditions that often plague athletes: carpal tunnel or Guyon’s syndromes.
Many will have symptoms at night especially when the wrist is flexed. Initially, symptoms may be relieved with simply extending the wrist.
However, if the symptoms progress, they can be debilitating making everyday activities very challenging. Early diagnosis and treatment is critical to prevent permanent damage to the median nerve. Here’s what you need to know.
How the Wrist Works
First, a quick anatomy lesson: The wrist consists of 8 small bones that are in two separate rows of four. These bones (called the “carpal” bones) allow for a wide array of motions and help us position our hands for desired tasks. Nerves from our neck are responsible for the sensation and motor function in our upper extremity. Three nerves make it all the way to the hand and two of them can be compressed or pinched at the wrist causing pain, numbness and loss of function.
The median nerve is the nerve that runs through the carpal tunnel and the ulnar nerve passes through Guyon’s canal. The median nerve allows us to bring our thumb across our hand and gives us sensation from the thumb, index, middle and the inner half of the ring finger. The ulnar nerve allows us to spread our fingers out and gives us sensation to the little finger and the outer half of the ring finger.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
The carpal tunnel lies on the palmar or volar aspect of the wrist (the side opposite the face of your watch). The carpal bones make up the floor of the carpal tunnel and a thick sheet of tissue forms the roof. This is just beneath the skin at the base of our palm. Several ligaments pass through the carpal tunnel along with the median nerve. These ligaments help us flex our fingers when we grip, shake hands or type.
For some, the volume of the carpal tunnel is small to begin with (women tend to have smaller carpal tunnels) and for others, the volume is sufficient. However, with increased activities, especially cycling or climbing where there’s added pressure on your hands, the sheaths around the ligaments that help them move freely begin to swell. This causes compression of the median nerve. Further, fluid retention such as during pregnancy may lead to narrowing of the carpal tunnel.
To help confirm the diagnosis, a health care provider may order a special test called a nerve conduction study (NCS) to determine the severity of the nerve compression. Initial treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome is the use of a cock up wrist splint at night to prevent flexion at the wrist.
Work space ergonomics or bike fit may also help. Eliminating temporarily the activities that cause symptoms may also be necessary. Other treatments involve taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen or a corticosteroid injection into the carpal tunnel to help relieve inflammation and swelling. If you’ve tried all your options, including a comprehensive course of hand physical therapy, surgery may be necessary.
The surgery involves releasing the carpal tunnel which is accomplished either with open surgery (an incision over the palm to cut the sheet of tissue that makes the roof of the carpal tunnel) or endoscopic surgery (two smaller incisions are made for a small camera on a tube that allows the surgeon to visualize and cut the sheet of tissue without making one larger incision).
Typical recovery from surgery for carpal tunnel release may take weeks to months. However, often patients are able to use their hand quite soon after surgery and the success rates for surgery is high.
Guyon Canal Syndrome (or Handle Bar Palsy)
On the other side of the palm from where the thumb lies is where the ulnar nerve passes over the wrist and into the little and ring fingers. The ulnar nerve actually travels through a small canal called Guyon’s canal. Guyon’s canal has a bony border on one side from one of the bones in the wrist. This bone is called the hamate bone and the hamate has a small hook on it. The hook of the hamate bone is where several ligaments attach.
Although much rarer than carpal tunnel syndrome, Guyon canal syndrome involves compression of the ulnar nerve as it passes through the Guyon canal. A very common cause of this syndrome is compression of the nerve against the handlebars of a bicycle giving this an alternate name, handlebar palsy. A palsy is when a nerve is pinched causing numbness, tingling and weakness.
Avid cyclists will often put a significant amount of pressure on the outer part of the wrist and hand for long periods of time. This may lead to numbness and tingling to the little finger and the outer (ulnar) aspect of the ring finger. Other causes involve fracture of the hamate bone or simply overusing the wrist with repetitive tasks. For instance, it’s not uncommon for baseball players to fracture the hook of the hamate during the batting motion. The butt of the bat can press against the hamate with enough force while batting that the hook may break causing compression of the ulnar nerve.
Many of the initial evaluations and treatments for Guyon canal syndrome are similar to those for carpal tunnel syndrome. Wrist bracing, anti-inflammatory medications, physical therapy, work station modifications or handlebar adjustments can help eliminate symptoms. If these are not helpful, a surgery similar to carpal tunnel release may be performed to release or cut the small ligament running on the roof of Guyon’s canal. If the symptoms are caused by a fracture of the hook of the hamate, this fractured hook is often simply removed altogether to prevent further issues.
Keep in mind: repetitive use of the hand and wrist may lead to nerve compression of either the median (carpal tunnel syndrome) or ulnar (Guyon canal syndrome). Prompt evaluation, diagnosis and treatment can help prevent permanent problems.
Dr. David Lisle is a sports medicine physician in Burlington, Vermont. He holds dual appointments as assistant professor in the Department of Orthopaedics and the Department of Family Medicine at the Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont. He is the director for the sports medicine curriculum in the University of Vermont Family Medicine residency program. Dr. Lisle serves as the team physician for St. Michael’s College, the Vermont Lake Monsters Single A baseball affiliate and several Burlington-area high schools. He is also an assistant team physician for University of Vermont athletics. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39073.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
The Museum collection resources are open and accessible to the scientific community. Researchers can personally come and see the collection specimens and also request them on loan for research purposes. The collection departments also loan specimens for temporary exhibitions at other museums or cultural centres. The Museum has various laboratories, some of them operational –such as the zoological preparation lab and the preventive conservation and restoration lab– while others, such as the thin section lab, are still in the planning stage. These laboratories primarily serve the Museum departments by preparing collections, carrying out preventive conservation of the specimens held in store or used in exhibitions, and restoring material for display purposes, etc. The laboratories offer advice to other natural history museums around the world, as well as to humanities museums that hold natural sciences materials. They also answer queries received from schools and faculties that teach heritage conservation and restoration techniques, and from faculties that impart training in natural sciences. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39074.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
A motor controller is a device or group of devices that serves to govern in some predetermined manner the performance of an electric motor. A motor controller might include a manual or automatic means for starting and stopping the motor, selecting forward or reverse rotation, selecting and regulating the speed, regulating or limiting the torque, and protecting against overloads and faults.
There are many types of starters:
- Direct On Line (DOL)
- Star delta starter
- Auto transformer starter
Every electric motor has to have some sort of controller. The motor controller will have differing features and complexity depending on the task that the motor will be performing.
The simplest case is a switch to connect a motor to a power source, such as in small appliances or power tools. The switch may be manually operated or may be a relay or contactor connected to some form of sensor to automatically start and stop the motor. The switch may have several positions to select different connections of the motor. This may allow reduced-voltage starting of the motor, reversing control or selection of multiple speeds. Overload and over current protection may be omitted in very small motor controllers, which rely on the supplying circuit to have over current protection. Small motors may have built-in overload devices to automatically open the circuit on overload. Larger motors have a protective overload relay or temperature sensing relay included in the controller and fuses or circuit breakers for over current protection. An automatic motor controller may also include limit switches or other devices to protect the driven machinery.
More complex motor controllers may be used to accurately control the speed and torque of the connected motor (or motors) and may be part of closed loop control systems for precise positioning of a driven machine. For example, a numerically controlled lathe will accurately position the cutting tool according to a preprogrammed profile and compensate for varying load conditions and perturbing forces to maintain tool position.
Types of motor controllerEdit
A motor controller is connected to a power source such as a battery pack or power supply, and control circuitry in the form of analog or digital input signals.
A small motor can be started by simply plugging it into an electrical receptacle or by using a switch or circuit breaker. A larger motor requires a specialized switching unit called a motor starter or motor contactor. When energized, a direct on line (DOL) starter immediately connects the motor terminals directly to the power supply. In smaller sizes a motor starter is a manually operated switch; larger motors, or those requiring remote or automatic control, use magnetic contactors. Very large motors running on medium voltage power supplies (thousands of volts) may use power circuit breakers as switching elements.
A direct on line (DOL) or across the line starter applies the full line voltage to the motor terminals, the starters or cubicle locations, can usually be found on an ELO drawing. This is the simplest type of motor starter. A DOL motor starter also contains protection devices, and in some cases, condition monitoring. Smaller sizes of direct on-line starters are manually operated; larger sizes use an electromechanical contactor (relay) to switch the motor circuit. Solid-state direct on line starters also exist.
A direct on line starter can be used if the high inrush current of the motor does not cause excessive voltage drop in the supply circuit. The maximum size of a motor allowed on a direct on line starter may be limited by the supply utility for this reason. For example, a utility may require rural customers to use reduced-voltage starters for motors larger than 10 kW.
DOL starting is sometimes used to start small water pumps, compressors, fans and conveyor belts. In the case of an asynchronous motor, such as the 3-phase squirrel-cage motor, the motor will draw a high starting current until it has run up to full speed. This starting current is typically 6-7 times greater than the full load current. To reduce the inrush current, larger motors will have reduced-voltage starters or variable speed drives in order to minimise voltage dips to the power supply.
A reversing starter can connect the motor for rotation in either direction. Such a starter contains two DOL circuits—one for clockwise operation and the other for counter-clockwise operation, with mechanical and electrical interlocks to prevent simultaneous closure. For three phase motors, this is achieved by swapping the wires connecting any two phases. Single phase AC motors and direct-current motors require additional devices for reversing rotation.
Reduced voltage startersEdit
Reduced-voltage, star-delta or soft starters connect the motor to the power supply through a voltage reduction device and increases the applied voltage gradually or in steps.Two or more contactors may be used to provide reduced voltage starting of a motor. By using an autotransformer or a series inductance, a lower voltage is present at the motor terminals, reducing starting torque and inrush current. Once the motor has come up to some fraction of its full-load speed, the starter switches to full voltage at the motor terminals. Since the autotransformer or series reactor only carries the heavy motor starting current for a few seconds, the devices can be much smaller compared to continuously rated equipment. The transition between reduced and full voltage may be based on elapsed time, or triggered when a current sensor shows the motor current has begun to reduce. An autotransformer starter was patented in 1908.
An adjustable-speed drive (ASD) or variable-speed drive (VSD) is an interconnected combination of equipment that provides a means of driving and adjusting the operating speed of a mechanical load. An electrical adjustable-speed drive consists of an electric motor and a speed controller or power converter plus auxiliary devices and equipment. In common usage, the term “drive” is often applied to just the controller. Most modern ASDs and VSDs can also implement soft motor starting.
An Intelligent Motor Controller (IMC) uses a microprocessor to control power electronic devices used for motor control. IMCs monitor the load on a motor and accordingly match motor torque to motor load. This is accomplished by reducing the voltage to the AC terminals and at the same time lowering current and kvar. This can provide a measure of energy efficiency improvement for motors that run under light load for a large part of the time, resulting in less heat, noise, and vibrations generated by the motor.
A starter will contain protective devices for the motor. At a minimum this would include a thermal overload relay. The thermal overload is designed to open the starting circuit and thus cut the power to the motor in the event of the motor drawing too much current from the supply for an extended time. The overload relay has a normally closed contact which opens due to heat generated by excessive current flowing through the circuit. Thermal overloads have a small heating device that increases in temperature as the motor running current increases.
There are two types of thermal overload relay. In one type, a bi-metallic strip located close to a heater deflects as the heater temperature rises until it mechanically causes the device to trip and open the circuit, cutting power to the motor should it become overloaded. A thermal overload will accommodate the brief high starting current of a motor while accurately protecting it from a running current overload. The heater coil and the action of the bi-metallic strip introduce a time delay that affords the motor time to start and settle into normal running current without the thermal overload tripping. Thermal overloads can be manually or automatically resettable depending on their application and have an adjuster that allows them to be accurately set to the motor run current.
A second type of thermal overload relay uses a eutectic alloy, like a solder, to retain a spring-loaded contact. When too much current passes through the heating element for too long a time, the alloy melts and the spring releases the contact, opening the control circuit and shutting down the motor. Since eutectic alloy elements are not adjustable, they are resistant to casual tampering but require changing the heater coil element to match the motor rated current.
Electronic digital overload relays containing a microprocessor may also be used, especially for high-value motors. These devices model the heating of the motor windings by monitoring the motor current. They can also include metering and communication functions.
Loss of voltage protectionEdit
Starters using magnetic contactors usually derive the power supply for the contactor coil from the same source as the motor supply. An auxiliary contact from the contactor is used to maintain the contactor coil energized after the start command for the motor has been released. If a momentary loss of supply voltage occurs, the contactor will open and not close again until a new start command is given. this prevents restarting of the motor after a power failure. This connection also provides a small degree of protection against low power supply voltage and loss of a phase. However, since contactor coils will hold the circuit closed with as little as 80% of normal voltage applied to the coil, this is not a primary means of protecting motors from low voltage operation.
Servo controllers are a wide category of motor control. Common features are:
- precise closed loop position control
- fast acceleration rates
- precise speed control Servo motors may be made from several motor types, the most common being:
- brushed DC motor
- brushless DC motors
- AC servo motors
Other position feedback methods measure the back EMF in the undriven coils to infer the rotor position, or detect the Kick-Back voltage transient (spike) that is generated whenever the power to a coil is instantaneously switched off. These are therefore often called "sensorless" control methods.
A servo may be controlled using pulse-width modulation (PWM). How long the pulse remains high (typically between 1 and 2 milliseconds) determines where the motor will try to position itself. Another control method is pulse and direction.
Stepper motor controllersEdit
A stepper, or stepping, motor is a synchronous, brushless, high pole count, polyphase motor. Control is usually, but not exclusively, done open loop, i.e. the rotor position is assumed to follow a controlled rotating field. Because of this, precise positioning with steppers is simpler and cheaper than closed loop controls.
Modern stepper controllers drive the motor with much higher voltages than the motor nameplate rated voltage, and limit current through chopping. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39077_1.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
The usual setup is to have a positioning controller, known as an indexer, sending step and direction pulses to a separate higher voltage drive circuit which is responsible for commutation and current limiting.
- National Fire Protection Association (2008). "Article 100 Definitions". NFPA 70 National Electrical Code. 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169: NFPA. p. 24. Retrieved January 2008. Check date values in:
- Siskind, Charles S. (1963). Electrical Control Systems in Industry. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc. ISBN 0-07-057746-3.
- National Fire Protection Association (2008). "Article 430 Motors, Motor Circuits and Controllers". NFPA 70 National Electrical Code. 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169: NFPA. p. 298. Retrieved January 2008. Check date values in:
- Campbell, Sylvester J. (1987). Solid-State AC Motor Controls. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc. ISBN 0-8247-7728-X.
- Terrell Croft and Wilford Summers (ed), American Electricans' Handbook, Eleventh Edition, McGraw Hill, New York (1987) ISBN 0-07-013932-6 pages 78-150 through 7-159
- "Soft Starting". machinedesign.com.
- "Dallas Personal Robotics Group". Brief H-Bridge Theory of Operation. Archived from the original on January 12, 2013. Retrieved July 7, 2005.
- Links to manufacturers, associations, and other resources.
- Motor control center (MCC) | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39077_2.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
- Pharmacokinetics (PK) is the study of the transit of drug into, within and removal from the body to reveal how the body acts on a drug when it is taken. There are four major areas in PK: absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination. Pharmacokinetics research can be separated into two areas: clinical research and analysis of pharmacokinetics values. Upon obtaining drug concentrations at each sample time point, computer analysis using pharmacokinetics software is performed to determine the pharmacokinetics values of the drug: T[subscript max] (time to peak drug plasma concentration), C[subscript max] (peak plasma drug concentration), V (volume of distribution), half-life (t1/2), elimination constant (k) etc. Current pharmacokinetic software on the market includes programs such as WinNonlin, Kinetica, Pharmod, NONMEM. In this thesis, WinNonlin and Kinetica are used to analyze plasma drug concentrations versus time data sets to compare and validate the results of both software packages. There are two drug models used in this study, xanthohumol and lipoic acid. Xanthohumol (XN) is the most common flavonoid component found in hops, totaling about 82-89% of the amount of prenylated flavonoids present. However, there are other prenylflavonoids, isoxanthohumol (IX) and 8-prenylnaringenin (8PN). Isoxanthohumol (IX) can occur during the brewing process. The content of xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol depends on brewing conditions. 8-prenylnaringenin is produced by O-demethylation of isoxanthohumol. In this study xanthohumol was given in 20, 60 or 80 mg doses to healthy volunteers. After xanthohumol administration the plasma concentrations of xanthohumol increased rapidly with all three doses and reached the peak concentrations in 0.78, 1.23 and 2.03 hours for 20, 60 and 180 gm dose of xanthohumol, respectively. Xanthohumol and its metabolites were eliminated in 1, 2 or 3 days. Moreover there was linearity in the pharmacokinetics of xanthohumol as shown in the C[subscript max] versus dose curve, R² is 1. Isoxanthohumol was also formed rapidly from xanthohumol. T[subscript max] are 7 and 5 hours for medium and high dose respectively. Xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol each have a high volume distribution. Unfortunately, no results for 8-prenylnaringenin (8PN) were obtained due to plasma drug concentrations being undetectable in all subjects. Lipoic acid (LA) is also known as alpha lipoic acid or thioctic acid. It has two enantiomers, (R)-(+)-lipoic acid (RLA) and (S)-(-)-lipoic acid (SLA). A racemic mixture (R/S)-lipoic acid (R/S-LA) is commercially available. R-form of lipoic acid occurs naturally in food but the synthetic product is a racemic mixture. Lipoic 500mg in R- and racemic forms were given to healthy volunteers. Lipoic acid is absorbed rapidly in both forms, 40 minutes for racemic form and 30 minutes for R-form. The C[subscript max] and AUC values of racemic form are comparable to the R-form, around 2400 ng/mL for Cmax and 115,000 min*(ng/mL) for AUC. Comparing the results obtained on the pharmacokinetic parameters from the two pharmacokinetic software, Kinetica and WinNonlin revealed that almost all pharmacokinetic parameters of xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol obtained from Kinetica and WinNonlin are the same. However for the pharmacokinetic parameters of lipoic acid, all parameters are different, p-value <0.05, except for C[subscript max] and T[subscript max]. The comparisons of pharmacokinetic parameters show that only the normal data set of xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol produced the same results from Kinetica and WinNonlin software programs. The pharmacokinetic results obtained from pharmacokinetic programs vary due to the different methods of calculation and variations and limitations of the two programs. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39078.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
School Decision Tree
REMS TA Center Website
- 12 schools and institutions of higher education (IHEs).
- Topic-Specific Resources to Support Your Emergency Management Planning
- Hazards and Threats
- Biological Hazards
What’s on This Page?
Resources from the REMS TA Center, U.S. Department of Education, and federal agency partners on the topic of addressing a variety of biological hazards within K-12 schools and IHEs. The hazard types are organized alphabetically, along with the resources associated with each hazard. View the latest recommendations specific to COVID-19 from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Education, and the REMS TA Center via this page.
SOURCE: “Addressing Biological Hazards That May Impact Students, Staff, and Visitors.” REMS TA Center Website, rems.ed.gov/Resources_Hazards_Threats_Biological_Hazards.aspx. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39079.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
On this day in 1835, famed showman P.T. Barnum and his circus, The Greatest Show on Earth, started their first tour of the U.S. Phineas Taylor Barnum, self-proclaimed Prince of Humbugs, was eager stretch the truth if that’s what it took to gather a crowd. One of his best known humbugs, or tricks, was the Feejee Mermaid. Barnum claimed that he had found the mummified body of a mermaid, and displayed it to the public. In reality, the body was probably just that of a strange-looking fish, but that didn’t stop the crowds from pouring in!
Of course, not everything in Barnum’s traveling show was based on trickery. The real heart of the circus has always been the amazing feats of derring-do put on by brave and skilled performers. In the modern incarnation of Barnum’s traveling show, Barnum and Bailey’s & Ringling Brothers’ Greatest Show on Earth, performers juggle, swing, ride animals, dangle from their own hair, and even have sword fights on a high wire!
The circus isn’t just for entertainment. Every act, from juggling to clowning to high aerial stunts, is based on a careful balance of physics. Scientists have even used the flying trapeze to help gather data on how to make a personal airbag for construction workers, to protect them if they fall off a building! You can use circus acts in your classroom as a way to examine the laws of motion: just search for “circus science” in Discovery Education for some great videos and lesson plans that show students how the laws of motion give rise to the fun and flash of circus tricks!
P.T. Barnum saw the cash and entertainment potential of the circus, and now it has spread all over the world as a hobby, an art, and a science. The creation of the traveling circus as we know it? Very cool. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_3908.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Every teacher I've worked with over the last five years recalls two kinds of digital experiences with students.
The first I think of as digital native moments, when a student uses a piece of technology with almost eerie intuitiveness. As digital natives, today's teens have grown up with these tools and have assimilated their logic. Young people just seem to understand when to click and drag or copy and paste, and how to move, merge and mix digital elements.
The second I call digital naiveté moments, when a student trusts a source of information that is obviously unreliable. Even though they know how easy it is to create and distribute information online, many young people believe -- sometimes passionately -- the most dubious rumors, tempting hoaxes (including convincingly staged encounters designed to look raw and unplanned) and implausible theories.
How can these coexist? How can students be so technologically savvy while also displaying their lack of basic skills for navigating the digital world?
What to Believe?
Understanding this extends beyond customary generational finger wagging. While it's tempting to blame students themselves for failing to think critically, we should remember that the digital revolution represents one of the most radical changes in human history.
Students today face a greater challenge in evaluating information than their parents or grandparents did at their age. The cumulative amount of information that exists on the planet, from the beginning of recorded history to the present, is, by realistic estimates, doubling every two years. And even though digital natives have grown up in the information age, many of the adults and institutions in their lives are still grappling with its implications. In other words, it's likely that the kind of credulity we see in young people reflects our own collective uncertainty about what we encounter on the digital frontier. Finally, the skills that students need to effectively sort fact from fiction are often missing from school curricula.
This isn't to suggest any shortcoming on the part of today's teachers. Without the classroom time, quality teaching materials and professional development opportunities in the emerging field of news literacy, teachers cannot reasonably be expected to guide their students to achieve these new skills.
News literacy is a relatively new field in media studies that focuses on defining and teaching the skills that citizens need to evaluate the credibility of the information they encounter, and on examining the role that credible information plays in a representative democracy.
It's also a subject that most students find inherently engaging and relevant. In fact, a recent study found that 84 percent of young people between the ages of 15 and 25 say they would benefit from learning these skills.
3 Exercises in News Literacy
But the question for teachers remains: "How can I integrate news literacy into my classroom amid so many other priorities, standards and goals?" I'd like to share three accessible ideas for how to do so.
Reinvent Current Events
Have students collect examples of information that they feel is timely and important. Then lead a discussion about who produced the content and for what purpose. Is it intended to inform? Persuade? Entertain? Sell? Create small groups and assign each a key characteristic of credibility to study:
Then have each team lead an assessment of its assigned attribute. Consider writing a group letter to the reporter, creator or editor about items that are either exemplary or problematic.
Explore the Power of Information
Pose an "essential question for the day" that explores the power and impact of information (e.g., "What changes would we see in the U.S. if the First Amendment protections of speech and press were repealed?"). Then use such websites as the Committee to Protect Journalists or Reporters Without Borders to examine press freedoms around the world. Track the number of journalists jailed, kidnapped or killed in 2014, and investigate the circumstances surrounding these incidents.
Display a different example of dubious information each week or month and challenge your students to research its accuracy using non-partisan fact-checking resources and advanced web searching. Give prizes or extra credit to those who get it right, or work collaboratively to seek answers as a class.
The Practice of Critical Thinking
Not only can these ideas be adapted to explore a range of relevant issues in a variety of academic subjects and grade levels, they also embody the principles of 21st century learning and are aligned with Common Core State Standards.
News literacy education has the potential to engage students and ignite their critical thinking. More importantly, it can empower them to make better-informed choices in their lives as they move beyond the classroom and into the world. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39080.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
World Report 2012 - India
|Publisher||Human Rights Watch|
|Publication Date||22 January 2012|
|Cite as||Human Rights Watch, World Report 2012 - India, 22 January 2012, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4f2007d6c.html [accessed 29 November 2015]|
|Disclaimer||This is not a UNHCR publication. UNHCR is not responsible for, nor does it necessarily endorse, its content. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States.|
Events of 2011
India, the world's most populous democracy, continues to have a vibrant media, an active civil society, a respected judiciary, and significant human rights problems.
Custodial killings, police abuses including torture, and failure to implement policies to protect vulnerable communities marred India's record in 2011 as in the past. Impunity for abuses committed by security forces also continued, particularly in Jammu and Kashmir, the northeast, and areas facing Maoist insurgency. New state controls over foreign funding of NGOs led to restrictions on legitimate efforts to protect human rights. However, killings by the Border Security Force at the Indo-Bangladesh border decreased dramatically.
Social unrest and protests deepened in resource-rich areas of central and eastern India, where rapid economic growth has been accompanied by rapidly growing inequality. Mining and infrastructure projects threaten widespread displacement of forest-dwelling tribal communities. The government has yet to enact comprehensive laws to protect, compensate, and resettle displaced people, although a new land acquisition law has been drafted.
Although at this writing deaths from terror attacks had decreased significantly from earlier years, there were serial bomb explosions in Mumbai on July 13, 2011. On September 7, 2011, a bomb explosion outside the Delhi High Court killed 15 people. The perpetrators remain unidentified. Progress was made in restraining the police from religious profiling of Muslims after bombings.
Despite repeated claims of progress by the government, there was no significant improvement in access to health care and education.
An anti-corruption movement erupted into public view in August and brought the government to a standstill, with widespread street protests and sit-ins demanding legal reform and prosecutions. Activists working with two prominent efforts to address poverty and accountability – India's rural employment guarantee scheme and right to information laws – came under increasing attack, facing threats, beatings, and even death.
India has yet to repeal laws or change policies that allow de jure and de facto impunity for human rights violations, and has failed to prosecute even known perpetrators of serious abuses.
The Indian defense establishment resisted attempts to repeal or revise the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA), a law that provides soldiers in "disturbed" areas widespread police powers. In September Home Minister P. Chidambaram said that there was an ongoing effort "to build a consensus within the government" to address the problems with AFSPA, but no action has been taken. Various government-appointed commissions have long called for repeal.
Jammu and Kashmir
Thousands of Kashmiris have allegedly been forcibly disappeared during two decades of conflict in the region, their whereabouts unknown. A police investigation in 2011 by the Jammu and Kashmir State Human Rights Commission (SHRC) found 2,730 bodies dumped into unmarked graves at 38 sites in north Kashmir. At least 574 were identified as the bodies of local Kashmiris. The government had previously said that the graves held unidentified militants, most of them Pakistanis whose bodies had been handed over to village authorities for burial. Many Kashmiris believe that some graves contain the bodies of victims of enforced disappearances.
The government of Jammu and Kashmir has promised an investigation, but the identification and prosecution of perpetrators will require the cooperation of army and federal paramilitary forces. These forces in the past, have resisted fair investigations and prosecutions, claiming immunity under the Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) and section 197 of the Criminal Procedure Code.
Maoist insurgents, also known as Naxalites, operate in 10 states and claim to fight for the rights of the marginalized tribal, Dalit, and landless communities. Governance has often been weak in regions where the Maoists have found popular support, with economic-development-related corruption and illegal mining severely limiting the revenue available for public services and infrastructure in many of the areas. With government oversight and regulation of the mining sector often wholly ineffective, irresponsible mine operators also pollute vital water supplies, destroy farmland, wreck roads and other public infrastructure, and create other serious health and environmental hazards.
Maoist forces continue to engage in killings and extortion, and target government schools and hospitals for attacks and bombings. At this writing the Naxalites had killed nearly 250 civilians as well as over 100 members of the security forces in 2011. Government officials assert that security forces killed more than 180 Naxalites between January and November 2011, though local activists allege that some of these were civilians.
Despite court rulings, the government has yet to properly implement a directive preventing security forces from using schools during counterinsurgency operations. Human rights activists seeking accountability for abuses such as arbitrary arrests, torture and other ill-treatment, and killings have come under threat from both Naxalite forces and security agencies.
In a welcome decision, the Indian Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional the use of Special Police Officers – inadequately trained militias – by the Chhattisgarh government in operations against the Maoists. SPOs have been implicated in many abuses.
Killings by the Border Security Forces at the Bangladesh Border
After a human rights report found that Border Security Force (BSF) personnel operating at the Bangladesh border had indiscriminately shot and killed over 900 Indians and Bangladeshis in the last 10 years, the government in March 2011 ordered restraint and issued BSF personnel rubber bullets. Killings dropped dramatically after the change in policy, but still continue. In their effort to contain illegal activities including the smuggling of cattle and narcotics, some BSF soldiers have continued to harass and beat border residents. No BSF soldier has been prosecuted for any of the killings or other abuses.
Right to Information Law
Citizens and activists have increasingly been using the Right to Information Act (RTI), passed in 2005, to expose official corruption and promote transparency and accountability. In a sad testament to the rampant corruption that exists in India, at least 12 RTI activists have been killed and several others assaulted over the past two years, according to the Asian Centre for Human Rights.
Bombings and Other Attacks
Three bomb explosions in Mumbai on July 13, 2011, killed 29 people and injured 130. On September 7, 2011, a bomb explosion outside the Delhi High Court claimed 15 lives and injured 50. Security and intelligence agencies did not conduct mass arrests of suspects based on little evidence, which in the past resulted in the torture of suspects for information and confessions. However, the failure of the authorities to identify alleged perpetrators led to widespread criticism of the agencies and calls for police reform and training.
Capital punishment remains on the statute books. Although India has not carried out an execution since 2004, many death sentence appeals have been allowed to languish, some for decades. In 2011 the president rejected clemency petitions in five cases, including on behalf of three persons convicted for assassinating Rajiv Gandhi, the former prime minister.
2011 census data revealed a further decline in India's female/male sex ratio, pointing to the failure of laws aimed at reducing sex-selective abortions. A series of "honor" killings and rapes rocked the country in 2011 but there has been no effective action to prevent and effectively prosecute such violence. The government has yet to improve health services for survivors of sexual assault but has taken steps to provide compensation for rape survivors. At this writing the government was revising its medico-legal protocols for evidence collection from rape survivors, excluding the degrading and inhuman "finger" test that classifies many rape survivors as "habituated to sexual intercourse," causing humiliation to victims and at times affecting the outcome of criminal trials. Despite considerable progress on maternal health, vast disparities remain and a spate of maternal deaths continues to be reported from Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan states.
Hundreds of thousands of persons with incurable diseases suffer unnecessarily from severe pain because the Indian government has failed to ensure access to safe, effective, and inexpensive pain drugs. In an important step forward, the Medical Council of India recognized palliative care as a medical specialty. But more than half of government-supported regional cancer centers still do not offer palliative care or pain management, even though more than 70 percent of their patients need it, resulting in severe but unnecessary suffering for tens of thousands.
As a member of the United Nations Security Council and the Human Rights Council (HRC), India in 2011 had an opportunity to align its foreign policy with the ideals it claims to stand for, but officials remained reluctant to voice concerns over even egregious human rights violations in countries such as Sri Lanka, Burma, Syria, and Sudan.
Despite concerns over the safety of its nationals in Libya, India did support UN Security Council resolution 1970 on Libya calling for protection of the Libyan people. India later abstained on resolution 1973, which authorized military force to protect civilians. During its rotating presidency at the Security Council, India was able to secure a consensus among sharply divided member states on Syria, leading to the first Council statement condemning the violence. India did not support the HRC resolution creating an international commission of inquiry on Syria in August, or the Syria text that called for a draft resolution that demanded an end to the violence and cooperation with the UN inquiry proposed by France and the United Kingdom at the Security Council in October.
While India claims it has privately pressed the Sri Lankan and Burmese governments on accountability for conflict-related abuses, it has not supported an independent international investigation into abuses in either country.
Key International Actors
Indian domestic human rights issues, terming such efforts interference in its internal affairs. The United States and | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39081_1.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
European Union privately urge India to improve its human rights record, but say little in public. In July 2011, however, the European Parliament adopted a resolution concerning India's retention of the death penalty.
India's policy in the subcontinent continues to be heavily influenced by strategic and economic concerns about China's growing influence in countries like Burma, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39081_2.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Landscape contractors and nurserymen have a limited amount of time to attend face-to-face workshops to improve their plant identification skills. Online study websites for participants in the Georgia Certified Landscape Professional Program and Georgia Certified Plant Professional Program were developed. The courses were designed by using Moodle open-source web software. The study sites include chapter modules, self-grading quizzes, and plant identification using randomized images.
Participants self-register in the certification study course. The online study website is an effective tool to raise scores of participants who use it. Participants who used the online study course scored an average of 21% higher (two full letter grades higher) than the people that took the plant identification exam without using the online study tools.
Based on this successful model, additional modules are being developed for the two professional classrooms, as well as content for an online study course for high school students to prepare our future workforce.
For more information contact firstname.lastname@example.org. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39084.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
Every cloud seems to really have a silver lining, for a new study has claimed that gloomy days are good for the brain.
An international team has carried out the study and found that while wet weather makes people feel gloomy, it also sharpens the memory and improves recall power -- while those who feel good as it’s sunny are able to remember less well.
“It seems counter-intuitive but a little bit of sadness is a good thing. People performed much better on our memory test when the weather was unpleasant and they’re in a slightly negative mood. On bright sunny days, when they were more likely to be happy and carefree, they flunked it,” Prof Joe Forgas, who led the study, was quoted by the ‘Daily Mail´.
For their study, the researchers at the University of New South Wales School of Psychology carried out tests on on shoppers at a store in Sydney.
They randomly placed ten small ornamental objects on the check-out counter, which included plastic animal figures, a toy cannon, a pink piggy bank and four small matchbox-sized vehicles, including a red London bus and a tractor.
On rainy days, sad music was played in the store including requiems or slow pieces by Chopin. And, when it was bright and sunny, customers heard cheery music such as Bizet’s Carmen and Gilbert and Sullivan tunes. | /mnt/disk_c/llm-data-filtration/dedup/en_dataset/dataset_txts_splitted/shard_00153/shard_00153_39088.txt | 0058d4b0f2bb.parquet |
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